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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Invisible Government
+
+Author: Dan Smoot
+
+Release Date: December 30, 2006 [EBook #20224]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dave Maddock, Curtis A. Weyant and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but the
+people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to
+exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to
+take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education._"
+
+--Thomas Jefferson
+
+
+
+
+The Invisible Government
+
+by
+
+Dan Smoot
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Although copyrighted in 1962, the author did not
+renewal his copyright claim after 28 years (which was required to retain
+copyright for works published before 1964). Therefore, this text is now
+in the public domain. The text of the copyright notice from the original
+book is preserved below.]
+
+
+Copyright 1962 by Dan Smoot
+
+All rights reserved
+
+First Printing June, 1962; Second Printing July, 1962; Third Printing
+August, 1962; Fourth Printing September, 1962; Fifth Printing October,
+1962
+
+Sixth Printing (in pocketsize paperback) August, 1964
+
+Communists in government during World War II formulated major policies
+which the Truman administration followed; but when the known communists
+were gone, the policies continued, under Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson.
+The unseen _they_ who took control of government during World War II
+still control it. Their tentacles of power are wrapped around levers of
+political control in Washington; reach into schools, big unions,
+colleges, churches, civic organizations; dominate communications; have a
+grip on the prestige and money of big corporations.
+
+For a generation, _they_ have kept voters from effecting any changes at
+the polls. Voters are limited to the role of choosing between parties to
+administer policies which _they_ formulate. _They_ are determined to
+convert this Republic into a socialist province of a one-world socialist
+system.
+
+This book tells who _they_ are and how _they_ work. If enough Americans
+had this information, our Republic would be saved. Please do your utmost
+to spread the word: order extra copies of this book and help give it
+wide distribution. See inside of back cover for quantity prices.
+
+Published by
+THE DAN SMOOT REPORT, INC.
+P.O. Box 9538
+Dallas, Texas 75214
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+
+Foreword                                                               i
+
+Chapter I      History and The Council                                 1
+Chapter II     World War II and Tragic Consequences                   23
+Chapter III    FPA-WAC-IPR                                            35
+Chapter IV     Committee For Economic Development                     51
+Chapter V      Business Advisory Council                              81
+Chapter VI     Advertising Council                                    97
+Chapter VII    UN and World Government Propaganda                    103
+Chapter VIII   Foreign Aid                                           129
+Chapter IX     More of The Interlock                                 137
+Chapter X      Communications Media                                  153
+Chapter XI     Interlocking Untouchables                             161
+Chapter XII    Why? What Can We Do?                                  173
+
+Appendix I     CFR Membership List                                   186
+Appendix II    AUC Membership List                                   201
+
+Index                                                                227
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+
+On May 30, 1961, President Kennedy departed for Europe and a summit
+meeting with Khrushchev[A]. Every day the Presidential tour was given
+banner headlines; and the meeting with Khrushchev was reported as an
+event of earth-shaking consequence.
+
+It was an important event. But a meeting which was probably far more
+important, and which had commanded no front-page headlines at all, ended
+quietly on May 29, the day before President and Mrs. Kennedy set out on
+their grand tour.
+
+On May 12, 1961, Dr. Philip E. Mosely, Director of Studies of the
+Council on Foreign Relations, announced that,
+
+     "Prominent Soviet and American citizens will hold a week-long
+     unofficial conference on Soviet-American relations in the Soviet
+     Union, beginning May 22."
+
+Dr. Mosely, a co-chairman of the American group, said that the State
+Department had approved the meeting but that the Americans involved
+would go as "private citizens" and would express their own views.
+
+_The New York Times'_ news story on Dr. Mosely's announcement (May 13,
+1961) read:
+
+     "The importance attached by the Soviet Union to the meeting appears
+     to be suggested by the fact that the Soviet group will include
+     three members of the communist party's Central Committee ... and
+     one candidate member of that body....
+
+     "The meeting, to be held in the town of Nizhnyaya Oreanda, in the
+     Crimea, will follow the pattern of a similar unofficial meeting,
+     in which many of the same persons participated, at Dartmouth
+     College last fall. The meetings will take place in private and
+     there are no plans to issue an agreed statement on the subjects
+     discussed....
+
+     "The topics to be discussed include disarmament and the
+     guaranteeing of ... international peace, the role of the United
+     Nations in strengthening international security, the role of
+     advanced nations in aiding under-developed countries, and the
+     prospects for peaceful and improving Soviet-United States
+     relations.
+
+     "The Dartmouth conference last fall and the scheduled Crimean
+     conference originated from a suggestion made by Norman Cousins,
+     editor of _The Saturday Review_ and co-chairman of the American
+     group going to the Crimea, when he visited the Soviet Union a year
+     and a half ago....
+
+     "Mr. Cousins and Dr. Mosely formed a small American group early
+     last year to organize the conferences. It received financial
+     support from the Ford Foundation for the Dartmouth conference and
+     for travel costs to the Crimean meeting. This group selected the
+     American representatives for the two meetings.
+
+     "Among those who participated in the Dartmouth conference were
+     several who have since taken high posts in the Kennedy
+     Administration, including Dr. Walt W. Rostow, now an assistant to
+     President Kennedy, and George F. Kennan; now United States
+     Ambassador to Yugoslavia...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The head of the Soviet delegation to the meeting in the Soviet Union,
+May 22, 1961, was Alekesander Y. Korneichuk, a close personal friend of
+Khrushchev. The American citizens scheduled to attend included besides
+Dr. Mosely and Mr. Cousins:
+
+_Marian Anderson_, the singer; _Dean Erwin N. Griswold_, of the Harvard
+Law School; _Gabriel Hauge_, former economic adviser to President
+Eisenhower and now an executive of the Manufacturers Trust Company; _Dr.
+Margaret Mead_, a widely known anthropologist whose name (like that of
+Norman Cousins) has been associated with communist front activities in
+the United States; _Dr. A. William Loos_, Director of the Church Peace
+Union; _Stuart Chase_, American author notable for his pro-socialist,
+anti-anti-communist attitudes; _William Benton_, former U.S. Senator,
+also well-known as a pro-socialist, anti-anti-communist, now Chairman of
+the Board of _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; _Dr. George Fisher_, of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology; _Professor Paul M. Doty_, _Jr._,
+of Harvard's Chemistry Department; _Professor Lloyd Reynolds_, Yale
+University economist; _Professor Louis B. Sohn_ of the Harvard Law
+School; _Dr. Joseph E. Johnson_, an old friend and former associate of
+Alger Hiss in the State Department, who succeeded Hiss as President of
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and still holds that
+position; _Professor Robert R. Bowie_, former head of the State
+Department's Policy Planning Staff (a job which Hiss also held at one
+time), now Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard;
+and _Dr. Arthur Larson_, former assistant to, and ghost writer for,
+President Eisenhower. Larson was often called "Mr. Modern Republican,"
+because the political philosophy which he espoused was precisely that of
+Eisenhower (Larson is now, 1962, Director of the World Rule of Law
+Center at Duke University, where his full-time preoccupation is working
+for repeal of the Connally Reservation, so that the World Court can take
+jurisdiction over United States affairs).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think the meeting which the Council on Foreign Relations arranged in
+the Soviet Union, in 1961, was more important than President Kennedy's
+meeting with Khrushchev, because I am convinced that the Council on
+Foreign Relations, together with a great number of other associated
+tax-exempt organizations, constitutes the invisible government which
+sets the major policies of the federal government; exercises controlling
+influence on governmental officials who implement the policies; and,
+through massive and skillful propaganda, influences Congress and the
+public to support the policies.
+
+I am convinced that the objective of this invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist state and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.
+
+My convictions about the invisible government are based on information
+which is presented in this book.
+
+The information about membership and activities of the Council on
+Foreign Relations and of its interlocking affiliates comes largely from
+publications issued by those organizations. I am deeply indebted to
+countless individuals who, when they learned of my interest, enriched my
+own files with material they had been collecting for years, hoping that
+someone would eventually use it.
+
+I have not managed to get all of the membership rosters and publications
+issued by all of the organizations discussed. Hence, there are gaps in
+my information.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One aspect of the over-all subject, omitted entirely from this book, is
+the working relationship between internationalist groups in the United
+States and comparable groups abroad.
+
+The Royal Institute of International Affairs in England (usually called
+Chatham House) and the American Council on Foreign Relations were both
+conceived at a dinner meeting in Paris in 1919. By working with the CFR,
+the Royal Institute, undoubtedly, has had profound influence on American
+affairs.
+
+Other internationalist organizations in foreign lands which work with
+the American Council on Foreign Relations, include the Institut des
+Relations Internationales (Belgium), Danish Foreign Policy Society,
+Indian Council of World Affairs, Australian Institute of International
+Affairs, and similar organizations in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece,
+and Turkey.
+
+The "Bilderbergers" are another powerful group involved in the
+internationalist web. The "Bilderbergers" take their name from the scene
+of their first known meeting--the Bilderberg Hotel, Oosterbeck, The
+Netherlands, in May, 1954. The group consists of influential Western
+businessmen, diplomats, and high governmental officials. Their meetings,
+conducted in secrecy and in a hugger-mugger atmosphere, are held about
+every six months at various places throughout the world. His Royal
+Highness, Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands, has presided at every
+known meeting of the Bilderberger Group.
+
+Prince Bernhard is known to be an influential member of the Societé
+Generale de Belgique, a mysterious organization which seems to be an
+association of large corporate interests from many countries. American
+firms associated with the society are said to be among the large
+corporations whose officers are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and related organizations. I make no effort to explore this
+situation in this volume.
+
+My confession of limitation upon my research does not embarrass me,
+because two committees of Congress have also failed to make a complete
+investigation of the great _camarilla_ which manipulates our government.
+And the congressional committees were trying to investigate only one
+part of the web--the powerful tax-exempt foundations in the United
+States.
+
+My own research does reveal the broad outlines of the invisible
+government.
+
+D.S.
+May, 1962
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 1
+
+HISTORY AND THE COUNCIL
+
+
+
+President George Washington, in his Farewell Address to the People of
+the United States on September 17, 1796, established a foreign policy
+which became traditional and a main article of faith for the American
+people in their dealings with the rest of the world.
+
+Washington warned against foreign influence in the shaping of national
+affairs. He urged America to avoid permanent, entangling alliances with
+other nations, recommending a national policy of benign neutrality
+toward the rest of the world. Washington did not want America to build a
+wall around herself, or to become, in any sense, a hermit nation.
+Washington's policy permitted freer exchange of travel, commerce, ideas,
+and culture between Americans and other people than Americans have ever
+enjoyed since the policy was abandoned. The Father of our Country wanted
+the American _government_ to be kept out of the wars and revolutions and
+political affairs of other nations.
+
+Washington told Americans that their nation had a high destiny, which it
+could not fulfill if they permitted their government to become entangled
+in the affairs of other nations.
+
+Despite the fact of two foreign wars (Mexican War, 1846-1848; and
+Spanish American War, 1898) the foreign policy of Washington remained
+the policy of this nation, _unaltered_, for 121 years--until Woodrow
+Wilson's war message to Congress in April, 1917.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wilson himself, when campaigning for re-election in 1916, had
+unequivocally supported our traditional foreign policy: his one major
+promise to the American people was that he would keep them out of the
+European war.
+
+Yet, even while making this promise, Wilson was yielding to a pressure
+he was never able to withstand: the influence of Colonel Edward M.
+House, Wilson's all-powerful adviser. According to House's own papers
+and the historical studies of Wilson's ardent admirers (see, for
+example, _Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, edited by Charles Seymour,
+published in 1926 by Houghton Mifflin; and, _The Crisis of the Old
+Order_ by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., published 1957 by Houghton
+Mifflin), House created Wilson's domestic and foreign policies, selected
+most of Wilson's cabinet and other major appointees, and ran Wilson's
+State Department.
+
+House had powerful connections with international bankers in New York.
+He was influential, for example, with great financial institutions
+represented by such people as Paul and Felix Warburg, Otto H. Kahn,
+Louis Marburg, Henry Morgenthau, Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, Herbert
+Lehman. House had equally powerful connections with bankers and
+politicians of Europe.
+
+Bringing all of these forces to bear, House persuaded Wilson that
+America had an evangelistic mission to save the world for "democracy."
+The first major twentieth century tragedy for the United States
+resulted: Wilson's war message to Congress and the declaration of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917.
+
+House also persuaded Wilson that the way to avoid all future wars was to
+create a world federation of nations. On May 27, 1916, in a speech to
+the League to Enforce Peace, Wilson first publicly endorsed Colonel
+House's world-government idea (without, however, identifying it as
+originating with House).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In September, 1916, Wilson (at the urging of House) appointed a
+committee of intellectuals (the first President's Brain Trust) to
+formulate peace terms and draw up a charter for world government. This
+committee, with House in charge, consisted of about 150 college
+professors, graduate students, lawyers, economists, writers, and others.
+Among them were men still familiar to Americans in the 1960's: Walter
+Lippmann (columnist); Norman Thomas (head of the American socialist
+party); Allen Dulles (former head of C.I.A.); John Foster Dulles (late
+Secretary of State); Christian A. Herter (former Secretary of State).
+
+These eager young intellectuals around Wilson, under the clear eyes of
+crafty Colonel House, drew up their charter for world government (League
+of Nations Covenant) and prepared for the brave new socialist one-world
+to follow World War I. But things went sour at the Paris Peace
+Conference. They soured even more when constitutionalists in the United
+States Senate found out what was being planned and made it quite plain
+that the Senate would not authorize United States membership in such a
+world federation.
+
+Bitter with disappointment but not willing to give up, Colonel House
+called together in Paris, France, a group of his most dedicated young
+intellectuals--among them, John Foster and Allen Dulles, Christian A.
+Herter, and Tasker H. Bliss--and arranged a dinner meeting with a group
+of like-minded Englishmen at the Majestic Hotel, Paris, on May 19, 1919.
+The group formally agreed to form an organization "for the study of
+international affairs."
+
+The American group came home from Paris and formed The Council on
+Foreign Relations, which was incorporated in 1921.
+
+The purpose of the Council on Foreign Relations was to create (and
+condition the American people to accept) what House called a "positive"
+foreign policy for America--to replace the traditional "negative"
+foreign policy which had kept America out of the endless turmoil of
+old-world politics and had permitted the American people to develop
+their great nation in freedom and independence from the rest of the
+world.
+
+The Council did not amount to a great deal until 1927, when the
+Rockefeller family (through the various Rockefeller Foundations and
+Funds) began to pour money into it. Before long, the Carnegie
+Foundations (and later the Ford Foundation) began to finance the
+Council.
+
+In 1929, the Council (largely with Rockefeller gifts) acquired its
+present headquarters property: The Harold Pratt House, 58 East 68th
+Street, New York City.
+
+In 1939, the Council began taking over the U.S. State Department.
+
+Shortly after the start of World War II, in September, 1939, Hamilton
+Fish Armstrong and Walter H. Mallory, of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, visited the State Department to offer the services of the
+Council. It was agreed that the Council would do research and make
+recommendations for the State Department, without formal assignment or
+responsibility. The Council formed groups to work in four general
+fields--Security and Armaments Problems, Economic and Financial
+Problems, Political Problems, and Territorial Problems.
+
+The Rockefeller Foundation agreed to finance, through grants, the
+operation of this plan.
+
+In February, 1941, the Council on Foreign Relations' relationship with
+the State Department changed. The State Department created the Division
+of Special Research, which was divided into Economic, Security,
+Political, Territorial sections. Leo Pasvolsky, of the Council, was
+appointed Director of this Division. Within a very short time, members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations dominated this new Division in the
+State Department.
+
+During 1942, the State Department set up the Advisory Committee on
+Postwar Foreign Policy. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was Chairman.
+The following members of the Council on Foreign Relations were on this
+Committee: Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles (Vice-Chairman), Dr.
+Leo Pasvolsky (Executive Officer); Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah
+Bowman, Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shotwell.
+
+Other members of the Council also found positions in the State
+Department: Philip E. Mosely, Walter E. Sharp, and Grayson Kirk, among
+others.
+
+The crowning moment of achievement for the Council came at San Francisco
+in 1945, when over 40 members of the United States Delegation to the
+organizational meeting of the United Nations (where the United Nations
+Charter was written) were members of the Council. Among them: Alger
+Hiss, Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Leo Pasvolsky, John
+Foster Dulles, John J. McCloy, Julius C. Holmes, Nelson A. Rockefeller,
+Adlai Stevenson, Joseph E. Johnson, Ralph J. Bunche, Clark M.
+Eichelberger, and Thomas K. Finletter.
+
+By 1945, the Council on Foreign Relations, and various foundations and
+other organizations interlocked with it, had virtually taken over the
+U.S. State Department.
+
+Some CFR members were later identified as Soviet espionage agents: for
+example, Alger Hiss and Lauchlin Currie.
+
+Other Council on Foreign Relations members--Owen Lattimore, for
+example--with powerful influence in the Roosevelt and Truman
+Administrations, were subsequently identified, not as actual communists
+or Soviet espionage agents, but as "conscious, articulate instruments of
+the Soviet international conspiracy."
+
+I do not intend to imply by these citations that the Council on Foreign
+Relations is, or ever was, a communist organization. Boasting among its
+members Presidents of the United States (Hoover, Eisenhower, and
+Kennedy), Secretaries of State, and many other high officials, both
+civilian and military, the Council can be termed, by those who agree
+with its objectives, a "patriotic" organization.
+
+The fact, however, that communists, Soviet espionage agents, and
+pro-communists could work inconspicuously for many years as influential
+members of the Council indicates something very significant about the
+Council's objectives. The ultimate aim of the Council on Foreign
+Relations (however well-intentioned its prominent and powerful members
+may be) is the same as the ultimate aim of international communism: to
+create a one-world socialist system and make the United States an
+official part of it.
+
+Some indication of the influence of CFR members can be found in the
+boasts of their best friends. Consider the remarkable case of the
+nomination and confirmation of Julius C. Holmes as United States
+Ambassador to Iran. Holmes was one of the CFR members who served as
+United States delegates to the United Nations founding conference at San
+Francisco in 1945.
+
+Mr. Holmes has had many important jobs in the State Department since
+1925; but from 1945 to 1948, he was out of government service.
+
+During that early postwar period, the United States government had
+approximately 390 Merchant Marine oil tankers (built and used during
+World War II) which had become surplus.
+
+A law of Congress prohibited the government from selling the surplus
+vessels to foreign-owned or foreign-controlled companies, and prohibited
+any American company from purchasing them for resale to foreigners.
+
+The purpose of the law was to guarantee that oil tankers (vital in times
+of war) would remain under the control of the United States government.
+
+Julius Holmes conceived the idea of making a quick profit by buying and
+selling some of the surplus tankers.
+
+Holmes was closely associated with Edward Stettinius, former Secretary
+of State, and with two of Stettinius' principal advisers: Joe Casey, a
+former U.S. Congressman; and Stanley Klein, a New York financier.
+
+In August, 1947, this group formed a corporation (and ultimately formed
+others) to buy surplus oil tankers from the government. The legal and
+technical maneuvering which followed is complex and shady, but it has
+all been revealed and reported by congressional committees.
+
+Holmes and his associates managed to buy eight oil tankers from the U.S.
+government and re-sell all of them to foreign interests, in violation of
+the intent of the law and of the surplus-disposal program. One of the
+eight tankers was ultimately leased to the Soviet Union and used to haul
+fuel oil from communist Romania to the Chinese reds during the Korean
+war.
+
+By the time he returned to foreign service with the State Department in
+September, 1948, Holmes had made for himself an estimated profit of
+about one million dollars, with practically no investment of his own
+money, and at no financial risk.
+
+A Senate subcommittee, which, in 1952, investigated this affair,
+unanimously condemned the Holmes-Casey-Klein tanker deals as "morally
+wrong and clearly in violation of the intent of the law," and as a
+"highly improper, if not actually illegal, get-rich-quick" operation
+which was detrimental to the interests of the United States.
+
+Holmes and his associates were criminally indicted in 1954--but the
+Department of Justice dismissed the indictments on a legal technicality
+later that same year.
+
+A few weeks after the criminal indictment against Holmes had been
+dismissed, President Eisenhower, in 1955, nominated Julius C. Holmes to
+be our Ambassador to Iran.
+
+Enough United States Senators in 1955 expressed a decent sense of
+outrage about the nomination of such a man for such a post that Holmes
+"permitted" his name to be withdrawn, before the Senate acted on the
+question of confirming his appointment.
+
+The State Department promptly sent Holmes to Tangier with the rank of
+Minister; brought him back to Washington in 1956 as a Special Assistant
+to the Secretary of State; and sent him out as Minister and Consul
+General in Hong Kong and Macao in 1959.
+
+And then, in 1961, Kennedy nominated Julius C. Holmes for the same job
+Eisenhower had tried to give him in 1955--Ambassador to Iran.
+
+Arguing in favor of Holmes, Senator Prescott Bush admitted that Holmes'
+tanker deals were improper and ill-advised, but claimed that Holmes was
+an innocent victim of sharp operators! The "innocent" victim made a
+million dollars in one year by being victimized. He has never offered to
+make restitution to the government. Moreover, when questioned, in April,
+1961, Holmes said he still sees nothing wrong with what he did and
+admits he would do it again if he had the opportunity--and felt that no
+congressional committee would ever investigate.
+
+All Senators, who supported Holmes in debate, hammered the point that,
+although Holmes may have done something shady and unsavory during the
+three-year period in the late 1940's when he was _out_ of government
+service, there was no evidence that he had ever misbehaved while he was
+_in_ government service.
+
+This amoral attitude seems to imply that a known chicken thief cannot be
+considered a threat to turkey growers, unless he has actually been
+caught stealing turkeys.
+
+Senate debates on the confirmation of Holmes as Ambassador to Iran are
+printed in the _Congressional Record_: pp. 6385-86, April 27, 1961; pp.
+6668-69, May 3, 1961; and pp. 6982-95, May 8, 1961.
+
+The vote was taken on May 8. After the history of Julius C. Holmes had
+been thoroughly exposed, the Senate confirmed Holmes' nomination 75 to
+21, with 4 Senators taking no stand. Julius C. Holmes was sworn in as
+United States Ambassador to Iran on May 15, 1961.
+
+The real reason why Holmes was nominated for an important ambassadorship
+by two Presidents and finally confirmed by the Senate is obvious--and
+was, indeed, inadvertently revealed by Senator Prescott Bush: Holmes, a
+Council on Foreign Relations member, is a darling of the leftwing
+internationalists who are determined to drag America into a socialist
+one-world system.
+
+During the Senate debate about Holmes' nomination Senator Bush said:
+
+     "I believe that one of the most telling witnesses with whom I have
+     ever talked regarding Mr. Holmes is Mr. Henry Wriston, formerly
+     president of Brown University, now chairman of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations, in New York, and chairman of the American
+     Assembly. Mr. Wriston not only holds these distinguished offices,
+     but he has also made a special study of the State Department and
+     the career service in the State Department.
+
+     "He is credited with having 'Wristonized' the Foreign Service of
+     the United States. He told me a few years ago ... [that] 'Julius
+     Holmes is the ablest man in the Foreign Service Corps of the United
+     States.'"
+
+Dr. Wriston was (in 1961) President (not Chairman, as Senator Bush
+called him) of the Council on Foreign Relations. But Senator Bush was
+not exaggerating or erring when he said that the State Department has
+been _Wristonized_--if we acknowledge that the State Department has been
+converted into an agency of Dr. Wriston's Council on Foreign Relations.
+Indeed, the Senator could have said that the United States government
+has been _Wristonized_.
+
+Here, for example, are _some_ of the members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations who, in 1961, held positions in the United States Government:
+John F. Kennedy, President; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State; Douglas
+Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury; Adlai Stevenson, United Nations
+Ambassador; Allen W. Dulles, Director of the Central Intelligence
+Agency; Chester Bowles, Under Secretary of State; W. Averell Harriman,
+Ambassador-at-large; John J. McCloy, Disarmament Administrator; General
+Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; John Kenneth
+Galbraith, Ambassador to India; Edward R. Murrow, Head of United States
+Information Agency; G. Frederick Reinhardt, Ambassador to Italy; David
+K. E. Bruce, Ambassador to United Kingdom; Livingston T. Merchant,
+Ambassador to Canada; Lt. Gen. James M. Gavin, Ambassador to France;
+George F. Kennan, Ambassador to Yugoslavia; Julius C. Holmes, Ambassador
+to Iran; Arthur H. Dean, head of the United States Delegation to Geneva
+Disarmament Conference; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Special White House
+Assistant; Edwin O. Reischauer, Ambassador to Japan; Thomas K.
+Finletter, Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for
+Economic Co-operation and Development; George C. McGhee, Assistant
+Secretary of State for Policy Planning; Henry R. Labouisse, Director of
+International Cooperation Administration; George W. Ball, Under
+Secretary of State for Economic Affairs; McGeorge Bundy, Special
+Assistant for National Security; Paul H. Nitze, Assistant Secretary of
+Defense; Adolf A. Berle, Chairman, Inter-Departmental Committee on Latin
+America; Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant Secretary of State.
+
+The names listed do not, by any means, constitute a complete roster of
+all Council members who are in the Congress or hold important positions
+in the Administration.
+
+In the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations, there
+is an item of information which reveals a great deal about the close
+relationship between the Council and the executive branch of the federal
+government.
+
+On Page 37, The Report explains why there had been an unusually large
+recent increase in the number of non-resident members (CFR members who
+do not reside within 50 miles of New York City Hall):
+
+     "The rather large increase in the non-resident academic category is
+     largely explained by the fact that many academic members have left
+     New York to join the new administration."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Concerning President Kennedy's membership in the CFR, there is an
+interesting story. On June 7, 1960, Mr. Kennedy, then a United States
+Senator, wrote a letter answering a question about his membership in the
+Council. Mr. Kennedy said:
+
+     "I am a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York
+     City. As a long-time subscriber to the quarterly, Foreign Affairs,
+     and as a member of the Senate, I was invited to become a member."
+
+On August 23, 1961, Mr. George S. Franklin, Jr., Executive Director of
+the Council on Foreign Relations, wrote a letter answering a question
+about President Kennedy's membership. Mr. Franklin said:
+
+     "I am enclosing the latest Annual Report of the Council with a list
+     of members in the back. You will note that President Eisenhower is
+     a member, but this is not true of either President Kennedy or
+     President Truman."
+
+President Kennedy is not listed as a member in the 1960-61 Annual Report
+of the CFR.
+
+The complete roster of CFR members, as set out in the 1960-61 Annual
+Report, is in Appendix I of this volume. Several persons, besides
+President Kennedy, whom I have called CFR members are not on this
+roster. I have called them CFR members, if their names have ever
+appeared on _any_ official CFR membership list.
+
+The Council is actually a small organization. Its membership is
+restricted to 700 resident members (American citizens whose residences
+or places of business are within 50 miles of City Hall in New York
+City), and 700 non-resident members (American citizens who reside or do
+business outside that 50-mile radius); but most of the members occupy
+important positions in government, in education, in the press, in the
+broadcasting industry, in business, in finance, or in some
+multi-million-dollar tax-exempt foundation.
+
+An indication of overall accomplishments of the Council can be found in
+its Annual Report of 1958-59, which reprints a speech by Walter H.
+Mallory on the occasion of his retiring after 32 years as Executive
+Director of the Council. Speaking to the Board of Directors of the
+Council at a small dinner in his honor on May 21, 1959, Mr. Mallory
+said:
+
+     "When I cast my mind back to 1927, the year that I first joined the
+     Council, it seems little short of a miracle that the organization
+     could have taken root in those days. You will remember that the
+     United States had decided not to join the League of Nations.... On
+     the domestic front, the budget was extremely small, taxes were
+     light ... and we didn't even recognize the Russians. What could
+     there possibly be for a Council on Foreign Relations to do?
+
+     "Well, there were a few men who did not feel content with that
+     comfortable isolationist climate. They thought the United States
+     had an important role to play in the world and they resolved to try
+     to find out what that role ought to be. Some of those men are
+     present this evening."
+
+The Council's principal publication is a quarterly magazine, _Foreign
+Affairs_. Indeed, publishing this quarterly is the Council's major
+activity; and income from the publication is a principal source of
+revenue for the Council.
+
+On June 30, 1961, _Foreign Affairs_ had a circulation of only 43,500;
+but it is probably the most influential publication in the world. Key
+figures in government--from the Secretary of State downward--write
+articles for, and announce new policies in, _Foreign Affairs_.
+
+Other publications of the Council include three volumes which it
+publishes annually (_Political Handbook of the World_, _The United
+States in World Affairs_ and _Documents on American Foreign Relations_),
+and numerous special studies and books.
+
+The Council's financial statement for the 1960-61 fiscal year listed the
+following income:
+
+    Membership Dues                                  $123,200
+    Council Development Fund                         $ 87,000
+    Committees Development Fund                      $  2,500
+    Corporation Service                              $112,200
+    Foundation Grants                                $231,700
+    Net Income from Investments                      $106,700
+    Net Receipt from Sale of Books                   $ 26,700
+    _Foreign Affairs_ Subscriptions and Sales   $210,300
+    _Foreign Affairs_ Advertising               $ 21,800
+    Miscellaneous                                    $  2,900
+                                                     ---------
+    Total                                            $925,000
+
+"Corporation Service" on this list means money contributed to the
+Council by business firms.
+
+Here are firms listed as contributors to the Council during the 1960-61
+fiscal year:
+
+    Aluminum Limited, Inc.
+    American Can Company
+    American Metal Climax, Inc.
+    American Telephone and Telegraph Company
+    Arabian American Oil Company
+    Armco International Corporation
+    Asiatic Petroleum Corporation
+    Bankers Trust Company
+    Belgian Securities Corporation
+    Bethlehem Steel Company, Inc.
+    Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co.
+    Cabot Corporation
+    California Texas Oil Corp.
+    Cameron Iron Works, Inc.
+    Campbell Soup Company
+    The Chase Manhattan Bank
+    Chesebrough-Pond's Inc.
+    Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.
+    Cities Service Company, Inc.
+    Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
+    Continental Can Company
+    Continental Oil Company
+    Corn Products Company
+    Corning Glass Works
+    Dresser Industries, Inc.
+    Ethyl Corporation
+    I. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
+    Farrell Lines, Inc.
+    The First National City Bank of New York
+    Ford Motor Company, International Division
+    Foster Wheeler Corporation
+    Freeport Sulphur Company
+    General Dynamics Corporation
+    General Motors Overseas Operations
+    The Gillette Company
+    W. R. Grace and Co.
+    Gulf Oil Corporation
+    Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company
+    Haskins and Sells
+    H. J. Heinz Company
+    Hughes Tool Company
+    IBM World Trade Corporation
+    International General Electric Company
+    The International Nickel Company, Inc.
+    International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation
+    Irving Trust Company
+    The M. W. Kellogg Company
+    Kidder, Peabody and Co.
+    Carl M. Loeb, Rhoades and Co.
+    The Lummus Company
+    Merck and Company, Inc.
+    Mobil International Oil Co.
+    Model, Roland and Stone
+    The National Cash Register Co.
+    National Lead Company, Inc.
+    The New York Times
+    The Ohio Oil Co., Inc.
+    Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
+    Otis Elevator Company
+    Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
+    Pan American Airways System
+    Pfizer International, Inc.
+    Radio Corporation of America
+    The RAND Corporation
+    San Jacinto Petroleum Corporation
+    J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation
+    Sinclair Oil Corporation
+    The Singer Manufacturing Company
+    Sprague Electric Company
+    Standard Oil Company of California
+    Standard Oil Company (N. J.)
+    Standard-Vacuum Oil Company
+    Stauffer Chemical Company
+    Symington Wayne Corporation
+    Texaco, Inc.
+    Texas Gulf Sulphur Company
+    Texas Instruments, Inc.
+    Tidewater Oil Company
+    Time, Inc.
+    Union Tank Car Company
+    United States Lines Company
+    United States Steel Corporation
+    White, Weld and Co.
+    Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation
+
+What do these corporations get for the money contributed to the Council
+on Foreign Relations?
+
+From the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council:
+
+     "Subscribers to the Council's Corporation Service (who pay a
+     minimum fee of $1,000) are entitled to several privileges. Among
+     them are (a) free consultation with members of the Council's staff
+     on problems of foreign policy, (b) access to the Council's
+     specialized library on international affairs, including its unique
+     collection of magazine and press clippings, (c) copies of all
+     Council publications and six subscriptions to _Foreign Affairs_ for
+     officers of the company or its library, (d) an off-the-record
+     dinner, held annually for chairmen and presidents of subscribing
+     companies at which a prominent speaker discusses some outstanding
+     issue of United States foreign policy, and (e) two annual series of
+     Seminars for business executives appointed by their companies.
+     These Seminars are led by widely experienced Americans who discuss
+     various problems of American political or economic foreign policy."
+
+_All_ speakers at the Council's dinner meetings and seminars for
+business executives are leading advocates of internationalism and the
+total state. Many of them, in fact, are important officials in
+government. The ego-appeal is enormous to businessmen, who get special
+off-the-record briefings from Cabinet officers and other officials close
+to the President of the United States.
+
+The briefings and the seminar lectures are consistently designed to
+elicit the support of businessmen for major features of Administration
+policy.
+
+For example, during 1960 and 1961, the three issues of major importance
+to both Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy were Disarmament, the
+declining value of the American dollar, and the tariff-and-trade
+problem. The Eisenhower and Kennedy positions on these three issues were
+virtually identical; and the solutions they urged meshed with the
+internationalist program of pushing America into a one-world socialist
+system.
+
+The business executives who attended CFR briefings and seminars in the
+1960-61 fiscal year received expert indoctrination in the
+internationalist position on the three major issues of that year. From
+"Seminars For Business Executives," Pages 43-44 of the 1960-61 Annual
+Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     "The Fall 1960 Seminar ... was brought to a close with an appraisal
+     of disarmament negotiations, past and present, by Edmund A.
+     Gullion, then Acting Deputy Director, United States Disarmament
+     Administration....
+
+     "'The International Position of the Dollar' was the theme of the
+     Spring 1961 Seminar series. Robert Triffin, Professor of Economics
+     at Yale University, spoke on the present balance of payments
+     situation at the opening session. At the second meeting, William
+     Diebold, Jr., Director of Economic Studies at the Council,
+     addressed the group on United States foreign trade policy. The
+     third meeting dealt with foreign investment and the balance of
+     payments. August Maffry, Vice President of the Irving Trust
+     Company, was discussion leader....
+
+     "On June 8, George W. Ball, Under Secretary of State for Economic
+     Affairs, spoke at the annual Corporation Service dinner for
+     presidents and board chairmen of participating companies....
+     Secretary Ball [discussed] the foreign economic policy of the new
+     Kennedy Administration."
+
+George W. Ball was, for several years, a registered lobbyist in
+Washington, representing foreign commercial interests. He is a chief
+architect of President Kennedy's 1962 tariff-and-trade proposals--which
+would internationalize American trade and commerce, as a prelude to
+amalgamating our economy with that of other nations.
+
+In 1960-61, 84 leading corporations contributed 112,200 tax-exempt
+dollars to the Council on Foreign Relations for the privilege of having
+their chief officers exposed to the propaganda of international
+socialism.
+
+A principal activity of the Council is its meetings, according to the
+1958-1959 annual report:
+
+     "During 1958-59, the Council's program of meetings continued to
+     place emphasis on small, roundtable meetings.... Of the 99 meetings
+     held during the year, 58 were roundtables.... The balance of the
+     meetings program was made up of the more traditional large
+     afternoon or dinner sessions for larger groups of Council members.
+     In the course of the year, the Council convened such meetings for
+     Premier Castro; First Deputy Premier Mikoyan; Secretary-General Dag
+     Hammarskjold...."
+
+The Council's annual report lists all of the meetings and
+"distinguished" speakers for which it convened the meetings. It is an
+amazing list. Although the Council has tax-exemption as an organization
+to study international affairs and, presumably, to help the public
+arrive at a better understanding of United States foreign policy, not
+one speaker for any Council meeting represented traditional U. S.
+policy. Every one was a known advocate of leftwing internationalism. A
+surprising number of them were known communists or communist
+sympathizers or admitted socialists.
+
+Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, who is widely believed to be a
+communist; who is admittedly socialist; and who aligned his nation with
+the Soviets--spoke to the Council on "Free Africa," with W. Averell
+Harriman presiding.
+
+Mahmoud Fawzi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Republic,
+a socialist whose hatred of the United States is rather well known,
+spoke to the Council on "Middle East."
+
+Herbert L. Matthews, a member of the editorial board of _The New York
+Times_ (whose articles on Castro as the Robin Hood of Cuba built that
+communist hoodlum a worldwide reputation and helped him conquer Cuba)
+spoke to the Council _twice_, once on "A Political Appraisal of Latin
+American Affairs," and once on "The Castro Regime."
+
+M. C. Chagla, Ambassador of India to the United States, a socialist,
+spoke to the Council on "Indian Foreign Policy."
+
+Anastas I. Mikoyan, First Deputy Premier, USSR, spoke to the Council on
+"Issues in Soviet-American Relations," with John J. McCloy (later
+Kennedy's Disarmament Administrator) presiding.
+
+Fidel Castro spoke to the Council on "Cuba and the United States."
+
+Here are some other well-known socialists who spoke to the Council on
+Foreign Relations during the 1958-59 year:
+
+Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Per
+Jacobsson, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund; Abba
+Eban, Ambassador of Israel to the United States; Willy Brandt, Mayor of
+West Berlin; Stanley de Zoysa, Minister of Finance of Ceylon; Mortarji
+Desai, Minister of Finance of India; Victor Urquidi, President of
+Mexican Economic Society; Fritz Erler, Co-Chairman of the Socialist
+Group in the German Bundestag; Tom Mboya, Member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council; Sir Grantley H. Adams, Prime Minister of the West
+Indies Federation; Theodore Kollek, Director-General of the Office of
+the Prime Minister of Israel; Dr. Gikomyo W. Kiano, member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council.
+
+Officials of communist governments, in addition to those already listed,
+who spoke to the Council that year, included Oscar Lange, Vice-President
+of the State Council of the Polish People's Republic; and Marko Nikezic,
+Ambassador of Yugoslavia to the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Throughout this book, I show the close inter-locking connection between
+the Council on Foreign Relations and many other organizations. The only
+organizations formally affiliated with the Council, however, are the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, which the Council created, which it
+controls, and which exist in 30 cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta,
+Birmingham, Boise, Boston, Casper, Charlottesville, Denver, Des Moines,
+Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville,
+Nashville, Omaha, Philadelphia, Portland (Maine), Portland (Oregon),
+Providence, St. Louis, St. Paul-Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, San
+Francisco, Seattle, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita, Worcester.
+
+A booklet entitled _Committees on Foreign Relations: Directory of
+Members, January, 1961_, published by the Council on Foreign Relations,
+contains a roster of members of all the Committees on Foreign Relations,
+except the one at Casper, Wyoming, which was not organized until later
+in 1961. The booklet also gives a brief history of the Committees:
+
+     "In 1938, with the financial assistance of the Carnegie Corporation
+     of New York, the Council began to organize affiliated discussion
+     groups in a few American cities....
+
+     "Each Committee is composed of forty or more men who are leaders in
+     the professions and occupations of their area--representatives of
+     business, the law, universities and schools, the press, and so on.
+     About once a month, from October through May, members come together
+     for dinner and an evening of discussion with a guest speaker of
+     special competence.... Since the beginning in 1938, the Carnegie
+     Corporation of New York has continued to make annual grants in
+     support of the Committee program."
+
+The following information about the Committees on Foreign Relations is
+from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     "During the past season the Foreign Relations Committees carried on
+     their customary programs of private dinner meetings. In all, 206
+     meetings were held....
+
+     "The Council arranged or figured in the arrangement of about
+     three-quarters of the meetings held, the other sessions being
+     undertaken upon the initiative of the Committees. Attendance at the
+     discussions averaged 28 persons, slightly more than in previous
+     years and about the maximum number for good discussion. There was
+     little change in membership--the total being just under 1800. It
+     will be recalled that this membership consists of men who are
+     leaders in the various professions and occupations....
+
+     "On June 2 and 3, the 23rd annual conference of Committee
+     representatives was held at the Harold Pratt House. Mounting
+     pressures throughout the year ... made it advisable to plan a
+     conference program that would facilitate re-examination of the
+     strategic uses of the United Nations for American Policy in the
+     years ahead. Accordingly, the conference theme was designated as
+     _United States Policy and the United Nations_. Emphasis was upon
+     re-appraisal of the United States national interest in the United
+     Nations--and the cost of sustaining that interest....
+
+     "In the course of the year, officers and members of the Council and
+     of the staff visited most of the Committees for the purpose of
+     leading discussions at meetings, supervising Committee procedures
+     and seeking the strengthening of Committee relations with the
+     Council."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 2
+
+WORLD WAR II AND TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES
+
+
+
+Although the Council on Foreign Relations had almost gained controlling
+influence on the government of the United States as early as 1941, it
+had failed to indoctrinate the American people for acceptance of what
+Colonel House had called a "positive" foreign policy.
+
+In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt (although eager to get the United States
+into the Second World War and already making preparations for that
+tragedy) had to campaign for re-election with the same promise that
+Wilson had made in 1916--to keep us out of the European war. Even as
+late as the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December,
+1941, the American people were still overwhelmingly "isolationist"--a
+word which internationalists use as a term of contempt but which means
+merely that the American people were still devoted to their nation's
+traditional foreign policy.
+
+It was necessary for Roosevelt to take steps which the public would not
+notice or understand but which would inescapably involve the nation in
+the foreign war. When enough such sly involvement had been manipulated,
+there would come, eventually, some incident to push us over the brink
+into open participation. Then, any American who continued to advocate
+our traditional foreign policy of benign neutrality would be an object
+of public hatred, would be investigated and condemned by officialdom as
+a "pro-nazi," and possibly prosecuted for sedition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations has heavy responsibility for the
+maneuvering which thus dragged America into World War II. One major step
+which Roosevelt took toward war (at precisely the time when he was
+campaigning for his third-term re-election on a platform of peace and
+neutrality to keep America out of war) was his radical alteration of
+traditional concepts of United States policy in order to declare
+Greenland under the protection of our Monroe Doctrine. The Council on
+Foreign Relations officially boasts full responsibility for this fateful
+step toward war.
+
+On pages 13 and 14 of a book entitled _The Council on Foreign Relations:
+A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_ (written by officials of the
+Council and published by the Council on January 1, 1947) are these
+passages:
+
+     "One further example may be cited of the way in which ideas and
+     recommendations originating at Council meetings have entered into
+     the stream of official discussion and action.
+
+     "On March 17, 1940, a Council group completed a confidential report
+     which pointed out the strategic importance of Greenland for
+     transatlantic aviation and for meteorological observations. The
+     report stated:
+
+     "'The possibility must be considered that Denmark might be overrun
+     by Germany. In such case, Greenland might be transferred by treaty
+     to German sovereignty.'
+
+     "It also pointed out the possible danger to the United States in
+     such an eventuality, and mentioned that Greenland lies within the
+     geographical sphere 'within which the Monroe Doctrine is presumed
+     to apply.'
+
+     "Shortly after this, one of the members of the group which had
+     prepared the report was summoned to the White House. President
+     Roosevelt had a copy of the memorandum in his hand and said that he
+     had turned to his visitor for advice because of his part in
+     raising the question of Greenland's strategic importance.
+
+     "Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At his press conference
+     three days later, the President stated that he was satisfied that
+     Greenland was a part of the American continent. After a visit to
+     the White House on the same day, the Danish Minister said that he
+     agreed with the President.
+
+     "On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between the United
+     States and Denmark which provided for assistance by the United
+     States to Greenland in the maintenance of its status, and granted
+     to the United States the right to locate and construct such
+     airplane landing-fields, seaplane facilities, and radio and
+     meteorological installations as might be necessary for the defense
+     of Greenland, and for the defense of the American continent. This
+     was eight months before Germany declared war on the United States.
+
+     "The Council's report on Greenland was only one item in an
+     extensive research project which offered an unusual instance of
+     wartime collaboration between Government agencies and a private
+     institution.... The project ... exhibited the kind of contribution
+     which the Council has been uniquely equipped to provide...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Danish colony of Greenland--a huge island covered by polar ice--lies
+in the Arctic Ocean, 1325 miles off the coast of Denmark. It is 200
+miles from Canada, 650 miles from the British Isles. The extreme
+southwestern tip of Greenland is 1315 miles from the most extreme
+northeastern tip of the United States (Maine). In other words, Canada
+and England, which were at war with Germany when we undertook to protect
+Greenland from Germany, are both much closer to Greenland than the
+United States is.
+
+But history gives better proof than geography does, that the learned
+Council members who put Greenland in the Western Hemisphere, within the
+meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, were either ignorant or dishonest. The
+Monroe Doctrine, closing the Western Hemisphere to further European
+colonization, was proclaimed in 1823. Denmark, a European nation,
+colonized Greenland, proclaiming sole sovereignty in 1921, without any
+hint of protest from the United States that this European colonization
+infringed upon the Monroe Doctrine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Members of the Council on Foreign Relations played a key role in getting
+America into World War II. They played _the_ role in creating the basic
+policies which this nation has followed since the end of World War II.
+These policies are accomplishing:
+
+     (1) the redistribution to other nations of the great United States
+     reserve of gold which made our dollar the strongest currency in the
+     world;
+
+     (2) the building up of the industrial capacity of other nations, at
+     our expense, thus eliminating our pre-eminent productive
+     superiority;
+
+     (3) the taking away of world markets from United States producers
+     (and even much of their domestic market) until capitalistic America
+     will no longer dominate world trade;
+
+     (4) the entwining of American affairs--economic, political,
+     cultural, social, educational, and even religious--with those of
+     other nations until the United States will no longer have an
+     independent policy, either domestic or foreign: until we can not
+     return to our traditional foreign policy of maintaining national
+     independence, nor to free private capitalism as an economic system.
+
+The ghastly wartime and post-war decisions (which put the Soviet Union
+astride the globe like a menacing colossus and placed the incomparably
+stronger United States in the position of appeasing and retreating) can
+be traced to persons who were members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+Consider a specific example: the explosive German problem.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In October, 1943, Cordell Hull (U. S. Secretary of State), Anthony Eden
+(Foreign Minister for Great Britain), and V. Molotov (Soviet Commissar
+for Foreign Affairs), had a conference at Moscow. Eden suggested that
+they create a European Advisory Commission which would decide how
+Germany, after defeat, would be partitioned, occupied, and governed by
+the three victorious powers. Molotov approved. Hull did not like the
+idea, but agreed to it in deference to the wishes of the two others.
+Philip E. Mosely, of the CFR, was Hull's special adviser at this Moscow
+Conference.
+
+The next month, November, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt went to
+Tehran for his first conference with Stalin and Churchill. Aboard the U.
+S. S. _Iowa_ en route to Tehran, Roosevelt had a conference with his
+Joint Chiefs of Staff. They discussed, among other things, the post-war
+division and occupation of Germany.
+
+President Roosevelt predicted that Germany would collapse suddenly and
+that "there would definitely be a race for Berlin" by the three great
+powers. The President said: "We may have to put the United States
+divisions into Berlin as soon as possible, because the United States
+should have Berlin."
+
+Harry Hopkins suggested that "we be ready to put an airborne division
+into Berlin two hours after the collapse of Germany."
+
+Roosevelt wanted the United States to occupy Berlin and northwestern
+Germany; the British to occupy France, Belgium, and southern Germany;
+and the Soviets to have eastern Germany.
+
+At the Tehran Conference (November 27-December 2, 1943), Stalin seemed
+singularly indifferent to the question of which power would occupy which
+zones of Germany after the war. Stalin revealed intense interest in only
+three topics:
+
+(1) urging the western allies to make a frontal assault, across the
+English Channel, on Hitler's fortress Europe;
+
+(2) finding out, immediately, the name of the man whom the western
+allies would designate to command such an operation (Eisenhower had not
+yet been selected); and
+
+(3) reducing the whole of Europe to virtual impotence so that the Soviet
+Union would be the only major power on the continent after the war.
+
+Roosevelt approved of every proposal Stalin made.
+
+A broad outline of the behavior and proposals of Roosevelt, Churchill,
+and Stalin at Tehran can be found in the diplomatic papers published in
+1961 by the State Department, in a volume entitled _Foreign Relations of
+the United States: Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and
+Tehran 1943_.
+
+As to specific agreements on the postwar division and occupation of
+Germany, the Tehran papers reveal only that the European Advisory
+Commission would work out the details.
+
+We know that Roosevelt and his military advisers in November, 1943,
+agreed that America should take and occupy Berlin. Yet, 17 months later,
+we did just the opposite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the closing days of World War II, the American Ninth Army was rolling
+toward Berlin, meeting little resistance, slowed down only by German
+civilians clogging the highways, fleeing from the Russians. German
+soundtrucks were circulating in the Berlin area, counseling stray
+troops to stop resistance and surrender to the Americans. Some twenty or
+thirty miles east of Berlin, the German nation had concentrated its
+dying strength and was fighting savagely against the Russians.
+
+Our Ninth Army could have been in Berlin within a few hours, probably
+without shedding another drop of blood; but General Eisenhower suddenly
+halted our Army. He kept it sitting idly outside Berlin for days, while
+the Russians slugged their way in, killing, raping, ravaging. We gave
+the Russians control of the eastern portion of Berlin--and of _all_ the
+territory surrounding the city.
+
+To the south, General Patton's forces were plowing into Czechoslovakia.
+When Patton was thirty miles from Prague, the capital, General
+Eisenhower ordered him to stop--ordered him not to accept surrender of
+German soldiers, but to hold them at bay until the Russians could move
+up and accept surrender. As soon as the Russians were thus established
+as the conquerors of Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered Patton to
+evacuate.
+
+Units of Czechoslovakian patriots had been fighting with Western armies
+since 1943. We had promised them that they could participate in the
+liberation of their own homeland; but we did not let them move into
+Czechoslovakia until after the Russians had taken over.
+
+Czechoslovakian and American troops had to ask the Soviets for
+permission to come into Prague for a victory celebration--after the
+Russians had been permitted to conquer the country.
+
+Western Armies, under Eisenhower's command, rounded up an estimated five
+million anti-communist refugees and delivered them to the Soviets who
+tortured them, sent them to slave camps, or murdered them.
+
+All of this occurred because we refused to do what would have been easy
+for us to do--and what our top leaders had agreed just 17 months before
+that we must do: that is, take and hold Berlin and surrounding territory
+until postwar peace treaties were made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Who made the decisions to pull our armies back in Europe and let the
+Soviets take over? General Eisenhower gave the orders; and, in his book,
+_Crusade in Europe_ (published in 1948, before the awful consequences of
+those decisions were fully known to the public), Eisenhower took his
+share of credit for making the decisions. When he entered politics four
+years later, Eisenhower denied responsibility: he claimed that he was
+merely a soldier, obeying orders, implementing decisions which
+Presidents Roosevelt and Truman had made.
+
+Memoirs of British military men indicate that Eisenhower went far
+_beyond_ the call of military duty in his "co-operative" efforts to help
+the Soviets capture political prisoner's and enslave all of central
+Europe. _Triumph in the West_, by Arthur Bryant, published in 1959 by
+Doubleday & Company, as a "History of the War Years Based on the Diaries
+of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff,"
+reveals that, in the closing days of the war, General Eisenhower was
+often in direct communication with Stalin, reporting his decisions and
+actions to the Soviet dictator before Eisenhower's own military
+superiors knew what was going on.
+
+Regardless of what responsibility General Eisenhower may or may not have
+had for _formulating_ the decisions which held our armies back from
+Eastern Europe, those decisions seem to have stemmed from the
+conferences which Roosevelt had with Stalin at Tehran in 1943 and at
+Yalta in 1945.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But who made the decision to isolate Berlin 110 miles deep inside
+communist-controlled territory without any agreements concerning access
+routes by which the Western Powers could get to the city? According to
+Arthur Krock, of the _New York Times_, George F. Kennan, (a member of
+the Council on Foreign Relations) persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning arrangement. Kennan, at the time, was political adviser to
+Ambassador John G. Winant, who was the United States Representative on
+the three-member European Advisory Commission.
+
+Mr. Krock's account (in the _New York Times_, June 18, 1961 and July 2,
+1961) is rather involved; but here is the essence of it:
+
+     President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to enclose
+     Berlin 110 miles within the Soviet occupation zone. Winant
+     submitted a recommendation, embracing this agreement. Winant felt
+     that it would offend the Soviets if we asked for guaranteed access
+     routes, and believed that guarantees were unnecessary anyway. When
+     submitting his recommendation to Washington, however, Winant
+     attached a map on which a specific allied corridor of access into
+     the city was drawn.
+
+     Winant's proposal was never acted on in Washington. Therefore, the
+     British submitted a recommendation. Roosevelt rejected the British
+     plan, and made his own proposal. The British and Soviets disliked
+     Roosevelt's plan; and negotiations over the zoning of Berlin were
+     deadlocked.
+
+     George F. Kennan broke the deadlock by going directly to Roosevelt
+     and persuading him to accept the Berlin zoning agreement, which Mr.
+     Krock calls a "war-breeding monstrosity," and a "witless travesty
+     on statecraft and military competence."
+
+Mr. Krock says most of his information came from one of Philip E.
+Mosely's articles in an old issue of _Foreign Affairs_--which I have
+been unable to get for my files. I cannot, therefore, guarantee the
+authenticity of Mr. Krock's account; but I can certainly agree with his
+conclusion that only Joseph Stalin and international communism
+benefitted from the "incredible zoning agreements" that placed "Berlin
+110 miles within the Soviet zone and reserved no guaranteed access
+routes to the city from the British and American zones."
+
+It is interesting to note that Philip E. Mosely (CFR member who was
+Cordell Hull's adviser when the postwar division of Germany was first
+discussed at the Moscow Conference in 1943) succeeded George F. Kennan
+as political adviser to John G. Winant of the European Advisory
+Commission shortly after Kennan had persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning agreements.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is easy to see why the Soviets wanted the Berlin arrangement which
+Roosevelt gave them. It is not difficult to see the British viewpoint:
+squeezed between the two giants who were his allies, Churchill tried to
+play the Soviets against the Americans, in the interest of getting the
+most he could for the future trade and commerce of England.
+
+But why would any American want (or, under any conditions, agree to) the
+crazy Berlin agreement? There are only three possible answers:
+
+(1) the Americans who set up the Berlin arrangement--which means,
+specifically, George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely, representing the
+Council on Foreign Relations--were ignorant fools; or
+
+(2) they _wanted_ to make Berlin a powder keg which the Soviets could
+use, at will, to intimidate the West; or
+
+(3) they wanted a permanent, ready source of war which the United States
+government could use, at any time, to salvage its own internationalist
+policies from criticism at home, by scaring the American people into
+"buckling down" and "tightening up" for "unity" behind our "courageous
+President" who is "calling the Kremlin bluff" by spending to prepare
+this nation for all-out war, if necessary, to "defend the interests of
+the free-world" in Berlin.
+
+George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely and the other men associated with
+them in the Council on Foreign Relations are not ignorant fools. I do
+not believe they are traitors who wanted to serve the interests of the
+Kremlin. So, in trying to assess their motives, I am left with one
+choice: they wanted to set Berlin up as a perpetual excuse for any kind
+of program which the Council on Foreign Relations might want the
+American government to adopt.
+
+Long, long ago, King Henry of England told Prince Hal that the way to
+run a country and keep the people from being too critical of how you run
+it, is to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels.
+
+A study of President Kennedy's July 25, 1961, speech to the nation about
+Berlin, together with an examination of the spending program which he
+recommended to Congress a few hours later, plus a review of contemporary
+accounts of how the stampeded Congress rushed to give the President all
+he asked--such a study, set against the backdrop of our refusal to do
+anything vigorous with regard to the communist menace in Cuba, will, I
+think, justify my conclusions as to the motives of men, still in power,
+who created the Berlin situation.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 3
+
+FPA--WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL--IPR
+
+
+
+Through many interlocking organizations, the Council on Foreign
+Relations "educates" the public--and brings pressures upon Congress--to
+support CFR policies. All organizations, in this incredible propaganda
+web, work in their own way toward the objective of the Council on
+Foreign Relations: to create a one-world socialist system and to make
+America a part of it. All of the organizations have federal
+tax-exemption as "educational" groups; and they are all financed, in
+part, by tax-exempt foundations, the principal ones being Ford,
+Rockefeller, and Carnegie. Most of them also have close working
+relations with official agencies of the United States Government.
+
+The CFR does not have formal affiliation--and can therefore disclaim
+official connection with--its subsidiary propaganda agencies (except the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, organized by the CFR in 30 cities
+throughout the United States); but the real and effective interlock
+between all these groups can be shown not only by their common objective
+(one-world socialism) and a common source of income (the foundations),
+but also by the overlapping of personnel: directors and officials of the
+Council on Foreign Relations are also officials in the interlocking
+organizations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center, 345 East 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, is probably the most influential of all
+the agencies which can be shown as propaganda affiliates of the Council
+on Foreign Relations in matters concerned primarily with American
+foreign policy.
+
+On April 29, 1960, the March-April Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down a Presentment concerning subversive materials in
+schools, which said:
+
+     "An extensive investigation has been made by the Jury into the
+     Foreign Policy Association of New York City and its 'Great
+     Decisions Program,' which it is sponsoring in our area....
+
+     "This matter was brought to our attention by the Americanism
+     Committee of the Waldo M. Slaton Post 140, American Legion, and
+     several other local patriotic groups. We were informed that the
+     Great Decisions Program was being taught in our public high schools
+     and by various well-meaning civic and religious groups, who were
+     not aware of the past records of the leaders of the Foreign Policy
+     Association, nor of the authors of the textbooks prescribed for
+     this Great Decisions program.
+
+     "Evidence was presented to us showing that some of these leaders
+     and authors had a long record, dating back many years, in which
+     they either belonged to, or actively supported left-wing or
+     subversive organizations.
+
+     "We further found that invitations to participate in these 'study
+     groups' were being mailed throughout our county under the name of
+     one of our local universities.... We learned that the prescribed
+     booklets were available upon request in our local public
+     libraries....
+
+     "The range of the activity by this organization has reached
+     alarming proportions in the schools and civic groups in certain
+     other areas in Georgia. Its spread is a matter of deep concern to
+     this Jury and we, therefore, call upon all school officials
+     throughout the state to be particularly alert to this insidious and
+     subversive material. We further recommend that all textbook
+     committee members--city, county and state--recognize the
+     undesirable features of this material and take action to remove it
+     from our schools.
+
+     "Finally, we urge that all Grand Juries throughout the State of
+     Georgia give matters of this nature their serious consideration."
+
+On June 30, 1960, the May-June Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down another Presentment, which said:
+
+     "It is our understanding that the Foreign Policy Association's
+     Great Decisions program, criticized by the March-April Grand Jury,
+     Fulton County, has been removed from the Atlanta and Fulton County
+     schools....
+
+     "Numerous letters from all over the United States have been
+     received by this grand jury, from individuals and associations,
+     commending the Presentment of the previous grand jury on the
+     Foreign Policy Association. Not a single letter has been received
+     by us criticizing these presentments."
+
+In September, 1960, the Americanism Committee of Waldo M. Slaton Post
+No. 140, The American Legion, 3905 Powers Ferry Road, N.W., Atlanta 5,
+Georgia, published a 112-page mimeographed book entitled _The Truth
+About the Foreign Policy Association_ (available directly from the Post
+at $1.00 per copy). In the Foreword to this book, the Americanism
+Committee says:
+
+     "How can we account for our apathetic acceptance of the presence of
+     this arch-murderer (Khrushchev, during his tour of the United
+     States at Eisenhower's invitation) in America? What has so dulled
+     our sense of moral values that we could look on without revulsion
+     while he was being wined and dined by our officials? How could we
+     dismiss with indifference the shameful spectacle of these officials
+     posing for pictures with this grinning Russian assassin--pictures
+     which we knew he would use to prove to communism's enslaved
+     populations that the Americans are no longer their friends, but the
+     friends of Khrushchev?
+
+     "There is only one explanation for this lapse from the Americanism
+     of former days: we are being brainwashed into the belief that we
+     can safely do business with communism--brainwashed by an
+     interlocked group of so-called 'educational' organizations offering
+     'do-it-yourself' courses which pretend to instruct the public in
+     the intricacies of foreign policy, but which actually mask clever
+     propaganda operations designed to sell 'co-existence' to Americans.
+     There are many of these propaganda outfits working to undermine
+     Americans' faith in America, but none, in our opinion, is as slick
+     or as smooth or as dangerous as the Foreign Policy Association of
+     Russian-born Vera Micheles Dean....
+
+     "This documented handbook has been prepared in response to numerous
+     requests for duplicates of the file which formed the basis of the
+     case (before the Fulton County Grand Juries) against the Foreign
+     Policy Association. We hope that it will assist patriots everywhere
+     in resisting the un-American propaganda of the Red China appeasers,
+     the pro-Soviet apologists, the relativists, and other dangerous
+     propagandists who are weakening Americans' sense of honor and their
+     will to survive."
+
+_The Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ sets out the communist
+front record of Vera Micheles Dean (who was Research Director of the FPA
+until shortly after the Legion Post made this exposure, when she
+resigned amidst almost-tearful words of praise and farewell on the part
+of FPA-WAC officials). The Legion Post booklet sets out the communist
+front records of various other persons connected with the FPA; it
+presents and analyzes several publications of the FPA, including
+materials used in the Great Decisions program; it reveals that FPA
+establishes respectability and public acceptance for itself by
+publicizing "endorsements" of prominent Americans; it shows that many of
+the FPA's claims of endorsements are false; it shows the interlocking
+connections and close working relationships between the Foreign Policy
+Association and other organizations, particularly the National Council
+of Churches; and it presents a great deal of general documentation on
+FPA's activities, operations, and connections.
+
+The Foreign Policy Association was organized in 1918 and incorporated
+under the laws of New York in 1928 (the Council on Foreign Relations was
+organized in 1919 and incorporated in 1921). Rockefeller and Carnegie
+money was responsible for both FPA and CFR becoming powerful
+organizations.
+
+The late U. S. Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Pennsylvania), as early as
+1934, said that the Foreign Policy Association, working in close
+conjunction with a comparable British group, was formed, largely under
+the aegis of Felix Frankfurter and Paul Warburg, to promote a "planned"
+or socialist economy in the United States, and to integrate the American
+system into a worldwide socialist system. Warburg and Frankfurter (early
+CFR members) were among the many influential persons who worked closely
+with Colonel Edward M. House, father of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From its early days, the Foreign Policy Association had interlocking
+personnel, and worked in close co-operation with the Institute of
+Pacific Relations, which was formed in 1925 as a tax-exempt educational
+organization, and which was financed by the great foundations--and by
+the same groups of businessmen and corporations which have always
+financed the CFR and the FPA.
+
+The IPR played a more important role than any other American
+organization in shaping public opinion and influencing official
+American policy with regard to Asia.
+
+For more than twenty years, the IPR influenced directly or indirectly
+the selection of Far Eastern scholars for important teaching posts in
+colleges and universities--and the selection of officials for posts
+concerning Asia in the State Department. The IPR publications were
+standard materials in most American colleges, in thirteen hundred public
+school systems, and in the armed forces; and millions of IPR
+publications were distributed to all these institutions.
+
+Along toward the end of World War II, there were rumblings that the
+powerful IPR might be a communist front, despite its respectable
+façade--despite the fact that a great majority of its members were
+Americans whose patriotism and integrity were beyond question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1951, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, under the
+chairmanship of the late Pat McCarran (Democrat, Nevada) began an
+investigation which lasted many months and became the most important,
+careful, and productive investigation ever conducted by a committee of
+Congress.
+
+The McCarran investigation of the IPR was predicated on the assumption
+that United States diplomacy had never suffered a more disastrous defeat
+than in its failure to avert the communist conquest of China.
+
+The communist conquest of China led to the Korean war; and the tragic
+mishandling of this war on the part of Washington and United Nations
+officialdom destroyed American prestige throughout Asia, and built
+Chinese communist military power into a menacing colossus.
+
+The Senate investigation revealed that the American policy decisions
+which produced these disastrous consequences were made by IPR officials
+who were traitors, or under the influence of traitors, whose allegiance
+lay in Moscow.
+
+Owen Lattimore, guiding light of the IPR during its most important years
+(and also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations), was termed a
+conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet international conspiracy.
+
+Alger Hiss (a CFR member who was later identified as a Soviet spy) was
+closely tied in with the IPR during his long and influential career in
+government service. Hiss became a trustee of the IPR after his
+resignation from the State Department. The secret information which Hiss
+delivered to a Soviet spy ring in the 1930's kept the Soviets apprised
+of American activity in the Far East.
+
+Lauchlin Currie (also a member of the CFR) was an administrative
+assistant to President Roosevelt. Harry Dexter White virtually ran the
+Treasury Department under both Roosevelt and Truman. Both Currie and
+White had strong connections with the IPR; and both were Soviet
+spies--who not only channeled important American secrets to Soviet
+military intelligence, but also influenced and formulated American
+policies to suit the Soviets.
+
+By the time the McCarran investigation ended, the whole nation knew that
+the IPR was, as the McCarran committee had characterized it, a
+transmission belt for Soviet propaganda in the United States.
+
+The IPR, thoroughly discredited, had lost its power and influence; but
+its work was carried on, without any perceptible decline in
+effectiveness, by the Foreign Policy Association.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The FPA did this job through its Councils on World Affairs, which had
+been set up in key cities throughout the United States.
+
+These councils are all "anti-communist." They include among their
+members the business, financial, social, cultural, and educational
+leaders of the community. Their announced purpose is to help citizens
+become better informed on international affairs and foreign policy. To
+this end, they arrange public discussion groups, forums, seminars in
+connection with local schools and colleges, radio-television programs,
+and lecture series. They distribute a mammoth quantity of expensively
+produced material--to schools, civic clubs, discussion groups, and so
+on, at little or no cost.
+
+The Councils bring world-renowned speakers to their community. Hence,
+Council events generally make headlines and get wide coverage on radio
+and television. The Foreign Policy Associations' Councils on World
+Affairs, through the parent organization, through the Council on Foreign
+Relations, and through a multitude of other channels, have close working
+relationships with the State Department.
+
+Hence, many of the distinguished speakers whom the Councils present are
+handpicked by the State Department; and they travel (sometimes from
+distant foreign lands) at United States taxpayers' expense.
+
+To avert criticism (or to provide themselves with ammunition against
+criticism when it arises) that they are nothing but internationalist
+propaganda agencies, the Councils on World Affairs distribute a little
+literature which, and present a few speakers who, give the general
+appearance of being against the internationalist program of one-world
+socialism. But their anti-internationalism presentations are generally
+milk-and-water middle-of-the-roadism which is virtually meaningless.
+Most Councils-on-World-Affairs presentations give persuasive
+internationalist propaganda.
+
+Thus, the Foreign Policy Association, through its Councils on World
+Affairs--and another affiliated activity, the Great Decisions
+program--has managed to enroll some "conservative" community leadership
+into an effective propaganda effort for one-world socialism.
+
+The World Affairs Center was set up with national headquarters at 345
+East 46th Street in New York City, as a formal affiliate of the Foreign
+Policy Association, to handle the important job of directing the various
+"independent" Councils on World Affairs, located in major cities
+throughout the nation. In March, 1960, the FPA merged with the World
+Affairs Center to form one organization: the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The FPA-WAC describes its Great Decisions program as an annual
+nation-wide review, by local groups under local sponsorship, of problems
+affecting United States Foreign Policy. FPA-WAC provides Fact Sheet
+Kits, which contain reading material for these local discussion groups.
+These kits present what FPA calls a "common fund of information" for all
+participants. They also provide an "opinion" ballot which permits each
+participant, at the end of the Great Decisions discussion program, to
+register his viewpoint and send it to officials in Washington.
+
+The old IPR line (fostering American policies which helped communists
+take over China) was that the Chinese communists were not communists at
+all but democratic "agrarian reformers" whom the Chinese people loved
+and respected, and whom the Chinese people were going to install as the
+rulers of new China, regardless of what America did; and that,
+therefore, it was in our best interest to be friendly with these
+"agrarian reformers" so that China would remain a friendly power once
+the "reformers" took over.
+
+A major objective of the FPA-WAC--since it fell heir to the work of the
+IPR--is to foster American diplomatic recognition of red China.
+
+The FPA-WAC, and its subordinate Councils on World Affairs, do this
+propaganda job most cleverly. Most FPA spokesmen (except a few like
+Cyrus Eaton, who is a darling of the FPA and occasionally writes for its
+publications) are "anti-communists" who admit that the Chinese
+communists are real communists. They admit that it is not pleasant (in
+the wake of our memories of Korea) to think of extending diplomatic
+recognition to red China; and they do not always openly advocate such a
+move; but their literature and Great Decisions operations and other
+activities all subtly inculcate the idea that, however much we may
+dislike the Chinese communists, it is highly probable that we can best
+promote American interests by "eventually" recognizing red China.
+
+In this connection, the FPA-WAC Great Decisions program for 1957 was
+especially interesting. One question posed that year was "Should U. S.
+Deal With Red China?" Discussion of this topic was divided into four
+corollary questions: _Why Two Chinas? What are Red China's goals? Does
+Red China threaten 'uncommitted' Asia? Red China's record--what U. S.
+Policy?_
+
+The FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit, which sets out background information for
+the "study" and "voting" on the red China question, contains nothing
+that would remind Americans of Chinese communist atrocities against our
+men in Korea or in any way make Americans really angry at the
+communists. In the discussion of the "two Chinas," the communists sound
+somewhat more attractive than the nationalists. In the discussion of red
+China's "goals," there is nothing about the communist goal of enslaving
+all Asia; there are simply statistics showing how much more progress red
+China has made than "democratic" India--with less outside help than
+"democratic" India has received from the United States.
+
+In the discussion of whether red China threatens the rest of Asia, the
+FPA-WAC material makes no inference that the reds are an evil,
+aggressive power--but it does let the reader know that the reds in China
+are a mighty military power that we must reckon with, in realistic
+terms. Nothing is said in the FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit about the
+communist rape of Tibet. Rather, one gets the impression that Tibet is
+a normal, traditional province of China which has now returned to the
+homeland.
+
+After studying the problems of communist China from this FPA-WAC "Fact
+Sheet," Great Decisions participants were given an opportunity to cast
+an "Opinion Ballot" on the four specific questions posed. The "Opinions"
+were already written out on the FPA-WAC ballot. The voter had only to
+select the opinion he liked best, and mark it. Here are the five choices
+of opinions given voters on the Foreign Policy Association's Great
+Decisions 1957 Opinion Ballot, concerning U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China.
+
+     "a. Recognize Peiping now, because we can deal with Far East
+     political and other problems more easily if we have diplomatic
+     relations with Peiping.
+
+     "b. Go slow on recognizing them but agree to further talks and, if
+     progress is made, be willing to grant recognition at some future
+     date.
+
+     "c. Refuse to recognize them under any circumstances.
+
+     "d. Acknowledge that the Peiping government is the effective
+     government of China (recognition _de facto_) and deal with it as
+     much as seems useful, on this basis, but avoid full diplomatic
+     relations for the present.
+
+     "e. Other."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General purposes of the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center
+are rather well indicated in a fund-raising letter, mailed to American
+businessmen all over the nation, on February 23, 1961. The letter was on
+the letterhead of Consolidated Foods Corporation, 135 South La Salle
+Street, Chicago 3, Illinois, and was signed by Nathan Cummings, Chairman
+of the Board. Here is a part of Mr. Cummings' appeal to other
+businessmen to contribute money to the FPA-WAC:
+
+     "In his inaugural address which I had the privilege of personally
+     hearing in Washington, President Kennedy summoned the American
+     people to responsibility in foreign policy: ...
+
+     "This call for individual initiative by the President characterizes
+     the kind of citizen responsibility in world affairs which the
+     Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center has been
+     energetically trying to build since its founding in 1918....
+
+     "The FPA-WAC's national program for informing the American public
+     of the urgent matters of foreign policy such as those mentioned by
+     the President--'the survival and the success of liberty,'
+     'inspection and control of arms,' the forging of 'a grand and
+     global alliance' to 'assure a more fruitful life for all
+     mankind'--is making remarkable progress.
+
+     "The enclosed 'Memorandum: 1960-61' describes the program and past
+     achievement of this 42-year-old organization. Particularly worthy
+     of mention is their annual 'Great Decisions' program which last
+     year engaged more than a quarter of a million Americans in eight
+     weeks of discussion of U. S. foreign policy and reached hundreds of
+     thousands of others with related radio, television and newspaper
+     background programs and articles on these important topics.
+
+     "Of the basic budget for 1960-61 of $1,140,700, nearly one-third
+     must be raised from individual and corporate sources to meet
+     minimal operating needs. The fact that over 400 major corporations,
+     some of whom contribute as much as $5,000, already support FPA-WAC
+     is evidence of the effectiveness and vitality of its educational
+     program....
+
+     "I hope that you and your company will join ours in generously
+     supporting this work."
+
+Erwin D. Canham, editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, has
+caustically denounced the American Legion Post in Atlanta for its
+"attack" on the FPA.
+
+Mr. Canham, in a letter dated April 25, 1961, accused the American
+Legion Post of making a "completely false" statement when the Post
+contended that Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_ advocated the seating of red
+China in the UN. Mr. Canham said:
+
+     "This newspaper's editorial policy has never espoused any such
+     position."
+
+I have in my file a letter which Mr. Canham wrote, April 29, 1960, as
+editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, on the _Monitor's_
+letterhead. In this letter, Mr. Canham says:
+
+     "I believe that the United States should open diplomatic relations
+     with communist China."
+
+The interesting thing here is the coincidence of Mr. Canham's policy
+with regard to red China, and the policy of the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.
+
+The Great Decisions program for 1957 (discussed above) was obviously
+intended to lead Americans to acceptance of U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China. The same material, however, made it clear that the
+invisible government was not yet advocating the seating of red China in
+the UN! Do these backstairs formulators and managers of United States
+opinion and governmental policies have more respect for the UN than they
+have for the US? Or, do they fear that bringing red China into the UN
+(before U. S. recognition) would finish discrediting that already
+discredited organization and cause the American people to demand
+American withdrawal?
+
+Christian Scientists (through Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_), Protestants
+(through the National Council of Churches), Quakers (through the
+American Friends Service Committee), and Jews (through the American
+Jewish Committee, The Anti-Defamation League, and other organizations)
+are among the religious groups which have publicly supported activities
+of the Foreign Policy Association. Powerful Catholic personalities and
+publications have endorsed FPA work, too.
+
+On December 9, 1959, The Right Rev. Timothy F. O'Leary, Superintendent
+of Catholic Schools for the Archdiocese of Boston, wrote to all Catholic
+schools in the district, telling them that he was making plans for their
+participation with the World Affairs Council and the Foreign Policy
+Association in the Great Decisions 1960 Program.
+
+On November 27, 1960, _Our Sunday Visitor_ (largest and perhaps most
+influential Catholic newspaper in America) featured an article by Frank
+Folsom, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of
+the Radio Corporation of America, and a leading Catholic layman. Mr.
+Folsom was effusive in his praise of the FPA-WAC Great Decisions
+program.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The interlock between the Council on Foreign Relations and the Foreign
+Policy Association-World Affairs Center can be seen in the list of
+officers and directors of the FPA-WAC:
+
+     Eustace Seligman, Chairman of the FPA-WAC, is a partner in Sullivan
+     and Cromwell, the law firm of the late John Foster Dulles, a
+     leading CFR member.
+
+     John W. Nason, President of FPA-WAC, is a member of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations.
+
+     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr., President of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., is Vice
+     Chairman of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+     Gerald F. Beal, of the J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corporation of
+     New York, is Treasurer of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the Council
+     on Foreign Relations.
+
+     Mrs. Andrew G. Carey is Secretary of FPA-WAC. Her husband is a
+     member of the CFR.
+
+     Emile E. Soubry, Executive Vice President and Director of the
+     Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, is Chairman of the Executive
+     Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+     Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, of Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, in New York,
+     is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a
+     member of the CFR.
+
+     Joseph E. Johnson (old friend of Alger Hiss, who succeeded Hiss as
+     President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC, and also a member
+     of the CFR.
+
+     Harold F. Linder, Vice Chairman of the General American Investors
+     Company, is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and
+     also a member of the CFR.
+
+     A. William Loos, Executive Director of the Church Peace Union, is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC. Mr. Loos attended
+     the CFR meeting with high communist party officials in the Soviet
+     Union in May, 1961.
+
+     Henry Siegbert, formerly a partner in the investment banking firm
+     of Adolph Lewisohn & Sons, is a member of the Executive Committee
+     of the FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 4
+
+COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
+
+
+
+On June 20, 1961, _The San Francisco Examiner_ published a United Press
+International news story with a June 19, Washington, D. C. date line,
+under the headline "J.F.K. Backs Tax Cut Plan."
+
+Here are portions of the article:
+
+     "President Kennedy today urged Congress and the people to give a
+     close study to a monetary reform proposal which would empower him
+     to cut income taxes in recession periods.
+
+     "He issued the statement after receiving a bulky report from the
+     Commission of [sic] Money and Credit....
+
+     "The 27-member commission was set up in 1957 by the Committee for
+     Economic Development (CED). Its three-year study was financed by
+     $1.3 million in grants from the CED and the Ford and Merrill
+     Foundation.
+
+     "One of the key recommendations was to give the President limited
+     power to cut the 20 percent tax rate on the first $2000 of personal
+     income, if needed to help the economy....
+
+     "The report also recommended extensive changes in the Federal
+     Reserve System, set up in 1913 as the core of the Nation's banking
+     system...."
+
+This _San Francisco Examiner_ article is a classic example of propaganda
+disguised as straight news reporting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A story about the President supporting a plan for reducing taxes could
+not fail to command sympathetic attention. But the truth is that the
+tax reform proposals of the Commission on Money and Credit would give
+the President as much power and leeway to _raise_ taxes as to lower
+them.
+
+In its 282-page report, the Commission made 87 separate proposals. One
+would permit the President (on his own initiative) to reduce the basic
+income-tax rate (the one that applies to practically every person who
+has any income at all) from 20% to 15%. It would also permit the
+President to raise the basic rate from 20% to 25%.
+
+The idea of giving the President such power is as alien to American
+political principles as communism itself is. The proposed "machinery"
+for granting such Presidential power would violate every basic principle
+of our constitutional system. Under the Commission's proposal, the
+President would announce that he was going to increase or decrease
+taxes. If, within sixty days, Congress did not veto the plan, it would
+become law, effective for six months, at which time it would have to be
+renewed by the same procedure. That is very similar to the Soviet way.
+It could not be more foreign to the American way if it had been lifted
+from the Soviet constitution.
+
+Other proposals in the report of the Commission on Money and Credit,
+filed on June 18, 1961, after a three-year study:
+
+     1. The Federal Reserve Act would be amended to give the President
+     control over the Federal Reserve System--which, as set up in 1913,
+     is supposed to be free of any kind of political control, from the
+     White House or elsewhere.
+
+     2. The Commission recommends elimination of the legal requirement
+     that the Federal Reserve System maintain a gold reserve as backing
+     for American currency. A bill was introduced in Congress (May 9,
+     1961, by U. S. Congressman Abraham Multer, New York Democrat) to
+     implement this Commission recommendation. The bill would take away
+     from American citizens twelve billion dollars in gold which
+     supports their own currency, and enable government to pour this
+     gold out to foreigners, as long as it lasts, leaving Americans with
+     a worthless currency, and at the mercy of foreign governments and
+     bankers (see the _Dan Smoot Report_, "Gold and Treachery," May 22,
+     1961).
+
+     3. The banking laws of individual states would be ignored or
+     invalidated: banking laws of 33 states prohibit mutual savings
+     banks; the Commission on Money and Credit wants a federal law to
+     permit such banks in all states.
+
+     4. The Commission would circumvent, if not eliminate, state laws
+     governing the insurance industry: the Commission proposes a federal
+     law which would permit insurance companies to obtain federal
+     charters and claim federal, rather than state, regulation.
+
+     5. The Commission would subject all private pension funds to
+     federal supervision.
+
+     6. The Commission would abolish congressional limitations on the
+     size of the national debt--so that the debt could go as high as the
+     President pleased, without any interference from Congress.
+
+     7. The Commission recommends that Congress approve all federal
+     public works projects three years in advance, so that the President
+     could order the projects _when he felt_ the economy needed
+     stimulation.
+
+Remembering how President Kennedy and his administrative officials and
+congressional leaders used political extortion and promises of bribes
+with public money to force the House of Representatives, in January,
+1961, to pack the House Rules Committee, imagine how the President could
+whip Congress, and the whole nation, into line if the President had just
+_some_ of the additional, unconstitutional power which the Commission on
+Money and Credit wants him to have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The objective of the Commission on Money and Credit (to finish the
+conversion of America into a total socialist state, under the
+dictatorship of whatever "proletarian" happens to be enthroned in the
+White House) can be seen, between the lines, in the Commission's remarks
+about the "formidable problem" of unemployment.
+
+The Commission wants unemployment to drop to the point where the number
+of jobless workers will equal the number of vacant jobs! And the clear
+implication is that the federal government must adopt whatever policies
+necessary to create this condition.
+
+Such a condition can exist only in a slave system--like the socialist
+system of communist China where, for example, all "farmers" (men, women,
+and children) enjoy full employment; under the whips of overseers, on
+the collective farms of communism.
+
+The Commission on Money and Credit was created on November 21, 1957, by
+the Committee for Economic Development (CED). In the 1957 Annual Report
+of the CED, Mr. Donald K. David, CED Chairman, gave the history of the
+Commission on Money and Credit. Mr. David said:
+
+     "CED began nine years ago [1948] to call attention to the need for
+     a comprehensive reassessment of our entire system of money and
+     credit.
+
+     "When the last such survey of the economic scene was made by the
+     Aldrich Commission in 1911, we had no central banking system, no
+     guaranteed deposits or guaranteed mortgages. There were no personal
+     or corporate income taxes; no group insurance plans, pension funds,
+     or Social Security system....
+
+     "Although CED had envisaged a commission created by government, the
+     inability of government to obtain the consensus required for
+     launching the study became as apparent as the need for avoiding
+     further delay. So, after receiving encouragement from other
+     research institutions, leaders in Congress, the Administration, and
+     from various leaders in private life, CED's Trustees decided to
+     sponsor the effort, assisted by a grant from The Ford
+     Foundation...."
+
+Here is the membership of the CED's Commission on Money and Credit:
+
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman (President of Connecticut General Life
+     Insurance Company)
+
+     Hans Christian Sonne, Vice-Chairman (New York; official in numerous
+     foundations and related organizations, such as Twentieth Century
+     Fund; American-Scandanavian Foundation; National Planning
+     Association; and so on)
+
+     Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (New York; Berle has been in and out of
+     important posts in government for many years; he is an
+     anti-communist socialist; he resigned from the Commission on Money
+     and Credit to accept his present job handling Latin American
+     affairs in the State Department)
+
+     James B. Black (Chairman of the Board of Pacific Gas and Electric
+     Company)
+
+     Marriner S. Eccles (Chairman of the Board of the First Security
+     Corporation; formerly Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury
+     under Roosevelt; Governor of Federal Reserve Board; and official in
+     numerous international banking organizations, such as the
+     Export-Import Bank)
+
+     Lamar Fleming, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Anderson, Clayton &
+     Co., Houston, Texas)
+
+     Henry H. Fowler (Washington, D.C.; resigned from the Commission on
+     February 3 to accept appointment from Kennedy as Under Secretary of
+     the Treasury)
+
+     Gaylord A. Freeman, Jr. (President of the First National Bank,
+     Chicago)
+
+     Philip M. Klutznick (Park Forest, Ill., resigned from the
+     Commission on February 8, to accept appointment from President
+     Kennedy as United States Representative to the United Nations
+     Economic and Social Council)
+
+     Fred Lazarus, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Federated Department
+     Stores, Inc.)
+
+     Isador Lubin (Professor of Public Affairs at Rutgers University)
+
+     J. Irwin Miller (Chairman of the Board of Cummins Engine Company)
+
+     Robert R. Nathan (Washington, D.C.; has been in and out of many
+     important government jobs since the first Roosevelt Administration)
+
+     Emil Rieve (President emeritus of the Textile Workers
+     Union--AFL-CIO)
+
+     David Rockefeller (President of Chase Manhattan Bank)
+
+     Stanley H. Ruttenberg (Research Director for AFL-CIO)
+
+     Charles Sawyer (Cincinnati lawyer, prominent in Democratic Party
+     politics in Ohio)
+
+     Earl B. Schwulst (President of the Bowery Savings Bank in New York)
+
+     Charles B. Shuman (President of the American Farm Bureau
+     Federation)
+
+     Jesse W. Tapp (Chairman of the Board, Bank of America)
+
+     John Cameron Thomson (former Chairman of the Board of Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Minneapolis)
+
+     Willard L. Thorp (Director of the Merrill Center for Economics at
+     Amherst College)
+
+     Theodore O. Yntema (Vice President in Charge of Finance, Ford Motor
+     Company)
+
+     William F. Schnitzler (Secretary-Treasurer of AFL-CIO; resigned
+     from the Commission in 1960)
+
+     Joseph M., Dodge (Chairman of the Board of Detroit Bank and Trust
+     Co.; resigned from the Commission in 1960)
+
+     Beardsley Ruml (well-known and influential new deal economist who
+     held numerous posts with foundations and related organizations; is
+     sometimes called the father of the federal withholding tax law,
+     enacted during World War II; Dr. Ruml died before the Commission on
+     Money and Credit completed its report)
+
+     Fred T. Greene (President of the Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis;
+     died before the Commission completed its report)
+
+The director of research for the Commission Was Dr. Bertrand Fox,
+professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. His
+assistant was Dr. Eli Shapiro, Professor of Finance at the Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology.
+
+Of the 27 persons who served as members of the Commission on Money and
+Credit, 13 (Wilde, Sonne, Berle, Fleming, Fowler, Lubin, Nathan,
+Rockefeller, Tapp, Thorp, Yntema, Dodge, Ruml) were members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+In other words, the Commission on Money and Credit was just another
+tax-exempt propaganda agency of America's invisible government, the
+Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above discussion of the Commission on Money and Credit, together
+with the roster of membership, was first published in _The Dan Smoot
+Report_ dated July 3, 1961.
+
+On September 22, 1961, Mr. Charles B. Shuman, President of the American
+Farm Bureau Federation, wrote me a letter, saying:
+
+     "I was a member of the Commission on Money and Credit but you will
+     notice that I filed very strong objections to several of the
+     recommendations which you brought to the attention of your
+     readers. I do not agree with the Commission recommendations to
+     authorize the President of the United States to vary the rate of
+     income tax. Neither do I agree that the gold reserve requirement
+     should be abandoned. I agree with several of your criticisms of the
+     Report but I cannot agree that 'the objective of the Commission on
+     Money and Credit (to finish the conversion of America into a total
+     socialist state, under the dictatorship of whatever proletarian
+     happens to be enthroned in the White House) can be seen, between
+     the lines, in the Commission's remarks about the formidable problem
+     of unemployment.'
+
+     "At its worst, it was a compromise of the divergent viewpoint of
+     the conservative and liberal members of the Commission."
+
+I will not argue with Mr. Shuman, an honest and honorable man, about the
+objective of the Commission; but I will reassert the obvious:
+recommendations of the Commission on Money and Credit, if fully
+implemented, would finish the conversion of America into a total
+socialist state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As pointed out before, the various agencies which interlock with the
+Council on Foreign Relations do not have formal affiliation with the
+Council, or generally, with each other; but their effective togetherness
+is revealed by their unanimity of purpose: They are all working toward
+the ultimate objective of creating a one-world socialist system and
+making America a part of it.
+
+This ambitious scheme was first conceived and put into operation, during
+the administrations of Woodrow Wilson, by Colonel Edward M. House, and
+by the powerful international bankers whom House influenced.
+
+House founded the Council on Foreign Relations for the purpose of
+creating (and conditioning the American people to accept) what House
+called a "positive" foreign policy for America--a policy which would
+entwine the affairs of America with those of other nations until this
+nation would be sucked into a world-government arrangement.
+
+Colonel House knew, however, that America could not become a province in
+a one-world socialist system unless America's economy was first
+socialized. Consequently, House laid the groundwork for "positive"
+domestic policies of government too--policies which could gradually
+place government in control of the nation's economy until, before the
+public realized what was happening, we would already have a socialist
+dictatorship.
+
+The following passages are from pages 152-157 of _The Intimate Papers of
+Colonel House_:
+
+     "The extent of Colonel House's influence upon the legislative plans
+     of the Administration [Wilson's] may be gathered from a remarkable
+     document.... In the autumn of 1912, immediately after the
+     presidential election [when Wilson was elected for his first term]
+     there was published a novel, or political romance, entitled _Philip
+     Dru: Administrator_.
+
+     "It was the story of a young West Point graduate ... who was caught
+     by the spirit of revolt against the tyranny of privileged
+     interests. A stupid and reactionary government at Washington
+     provokes armed rebellion, in which Dru joins whole-heartedly and
+     which he ultimately leads to complete success. He himself becomes a
+     dictator and proceeds by ordinance to remake the mechanism of
+     government, to reform the basic laws that determine the relation of
+     the classes, to remodel the defensive forces of the republic, and
+     to bring about an international grouping or league of powers....
+
+     "Five years after its publication, an enterprising bookseller,
+     noting the growing influence of House in the Wilson Administration,
+     wrote with regard to the book: 'As time goes on the interest in it
+     becomes more intense, due to the fact that so many of the ideas
+     expressed by _Philip Dru: Administrator_, have become laws of this
+     Republic, and so many of his ideas have been discussed as becoming
+     laws.... Is Colonel E. M. House of Texas the author?' ...
+
+     "Colonel House was, in truth, the author....
+
+     "'Philip Dru' ... gives us an insight into the main political and
+     social principles that actuated House in his companionship with
+     President Wilson. Through it runs the note of social democracy
+     reminiscent of Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of 1848....
+
+     "Through the book also runs the idea that in the United States,
+     government is unresponsive to popular desires--a 'negative'
+     government, House calls it....
+
+     "The specific measures enacted by Philip Dru as Administrator of
+     the nation, indicated the reforms desired by House.
+
+     "The Administrator appointed a 'board composed of economists ...
+     who ... were instructed to work out a tariff law which would
+     contemplate the abolition of the theory of protection as a
+     governmental policy.'
+
+     "'The Administrator further directed the tax board to work out a
+     graduated income tax....
+
+     "Philip Dru also provided for the 'formulation of a new banking
+     law, affording a flexible currency bottomed largely upon commercial
+     assets.... He also proposed making corporations share with the
+     government and states a certain part of their earnings....
+
+     "'Labor is no longer to be classed as an inert commodity to be
+     bought and sold by the law of supply and demand.'
+
+     "Dru 'prepared an old age pension law and also a laborer's
+     insurance law....'
+
+     "'He had incorporated in the Franchise Law the right of Labor to
+     have one representative upon the boards of corporations and to
+     share a certain percentage of the earnings above the wages, after a
+     reasonable percent upon the capital had been earned. In turn, it
+     was to be obligatory upon them (the laborers) not to strike, but to
+     submit all grievances to arbitration.'"
+
+Need it be pointed out that "Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of
+1848," on whom Colonel House patterned his plan for remaking America,
+had a scheme for the world virtually identical with that of Karl Marx
+and Frederick Engles--those socialist revolutionaries who wrote the
+_Communist Manifesto_ in 1848?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1918, Franklin K. Lane, Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of the Interior,
+in a private letter, wrote, concerning the influence of 'Philip Dru' on
+President Wilson:
+
+     "All that book has said should be, comes about.... The President
+     comes to _Philip Dru_, in the end."
+
+The _end_ is a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, identical with
+that which now exists in the Soviet Union. We have already "come to" a
+major portion of Colonel House's program for us. The unrealized portions
+of the program are now promises in the platforms of both our major
+political parties, they are in the legislative proposals of the
+Administration in power and of its leaders in Congress; they are the
+objectives of the Council on Foreign Relations, whose members occupy key
+posts in Government, from the Presidency downward, and who dominate a
+vast network of influential, tax-exempt "educational" agencies, whose
+role is to "educate" the Congress and the people to accept the total
+socialist program for America.
+
+The Committee for Economic Development (which created the Commission on
+Money and Credit) is the major propaganda arm of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, in the important work of socializing the American economy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paul G. Hoffman is the father of CED. Hoffman, an influential member of
+the CFR, was formerly President of Studebaker Corp.; former President of
+Ford Foundation; Honorary Chairman of the Fund for the Republic; has
+held many powerful jobs in government since the days of Roosevelt; and
+is now Director of the Special United Nations Fund for Economic
+Development--SUNFED--the UN agency which is giving American tax money as
+economic aid to communist Castro in Cuba. Hoffman, in 1939, conceived
+the idea of setting up a tax-exempt "economic committee" which would
+prepare new economic policies for the nation and then prepare the public
+and Congress to accept them.
+
+Hoffman founded the Committee for Economic Development in 1942. The
+organization was incorporated in September of that year, with Paul G.
+Hoffman as Chairman. Major offices in the Committee for Economic
+Development have always been occupied by members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations--persons who generally have important positions in
+many other interlocking organizations, in the foundations, in the big
+corporations which finance the great interlock, and/or in government.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here are the Council on Foreign Relations members who joined Paul
+Hoffman in setting up the CED in 1942:
+
+     William Benton (former U.S. Senator, now Chairman of the Board of
+     _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; former Assistant Secretary of State;
+     Trustee and former Vice President, University of Chicago)
+
+     Will L. Clayton (founder of Anderson, Clayton & Co., Houston;
+     former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Under Secretary of State
+     under Roosevelt and Truman; Eisenhower's National Security Training
+     Commissioner)
+
+     Ralph E. Flanders (former United States Senator)
+
+     Marion B. Folsom (Eisenhower's Secretary of the Department of
+     Health, Education, and Welfare; many other positions in the
+     Roosevelt and Truman Administrations; Board of Overseers, Harvard)
+
+     Eric A. Johnston (former Director, Economic Stabilization Agency;
+     many other positions in the Roosevelt-Truman-Eisenhower
+     Administrations; former Director and President of U.S. Chamber of
+     Commerce; now President of the Motion Picture Association of
+     America)
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe (former Lend-Lease Administrator; former Chairman
+     of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; President of
+     Scott Paper Company since 1927)
+
+     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board, Book of the
+     Month Club, Inc.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here are Council on Foreign Relations members who were Chairmen of the
+Committee for Economic Development from 1942 through 1959:
+
+     Paul G. Hoffman, 1942-48
+
+     Marion B. Folsom, 1950-53
+
+     Meyer Kestnbaum, 1953-55 (President, Hart Schaffner & Marx;
+     Director, Fund for the Republic; Director, Chicago and Northwestern
+     Railroad)
+
+     J. D. Zellerbach, 1955-57 (Eisenhower's Ambassador to Italy;
+     President and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; Chairman of the
+     Board and Director, Fibreboard Products, Inc.; Director, Wells
+     Fargo Bank & Union Trust Co.)
+
+     Donald K. David, 1957-59 (Dean, Harvard University; Trustee of the
+     Ford Foundation, Carnegie Institute, Merrill Foundation; Board of
+     Directors, R. H. Macy & Co., General Electric Corp., First National
+     City Bank of New York, Aluminum, Ltd., Ford Motor Co.)
+
+Of the CED Board of Trustees listed in the CED's 1957 Annual Report, 47
+were members of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic
+Development is the select inner-group which actually runs the CED. In
+1957, the following members of the Research and Policy Committee were
+also members of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman
+
+     Frank Altschul (Chairman of the Board, General American Investors
+     Corp.; Vice Chairman, National Planning Association; Vice
+     President, Woodrow Wilson Foundation)
+
+     Elliott V. Bell (former economic adviser to Thomas E. Dewey; former
+     research consultant to Wendell Willkie; now Chairman of the
+     Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.; Publisher
+     and Editor of _Business Week_; Director of Bank of Manhattan Co.,
+     New York Life Insurance Co., Carrier Corp., Trustee of the John S.
+     Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)
+
+     William Benton
+
+     Thomas D. Cabot (former Director of Office of International
+     Security Affairs, State Department; now President of Godfrey L.
+     Cabot, Inc.; Director of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
+     American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.; Trustee, Hampton
+     Institute, Radcliff College; member of the Corporation of
+     Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
+
+     Walker L. Cisler (former member of the Atomic Energy Commission,
+     Economic Cooperation Administration, Military Government of
+     Germany; now President of Detroit-Edison Co., Trustee, Cornell
+     University)
+
+     Emilio G. Collado (former State Department career official; now
+     Treasurer, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey)
+
+     Gardner Cowles (former Domestic Director, Office of War
+     Information; now President, _Des Moines Register & Tribune_, Cowles
+     Magazines, Inc.--_Look_, etc.--)
+
+     Donald K. David
+
+     William C. Foster (former Under Secretary of Commerce, Deputy
+     Secretary of Defense; now Executive Vice President, Olin Mathieson
+     Chemical Corp.)
+
+     Philip L. Graham (former law secretary to Supreme Court Justices
+     Stanley Reed and Felix Frankfurter; now President and Publisher of
+     _The Washington Post and Times Herald_)
+
+     Meyer Kestnbaum
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe
+
+     Don G. Mitchell (Chairman of the Board, Sylvania Electric Products,
+     Inc.)
+
+     Alfred C. Neal (former official, Office of Price Administration;
+     now member of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Boston; President of CED)
+
+     Howard C. Petersen (former council to Committee to Draft Selective
+     Service Regulations; Assistant Secretary of War; now President,
+     Philadelphia Trust Company; Trustee, Temple University)
+
+     Philip D. Reed (many positions in the Roosevelt and Truman
+     Administrations; member, U. S. Delegation to UN Conference at San
+     Francisco, 1945; now Chairman, Finance Committee, General Electric
+     Co.; Director of Canadian General Electric Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)
+
+     Beardsley Ruml
+
+     Harry Scherman
+
+     Wayne Chatfield Taylor (many government positions including
+     Assistant Secretary of Treasury, Under Secretary of Commerce;
+     presently an economic adviser)
+
+     Theodore O. Yntema
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its annual report for 1957, the Committee for Economic Development
+boasted of some of its past accomplishments and its future plans.
+
+Mr. Howard C. Petersen, Chairman of the CED's Subcommittee on Economic
+Development Assistance (and a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations) said that his committee originated the idea of creating the
+Development Loan Fund, which was authorized by Congress in Section 6 of
+the Foreign Aid Bill of 1957, which Eisenhower established by Executive
+Order on December 13, 1957, and which may be the most sinister step ever
+taken by the internationalist foreign-aid lobby.
+
+In 1956, when President Eisenhower requested an appropriation of
+$4,860,000,000 for foreign aid, he asked Congress to authorize foreign
+aid commitments for the next ten years. Congress refused the ten-year
+plan. In 1957, the internationalists' ideal of a _permanent_
+authorization for foreign aid was wrapped up in the Development Loan
+Fund scheme.
+
+Only a few Congressmen raised any question about it. Below are passages
+taken from the _Congressional Record_ of July 15, 1957, the day the
+Development Loan Fund was discussed in the House.
+
+Congressman A. S. J. Carnahan (Democrat, Missouri) floor manager for the
+Foreign Aid Bill, rose to explain Section 6, which established the
+Development Loan Fund, saying:
+
+     "The United States, in order to provide effective assistance [to
+     all underdeveloped countries of the world] ... must have available
+     a substantial fund upon which it can draw. The fund must be large
+     enough so that all of the underdeveloped nations of the free world
+     will feel that they will have an opportunity to participate in it.
+
+     "We cannot wisely say that we should make a small amount available
+     the first year and see how things work out. If we are able to offer
+     assistance only to the select few, we will inevitably antagonize
+     many other countries whose future friendship and cooperation will
+     be important to us ... in addition to an initial authorization of
+     an appropriation of $500 million, the bill includes authorization
+     for borrowing from the Treasury $500 million beginning in fiscal
+     1959, and an additional $500 million beginning in fiscal 1960."
+
+Thus, Congressman Carnahan, arguing for foreign aid, outlined some of
+the absurd fallacies of foreign aid: namely, if we give foreign aid at
+all, we must provide enough so that every foreign government in the
+world will always be able to get all it wants. We can exercise no choice
+in whom we give or lend our money to. If we give only "to the select
+few" we offend all others.
+
+Congressman H. R. Gross (Republican, Iowa) asked a question:
+
+     "What interest rate will be charged upon the loans that are to be
+     made?"
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "The legislation does not designate the interest rate."
+
+Mr. Gross:
+
+     "What will be the length of the loan to be made?"
+
+Mr. Carnahan:
+
+     "The legislation does not designate the length of the loans. The
+     rules for the loans, which will determine the interest rates, the
+     length of time the loans will run, the size of the installment
+     repayments, and other administrative details, will be taken care of
+     by the Executive Department."
+
+Congressman John L. Pilcher (Democrat, Georgia) made the point that the
+manager of the Development Loan Fund, appointed by the President, could
+lend money to:
+
+     "any foreign government or foreign government agency, to any
+     corporation, any individual or any group of persons."
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "That is correct."
+
+Congressman Pilcher:
+
+     "In other words, it would be possible for an individual to borrow
+     $1 million or $5 million to set up some business in some foreign
+     country, if the manager so agreed; is that correct?"
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "If they met the criteria set up for loans."
+
+Congressman Pilcher:
+
+     "The manager ... has the authority to collect or compromise any
+     obligation in this fund. In other words, he can make a loan this
+     month and if he so desires he can turn around and compromise it or
+     cancel it next month which is a straight out grant in the disguise
+     of a soft-loan program."
+
+Congressman Porter Hardy, Jr. (Democrat, Virginia) said:
+
+     "The manager of the Fund has almost unlimited authority to do
+     anything he pleases."
+
+Congressman Barratt O'Hara (Democrat, Illinois), trying to quiet fears
+that this bill was granting unlimited, uncontrollable power to some
+appointed manager, said that the blank-check grant of authority was not
+really being made to the fund manager at all. The power was being given
+to the President of the United States, and the manager would merely
+"perform such functions with respect to this title as the President may
+direct."
+
+Congressman Gross said:
+
+     "That is more power than any President should ask for or want the
+     responsibility for."
+
+Congressman Leon H. Gavin (Republican, Pennsylvania) pointed out that we
+already have 5 or 6 lending agencies in this field: The International
+Co-operation Administration; the Export-Import Bank; the International
+Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the International Development
+Corporation; and the World Bank. Why, then, do we need this new one, the
+Development Loan Fund?
+
+Congressman Walter H. Judd (Republican, Minnesota) had already answered
+that question, explaining that Development Loan Fund money would go to
+foreigners who could not qualify for loans from other agencies.
+
+Congressman Gross said that all foreign nations which will borrow from
+this Fund could get all the American private capital they need if they
+had political systems which made lending to them sensible or feasible.
+
+In short, the Development Loan Fund (which the Committee for Economic
+Development boasts paternity of) is a scheme for giving American tax
+money to foreigners who have proven themselves such poor credit risks
+that they cannot obtain loans even from other governmental and UN
+agencies--and who will use the money to line their own pockets and to
+build socialistic enterprises which will eliminate possibilities of
+freedom in their own land, and will compete in world markets with
+American enterprise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its 1957 annual report, the CED also boasted about the work of its
+Area Development Committee. At that time, the two leading members of
+this particular committee of the CED (who were also members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) were Mr. Stanley Marcus, President of
+Neiman-Marcus Co., in Dallas; and the late Dr. Beardsley Ruml, widely
+known New Deal socialist "economist." Mr. Jervis J. Babb, Chairman of
+the CED's Area Development Committee (President of Lever Brothers
+Company) said:
+
+     "The new area development program, approved by the Trustees [of
+     CED] at their May [1957] meeting in Chicago is underway....
+     Already, close relationships have been established with
+     organizations, both public and private, that are conducting
+     research and administering programs relating to area
+     development....
+
+     "Five of CED's College-Community Research Centers ... have been
+     selected as a starting point of CED's area development pilot
+     projects. The five centers are: Boston, Utica, Alabama, Arkansas,
+     and Oklahoma."
+
+The CED's Area Development work has brought CED personnel into close
+cooperation with the collection of tax-exempt "municipal planning"
+organizations housed in a Rockefeller-financed center at 1313 East 60th
+Street, Chicago, which has become national headquarters for the
+production and placement of experts--who fabricate "progressive"
+legislation for government at all levels; who rewrite our "archaic"
+state constitutions; and who take over as city managers, or county
+managers, or metropolitan managers, or regional managers whenever people
+in any locality have progressed to the point of accepting government by
+imported experts as a substitute for government by elected local
+citizens.
+
+In other words, through the Area Development activities of the Committee
+for Economic Development, the invisible government of America--the
+Council on Foreign Relations--has a hand in the powerful drive for
+Metropolitan Government. Metropolitan Government, as conceived by
+socialist planners, would destroy the whole fabric of government and
+social organization in the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Metropolitan Government would eliminate the individual states as
+meaningful political entities, would divide the nation into metropolitan
+regions sprawling across state lines, and would place the management of
+these regional governments in the hands of appointed experts answerable
+not to local citizens but to the supreme political power in Washington.
+(For detailed discussion, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, April 13 and 20,
+1959, "Metropolitan Government--Part One," and "Metropolitan
+Government--Part Two.")
+
+Through the Area Development activities of the Committee for Economic
+Development, the Council on Foreign Relations has supported the Urban
+Renewal program.
+
+Urban Renewal with federal tax money was authorized in the National
+Housing Act of 1949, and enlarged in scope by amendments to the Housing
+Acts of 1954, 1956, and 1957; but it did not become a vigorously
+promoted nationwide program until late 1957, after the Council on
+Foreign Relations (through the CED) started pushing it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Urban Renewal is a federally financed program of city planning which
+requires city governments to seize homes and other private property from
+some citizens and re-sell them, at below cost, to real estate promoters
+and other private citizens for developments that the city planners
+consider desirable.
+
+Under the ancient, but awesome, right of eminent domain, city
+governments do not have the power to take private real estate from one
+citizen for the profit of another citizen. But in November, 1954, the
+Supreme Court in an urban renewal case, said that Congress and state
+legislature can do anything they like to the private property of private
+citizens as long as they claim they are doing it for public good.
+
+Federal urban renewal has opened rich veins of public money for graft,
+corruption, and political vote buying; and it is destroying private
+property rights under the pretext that clearing slums will eliminate the
+causes of crime. Moreover, urban renewal authorizes the seizure not just
+of slum property, but of all private property in a whole section of a
+city, for resale to private interests which promise to build something
+that governmental planners will like.
+
+Federal urban renewal--since the Council on Foreign Relation's CED
+started supporting it--has become a national movement with frightful
+implications and dangers. (For detailed discussion of urban renewal, see
+_The Dan Smoot Report_, September 29, 1958, and October 6, 1958.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its 1957 Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development gave
+details on its educational work in public schools and colleges. This
+work was, at that time, carried on primarily by the CED's
+Business-Education Committee, and by two subsidiary operations which
+that Committee created: the College-Community Research Centers and the
+Joint Council on Economic Education. From the 1957 Annual Report of the
+Committee for Economic Development:
+
+     "CED's efforts to promote and improve economic education in the
+     schools are of special appeal to those who are concerned ... both
+     with education and the progress of the free enterprise system. The
+     Business-Education program and the numerous College-Community
+     Research Centers it has sponsored, together with the use of CED
+     publications as teaching materials, represent an important
+     contribution to economic education on the college level.
+
+     "In the primary and secondary schools, the introduction of
+     economics into teaching programs is moving forward steadily, thanks
+     largely to the Joint Council on Economic Education which CED helped
+     to establish and continues to support....
+
+     "The Business-Education Committee continued in 1957 its work with
+     the College-Community Research Centers and with the Joint Council
+     on Economic Education.
+
+     "The Joint Council's program to improve the teaching of economics
+     in the public schools is now operating in 39 states, and the 25
+     college-community research centers active last year brought to more
+     than 3000 the number of business and academic men who have worked
+     together on economic research projects of local and regional
+     importance....
+
+     "In its work, the committee [Business-Education Committee] is
+     finding especially valuable the experience gained through the
+     operation of the College-Community Research Centers. These centers
+     are financed partly by CED, partly by the Fund for Adult Education
+     [a Ford Foundation operation] and partly by locally-raised
+     funds....
+
+     "The Joint Council [on Economic Education] is making excellent
+     progress in training teachers and incorporating economics education
+     in all grade levels of public school systems. In addition to its
+     national service programs, the Council has developed strong local
+     or state councils which not only help guide its work but last year
+     raised more than $500,000 to finance local projects.
+
+     "CED helped to establish and works closely with this independent
+     organization [Joint Council on Economic Education] which is now
+     conducting four major types of activities.
+
+     "1. _Summer Workshops for Teachers._ These working sessions,
+     sponsored by colleges and universities, provide three weeks
+     training in economics and develop ways to incorporate economics
+     into the school curriculum. Over 19,000 persons have participated
+     since the program began.
+
+     "2. _Cooperating School Program._ Twenty school systems are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to demonstrate how
+     economics can be incorporated into the present curriculum....
+
+     "3. _College Program._ Few students majoring in education now take
+     economics courses; therefore, 20 leading institutions are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to develop better
+     training in economics for prospective teachers....
+
+     "4. _High School-Community Projects._ The Joint Council [on
+     Economic Education] is helping to conduct demonstration programs
+     which show how students can use community resources to improve
+     their economics education. For example, the Whittier, California
+     school system conducted a six-week program to help high school
+     seniors understand the kind of economy in which they would live and
+     work. They joined in research studies on regional economic problems
+     being carried on by the Southern California College-Community
+     research center...."
+
+The Committee for Economic Development claims that its educational work
+in economics is dedicated to progress of free enterprise; and many of
+its programs in schools and colleges are educational; but its subtle and
+relentless emphasis is on the governmental interventionism that is the
+essence of New-Dealism, Fair-Dealism, Modern-Republicanism, and
+New-Frontierism--the governmental interventionism prescribed long ago as
+the way to socialize the economy of America in preparation for
+integrating this nation into a worldwide socialist system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paul Hoffman's CED has come a long way since 1942. In 1957, the CED's
+College-Community Research Centers had "Projects in Progress" in 33
+institutions of higher learning:
+
+     Bates College, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin College,
+     Brown University, Colby College, Dartmouth College, Emory
+     University, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration,
+     Iowa State College, Lewis & Clark College, McGill University,
+     Northeastern University, Northwestern University, Occidental
+     College, Pomona College, Reed College, Rutgers University, Southern
+     Methodist University, Tulane University, University of Alabama,
+     University of Arkansas, University of Iowa, University of Maine,
+     University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of
+     North Carolina, University of Oklahoma, University of Pennsylvania,
+     University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Utica College of
+     Syracuse University, and Washington University.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1957, the following institutions of higher learning were
+participating in the CED's Joint Council on Economic Education "College
+Program" to develop training in economics for prospective teachers:
+
+     Brigham Young University, George Peabody College for Teachers,
+     Indiana University, Montclair State Teachers College, New York
+     University, Ohio State University, Oklahoma A & M College,
+     Pennsylvania State University, Purdue University, Syracuse
+     University, Teachers College of Columbia University, University of
+     Colorado, University of Connecticut, University of Illinois,
+     University of Iowa, University of Minnesota, University of Southern
+     California, University of Tennessee, University of Texas,
+     University of Washington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1957, the following 20 school systems were working in the CED's Joint
+Council on Economic Education "Cooperating School Program," to
+demonstrate how economics can be incorporated in the school curriculum,
+beginning in the first grade:
+
+     Akron, Ohio; Albion, Illinois; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Colton,
+     California; Dayton, Ohio; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut;
+     Kalamazoo, Michigan; Lexington, Alabama; Minneapolis, Minnesota;
+     New York City, New York; Portland, Oregon; Providence, Rhode
+     Island; Ridgewood, New Jersey; Seattle, Washington; Syracuse, New
+     York; University City, Missouri; Webster Groves, Missouri; West
+     Hartford, Connecticut; Whittier, California.
+
+As indicated, the Business-Education Committee of the CED is the select
+group which supervises this vast "educational" effort reaching into
+public schools, colleges, and communities throughout the nation:
+
+     _James L. Allen_, Senior Partner of Booz, Allen & Hamilton; _Jervis
+     J. Babb_, Chairman of the Board of Lever Brothers, Company; _Sarah
+     G. Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _W. Harold Brenton_,
+     President of Brenton Brothers, Inc.; _James F. Brownlee_, former
+     government official who is Chairman of the Board of the Minute Maid
+     Corporation, and a director of many other large corporations, such
+     as American Sugar Refining Co., Bank of Manhattan, Gillette Safety
+     Razor, R. H. Macy Co., Pillsbury Mills, American Express; _Everett
+     Needham Case_, President of Colgate University; _James B. Conant_,
+     former President of Harvard and Ambassador to Germany; _John T.
+     Connor_, President of Merck & Co.; _John S. Dickey_, President of
+     Dartmouth College; _John M. Fox_, President of Minute Maid
+     Corporation; _Paul S. Gerot_, President of Pillsbury Mills;
+     _Stanley Marcus_, President of Neiman-Marcus; _W. A. Patterson_,
+     President of United Air Lines; _Morris B. Pendleton_, President of
+     Pendleton Tool Industries; _Walter Rothschild_, Chairman of the
+     Board of Abraham & Straus; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation; _J. Cameron Thomson_,
+     Chairman of the Board of Northwest Bancorporation.
+
+Note that three of these CED Business-Education Committee
+members--Conant, Dickey, and Marcus--are influential members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations and have many connections with the big
+foundations financing the great CFR interlock.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the educational work which it discusses in its 1957
+Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development utilizes many
+other means to inject its (and the CFR's) economic philosophies into
+community thought-streams throughout the nation.
+
+Here, for example, are passages from a news story in _The Dallas Morning
+News_, June 30, 1953:
+
+     "Dallas businessmen and Southern Methodist University officials
+     Monday [June 29] launched a $25,000 business research project
+     financed through agencies of the Ford Foundation.
+
+     "Stanley Marcus of Dallas, a national trustee of Ford Foundation's
+     Committee for Economic Development, said the project would go on
+     two or three years under foundation funds. After that ... the City
+     might foot the bill....
+
+     "The SMU project--along with several others like it throughout the
+     nation--is designed to foster study in regional and local business
+     problems, Marcus commented.
+
+     "Here's how the Dallas project will work:
+
+     "A business executive committee, composed of some of Dallas' top
+     businessmen, will be selected. These men then will select a group
+     of younger executives for a business executive research committee.
+     This will be the working group, Marcus explained....
+
+     "At SMU, several of the schools' chief officials will act as a
+     senior faculty committee.... Acting as co-ordinator for the project
+     will be Warren A. Law ... who soon will get his doctorate in
+     economics from Harvard University."
+
+The "experimental" stage of this Business Executives Research Committee
+lasted five years in Dallas. During that time, the researchers filed two
+major reports: an innocuous one in 1955 concerning traffic and transit
+problems in Dallas; and a most significant one in 1956, strongly urging
+metropolitan government for Dallas County, patterned after the metro
+system in Toronto, Canada.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In October, 1958, Dr. Donald K. David, then Chairman of the Committee
+for Economic Development and Vice Chairman of the Ford Foundation (and
+also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations) went to Dallas to
+speak to the Citizens Council, an organization composed of leading
+Dallas business executives, whose president that year was Stanley
+Marcus.
+
+Dr. David told the business men that they should give greater support
+and leadership to the government's foreign aid program; and, of course,
+he urged vast expansion of foreign aid, particularly to "underdeveloped
+nations."
+
+That was the signal and the build-up. The next month--November,
+1958--the experimental Business Executives Research Committee, which the
+CED had formed in 1953 and which had already completed its mission with
+its report and recommendation on metropolitan government for Dallas, was
+converted into "The Dallas CED Associates."
+
+Here is a news story about that event, taken from the November 11, 1958,
+_Dallas Morning News_:
+
+     "A Dallas Committee for Economic Development--the first of its kind
+     in the nation--has been founded at Southern Methodist University.
+     It will give voice to Southwestern opinions--and knowledge--on
+     economic, matters or international importance. Keystone will be an
+     economic research center to be established soon at SMU.
+
+     "A steering group composed of Dallas and Southwestern business,
+     industrial and educational leaders laid the groundwork for both
+     committee and center in a weekend meeting at SMU."
+
+The "steering group" included George McGhee and Neil Mallon.
+
+Mr. McGhee (presently Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning)
+is, and has been for many years, a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+Neil Mallon, then Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries and a
+former official of the Foreign Policy Association, founded the Dallas
+Council on World Affairs in 1951. Dresser Industries is one of the big
+corporations which contribute money to the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+In the group with Mr. McGhee and Mr. Mallon were five SMU officials, a
+Dallas banker, a real estate man, and Stanley Marcus, the head man in
+the "steering group" which set up the Dallas Associates of the Committee
+for Economic Development.
+
+The first literary product of the Dallas Associates of the CED--at
+least, the first to come to my attention--is a most expensive-looking
+14-page printed booklet entitled "The Role of Private Enterprise in the
+Economic Development of Underdeveloped Nations." The title page reveals
+that this pamphlet is a policy statement of The Dallas Associates of
+CED. It is little more than a rewrite of the speech which Dr. Donald K.
+David had made to the Dallas Citizens Council in November, 1958, urging
+business to give support and leadership to the government's foreign aid
+programs.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 5
+
+BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL
+
+
+
+Whereas the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center is primarily
+interested in fostering the _foreign_ policy desired by the CFR, and the
+Committee for Economic Development is primarily interested in
+formulating economic and other policies which, through governmental
+controls, will lead us into total socialism--another, smaller (but, in
+some ways, more powerful) organization has (or, until mid-1961, had) the
+primary responsibility of infiltrating government: of selecting men whom
+the CFR wants in particular jobs, and of formulating, inside the
+agencies of government, policies which the CFR wants. This small but
+mighty organization was the Business Advisory Council.
+
+Daniel C. Roper, F. D. Roosevelt's Secretary of Commerce, formed the
+Business Advisory Council on June 26, 1933. Roper set it up as a panel
+of big businessmen to act as unofficial advisers to President Roosevelt.
+He was disappointed in it, however. The biggest businessmen in America
+did, indeed, join; but they did not support the total New Deal as Roper
+had expected they would when he made them "advisers."
+
+Roper, however, was a figurehead. The brains behind the formation of the
+Business Advisory Council were in the head of Sidney J. Weinberg, Senior
+Partner of the New York investment house of Goldman, Sachs & Co.--and
+also on the boards of directors of about thirty of the biggest
+corporations in America. Weinberg helped organize the BAC. He recruited
+most of its key members. He was content to let America's big businessmen
+ripen for a while in the sunshine of the New Deal's "new" philosophy of
+government, before expecting them to give that philosophy full support.
+
+Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper pouted and ignored the Business
+Advisory Council when he discovered that the big businessmen, enrolled
+as governmental "advisors," tried to advise things that governmental
+leaders did not like. But Sidney Weinberg was shrewd, and had a
+definite, long-range plan for the Business Advisory Council. He held the
+BAC together as a kind of social club, keeping the big business men
+under constant exposure to the "new" economic philosophies of the New
+Deal, waiting for the propitious moment to enlist America's leading
+capitalists on the side of the socialist revolutionaries, determined to
+destroy capitalism and create a one-world socialist society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The right time came in 1939, when World War II started in Europe and
+Roosevelt developed his incurable ambition to get in that war and become
+President of the World. Plans for America's frenzied spending on
+national defense began in 1939. With mammoth government contracts in the
+offing, Weinberg had no trouble converting the Business Advisory Council
+of leading businessmen into an agency for helping governmental leaders
+plan the policies for war and for the post-war period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In September, 1960, _Harper's Magazine_ published an article by Hobart
+Rowen, entitled "America's Most Powerful Private Club," with a
+sub-title, "How a semi-social organization of the very biggest
+businessmen--discreetly shielded from public scrutiny--is 'advising' the
+government on its top policy decisions." Here are passages from the
+article:
+
+     "The Business Advisory Council meets regularly with government
+     officials six times a year.... On two of these six occasions ...
+     the BAC convenes its sessions at plush resorts, and with a
+     half-dozen or more important Washington officials and their wives
+     as its guests, it indulges in a three-day 'work and play'
+     meeting....
+
+     "The guest list is always impressive: on occasion, there have been
+     more Cabinet officers at a ... BAC meeting than were left in the
+     Capital....
+
+     "These meetings cost the BAC anywhere from $6,000 to $12,000 or
+     more, paid out of the dues of members ... which have been judged
+     tax-deductible by the Internal Revenue Service....
+
+     "After the 1952 election, the BAC was having its fall 'work and
+     play' meeting at the Cloister, just off the Georgia coast and a
+     short distance from Augusta, where Ike was alternating golf with
+     planning his first-term Cabinet. [Sidney] Weinberg and [General
+     Lucius D.] Clay [members of the BAC executive committee] ...
+     hustled ... to Augusta, conferred with Ike [a 'close, intimate,
+     personal friend' of both men]....
+
+     "The result was historic: Ike tapped three of the BAC leaders ...
+     for his Cabinet. They were Charles E. Wilson of General Motors as
+     Defense Secretary; [George M.] Humphrey, then boss of the M. A.
+     Hanna Co., as Treasury Secretary; and Robert T. Stevens of the J.
+     P. Stevens & Co., as Army Secretary....
+
+     "Afterwards, [Secretary] Humphrey himself dipped into the BAC pool
+     for Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak as Under Secretary of the
+     Treasury [later Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]....
+
+     "Membership in the Council gives a select few the chance to bring
+     their views to bear on key government people, in a most pleasant,
+     convivial, and private atmosphere....
+
+     "The BAC, powerful in its composition and with an inside track, is
+     thus a special force. An intimation of its influence can be gleaned
+     from its role in the McCarthy case.... BAC helped push Senator Joe
+     McCarthy over the brink in 1954, by supplying a bit of backbone to
+     the Eisenhower Administration at the right time. McCarthy's chief
+     target in the Army-McCarthy hearings was the aforementioned Robert
+     T. Stevens--a big wheel in the BAC who had become Secretary of the
+     Army. The BAC didn't pay much--if any--attention to Joe McCarthy as
+     a social menace until he started to pick on Bob Stevens. Then, they
+     burned up.
+
+     "During the May 1954 meeting at the Homestead [expensive resort
+     hotel in Hot Springs, Virginia, where the BAC often holds its 'work
+     and play' sessions with high government officials and their wives],
+     Stevens flew down from Washington for a weekend reprieve from his
+     televised torture. A special delegation of BAC officials made it a
+     point to journey from the hotel to the mountaintop airport to greet
+     Stevens. He was escorted into the lobby like a conquering hero.
+     Then, publicly, one member of the BAC after another roasted the
+     Eisenhower Administration for its McCarthy-appeasement policy. The
+     BAC's attitude gave the Administration some courage, and shortly
+     thereafter former Senator Ralph Flanders (a Republican and BAC
+     member) introduced a Senate resolution calling for censure."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Active membership in the Business Advisory Council is limited to about
+70. After a few years as an "active," a member can become a "graduate,"
+still retaining his full voting and membership privileges.
+
+I have obtained the names of 120 "active" and "graduate" members of the
+BAC, listed below. Those who are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations are identified by "CFR" after their names.
+
+     Winthrop W. Aldrich (CFR)
+
+     William M. Allen (President of Boeing Airplane Company; member
+     Board of Directors of Pacific National Bank of Seattle)
+
+     S. C. Allyn (CFR)
+
+     Robert B. Anderson
+
+     Clarence Avildsen (Chairman, Avildsen Tools & Machines, Inc.)
+
+     William M. Batten (President, J. C. Penney Company)
+
+     S. D. Bechtel (CFR)
+
+     S. Clark Beise (President, Bank of America; member Board of
+     Directors, National Trust and Savings Association, San Francisco)
+
+     Roger M. Blough (CFR)
+
+     Harold Boeschenstein (President, Owens-Corning Fiberglas
+     Corporation; Chairman of the Board, Fiberglas Canada, Ltd.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of National Distillers Products
+     Corporation, International Paper Company, Toledo Trust Company,
+     Dow, Jones & Co.)
+
+     Fred Bohen (President of Meredith Publishing Company--_Better Homes
+     and Gardens, Better Farming_; member of Board of Directors of
+     Meredith Radio & Television Stations, Iowa, Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Central Life Assurance Society, Allis-Chalmers
+     Manufacturing Co., Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Iowa-Des Moines
+     National Bank)
+
+     Ernest R. Breech (Executive Vice President, Ford Motor, Company;
+     member of Board of Directors of Transcontinental & Western Air,
+     Inc., Pan-American Airways; President of Western Air Express)
+
+     George R. Brown (Chairman of the Board, Texas Eastern Transmission
+     Corp.; Executive Vice President, Brown & Root, Inc. of Houston;
+     President of Board of Trustees, Rice University)
+
+     Carter L. Burgess (CFR)
+
+     Paul C. Cabot (President of State Street Investment Corp.; partner
+     in State Street Research & Management Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of J. P. Morgan & Co., Continental Can Co., Inc.,
+     National Dairy Products Corp., Tampa Electric Co., The B. F.
+     Goodrich Co.; Treasurer of Harvard University)
+
+     James V. Carmichael (President, Scripto, Inc.; member of Board of
+     Directors of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Trust Company of Georgia,
+     Atlanta Transit Co., The Southern Co.)
+
+     Walker L. Cisler (CFR)
+
+     General Lucius D. Clay (CFR)
+
+     Will L. Clayton (CFR)
+
+     John L. Collyer (CFR)
+
+     Ralph J. Cordiner (Chairman of the Board and President of General
+     Electric Co.)
+
+     John E. Corette (President of Montana Power Co.)
+
+     John Cowles (CFR)
+
+     C. R. Cox (CFR)
+
+     Harlow H. Curtice (retired President of General Motors Corp.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genesee Merchants Bank &
+     Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of
+     Detroit)
+
+     Charles E. Daniel (head of Daniel Construction Co., member of Board
+     of Directors of First National Bank of Greenville, South Carolina,
+     La France Industries, J. P. Stevens Co., Inc., Textron, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Clemson College)
+
+     Donald K. David (CFR)
+
+     Paul M. Davies (President and Chairman of the Board of Food
+     Machinery & Chemical Corp.; member of Board of Directors of
+     American Trust Company of California, National Distillers Products
+     Corp., Caterpillar Tractor Co.; Professor at Stanford University;
+     Director of Stanford Research Institute, San Jose State College,
+     Pacific School of Religion; Trustee of Committee for Economic
+     Development)
+
+     Frank R. Denton (Vice Chairman and Director of Mellon National Bank
+     and Trust Company, Pittsburgh; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Swindell-Dressler Corp., Westinghouse Electric Co., Jones &
+     Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pullman, Inc., National Union Fire
+     Insurance Co., Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., M. W. Kellogg Co., Pullman
+     Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Trailmobile, Inc., National Union
+     Indemnity Co.; Trustee of Pennsylvania State University, Kansas
+     University Endowment Association)
+
+     Charles D. Dickey (Vice President, member of the Board of
+     Directors, and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Morgan
+     Guaranty Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Beaver Coal, Kennekott Copper Corp., Braden Copper
+     Co., Merck & Co., Inc., Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., New York
+     Life Insurance Co., Church Life Insurance Corp., Church Fire
+     Insurance Corp.)
+
+     Frederick G. Donner (CFR)
+
+     William Y. Elliott (CFR)
+
+     Ralph E. Flanders (CFR)
+
+     Marion B. Folsom (CFR)
+
+     Henry Ford II (President of Ford Motor Co.; Chairman of the Board
+     of American Heritage Foundation)
+
+     William C. Foster (CFR)
+
+     G. Keith Funston (President of New York Stock Exchange; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Trustee
+     of Trinity College of Connecticut, Virginia Theological Seminary,
+     Samuel H. Kress Foundation)
+
+     Frederick V. Geier (CFR)
+
+     Elisha Gray II (President and Director of Whirlpool Corp.)
+
+     Crawford H. Greenewalt (President and Director of E. I. du Pont de
+     Nemours Company, Christiana Securities Company; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
+     Trustee of the Carnegie Institute, Washington)
+
+     General Alfred M. Gruenther (CFR)
+
+     Joseph B. Hall (President of Kroger Company, Manufacturers and
+     Merchants Indemnity Co., Selective Insurance Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Robert A. Cline, Inc., AVCO Manufacturing
+     Corp., Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., General Stores
+     Corp.; member of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Cleveland)
+
+
+     W. Averill Harriman (CPR)
+
+     William A. Hewitt (President and member of the Board of Directors
+     of Deere & Company)
+
+     Milton P. Higgins (CFR)
+
+     Paul G. Hoffman (CFR)
+
+     Eugene Holman (CFR)
+
+     John Holmes (President, member of the Board of Directors, and
+     retired Chairman of Swift & Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company,
+     General Electric Corporation)
+
+     Herbert Hoover, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     Preston Hotchkis (Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and
+     Treasurer of Founders' Insurance Company; Executive Vice President
+     and member of the Board of Directors of Fred H. Bixby Ranch
+     Company; member of the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Coach
+     Lines, Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co., Pacific Telephone &
+     Telegraph Co., Blue Diamond Corp.)
+
+     Amory Houghton (CFR)
+
+     Theodore V. Houser (retired Chairman of the Board of Sears, Roebuck
+     & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
+     Bell and Howell Co., Quaker Oats Co., Massachusetts Institute of
+     Technology; Trustee of Northwestern University, Williams College)
+
+     A. W. Hughes (Chairman of the Board of Directors, J. C. Penney Co.)
+
+     Gilbert W. Humphrey (President of M. A. Hanna Company, Hanna Mining
+     Company; Chairman of the Board of Hausand Steam Ship Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Industrial Rayon Corp., General
+     Electric Corp., National City Bank of Cleveland, Texaco, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Committee for Economic Development)
+
+     Eric A. Johnston (CFR)
+
+     Alfred W. Jones (Chairman of the Board of Sea Island Company,
+     Talbott Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Seaboard
+     Construction Co., Brunswick Paper & Pulp Co., The Mead Corp.,
+     Thompson Industries, Inc., First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia
+     Power Co., Florida-Georgia TV Co.)
+
+     Devereux C. Josephs (CFR)
+
+     Ernest Kanzler (retired Chairman of the Board of Universal C.I.T.
+     Credit Corp,; member of the Board of Directors of C.I.T. Financial
+     Corp., Bendix Aviation Corp.)
+
+     Frederick Kappel (President and Director of American Telephone &
+     Telegraph Company; retired President of Western Electric Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)
+
+     John R. Kimberly (CFR)
+
+     E. H. Lane (Chairman of the Board of Lane Company, Inc.)
+
+     Joseph L. Lanier (Chairman of the Board of Wellington Sears
+     Company; President of West Point Manufacturing Company of Georgia;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cabin Crafts, Inc., First
+     National Bank of Atlanta, Rivington Carpets, Ltd. of Britain)
+
+     Barry L. Leithead (President and Director of Cluett, Peabody and
+     Company, Inc.; Chairman of Cluett, Peabody and Company of Canada,
+     Ltd.; member of the Board of Directors of B. F. Goodrich Company)
+
+     Augustus C. Long (Chairman of the Board of Texaco, Inc.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Freeport Sulphur Co., Equitable Life
+     Assurance Society of the United States, Federal Reserve Bank of New
+     York)
+
+     Donold B. Lourie (President and Director of Quaker Oats Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Northern Trust Co.,
+     International Paper Co., Pure Oil Co.; Trustee of Princeton
+     University)
+
+     George H. Love (Chairman of the Board of Pittsburgh-Consolidation
+     Coal Company, M. A. Hanna Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Mellon National Bank & Trust
+     Company of Pittsburgh, Pullman Co., General Electric Co., National
+     Steel Corp., Hanna Mining Co.; Trustee of Princeton University,
+     University of Pittsburgh)
+
+     James Spencer Love (Chairman of the Board of Burlington Mills
+     Corp.; Chairman and President of Burlington Industries, Inc.;
+     Trustee of University of North Carolina, Davidson College)
+
+     George P. MacNichol, Jr. (President and Director of
+     Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Wyandotte Chemical Co., Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)
+
+     Roswell F. Magill (member of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, Lawyers;
+     Trustee of Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, Macy
+     Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation)
+
+     Deane W. Malott (President, Cornell University; member of the Board
+     of Directors of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., B. F. Goodrich Co., General
+     Mills, Inc., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; former Vice President
+     of Hawaiian Pineapple Co.; Professor of Business at Harvard,
+     Chancellor of University of Kansas)
+
+     James W. McAfee (President of Union Electric Company of Missouri,
+     Edison Electric Institute; member of the Board of Directors of St.
+     Louis Union Trust Co., American Central Insurance Co., North
+     American Co.)
+
+     S. Maurice McAshan (President, Anderson, Clayton & Company)
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe (CFR)
+
+     John L. McCaffrey (retired Chairman of International Harvester Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Harris Trust & Savings Bank of
+     Chicago, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Corn Products Co.,
+     Midwest Stock Exchange; Trustee of the University of Chicago,
+     University of Notre Dame, Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.)
+
+     Leonard F. McCollum (CFR)
+
+     Charles P. McCormick (Chairman of the Board and retired President
+     of McCormick & Co., Inc.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Equitable Trust Co. of
+     Baltimore, Advertising Council; Chairman of the Board of Regents,
+     University of Maryland)
+
+     Neil H. McElroy (Chairman of the Board, Procter & Gamble Co.;
+     Secretary of Defense 1957-1961)
+
+     Earl M. McGowin (Vice President of W. T. Smith Lumber Co.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of The Southern Company of New York,
+     Alabama Power Co.)
+
+     James H. McGraw, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     Paul B. McKee (Chairman of Pacific Power & Light Co.)
+
+     John P. McWilliams (retired President and Chairman of the Board of
+     Youngstown Steel Door Co.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     National City Bank of Cleveland, Eaton Manufacturing Co., Goodyear
+     Tire & Rubber Co., Union Carbide & Carbon Corp.)
+
+     George G. Montgomery (Chairman of Kern County Land Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of American Trust Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Castle & Cook, Ltd., General Electric Co., Matson Navigation Co.,
+     Matson Assurance Co., Oceanic Steam Ship Co., Pacific Lumber Co.)
+
+     Charles G. Mortimer (Chairman and retired President of General
+     Foods Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of National City Bank
+     of New York, Union Theological Seminary)
+
+     William B. Murphy (President of Campbell Soup Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Merck & Co.)
+
+     Aksel Nielsen (President of Title Guaranty Co., Mortgage
+     Investments Co.; member of the Board of Directors of C. A. Norgren
+     Co., United American Life Insurance Co., Landon Abstract Co.,
+     Empire Savings & Loan Association, United Airlines)
+
+     Thomas F. Patton (President and Director of Republic Steel Corp.,
+     Union Drawn Steel Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Air-Vue
+     Products Corp., Maria Luisa Ore Co., Berger Manufacturing Company
+     of Massachusetts, Iron Ore Company of Canada, Liberia Mining Co.,
+     Ltd., Liberian Navigation Corp., Union Commerce Bank, Tankore
+     Corp., Standard Oil Company of Ohio; Trustee of Ohio State
+     University)
+
+     Charles H. Percy (President and Director of Bell & Howell Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank, Harris
+     Trust & Savings Bank, Burroughs Corp., Fund for Adult Education of
+     the Ford Foundation; Trustee, University of Chicago)
+
+     Theodore S. Petersen (President and Director of Standard Oil of
+     California; member of the Board of Directors of Pacific Mutual
+     Insurance Co.; Trustee of Committee on Economic Development;
+     consulting Professor, Stanford University)
+
+     Gwilym A. Price (Chairman and President of Westinghouse Electric
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Mellon National Bank &
+     Trust Company of Pittsburgh, Eastman-Kodak Co., Carnegie Corp.,
+     National Union Fire Insurance Co., Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea
+     Co.; Trustee of Allegheny College, The Hanover Bank, Carnegie
+     Institute, Carnegie Institute of Technology; Chairman of the Board
+     of Trustees, University of Pittsburgh; Chairman of Crusade for
+     Freedom)
+
+     Edgar Monsanto Queeny (Chairman of the Board, Monsanto Chemical
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of American Airlines, Union
+     Electric Co. of Missouri, Chemstrand Corp., Sicedison S.P.A. of
+     Italy, World Rehabilitation Fund; Trustee Herbert Hoover
+     Foundation)
+
+     Clarence B. Randall (Chairman of the Board, Inland Steel Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors, Bell & Howell Co.; Trustee,
+     University of Chicago)
+
+     Philip D. Reed (CFR)
+
+     Richard S. Reynolds, Jr. (President of Reynolds Metals Co.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co., British
+     Aluminum, Ltd., U. S. Foil Co., Central National Bank of Richmond)
+
+     Winfield W. Riefler (CFR)
+
+     William E. Robinson (Chairman of the Coca-Cola Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co.; Coca-Cola Export
+     Co., Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Trustee of New York University;
+     former Director and Publisher of _New York Herald-Tribune_)
+
+     Donald J. Russell (President and Director of Southern Pacific Co.;
+     Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co.; Chairman of the Board of St.
+     Louis-Southwestern Railroad; Director of Stanford Research
+     Institute; Trustee of Stanford University)
+
+     Stuart T. Saunders (President of Norfolk and Western Railway;
+     Director of First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond)
+
+     Blackwell Smith (CPR)
+
+     C. R. Smith (President, American Airlines)
+
+     Lloyd B. Smith (President, A. O. Smith Corp.; Chairman, A. O. Smith
+     of Texas)
+
+     John W. Snyder (Executive Vice President, Overland Corp.; Secretary
+     of Treasury of the United States 1946-1953)
+
+     Joseph P. Spang, Jr. (retired President and Chairman of Gillette
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Gillette Co., Sheraton
+     Corp. of America, First National Bank of Boston, U. S. Steel Corp.,
+     International Packers, Ltd.)
+
+     A. E. Staley, Jr. (Chairman of A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co.;
+     Trustee, Millikin University)
+
+     Frank Stanton (President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Chairman of
+     Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Trustee of Rand
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of New York Life Insurance
+     Co.)
+
+     Robert T. Stevens (President and former Chairman of the Board, J.
+     P. Stevens & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; Trustee of Mutual Life
+     Insurance Co. of New York; Secretary of the Army 1953-1955)
+
+     Hardwick Stires (partner, Scudder, Stevens & Clark Investment
+     Counsels)
+
+     Lewis L. Strauss (CFR)
+
+     H. Gardiner Symonds (Chairman and President of Tennessee Gas and
+     Transmission Company of Houston; Vice Chairman of Petro-Texas
+     Chemical Corp.; Chairman of Bay Petroleum Corp.,
+     Tennessee-Venezuela South America, Chaco Petroleum of South
+     America, Tennessee de Ecuador, South America, Tennessee-Argentina,
+     Midwest Gas Transmission Co.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     General Telephone & Electronics Corp., Carrier Corp., Food
+     Machinery & Chemical Corp., National Bank of Commerce of Houston,
+     Southern Pacific Co., Advertising Council; Trustee of Committee for
+     Economic Development; member of the Business School, Stanford
+     University)
+
+     A. Thomas Taylor (Chairman of International Packers, Ltd.; Vice
+     President and Director of Swift & Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Wedron Silica Co.)
+
+     Reese H. Taylor (Chairman of Union Oil Company of California;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Federal Reserve Bank of San
+     Francisco, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Collier Carbon & Chemical
+     Corp., Manufacturers Trust Company; Trustee, University of Southern
+     California, Cornell University Council)
+
+     Charles Allen Thomas (President and member of the Board of
+     Directors of Monsanto Chemical Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Chemstrand Corp., First National Bank of St. Louis,
+     St. Louis Union Trust Co.; Trustee of Carnegie Corp.; member of the
+     Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
+
+     Juan T. Trippe (CFR)
+
+     Solon B. Turman (President and Director of Lykes Brothers Steam
+     Ship Co., Inc.; Vice Chairman of Lykes Brothers, Inc.; Chairman of
+     Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co.)
+
+     John C. Virden (Chairman and Director of Eaton Manufacturing Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cleveland Electric Illuminating
+     Co., Youngstown Steel Door Co., Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,
+     Interlake Iron Corp., Diamond Alkali Co.)
+
+     J. Carlton Ward, Jr. (President of Vitro Corp., American Heavy
+     Minerals Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of U. S. Manganese
+     Co.; Trustee, Cornell University)
+
+     Sidney J. Weinberg (partner in Goldman, Sachs & Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc., Continental Can
+     Co., Inc., General Cigar Co., General Electric Co., General Foods
+     Corp., B. F. Goodrich Co., Ford Motor Co., McKesson & Robbins,
+     Inc., National Dairy Products Corp., Champion Paper & Fibre Co.,
+     Van Raalte Co., Inc.; former Governor of New York Stock Exchange)
+
+     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     John Hay Whitney (CFR)
+
+     Langbourne M. Williams (CFR)
+
+     Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Of these 120 BAC members, 41 are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Most of those who are not CFR members have affiliations with
+foundations or other organizations that are interlocked with the CFR.
+
+Sidney Weinberg, for example (father of the BAC), is not listed (in any
+Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report in my files) as a member of
+the CFR; but he is a member of the board of many corporations which
+support the CFR; and has many close connections with CFR leaders through
+foundations and other CFR subsidiary agencies.
+
+All Secretaries of Commerce since 1933 have served as ex-officio General
+Chairman of the BAC.
+
+On July 10, 1961, Roger M. Blough announced that the Business Advisory
+Council had changed its name to Business Council; had severed its
+connection with the Commerce Department; and would in the future give
+its consultative services to any governmental agency that asked for
+them. The BAC had been under intense criticism for the expensive
+entertainment it had been giving to governmental officials it advised.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 6
+
+ADVERTISING COUNCIL
+
+
+
+The Advertising Council, 25 West 45th Street, New York 36, N. Y. (with
+offices at 203 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago; 1200 18th Street, N. W.,
+Washington; 425 Bush Street, San Francisco) serves as a public relations
+operation to promote selected projects supported by the Council on
+Foreign Relations and its interlocking affiliates.
+
+The Advertising Council was created in 1942 (then called War Advertising
+Council) as a tax-exempt, non-governmental agency to promote wartime
+programs of government: rationing, salvage, the selling of war bonds,
+and so on.
+
+The Advertising Council's specific job was to effect close cooperation
+between governmental agencies and business firms using the media of mass
+communication. A governmental agency would bring a particular project
+(rationing, for example) to the Advertising Council, for help in
+"selling" the project to the public. The Council would enlist the aid of
+some advertising agency. The agency (giving its services for nothing, as
+a contribution to the war effort) would prepare signs, newspaper mats,
+advertising layouts, broadcasting kits and what not. The Advertising
+Council might then enlist the free services of a public relations firm
+to get this material into newspapers and magazines; get it inserted in
+the regular ads of business firms; get it broadcast, free, as
+public-service spot announcements by radio networks; get it inserted
+into regular commercials on radio broadcasts; get slogans and art work
+stamped on the envelopes and business forms of corporations.
+
+The Advertising Council rendered a valuable service to advertisers,
+broadcasting organizations, and publishers. Everyone wanted to support
+projects that would help the war effort. The Advertising Council did the
+important job of screening--of presenting projects which were legitimate
+and urgent.
+
+Even the advertising agencies and public relations firms, which
+contributed free services, profited from the arrangement. They earned
+experience and prestige as agencies which had prepared nationally
+successful campaigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Advertising Council continued after the war to perform this same
+service--selecting, for free promotion, projects that are "importantly
+in the public interest." Indeed, the service is more valued in peace
+time than in war by many advertisers and broadcasting officials who are
+badgered to support countless causes and campaigns, most of which sound
+good but some of which may be objectionable. Investigating to screen the
+good from the bad is a major job. The Advertising Council does this job.
+The Council is respected by industry, by the public, and by government.
+It is safe to promote a project which the Advertising Council claims to
+be "importantly in the public interest."
+
+Thus, officials of the Advertising Council have become czars in a most
+important field. They arbitrarily decide what is, and what is not, in
+the public interest. When the Advertising Council "accepts" a project,
+the most proficient experts in the world--leading Madison Avenue
+people--go to work, without charge, to create (and saturate the media of
+mass communication with) the skillful propaganda that "sells" the
+project to the public.
+
+Officials of the Advertising Council are aware of their power as
+moulders of public opinion. Theodore S. Repplier, head of the
+Advertising Council, was quoted in a June, 1961, issue of _Saturday
+Review_, as saying:
+
+     "There are Washington officials hired to collect figures on about
+     every known occupation, to worry about the oil and miners under the
+     ground, the rain in the sky, the wildlife in the woods, and the
+     fish in the streams--but it is nobody's job to worry about
+     America's state of mind, or whether Americans misread a situation
+     in a way that could be tragic.
+
+     "This is a dangerous vacuum. But it is also a vacuum which explains
+     to a considerable degree the important position the Advertising
+     Council holds in American life today."
+
+Note, particularly, that the Advertising Council is responsible to no
+one. If a business firm should decide on its own to include some "public
+service" project in its advertising, and the project evoked public
+indignation, the business firm would lose customers. The Advertising
+Council has no customers to please. Yet, the Advertising Council is a
+private agency, beyond the reach of voter and taxpayer indignation
+which, theoretically, can exercise some control over public agencies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Who are these autocrats who have become so powerful that they can
+condition, if not control, public opinion? They are the members of the
+Public Policy Committee of the Advertising Council. Here were the 19
+members of the Advertising Council's Committee, on June 23, 1958:
+
+     _Sarah Gibson Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _Ralph J.
+     Bunche_, United Nations Under Secretary; _Benjamin J.
+     Buttenwieser_, partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; _Olive Clapper,_
+     publicist; _Evans Clark_, member of the _New York Times_ editorial
+     board; _Helen Hall_, Director of Henry Street Settlement; _Paul G.
+     Hoffman_, Chairman of this Public Policy Committee; _Charles S.
+     Jones_, President of Richfield Oil Corporation; _Lawrence A.
+     Kimpton_, Chancellor of University of Chicago; _A. E. Lyon_,
+     Executive Secretary of the Railway Labor Executives Association;
+     _John J. McCloy_, Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank; _Eugene
+     Meyer_, Chairman of the _Washington Post & Times-Herald_; _William
+     I. Myers_, Dean of Agriculture at Cornell University; _Elmo Roper_,
+     public opinion analyst; _Howard A. Rusk_, New York University
+     Bellevue Medical Center; _Boris Shishkin_, Assistant to the
+     President of AFL-CIO; _George N. Shuster_, President of Hunter
+     College; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of International
+     Business Machines Corporation; _Henry M. Wriston_, Executive
+     Director of the American Assembly.
+
+Of these 19, 8 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Bunche,
+Buttenwieser, Hoffman, McCloy, Roper, Shishkin, Shuster, Wriston. The
+remaining 11 are mostly "second level" affiliates of the CFR, or under
+the thumb of CFR members in the business world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some Advertising Council projects really are "in the public interest."
+The "Stop Accidents" campaign and the "Smokey Bear" campaign to prevent
+forest fires are among several which probably have done much good.
+
+There has never been an Advertising Council project which insinuated
+anything to remind anyone of the basic American political idea written
+into our organic documents of government--the idea that men are endowed
+by God with inalienable rights; that the greatest threat to those rights
+is the government under which men live; and that government, while
+necessary to secure the God-given blessings of liberty, must be
+carefully limited in power by an inviolable Constitution. But there have
+been many Advertising Council projects which were vehicles for the
+propaganda of international socialism.
+
+The Advertising Council has promoted Law Day, which is an annual
+occasion for inundating America with "World Peace Through World Law"
+propaganda, designed to prepare the people for giving the World Court
+jurisdiction over American affairs, as a major step toward world
+government (see _The Dan Smoot Report_, September 14, 1959, "The World
+Court").
+
+The Advertising Council has promoted the "mental health" project, which,
+superficially, appears to be an admirable effort to make the public
+aware of the truth that we have more mentally ill people than we have
+facilities for--but whose underlying, and dubious, purpose is to promote
+the passage, in all states, of "mental health" laws fabricated by
+international socialists in the World Health Organization and in the U.
+S. Public Health Service. These laws, to "facilitate access to hospital
+care" for mentally ill people, provide no new facilities, prescribe no
+better treatment, nor do anything else to relieve the suffering of sick
+people.
+
+The new "mental health" laws, which the Advertising Council is helping
+to persuade people in all states to accept, eliminate the constitutional
+safeguards of a person accused of being mentally ill, thus making it
+easier for bureaucrats, political enemies and selfish relatives to
+commit him and get him out of the way.
+
+The Advertising Council has touted ACTION--American Council to Improve
+Our Neighborhoods, Box 462, Radio City Station, New York 20, N. Y.--an
+organization for urban renewal. Of the 66 persons on the ACTION Board of
+Directors, a controlling majority are:
+
+     known members of the Council on Foreign Relations--such as Philip
+     L. Graham and Stanley Marcus;
+
+     known members of important CFR affiliates--such as, Sidney Weinberg
+     of the Business Advisory Council;
+
+     union bosses like Harry C. Bates, Ben Fischer, Joseph D. Keenan,
+     Jacob S. Potofsky, Walter Reuther;
+
+     bureaucrats in charge of various "Housing Authorities," including
+     Dr. Robert Weaver, Kennedy's present Housing Administrator whose
+     appointment was challenged in the Senate because of Dr. Weaver's
+     alleged communist front record;
+
+     "liberal" politicians dedicated to the total socialist
+     revolution--such as, Joseph S. Clark, Jr., U. S. Senator from
+     Pennsylvania;
+
+     officials of construction and real estate firms which can make
+     mammoth profits on urban renewal projects and who are also
+     "liberal" in their support of all governmental controls and
+     subsidies, the tools for converting capitalism into socialism--such
+     as, William Zeckendorf;
+
+     representatives of organizations also "liberal" in the sense
+     indicated above--such as, Philip M. Klutznick of B'nai B'rith, and
+     Mrs. Kathryn H. Stone of the League of Women Voters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Advertising Council supports United Nations propaganda.
+
+The 1959 annual report of the United States Committee for the United
+Nations pays special tribute to the "radio-TV campaign, conducted
+through the cooperation of the Advertising Council and the National
+Association of Broadcasters." Here are some passages, from this tribute,
+which show how the Advertising Council gets one-world socialist
+propaganda into millions of American homes:
+
+     "Perry Como read the UN spot personally to his audience of
+     33,000,000."
+
+     "Jack Paar ... [showed] a filmed visit to the UN by his daughter,
+     Randy ... following a splendid statement [by Paar]. This 7-minute
+     segment of the show reached a minimum of 30,000,000 viewers."
+
+     "The campaign received tremendous recognition also on Meet the
+     Press, the Today Show, I Love Lucy, the Desilu Playhouse, and the
+     Jack Benny Show, among many others."
+
+     "Broadcast kits went out to every radio and television station in
+     the country."
+
+A recent accomplishment of the Advertising Council was its saturation
+bombing (1961) of the American public with propaganda in support of
+Kennedy's Youth Peace Corps.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 7
+
+UNITED NATIONS AND WORLD GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA
+
+
+
+All American advocates of _supra_-national government, or world
+government, claim their principal motive is to achieve world peace. Yet,
+these are generally the same Americans whose eager interventionism
+helped push America into the two world wars of this century.
+
+The propaganda for involving America in the bloodshed and hatreds of
+Europe--in World War I and World War II--was the same as that now being
+used to push us into world government. In World War I, we rushed our
+soldiers across the wide seas to die in the cause of making the world
+safe for democracy--of eliminating evil in the world so that there would
+not be any more war! This was precisely what the world-government
+interventionists wanted us to do. The so-called American isolationists
+were _not_ pacifists who recommended refusal to take up arms in defense
+of their own country: most of them were patriots who would have been
+among the foremost to fight in defense of America. Being intelligent
+citizens of a peaceful and civilized nation, they wanted to keep it that
+way.
+
+The world-government interventionists used the extraordinary arguments
+of a man who, though living in an orderly and law-abiding neighborhood,
+says that he must go carousing around in adjoining communities and get
+involved in every street fight and barroom brawl he can find in order to
+avoid violence! Such a man not only becomes a party to lawless violence
+which he claims to deplore, but also creates hatreds and resentments
+which will ultimately bring to the sane citizens of his own peaceful
+neighborhood the evils which they had managed to keep out.
+
+This is what Woodrow Wilson's intervention in World War I did to the
+United States. It sacrificed the lives of 250,000 American men--not to
+mention the hundreds of thousands crippled and otherwise wrecked by war.
+But this sacrifice of American youth did not make the world safe for
+anything. It helped make the world a breeding place for communism,
+fascism, naziism, and other varieties of socialism; and it planted the
+seeds for a second world war more destructive than the first.
+
+But the world-government interventionists--when their bloody crusade
+proved worse than a tragic failure--did not admit error. They tried to
+place all the blame on the isolationists who had tried to keep us from
+making the ghastly mistake.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If we had stayed out of World War I, the European powers would have
+arrived, as they have been doing for thousands of years, at some kind of
+negotiated peace which would have saved not only hundreds of thousands
+of American lives, but millions of European lives as well. By entering
+World War I, we merely converted it into total war, prolonged it, and
+made it more savage.
+
+The destruction and slaughter of World War I created power vacuums and
+imbalances and economic chaos, which inevitably led to World War II.
+
+Again, the world-government advocates, who claimed to want peace,
+insisted that we go to war. They also intensified their efforts to
+entangle America, irretrievably, in political and economic union with
+European nations so that there would never again be any _possibility_ of
+the United States staying out of the endless wars and turmoil of the old
+world.
+
+It is, perhaps, fruitless to question the motives of people leading the
+campaign to push America into world government. All organizations which
+have been active in this movement--World Fellowship, Inc., Federal
+Union, Inc., Atlantic Union Committee, United World Federalists, and so
+on--have had a sprinkling of communist-fronters among their directors
+and members. But they have also had the official support of many
+prominent and respected Americans: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John
+Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Estes Kefauver, John Sparkman, Adlai Stevenson,
+Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, Christian Herter, cabinet officers;
+senators and congressmen; Supreme Court justices; prominent churchmen,
+businessmen, financiers, entertainers, judges, union officials;
+newspaper and magazine editors; famous columnists and radio-television
+commentators.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although the cry of "peace" is the perennial clarion call of all
+world-government advocates, many of them have, in recent years, added
+the claim that their recommendations (for converting America into a
+province of world government) are means of "fighting communism." Indeed,
+some of the most vigorous advocates of one-worldism have wide
+reputations as anti-communists--Walter Judd, a Republican Congressman
+from Minnesota, for example. Even Clarence Streit (leader of the
+now-defunct Federal Union, Inc., and father of that organization's very
+active and influential tax-exempt successor, Atlantic Union Committee)
+has ugly things to say about communism.
+
+The fact is that every step the United States takes toward political and
+economic entanglements with the rest of the world is a step toward
+realization of _the_ end objective of communism: creating a one-world
+socialist political and economic system in which we will be one of the
+subjugated provinces.
+
+Because of the wealth we have created as a free and independent nation,
+we would be the most heavily taxed province in any conceivable
+supra-national government--whether in a "limited, federal union of the
+western democracies," which is what the Atlantic Union Committee people
+say they want; or in a total one-world system, which is what _all_
+advocates of international union really have as their final goal.
+
+Because of our population, however, we would have minority
+representation in any supra-national government now being planned.
+
+Americans would be subjected to laws enacted by an international
+parliament in which we would have little influence; taxing us,
+regulating our economic activities, controlling our schools, and
+dictating our social and cultural relations with each other and with the
+rest of the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+America was founded, populated, and developed by people seeking escape
+from oppressive governments in Europe. Now our own leaders ask us to
+give up the freedom and independence which our forebears won for us with
+blood and toil and valorous devotion to high ideals, to become subjects
+in a governmental system that would inevitably be more tyrannical than
+any which our forefathers rebelled against or any that presently exist.
+If the world government included the despotic and oligarchic and
+militaristic, and feudalistic and primitive systems of Asia, the Middle
+East, Africa, and Latin America, it would necessarily become the
+bloodiest and most oppressive tyranny the world has ever known.
+
+Nowadays, when two or more nations amalgamate their economic, political,
+and social systems they necessarily take the lowest common denominator
+of freedom rather than the highest. In fact, they must take something
+lower than the lowest: the union government will be more restrictive
+than the government of any of the nations which formed the union.
+
+This will be true of _any_ _supra_-national government that the United
+States might get into: the union will not extend American freedom to
+other nations; it will extend to all nations in the union the most
+restrictive controls of the most oppressive government which enters the
+union, and make even those controls worse than they were before the
+union was formed--because the American principle of federalism has been
+discarded by the "liberals" who manage our national affairs; and
+American federalism is the only political principle ever to exist in the
+history of the world that can make individual human freedom possible in
+a federation of states.
+
+Hard core American communists know (and some admit) that any move toward
+American membership in any kind of supra-national government is a move
+toward the Soviet objective of a one-world socialist dictatorship; but
+all other American advocates of international union claim their schemes
+are intended to repeat and extend the marvelous achievement of 13
+American states which, by forming a political union, created a free and
+powerful nation.
+
+All United States advocates of any kind of world government point to the
+founding of America: 13 sovereign states, each one proud and
+nationalistic, all with special interests that were divergent from or in
+conflict with the interests of the others; yet, they managed to
+surrender enough sovereignty to join a federal union which gave the
+united strength of all, while retaining the individuality and freedom of
+each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The 13 American states, in forming a federal union, did not take the
+lowest common denominator of freedom; they took the highest, and
+elevated that.
+
+The American principle of federalism (indeed, the whole American
+constitutional system) grew out of the philosophical doctrine (or,
+rather, statement of faith) which Jefferson wrote into the Declaration
+of Independence:
+
+     "_...all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain
+     inalienable rights..._"
+
+Men get their rights from God, not from government. Government, a
+man-made creature, has nothing except what it takes from God-created
+men. Government can give the people nothing that it has not first taken
+away from them. Hence, if man is to remain free, he must have a
+government which will play a very limited and negative role in his
+private affairs.
+
+The United States is the only nation, ever, whose institutions and
+organic law were founded on this principle. The United Nations'
+Declaration of Human Rights; the Constitution of the Soviet Union; and
+the written and unwritten constitutions of every other nation in the
+world are all built on a political principle exactly opposite in meaning
+to the basic principle of Americanism. That is, the Constitution of the
+Soviet Union, and of every UN agency, and of all other nations, specify
+a large number of rights and privileges which citizens should have, if
+possible, and which _government_ will grant them _if_ government can,
+and _if_ government thinks proper.
+
+Contrast this with the American Constitution and Bill of Rights which do
+not contain one statement or inference that the federal government has
+any responsibility, or power, to grant the people rights, privileges, or
+benefits of any kind. The total emphasis in these American documents is
+on telling the federal government _what it cannot do_ to and for the
+people--on ordering the federal government to stay out of the private
+affairs of citizens and to leave their God-given rights alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This negative, restricted role of the federal government, and this
+assumption that God and not government is the source of man's rights
+and privileges, are clearly stated in the Preamble to our Constitution.
+The Preamble says that this Constitution is being _ordained_ and
+established, not to _grant_ liberties to the people, but to _secure_ the
+liberties which the people already had (before the government was ever
+formed) as _blessings_.
+
+The essence of the American constitutional system, which made freedom in
+a federal union possible, is clearly stated in the first sentence of the
+first Article of our Constitution and in the last Article (the Tenth
+Amendment) of our Bill of Rights.
+
+The first Article of our Constitution begins with the phrase, "All
+legislative Powers _herein_ granted...." That obviously meant the
+federal government had no powers which were not granted to it by the
+Constitution. The Tenth Amendment restates the same thing with emphasis:
+
+     "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
+     nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
+     respectively, or to the people."
+
+Clearly and emphatically, our Constitution says that the federal
+government cannot legally do anything which is not authorized by a
+specific grant of power in the Constitution.
+
+This is the one constitutional concept that made the American
+governmental system different from all others; it is the one which left
+our people so free and unmolested by their own government that they
+converted the backward, American continent into the land of freedom, the
+most fruitful and powerful nation in history.
+
+And this was the constitutional proviso which created the American
+principle of federalism. The Constitution made no grant, or even
+inferred a grant, of power to the federal government for meddling, to
+any extent, or for any purpose whatever, in the private cultural,
+economic, social, educational, religious, or political affairs of
+individual citizens--or in the legitimate governmental activities of
+the individual states which became members of the federal union. Hence,
+states could join the federal union without sacrificing the freedom of
+their citizens.
+
+Modern "liberalism" which has been continuously in control of the
+federal government (and of most opinion-forming institutions and media
+throughout our society) since Franklin D. Roosevelt's first
+inauguration, March 4, 1933, has, by ignoring constitutional restraints,
+changed our _Federal_ government with _limited_ powers into a _Central_
+government with _limitless_ power over the individual states and their
+people.
+
+Modern "liberalism" has abandoned American constitutional government and
+replaced it with democratic centralism, which, in _fundamental theory,
+is identical_ with the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union, and of
+every other major nation existing today.
+
+It was possible to enlarge the size of the old American federal union
+without diminishing freedom for the people. When you enlarge the land
+area and population controlled by democratic centralism you must
+necessarily diminish freedom for the people, because the problems of
+centralized government increase with the size of population and area
+which it controls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Look at what has happened to America since our _federal_ government was
+converted into a centralized absolutism. The central government in
+Washington arrogated to itself the unconstitutional power and
+responsibility of regulating the relationships between private employers
+and their employees, enacting laws which established "collective
+bargaining" as "national policy," and which, to that end, gave
+international unions a virtual monopoly over large segments of the labor
+market.
+
+It follows that a minor labor dispute between two unions on the
+waterfront of New York is no longer a concern only of the people and
+police in that neighborhood. A handful of union members who have no
+grievance whatever against their employers but who are in a
+jurisdictional struggle with another union, can shut down the greatest
+railroad systems in the world, throw thousands out of work, and paralyze
+vital transportation for business firms and millions of citizens all
+over the nation.
+
+Harry Bridges on the West Coast can order a political demonstration
+having nothing to do with "labor" matters, and paralyze the economy of
+half the nation.
+
+Imagine what it will be like if we join a world government. Then a dock
+strike in London will cripple, not just the British Isles but the whole
+world.
+
+Now, the central government in Washington sends troops into local
+communities to enforce, at bayonet point, the illegal edicts of a
+Washington judicial oligarchy concerning the operation of local schools.
+If we join world government, the edict and the troops will come
+(depending on what nations are in the international union, of course)
+from India and Japan and the Congo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was a time when Americans, learning of suffering and want in a
+distant land, could respond to their Christian promptings and native
+kindliness by making voluntary contributions for relief to their fellow
+human beings abroad. Our central government's foreign aid programs have
+already taken much of that freedom away from American citizens--taxing
+them so heavily for what government wants to give away, that private
+citizens can't spend their own money the way they would like to.
+
+What will it be like if we join a world government that embraces the
+real have-not nations of the earth? The impoverished subcontinent of
+India, because of population, would have more representatives in the
+international parliament than we would have. They, with the support of
+representatives from Latin America and Africa, could easily vote to lay
+a tax on "surplus" incomes for the benefit of all illiterate and hungry
+people everywhere; and outvoted Americans would be the only people in
+the world with incomes high enough to meet the international definition
+of "surplus."
+
+We read with horror of Soviet slaughter in Hungary when the Soviets
+suppress a local rebellion against their partial world-government. What
+kind of horror would we feel after we join a world government and see
+troops from Europe and Africa and the Middle East machinegunning people
+on the streets of United States cities in order to suppress a rebellion
+of young Americans who somehow heard about the magnificent
+constitutional system and glorious freedom their fathers used to have
+and who are trying to make a public demonstration of protest against the
+international tyranny being imposed upon them?
+
+A genuine world government might eliminate the armed conflict (between
+nations) which we now call war; but it would cause an endless series of
+bloody uprisings and bloody suppressions, and would cause more human
+misery than total war itself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1936, the Communist International formally presented its three-stage
+plan for achieving world government--_Stage 1:_ socialize the economies
+of all nations, particularly the Western "capitalistic democracies"
+(most particularly, the United States); _Stage 2:_ bring about federal
+unions of various groupings of these socialized nations; _Stage 3:_
+amalgamate all of the federal unions into one world-wide union of
+socialist states. The following passage is from the official program of
+the 1936 Communist International:
+
+     "...dictatorship can be established only by a victory of
+     socialism in different countries or groups of countries, after
+     which the proletariat republics would unite on federal lines with
+     those already in existence, and this system of federal unions would
+     expand ... at length forming the World Union of Socialist Soviet
+     Republics."
+
+In 1939 (three years after this communist program was outlined) Clarence
+K. Streit (a Rhodes scholar who was foreign correspondent for _The New
+York Times_, covering League of Nations activities from 1929-1939) wrote
+_Union Now_, a book advocating a gradual approach through regional
+unions to final world union--an approach identical with that of the
+communists, except that Streit did not say his scheme was intended to
+achieve world dictatorship, and did not characterize the end result of
+his scheme as a "World Union of Socialist Soviet Republics."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1940, Clarence K. Streit (together with Percival F. Brundage, later a
+Director of the Budget for Eisenhower; and Melvin Ryder, publisher of
+the _Army Times_) formed Federal Union, Inc., to work for the goals
+outlined in Streit's book, _Union Now_, published the year before.
+
+In 1941, Streit published another book: _Union Now With Britain_. He
+claims that the union he advocated would be a step toward "formation of
+free world government." But the arguments of his book make it very clear
+that in joining a union with other nations, the United States would not
+bring to the union old American constitutional concepts of
+free-enterprise and individual freedom under limited government, but
+would rather amalgamate with the socialistic-communistic systems that
+exist in the other nations which became members of the union.
+
+The following passages are from page 192 of Streit's _Union Now With
+Britain_:
+
+     "Democrats cannot ... quarrel with Soviet Russia or any other
+     nation because of its economic collectivism, for democracy itself
+     introduced the idea of collective machinery into politics. It is a
+     profound mistake to identify democracy and Union necessarily or
+     entirely with either capitalist or socialist society, with either
+     the method of individual or collective enterprise. There is room
+     for both of these methods in democracy....
+
+     "Democracy not only allows mankind to choose freely between
+     capitalism and collectivism, but it includes marxist governments,
+     parties and press...."
+
+When the year 1941 ended, America was in World War II; and all American
+advocates of world-peace-through-world-law-and-world-government
+jubilantly struck while the iron was hot--using the hysteria and
+confusion of the early days of our involvement in the great catastrophe
+as a means of pushing us into one or another of the schemes for union
+with other nations.
+
+Clarence Streit states it this way, in his most recent book (_Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 1961):
+
+     "Japan Pearl Harbored us into the war we had sought to avoid by
+     disunion.... Now, we Americans had the white heat of war to help
+     leaders form the nuclear Atlantic Union."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On January 5, 1942 (when we had been at war less than a month), Clarence
+Streit's Federal Union, Inc., bought advertising space in major
+newspapers for a petition urging Congress to adopt a joint resolution
+favoring immediate union of the United States with several specified
+foreign nations. Such people as Harold L. Ickes (Roosevelt cabinet
+officer), Owen J. Roberts (Supreme Court Justice), and John Foster
+Dulles (later Eisenhower's Secretary of State) signed this newspaper ad
+petitioning Congress to drag America into world government. In fact,
+these notables (especially John Foster Dulles) had actually written the
+Joint Resolution which Federal Union wanted Congress to adopt.
+
+The world government resolution (urged upon Congress in January, 1942)
+provided among other things that in the federal union of nations to be
+formed, the "union" government would have the right: (1) to impose a
+common citizenship; (2) to tax citizens directly; (3) to make and
+enforce all laws; (4) to coin and borrow money; (5) to have a monopoly
+on all armed forces; and (6) to _admit new members_.
+
+The following is from a Federal Union, Inc., ad published in _The
+Washington Evening Star_, January 5, 1942, urging upon the people and
+Congress of America an immediate plunge into world government:
+
+     "....Resolved:
+
+     "That the President of the United States submit to Congress a
+     program for forming a powerful union of free peoples to win the
+     war, the peace, the future;
+
+     "That this program unite our people, on the broad lines of our
+     Constitution, with the people of Canada, the United Kingdom, Eire,
+     Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, together
+     with such other free peoples, both in the Old World and the New as
+     may be found ready and able to unite on this federal basis....
+
+     "We gain from the fact that all the Soviet republics are already
+     united in one government, as are also all the Chinese-speaking
+     people, once so divided. Surely, we and they must agree that union
+     now of the democracies wherever possible is equally to the general
+     advantage....
+
+     "Let us begin now a world United States....
+
+     "The surest way to shorten and to win this war is also the surest
+     way to guarantee to ourselves, and our friends and foes, that this
+     war will end in a union of the free. The surest way to do all this
+     is for us to start that union now."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+World Fellowship, Inc., was also busy putting pressure on Congress in
+January, 1942. World Fellowship, Inc., is one of the oldest world
+government organizations. It was founded in 1918 as the "League of
+Neighbors."
+
+In 1924, the League of Neighbors united with the Union of East and West
+(which had been founded in India). In 1933, this combined organization
+reorganized and changed its name to World Fellowship of Faiths. In late
+1941, it changed its name again and incorporated--and has operated since
+that time as World Fellowship, Inc.
+
+Dr. Willard Uphaus, a notorious communist-fronter, has been Executive
+Director of World Fellowship, Inc., since February, 1953. Here is a
+Joint Resolution which World Fellowship, Inc., urged Congress to adopt
+on or before January 30, 1942--as a _birthday present_ to President
+Franklin D. Roosevelt.
+
+     "Now, therefore, be it
+
+     "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+     States of America, in Congress assembled, That the Congress of the
+     United States of America does hereby solemnly declare that all
+     peoples of the earth should now be united in a commonwealth of
+     nations to be known as the United Nations of the World, and to that
+     end it hereby gives to the President of the United States of
+     America all the needed authority and powers of every kind and
+     description, without limitations of any kind that are necessary in
+     his sole and absolute discretion to set up and create the
+     Federation of the World, a world peace government under the title
+     of the 'United Nations of the World,' including its constitution
+     and personnel and all other matters needed or appertaining thereto
+     to the end that all nations of the world may by voluntary action
+     become a part thereof under the same terms and conditions.
+
+     "There is hereby authorised to be appropriated, out of any money in
+     the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of 100 million
+     dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be expended by
+     the President in his sole and absolute discretion, to effectuate
+     the purposes of this joint resolution, and in addition, the sum of
+     1 billion dollars for the immediate use of the United Nations of
+     the World under its constitution as set up and created by the
+     President of the United States of America as provided in this joint
+     resolution...."
+
+Congress rejected the world-government resolutions urged upon it in 1942
+by Federal Union, Inc., and by World Fellowship, Inc.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But the formation of the United Nations in 1945 was a tremendous step in
+the direction these two organizations were travelling. The "world peace"
+aspects of the United Nations were emphasized to enlist support of the
+American public. Few Americans noticed that the UN Charter really
+creates a worldwide social, cultural, economic, educational, and
+political alliance--and commits each member nation to a program of total
+socialism for itself and to the support of total socialism for all other
+nations.
+
+The United Nations is, to be sure, a weaker alliance than world
+government advocates want; but the UN was the starting point and
+framework for world government.
+
+The massive UN propaganda during the first few years after the formation
+of the UN (1945) was so effective in brainwashing the American people,
+that the United World Federalists, beginning with the State Assembly of
+California, managed to get 27 state legislatures to pass resolutions
+demanding that Congress call a Constitutional Convention for the purpose
+of amending our Constitution in order to "expedite and insure"
+participation of the United States in a world government. When the
+American people found out what was going on, all of these "resolutions"
+were repealed--most of them before the end of 1950.
+
+But 1949 was a great year for American world government advocates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On April 4, 1949, Dean Acheson's "brainchild," the North Atlantic
+Treaty, was ratified by the United States. President Truman signed the
+proclamation putting NATO in force on August 24, 1949. Most Americans
+were happy with this organization. It was supposedly a military alliance
+to protect the free world against communism. But few Americans bothered
+to read the brief, 14-article treaty. If they had, Article 2 would have
+sounded rather strange and out of place in a military alliance. Here is
+Article 2 of the NATO Treaty:
+
+     "The parties will contribute toward the future development of
+     peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening
+     their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding
+     of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by
+     promoting conditions of stability and _well being_. They will seek
+     to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and
+     will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them."
+
+Here in this "military" treaty, which re-affirms the participants'
+"faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
+Nations," is the legal basis for a union, an Atlantic Union, a
+_supra_-national government, all under the United Nations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Immediately upon the formation of NATO, Clarence K. Streit created (in
+1949) the Atlantic Union Committee, Inc. Strait's old Federal Union was
+permitted to become virtually defunct (although it technically still
+exists, as publisher of Streit's books, and so on). Streit got federal
+tax exemption for the Atlantic Union Committee by writing into its
+charter a proviso that the organisation would not "attempt to influence
+legislation by propaganda or otherwise."
+
+Yet, the charter of AUC states its purposes as follows:
+
+     "To promote support for congressional action requesting the
+     President of the United States to invite the other democracies
+     which sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty to name delegates,
+     representing their principal political parties, to meet with
+     delegates of the United States in a federal convention to explore
+     how far their peoples, and the peoples of such other democracies as
+     the convention may invite to send delegates, can apply among them,
+     within the framework of the United Nations, the principles of free
+     federal union."
+
+An Atlantic Union Committee Resolution, providing for the calling of an
+international convention to "explore" steps toward a limited world
+government, was actually introduced in the Congress in 1949--with the
+support of a frightful number of "liberals" then in the Congress.
+
+The Resolution did not come to a vote in the 81st Congress (1949-1950).
+Estes Kefauver (Democrat, Tennessee) gravitated to the leadership in
+pushing for the Resolution in subsequent Congresses; and he had the
+support of the top leadership of both parties, Republican and Democrat,
+north and south--including people like Richard Nixon, William Fulbright,
+Lister Hill, Hubert Humphrey, Mike Mansfield, Kenneth Keating, Jacob
+Javits, Christian Herter, and so on.
+
+From 1949 to 1959, the Atlantic Union Resolution was introduced in each
+Congress--except the one Republican-controlled Congress (83rd--1953).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1959, Atlantic Union advocates, having got nowhere in ten years of
+trying to push their Resolution through Congress, changed tactics. In
+1959, Streit's Atlantic Union Committee published a pamphlet entitled,
+_Our One Best Hope--For Us--For The United Nations--For All Mankind_,
+recommending an "action" program to "strengthen the UN." This "action"
+program asks the U.S. Congress to pass a Resolution calling for an
+international convention which would accomplish certain "fundamental
+objectives," to wit:
+
+     "That only reasonably experienced democracies be asked to
+     participate; and that the number asked to participate should be
+     small enough to enhance the chance for early agreement, yet large
+     enough to create, if united, a preponderance of power on the side
+     of freedom.
+
+     "That the delegates be officially appointed but that they be
+     uninstructed by their governments so that they shall be free to act
+     in accordance with their own individual consciences.
+
+     "That, whatever the phraseology, it should not be such as to
+     preclude any proposal which, in the wisdom of the convention, is
+     the most practical step.
+
+     "That the findings of the delegates could be only recommendations,
+     later to be accepted or rejected by their legislatures and their
+     fellow citizens."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 fully carries out the purposes
+and intent of the new Atlantic Union strategy fabricated in 1959 to
+replace the old Resolution which had failed for ten years.
+
+The roll-call vote on this law (published in the February 27, 1961,
+issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_) shows what a powerful array of United
+States Congressmen and Senators are for this step toward world
+government.
+
+The debates in House and Senate (Senate: _Congressional Record_, June
+15, 1960, pp. 11724 _ff_; House: _Congressional Record_, August 24,
+1960, pp. 16261 _ff_) show something even more significant.
+
+While denying that the NATO Citizens Commission Law had any relation to
+the old Atlantic Union Resolution which Congress had refused for ten
+years to consider, "liberals" in both Senate and House used language
+right out of the Atlantic Union Committee pamphlet of 1959 (_Our Best
+Hope ..._) to "prove" that this NATO Citizens Commission proposal was
+not dangerous: They argued, for example, that Commission members would
+be free to act in accordance with their own individual consciences; that
+the meetings of the Commission would be purely exploratory, and that
+Commission findings would be "only recommendations," not binding on the
+U.S. government.
+
+Congressional "liberals" supporting the NATO Citizens Commission also
+tried to establish the respectability of the Commission by arguing that
+it was merely being created to explore means of implementing Article 2
+of the NATO Treaty. Are these "liberal" congressmen and senators so
+ignorant that they do not know the whole Atlantic Union movement is
+built under the canopy of "implementing Article 2 of this NATO Treaty?"
+Or, are they too stupid to understand this? Or, are they so dishonest
+that they distort the facts, thinking that the public is too confused or
+ignorant to discover the truth?
+
+Although the liberals in Congress loudly denied that the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law of 1960 had anything to do with Atlantic Union, Clarence
+Streit knew better--or was more honest. As soon as the law was passed,
+Streit began a hasty revision of his old _Union Now_. Early in 1961,
+Harper & Brothers published the revision, under the title _Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now_.
+
+In this new book, Streit expresses jubilation about the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law; and, on the second page of the first chapter, he says:
+
+     "One change in the picture, which has seemed too slight or too
+     recent to be noted yet by the general public, seems to me so
+     significant as to give in itself reason enough for new faith in
+     freedom's future, and for this new effort to advance it. On
+     September 7, 1960, President Eisenhower signed an act of Congress
+     authorizing a United States Citizens Commission on NATO to
+     organize and participate in a Convention of Citizens of North
+     Atlantic Democracies with a view to exploring fully and
+     recommending concretely how to unite their peoples better."
+
+_The Atlantic Union News_ (published by the Atlantic Union Committee,
+Inc.) in the September, 1960, issue presents an exultant article under
+the headline "AUC Victorious: Resolution Signed by President Becomes
+Public Law 86-719."
+
+The article says:
+
+     "Members of the Atlantic Union Committee could certainly be
+     forgiven if by now they had decided that the Resolution for an
+     Atlantic Exploratory Convention would never pass both Houses of
+     Congress. However, it has just done so. It was signed into law by
+     the President September 7, 1960. The incredible size of this
+     victory is hard, even for us in Washington, to comprehend...."
+
+Who actually runs Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union Committee which
+finally succeeded in ordering the Congress and the President of the
+United States to take this sinister step toward world government? The
+Council on Foreign Relations! The three top officials of the Atlantic
+Union Committee are members of the CFR: Elmo Roper, President; William
+L. Clayton, Vice President; and Lithgow Osborne, Secretary.
+
+As of December, 1960, there were 871 members of the Atlantic Union
+Committee. Of these, 107 were also members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. The December, 1960, membership list of the AUC is in Appendix
+II of this volume. Each Council on Foreign Relations member is
+designated on that list with CFR in parentheses after his name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 provided that the Speaker of
+the House and the Vice President should select 20 persons to serve on
+the Commission. In March, 1961, Sam Rayburn and Lyndon Johnson appointed
+the following persons as members of the Commission:
+
+     Donald G. Agger; Will L. Clayton; Charles William Engelhard, Jr.;
+     George J. Feldman; Morris Forgash; Christian A. Herter; Dr. Francis
+     S. Hutchins; Eric Johnston; William F. Knowland; Hugh Moore; Ralph
+     D. Pittman, Ben Regan; David Rockefeller; Elmo B. Roper (Jr.); Mrs.
+     Edith S. Sampson; Adolph W. Schmidt; Oliver C. Schroeder; Burr S.
+     Swezey, Sr.; Alex Warden; and Douglas Wynn.
+
+Of the 20 members of the NATO Citizens Commission, 7 are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Clayton, Herter, Johnston, Moore,
+Rockefeller, Roper, Schmidt. Roper is President and Clayton is Vice
+President of the Atlantic Union Committee. The others are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The United World Federalists does not have as much power and influence
+as Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union, but is clearly the second most
+influential organization working for world government.
+
+The specific objective of the United World Federalists is rapid
+transformation (through expansion of the jurisdiction of the World
+Court, establishment of an international "police force," and so on) of
+the United Nations into an all-powerful world government.
+
+The aim of the UWF organization, as expressed in its own literature (the
+most revealing piece of which is a pamphlet called _Beliefs, Purposes
+and Policies_) is:
+
+     "To create a world federal government with authority to enact,
+     interpret, and enforce world law adequate to maintain peace."
+
+The world federal government would be,
+
+     "based upon the following principles and include the following
+     powers....
+
+     "Membership open to all nations without the right of secession....
+     World law should be enforceable directly upon individuals.... The
+     world government should have direct taxing power independent of
+     national taxation."
+
+The UWF scheme provides for a world police force and the prohibition of
+"possession by any nation of armaments and forces beyond an approved
+level required for internal policing."
+
+The UWF proposes to work toward its world government scheme,
+
+     "By making use of the amendment process of the United Nations to
+     transform it into such a world federal government;
+
+     "By participating in world constituent assemblies, whether of
+     private individuals, parliamentary or other groups seeking to
+     produce draft constitutions for consideration and possible adoption
+     by the United Nations or by national governments...."
+
+Norman Cousins and James P. Warburg (both prominent Council on Foreign
+Relations members) formed the United World Federalists in February,
+1947, at Ashville, North Carolina, by amalgamating three small
+organizations (World Federalists, Student Federalists, and Americans
+United For World Government).
+
+Cousins is still honorary president of UWF. Walter Reuther (a
+"second-level" affiliate of the CFR), Cousins, and Warburg actually run
+the UWF at the top. Other Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials in the UWF include Harry A. Bullis, Arthur H. Bunker, Cass
+Canfield, Mark F. Ethridge, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Harold K.
+Guinzburg, Isador Lubin, Cord Meyer, Jr., Lewis Mumford, Harry Scherman,
+Raymond Gram Swing, Paul C. Smith, Walter Wanger, James D. Zellerbach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Institute for International Order, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36,
+New York, is another organization working for world government. It was
+founded on November 17, 1948, at Washington, D.C., as the Association
+for Education in World Government. On May 17, 1952, it changed its name
+to Institute for International Government. On May 7, 1954, it changed
+names again, to the present Institute for International Order.
+
+The purpose of this organization has remained constant, through all the
+name changing, since it was originally founded in 1948: to strengthen
+the United Nations into a genuine world government. And it is a part of
+the interlocking apparatus which constitutes our invisible government.
+
+The Institute for International Order gets 75% of its income from
+foundations which members of the Council on Foreign Relations control;
+and the following CFR members are officers of the Institute: Earl D.
+Osborn (President), Henry B. Cabot (Vice President), Edward W. Barrett,
+Paul G. Hoffman, and Irving Salomon.
+
+In 1948, the State Department created the U.S. Committee for the UN
+(mentioned in Chapter VIII, in connection with the Advertising Council)
+as a semi-official organization to propagandize for the UN in the United
+States, with emphasis on promoting "UN Day" each year.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the U.S. Committee for the
+UN. Such persons as Stanley C. Allyn, Ralph Bunche, Gardner Cowles, H.
+J. Heinz, II, Eric Johnston, Milton Katz, Stanley Marcus, Hugh Moore,
+John Nason, Earl D. Osborn, Jack I. Straus, and Walter Wheeler, Jr.--all
+Council on Foreign Relations members--are members of the U.S. Committee
+for the United Nations.
+
+Walter Wheeler, Jr., (last name in the list above) is President of
+Pitney-Bowes, maker of postage meter machines. In 1961, Mr. Wheeler
+tried to stop all Pitney-Bowes customers from using, on their meter
+machines, the American patriotic slogan, "This is a republic, not a
+democracy: let's keep it that way." Mr. Wheeler said this slogan was
+controversial. But Mr. Wheeler supported a campaign to get the slogan of
+international socialism, _UN We Believe_, used on Pitney-Bowes postage
+meter machines--probably the most controversial slogan ever to appear in
+American advertising, as we shall see presently.
+
+The American Association for the United Nations--AAUN--is another
+tax-exempt, "semi-private" organization set up (not directly by the CFR,
+but by the State Department which the Council runs) as a propaganda
+agency for the UN. It serves as an outlet for UN pamphlets and, with
+chapters in most key cities throughout the United States, as an
+organizer of meetings, lecture-series, and other programs which
+propagandize about the ineffable goodness and greatness of the United
+Nations as the maker and keeper of world peace.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the AAUN. Some of the leading
+CFR members who run the AAUN are: Ralph J. Bunche, Cass Canfield,
+Benjamin V. Cohen, John Cowles, Clark M. Eichelberger, Ernest A. Gross,
+Paul G. Hoffman, Palmer Hoyt, Herbert Lehman, Oscar de Lima, Irving
+Salomon, James T. Shotwell, Sumner Welles, Quincy Wright.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1958, the United States Committee for the UN created an Industry
+Participation Division for the specific purpose of getting the UN emblem
+and _UN We Believe_ slogan displayed on the commercial vehicles,
+stationery, business forms, office buildings, flag poles, and
+advertising layouts of American business firms. The first major firm to
+plunge conspicuously into this pro-UN propaganda drive was United Air
+Lines.
+
+W. A. Patterson, President of United, is an official of the Committee
+For Economic Development, a major Council on Foreign Relations
+propaganda affiliate, and has served on the Business-Education Committee
+of the CED. Mr. Patterson had the _UN We Believe_ emblem painted in a
+conspicuous place on every plane in the United Air Lines fleet. There
+was a massive protest from Americans who know that the UN is part of the
+great scheme to destroy America as a free and independent republic. Mr.
+Patterson had the UN emblems removed from his planes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1961, the American Association for the United Nations and the U. S.
+Committee for the UN (both enjoying federal tax exemption, as
+"educational" in the "public interest") created another tax-exempt
+organization to plaster the UN emblem all over the American landscape.
+
+The new organization is called UN We Believe. Here is an article from
+the May-June, 1961, issue of _Weldwood News_, a house organ of United
+States Plywood Corporation (New York 36, New York):
+
+     "A. W. (Al) Teichmeier, USP director of merchandising, is the
+     Company's closest physical link to the United Nations--he's
+     President of UN We Believe.
+
+     "UN We Believe, under joint auspices of the American Association
+     for the UN and the U. S. Committee for the UN, is a non-profit,
+     year-round program geared to convince industry, organizations and
+     individuals how important public support can mean in preserving
+     world peace.
+
+     "USP uses the seal ... (UN emblem and _UN We Believe_ slogan) on
+     its postage meters for all New York mailings. Among some other
+     active companies in the program are CIT, General Telephone, Texaco,
+     American Sugar Refining, P. Lorillard Co., and KLM Dutch Airlines."
+
+Plywood companies (small ones, producing hardwood plywood, if not big
+ones like USP) have been grievously hurt by the trade and foreign-aid
+policies which the UN, international-socialist crowd is responsible for.
+
+Lenin is said to have remarked that when it comes time for communists to
+hang all capitalists, the capitalists will bid against each other for
+contracts to sell the rope.
+
+The article from _Weldwood News_, quoted above, was quoted in the July
+17, 1961, issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_. The companies mentioned
+received some mail, criticizing them for supporting UN We Believe. The
+Texaco Company denied that it had ever been active in UN We Believe and
+said that the editor of _Weldwood News_ had apologized for the error in
+publishing the reference to Texaco and had expressed regret for "the
+embarrassment caused" Texaco.
+
+While denying support for UN We Believe, however, Mr. Augustus C. Long,
+Chairman of the Board of Texaco (and a member of the Business Advisory
+Council) gave unqualified endorsement of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. In a letter dated August 17, 1961, Mr. Long said:
+
+     "The Council on Foreign Relations is one of the most effective
+     organizations in this country devoted to spreading information on
+     international problems. The officers and directors of the Council
+     are men of reputation and stature. We believe that the Council
+     through its study groups makes an outstanding contribution to
+     public information concerning foreign policy issues."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 8
+
+FOREIGN AID
+
+
+
+One day in the spring of 1961, a New York lawyer received a long
+distance telephone call. Concerning this call, the _New York Times_
+reported:
+
+     "'This is President Kennedy,' the telephone voice said.
+
+     "'The hell you say,' retorted the lawyer. 'I guess that makes me
+     the Prime Minister of England, but what can I do for you?'
+
+     "'Nobody's pulling your leg,' the telephone voice said. 'This is
+     President Kennedy all right. I want to talk to you about coming
+     down here to Washington to help me with this long-term foreign aid
+     legislation.'"
+
+One week later, the New York lawyer took an apartment in Washington and,
+as a member of President Kennedy's "Task Force" on foreign aid, started
+writing the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The lawyer is Theodore
+Tannenwald, Jr., a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, who wrote
+many of the foreign aid bills which President Harry Truman presented to
+Congress and who, during the first Eisenhower term, was assistant
+director of the Mutual Security Program.
+
+After Mr. Tannenwald and his task force had finished writing the 1961
+foreign aid bill, President Kennedy appointed Tannenwald coordinator in
+charge of "presenting" the bill to committees of the House and Senate.
+Three cabinet officers and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
+took their orders from Mr. Tannenwald, who was, according to the _New
+York Times_, "the Administration's composer, orchestrator and conductor
+of the most important legislative symphony of the Congressional
+session."
+
+With admiration, the _Times_ said:
+
+     "Mr. Tannenwald has been a kind of special White House ambassador
+     to Capitol Hill. While the legislative committees struggled with
+     the controversial proposal to by-pass the appropriating process and
+     give the President authority to borrow $8,800,000,000 (8 billion,
+     800 million) for development lending in the next five years, he was
+     the man in the ante-room empowered to answer questions in the name
+     of the President."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In July, 1961, President Kennedy completed Mr. Tannenwald's foreign aid
+"orchestra." On July 10, in ceremonies at the White House, the President
+formally announced creation of the newest foreign-aid propaganda
+organization, the Citizens Committee for International Development, with
+Warren Lee Pierson as chairman. Here is the membership of the Citizens
+Committee for International Development:
+
+     _Eugenie Anderson_ (member of the Atlantic Union Committee);
+     _William Benton_ (Chairman of the Board of _Encyclopaedia
+     Britannica_; member of the Atlantic Union Committee); _Everett N.
+     Case_ (President of Colgate University); _O. Roy Chalk_ (President
+     of the District of Columbia Transit Company); _Malcolm S. Forbes_
+     (Editor and Publisher of _Forbes Magazine_); _Eleanor Clark
+     French_; _Albert M. Greenfield_ (Honorary Chairman of the Board of
+     Bankers Security Corporation, Philadelphia); _General Alfred M.
+     Gruenther_ (President of the American National Red Cross; member of
+     the Atlantic Union Committee); _Murray D. Lincoln_ (Chairman of
+     Nationwide Insurance Company); _Sol M. Linowitz_ (Chairman of Zerox
+     Corporation); _George Meany_ (President of AFL-CIO); _William S.
+     Paley_ (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting System);
+     _Warren Lee Pierson_ (Chairman of the Board, Trans-World Airways);
+     _Ross Pritchard_ (Professor of Political Science, Southwestern
+     University, Memphis); _Thomas S. Nichols_ (Chairman of the Board
+     of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation; member of the Atlantic
+     Union Committee); _Mrs. Mary G. Roebling_ (President Of Trenton
+     Trust Company); _David Sarnoff_ (Chairman of Radio Corporation of
+     America); _Walter Sterling Surrey_ (legal consultant, Economic
+     Cooperation Administration); _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, (President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation); _Walter H. Wheeler,
+     Jr._, (President of Pitney-Bowes); _James D. Zellerbach_ (President
+     and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corporation; Chairman of
+     Fibreboard Products, Inc.; member of the Atlantic Union Committee
+     and United World Federalists); _Ezra Zilkha_ (head of Zilkha &
+     Sons).
+
+Of these 22 people, 12 (including the Chairman) are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Benton, Case, Gruenther, Paley, Pierson,
+Pritchard, Nichols, Sarnoff, Surrey, Watson, Wheeler, and Zellerbach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Heads of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations attended the White House
+luncheon when the Committee was formed. Vice President Johnson,
+Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Attorney General Robert Kennedy were
+also present. The President urged each and all to get foundations,
+business firms, civic organizations, and the people generally, to put
+pressure on Congress in support of the 1961 foreign aid bill.
+
+Within a week after the July 10, White House luncheon meeting (which
+launched the CFR's foreign aid committee), the President and his
+high-level aides were talking about a grave crisis in Berlin and about
+foreign aid as _the_ essential means of "meeting" that crisis.
+
+On July 25, when congressional debates over the foreign aid bill were in
+a critical stage, President Kennedy spoke to the nation on radio and
+television, solemnly warning the people that the Berlin situation was
+dangerous.
+
+Immediate, additional support for the foreign aid bill came from the
+country's liberal and leftwing forces, who united in a passionate
+plea--urging the American people to support the President "in this grave
+hour."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On August 27, an Associated Press release announced that House Leader
+John W. McCormack (Democrat, Massachusetts), was attempting to enlist
+the cooperation of 2,400 city mayors in support of a long-range foreign
+aid bill to meet the President's demands.
+
+McCormack sent the city officials a statement of his views with a cover
+letter suggesting that the matter be brought to "the attention of
+citizens of your community through publication in your local newspaper,"
+and, further, urging their "personal endorsement of this bipartisan
+program through the medium of your local press...."
+
+State Department officials scheduled speaking tours throughout the land,
+and CFR affiliated organizations (like the Councils on World Affairs)
+started the build-up to provide audiences--all in the interest of
+"briefing" the American people on the necessity and beauties of foreign
+aid.
+
+Anyone with sense had to wonder how the giving of American tax money to
+communist governments in Europe and to socialist governments all over
+the earth could help us resist communism in Berlin. But with the top
+leaders in our society (from the President downward to officials in the
+National Council of Churches) telling us that the survival of our nation
+depended on the President's getting all the foreign aid "authorization"
+he wanted--most Americans remained silent, feeling that such
+consequential and complicated matters should be left in the hands of our
+chosen leaders.
+
+By the end of August, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 had been passed
+by both houses of Congress; and the Berlin crisis moved from front page
+lead articles in the nation's newspapers to less important columns.
+
+Thus, in 1961, as always, the foreign aid bill was a special project of
+our invisible government, the Council on Foreign Relations. And, in
+1961, as always, the great, tax-supported propaganda machine used a fear
+psychology to bludgeon the people into silence and the Congress into
+obedience.
+
+President Kennedy signed the Act as Public Law 87-195 on September 4,
+1961.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Public Law 87-195 authorized $10,253,500,000 (10 billion, 253 million,
+500 thousand) in foreign aid: $3,066,500,000 appropriated for the 1962
+fiscal year, and $7,187,000,000 Treasury borrowing authorized for the
+next five years. The law does require the President to obtain annual
+appropriations for the Treasury borrowing, but permits him to make
+commitments to lend the money to foreign countries, _before_ he obtains
+appropriations from Congress.
+
+It was widely reported in the press that Congress had denied the
+President the long-term borrowing authority he had requested; but the
+President himself was satisfied. He knew that by promising loans to
+foreign governments (that is, "committing" the funds in advance of
+congressional appropriation) he would thus force Congress (in the
+interest of showing "national unity" and of not "repudiating" our
+President) to appropriate whatever he promised.
+
+On August 29, the President said:
+
+     "The compromise ... is wholly satisfactory. It gives the United
+     States Government authority to make commitments for long-term
+     development programs with reasonable assurance that these
+     commitments will be met."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Former Vice President Richard M. Nixon (a member of the CFR) was happy
+about the 1961 foreign aid bill. On August 29, Nixon, on the ABC radio
+network, said that he favored such "long-range foreign aid planning,
+financed through multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations."
+
+Nelson A. Rockefeller, Republican Governor of New York, announced that
+he too favored "long-range foreign aid planning, financed through
+multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations"--exactly like
+Nixon.
+
+Former President Eisenhower was also happy. He, too, said he favored
+this sort of thing.
+
+Senator J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) was almost jubilant:
+he said Congress for the next five years would be under "strong
+obligation" to put up the money for whatever the President promises to
+foreign governments.
+
+All in all, it is improbable that Congress ever passed another bill more
+destructive of American constitutional principles; more harmful to our
+nation politically, economically, morally, and militarily; and more
+helpful to communism-socialism all over the earth--than the Foreign
+Assistance Act of 1961, which was, from beginning to end, a product of
+the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our foreign aid does grievous harm to the American people by burdening
+them with excessive taxation, thus making it difficult for them to
+expand their own economy. This gives government pretext for intervening
+with more taxation and controls for domestic subsidies.
+
+Furthermore, the money that government takes away from us for foreign
+aid is used to subsidize our political enemies and economic competitors
+abroad. Note, for example, the large quantities of agricultural goods
+which we give every year to communist satellite nations, thus enabling
+communist governments to control the hungry people of those nations.
+Note that while we are giving away our agricultural surpluses to
+communist and socialist nations, we, under the 1961 foreign aid bill (as
+under previous ones), are subsidizing agricultural production in the
+underdeveloped countries.
+
+The 1961 foreign aid bill prohibited direct aid to Cuba, but authorized
+contributions to United Nations agencies, which were giving aid to Cuba.
+
+At a time when the American economy was suffering from the flight of
+American industry to foreign lands, the 1961 foreign aid bill offered
+subsidies and investment guarantees to American firms moving abroad.
+
+Our foreign aid enriches and strengthens political leaders and ruling
+oligarchies (which are often corrupt) in underdeveloped lands; and it
+does infinite harm to the people of those lands, when it inflates their
+economy and foists upon them an artificially-produced industrialism
+which they are not prepared to sustain or even understand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The basic argument for foreign aid is that by helping the underdeveloped
+nations develop, we will keep them from falling under the dictatorship
+of communism. The argument is false and unsound, historically,
+politically, economically, and morally.
+
+The communists have never subjugated a nation by winning the loyalties
+of the oppressed and downtrodden. The communists first win the support
+of liberal-intellectuals, and then use them to subvert and pervert all
+established mores and ideals and social and political arrangements.
+
+Our foreign aid does not finance freedom in foreign lands; it finances
+socialism; and a world socialist system is what communists are trying to
+establish. As early as 1921, Joseph Stalin said that the advanced
+western nations must give economic aid to other nations in order to
+socialize their economies and prepare them for integration in the
+communist's world socialist system.
+
+Socializing the economies of all nations so that all can be merged into
+a one-world system was the objective of Colonel Edward M. House, who
+founded the Council on Foreign Relations, and has been the objective of
+the Council, and of all its associated organizations, from the
+beginning.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 9
+
+MORE OF THE INTERLOCK
+
+
+
+It is impossible in this volume to discuss all organizations interlocked
+with the Council on Foreign Relations. In previous chapters, I have
+discussed some of the most powerful agencies in the interlock. In this
+chapter, I present brief discussions of a few organizations which make
+significant contributions to the over-all program of the Council.
+
+
+INSTITUTE FOR AMERICAN STRATEGY
+
+There are some men in the Council on Foreign Relations who condemn the
+_consequences_ of the CFR's policies--but who never mention the CFR as
+responsible for those policies, and who never really suggest any change
+in the policies.
+
+Frank R. Barnett is such a man. Mr. Barnett, a member of the Council on
+Foreign Relations, is research director for the Richardson Foundation
+and also program director for the Institute for American Strategy, which
+is largely financed by the Richardson Foundation. The Institute for
+American Strategy holds two-day regional "Strategy Seminars" in cities
+throughout the United States. Participants in the seminars are carefully
+selected civic and community leaders. The announced official purpose of
+the seminars is:
+
+     "...to inform influential private American citizens of the danger
+     which confronts the United States in the realm of world politics.
+     They have been conceived as a means for arousing an informed and
+     articulate patriotism which can provide the basis for the
+     sustained and intensive effort which alone can counter the skillful
+     propaganda and ruthless conquest so successfully practiced by the
+     Soviet Union and her allies and satellites."
+
+Mr. Barnett is generally one of the featured speakers at these seminars.
+He speaks effectively, arousing his audience to an awareness of the
+Soviets as an ugly menace to freedom and decency in the world. He makes
+his audience squirm with anxiety about how America is losing the cold
+war on all fronts, and makes them burn with desire to reverse this
+trend. But when it comes to suggesting what can be done about the
+terrible situation, Mr. Barnett seems only to recommend that more and
+more people listen to more and more speakers like him in order to become
+angrier at the Soviets and more disturbed about American losses--so that
+we can continue the same policies we have, but do a better job with
+them.
+
+Mr. Barnett never criticizes the basic internationalist policy of
+entwining the affairs of America with those of other nations, because
+Mr. Barnett, like all other internationalists, takes it for granted that
+America can no longer defend herself, without "allies," whom we must buy
+with foreign aid. He does imply that our present network of permanent,
+entangling alliances is not working well; but he never hints that we
+should abandon this disastrous policy and return to the traditional
+American policy of benign neutrality and no-permanent-involvement, which
+offers the only possible hope for our peace and security. Rather, Mr.
+Barnett would just like us to conduct our internationalist policy in
+such a way as to avoid the disaster which our internationalist policy is
+building for us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Barnett's recommendations on how to fight communism on the domestic
+front also trail off, generally, into contradictions and confusion. For
+example, in his speech to the "Strategy Seminar" arranged by the
+Institute for American Strategy and sponsored by the Fulton County
+Medical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, June, 1961, Mr. Barnett urged all
+citizens to inform themselves about the communist threat and become
+educated on its aims so that they will be capable of combatting
+communist propaganda. But, Mr. Barnett said, citizens are "silly" who
+concern themselves with trying to find communists and fellow-travelers
+in the PTA!
+
+In a speech to reserve officers at the War College in July, 1961, Mr.
+Barnett denounced "crackpots" who hunt "pinkos" in local colleges. He
+said the theory that internal subversion is the chief danger to the
+United States is fallacious--and is harmful, because it has great
+popular appeal. Belief in this theory, Mr. Barnett said, makes people
+mistakenly feel that they "don't have to think about ... strengthening
+NATO, or improving foreign aid management, or volunteering for the Peace
+Corps, or anything else that might require sacrifice."
+
+Mr. Barnett, who speaks persuasively as an expert on fighting communism,
+apparently does not know that the real work of the communist conspiracy
+is not performed by the shabby people who staff the official apparatus
+of the communist party, but is done by well-intentioned people (in the
+PTA and similar organizations) who have been brainwashed with communist
+ideas. Communists (whom Mr. Barnett hates and fears) did not do the
+tremendous job of causing the United States to abandon her traditional
+policies of freedom and independence for the internationalist policies
+which are dragging us into one-world socialism. The most distinguished
+and respected Americans of our time, in the Council on Foreign Relations
+(of which Mr. Barnett is a member) did this job.
+
+It is interesting to note that the principal book offered for sale and
+recommended for reading at Mr. Barnett's, "Strategy Seminars" is
+_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_. The first chapter in the book,
+entitled "Basic Aims of United States Foreign Policy," is a reprint of a
+Council on Foreign Relations report, compiled by a CFR meeting in 1959,
+attended by such well-known internationalist "liberals" as Frank
+Altschul, Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Robert Blum,
+Robert R. Bowie, John Cowles, Arthur H. Dean, Thomas K. Finletter,
+William C. Foster, W. Averell Harriman, Philip C. Jessup, Joseph E.
+Johnson, Henry R. Luce, I. I. Rabi, Herman B. Wells, Henry M. Wriston.
+
+
+COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS
+
+On December 6, 1960, President Eisenhower presented, to President-elect
+Kennedy, a report by the President's Commission on National Goals, a
+group of "distinguished" Americans whom President Eisenhower had
+appointed 11 months before to find out what America's national purpose
+should be.
+
+The national purpose of this nation _should be_ exactly what it was
+during the first 125 years of our national life: to stand as proof that
+free men can govern themselves; to blaze a trail toward freedom, a trail
+which all people, if they wish, can follow or guide themselves by,
+without any meddling from us.
+
+Hydrogen bombs and airplanes and intercontinental ballistic missiles do
+not change basic principles. The principles on which our nation was
+founded are eternal, as valid now as in the 18th century.
+
+Indeed, modern developments in science should make us cling to those
+principles. If foreign enemies can now destroy our nation by pressing a
+button, it seems obvious that our total defense effort should be devoted
+to protecting our nation against such an attack: it is suicidal for us
+to waste any of our defense effort on "economic improvement" and
+military assistance for other nations.
+
+All of this being obvious, it is also obvious that the President's
+Commission on National Goals was not really trying to discover our
+"national purpose." "National Purpose" was the label for a propaganda
+effort intended to help perpetuate governmental policies, which are
+dragging America into international socialism, regardless of who
+succeeded Eisenhower as President.
+
+The Report is actually a rehash of major provisions in the 1960 Democrat
+and Republican party platforms. More than that, it is, in several
+fundamental and specific ways, identical with the 1960 published program
+of the communist party. (For a full discussion of the President's
+Commission on National Goals, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, "Our National
+Purpose," December 12, 1960.)
+
+Who were the "distinguished" Americans whom Eisenhower appointed to draw
+this blueprint of America's National Purpose? They were:
+
+     Erwin D. Canham, Editor-in-Chief of the _Christian Science
+     Monitor_; James B. Conant, former President of Harvard; Colgate W.
+     Darden, Jr., former President of the University of Virginia and
+     former Governor of Virginia; Crawford H. Greenewalt, President of
+     E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; General Alfred M. Gruenther,
+     President of the American Red Cross; Learned Hand, retired judge of
+     the U.S. Court of Appeals; Clark Kerr, President of the University
+     of California; James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Massachusetts
+     Institute of Technology; George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO;
+     Frank Pace, Jr., former member of Truman's cabinet; Henry M.
+     Wriston, President of American Assembly and President Emeritus of
+     Brown University.
+
+Of the 11, 7 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Canham,
+Conant, Gruenther, Hand, Killian, Pace, Wriston. All of the others are
+lower-level affiliates of the CFR.
+
+
+NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION
+
+The National Planning Association was established in 1934 "to bring
+together leaders from agriculture, business, labor, and the professions
+to pool their experience and foresight in developing workable plans for
+the nation's future...."
+
+The quotation is from an NPA booklet, which also says:
+
+     "Every year since the NPA was organized in 1934, its reports have
+     strongly influenced our national economy, U.S. economic policy, and
+     business decisions."
+
+Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations listed as officials
+of the National Planning Association: Frank Altschul, Laird Bell,
+Courtney C. Brown, Eric Johnston, Donald R. Murphy, Elmo Roper,
+Beardsley Ruml, Hans Christian Sonne, Lauren Soth, Wayne Chatfield
+Taylor, John Hay Whitney.
+
+The following officials of National Planning Association are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR--or are, at any rate, worth noting:
+Arnold Zander, International President of American Federation of State,
+County and Municipal Employees; Solomon Barkin, Director of Research for
+the Textile Workers Union of America; L. S. Buckmaster, General
+President, United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America;
+James B. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer of CIO; Albert J. Hayes,
+International President of International Association of Machinists; and
+Walter P. Reuther.
+
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION
+
+In 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union was founded by Felix
+Frankfurter, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, William Z.
+Foster, then head of the U.S. Communist Party; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a
+top communist party official; Dr. Harry F. Ward, of Union Theological
+Seminary, a notorious communist-fronter; and Roger Baldwin.
+
+Patrick M. Malin, a member of the CFR, has been director of the American
+Civil Liberties Union since 1952. Other CFR members who are known to be
+officials in the American Civil Liberties Union are: William Butler,
+Richard S. Childs, Norman Cousins, Palmer Hoyt, Jr., J. Robert
+Oppenheimer, Elmo Roper, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
+
+
+NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS
+
+The late Charles Evans Hughes (a member of the CFR) and the late S.
+Parkes Cadman (former President of the Federal--now National--Council of
+Churches) founded the National Conference of Christians and Jews in
+1928.
+
+In June, 1950 (at the suggestion of Paul Hoffman) the National
+Conference of Christians and Jews founded World Brotherhood at UNESCO
+House in Paris, France. The officers of World Brotherhood were: Konrad
+Adenauer, William Benton, Arthur H. Compton, Paul Henri-Spaak, Paul G.
+Hoffman, Herbert H. Lehman, John J. McCloy, George Meany, Madame Pandit,
+Paul Reynaud, Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In August, 1958, World Brotherhood held a seminar in Bern, Switzerland.
+All of the officers listed above attended and prepared "working papers."
+Here is a summary of conclusions reached at this World Brotherhood
+meeting, as condensed from an article by Arthur Krock, in _The New York
+Times_, November 21, 1958:
+
+     _We must recognize that the communist countries are here to stay
+     and cannot be wished away by propaganda. All is not bad in
+     communist countries. Western nations could learn from communist
+     experiments. We should study ways to make changes in both
+     systems--communist and western--in order to bring them nearer
+     together. We should try to eliminate the stereo-type attitudes
+     about, and suspicion of, communism. We must assume that the
+     communist side is not worse than, but merely different from, our
+     side._
+
+In May, 1960, World Brotherhood held a conference on "World Tensions" at
+Chicago University. Lester B. Pearson (socialist-internationalist from
+Canada) presided at the conference; and the following members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations served as officials: William Benton, Ralph
+Bunche, Marquis Childs, Harlan Cleveland, Norman Cousins, Ernest A.
+Gross, Paul G. Hoffman, and Adlai Stevenson.
+
+The National Conference of Christians and Jews-World Brotherhood 1960
+meeting on "World Tensions," at Chicago University, concluded that the
+communists are interested in more trade but not interested in political
+subversion, and recommended:
+
+(1) a three-billion-dollar-a-year increase in U. S. foreign aid to
+"poor" countries; (2) repeal of the Connally Reservation; (3) closer
+relations between the U. S. and communist countries.
+
+Adlai Stevenson told the group that Khrushchev is merely a "tough and
+realistic politician and polemicist," with whom it is possible to
+"conduct the dialogue of reason."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1961, World Brotherhood, Inc., changed its name to Conference On
+World Tensions.
+
+
+AMERICAN ASSEMBLY
+
+In 1950, when President of Columbia University, General Dwight D.
+Eisenhower founded the American Assembly--sometimes calling itself the
+Arden House Group, taking this name from its headquarters and meeting
+place. The Assembly holds a series of meetings at Arden House in New
+York City about every six months, and other round-table discussions at
+varying intervals throughout the nation.
+
+The 19th meeting of the Arden House Group, which ended May 7, 1961, was
+typical of all others, in that it was planned and conducted by members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations--and concluded with recommendations
+concerning American policy, which, if followed, would best serve the
+ends of the Kremlin.
+
+This 1961 Arden House meeting dealt with the problem of disarmament.
+Henry M. Wriston (President of American Assembly and Director of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) presided over the three major discussion
+groups--each group, in turn, was under the chairmanship of a member of
+the Council: Raymond J. Sontag of the University of California; Milton
+Katz, Director of International Legal Studies at Harvard; and Dr. Philip
+E. Mosely, Director of Studies for the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+John J. McCloy (a member of the CFR) as President Kennedy's Director of
+Disarmament, sent three subordinates to participate. Two of the three
+(Edmund A. Gullion, Deputy Director of the Disarmament Administration;
+and Shepard Stone, a Ford Foundation official) are members of the CFR.
+
+Here are two major recommendations which the May, 1961, American
+Assembly meeting made:
+
+     (1) that the United States avoid weapons and measures which might
+     give "undue provocation" to the Soviets, and which might reduce the
+     likelihood of disarmament agreements;
+
+     (2) that the United States strengthen its conventional military
+     forces for participation in "limited wars" but avoid building up an
+     ordnance of nuclear weapons.
+
+We cannot match the communist nations in manpower or "conventional
+military forces" and should not try. Our only hope is to keep our
+military manpower in reserve, and uncommitted, in the United States,
+while building an overwhelming superiority in nuclear weapons. When we
+"strengthen our conventional forces for participation in limited wars,"
+we are leaving the Soviets with the initiative to say when and where
+those wars will be fought; and we are committing ourselves to fight with
+the kind of forces in which the Soviets will inevitably have
+superiority. More than that, we are consuming so much of our economic
+resources that we do not have enough left for weaponry of the kind that
+would defend our homeland.
+
+
+AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION
+
+The ADA was founded in April, 1947, at a meeting in the old Willard
+Hotel, Washington, D. C. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
+dominated this meeting--and have dominated the ADA ever since.
+
+Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations who are, or were,
+top officials in Americans For Democratic Action: Francis Biddle,
+Chester Bowles, Marquis Childs, Elmer Davis, William H. Davis, David
+Dubinsky, Thomas K. Finletter, John Kenneth Galbraith, Palmer Hoyt,
+Hubert H. Humphrey, Jacob K. Javits, Herbert H. Lehman, Reinhold
+Niebuhr, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
+
+Here are some of the policies which the ADA openly and vigorously
+advocated in 1961:
+
+     Abolition of the House Committee on Un-American Activities
+
+     Congressional investigation of the John Birch Society
+
+     Total Disarmament under United Nations control
+
+     U. S. recognition of red China
+
+     Admission of red China to the United Nations, in place of
+     nationalist China
+
+     Federal aid to all public schools
+
+     Drastic overhaul of our immigration laws, to permit a more
+     "liberal" admission of immigrants
+
+     Urban renewal and planning for all cities
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here is a good, brief characterization of the ADA, from a _Los Angeles
+Times_ editorial, September 18, 1961:
+
+     "The ADA members ... are as an organization strikingly like the
+     British Fabian Socialists.... The Fabians stood for non-Marxian
+     evolutionary socialism, to be achieved not by class war but by
+     ballot....
+
+     "ADA is not an organization for subversive violence like
+     Marxist-Lenin communism.... The socialism they want to bring about
+     would be quite as total, industrially, as that in Russia, but they
+     would accomplish it by legislation, not by shooting, and, of
+     course, by infiltrating the executive branch of the government...."
+
+
+SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC.
+
+In 1955, Bertrand Russell (British pro-communist socialist) and the late
+Albert Einstein (notorious for the number of communist fronts he
+supported) held a meeting in London (attended by communists and
+socialists from all over the world). In a fanfare of publicity, Russell
+and Einstein demanded international co-operation among atomic
+scientists.
+
+Taking his inspiration from this meeting, Cyrus Eaton (wealthy American
+industrialist, notorious for his consistent pro-communist sympathies),
+in 1956, held the first "Pugwash Conference," which was a gathering of
+pro-Soviet propagandists, called scientists, from red China, the Soviet
+Union, and Western nations.
+
+Another Pugwash Conference was held in 1957; and from these Pugwash
+Conferences, the idea for a Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., emerged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., was founded in November, 1957, with national
+headquarters in New York City, and with Bertrand Russell of England and
+Swedish socialist Gunnar Myrdal (among others) as honorary sponsors.
+
+Officers of Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., are largely second-level
+affiliates of the Council on Foreign Relations, with a good
+representation from the CFR itself. Here are past and present officials
+of SANE, who are also members of the Council on Foreign Relations: Harry
+A. Bullis, Henry Seidel Canby, Norman Cousins, Clark M. Eichelberger,
+Lewis Mumford, Earl D. Osborn, Elmo Roper, James T. Shotwell, James P.
+Warburg.
+
+Other national officials of SANE, who are not members of the CFR, but
+worthy of note, are: Steve Allen, Harry Belafonte, Walt Kelly, Martin
+Luther King, Linus Pauling, Norman Thomas, Bruno Walter.
+
+A typical activity of SANE was a public rally at Madison Square Garden
+in New York City on May 19, 1960, featuring speeches by Eleanor
+Roosevelt, Walter Reuther, Norman Thomas, Alf Landon, Israel Goldstein,
+and G. Mennen Williams. All speakers demanded disarmament and
+strengthening the United Nations until it becomes strong enough to
+maintain world peace.
+
+Commenting on this SANE rally at Madison Square Garden, Senator James O.
+Eastland, Chairman of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee said (in
+a press release from his office, dated October 12, 1960):
+
+     "The communists publicized the meeting well in advance through
+     their own and sympathetic periodicals.... The affair, in Madison
+     Square Garden May 19, was sponsored by the Committee for a Sane
+     Nuclear Policy.... Chief organizer of the Garden meeting, however,
+     was one Henry H. Abrams of 11 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,
+     who was a veteran member of the communist party.... It is to the
+     credit of the officers of the organization that, when Abrams'
+     record of communist connections was brought to their attention,
+     Abrams was immediately discharged."
+
+
+FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE
+
+The Free Europe Committee, Inc., was founded in New York, primarily by
+Herbert H. Lehman (then United States Senator) in 1949. Its revenue
+comes from the big foundations (principally, Ford) and from annual
+fund-raising drives conducted in the name of Crusade for Freedom. The
+main activity of The Free Europe Committee (apart from the fund raising)
+is the running of Radio Free Europe and Free Europe Press.
+
+Every year, Crusade for Freedom (with major assistance from Washington
+officialdom) conducts a vigorous nationwide drive, pleading for "truth
+dollars" from the American people to finance the activities of Radio
+Free Europe and Free Europe Press, which are supposed to be fighting
+communism behind the iron curtain by spreading the truth about communism
+to people in the captive satellite nations.
+
+It is widely known among well-informed anti-communists, however, that
+Radio Free Europe actually helps, rather than hurts, the cause of
+international communism--particularly in the captive nations.
+
+Radio Free Europe broadcasts tell the people behind the iron curtain
+that communism is bad--as if they did not know this better than the RFE
+broadcasters do; but the broadcasts consistently support the programs,
+and present the ideology, of international socialism, always advocating
+the equivalent of a one-world socialist society as the solution to all
+problems. This is, of course, the communist solution. And it is also the
+solution desired by the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+A bill of particulars which reveals that Radio Free Europe helps rather
+than hurts communism with its so-called "anti-communist" broadcasts can
+be found in the _Congressional Record_ for June 20, 1956. An article,
+beginning on page A4908, was put in the _Record_ by former Congressman
+Albert H. Bosch, of New York. It was written by George Brada, a
+Czechoslovakian who fled his homeland after the communists had taken
+over in 1948. Brada now lives in Western Germany and is active in a
+number of anti-communist groups in Western Europe.
+
+In reality, the Free Europe Committee and its subsidiary organizations
+constitute another propaganda front for the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Here, for example, are the CFR members who are, or have been,
+top officials of Free Europe Committee, Crusade for Freedom, or Radio
+Free Europe--or all three: Adolf A. Berle, David K. E. Bruce, General
+Lucius D. Clay, Will L. Clayton, Allen W. Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
+Mark F. Ethridge, Julius Fleischmann, Henry Ford II, Walter S. Gifford,
+Joseph C. Grew, Palmer Hoyt, C. D. Jackson, Herbert H. Lehman, Henry R.
+Luce, Edward R. Murrow, Irving S. Olds, Arthur W. Page, David Sarnoff,
+Whitney H. Shepardson, George N. Shuster, Charles M. Spofford, Harold E.
+Stassen, H. Gregory Thomas, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr.
+
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations has had a strong (though, probably, not
+controlling) hand in the NAACP. Felix Frankfurter, CFR member, was an
+attorney for the NAACP for ten years. Other CFR members who are, or
+were, officials of the NAACP: Ralph Bunche, Norman Cousins, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Hammond, Herbert H. Lehman.
+
+
+AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA
+
+The American Committee on Africa is a propaganda agency which
+concentrates on condemning the apartheid policies of the government of
+the Union of South Africa--a nation of white people (practically
+encircled by millions of black savages), who feel that their racial
+policies are their only hope of avoiding total submergence and
+destruction. In addition to disseminating propaganda to create ill-will
+for South Africa among Americans, the American Committee on Africa gives
+financial assistance to agitators and revolutionaries in the Union of
+South Africa.
+
+It has, for example, given financial aid to 156 persons charged with
+treason under the laws of the Union.
+
+Here are some of the Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials of the American Committee on Africa: Gardner Cowles, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Gunther, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Dr. Robert L.
+Johnson, Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Mrs. Chester
+Bowles is also an official.
+
+
+WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN
+
+The World Population Emergency Campaign urges the United States
+government to use American tax money in an effort to solve the world
+population problem. It specifically endorses the 1959 Draper Report on
+foreign aid, which recommended that the United States appropriate money
+for a United Nations population control project.
+
+Leadership of the World Population Emergency Campaign is dominated by
+such CFR members as: Will L. Clayton, Lammot DuPont Copeland, Major
+General William H. Draper, John Nuveen. Most of the members of the
+"Campaign" also belong to the Atlantic Union Committee, or to some other
+second-level affiliate of the CFR.
+
+
+SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE
+
+The School of International Service at American University in
+Washington, D. C., initiated a new academic program to train foreign
+service officers and other officials in newly independent nations,
+commencing in September, 1961. The foreign diplomats will study courses
+on land reforms, finance, labor problems, and several courses on Soviet
+and Chinese communism. The program (under the newly created Center of
+Diplomacy and Foreign Policy) is directed by former Under Secretary of
+State Loy W. Henderson, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+
+INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
+
+In 1919, Elihu Root and Stephen Duggan (both members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations) founded the Institute of International Education, to
+develop international understanding and goodwill through exchange of
+students, teachers, and others in the educational field.
+
+Prior to World War II, the Institute was financed by the Carnegie
+Corporation. Since the War, the federal government has contributed a
+little more than one-third of the Institute's annual income of about 1.8
+million dollars. Foundations, corporations, individuals, and colleges,
+contribute the rest.
+
+The Institute is wholly a CFR operation. Its officials are: Stanley C.
+Allyn, Edward W. Barrett, Chester Bowles, Ralph J. Bunche, William C.
+Foster, Arthur A. Houghton, Grayson L. Kirk, Edward R. Murrow, George N.
+Shuster, and James D. Zellerbach--all members of the CFR.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 10
+
+COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
+
+
+
+In nine chapters of this Volume, I have managed to discuss only a few of
+the most powerful organizations interlocked with the Council on Foreign
+Relations, to form an amazing web which is the invisible government of
+the United States. There are scores of such organizations.
+
+I have managed to name, relatively, only a few of the influential
+individuals who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, or of
+affiliated agencies, and who also occupy key jobs in the executive
+branch of government, including the Presidency.
+
+I have asserted that the objective of the invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist nation and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.
+
+The managers of the combine do not admit this, of course. They are
+"liberals" who say that the old "negative" kind of government we used to
+have is inadequate for this century. The liberals' "positive" foreign
+policy is said to be necessary for "world peace" and for meeting
+"America's responsibility" in the world. Their "positive" domestic
+policies are said to be necessary for the continued improvement and
+progress of our "free-enterprise" system.
+
+But the "positive" foreign policy for peace has dragged us into so many
+international commitments (many of which are in direct conflict with
+each other: such as, our subsidizing national independence for former
+colonies of European powers, while we are also subsidizing the European
+powers trying to keep the colonies) that, if we continue in our present
+direction, we will inevitably find ourselves in perpetual war for
+perpetual peace--or we will surrender our freedom and national
+independence and become an out-voted province in a socialist one-world
+system.
+
+The liberals' "positive" domestic policies always bring the federal
+government into the role of subsidizing and controlling the economic
+activities of the people; and that is the known highway to the total,
+tyrannical socialist state.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations is rapidly achieving its purpose. An
+obvious reason for its success: it is reaching the American public with
+its clever propaganda.
+
+However much power the CFR combine may have inside the agencies of
+government; however extensive the reach of its propaganda through
+organizations designed to "educate" the public to acceptance of CFR
+ideas--the CFR needs to reach the _mass_ audience of Americans who do
+not belong to, or attend the meetings of, or read material distributed
+by, the propaganda organizations. Council on Foreign Relations leaders
+are aware of this need, and they have met it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the 1957 Annual Report of the Committee for Economic Development (a
+major propaganda arm of the CFR), Gardner Cowles, then Chairman of CED's
+Information Committee, did a bit of boasting about how successful CED
+had been in communicating its ideas to the general public. Mr. Cowles
+said:
+
+     "The value of CED's research and recommendations is directly
+     related to its ability to communicate them ... the organization's
+     role as an agency that can influence private and public economic
+     policies and decisions ... can be effective ... only to the extent
+     that CED gets its ideas across to thinking people....
+
+     "During the year [1957], the Information Division [of CED]
+     distributed 42 pamphlets having a total circulation of 545,585;
+     issued 37 press releases and texts of statements; arranged 4 press
+     conferences, 10 radio and television appearances, 12 speeches for
+     Trustees, 3 magazine articles and the publication of 3 books.... In
+     assessing the year, we are reminded again of the great debt we owe
+     the nation's editors. Their regard for the objectivity and
+     non-partisanship of CED's work is reflected in the exceptional
+     attention they give to what CED has to say. The [CED] statement,
+     'Toward a Realistic Farm Policy,' for example not only received
+     extended news treatment but was the subject of 362 editorials. The
+     circulation represented in the editorials alone totaled
+     19,336,299."
+
+Mr. Cowles was modest. He gave only a hint of the total extent to which
+the mass-communication media have become a controlled propaganda network
+for the Council on Foreign Relations and its inter-connecting agencies.
+
+I doubt that anyone really knows the full extent. My research reveals a
+few of the CFR members who have (or have had) controlling, or extremely
+influential, positions in the publishing and broadcasting industries. My
+list of _CFR members_ in this field is far from complete; and I have not
+tried to compile a list of the thousands of people who are _not_ members
+of the CFR, but who _are_ members of CED, FPA, or of some other CFR
+affiliate--and who also control important channels of public
+communications.
+
+Hence, the following list--of Council on Foreign Relations members whom
+I know to be influential in the communications industries--is intended
+to be indicative, rather than comprehensive and informative:
+
+     Herbert Agar (former Editor, _Louisville Courier-Journal_)
+
+     Hanson W. Baldwin (Military Affairs Editor, _New York Times_)
+
+     Joseph Barnes (Editor-in-Chief, Simon & Schuster, Publishers)
+
+     Elliott V. Bell (Chairman of Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill
+     Publishing Co.; Publisher and Editor of _Business Week_)
+
+     John Mason Brown (Editor, _Saturday Review of Literature_, drama
+     critic, author)
+
+     Cass Canfield (Chairman of the Editorial Board of Harper &
+     Brothers, Publishers)
+
+     Marquis Childs (author, syndicated columnist)
+
+     Norman Cousins (Editor-in-Chief, _Saturday Review of Literature_)
+
+     Gardner Cowles, quoted above from the 1957 CED Annual Report, and
+     John Cowles (They occupy controlling offices in Cowles Magazine
+     Company, which owns such publications as _Look_, _Minneapolis Star
+     and Tribune_, and _Des Moines Register and Tribune_, and which also
+     owns a broadcasting company.)
+
+     Mark Ethridge (Publisher, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Louisville
+     Times_)
+
+     George Gallup (public opinion analyst, Gallup Poll; President,
+     National Municipal League)
+
+     Philip Graham (Publisher, _Washington Post and Times Herald_)
+
+     Allen Grover (Vice President of _Time_, Inc.)
+
+     Joseph C. Harsch (of _The Christian Science Monitor_)
+
+     August Heckscher (Editor, _New York Herald Tribune_)
+
+     Palmer Hoyt (Publisher, _Denver Post_)
+
+     David Lawrence (President and Editor-in-Chief, _U. S. News and
+     World Report_)
+
+     Hal Lehrman (Editor, _New York Post_)
+
+     Irving Levine (NBC news official and commentator)
+
+     Walter Lippmann (author, syndicated columnist)
+
+     Henry R. Luce (Publisher, _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _Sports
+     Illustrated_)
+
+     Malcolm Muir (Chairman of the Board and Editor-in-Chief,
+     _Newsweek_)
+
+     William S. Paley (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting
+     System)
+
+     Ogden Reid (former Chairman of the Board, _New York Herald
+     Tribune_)
+
+     Whitelaw Reid (former Editor-in-Chief, _New York Herald Tribune_)
+
+     James B. Reston (Editorial writer, _New York Times_)
+
+     Elmo Roper (public opinion analyst, Roper Poll)
+
+     David Sarnoff (Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of
+     America--NBC, RCA Victor, etc.)
+
+     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board,
+     Book-of-the-Month Club)
+
+     William L. Shirer (author, news commentator)
+
+     Paul C. Smith (President and Editor-in-Chief, Crowell-Collier
+     Publishing Company)
+
+     Leland Stone (head of News Reporting for Radio Free Europe,
+     _Chicago Daily News_ foreign correspondent)
+
+     Robert Kenneth Straus (former research director for F. D.
+     Roosevelt's Council of Economic Advisers; owner and publisher of
+     the San Fernando, California, _Sun_; largest stockholder and member
+     of Board of Orange Coast Publishing Company, which publishes the
+     _Daily Globe-Herald_ of Costa Mesa, the _Pilot_ and other small
+     newspapers in California; member of group which owns and publishes
+     _American Heritage_ and _Horizon_ magazines; Treasurer and
+     Director of Industrial Publishing Company of Cleveland, which
+     publishes trade magazines)
+
+     Arthur Hayes Sulzberger (Chairman of the Board, _New York Times_)
+
+     C. L. Sulzberger (Editorial writer, _New York Times_)
+
+I do not mean to imply that all of these people are controlled by the
+Council on Foreign Relations, or that they uniformly support the total
+program of international socialism which the Council wants. The Council
+does not _own_ its members: it merely has varying degrees of influence
+on each.
+
+For example, former President Herbert Hoover, a member of the Council,
+has fought eloquently against many basic policies which the Council
+supports. Spruille Braden is another.
+
+Mr. Braden formerly held several important ambassadorial posts and at
+one time was Assistant Secretary of State in charge of American Republic
+Affairs. In recent years, Mr. Braden has given leadership to many
+patriotic organizations and efforts, such as For America and The John
+Birch Society; and, in testimony before various committees of Congress,
+he has given much valuable information about communist influences in the
+State Department.
+
+Mr. Braden joined the Council on Foreign Relations in the late 1920's or
+early 30's, when membership in the Council was a fashionable badge of
+respectability, helpful to the careers of young men in the foreign
+service, in the same way that membership in expensive country clubs and
+similar organizations is considered helpful to the careers of young
+business executives.
+
+Men who know Braden well say that he stayed in the Council after he came
+to realize its responsibility for the policies of disaster which our
+nation has followed in the postwar era--hoping to exert some
+pro-American influence inside the Council.
+
+It apparently was a frustrated hope. There is a story in well-informed
+New York circles about the last time the Council on Foreign Relations
+ever called on Spruille Braden to participate in an important activity.
+Braden was asked to preside over a Council on Foreign Relations meeting
+when the featured speaker was Herbert Matthews (member of the _New York
+Times_ editorial board) whose support of communist Castro in Cuba is
+notorious. It is said that the anti-communist viewpoint which Braden
+tried to inject into this meeting will rather well guarantee against his
+ever being asked to officiate at another CFR affair.
+
+Generally, however, the degree of influence which the CFR exerts upon
+its own members is very high indeed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Apart from an occasional article or editorial which criticizes some
+aspect of, or some leader in, the socialist revolution in America; and
+despite much rhetoric in praise of "free enterprise" and "the American
+way," such publications as _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _New York Times_,
+_New York Post_, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Washington Post and
+Times Herald_, _Saturday Review of Literature_, the _Denver Post_, _The
+Christian Science Monitor_ and _Look_ (I name only those, in the list
+above, which I, personally, have read a great deal.) have not one time
+in the past 15 years spoken editorially against any fundamentally
+important aspect of the over-all governmental policies which are
+dragging this nation into socialism and world government--at least, not
+to my knowledge.
+
+On the contrary, these publications heartily support those policies,
+criticizing them, if at all, only about some detail--or for being too
+timid, small and slow!
+
+In contrast, David Lawrence, of _U. S. News & World Report_, publishes
+fine, objective news-reporting, often featuring articles which factually
+expose the costly fallacies of governmental policy. This is especially
+true of _U. S. News & World Report_ in connection with domestic issues.
+On matters of foreign policy, David Lawrence often goes down the line
+for the internationalist policy--being convinced (as all
+internationalists seem to be) that this is the only policy possible for
+America in the "shrunken world" of the twentieth century.
+
+An intelligent man like David Lawrence--who must see the endless and
+unbroken chain of disasters which the internationalist foreign policy
+has brought to America; and who is thoroughly familiar with the proven
+record of marvelous success which our traditional policy of benign
+neutrality and no-permanent-involvement enjoyed: how can he still feel
+that we are nonetheless inescapably bound to follow the policy of
+disaster? I wish I knew.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 11
+
+INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES
+
+
+
+Members of Congress are not unaware of the far-reaching power of the
+tax-exempt private organization--the CFR; but the power of the Council
+is somewhat indicated by the fact that no committee of Congress has yet
+been powerful enough to investigate it or the foundations with which it
+has interlocking connections and from which it receives its support.
+
+On August 1, 1951, Congressman E. E. Cox (Democrat, Georgia) introduced
+a resolution in the House asking for a Committee to conduct a thorough
+investigation of tax-exempt foundations. Congressman Cox said that some
+of the great foundations,
+
+     "had operated in the field of social reform and international
+     relations (and) many have brought down on themselves harsh and just
+     condemnation."
+
+He named the Rockefeller Foundation,
+
+     "whose funds have been used to finance individuals and
+     organizations whose business it has been to get communism into the
+     private and public schools of the country, to talk down America and
+     to play up Russia."
+
+He cited the Guggenheim Foundation, whose money,
+
+     "was used to spread radicalism throughout the country to an extent
+     not excelled by any other foundation."
+
+He listed the Carnegie Corporation, The Rosenwald Fund, and other
+foundations, saying:
+
+     "There are disquieting evidences that at least a few of the
+     foundations have permitted themselves to be infiltrated by men and
+     women who are disloyal to our American way of life. They should be
+     investigated and exposed to the pitiless light of publicity, and
+     appropriate legislation should be framed to correct the present
+     situation."
+
+Congressman Cox's resolution, proposing an investigation of foundations,
+died in Committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On March 10, 1952, Cox introduced the same resolution again. Because he
+had mentioned foundation support for Langston Hughes, a Negro communist,
+Congressman Cox was accused of racial prejudice. Because he had
+criticized the Rosenwald Fund for making grants to known communists, he
+was called anti-semitic. But the Cox resolution was adopted in 1952; and
+the Cox committee to investigate tax-exempt foundations was set up.
+
+Congressman Cox died before the end of the year; and the final report of
+his committee (filed January 1, 1953) was a pathetic whitewash of the
+whole subject.
+
+A Republican-controlled Congress (the 83rd) came into existence in
+January, 1953.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On April 23, 1953, the late Congressman Carroll Reece, (Republican,
+Tennessee) introduced a resolution proposing a committee to carry on the
+"unfinished business" of the defunct Cox Committee. The new committee to
+investigate tax-exempt foundations (popularly known as the Reece
+Committee) was approved by Congress on July 27, 1953. It went out of
+existence on January 3, 1955, having proven, mainly, that the mammoth
+tax-exempt foundations have such power in the White House, in Congress,
+and in the press that they are quite beyond the reach of a mere
+committee of the Congress of the United States.
+
+If you want to read this whole incredible (and rather terrifying) story,
+I suggest _Foundations_, a book written by Rene A. Wormser who was
+general counsel to the Reece Committee. His book was published in 1958
+by The Devin-Adair Company.
+
+In the final report on Tax-Exempt Foundations, which the late
+Congressman Reece made for his ill-fated Special Committee (Report
+published December 16, 1954, by the Government Printing Office), Mr.
+Reece said:
+
+     "Miss Casey's report (Hearings pp. 877, et seq.) shows clearly the
+     interlock between _The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_,
+     and some of its associated organizations, such as the _Council on
+     Foreign Relations_ and other foundations, with the State
+     Department. Indeed, these foundations and organizations would not
+     dream of denying this interlock. They proudly note it in reports.
+     They have undertaken vital research projects for the Department;
+     virtually created minor departments or groups within the Department
+     for it; supplied advisors and executives from their ranks; fed a
+     constant stream of personnel into the State Department trained by
+     themselves or under programs which they have financed; and have had
+     much to do with the formulation of foreign policy both in principle
+     and detail.
+
+     "They have, to a marked degree, acted as direct agents of the State
+     Department. And they have engaged actively, and with the
+     expenditure of enormous sums, in propagandizing ('educating'?)
+     public opinion in support of the policies which they have helped to
+     formulate....
+
+     "What we see here is a number of large foundations, primarily _The
+     Rockefeller Foundation_, _The Carnegie Corporation of New York_,
+     and the _Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_, using their
+     enormous public funds to finance a one-sided approach to foreign
+     policy and to promote it actively, among the public by propaganda,
+     and in the Government through infiltration. The power to do this
+     comes out of the power of the vast funds employed."
+
+Mr. Reece listed The Council on Foreign Relations, The Institute of
+International Education, The Foreign Policy Association, and The
+Institute of Pacific Relations, as among the interlocking organizations
+which are "agencies of these foundations," and pointed out that research
+and propaganda which does not support the "globalism" (or
+internationalism) to which all of these agencies are dedicated, receive
+little support from the tax-exempt foundations.
+
+I disagree with Mr. Reece here, only in the placing of emphasis. As I
+see it, the foundations (which do finance the vast, complex, and
+powerful interlock of organizations devoted to a socialist one-world
+system) have, nonetheless, become the "agencies" of the principal
+organization which they finance--the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Reece Committee investigation threw some revealing light on the
+historical blackout which the Council on Foreign Relations has ordered
+and conducted.
+
+Men who run the Council do not want the policies and measures of
+Franklin D. Roosevelt to undergo the critical analysis and objective
+study which exposed the policies of Woodrow Wilson after World War I.
+The Council has decided that the official propaganda of World War II
+must be perpetuated as history and the public protected from learning
+the truth. Hence, the Council sponsors historical works which give the
+socialist-internationalist version of historical events prior to and
+during World War II, while ignoring, or debunking, revisionist studies
+which attempt to tell the truth.
+
+Here is how all of this is put in the 1946 Annual Report of the
+Rockefeller Foundation:
+
+     "The Committee on Studies of the Council on Foreign Relations is
+     concerned that the debunking journalistic campaign following World
+     War I should not be repeated and believes that the American public
+     deserves a clear competent statement of our basic aims and
+     activities during the second World War."
+
+In 1946, the Rockefeller Foundation allotted $139,000 to the cost of a
+two-volume history of World War II, written by William L. Langer, a
+member of the CFR, and S. Everett Gleason. The generous grant was
+supplemented by a gift of $10,000 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
+The Langer-Gleason work was published by Harper and Brothers for the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Volume I in 1952 under the title, _The
+Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_; Volume II in 1953, under the
+title, _The Undeclared War_.
+
+The CFR's stated purpose in bringing out this work was to head off the
+revisionist historians like Charles Callan Tansill, Harry Elmer Barnes,
+Frederic R. Sanborn, George Morgenstern, Frances Neilson. The truth,
+however, is not easy to suppress. Though written by and for the CFR, to
+perpetuate that organization's version of history, the Langer-Gleason
+volumes contain a wealth of information which helps to prove the basic
+thesis of this present volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One thing that the ill-fated Reece Committee found out in 1953-55, when
+trying to investigate the foundations, is that the tax-exempt
+organizations are set up, not for the purpose of doing some good in our
+society, but for the purpose of avoiding the income tax.
+
+Rene A. Wormser, in _Foundation_ says:
+
+     "The chief motivation in the creation of foundations has long
+     ceased to be pure philanthropy--it is now predominantly tax
+     avoidance.... The increasing tax burden on income and estates has
+     greatly accelerated a trend toward creation of foundations as
+     instruments for the retention of control over capital assets that
+     would otherwise be lost....
+
+     "The creation of a new foundation very often serves the purpose of
+     contributing to a favorable public opinion for the person or
+     corporation that endows it...."
+
+The tax-exempt organizations have a vested interest in the oppressive,
+inequitable, and wasteful federal-income-tax system. Tax experts have
+devised, for example, a complicated scheme by which a wealthy man can
+actually save money by giving to tax-exempt organizations.
+
+In short, many of the great philanthropies which buy fame and
+respectability for wealthy individuals, or corporations, are
+tax-avoidance schemes which, every year, add billions to the billions of
+private capital which is thus sterilized. These accumulations of
+tax-exempt billions place a heavier burden on taxpayers. Removing
+billions from taxation, the tax-exempt organizations thus obviously make
+taxpayers pay more in order to produce all that government demands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The big tax-exempt organizations use their tax-exempt billions to buy
+prestige and power for themselves, and to bludgeon some critics into
+silence. For example, the Ford Foundation established the Fund for the
+Republic with a 15 million dollar grant in 1952--at a time when public
+awareness of the communist danger was seeping into the thinking of
+enough Americans to create a powerful anti-communist movement in this
+country.
+
+By late 1955, the Fund's activities (publicly granting awards to
+fifth-amendment communists and so on) had become so blatant that public
+indignation was rising significantly. Just at the right time, the Ford
+Foundation announced a gift of 500 million dollars to the colleges of
+America.
+
+Newspapers--also beholden in many ways to the big foundations--which
+will not publish news about the foundations' anti-American activities,
+give banner headlines to the lavish benefactions for purposes
+universally believed to be good.
+
+Where will you find a college administration that will not defend the
+Ford Foundation against all critics--if the college has just received,
+or is in line to receive, a million-dollar gift from the Foundation?
+
+How far must you search to find college professors or school teachers
+who will not defend the Foundation which gives 25 million dollars at one
+time, to raise the salaries of professors or school teachers?
+
+Where will you find a plain John Doe citizen who is not favorably
+impressed that the hospitals and colleges in his community have received
+a multi-million dollar gift from a big foundation?
+
+Every significant movement to destroy the American way of life has been
+directed and financed, in whole or in part, by tax-exempt organizations,
+which are entrenched in public opinion as benefactors of our society.
+
+Worst of all: this tremendous power and prestige are in the hands of
+what Rene Wormser calls a special elite--a group of eggheads like Robert
+Hutchins (or worse) who neither understand nor respect the
+profit-motivated economic principles and the great political ideal of
+individual-freedom-under-limited-government which made our nation great.
+
+Overlapping of personnel clearly shows a tight interlock between the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the big foundations.
+
+The following information, concerning assets and officers of
+foundations, all comes from _The Foundation Directory_, prepared by The
+Foundation Library Center and published by the Russell Sage Foundation,
+New York City, 1960.
+
+FORD FOUNDATION: Assets totaling $3,316,000,000.00 (3 billion, 316
+million) on September 30, 1959. The Trustees of the Ford Foundation are:
+Eugene R. Black (CFR); James B. Black; James F. Brownlee; John Cowles
+(CFR); Donald K. David (CFR); Mark F. Ethridge (CFR); Benson Ford; Henry
+Ford II; H. Rowan Gaither, Jr. (CFR); Laurence M. Gould (CFR); Henry T.
+Heald (CFR); Roy E. Larsen; John J. McCloy (CFR); Julius A. Stratton
+(CFR); Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (CFR).
+
+Note that of the 15 members of the Board of Trustees, 10 are members of
+the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).
+
+FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, Santa Barbara, California, a subsidiary of Ford,
+had assets totaling $6,667,022.00 on September 30, 1957. Officers and
+directors: Robert Hutchins; Paul G. Hoffman (CFR); Elmo Roper (CFR);
+George N. Shuster (CFR); Harry S. Ashmore; Bruce Catton; Charles W. Cole
+(CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; William H. Joyce, Jr.; Meyer Kestnbaum (CFR);
+Msgr. Francis Lally; Herbert H. Lehman (CFR); M. Albert Linton; J.
+Howard Marshall; Jubal R. Parten; Alicia Patterson; Mrs. Eleanor B.
+Stevenson; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR).
+
+Note that 7 of the 18 are CFR members.
+
+ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 111 West 50th Street, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $647,694,858.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Dean Rusk (CFR); Barry Bingham;
+Chester Bowles (CFR); Lloyd D. Brace; Richard Bradfield (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Ralph J. Bunche (CFR); John S. Dickey (CFR); Lewis W.
+Douglas (CFR); Lee A. DuBridge; Wallace K. Harrison; Arthur A. Houghton,
+Jr. (CFR); John R. Kimberly (CFR); Robert F. Loeb; Robert A. Lovett
+(CFR); Benjamin M. McKelway; Henry Allen Moe; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR);
+W. Barry Wood, Jr.
+
+Of the 20, 12 are CFR members.
+
+ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, New York,
+had assets totaling $53,174,210.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Laurence S. Rockefeller; David Rockefeller (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Wallace K. Harrison; Abby Rockefeller Mauze; Abby M.
+O'Neill; John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Nelson A. Rockefeller (CFR);
+Winthrop Rockefeller.
+
+Of the 9, 4 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK, 589 Fifth Avenue, New York 17, New
+York, had assets totaling $261,244,471.00 on September 30, 1959.
+Officers and Trustees: John W. Gardner (CFR); Morris Hadley; James A.
+Perkins (CFR); Robert F. Bacher; Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); C. D. Jackson
+(CFR); Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Nicholas Kelley (CFR); Malcolm A.
+MacIntyre (CFR); Margaret Carnegie Miller; Frederick Osborn (CFR);
+Gwilym A. Price; Elihu Root, Jr. (CFR); Frederick Sheffield; Charles
+Spofford (CFR); Charles Allen Thomas.
+
+Of the 16, 10 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, United Nations Plaza & 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, had a net worth of $22,577,134.00 on June
+30, 1958. Officers and Trustees: Joseph E. Johnson (CFR); Whitney North
+Seymour (CFR); O. Frederick Nolde; Lawrence S. Finkelstein (CFR); Arthur
+K. Watson (CFR); James M. Nicely (CFR); Dillon Anderson (CFR); Charles
+E. Beard; Robert Blum (CFR); Harvey H. Bundy (CFR); David L. Cole;
+Frederick S. Dunn (CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; Ernest A. Gross (CFR);
+Philip C. Jessup (CFR); Milton Katz (CFR); Grayson L. Kirk (CFR); Mrs.
+Clare Boothe Luce; Charles A. Meyer (CFR); Otto L. Nelson, Jr.; Ellmore
+C. Patterson (CFR); Howard C. Petersen (CFR); Howard P. Robertson; David
+Rockefeller (CFR); W. J. Schieffelin, Jr.; George N. Shuster (CFR).
+
+Of the 26, 18 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, had assets totaling
+$20,043,859.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and Trustees: Carter Davidson
+(CFR); John W. Gardner (CFR); James A. Perkins (CFR); William F.
+Houston; Harvie Branscomb; Arthur H. Dean (CFR); Robert F. Goheen (CFR);
+Laurence M. Gould (CFR); A. Whitney Griswold (CFR); Rufus C. Harris;
+Frederick L. Hovde (CFR); Clark Kerr; Lawrence A. Kimpton; Grayson L.
+Kirk (CFR); Thomas S. Lamont (CFR); Robert A. Lovett (CFR); Howard F.
+Lowry; N. A. M. MacKenzie; Katharine E. McBride; Millicent C. McIntosh;
+John S. Millis (CFR); Franklin D. Murphy (CFR); Nathan M. Pusey (CFR);
+Herman B. Wells (CFR); Logan Wilson; O. Meredith Wilson.
+
+Of the 26, 15 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 1530 "P" Street, N.W., Washington 5,
+D. C., had assets totaling $80,838,528.00 on June 30, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); Walter S. Gifford (CFR); Barklie McKee
+Henry; Robert Woods Bliss (CFR); James F. Bell; General Omar N. Bradley;
+Vannevar Bush; Crawford H. Greenewalt; Alfred L. Loomis (CFR); Robert A.
+Lovett (CFR); Keith S. McHugh; Margaret Carnegie Miller; Henry S. Morgan
+(CFR); Seeley G. Mudd; William I. Myers; Henning W. Prentis, Jr.; Elihu
+Root, Jr. (CFR); Henry R. Shepley; Charles P. Taft; Juan Terry Trippe
+(CFR); James N. White; Robert E. Wilson.
+
+Of the 22, 8 are CFR members.
+
+ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $175,533,110.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Albert Bradley (CFR); Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (CFR); Raymond P.
+Sloan; Arnold J. Zurcher (CFR); Frank W. Abrams; Henry C. Alexander
+(CFR); Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. (CFR); General Lucius D. Clay (CFR);
+John L. Collyer (CFR); Lewis W. Douglas (CFR); Frank A. Howard;
+Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Mervin J. Kelly (CFR); James R. Killian, Jr.
+(CFR); Laurence S. Rockefeller; George Whitney (CFR).
+
+Of the 16, 12 are CFR members.
+
+THE COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 5500 Maspeth Avenue, New York 78, New
+York, had assets totaling $119,904,614.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and
+Trustees: Malcolm P. Aldrich; John A. Gifford; Leo D. Welch (CFR);
+George P. Berry; Roger M. Blough (CFR); Harry P. Davison (CFR); Harold
+B. Hoskins; J. Quigg Newton (CFR); William E. Stevenson (CFR); Henry C.
+Taylor.
+
+Of the 10, 6 are CFR members.
+
+TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, INC., 41 East 70th Street, New York 3, New York,
+had assets totaling $17,522,441.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (CFR); Francis Biddle (CFR); August
+Heckscher (CFR); Hans Christian Sonne (CFR); Morris B. Abram; Arthur F.
+Burns (CFR); Erwin D. Canham (CFR); Evans Clark (CFR); Benjamin V. Cohen
+(CFR); Wallace K. Harrison (CFR); David E. Lilienthal (CFR); Robert S.
+Lynd; James G. McDonald (CFR); J. Robert Oppenheimer (CFR); Edmund
+Orgill; James H. Rowe, Jr.; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (CFR); Herman W.
+Steinkraus; Charles P. Taft; W. W. Waymack.
+
+Of the 20, 13 are CFR members.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 12
+
+WHY? WHAT CAN WE DO?
+
+
+
+Claiming to believe in the high destiny of America as a world-leader,
+our invisible government urges timid policies of appeasement and
+surrender which make America a world whipping-boy rather than a world
+leader. Claiming to believe in the dignity and worth of the human
+individual, the modern liberals who run our invisible government urge an
+ever-growing welfare-state which is destroying individualism--which has
+already so weakened the American sense of personal responsibility that
+crime rates have increased 98 percent in our land during the past ten
+years.
+
+Why? Why do prominent Americans support programs which are so harmful?
+It is a difficult question to answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a
+few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want
+America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the
+control of the Kremlin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some may actually dislike communists, but feel that one-world socialism
+is desirable and inevitable. They are working with a sense of urgency
+for a "benign" world socialist dictatorship to forestall the Kremlin
+from imposing its brand of world dictatorship by force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some leaders in the invisible government are brilliant and power-hungry
+men who feel that the masses are unable to govern themselves and who
+want to set up a great dictatorship which will give them power to
+arrange things for the masses.
+
+The leadership of the invisible government doubtless rests in the hands
+of a sinister or power-hungry few; but its real strength is in the
+thousands of Americans who have been drawn into the web for other
+reasons. Many, if not most, of these are status-seekers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When you are a rising junior executive, or a man of any age looking for
+good business and social connections, it seems good to go to a luncheon
+where you can sit at the head table and call leaders of the community by
+their first names. Most of the propaganda agencies affiliated with the
+Council on Foreign Relations provide such opportunities for members.
+
+A businessman enjoys coming home from a black-tie affair in New York or
+Washington where he and a few other "chosen" men have been given a
+"confidential, off-the-record briefing" by some high governmental
+official. The Council on Foreign Relations provides such experiences for
+officials of companies which contribute money to the CFR.
+
+This status-seeking is a way of life for thousands of American
+businessmen. Some of them would not give it up even if they knew their
+activities were supporting the socialist revolution, although at heart
+they are opposed to socialism. Most of them, however, would withdraw
+from the Foreign Policy Association, and the World Affairs Councils, and
+the Committee for Economic Development, and the American Association for
+the UN, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the
+Advertising Council, and similar organizations, if they were educated to
+an understanding of what their membership in such organizations really
+means.
+
+The job of every American who knows and cares is to make sure that all
+of the people in the invisible government network know exactly what they
+are doing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But beyond that, what can we do? What can we Americans do about the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its countless tentacles of power and
+money and influence and propaganda which are wrapped around all the
+levers of political power in Washington; which reach into the schools
+and churches and respected civic organizations of America; which control
+major media of communications; which are insinuated into controlling
+positions in the big unions; and which even have a grip on the prestige
+and money of major American corporations?
+
+It is often suggested that investigation by the FBI might be the answer.
+
+For example, after the March-April Term (1960) Grand Jury in Fulton
+County, Georgia, condemned Foreign Policy Association literature as
+"insidious and subversive" and the American Legion Post published _The
+Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ to document the Grand Jury's
+findings (see Chapter V), supporters of the Foreign Policy Association
+denounced the legionnaires, saying, in effect, that if there were a need
+to investigate the FPA, the investigation should be done in proper,
+legal manner by trained FBI professionals and not by "vigilantes" and
+"amateurs" and "bigoted ignoramuses" on some committee of an American
+Legion Post.
+
+This is an effective propaganda technique. It gives many the idea that
+the organization under criticism has nothing to hide and is willing to
+have all its activities thoroughly investigated, if the investigation is
+conducted properly and decently.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But the fact is that the FBI has no jurisdiction to investigate the kind
+of activities engaged in by the Foreign Policy Association and its
+related and affiliated organizations. The Foreign Policy Association is
+not a _communist_ organization. If it were, it could be handled easily.
+The Attorney General and the committees of Congress could simply post it
+as a communist organization. Then, it would receive support only from
+people who are conscious instruments of the communist conspiracy; and
+there are not, relatively, very many of those in the United States.
+
+The FPA's Councils on World Affairs are supported by patriotic community
+leaders. Yet, these Councils have done more than all _communists_ have
+ever managed to do, in brainwashing the American people with propaganda
+_for_ governmental intervention in the economic affairs of the people,
+and _for_ endless permanent entanglement in the affairs of foreign
+nations--thus preparing this nation _for_ submergence in a one-world
+socialist system, which is the objective of communism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Inasmuch as the invisible government is composed of organizations which
+enjoy the special privilege of federal tax-exemption (a privilege seldom
+given to organizations advocating return to traditional American
+policies) it is often suggested that public pressures might persuade the
+Treasury Department to withdraw the tax-exempt privilege from these
+organizations.
+
+How could the Treasury Department ever be persuaded to take action
+against the Council on Foreign Relations, when the Council controls the
+Department? Douglas Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury, is a member of
+the CFR.
+
+It is impractical to think of getting Treasury Department action against
+the CFR. Moreover, such a solution to the problem could be dangerous.
+
+A governmental agency which has limitless power to withdraw special
+tax-privileges must also have limitless power to grant special
+privileges. The Treasury Department could destroy all of the
+organizations composing the invisible government interlock by the simple
+action of withdrawing the tax-exempt privilege, thus drying up major
+sources of revenue. But the Treasury Department could then create
+another Frankenstein monster by giving tax-exemption to other
+organizations.
+
+It is often suggested that some congressional committee investigate the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the network of organizations
+interlocked with it.
+
+Yet, as we have seen, two different committees of Congress--one
+Democrat-controlled and one Republican-controlled--_have tried_ to
+investigate the big tax-exempt foundations which are interlocked with,
+and controlled by, and provide the primary source of revenue for, the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its affiliates.
+
+Both committees were gutted with ridicule and vicious denunciation, not
+just by the official communist party press, but by internationalists in
+the Congress, by spokesmen for the executive branch of government, and
+by big respected publishing and broadcasting firms which are a part of
+the controlled propaganda network of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The invisible government is not, however, beyond the reach of the whole
+Congress, _if_ the Congress has the spur and support of an informed
+public.
+
+Our only hope lies in the Congress which _is_ responsive to public will,
+when that will is fully and insistently expressed.
+
+Every time I suggest that aroused citizens write their Congressmen and
+Senators, I get complaints from people who say they have been writing
+for years and that it does no good.
+
+Yet, remember the Connally Reservation issue in January, 1960. The
+Humphrey Resolution (to repeal the Connally Reservation and thus permit
+the World Court to assume unlimited jurisdiction over American affairs)
+was before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Chairman of this
+Committee was J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) a Rhodes-scholar
+internationalist, determined to repeal the Connally Reservation. Leaders
+in Congress and in the Administration were determined to repeal the
+Connally Reservation, and so was the invisible government of the United
+States--which means that the vast thought-controlling machine of the CFR
+(radio and television networks; major newspapers and magazines; and an
+imposing array of civic, church, professional, and "educational"
+organizations) had been in high gear for many months, saturating the
+public with "world-peace-through-world-law" propaganda intended to shame
+and scare the public into accepting repeal of the Connally Reservation.
+
+But word got out, and the American public positively Stunned Congress
+with protests. Fulbright let the resolution die in committee.
+
+The expression of public will was massive and explosive in connection
+with the Connally Reservation, whereas in connection with many other
+equally important issues, the public seems indifferent. The reason is
+that the Connally Reservation is a simple issue. It is easy for a voter
+to write or wire his elected representatives saying, "Let's keep the
+Connally Reservation"; or, "If you vote for repeal of the Connally
+Reservation, I'll vote against you."
+
+What kind of wire or letter can a voter send his elected representatives
+concerning the bigger and more important issue which I have labeled
+"Invisible Government"?
+
+The ultimate solution lies in many sweeping and profound changes in the
+policies of government, which cannot be effected until a great many more
+Americans have learned a great deal more about the American
+constitutional system than they know now.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But there is certain action which the people could demand of Congress
+immediately; and every Congressman and Senator who refuses to support
+such action could be voted out of office the next time he stands for
+re-election.
+
+     1. We should demand that Congress amend the Internal Revenue Code
+     in such a way that no agency of the executive branch of government
+     will have the power to grant federal tax-exemption. The
+     Constitution gives the power of _taxation_ only to the Congress.
+     Hence, only Congress should have the power to grant _exemption_
+     from taxation.
+
+Instead of permitting the Internal Revenue Service of the Treasury
+Department to decide whether a foundation or any other organization
+shall have federal tax-exemption, Congress should exercise this power,
+fully publicizing and frequently reviewing all grants of tax-exemption.
+
+     2. In addition to demanding that Congress take the power of
+     granting and withholding federal tax-exemption away from the
+     executive agencies, voters should demand that the House of
+     Representatives form a special committee to investigate the Council
+     on Foreign Relations and its associated foundations and other
+     organizations.
+
+The investigation should be conducted for the same purpose that the
+great McCarran investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations was
+conducted--that is, to identify the people and organizations involved
+and to provide an authentic record, of the invisible government's aims
+and programs, and personnel, for the public to see and study. Such an
+investigation, if properly conducted, would thoroughly discredit the
+invisible government in the eyes of the American people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is, however, only _one sure_ and _final_ way to stop this great
+and growing evil--and that is to cut it out as if it were cancerous,
+which it is. The only way to cut it out is to eliminate the income-tax
+system which spawned it.
+
+The federal income-tax system suckles the forces which are destroying
+our free and independent republic. Abolish the system, and the sucklings
+will die of starvation.
+
+That is the ultimate remedy, but before we can compel Congress to
+provide this remedy, we must have an educated electorate. The problem of
+educating the public is great--not because of the inability of the
+people to understand, but because of the difficulty of reaching them
+with the freedom story.
+
+If the federal government, during the 1962 fiscal year, had not
+collected one penny in tax on personal incomes, the government would
+still have had more tax revenue from other sources than the _total_ of
+what Harry Truman collected in his most extravagant peacetime spending
+year. Every American, who knows that, can readily understand the
+possibility and the necessity of repealing the federal tax on personal
+incomes. But how many Americans know those simple facts? The job of
+everyone who knows and cares is to get such facts to others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Even if we did take action to divest the Council on Foreign Relations
+and its powerful interlock of control over our government; and even if
+we did reverse the policies which are now dragging us into a one-world
+socialist dictatorship--what would we do about some of the dangerous
+messes which our policies already have us involved in? What, for
+example, could we do about Cuba? About Berlin?
+
+In some ways, the policies of our invisible government have taken us
+beyond the point of no return. Consider the problem of Cuba. Armed
+intervention in the affairs of another nation violates the principles of
+the traditional American policy of benign neutrality, to which I think
+our nation should return. Yet, our intervention in Cuban affairs (on the
+side of communism) has produced such a dangerous condition that we
+should now intervene with armed might in the interest of our own
+survival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For sixteen years, we have seen the disastrous fallacy of trying to
+handle the foreign affairs of our great nation through international
+agencies. This leaves us without a policy of our own, and makes it
+impossible for us to take any action in our own interest or against the
+interests of communism, because communists have more actual votes, and
+infinitely more influence, in all the international agencies than we
+have. At the same time, our enemies, the communist nations, set and
+follow their own policies, contemptuously ignoring the international
+agencies which hamstring America and bleed American taxpayers for
+subsidies to our mortal enemies.
+
+America must do two things soon if she expects to survive as a free and
+independent nation:
+
+(1) We must withdraw from membership in all international, governmental,
+or quasi-governmental, organizations--including, specifically, the World
+Court, the United Nations, and all UN specialized agencies. (2) We must
+act vigorously, unilaterally, and quickly, to protect vital American
+security interests in the Western Hemisphere--particularly in Cuba.
+
+We have already passed the time when we can act in Cuba easily and at no
+risk; but if we have any sane, manly concern for protecting the vital
+security of the American nation and the lives and property of United
+States citizens, we had better do the only thing left for us to do: send
+overwhelming American military force to take Cuba over quickly, and keep
+it under American military occupation, as beneficently as possible,
+until the Cuban people can hold free elections to select their own
+government.
+
+The other nations of the world would scream; but they would,
+nonetheless, respect us. Such action in our own interests is the only
+thing that will restore our "prestige" in the world--and restore
+American military security in the Western Hemisphere.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What should we do about Berlin?
+
+The Berlin problem must be solved soon, because it is too effectively
+serving the purpose for which it was created in the first place: to
+justify whatever programs the various governments involved want to
+pursue.
+
+It sometimes looks as if the Kremlin and Washington officialdom are
+working hand-in-glove to deceive the people of both nations, turning the
+Berlin "crisis" on and off to cover up failures and to provide excuses
+for more adventures.
+
+Berlin will cause a world war only when the United States is willing to
+go to war with the Soviet Union to free Berlin from the trap it is in.
+If we won't defend our own vital interests against the aggressive and
+arrogant actions of communists 90 miles from our shores, what would
+prompt us to cross the ocean and defend Germans from communists?
+
+The cold fact of the matter is that we should not defend Berlin. This is
+a job for Germans, not Americans.
+
+The Germans are an able and prosperous people. They are capable of
+fighting their own war, if war is necessary to protect them from
+communism.
+
+It is inaccurate to refer to the eastern part of Germany as "communist
+Germany." That part of Germany is under communist enslavement; but the
+Germans who live there probably hate communists more than any other
+people on earth do.
+
+The uprisings of 1953, and the endless stream of refugees fleeing from
+the communist zone in Germany, are proof enough that the communists
+could not hold East Germany without the presence of Soviet troops.
+
+There is enough hunger and poverty and hatred of communism in eastern
+Germany to justify the conclusion that even Khrushchev knows he has a
+bear by the tail there. If we would do our part, Khrushchev would either
+turn loose and run; or the bear would pull loose and destroy Khrushchev.
+
+What part should we play? We should do exactly what the President and
+the State Department assure the world they will not do: we should
+present the Soviets with a _fait accompli_, and an ultimatum.
+
+We should call an immediate conference with the governments of France,
+England, and West Germany to explain that America has devoted 16 years
+and many billions of dollars to rehabilitating and defending western
+Europe; that Europe is now in many ways more soundly prosperous than we
+are; that the 180 million Americans can no longer be expected to ruin
+their own economy and neglect the defense of their own homeland for the
+purpose of assisting and defending the 225 million people of Western
+Europe; and that, therefore, we are through.
+
+We have no need, at home, for all of the vast stores of military
+equipment which we now have in Europe for the defense of Europe. What we
+do not need for the defense of our homeland, we should offer as a gift
+to West Germany, since we produced the material in the first place for
+the purpose of resisting communism, and since the West Germans are the
+only people in Western Europe who apparently want to resist it.
+
+We should give the West Germans (and the other western powers) six
+months to train whatever manpower they want for manning their own
+defenses. At the end of that time, we should pull out and devote
+ourselves to defending America.
+
+With or without the consent of France and England, we should sign a
+peace treaty with the government of Western Germany, recognizing it as
+the lawful government of all Germany and imposing no restrictions on the
+sovereignty of Germany--that is, leaving Germany free to arm as it
+pleases.
+
+Immediately following the signing of this treaty, we should announce to
+the world that, when we pull out of Europe at the end of six months, we
+expect the Soviets to pull out of Germany entirely. If, within one week
+after we effect our withdrawal, the Soviets are not out--or if they
+later come back in, against the wishes of the German nation--we should
+break off diplomatic relations with _all_ communist countries; deny all
+representatives of all communist nations access to United Nations
+headquarters which are on United States soil; and exert maximum
+pressures throughout the world to isolate all communist countries,
+economically and diplomatically, from all non-communist countries.
+
+That is an _American_ plan, which would solve the German "problem" in
+the interests of peace and freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Many Americans, who see what the solution to our grave problems ought to
+be, have lost hope that we will ever achieve such solution, because, in
+the end, the solution rests with the people.
+
+It is the people who must compel their elected representatives to make a
+thorough investigation of the Council on Foreign Relations and its
+interlock.
+
+It is the people who must compel Congress to deny administrative
+Agencies of government the unconstitutional power of granting
+tax-exemption.
+
+It is the people who must compel Congress to submit a constitutional
+amendment calling for repeal of the income tax amendment.
+
+It is the people who must compel Washington officialdom to do what is
+right and best for America in foreign affairs, especially in Cuba and
+Berlin.
+
+Many Americans are in despair because they feel that the people will
+never do these things. These pessimists seem to share the late Harry
+Hopkins' conviction that the American people are too dumb to think.
+
+I do not believe it. I subscribe to the marvelous doctrine of Thomas
+Jefferson, who said:
+
+     "I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but
+     the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough
+     to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy
+     is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by
+     education."
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
+
+
+
+This roster of membership is from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the CFR.
+
+
+
+_Directors_
+
+
+Frank Altschul 1984-
+Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-
+Elliott V. Bell 1953-
+Isaiah Bowman 1921-1950
+William A. M. Burden 1945-
+Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-1928
+Paul D. Cravath 1921-1940
+John W. Davis 1921-1955
+Norman H. Davis 1921-1944
+Arthur H. Dean 1955-
+Harold W. Dodds 1935-1943
+Lewis W. Douglas 1940-
+Stephen P. Duggan 1921-1950
+Allen W. Dulles 1927-
+Thomas K. Finletter 1944-
+John H. Finley 1921-1929
+William C. Foster 1959-
+Leon Fraser 1936-1945
+Edwin F. Gay 1921-1945
+W. Averell Harrman 1950-1955
+Caryl P. Haskins 1961-
+David F. Houston 1921-1927
+Charles P. Howland 1929-1931
+Clarence E. Hunter 1942-1953
+Philip C. Jessup 1934-1942
+Joseph E. Johnson 1950-
+Devereux C. Josephs 1951-1958
+Otto H. Kahn 1921-1934
+Grayson L. Kirk 1950-
+R. C. Leffingwell 1927-1960
+Walter Lippman 1932-1937
+Walter H. Mallory 1945, 1951-
+George O. May 1927-1953
+John J. McCloy 1953-
+Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-1934
+Frank L. Polk 1921-1943
+Philip D. Reed 1945-
+Winfield W. Riefler 1945-1950
+David Rockefeller 1949-
+Whitney H. Shepardson 1921-
+William R. Shepherd 1921-1927
+Charles M. Spofford 1955-
+Adlai E. Stevenson 1958-
+Myron C. Taylor 1943-1959
+Paul M. Warburg 1921-1932
+Edward Warner 1940-1945
+George W. Wickersham 1921-1936
+John H. Williams 1937-
+Clarence M. Woolley 1932-1935
+Henry M. Wriston 1943-
+Owen D. Young 1927-1940
+
+
+
+_Resident Members_
+
+
+Albrecht-Carrie, Rene
+Aldrich, Winthrop W.
+Alexander, Archibald S.
+Alexander, Henry C.
+Alexander, Robert J.
+Allan, F. Aley
+Allen, Charles E.
+Allen, Philip E.
+Alley, James B.
+Allport, Alexander W.
+Alpern, Alan N.
+Altschul, Arthur G.
+Altschul, Frank
+Ames, Amyas
+Ammidon, Hoyt
+Anderson, Arthur M.
+Anderson, Harold F.
+Anderson, Robert B.
+Angell, James W.
+Armour, Norman
+Armstrong, Hamilton Fish
+Ascoli, Max
+Aubrey, Henry G.
+Ault, Bromwell
+
+Backer, George
+Baker, Edgar R.
+Baldwin, Hanson W.
+Bancroft, Harding F.
+Barber, Charles F.
+Barber, Joseph
+Barker, Robert R.
+Barkin, Solomon
+Barnes, Joseph
+Barnett, A. Doak
+Barnett, Frank R.
+Barrett, Edward W.
+Bastedo, Philip
+Baumer, William H.
+Baxter, James P., 3rd
+Beal, Gerald F.
+Beckhart, Benjamin H.
+Bedard, Pierre
+Beebe, Frederick S.
+Bell, Elliott V.
+Bennett, John C.
+Benton, William B.
+Beplat, Tristan E.
+Berle, Adolf A., Jr.
+Bessie, Simon Michael
+Bevis, Herman W.
+Bidwell, Percy W.
+Bienstock, Abraham L.
+Bingham, Jonathan B.
+Black, Peter
+Blair, Floyd G.
+Blake, Robert O.
+Blough, Roger M.
+Blough, Roy
+Blum, John A.
+Boardman, Arthur G., Jr.
+Bogdan, Norbert A.
+Bolte, Charles G.
+Bonsal, Dudley B.
+Boorman, Howard L.
+Boyd, Hugh N.
+Braden, Spruille
+Bradford, Amory H.
+Bramstedt, W. F.
+Braxton, Carter M.
+Breck, Henry C.
+Brinckeroff, Charles M.
+Brittenham, Raymond L.
+Bronk, Detlev W.
+Brown, Courtney C.
+Brown, Francis
+Brown, John Mason
+Brown, Walter L.
+Brownell, George A.
+Brownell, Lincoln C.
+Bruce, James
+Brzezinski, Zbigniew
+Bullock, Hugh
+Bunche, Ralph J.
+Bunker, Arthur H.
+Bunker, Ellsworth
+Bunnell, C. Sterling
+Burden, William A. M.
+Burgess, Carter L.
+Burkhardt, Frederick
+Burns, Arthur F.
+Bush, Donald F.
+Butler, William F.
+Buttenwieser, Benjamin J.
+
+Cain, Charles, Jr.
+Calder, Alexander, Jr.
+Calhoun, Alexander D.
+Campbell, H. Donald
+Campbell, John C.
+Canfield, Cass
+Carey, Andrew G.
+Carpenter, George W.
+Carroll, Mitchell B.
+Carson, Ralph M.
+Case, James H., Jr.
+Case, John C.
+Cattier, Jean
+Chadbourne, William M.
+Champion, George
+Chase, W. Howard
+Cheney, Ward
+Childs, Thomas W.
+Christie, Lansdell K.
+Chubb, Percy, 2nd
+Church, Edgar M.
+Clapp, Gordon R.
+Clark, Brig. Gen. Edwin N.
+Clark, James F.
+Clay, Gen. Lucius D.
+Clinchy, Everett R.
+Coffin, Edmund
+Cohen, Jerome B.
+Collado, Emilio G.
+Collings, L. V.
+Collingwood, Charles P.
+Colwell, Kent G.
+Conant, James B.
+Conant, Melvin
+Cook, Howard A.
+Coombs, Charles A.
+Cooper, Franklin S.
+Cordier, Andrew W.
+Cousins, Norman
+Cowan, L. Gray
+Cowles, Gardner
+Cox, Charles R.
+Creel, Dana S.
+Cummings, Robert L., Jr.
+Cusick, Peter
+
+Dallin, Alexander
+Danner, Arthur V.
+Darrell, Norris
+Daum, Earl C.
+Davenport, John
+Davis, Norman P.
+Davison, W. Phillips
+Dean, Arthur H.
+Debevoise, Eli Whitney
+De Lima, Oscar A.
+De Vegh, Imrie
+De Vries, Henry P.
+Dewey, Thomas E.
+D'Harnoncourt, Rene
+Diebold, William, Jr.
+Dillon, Clarence
+Dilworth, J. Richardson
+Dodge, Cleveland E.
+Donner, Frederick G.
+Donovan, Hedley
+Dorr, Goldthwaite H.
+Dorwin, Oscar John
+Douglas, Lewis W.
+Douglas, Percy L.
+Dryfoos, Orvil E.
+Dubinsky, David
+DuBois, J. Delafield
+Durdin, Tillman
+
+Eagle, Vernon A.
+Eaton, Fredrick M.
+Eberstadt, Ferdinand
+Edelman, Albert I.
+Eder, Phanor J.
+Eichelberger, Clark M.
+Elliott, L. W.
+Emmet, Christopher
+Engel, Irving M.
+Ernst, Albert E.
+Erpf, Armand G.
+Evans, Roger F.
+Eveleth, George S., Jr.
+Ewing, Sherman
+Ewing, William, Jr.
+Exter, John
+
+Fahs, Charles B.
+Field, William Osgood, Jr.
+Fischer, John S.
+Fisher, Henry J.
+Fleck, G. Peter
+Fleischmann, Manly
+Florinsky, Michael T.
+Ford, Nevil
+Forkner, Claude E.
+Forrestal, Michael V.
+Fosdick, Raymond B.
+Fox, Joseph C.
+Fox, William T. R.
+Foye, Arthur B.
+Franklin, George S., Jr.
+Franklin, John M.
+Freedman, Emanuel R.
+French, John
+Freudenthal, David M.
+Friele, Berent
+Friendly, Henry J.
+Fry, Varian
+Fuerbringer, Otto
+Fuller, C. Dale
+Fuller, Robert G.
+
+Galantiere, Lewis
+Gallatin, James P.
+Gamble, Sidney D.
+Gant, George F.
+Gardner, John W.
+Garretson, Albert H.
+Garrison, Lloyd K.
+Gaston, George A.
+Gates, Samuel E.
+Gates, Thomas S.
+Gay, Edward R.
+Geneen, Harold S.
+Gevers, Max E.
+Gibney, Frank B.
+Gideonse, Harry D.
+Gifford, Walter S.
+Gillespie, S. Hazard, Jr.
+Gilpatric, Chadbourne
+Golden, William T.
+Goldsmith, Arthur
+Goldstone, Harmon H.
+Goodrich, Leland M.
+Gordon, Albert H.
+Goss, James H.
+Grace, J. P., Jr.
+Graff, Robert D.
+Gray, William Latimer
+Gray, William Steele
+Grazier, Joseph A.
+Griffith, Thomas
+Grimm, Peter
+Grondahl, Teg C.
+Gross, Ernest A.
+Grover, Allen
+Guggenheim, Harry F.
+Gunther, John
+Gurfein, Murray I.
+
+Haight, George W.
+Hall, Perry E.
+Hamilton, Thomas J.
+Hamlin, Chauncey J.
+Hammond, Capt. Paul
+Hance, William A.
+Hanes, John W., Jr.
+Harrar, J. G.
+Harriman, E. Roland
+Hasler, Frederick E.
+Hauge, Gabriel
+Hayes, Alfred
+Hazard, John N.
+Heald, Henry T.
+Heckscher, August
+Heineman, Dannie N.
+Henderson, William
+Herod, W. Rogers
+Herring, Pendleton
+Herzog, Paul M.
+Hess, Jerome S.
+Hill, Forrest F.
+Hill, James T. Jr.
+Hill, John A.
+Hills, Robert C.
+Hirschman, Albert O.
+Hochschild, Harold K.
+Hochschild, Walter
+Hoglund, Elis S.
+Hoguet, Robert L., Jr.
+Hohenberg, John
+Holland, Henry F.
+Holland, Kenneth
+Holman, Eugene
+Holst, Willem
+Holt, L. Emmett, Jr.
+Homer, Sidney, Jr.
+Hoopes, Townsend
+Hoover, Lyman
+Horn, Garfield H.
+Horton, Philip
+Hottelet, Richard C.
+Houghton, Arthur A., Jr.
+Houston, Frank K.
+Howard, John B.
+Howe, John
+Hughes, Emmet John
+Hughes, John Chambers
+Humphreys, H. E., Jr.
+Hupper, Roscoe H.
+Hurewitz, J. C.
+Hyde, Henry B.
+Hyde, James N.
+
+Ide, John J.
+Inglis, John B.
+Irwin, John N., 2nd
+Iselin, O'Donnell
+
+Jackson, C. D.
+Jackson, William E.
+James, George F.
+Jaretzki, Alfred, Jr.
+Jay, Nelson Dean
+Jessup, Alpheus W.
+Jessup, John K.
+Johnson, Edward F.
+Johnson, Howard C.
+Johnson, Joseph E.
+Jones, David J.
+Jones, W. Alton
+Josephs, Devereux C.
+Joubert, Richard Cheney
+
+Kaminer, Peter H.
+Kane, R. Keith
+Kappel, Frederick E.
+Keezer, Dexter Merriam
+Keiser, David M.
+Kelley, Nicholas
+Kenney, F. Donald
+Kern, Harry F.
+Kettaneh, Francis A.
+Keyser, Paul V., Jr.
+Kiaer, Herman S.
+King, Frederic R.
+Kirk, Adm. Alan G.
+Kirk, Grayson L.
+Klots, Allen T.
+Knoke, L. Werner
+Knoppers, Antonie T.
+Knowles, John Ellis
+Knox, William E.
+Koenig, Robert P.
+Kohn, Hans
+Kraft, Joseph
+
+Lada-Mocarski, V.
+La Farge, Francis W.
+Lamb, Horace R.
+Lamont, Peter T.
+Lamont, Thomas S.
+Lang, Robert E.
+Larmon, Sigurd S.
+LaRoche, Chester J.
+Laukhuff, Perry
+LeBaron, Eugene
+Lee, Elliott H.
+Lehman, Herbert H.
+Lehman, Orin
+Lehman, Robert
+Lehrman, Hal
+Leich, John F.
+Leonard, James G.
+Leroy, Norbert G.
+Leslie, John C.
+Levy, Walter J.
+Lewis, Roger
+Lewisohn, Frank
+Lieberman, Henry R.
+Lightner, M. C.
+Lilienthal, David E.
+Lindquist, Warren T.
+Lissitzyn, Oliver J.
+Lockwood, John E.
+Lockwood, Mancie deF., 3rd
+Lockwood, William A.
+Lodge, Henry Cabot
+Loeb, John L.
+Logan, Sheridan A.
+Loomis, Alfred L.
+Loos, Rev. A. William
+Loucks, Harold H.
+Lounsbury, Robert H.
+Lubin, Isador
+Luce, Henry R.
+Ludt, R. E.
+Luitweiler, J. C.
+Lunning, Just
+Lyford, Joseph P.
+
+McCance, Thomas
+McCarthy, John G.
+McCloy, John J.
+McDaniel, Joseph M., Jr.
+McDonald, James G.
+McGraw, James H., Jr.
+McKeever, Porter
+McLean, Donald H., Jr.
+MacDuffie, Marshall
+MacEachron, David W.
+MacIntyre, Malcolm A.
+MacIver, Murdoch
+MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron
+Maffry, August
+Maguire, Walter N.
+Malin, Patrick Murphy
+Mallory, Walter H.
+Mark, Rev. Julius
+Markel, Lester
+Martino, Joseph A.
+Marvel, William W.
+Masten, John E.
+Mathews, Edward J.
+Mattison, Graham D.
+May, A. Wilfred
+May, Stacy
+Menke, John R.
+Merz, Charles
+Metzger, Herman A.
+Mickelson, Sig
+Midtbo, Harold
+Millar, D. G.
+Millard, Mark J.
+Miller, Edward G., Jr.
+Miller, Paul R., Jr.
+Miller, William J.
+Millis, Walter
+Mills, Bradford
+Minor, Clark H.
+Mitchell, Don G.
+Mitchell, Sidney A.
+Model, Leo
+Monaghan, Thomas E.
+Moore, Ben T.
+Moore, Edward F.
+Moore, George S.
+Moore, Maurice T.
+Moore, William T.
+Morgan, Cecil
+Morgan, D. P.
+Morgan, Henry S.
+Morris, Grinnell
+Mosely, Philip E.
+Muir, Malcolm
+Munroe, Vernon, Jr.
+Munyan, Winthrop R.
+Murdin, Forrest D.
+Murphy, Grayson M-P.
+Murphy, J. Morden
+
+Nason, John W.
+Neal, Alfred C.
+Nebolsine, George
+Nicely, James M.
+Nichols, Thomas S.
+Nichols, William I.
+Nickerson, A. L.
+Nielsen, Waldemar A.
+Nolte, Richard H.
+Northrop, Johnston F.
+Notestein, Frank W.
+Noyes, Charles Phelps
+
+Oakes, John B.
+O'Brien, Justin
+O'Connor, Roderic L.
+Ogden, Alfred
+Olds, Irving Sands
+Oppenheimer, Fritz E.
+Osborn, Earl D.
+Osborn, Frederick H.
+Osborn, William H.
+Osborne, Stanley de J.
+Ostrander, F. Taylor, Jr.
+Overby, Andrew N.
+Overton, Douglas W.
+
+Pace, Frank, Jr.
+Page, Howard W.
+Page, John H.
+Page, Robert G.
+Pagnamenta, G.
+Paley, William S.
+Parker, Philo W.
+Patterson, Ellmore C.
+Patterson, Frederick D.
+Patterson, Morehead
+Patterson, Richard C., Jr.
+Payne, Frederick B.
+Payne, Samuel B.
+Payson, Charles Shipman
+Peardon, Thomas P.
+Peffer, Nathaniel
+Pennoyer, Paul G.
+Peretz, Don
+Perkins, James A.
+Perkins, Roswell B.
+Peters, C. Brooks
+Petersen, Gustav H.
+Petschek, Stephen R.
+Phillips, Christopher H.
+Pierce, William C.
+Pierson, Warren Lee
+Pifer, Alan
+Pike, H. Harvey
+Plimpton, Francis T. P.
+Poletti, Charles
+Polk, Judd
+Poor, Henry V.
+Potter, Robert S.
+Powers, Joshua B.
+Pratt, H. Irving, Jr.
+Proudfit, Arthur T.
+
+Quigg, Philip W.
+
+Rabi, Isidor I.
+Rathbone, M. J.
+Ray, George W., Jr.
+Reber, Samuel
+Redmond, Roland L.
+Reed, Philip D.
+Reeves, Jay B. L.
+Reid, Ogden
+Reid, Whitelaw
+Rheinstein, Alfred
+Richardson, Arthur Berry
+Richardson, Dorsey
+Richardson, John R., Jr.
+Riegelman, Harold
+Ripley, Joseph P.
+Roberts, George
+Roberts, Henry L.
+Robinson, Geroid T.
+Robinson, Leland Rex
+Rockefeller, David
+Rockefeller, John D., 3rd
+Rockhill, Victor E.
+Rodriguez, Vincent A.
+Rogers, Lindsay
+Roosevelt, George Emlen
+Root, Elihu, Jr.
+Root, Oren
+Roper, Elmo
+Rosenberg, James N.
+Rosenman, Samuel I.
+Rosenstiel, Lewis
+Rosenwald, William
+Rosinski, Herbert
+Ross, Emory
+Ross, T. J.
+Rouse, Robert G.
+Royce, Alexander B.
+Ruebhausen, Oscar M.
+Rush, Kenneth
+Rustow, Dankwart A.
+
+Sachs, Alexander
+Sachs, Howard J.
+Saltzman, Charles E.
+Samuels, Nathaniel
+Sargeant, Howland H.
+Sargent, Noel
+Sarnoff, Brig. Gen. David
+Sawin, Melvin E.
+Schaffner, Joseph Halle
+Schapiro, J. Salwyn
+Scherman, Harry
+Schiff, John M.
+Schiller, A. Arthur
+Schilthuis, Willem C.
+Schmidt, Herman J.
+Schmoker, J. Benjamin
+Schwartz, Harry
+Schwarz, Frederick A. O.
+Scott, John
+Sedwitz, Walter J.
+Seligman, Eustace
+Seymour, Whitney North
+Sharp, George C.
+Sharp, James H.
+Shea, Andrew B.
+Sheffield, Frederick
+Shepard, David A.
+Shepard, Frank P.
+Shepardson, Whitney H.
+Shepherd, Howard C.
+Sherbert, Paul C.
+Sherman, Irving H.
+Shields, Murray
+Shields, W. Clifford
+Shirer, William L.
+Shute, Benjamin R.
+Siegbert, Henry
+Sims, Albert G.
+Slater, Joseph E.
+Slawson, John
+Sloan, Alfred P., Jr.
+Smith, Carleton Sprague
+Smith, David S.
+Smith, Hayden N.
+Smith, W. Mason, Jr.
+Smull, J. Barstow
+Solbert, Peter O. A.
+Sonne, H. Christian
+Soubry, E. E.
+Spaght, Monroe E.
+Spang, Kenneth M.
+Spencer, Percy C.
+Spofford, Charles M.
+Stackpole, Stephen H.
+Stebbins, James H.
+Stebbins, Richard P.
+Stern, H. Peter
+Stevenson, Adlai E.
+Stevenson, John R.
+Stewart, Robert McLean
+Stillman, Chauncey
+Stillman, Ralph S.
+Stinebower, Leroy D.
+Stoddard, George D.
+Stokes, Isaac N. P.
+Stone, Shepard
+Straka, Jerome A.
+Straus, Donald B.
+Straus, Jack I.
+Straus, Oscar S.
+Straus, Ralph I.
+Straus, R. Peter
+Strauss, Simon D.
+Strong, Benjamin
+Sulzberger, Arthur Hays
+Swatland, Donald C.
+Swingle, William S.
+Swope, Gerard, Jr.
+
+Tannenbaum, Frank
+Tannenwald, Theodore
+Thomas, H. Gregory
+Thompson, Earle S.
+Thompson, Kenneth W.
+Tibby, John
+Tinker, Edward Laroque
+Tomlinson, Roy E.
+Townsend, Edward
+Townsend, Oliver
+Traphagan, J. C.
+Travis, Martin B., Jr.
+Trippe, Juan Terry
+Truman, David B.
+Tweedy, Gordon B.
+
+Uzielli, Giorgio
+
+Van Dusen, Rev. Henry P.
+von Mehren, Robert B.
+Voorhees, Tracy S.
+
+Walker, Joseph, Jr.
+Walkowicz, T. F.
+Wallace, Schuyler C.
+Warburg, Eric M.
+Warburg, Frederick M.
+Warburg, James P.
+Ward, Thomas E.
+Warfield, Ethelbert
+Warren, John Edwin
+Wasson, Donald
+Wasson, R. Gordon
+Watson, Arthur K.
+Watson, Thomas J., Jr.
+Wauchope, Rear Adm. George
+Weaver, Sylvester L., Jr.
+Webster, Bethuel M.
+Welch, Leo D.
+Wellborn, Vice Adm. Charles, Jr.
+Wernimont, Kenneth
+Wheeler, Walter H., Jr.
+Whidden, Howard P.
+Whipple, Taggart
+Whipple, Brig. Gen. William
+White, Frank X.
+White, H. Lee
+White, Theodore H.
+Whitman, H. H.
+Whitney, John Hay
+Whitridge, Arnold
+Wight, Charles A.
+Wilkinson, Col. Lawrence
+Willcox, Westmore
+Williams, Langbourne M.
+Willits, Joseph H.
+Wilson, John D.
+Wilson, Orme
+Wilson, Philip D.
+Wingate, Henry S.
+Winslow, Richard S.
+Wood, Bryce
+Woodward, Donald B.
+Woodyatt, Philip
+Woolley, Knight
+Wright, Harry N.
+Wriston, Henry M.
+Wriston, Walter B.
+
+Yost, Charles W.
+Young, John M.
+
+Zurcher, Arnold J.
+
+
+
+_Non-Resident Members_
+
+
+Acheson, Dean
+Achilles, Theodore C.
+Adams, Roger
+Agar, Herbert
+Akers, Anthony B.
+Allen, Raymond B.
+Allyn, S. C.
+Amory, Robert, Jr.
+Anderson, Dillon
+Anderson, Vice Adm. George
+Anderson, Roger E.
+Anderson, Gen. Samuel E.
+Armstrong, John A.
+Atherton, J. Ballard
+Attwood, William
+Auld, George P.
+
+Babcock, Maj. Gen. C. Stanton
+Badeau, John S.
+Baker, George P.
+Ball, George W.
+Ballou, George T.
+Barghoorn, Frederick C.
+Barker, James M.
+Barnett, Robert W.
+Barrows, Leland
+Bartholomew, Dana T.
+Bass, Robert P., Jr.
+Bassow, Whitman
+Bateman, William H.
+Bates, Marston
+Bator, Francis M.
+Bayne, Edward Ashley
+Bechtel, S. D.
+Bell, Holley Mack
+Benda, Harry J.
+Bennett, Martin Toscan
+Bergson, Abram
+Berkner, L. V.
+Bernstein, Edward M.
+Betts, Brig. Gen. Thomas J.
+Bissell, Richard M., Jr.
+Black, Cyril E.
+Black, Col. Edwin F.
+Black, Eugene R.
+Blackie, William B.
+Bliss, C. I.
+Bliss, Robert Woods
+Bloomfield, Lincoln P.
+Blum, Robert
+Boeschenstein, Harold
+Bohlen, Charles E.
+Bonesteel, Maj. Gen. C. H. 3rd
+Boothby, Albert C.
+Borton, Hugh
+Bowie, Robert R.
+Bowles, Chester
+Braden, Thomas W.
+Bradfield, Richard
+Braisted, Paul J.
+Brett, George P., Jr.
+Brewster, Kingman, Jr.
+Briggs, Ellis O.
+Brinton, Crane
+Bristol, William M.
+Bronwell, Arthur
+Brophy, Gerald B.
+Brorby, Melvin
+Bross, John A.
+Brown, Irving
+Brown, Sevellon, 3rd
+Brown, William O.
+Bruce, David K. E.
+Brundage, Percival F.
+Bruton, Henry J.
+Bundy, Harvey H.
+Bundy, McGeorge
+Bundy, William P.
+Burgess, W. Randolph
+Byrne, James MacGregor
+Byrnes, Robert F.
+Byroade, Henry A.
+
+Cabot, John M.
+Cabot, Louis W.
+Cabot, Thomas D.
+Caldwell, Robert G.
+Calkins, Hugh
+Camp, Jack L.
+Campbell, Kenneth H.
+Canfield, Franklin O.
+Caraway, Lt. Gen. Paul W.
+Carpenter, W. Samuel, 3rd
+Carter, William D.
+Cary, William L.
+Case, Clifford P.
+Case, Everett N.
+Chapin, Selden
+Chapman, John F.
+Cheever, Daniel S.
+Cherrington, Ben M.
+Childs, Marquis
+Cisler, Walker L.
+Clark, Ralph L.
+Clayton, W. L.
+Cleveland, Harlan
+Clough, Ernest T.
+Coffey, Joseph Irving
+Cohen, Benjamin V.
+Cole, Charles W.
+Collbohm, F. R.
+Collyer, John L.
+Conlon, Richard P.
+Conrad, Brig. Gen. Bryan
+Considine, Rev. John J., M. M.
+Coons, Arthur G.
+Copeland, Lammot du Pont
+Corson, John J.
+Costello, William A.
+Cotting, Charles E.
+Cowen, Myron M.
+Cowles, John
+Crane, Winthrop Murray, 3rd
+Creighton, Albert M.
+Cross, James E.
+Crotty, Homer D.
+Crowe, Philip K.
+Culbertson, Col. William S.
+Curran, Jean A., Jr.
+Curtis, Edward P.
+
+Dangerfield, Royden
+Darlington, Charles F.
+David, Donald K.
+Davidson, Alfred E.
+Davidson, Carter
+Davies, Fred A.
+Davis, Nathanael V.
+Dean, Edgar P.
+Decker, William C.
+de Guigne, Christian, 3rd
+da Kiewiet, C. W.
+de Krafft, William
+Deming, Frederick L.
+Despres, Emile
+Deuel, Wallace R.
+Deutch, Michael J.
+Dewhurst, J. Frederic
+Dexter, Byron
+Dickey, John S.
+Dillon, C. Douglas
+Dodds, Harold Willis
+Dollard, Charles
+Donkin, McKay
+Donnell, James C., 2nd
+Donnelly, Maj. Gen. Harold C.
+Dorr, Russell H.
+Douglas, Donald W., Jr.
+Draper, William H., Jr.
+Drummond, Roscoe
+Ducas, Robert
+Duce, James Terry
+Duke, Angier Biddle
+Dulles, Allen W.
+Dunn, Frederick S.
+
+Eckstein, Alexander
+Edelstein, Julius C. C.
+Edwards, A. R.
+Edwards, William H.
+Einaudi, Mario
+Einstein, Lewis
+Eisenhower, Dwight D.
+Elliott, Byron K.
+Elliott, Randle
+Elliott, William Y.
+Elsey, George M.
+Elson, Robert T.
+Emeny, Brooks
+Emerson, E. A.
+Emerson, Rupert
+Eppert, Ray R.
+Estabrook, Robert H.
+Ethridge, Mark
+Evans, J. K.
+Everton, John Scott
+
+Fainsod, Merle
+Fairbank, John King
+Fairbanks, Douglas
+Farmer, Thomas L.
+Fay, Sidney B.
+Feely, Edward F.
+Feis, Herbert
+Ferguson, John H.
+Finkelstein, Lawrence S.
+Finlay, Luke W.
+Finletter, Thomas K.
+Firestone, Harvey S., Jr.
+Fischer, George
+Fisher, Edgar J.
+Fleischmann, Julius
+Fleming, Lamar, Jr.
+Follis, R. G.
+Ford, Guy Stanton
+Ford, Thomas K.
+Foster, Austin T.
+Foster, William C.
+Fowler, Henry H.
+Foy, Fred C.
+Frank, Isaiah
+Frank, Joseph A.
+Frankfurter, Felix
+Fredericks, J. Wayne
+Free, Lloyd A.
+Fuller, Carlton P.
+Furber, Holden
+Furniss, Edgar S., Jr.
+
+Galbraith, J. Kenneth
+Gallagher, Charles F.
+Gannett, Lewis S.
+Gardiner, Arthur Z.
+Gardner, Richard N.
+Garner, Robert L.
+Garthoff, Raymond L.
+Gaud, William S.
+Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M.
+Gaylord, Bradley
+Geier, Frederick V.
+Geier, Paul E.
+Gerhart, Lt. Gen. John K.
+Giffin, Brig. Gen. Sidney F.
+Gilbert, Carl J.
+Gilbert, H. N.
+Gilchrist, Huntington
+Gillin, John P.
+Gilpatric, Roswell L.
+Gleason, S. Everett
+Glennan, T. Keith
+Goheen, Robert F.
+Goldberg, Arthur J.
+Goodhart, Arthur L.
+Goodpaster, Maj. Gen. Andrew J.
+Goodrich, Carter
+Gordon, Lincoln
+Gornick, Alan L.
+Gorter, Wytze
+Gould, Laurence M.
+Graham, Philip L.
+Grant, James P.
+Grant, Maj. Gen. U. S., 3rd
+Gray, Gordon
+Green, Joseph C.
+Greene, A. Crawford
+Greene, James C.
+Greenewalt, Crawford H.
+Greenwood, Heman
+Griffith, William E.
+Griswold, A. Whitney
+Grove, Curtiss C.
+Gruenther, Gen. Alfred M.
+Gullion, Edmund A.
+
+Halle, Louis J., Jr.
+Hamilton, Fowler
+Hamilton, Maj. Gen. Pierpont M.
+Hammonds, Oliver W.
+Hansell, Gen. Haywood S., Jr.
+Harbison, Frederick
+Harriman, W. Averell
+Harris, Irving B.
+Harsch, Joseph. C.
+Hart, Augustin S.
+Hartley, Robert W.
+Haskell, Broderick
+Haskins, Caryl P.
+Hauck, Arthur A.
+Haviland, H. Field, Jr.
+Hayes, Samuel P.
+Hays, Brooks
+Hays, John T.
+Heffelfinger, Totton P., 2nd
+Heilperin, Michael A.
+Heintzen, Harry L.
+Heinz, H. J., 2nd
+Henderson, Loy W.
+Henkin, Louis
+Henry, David Dodds
+Herter, Christian A.
+Hill, George Watts
+Hitch, Charles J.
+Hofer, Philip
+Hoffman, Michael L.
+Hoffman, Paul G.
+Holborn, Hajo
+Holland, William L.
+Holmes, Julius C.
+Homer, Arthur B.
+Hook, George V.
+Hoover, Calvin B.
+Hoover, Herbert
+Hoover, Herbert, Jr.
+Hopkins, D. Luke
+Hopper, Bruce C.
+Hornbeck, Stanley K.
+Hoskins, Halford L.
+Hoskins, Harold B.
+Houghton, Amory
+Hovde, Frederick L.
+Hovey, Allan, Jr.
+Howard, Graeme K.
+Howe, Walter
+Hoyt, Edwin C., Jr.
+Hoyt, Palmer
+Huglin, Brig. Gen. H. C.
+Humphrey, Hubert H.
+Hunsberger, Warren S.
+Hunt, James Ramsay, Jr.
+Hunter, Clarence E.
+
+Issawi, Charles P.
+Iverson, Kenneth R.
+
+Jackson, Elmore
+Jackson, William H.
+Jaffe, Sam A.
+Jansen, Marius B.
+Javits, Jacob K.
+Jenney, John K.
+Jessup, Philip C.
+Johnson, Herschel V.
+Johnson, Lester B.
+Johnson, Robert L.
+Johnston, Henry R.
+Johnstone, W. H.
+Jones, Peter T.
+Jordan, Col, Amos A.
+Jorden, William J.
+
+Kahin, George McT.
+Kaiser, Philip M.
+Kamarck, Andrew M.
+Katz, Milton
+Katzenbach, Edward L., Jr.
+Kauffman, James Lee
+Kaufmann, William W.
+Kelso, A. Donald
+Kempner, Frederick C.
+Kennan, George F.
+Kerr, Clark
+Killian, James R., Jr.
+Kimberly, John H.
+King, James E., Jr.
+King, John A., Jr.
+Kinkaid, Adm. Thomas C.
+Kintner, Col. William R.
+Kissinger, Henry A.
+Knight, Douglas
+Knorr, Klaus
+Kohler, Foy D.
+Kohler, Walter J.
+Korbel, Josef
+Korol, Alexander G.
+Kotschnig, Walter
+
+Labouisse, Henry R.
+Ladejinsky, Wolf
+Lamson, Roy, Jr.
+Landis, James M.
+Langer, Paul F.
+Langer, William L.
+Langsam, Walter Consuelo
+Lanham, Maj. Gen. Charles T.
+Lansdale, Gen. Edward G.
+Larson, Jens Frederick
+Lasswell, Harold D.
+Latourette, Kenneth S.
+Lattimore, Owen
+Lawrence, David
+Lawrence, W. H.
+Laybourne, Lawrence E.
+Laylin, John G.
+Leddy, John M.
+Lee, Charles Henry
+Leghorn, Richard S.
+Lemnitzer, Gen. L. L.
+Leslie, Donald S.
+Lesueur, Larry
+Levine, Irving R.
+Levy, Marion J., Jr.
+Lewis, Herbert
+Lewis, Wilmarth S.
+Lichtenstein, Walter
+Lincoln, Col. G. A.
+Linder, Harold F.
+Lindley, Ernest K.
+Lindsay, Franklin A.
+Lindsay, John V.
+Lindsay, Lt. Gen. Richard C.
+Linebarger, Paul M. A.
+Lingelbach, William E.
+Lingle, Walter L., Jr.
+Lippmann, Walter
+Litchfield, Edward H.
+Little, Herbert S.
+Little, L. K.
+Lockard, Derwood W.
+Locke, Edwin A., Jr.
+Lockwood, William W.
+Lodge, George Cabot
+Loomis, Robert H.
+Lunt, Samuel D.
+Lyon, E. Wilson
+
+McCabe, Thomas B.
+McClintock, Robert M.
+McCone, John Alex
+McCormack, Maj. Gen. J., Jr.
+McCracken, Paul W.
+McCutcheon, John D.
+McDougal, Edward D., Jr.
+McDougal, Myres S.
+McFarland, Ross A.
+McGee, Gale W.
+McGhee, George C.
+McKay, Vernon
+McKittrick, Thomas H.
+McLaughlin, Donald H.
+McArthur, Douglas, 2nd
+MacChesney, A. Brunson, 3rd
+MacDonald, J. Carlisle
+MacVeagh, Lincoln
+Machold, William F.
+Maddox, William P.
+Maddux, Maj. Gen. H. R.
+Mallinson, Harry
+Mallory, George W.
+Manning, Bayless
+Marcus, Stanley
+Marshall, Charles B.
+Martin, Edwin M.
+Martin, William McC., Jr.
+Masland, John W.
+Mason, Edward S.
+Mathews, William R.
+Maximov, Andre
+May, Oliver
+Mayer, Ferdinand[B] L.
+Mayer, Gerald M.
+Meagher, Robert F.
+Meck, John F.
+Menke, John R.
+Merchant, Livingston T.
+Merillat, H. C. L.
+Merriwether, Duncan
+Metcalf, George R.
+Meyer, Charles A.
+Meyer, Clarence E.
+Meyer, Cord, Jr.
+Milbank, Robbins
+Miller, Francis P.
+Miller, William B.
+Millikan, Clark B.
+Millikan, Max F.
+Millis, John S.
+Minor, Harold B.
+Mitchell, James P.
+Moore, Hugh
+Moran, William E., Jr.
+Morgan, George A.
+Morgan, Shepard
+Morgenstern, Oskar
+Morgenthau, Hans J.
+Mott, John L.
+Mudd, Henry T.
+Munoz Marin, Luis
+Munro, Dana G.
+Munson, Henry Lee
+Murphy, Donald R.
+Murphy, Franklin D.
+Murphy, Robert
+Murrow, Edward R.
+Myers, Denys P.
+
+Nathan, Robert R.
+Nelson, Fred M.
+Neumann, Sigmund
+Newman, Richard T.
+Newton, Quigg, Jr.
+Nichols, Calvin J.
+Niebuhr, Reinhold
+Nitze, Paul H.
+Nixon, Richard M.
+Nover, Barnet
+Noyes, W. Albert, Jr.
+Nuveen, John
+
+Oakes, George W.
+Oelman, R. S.
+Oppenheimer, J. Robert
+Orchard, John E.
+Osborne, Lithgow
+Owen, Garry
+
+Paffrath, Leslie
+Palmer, Norman D.
+Pantzer, Kurt F.
+Park, Richard L.
+Parker, Barrett
+Parsons, John C.
+Patterson, Gardner
+Paul, Norman S.
+Pelzer, Karl J.
+Penfield, James K.
+Perera, Guido R.
+Perkins, Courtland D.
+Perkins, Milo
+Petersen, Howard C.
+Phillips, William
+Phleger, Herman
+Piquet, Howard S.
+Poque, L. Welch
+Polk, William R.
+Pool, Ithiel deSola
+Power, Thomas F., Jr.
+Prance, P. F. A.
+Preston, Jerome
+Price, Don K.
+Pritchard, Ross J.
+Prizer, John B.
+Prochnow, Herbert V.
+Pulling, Edward S.
+Pusey, Nathan M.
+Pye, Lucien W.
+
+Radway, Laurence I.
+Ravenholt, Albert
+Reinhardt, G. Frederick
+Reischauer, Edwin O.
+Reitzel, William
+Rennie, Wesley F.
+Reston, James B.
+Rich, John H., Jr.
+Richardson, David B.
+Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B.
+Riefler, Winfield W.
+Ries, Hans A.
+Riley, Edward C.
+Ripley, S. Dillon, 2nd.
+Rivkin, Arnold
+Robinson, Donald H.
+Rockefeller, Nelson A.
+Rogers, James Grafton
+Romualdi, Serafino
+Roosa, Robert V.
+Roosevelt, Kermit
+Roosevelt, Nicholas
+Rosengarten, Adolph G., Jr.
+Ross, Michael
+Rostow, Eugene V.
+Rostow, Walt W.
+Rusk, Dean
+Russell, Donald S.
+Ryan, John T., Jr.
+
+Salomon, Irving
+Satterthwaite, Joseph C.
+Sawyer, John E.
+Schaetzel, J. Robert
+Schelling, T. C.
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
+Schmidt, Adolph W.
+Schneider, Hubert A.
+Schorr, Daniel L.
+Schuyler, Gen. C. V. R.
+Schwab, William B.
+Schwebel, Stephen M.
+Scott, William Ryland
+Seymour, Charles
+Seymour, Forrest W.
+Sharp, Walter R.
+Sharpe, Henry D., Jr.
+Shaw, G. Howland
+Shearer, Warren W.
+Sheean, Vincent
+Shishkin, Boris
+Shulman, Marshall D.
+Shuster, George
+Simons, Hans
+Simpson, John L.
+Slocum, John J.
+Smith, Everett R.
+Smith, Gerard G.
+Smith, H. Alexander
+Smith, Adm. Harold Page
+Smith, Robert W.
+Smithies, Arthur
+Smyth, Henry DeW.
+Snyder, Richard C.
+Sontag, Raymond James
+Soth, Lauren K.
+Southard, Frank A., Jr.
+Spaatz, Gen. Carl
+Speers, Rev. Theodore C.
+Spencer, John H.
+Spiegel, Harold R.
+Sprague, Mansfield D.
+Sprague, Robert C.
+Sproul, Robert G.
+Sprout, Harold
+Staley, Eugene
+Stanton, Edwin F.
+Stason, E. Blythe
+Stasson, Harold E.
+Stein, Eric
+Stein, Harold
+Stephens, Claude O.
+Sterling, J. E. Wallace
+Stevenson, William E.
+Stewart, Col. George
+Stewart, Robert Burgess
+Stilwell, Col. Richard G.
+Stone, Donald C.
+Stowe, Leland
+Straton, Julius A.
+Straus, Robert Kenneth
+Strauss, Lewis L.
+Strausz-Hupe, Robert
+Strayer, Joseph R.
+Struble, Adm. A. D.
+Sulzberger, C. L.
+Sunderland, Thomas E.
+Surrey, Walter Sterling
+Sweetser, Arthur
+Swensrud, Sidney A.
+Swihart, James W.
+Symington, W. Stuart
+
+Talbot, Phillips
+Tanham, George K.
+Tapp, Jesse W.
+Taylor, George E.
+Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D.
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield
+Teller, Edward
+Templeton, Richard H.
+Tennyson, Leonard B.
+Thayer, Charles W.
+Thayer, Robert H.
+Thornburg, Max W.
+Thorp, Willard L.
+Trager, Frank N.
+Triffin, Robert
+Trowbridge, Alexander B.
+Truscott, Gen. Lucian K., Jr.
+Tuck, William Hallam
+
+Ulmer, Alfred C., Jr.
+Upgren, Arthur R.
+
+Valentine, Alan
+Van Cleve, Thomas C.
+Van Slyck, DeForest
+Van Stirum, John
+Vernon, Raymond
+Viner, Jacob
+
+Wadsworth, James J.
+Wait, Richard
+Wallich, Henry C.
+Walmsley, Walter N.
+Wanger, Walter
+Ward, Rear Adm. Chester
+Warren, Shields
+Washburn, Abbott
+Watkins, Ralph J.
+Weeks, Edward
+Wells, Herman B.
+Westmoreland, Maj. Gen. W. C.
+Westphal, Albert C. F.
+Wheeler, Oliver P.
+Whitaker, Arthur P.
+White, Gilbert F.
+White, John Campbell
+Whiteford, William K.
+Wiesner, Jerome B.
+Wilbur, Brayton
+Wilbur, C. Martin
+Wilcox, Francis O.
+Wilcox, Robert B.
+Wild, Payson S., Jr.
+Wilde, Frazar B.
+Wilds, Walter W.
+Williams, John H.
+Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr.
+Wilson, Carroll L.
+Wilson, Howard E.
+Wilson, O. Meredith
+Wimpfheimer, Jacques
+Winton, David J.
+Wisner, Frank G.
+Wohl, Elmer P.
+Wohlstetter, Albert
+Wolfers, Arnold
+Wood, Harleston R.
+Wriggins, W. Howard
+Wright, Adm. Jerauld
+Wright, Quincy
+Wright, Theodore P.
+Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr.
+
+Yntema, Theodore O.
+Young, Kenneth T.
+Young, T. Cuyler
+
+Zellerbach, J. D.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix 2
+
+ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
+
+
+
+This membership list was published by the Atlantic Union Committee in
+December, 1960. "CFR" in parentheses after a name is an editorial
+indication that the person is also a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. No other biographical information is given for CFR members.
+The biographical information, on the AUC members who are not also CFR
+members, was taken from _Who's Who_ and/or the _American Dictionary of
+Biography_.
+
+
+Abbott, Mrs. George
+
+Abend, Hallet
+
+Achilles, Paul S., Chairman of the Board, Psychological Corporation;
+    Board member, Eastman-Kodak Company
+
+Adams, James D., Partner, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, Lawyers,
+    San Francisco
+
+Adams, Hon. Paul L., Attorney General, State of Michigan
+
+Agar, Herbert (CFR)
+
+Agnew, Albert C.
+
+Aiken, Hon. Paul C., former Assistant Postmaster General of the U. S.
+
+Alexander, Mrs. Sadie T. M.
+
+Allen, H. Julian, General Manager, Paris Office, Morgan Guaranty Trust
+    Company
+
+Allen, Dr. Max P.
+
+Alvord, Ellsworth C., Member, law firm of Alvord & Alvord, Washington,
+    D. C.; Board member, General Dynamics Corp., Smith-Corona, Inc.
+
+Amen, John Harlan, Associate Trial Counsel, Nurnburg War Criminals
+    Trials; Member, Amen, Weisman & Butler, New York City
+
+Amory, Copley
+
+Anderson, Don
+
+Anderson, Eugene N., Professor of History, University of Southern
+    California at Los Angeles
+
+Anderson, Mrs. Eugene
+
+Anderson, Eugenie Former Ambassador to Denmark
+
+Anderson, Maj. Gen. Frederick L. Trustee, Rand Corp.
+
+Anderson Dr. Paul R., President, Chatham College, Pittsburgh
+
+Anderson Steve
+
+Anderson, Victor E., Former Governor of Nebraska
+
+Andrews, Mark Edwin, President, Second M. E. Andrews, Ltd., Houston
+
+Andrews, Dr. Stanley, Executive Director, Kellogg Foundation
+
+Apperson John W.
+
+Armour, Norman (CFR)
+
+Armstrong, George S., President, George S. Armstrong & Co., New York
+    City, Trustee, Committee for Economic Development
+
+Armstrong, O. K., Member, Editorial Staff Reader's Digest, Former
+    Congressman; Founder, Department of Journalism, University of
+    Florida
+
+Arnold, Remmie L.
+
+Arnold, Thurman, Former U. S. Assistant Attorney General
+
+Arzt, Dr. Max, President, Jewish Theological Seminary
+
+Atherton, Warren H., Past National Commander, American Legion
+
+Aurner, Dr. Robert R., President, Aurner & Associates, Carmel,
+    California
+
+
+Babian, Haig
+
+Bache, Harold L., Sr., Senior Partner, Bache & Co., New York City
+
+Bacon, Mrs. Robert Low, Chairman, Administration Liaison Committee,
+    National Federation of Republican Women
+
+Bagwell, Dr. Paul D., Past President, U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce
+
+Baker, Dr. Benjamin M., Jr.
+
+Baker, Mrs. Frank C.
+
+Baker, Rev. Richard, Bishop, Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina;
+    Member, General Board, National Council of Churches
+
+Balduf, Dr. Emery W.
+
+Baldwin, Henry P., Vice President, Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin;
+    Member, National Board, National Conference of Christians and Jews,
+    Chairman, Brotherhood Week, 1956
+
+Baldwin, Howard C., Chairman of the Board of Standard Federal Savings &
+    Loan Association, Detroit; Vice President and Trustee, The Kresge
+    Foundation, Member, Board of Publications, Methodist Church
+
+Baldwin, Hon. Raymond E., Former U. S. Senator and Governor of
+    Connecticut
+
+Ball, George (CFR)
+
+Ball, Hon, Joseph H., Former U. S. Senator from Minnesota
+
+Banning, Mrs. Margaret
+
+Barclay, Dr. Thomas Swain, Professor of Political Science, Stanford
+    University, Member, National Municipal League; Member, American
+    Delegation to Negotiate the Peace, 1919
+
+Barinowski, R. E.
+
+Barnes, Julius H. (CFR)
+
+Barrows, Mrs. Ira
+
+Bartlett, Lynn M., Superintendent of Public Schools, State of Michigan;
+    Former President, National Education Assn.
+
+Barzun, Jacques, Dean of Faculty and Provost, Columbia. University;
+    Author, Historian, Musicologist
+
+Batcheller, Hiland G., Chairman of the Board, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel
+    Corp.
+
+Bates, Dr. Rosalind Goodrich, Past President, International Federation
+    of Women Lawyers
+
+Battle, Laurie C., Former Congresswoman from Alabama
+
+Baukhage, H. R., Consulting Editor, Army Times Publishing Company; Radio
+    Commentator
+
+Bayne, The Rt. Rev. Stephen F., Jr., Executive Officer, Anglican
+    Communion
+
+Beaton, Harold D.
+
+Becker, Herman D.
+
+Becker, Ralph E., Past Chairman, Young Republican National Federation
+
+Beckett, Mrs. R. Capel
+
+Beeley, Dr. Arthur L. Dean Emeritus, School of Social Work, University
+    of Utah; Official, National Association for Mental Health
+
+Belknap, William
+
+Bell, Edgar D.
+
+Bell, Robert C., Jr.
+
+Belsheim, Dr. Edmund O., Dean, College of Law, University of Nebraska
+
+Benedict, Harry E. (CFR)
+
+Bennet, Augustus W.
+
+Bennett, Admiral Andrew C.
+
+Benson, Dr. Oscar A., President, Augustana Lutheran Church
+
+Bertholf, Dr. Lloyd M., President, Illinois Wesleyan University
+
+Biddle, George
+
+Bidgood, Dr. Lee
+
+Bingham, Alfred M.
+
+Birkhead, Kenneth M.
+
+Bishop, Robert J.
+
+Bissantz, Edgar
+
+Bixler, J. Seelye, President, Colby College, Maine; Former Dean, Harvard
+    Divinity School
+
+Blackwelder, Dr. Eliot, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Stanford
+    University
+
+Blair, Paxton, Solicitor General, State of New York
+
+Blanchard, Rt. Rev. Roger W.
+
+Blanshard, Dr. Brand, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University
+
+Blewett, Edward Y., President, Westbrook Junior College, Maine; Former
+    Dean of Liberal Arts, University of New Hampshire
+
+Bliss, Robert Woods (CFR)
+
+Boas, Dr. George, Professor of Philosophy, John Hopkins University
+
+Boekel, William A.
+
+Boggs, Dr. Marion A., Moderator, Presbyterian Church, U.S.
+
+Bohn, William E.
+
+Bonds, Dr. Alfred B., Jr., President, Baldwin-Wallace College, Ohio
+
+Borsody, Dr. Stephen
+
+Bowles, Mrs. Istvan
+
+Bowles, Chester (CFR)
+
+Boyd, Brig. Gen. Ralph G.
+
+Bradley, Rev. Preston, Founder and Pastor, People's Unitarian Church,
+    Chicago
+
+Braendel, Helmuth G.
+
+Brand, Hon. James T., Associate Justice, Oregon Supreme Court
+
+Brandt, Dr. Karl, Director, Food Research Institute, Stanford University
+
+Brannan, Charles F., Former U. S. Secretary of Agriculture
+
+Branscomb, Dr. Harvie, Chancellor, Vanderbilt University
+
+Braucher, Robert, Professor of Law, Harvard University
+
+Breckinridge, John B.
+
+Brees, Orlo M.
+
+Briefs, Dr. Goetz A., Professor of Labor Economics, Georgetown
+    University
+
+Briscoe, John D.
+
+Bronk, Dr. Detlev W. (CFR)
+
+Brooklings, Mrs. Robert S., Philanthropist
+
+Brown, John Nicholas, Former Under Secretary of Navy for Air
+
+Brown, Julius A.
+
+Brown, Mary Agnes, Member, U. S. Board of Veterans Appeals
+
+Brown, Prentiss M., Former U. S. Senator from Michigan
+
+Brown, Thomas Cook, Editor Emeritus, Buffalo Courier-Express; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Member Advisory Board, Buffalo Council
+    on World Affairs
+
+Browning, Gordon
+
+Brundage, Hon. Percival F. (CFR)
+
+Bryson, Dr. Lyman (CFR)
+
+Bullis, Harry A. (CFR)
+
+Bunker, Arthur H. (CFR)
+
+Bunker, Hon. Ellsworth (CFR)
+
+Bunting, Dr. J. Whitney, Professor of Finance, New York University;
+    Research Consultant, General Electric Company; Former President,
+    Oglethorpe University
+
+Burch, Lucius E., Jr.
+
+Burling, Edward B., Partner, Covington & Burling, Lawyers, Washington,
+    D. C.
+
+Burnett, Leo, Chairman of the Board, Leo Burnett Company; Director,
+    Advertising Council, Chicago Better Business Bureau; Trustee,
+    American Heritage Foundation
+
+Burns, Dr. Arthur F. (CFR)
+
+Burns, James MacGregor, Professor of Political Science, Williams College
+
+Burt, Katharine Newlin
+
+Burwell, W. Russell, Vice Chairman Of the Board, Clevite Corp.; Past
+    President, Cleveland Council on World Affairs
+
+
+Cabot, Henry B. (CFR)
+
+Cahn, Mrs. Moise S.
+
+Caldwell, Dr. Frank H., President, Louisville Presbyterian Seminary
+
+Caldwell, Dr. Harmon W., Chancellor, University System of Georgia
+
+Caldwell, Dr. John T., Chancellor, North Carolina State College
+
+Canaday, Ward M., President and Chairman of the Board, The Overland
+    Corp.
+
+Canfield, Cass (CFR)
+
+Cantril, Dr. Hadley, Chairman, Institute for International Social
+    Research, Princeton
+
+Capra, Frank, Motion Picture Producer
+
+Carlton, Doyle E., Former Governor of Florida
+
+Carmichael, Dr. Oliver C. (CFR)
+
+Carrington, Paul, Partner, Carrington, Johnson & Stephens, Lawyers,
+    Dallas; Past President, Dallas Council on World Affairs; National
+    Councilor, Boy Scouts of America; Trustee Southwest Legal
+    Foundation, S.M.U.
+
+Carter, Edward W., President, Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., Los Angeles;
+    Trustee, Committee for Economic Development; Member, Board of
+    Regents, University of California
+
+Carter, Hodding, Pulitzer Prize Editor, Greenville, Mississippi
+
+Carter, John L.
+
+Cary, Sheldon
+
+Casey, Dr. Ralph D., Director Emeritus, School of Journalism, University
+    of Minnesota
+
+Catton, Bruce, Editor, American Heritage Magazine; Pulitzer Prize for
+    History, 1954
+
+Chabrak, Thomas
+
+Chadwick, Stephen F., Past National Commander, American Legion
+
+Chandler, Walter C., Former Congressman from Tennessee; Former Mayor of
+    Memphis
+
+Chenery, William L.
+
+Chipps, Roy B.
+
+Cisler, Walker L. (CFR)
+
+Clagett, J. R.
+
+Claypool, Mrs. J. Gordon
+
+Clayton, William L. (CFR)
+
+Clingman, Rt. Rev. Charles
+
+Clothier, Dr. Robert C.
+
+Clough, Dr. Shepard B., Director, Casa Italiana, Columbia University
+
+Code, Dr. Charles F., Professor of Physiology, University of Minnesota;
+    Consultant, Mayo Clinic
+
+Coe, Dr. Albert Buckner, Official, National Council of Churches;
+    Delegate to 1st and 2nd World Council of Churches
+
+Coffee, John M.
+
+Cohen, Harry, Retired Surgeon; Former Editor, _American Jewish
+    Cyclopedia_; Editor-in-Chief, _American Jews: Their Lives and
+    Achievements_
+
+Cole, Wilton D., Chairman of the Board, Crowell-Collier Publishing
+    Company
+
+Collier, W. Edwin
+
+Compton, Dr. Arthur H., Professor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927; Former Co-Chairman, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews; Former member, Committee for
+    Economic Development; Former General Chairman, World Brotherhood;
+    Dean Emeritus, Washington University, St. Louis
+
+Compton, Dr. Wilson, Former President, State College of Washington;
+    Chairman of the Board, Cameron Machine Co.; Director, International
+    Council of Christian Leadership
+
+Comstock, Alzada
+
+Comstock, Louis K.
+
+Cook, Lyle E.
+
+Coons, Dr. Arthur Gardiner (CFR)
+
+Corn, James F.
+
+Corsi, Edward, Former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization
+
+Cortney, Philip, Chairman, U. S. Council, International Chamber of
+    Commerce; President, Coty, Inc. and Coty International
+
+Cotton, Aylett B.
+
+Cowles, Gardner (CFR)
+
+Cox, C. R. (CFR)
+
+Crane, Dr. Henry Hitt, Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Crawford, Arthur L., Director, College of Mines & Minerals, University
+    of Utah
+
+Cross, Dr. George L., President, University of Oklahoma
+
+Crosswaith, Frank, Chairman, Negro Labor Committee
+
+Crouch, Harry E.
+
+Cruikshank, Nelson H., Director, Department of Social Security, AFL-CIO,
+    Member, Federal Advisory Council, Department of Labor, Member,
+    National Planning Association; Official, National Council of
+    Churches
+
+Cruse, Mrs. W. C.
+
+Cutting, Fulton (CFR)
+
+
+Dail, Charles C.
+
+Daltry, Joseph S., Director, Graduate Summer School for Teachers,
+    Wesleyan University, Connecticut
+
+Dandridge, Rt. Rev. E. P.
+
+Darden, Hon. Colgate W., Retired President, University of Virginia;
+    Former Governor of Virginia; Former Congressman from Virginia
+
+Darling, Jay N., Retired Cartoonist, _New York Herald-Tribune_; Pulitzer
+    Prize, 1923, 1942
+
+Daugherty, Paul E.
+
+Davidson, Dr. Philip G., President, University of Louisville
+
+Davies, Mrs. A. Powell
+
+Davis, Chester C., Associate Director, Ford Foundation
+
+Davis, J. Lionberger
+
+Davis, Dr. Stanton Ling
+
+Davis, William H. (CFR)
+
+Dawson, John P., Professor of Law, Harvard University; Former Professor
+    of Law, University of Michigan
+
+Day, Dean John W.
+
+Deane, Maj. Gen. John R., Former Chief, American Military Mission to
+    U.S.S.R.
+
+Debevoise, Thomas M. (CFR)
+
+Deinard, Amos S.
+
+deKiewiet, Dr. C. W. (CFR)
+
+Dempsey, James
+
+Dennis, Don
+
+De Pasquale, Judge Luigi
+
+de Spoelberch, Mrs. Eric
+
+D'Estournelles, Mrs. Julie
+
+Devers, Gen. Jacob L., Retired Commander of Sixth Army Group
+
+Dewhurst, Dr. J. Frederic (CFR)
+
+Dickason, H. L.
+
+Dickey, Dr. Frank G., President, University of Kentucky
+
+Diemer, Dr. George W.
+
+Dietz, Howard, Vice President, MGM
+
+Dimock, Edward Jordan, Federal District Judge, Southern District of New
+    York
+
+Dodge, Cleveland E. (CFR)
+
+Doman, Nicholas
+
+Donohue, F. Joseph
+
+Donovan, Dr. Herman L., President Emeritus, University of Kentucky
+
+Donovan, James G., Former Congressman from New York; Director of the
+    Federal Housing Administration, 1957-58
+
+Dorothy, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+Dorr, Dr. Harold M., Dean, State-wide Education, University of Michigan
+
+Dorr, John V. N. (CFR)
+
+Douglass, Dr. Paul F., Former President, American University
+
+Draper, Maj. Gen. William H., Jr. (CFR)
+
+Draughon, Dr. Ralph B., President, Alabama Polytechnic Institute
+    (Auburn)
+
+Dun, The Rt. Rev. Angus, Episcopal Bishop of Washington, D. C.; Former
+    official of Federal Council of Churches
+
+Dunbar, Charles E., Jr., Professor Emeritus of Law, Tulane University;
+    Vice President, National Civil Service League
+
+Duncan, Robert F.
+
+
+Earnest, Dr. G. Brooks, President, Fenn College, Cleveland; Trustee,
+    Cleveland Council on World Affairs
+
+Eastvold, Dr. Seth C., First Vice President, Evangelical Lutheran Church
+
+Eberstadt, Ferdinand (CFR)
+
+Eccles, Marriner S., Former Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal
+    Reserve System; Chairman of the Board, First Securities Corp.
+
+Edge, Nelson J., Jr.
+
+Edgren, Mrs. M. C.
+
+Edmonds, Douglas L., Former Justice, Supreme Court of California
+
+Edmunds, J. Ollie, President, John B. Stetson University, DeLand,
+    Florida
+
+Edson, Col. C. A.
+
+Edwards, Horace H., City Manager, Richmond, Virginia; Campaign Manager,
+    Roosevelt, 1936; General Director, National Democratic Campaigns
+    1940, 1944
+
+Edwards, James E., President, Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Radio
+    Station WLS, Chicago
+
+Eichleay, John W.
+
+Elligett, Mrs. Raymond T.
+
+Elliott, Dr. William M., Jr., Pastor, Highland Presbyterian Church,
+    Dallas; former Chairman & Moderator, World Missions, Presbyterian
+    Church, U. S.
+
+Ellis, Dr. Calvert N., President, Juanita College, Pennsylvania
+
+Ellis, Clyde T.
+
+Ellis, Dr. Elmer, President, University of Missouri
+
+Elmendorf, Armin
+
+Emerson, E. A. (CFR)
+
+Emrich, The Rt. Rev. Richard S. M., Episcopal Bishop of Michigan
+
+Engel, Irving M., President, American Jewish Committee; Member, Law Firm
+    of Engel, Judge, Miller, Sterling & Reddy, New York City
+
+Erlanger, Milton S.
+
+Estwing, Ernest
+
+Ethridge, Mrs. Mark (husband in CFR)
+
+Evjue, William T., Editor, Madison, Wisconsin, _Capital-Times_
+
+
+Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Farley, Eugene Shedden, President, Wilkes College, Pennsylvania
+
+Farnsley, Charles P., Lawyer, Former Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky
+
+Feller, Karl F., President, International Union of United Brewery,
+    Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink & Distillery Workers of America; Member,
+    American Heritage Foundation
+
+Ferguson, Charles W., Senior Editor, _The Reader's Digest_
+
+Ferguson, Mrs. Walter
+
+Fischer, Louis, Author, Foreign Correspondent; Authority on the Soviet
+    Union, Spain and Mahatma Gandhi
+
+Fisher, Kenneth
+
+Fitch, H. M., Vice-president, American Air Filter Company
+
+Fitz-Hugh, Col. Alexander
+
+Flower, Henry C., Jr., Vice Chairman, J. Walter Thompson Co.
+
+Flynt, Dr. Ralph C. M., Assistant U. S. Commissioner of Education;
+    Former President, Atlantic Treaty Association
+
+Folsom, Marion B. (CFR)
+
+Forgan, J. Russell, Partner, Glore, Forgan & Co., Investments, Chicago;
+    Board member, National Distillers Products Corp., Studebaker-Packard
+    Corp., Borg-Warner Corp.
+
+Foster, Dr. Luther H., President, Tuskegee Institute
+
+Fowler, Earle B.
+
+Francis, Clarence, Former Chairman of Board, General Foods Corp.
+
+Freeman, Orville L., Secretary of Agriculture; Former Governor of
+    Minnesota
+
+Friedrich, Carl J., Eaton Professor of Government, Harvard University;
+    Author
+
+Fritchey, Clayton, Publisher, _Northern Virginia Sun_, Arlington;
+    Director, Foreign Policy Association; Deputy Chairman, National
+    Democratic Committee, 1952-61
+
+Fuller, Alfred C., Chairman of Board, Fuller Brush Company
+
+Fuller, Carlton P. (CFR)
+
+Fuller, Dr. Richard E., President, Seattle Art Museum; Research
+    Professor, University of Washington; Former Chairman, Northwest
+    Division, Institute of Pacific Relations
+
+Funk, Wilfred, Chairman, Wilfred Funk, Inc., Publishers; President, Funk
+    & Wagnalls Company, Publishers
+
+Furlong, Mrs. Margaret K.
+
+
+Gammage, Dr. Grady, President, Arizona State University; Director,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Gannon, Rev. Robert I., S. J., Former President, Fordham University
+
+Gape, Charles
+
+Garwood, W. St. John, Former Justice, Supreme Court of Texas
+
+Garwood, Mrs. W. St. John
+
+Gaston, C. Marion
+
+Gates, Hon. Artemus L. (CFR)
+
+Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M. (CFR)
+
+Gerstenfeld, Rabbi Norman, Washington (D.C.) Hebrew Congregation
+
+Gettell, Dr. Richard Glenn, President, Mt. Holyoke College
+
+Geyer, Bertram B., Retired Chairman of the Board, Geyer Advertising,
+    Inc.
+
+Gideonse, Dr. Harry D. (CFR)
+
+Gifford, Miss Chloe, Past President, General Federation of Women's
+    Clubs
+
+Giles, Dr. Philip Randall, General Superintendent, Universalist Church
+    of America
+
+Gillette, Guy M., Former Senator from Iowa
+
+Gilliam, Miss Elsie
+
+Glenn, Dr. C. Leslie, Professor, Mental Health Institute, University of
+    Michigan; Former Rector, St. John's Cathedral, Washington, D. C.;
+    Former Rector, Christ Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts
+
+Golden, Clinton S., Former Vice-President, United Steelworkers of
+    America
+
+Gorin, Louis J., Jr.
+
+Gould, Dr. Laurence M. (CFR)
+
+Grace, Miss Charity
+
+Granger, Lester, Executive Secretary, National Urban League
+
+Grew, Joseph C. (CFR)
+
+Griffith, Dr. Ernest S., Dean, School of International Service, American
+    University; Member, National Municipal League, American Association
+    of Public Administrators; Former Chairman, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews; Former member, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church; Director, Library of Congress
+    Legislative Reference Service, 1940-1958
+
+Gross, Dr. Mason W., President & Former Provost, Rutgers University
+
+Grosse, Dr. Aristid V., President, Research Institute, Temple University
+
+Grover, Allen (CFR)
+
+Gulick, Dr. Robert L., Jr.
+
+
+Hackett, Mrs. John R.
+
+Haflich, Victor
+
+Hager, Lawrence W., President, Owensboro, Kentucky _Inquirer_,
+    _Messenger_, and Broadcasting Company
+
+Hager, Dr. Walter E.
+
+Hale, Robert, Former Member of Congress from Maine
+
+Haley, Andrew G., Member Federal Communications Commission; Member,
+    Society for Comparative Legislation & International Law
+
+Hall, Dr. Clarence W., Editor, _Reader's Digest_
+
+Hall, Hon. Fred, Former Governor of Kansas
+
+Hallauer, Carl S., Chairman of the Board, Bausch & Lomb Optical Company
+
+Halverson, Rev. Dr. W. Q.
+
+Hamilton, G. E.
+
+Hamlin, Chauncey J. (CFR)
+
+Hammond, H. O.
+
+Hancher, Dr. Virgil M., President, State University of Iowa
+
+Hand, Dr. George H., Vice President, Southern Illinois University
+
+Haralson, William
+
+Harden, Dr. Edgar L., President, Northern Michigan College; Official,
+    National Education Association
+
+Hardin, Dr. Clifford M., Chancellor, University of Nebraska
+
+Hardy, Grace C., M. D.
+
+Hardy, Mrs. T. W., Sr.
+
+Hare, James M.
+
+Hargrave, Thomas J., Chairman, Eastman Kodak Company; Director,
+    Executive Committee, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
+
+Harless, Richard F.
+
+Harmer, Miss Vera
+
+Harmon, Dr. Henry Gadd, President, Drake University
+
+Harriman, E. Roland (CFR)
+
+Harriman, Lewis G., Chairman of the Board, Manufacturers & Traders Trust
+    Company; President, M&T Discount Corp,; Founder, National Better
+    Business Bureau; Member, Buffalo Council on World Affairs; Vice
+    Chairman, University of Buffalo; Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1956
+
+Harris, Duncan G., Chairman of the Board, Brown, Harris, Stevens, Inc.;
+    Director, Paramount Pictures Corp.
+
+Harris, Morgan
+
+Harris, Dr. Rufus Carrollton, President, Tulane University; Former
+    Chairman of Board, Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta; Trustee,
+    Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.
+
+Harrison, W. B.
+
+Hartley, Livingston
+
+Hartung, Albert F., International President, International Woodworkers
+    of America
+
+Harvill, Dr. Richard A., President, University of Arizona
+
+Hawley, James H., Jr.
+
+Hayes, A. J., President, International Association of Machinists
+
+Hayt, Miss Jessie
+
+Hazard, Leland, Former Professor of Law, Carnegie Institute of
+    Technology; Vice-President, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
+
+Healy, G. W. Jr., Past President, American Society of Newspaper Editors;
+    Editor, New Orleans _Times-Picayune_; Director, The Advertising
+    Council, Inc.
+
+Heard, Gerald, Former Editor, _The Realist_, London; Former Lecturer,
+    Oxford University; Founder, Irish Agriculture Co-operative Movement;
+    Founder, English Co-operative Movement; Lecturer, New School of
+    Social Research, New York City; Lecturer, Oberlin College
+
+Heinsohn, Mrs. Robert A.
+
+Heistand, Rt. Rev. John T.
+
+Hellyer, Dr. David T.
+
+Helmer, Borden
+
+Helsley, Dr. Charles W.
+
+Henderson, Ernest, President, Sheraton Corporation of America; Director,
+    Boston World Affairs Council: Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1959
+
+Henry, Gerald B., Treasurer, Atlantic Union Committee
+
+Henry, Rev. Leland B.
+
+Herbert, R. Beverly
+
+Herndon, Rev. Henry
+
+Hertz, Rabbi Richard C.
+
+Hesburgh, Rev. Theodore, C. S. C., President, University of Notre Dame;
+    President, Institute of International Education; Member, Rockefeller
+    Brothers Fund special studies project; Member, Civil Rights
+    Commission of the United States
+
+Hicks, Dr. Weimer K., President, Kalamazoo College
+
+Hill, George Watts (CFR)
+
+Hill, Herbert W., Professor of History, Dartmouth College; Director, New
+    Hampshire Council on World Affairs
+
+Hillis, Fred L.
+
+Hilton, Conrad N., President, Hilton Hotels Corporation; Recipient,
+    Brotherhood Citation, National Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Hilton, Dr. James H., President, Iowa State College of A & M Arts
+
+Hines, Rt. Rev. John E., Episcopal Bishop of Texas
+
+Hinshaw, David
+
+Hobby, Mrs. Oveta Culp, Former U. S. Secretary of Health, Education &
+    Welfare; President, Editor, Publisher, Houston _Post_; Trustee,
+    American Assembly of Columbia University, Eisenhower Exchange
+    Fellowships, Inc.; Director, Committee for Economic Development;
+    Chairman of the Board, National Bank of Texas; Director, Mutual
+    Insurance Company of New York
+
+Hobson, Rt. Rev. Henry W., Episcopal Bishop of Southern Ohio
+
+Hodes, Gen. Henry I., USA, Retired, Former Commander-in-Chief, U. S.
+    Army, Europe
+
+Hook, Sidney, Professor of Philosophy, New York University; Member,
+    International Committee for Academic Freedom, John Dewey Society;
+    Author: _Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No_, _Common Sense and the Fifth
+    Amendment_, _Marx and the Marxists_
+
+Hopkins, Dr. Ernest M. (CFR)
+
+Horn, Dr. Francis H., President, University of Rhode Island; Former
+    Director, Mental Hygiene Society of Maryland
+
+Hornblow, Arthur, Jr., Motion Picture Producer, MGM
+
+Horwood, Mrs. Henry A.
+
+Hotchkis, Preston, Vice Chairman of the Board, Founders' Insurance
+    Company; Member, Business Advisory Council
+
+Houghton, Dr. Henry S.
+
+Houston, Howard E.
+
+Hovde, Dr. Frederick L. (CFR)
+
+Howard, Ernest
+
+Hoyt, Alfred O.
+
+Hoyt, Palmer (CFR)
+
+Hudson, C. B.
+
+Hudson, Edward F., Advertising Consultant, Ted Bates & Co., New York
+    City
+
+Hudson, Paul H., Retired Executive Vice President, Empire Trust Company;
+    Trustee, New York University
+
+Humbert, Dr. Russell J., President, DePauw University, Indiana; Former
+    official, Federal Council of Churches
+
+Humphrey, Wolcott J.
+
+Hunt, Dr. Charles W.
+
+Hunt, Mrs. Walter S.
+
+Hunter, Dr. Frederick
+
+Hurd, Volney, Chief, Paris Bureau, _Christian Science Monitor_
+
+Hutchinson, Martin B.
+
+
+Isaacs, Norman E., Managing Editor, Louisville _Times_, Recipient,
+    Journalism Medal, Southern Methodist University, 1955
+
+
+Jacobson, Albert H., Insurance Broker; Past President, B'nai B'rith
+
+Jacobson, Rabbi David
+
+Jameson, Miss Betty
+
+Jaszi, Dr. Oscar
+
+Jenks, Almet, Author, _The Huntsman at the Gate; The Second Chance_
+
+Jessel, George, Actor, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films Corporation
+
+Jessen, Herman F., Mink Farmer; National Democratic Committee-man from
+    Wisconsin; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Americans for
+    Democratic Action
+
+Johnson, Dr. Eldon L., President, University of New Hampshire; Member,
+    American Society of Public Administrators
+
+Johnson, Herbert F., Chairman of the Board, S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc.;
+    Trustee, Profit Sharing Research Foundation, Cornell University
+
+Johnson, Iris Beatty
+
+Johnson, Leroy, Former Congressman from California
+
+Johnson, Dr. Robert L. (CFR)
+
+Johnston, T. R.
+
+Jones, Rt. Rev. Everett H., Episcopal Bishop of West Texas
+
+Jordan, Dr. Wilbur K., President, Radcliffe College
+
+Joseph, Franz Martin
+
+
+Kallick, Sidney S., Chairman, National Board of Directors, Young
+    Democratic Clubs of America
+
+Kanzler, Ernest, Retired Chairman of the Board, Universal C. I. T.
+    Credit Corporation; Member, Business Advisory Council, Committee for
+    Economic Development
+
+Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, Chairman, U. S. National Committee for International
+    Geophysical Year; Professor of Physics, University of California;
+    Member, Administrative Board, Hebrew Union College
+
+Karelsen, Frank E., (Jr.) Partner, Karelsen & Karelsen, Lawyers, New
+    York City; Commissioner, Community Mental Health Board, New York
+    City; Member, Americans for Democratic Action; Honorary Chairman,
+    American Jewish Committee
+
+Katz, Donald L., Chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    University of Michigan
+
+Keenan, Joseph H., Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+Keith, William Scott
+
+Keller, Oliver J., President & Manager, Radio Station WTAX, Springfield,
+    Illinois
+
+Kelley, Nicholas (CFR)
+
+Kelly, Dr. Melvin J. (CFR)
+
+Kennedy, Bishop Gerald, President, Methodist Council of Bishops; Member,
+    Executive Committee, National Council of Churches
+
+Keppel, A. R., President Catawba College, Salisbury, N. C.
+
+Kerr, Dr. Clark, President, University of California
+
+Ketchum, Carlton G., President, Ketchum, Inc, Campaign Director; Member,
+    National Republican Finance Committee; Director, Association for
+    Improvement of the Poor
+
+Keyserling, Leon H., Former Chairman, President Truman's Council of
+    Economic Advisers; President, Conference on Economic Progress
+
+Kidder, George V., Dean of Liberal Arts, University of Vermont
+
+King, Glen A.
+
+Kinsolving, Rt. Rev. A. B., II, Episcopal Bishop of Arizona; Former
+    President, Arizona Council of Churches
+
+Kinsolving, Rev. Arthur Lee, Rector, St. James Episcopal Church, New
+    York City; Dean, Convocation of Manhattan; Member, Department of
+    Evangelism, National Council of Churches
+
+Kirk, Adm. Alan Goodrich (CFR)
+
+Kissinger, Dr. Henry A. (CFR)
+
+Kizer, Benjamin H., Partner, Graves, Kizer & Gaiser, Lawyers, Spokane;
+    Chairman, World Affairs Council of Inland Empire; Trustee, Institute
+    of Pacific Relations; Former President, American Society of Planning
+    Officials
+
+Klutznick, Philip M., Vice Chairman, Illinois State Housing Board;
+    Chairman of the International Council, B'nai B'rith; Member,
+    National Council, Boy Scouts of America; Member, Commission on Money
+    and Credit; Director, American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods
+
+Knight, O. A., President, Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International
+    Union
+
+Knutson[C], Coya, Former Congresswoman from Minnesota
+
+Koessler, Horace H.
+
+Kohn, Dr. Hans (CFR)
+
+Kolthoff, Isaac M., Chairman, Department of Chemistry, University of
+    Minnesota
+
+Kreps, Dr. Theodore J., Professor of Business Economy, Stanford
+    University
+
+Kress, Ralph H.
+
+Kretzmann, Dr. Otto P., President, Valparaiso University, Indiana
+
+Kruger, Morris
+
+
+Lamb, F. Gilbert
+
+Lamont, Austin
+
+Lancoine, Nelson, Past President, Young Democratic Clubs of America
+
+Land, Adm. Emory S., President, Air Transport Association of America
+
+Lang, Reginald D. (CFR)
+
+Langlie, Arthur B., Former Governor of Washington
+
+LaRue, D. W.
+
+Lawrence, David L., Governor of Pennsylvania
+
+Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, Nobel Prize Winner, Medicine & Physiology, 1958;
+    Professor of Genetics, Stanford University
+
+Lee, Dr. Russell V.
+
+Lehman, Hon. Herbert H. (CFR)
+
+Leibowitz, Judge Samuel S., Judge, Kings County Court, Brooklyn
+
+Lemann, Mrs. Lucy Benjamin
+
+Lerner, Abba P.
+
+Levitas, Samuel M.
+
+Lewis, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+Lewis, Rt. Rev. William F., Episcopal Bishop of Olympia
+
+Linder, Hon. Harold F. (CFR)
+
+Linen, James A., Publisher, _Time_ Magazine
+
+Linton, M. Albert, Retired Chairman of the Board, Provident Mutual Life
+    Insurance Company of Philadelphia; Member, American Friends Service
+    Committee
+
+Lipsky, Dr. George A.
+
+Litchfield, Dr. Edward H. (CFR)
+
+Little, Dr. Clarence C., Professor Emeritus, Harvard University and
+    University of Michigan
+
+Littlejohn, Edward
+
+Lockmiller, Dr. David A., President, Ohio Wesleyan University; Former
+    President, University of Chattanooga
+
+Loehr, Rev. Clement D.
+
+Loehr, Rev. Franklin D.
+
+Louchheim, Stuart F.
+
+Louis, Karl N.
+
+Loveless, Herschel C., Governor of Iowa
+
+Loynd, H. J., President, Parke, Davis & Co.
+
+Lubin, Isador (CFR)
+
+Luce, Hon. Clare Boothe, Former Ambassador to Italy; Playwright (Husband
+    in CFR)
+
+Luce, Henry III (CFR)
+
+Lucey, Most Rev. Robert E., S.T.D., Archbishop of San Antonio; Vice
+    President, Catholic Association for International Peace
+
+Lund, Dr. P. Edward
+
+Lunsford, Frank
+
+
+Mabey, Charles R., Former Governor of Utah
+
+MacLachlan, James A., Professor of Law, Harvard University
+
+Malott, Dr. Deane W., President, Cornell University
+
+Mann, Gerald C., Former Secretary of State for Texas; Former Attorney
+    General, State of Texas; Chairman of the Board, Diversa, Inc.,
+    Dallas; Secretary, Board of Trustees; Southern Methodist University
+
+Marlowe, Mark V.
+
+Marshall, Gen. George C., Former Secretary of State; Former Secretary of
+    Defense
+
+Marshall, Brig. Gen. S. L. A., Chief Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_
+
+Martie, J. E., Past National Vice Commander, American Legion
+
+Martin, Dr. B. Joseph, President, Wesleyan College, Macon, Georgia
+
+Martin, Laurance C.
+
+Marts, Dr. Arnaud C. (CFR)
+
+Mather, Dr. J. Paul, President, University of Massachusetts
+
+Mather, Wiley W.
+
+Mathews, Lt. Col. John A.
+
+Mathieu, Miss Beatrice
+
+Matthews, Allan F.
+
+McAllister, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+McAshan, Mrs. S. M.
+
+McCain, Dr. James A., President, Kansas State College; Former President,
+    Montana State University
+
+McCall, Dr. Duke, President, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
+
+McCalmont, David B.
+
+McCann, Dr. Kevin, President, Defiance College, Ohio; Special Assistant
+    and speech writer for President Eisenhower, 1955-61
+
+McCarthy, Frank, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films; Former Assistant
+    Secretary of State; Secretary to General George C. Marshall,
+    1941-1945
+
+McCord, Dr. James I., President, Princeton Theological Seminary
+
+McCormick, Charles T., Distinguished Professor of Law, University of
+    Texas; Former Dean of School of Law, University of North Carolina;
+    Former Professor of Law, Northwestern University
+
+McCormick, Leo H.
+
+McCrady, Dr. Edward, President, University of the South
+
+McDonald, David J., President, United Steelworkers of America
+
+McDonald, Rt. Rev. Msgr. William J., Rector, Catholic University of
+    America.
+
+McFarland, Mrs. Cole
+
+McFee, William
+
+McIntosh, Henry T.
+
+McInturff, George L.
+
+McKee, Frederick C. (CFR)
+
+McKeldin, Theodore R., Former Governor of Maryland
+
+McKinney, Robert, Publisher & Editor, Santa Fe _New Mexican_; Former
+    Assistant Secretary of the Interior
+
+McLane, John R., Retired Chairman, New Hampshire State Board of
+    Arbitration and Conciliation; Trustee, Dartmouth College
+
+McMath, Sidney S., Former Governor of Arkansas
+
+McMullen, Mrs. Stewart Y.
+
+McNaughton, F. F.
+
+McNaughton, William F.
+
+McNichols, Stephen L. R., Governor of Colorado
+
+McQuarrie, Mrs. Irvine
+
+Means, Paul B., Chairman, Department of Religion, University of Oregon
+
+Meeman, Edward J., Editor, Memphis _Press-Scimitar_
+
+Melvin, Crandall, Partner, Melvin & Melvin, Lawyers; President,
+    Merchants National Bank & Trust Company, Syracuse; Trustee, Syracuse
+    University; Member, National Council, Boy Scouts of America
+
+Menuhin, Yehudi, Concert Violinist and Symphony Conductor
+
+Merriam, H. G.
+
+Mesta, Perle, Former Minister to Luxembourg
+
+Meyer, Maj. Gen. G. Ralph
+
+Meyner, Robert B., Governor of New Jersey
+
+Mickle, Dr. Joe J., President, Centenary College, Louisiana; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Recipient, Distinguished Alumnis Award,
+    Southern Methodist University, 1953
+
+Midgley, Grant W.
+
+Miller, Dr. Arthur L., Past Moderator, United Presbyterian Church, USA;
+    member, General Board, National Council of Churches
+
+Miller, Francis P. (CFR)
+
+Miller, Harlan, Columnist, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_
+
+Miller, Perry, Professor of American Literature, Harvard University
+
+Miller, Mrs. Walter I.
+
+Milligan, Mrs. Harold, Past President, National Council of Women
+
+Millikan, Dr. Clark B. (CFR)
+
+Millikan, Dr. Max (CFR)
+
+Millis, Dr. John S. (CFR)
+
+Mitchell, Don G. (CFR)
+
+Moehlman, W. F.
+
+Moll, Dr. Lloyd A.
+
+Monroe, J. Raburn, Partner, Monroe & Lemann, Lawyers, New Orleans;
+    Regional Vice President, National Municipal Association
+
+Montgomery, Greenville D.
+
+Montgomery, Dr. John C.
+
+Montgomery, Dr. Riley B., President, College of the Bible, Lexington,
+    Kentucky; Official, National Council of Churches; Member, Fellowship
+    of Reconciliation, World Fellowship, National Education Association,
+    National Council of Churches; Former Chairman, Committee on
+    Activities, Virginia Council of Churches; Former member Executive
+    Committee, Federal Council of Churches
+
+Montgomery, Victor P.
+
+Mooney, James D. (CFR)
+
+Moor, N. R. H.
+
+Moore, Bishop Arthur J., President, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church
+
+Moore, Hugh (CFR)
+
+Moore, Rev. Philip S.
+
+Moore, Walden
+
+Morgan, Dr. Arthur E., Former President, Antioch College; Former Head,
+    TVA
+
+Morgenthau, Dr. Hans J. (CFR)
+
+Morrison, deLesseps S., U. S. Ambassador to the Organization of American
+    States; Mayor of New Orleans, 1946-1961
+
+Morse, Samuel F. B., Realtor, San Francisco
+
+Mueller, Bishop Reuben H., Vice-President, National Council of Churches;
+    President, Board of Bishops, United Brethren Church; Vice Chairman,
+    World Council of Christian Education; Official, World Council of
+    Churches
+
+Muir, Malcolm (CFR)
+
+Mullins, Dr. David W., President, University of Arkansas; Member
+    National Council, National Planning Association; Official, National
+    Education Association
+
+Murphy, Dr. Franklin D. (CFR)
+
+Mynders, Alfred D.
+
+
+Nason, Dr. John W. (CFR)
+
+Nelson, Hon. Gaylord A., Governor of Wisconsin
+
+Neuberger, Richard L., Senator from Oregon; Official, American for
+    Democratic Action
+
+Newman, Dr. James H., Executive Vice President, University of Alabama
+
+Newstetter, Wilbur I., Jr.
+
+Nichols, Rt. Rev. Shirley H., Episcopal Bishop of Kansas
+
+Nichols, Thomas S. (CFR)
+
+Noble, Rev. Charles C., Dean, Chapel of Syracuse University
+
+Noelte, Albert E.
+
+Northrop, Dr. Filmer S. C., Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law,
+    Yale University; Author
+
+Norton, Hon. Garrison, President, Institute for Defense Analyses;
+    Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1956-59; Assistant Secretary of
+    State, 1947-49
+
+Norton, Mrs. H. W.
+
+Norton, R. W., Jr.
+
+Nutting, Charles B., President, Action-Housing, Inc.; Former Vice
+    Chancellor, University of Pittsburgh; Former Professor of Law,
+    University of Nebraska
+
+Nuveen, John (CFR)
+
+
+Odegard, Dr. Peter, Professor of Political Science, University of
+    California; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Former Official,
+    Ford Foundation
+
+Oldham, Rt. Rev. G. Ashton
+
+O'Neal, F. Hodge, Professor of Law, Duke University
+
+Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Robert (CFR)
+
+Oppenheimer, William H., Lawyer, St. Paul, Minnesota
+
+Orgill, Hon. Edmund, Former Mayor of Memphis
+
+Orgill, Joseph, Jr.
+
+Ormond, Dr. John K., Surgeon, Pontiac, Michigan
+
+Orr, Edgar K.
+
+Osborn, Mrs. Chase S., Author, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
+
+Osborne, Hon. Lithgow (CFR)
+
+Osgood, William B.
+
+Otenasek, Dr. Mildred
+
+Otis, Courtlandt
+
+Owens, Lee E., Official, Owens Publications, California
+
+Owens, Lee E., Jr.
+
+
+Pack, Rev. John Paul
+
+Palmer, Charles Forrest, President, Palmer, Inc., Realtor, Atlanta;
+    Official, National Planning Association; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association, American Society of Planning Officials
+
+Palmer, Miss Hazel, Past President, National Federation of Business and
+    Professional Women's Clubs
+
+Palmer, Robert C.
+
+Parker, Haven
+
+Parker, Mrs. Kay Peterson
+
+Parran, Dr. Thomas, President, Avalon Foundation; Former Surgeon
+    General, U.S.; Former Dean, Graduate School of Public Health,
+    University of Pittsburgh
+
+Parran, Mrs. Thomas
+
+Partch, Mrs. Wallace
+
+Pasqualicchio, Leonard H., President, National Council of
+    American-Italian Friendship
+
+Patten, James G., President, National Farmers' Union; President,
+    International Federation of Agricultural Producers; Trustee,
+    National Planning Association
+
+Patty, Dr. Ernest N., President, University of Alaska
+
+Pavlo, Mrs. Hattie May
+
+Pearl, Stuart D.
+
+Peattie, Donald Culross, Author, Roving Editor, _Reader's Digest_
+
+Pell, Herbert Claiborne, Former Congressman from New York; Member,
+    Advertising Council, Rhode Island Labor Department; Member, Advisory
+    Council, Yenching University, Peiping, China
+
+Pell, Rev. Walden, II
+
+Perkins, Dr. John A., President, University of Delaware; Undersecretary
+    of Health, Education & Welfare, 1957-58; Director, International
+    City Managers Association; Member, Committee for Economic
+    Development; Member National Planning Association
+
+Perkins, Ralph
+
+Phillips, Duncan, Director, Phillips Gallery, Washington, D. C.
+
+Phillips, Dr. Hubert
+
+Phillips, Dr. J. Donald, President, Hillsdale College, Michigan
+
+Phillips, William (CFR)
+
+Pillsbury, Philip W., Chairman of the Board, Pillsbury Mills, Inc.
+
+Pillsbury, Mrs. Philip W.
+
+Pines, Rabbi Jerome M.
+
+Pinkerton, Roy D., President & Editorial Director, John P. Scripps
+    Newspapers
+
+Pond, Harold S.
+
+Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola (CFR)
+
+Popejoy, Dr. Tom L., President, University of New Mexico
+
+Porter, Paul A., Former Chairman, Federal Communications Commission
+
+Posner, Stanley I., Professor of Business Administration, American
+    University, Washington, D. C.
+
+Prange, Charles H., President, Austenal, Inc.
+
+Price, Gwilym A., Chairman, Westinghouse Electric Corporation; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council
+
+Prickett, William, Lawyer, Wilmington, Delaware
+
+Puffer, Dr. Claude E., Vice Chancellor, University of Buffalo; Member,
+    Committee for Economic Development
+
+
+Qualls, J. Winfield
+
+Quay, Richard R.
+
+Quimby, Thomas H. E., Democratic National Committeeman for Michigan;
+    Vice President, Perry Land Company
+
+Quinn, William Francis, Governor of Hawaii
+
+
+Raasch, John E., Chairman of Board, John Wanamaker
+
+Rabb, Maxwell M., Partner, Stroock, Stroock & Lavan, New York City;
+    Secretary to the Cabinet of the U. S., 1953-58; Former Chairman,
+    Government Division, United Jewish Appeal; Consultant, Secretary of
+    the Navy, 1946; Administrative Assistant to Senator Henry Cabot
+    Lodge, 1937-43; Administrative Assistant to Senator Sinclair Weeks,
+    1944
+
+Radley, Guy R.
+
+Raines, Bishop Richard C., Indiana Area, Methodist Church
+
+Rainey, Dr. Homer P., Former President, University of Texas, Stephens
+    College, Bucknell University; Liberal-Loyalist Democratic Candidate
+    for Governor of Texas, 1946
+
+Raley, Dr. John Wesley, President, Oklahoma Baptist University
+
+Rasmuson, Elmer E., President, National Bank of Alaska
+
+Redd, Charles
+
+Reed, Alexander P., Chairman of the Board, Fidelity Trust Company,
+    Pittsburgh
+
+Reed, Dr. R. Glenn, Jr.
+
+Reese, Dr. Curtis W., Editor, _Unity_; Member, Council of Liberal
+    Churches
+
+Reeves, Dr. George N.
+
+Remsen, Gerard T.
+
+Renne, Dr. Roland R., President, Montana State College
+
+Rettaliata, Dr. John T., President, Illinois Institute of Technology
+
+Reuther, Victor G., Administrative Assistant to the President, United
+    Automobile Workers
+
+Reuther, Walter P., President, United Automobile Workers; President, CIO
+    Division, AFL-CIO; Vice President, United World Federalists
+
+Rhodes, Dr. Peyton N., President, Southwestern University, Memphis
+
+Rhyne, Charles S., Past President, American Bar Association; Member,
+    Executive Council, American Society for International Law
+
+Rice, Dr. Allan Lake
+
+Rice, Dr. Warner G., Chairman, Department of English, University of
+    Michigan
+
+Roberts, David W.
+
+Roberts, Mrs. Owen J.
+
+Robertson, Andrew W. (CFR)
+
+Robertson, Walter S., Former Assistant Secretary of State for far
+    Eastern Affairs; former delegate to U. N.
+
+Robinson, Claude W.
+
+Robinson, Miss Elizabeth
+
+Robinson, J. Ben
+
+Robinson, John Q.
+
+Robinson, Thomas L. (CFR)
+
+Roebling, Mrs. Mary G., President & Chairman of Board, Trenton Trust
+    Company
+
+Rogers, Will, Jr., Newspaper Publisher, Former Congressman
+
+Rolph, Thomas W.
+
+Roosevelt, Nicholas (CFR)
+
+Roper, Elmo (CFR)
+
+Rose, Dr. Frank A., President, University of Alabama
+
+Rosenthal, Milton F., President, Hugo Stinnes Corp.
+
+Rostow, Dr. Eugene V. (CFR)
+
+Rowland, W. T.
+
+Rudick, Harry J., Partner, Lord, Day & Lord; Professor of Law New York
+    University; Member, Committee for Economic Development, National
+    Planning Association
+
+Rust, Ben
+
+Ruthenburg, Louis, Chairman of Board, Servel, Inc.
+
+Ryder, Melvin, Publisher, Editor, President, Army Times Publishing
+    Company
+
+
+Sagendorph, Robb, Publisher, _Old Farmer's Almanack_
+
+Sandelius, Walter E.
+
+Sanders, Walter B., Chairman, Department of Architecture, University of
+    Michigan
+
+Sanford, Arthur
+
+Sayman, Mrs. Thomas
+
+Sayre, Francis B., Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-39; U. S.
+    Ambassador to the United Nations, 1947-52; Professor of Law, Harvard
+    University, 1917-34
+
+Scherman, Harry (CFR)
+
+Schiff, Mrs. Dorothy, Publisher and owner, _New York Post_
+
+Schlesinger, Dr. Arthur, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Schmidt, Adolph W. (CFR)
+
+Schmidt, John F.
+
+Schmitt, Mrs. Ralph S.
+
+Schroeder, Walter, President, Christian Schroeder & Sons Inc.,
+    Milwaukee
+
+Schroth, Thomas N., Editor & Publisher, Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
+
+Schultz, Larry H.
+
+Scullin, Richard J., Jr.
+
+Seedorf, Dr. Evelyn H.
+
+Semmes, Brig Gen. Harry H.
+
+Sengstacke, John H., Publisher, _Chicago Defender_
+
+Serpell, Mrs. John A.
+
+Shackelford, Francis, Lawyer, Atlanta; Assistant Secretary of the Army,
+    1952-53
+
+Shapiro, Ascher H., Professor of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
+    Technology
+
+Shea, George E., Jr., Financial Editor, _Wall Street Journal_
+
+Shelton, E. G.
+
+Shepley, Dr. Ethan A. H., Chancellor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Board member, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Anheuser-Busch,
+    Inc.
+
+Sherman, Dr. Mary S.
+
+Sherwood, Carlton M., President, Pierce, Hedrick & Sherwood, Inc.;
+    Member, Executive Committee, Foundation for Integrated Education;
+    Commission member, National Council of Churches
+
+Shirpser, Mrs. Clara
+
+Shotwell, Dr. James T. (CFR)
+
+Sibley, Brig. Gen. Alden K.
+
+Sick, Emil G., Chairman of the Board, Sicks' Breweries, Ltd.; President,
+    Washmont Corp., Sicks' Breweries Enterprises, Inc.
+
+Sikes, W. E.
+
+Simons, Dolph, President, The World Company; Publisher, Editor,
+    Lawrence, Kansas _Daily Journal-World_; Director, Associated Press
+
+Simonton, Theodore E.
+
+Simpson, James A., Lawyer, Birmingham, Alabama; Former State Senator
+
+Sittler, Edward L., Jr.
+
+Skouras, Spyros P., President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.;
+    President of Skouras Lines
+
+Slee, James N.
+
+Slick, Tom, Chairman of the Board, Slick Oil Company; Board Member,
+    Slick Airways, Inc., Dresser Industries of Dallas
+
+Sloan, Rev. Harold P., Jr.
+
+Slosson, Dr. Preston W., Professor of History, University of Michigan;
+    Author
+
+Sly, Rev. Virgil A., Vice-President, National Council of Churches,
+    Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Smith, Bishop A. Frank, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Southern
+    Methodist University, Dallas; Methodist Bishop of Houston and San
+    Antonio
+
+Smith, Maj. Gen. Edward S., Former Vice-President, Southern Bell T & T
+    Company
+
+Smith, Dr. Francis A.
+
+Smith, H. Alexander (CFR)
+
+Smith, Paul C. (CFR)
+
+Smith, Robert Jerome
+
+Smith, Russell G.
+
+Smith, Dr. Seymour A., President, Stephens College
+
+Smith, Sylvester C., Jr., Lawyer, Newark, New Jersey
+
+Snow, Miss Jessie L.
+
+Snyder, John I., Jr., Chairman of the Board, President, U. S.
+    Industries, Inc.; Formerly with Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; Trustee Committee
+    for Economic Development, National Urban League, New York University
+
+Soffel, Judge Sara M., Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Allegheny County,
+    Pennsylvania; Trustee, University of Pittsburgh; Official, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Sommer, Mrs. Sara
+
+Sonne, Hans Christian (CFR)
+
+Spaulding, Rev. Clarence
+
+Spaulding, Eugene R., Vice-President, _The New Yorker_
+
+Spaulding, George F.
+
+Spilsbury, Mrs. Margaret C.
+
+Spivak, Lawrence E., Producer, "Meet the Press," NBC-TV; Former Editor &
+    Publisher, _American Mercury_
+
+Sporn, Philip, President, American Electric Power Company & subsidiaries
+
+Springer, Maurice
+
+Sproul, Dr. Robert Gordon (CFR)
+
+Stafford, Mrs. Carl
+
+Standley, Rear Adm. William H. (CFR)
+
+Stanton, Dr. Frank, President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council
+
+Starcher, Dr. George W., President, University of North Dakota
+
+Stark, George W., Arthur, Columnist, Detroit _News_
+
+Steinbicker, Dr. Paul G., Chairman, Department of Government, St. Louis
+    University
+
+Steiner, Dr. Celestin John, S. J., President, University of Detroit;
+    Member, Foreign Policy Association; Member, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews
+
+Steinkraus, Herman W., Chairman of the Board, Bridgeport Brass Co.;
+    Former President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce; Trustee, Twentieth
+    Century Fund
+
+Steinman, Dr. David B., Bridge Engineer
+
+Stern, William
+
+Sterne, Dr. Theodore E., Simon Newcomb Professor of Astrophysics,
+    Harvard University
+
+Stevenson, Adlai (CFR)
+
+Stevenson, Dr. William E. (CFR)
+
+Steward, Roy F.
+
+Stewart, Dr. Robert B. (CFR)
+
+Stoddard, Ralph
+
+Stoke, Dr. Harold Walter, President, Queens College, Flushing, New York;
+    Former President, Louisiana State University
+
+Straus, Ralph I. (CFR)
+
+Strausz-Hupe, Dr. Robert (CFR)
+
+Streit, Clarence K., President, Federal Union, Inc.; Author
+
+Stuart, Dr. Graham H.
+
+Sturt, Dr. Daniel W.
+
+Suits, Hollis E.
+
+
+Talbott, Philip M., Past President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce
+
+Tally, Joseph, Jr., Past President, Kiwanis International
+
+Tatum, Lofton L.
+
+Tawes, J. Millard, Governor of Maryland
+
+Taylor, Dr. Edgar Curtis
+
+Taylor, James L.
+
+Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (CFR)
+
+Taylor, Brig. Gen. Telford, U. S. Chief of Consul, Nurnburg War
+    Criminals Trials
+
+Taylor, Dr. Theophilus Mills, Moderator, United Presbyterian Church,
+    USA; Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield (CFR)
+
+Teller, Dr. Edward (CFR)
+
+Thom, W. Taylor, Jr., Chairman Emeritus of Geological Engineering,
+    Princeton University
+
+Thomas, J. R.
+
+Thompson, Dr. Ernest Trice, Professor, Union Theological Seminary;
+    Co-Editor, Presbyterian Outlook
+
+Thompson, Kelly, President, Western Kentucky State College
+
+Tobie, Llewellyn A.
+
+Todd, Dr. G. W.
+
+Todd, George L., Vice President, Burroughs Corp.
+
+Tolan, Mrs. Thomas L.
+
+Towill, John Bell
+
+Towster, Julian
+
+Trickett, Dr. A. Stanley, Chairman, Department of History, University of
+    Omaha; Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Truman, Harry S., Former President of the United States
+
+Turner, Gardner C.
+
+Turner, Jennie M.
+
+Twiss, Rev. Malcolm N.
+
+
+Upgren, Dr. Arthur R. (CFR)
+
+Urey, Dr. Harold C., Nobel Prize Atomic Chemist; Professor of Chemistry,
+    University of California; Former Professor of Chemistry, University
+    of Chicago
+
+
+Valimont, Col. R. W.
+
+Van Doren, Mark, Pulitzer Prize Poet
+
+van Nierop, H. A.
+
+Van Zandt, J. Parker
+
+Veiller, Anthony
+
+Velte, Charles H.
+
+Vereide, Abraham, President, International Christian Leadership
+
+Vernon, Lester B.
+
+Vieg, Dr. John A.
+
+Vincent, John H.
+
+Visson, Andre
+
+
+Walker, Elmer
+
+Walker, Dr. Harold Blake, President, McCormick Theological Seminary,
+    Evanston, Illinois
+
+Walling, L. Metcalfe, Director, U. S. Operations Mission, Colombia; Vice
+    President, National Consumers League
+
+Walsh, John R.
+
+Walsh, Dr. Warren B., Chairman of the Board, Department of Russian
+    Studies, Syracuse University; Director, American Unitarian
+    Association
+
+Walton, Miss Dorothy C.
+
+Wampler, Cloud, Chairman of Board, Carrier Corporation
+
+Wanger, Walter F. (CFR)
+
+Wansker, Harry A.
+
+Warner, Dr. Sam B., Publisher, _Shore Line Times, The Clinton_
+
+Warren, Hamilton M.
+
+Warwick, Dr. Sherwood
+
+Waterman, Professor Leroy
+
+Watkins, Bishop William T., Methodist Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky
+
+Watts, Olin E., Member, Jennings, Watts, Clarke & Hamilton, Lawyers;
+    Jacksonville, Florida; Trustee, University of Florida
+
+Waymack, William Wesley, Former member, Atomic Energy Commission; Former
+    Editor, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_; Pulitzer Prize, 1937;
+    Member, National Committee, American Civil Liberties Union; Trustee,
+    Twentieth Century Fund
+
+Webb, Marshall
+
+Webb, Vanderbilt (CFR)
+
+Wedel, Mrs. Theodore O., Past President, United Church Women
+
+Weeks, Dr. I. D., President, University of South Dakota
+
+Welch, Mrs. George Patrick
+
+Wells, Dr. Herman B. (CFR)
+
+Weltner, Dr. Philip
+
+Wendover, Sanford H.
+
+West, Donald C.
+
+Weston, Eugene, Jr., Architect, Los Angeles; Member, American Society of
+    Planning Officials
+
+Weston, Rev. Robert G.
+
+Wetmore, Rev. Canon J. Stuart
+
+Whitaker, Robert B.
+
+White, Edward S.
+
+White, Dr. Lee A., Retired Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_
+
+White, William L., Publisher, Emporia, Kansas _Gazette_; Author; Member,
+    Former Director, American Civil Liberties Union
+
+White, Dr. W. R., President, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
+
+Whitman, Walter G., Chairman. Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Secretary-General, United
+    Nations Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, 1955
+
+Whitney, Edward Allen
+
+Whorf, Richard, Producer, Actor, Director, Warner Brothers; Producer,
+    CBS, Hollywood
+
+Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B. (CFR)
+
+Wigner, Dr. Eugene P., Professor, Princeton University
+
+Wilkin, Robert N.
+
+Willham, Dr. Oliver S., President, Oklahoma State University
+
+Williams, A. N., Former Chairman of Board, Westinghouse Air Brake
+    Company
+
+Williams, Dr. Clanton W., President, University of Houston
+
+Williams, Herbert H.
+
+Williams, Mrs. Lynn A., Sr.
+
+Williams, Ray G.
+
+Williams, Whiting
+
+Williamson, Alexander J.
+
+Willkie, Philip, Son of Wendell Willkie
+
+Wilson, Alfred M., Vice President, Director, Minneapolis-Honeywell
+    Regulator Company
+
+Wilson, Dr. Logan, President, University of Texas; Director, Center of
+    Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Former member, Fund for the
+    Republic
+
+Wilson, Dr. O. Meredith, President, University of Minnesota
+
+Wise, Watson W., Owner, W. W. Wise Drilling, Inc., Tyler, Texas; Member,
+    Executive Committee, Lone Star Steel Co.; Dallas; Special Council,
+    Schuman Plan, NATO, 1949-52; Member, National Planning Association;
+    U. S. Delegate, 13th General Assembly of the United Nations
+
+Woodring, Harry H., Former Secretary of War; Past National Commander,
+    American Legion
+
+Wright, William
+
+
+Yarnell, Rear Adm. H. E. (CFR)
+
+Young, John L., Vice-President, U. S. Steel Corporation; Chairman of the
+    Board, Dad's Root Beer Bottling Company; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association
+
+Young, John Orr, Advertising Consultant, New York City
+
+Young, Owen D. (CFR)
+
+Youngdahl, Luther W., Judge, U. S. District Court for District of
+    Columbia; Former Governor of Minnesota; Trustee, American University
+
+
+Zanuck, Darryl F., Vice-President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.
+
+Zellerbach, Harold L., Former Board Chairman, Crown Zellerbach Corp.;
+    Member, Board of Governors, Hebrew Union College; Trustee,
+    University of Pennsylvania
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+This is an index to the text of this volume. Names which appear in
+Appendix I and Appendix II (membership rosters of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and of the Atlantic Union Committee) are not in this index
+unless they are mentioned in the text.
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abraham & Straus, 76 ff
+
+Abram, Morris B., 171
+
+Abrams, Frank W., 170
+
+Abrams, Henry H., 149
+
+Acheson, Dean, 105; 118
+
+ACTION, 101
+
+ADA, 146 ff
+
+Adams, Grantley H., 20
+
+Adenauer, Konrad, 143
+
+ADVERTISING COUNCIL, 91; 95; 97-102; 174;
+  Public Policy Committee, 99;
+  Mental Health project, 101;
+  support of UN, 102
+
+ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON POSTWAR FOREIGN POLICY, 5
+
+AFL-CIO, 56; 100; 130
+
+AFRICA, 105
+
+Agar, Herbert, 155
+
+Agger, Donald G., 123
+
+Air-Vue Products Corp., 92
+
+Alabama Power Company, 91
+
+Alanbrooke, Field-Marshal, 30
+
+ALDRICH COMMISSION, 54
+
+Aldrich, Malcolm P., 171
+
+Aldrich, Winthrop W., 84
+
+Alexander, Henry C., 170
+
+Allen, James L., 76
+
+Allen, Steve, 148
+
+Allen, William M., 84
+
+Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., 85
+
+Allyn, Stanley C., 85; 125; 152
+
+Altschul, Frank, 64; 140; 142
+
+Aluminum Limited, Inc., 14; 63
+
+American Airlines, 93
+
+AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, 100; 144 ff
+
+AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS, 126 ff; 173
+
+American Can Company, 14
+
+American Central Insurance Co., 91
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, 142
+
+AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA, 151
+
+AMERICAN COUNCIL TO IMPROVE OUR NEIGHBORHOODS (ACTION), 101
+
+American Express, 76
+
+AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, 56 ff
+
+AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, 47
+
+American Heavy Minerals Corp., 95
+
+_American Heritage_, 157
+
+AMERICAN HERITAGE FOUNDATION, 87
+
+AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, 47
+
+AMERICAN LEGION (Americanism Committee of Waldo Slaton Post 140), 36 ff;
+  46; 175
+
+American Metal Climax, Inc., 14
+
+American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., 64
+
+AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS, 130
+
+AMERICAN-SCANDANAVIAN FOUNDATION, 55
+
+AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION (ADA), 146 ff
+
+_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_, 140
+
+American Sugar Refining Company, 76; 127
+
+AMERICANS UNITED FOR WORLD GOVERNMENT, 124
+
+American Tel. & Tel., 14; 89; 91
+
+American Trust Company, 86; 91
+
+"America's Most Powerful Private Club," 82
+
+Anderson, Clayton, Company, 55; 62; 91
+
+Anderson, Dillon, 169
+
+Anderson, Eugenie, 130
+
+Anderson, Marian, ii
+
+Anderson, Robert B., 85
+
+ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, 47
+
+Arabian American Oil Company, 14
+
+ARDEN HOUSE GROUP, 145
+
+AREA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, 70 ff
+
+Armco International Corp., 14
+
+Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 4 ff; 140
+
+ARMY-McCARTHY HEARINGS, 84
+
+_Army Times_, 113
+
+Ashmore, Harry S., 168
+
+ASIA, 40; 106;
+  communist goal to enslave, 44
+
+Asiatic Petroleum Corp., 14
+
+ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN WORLD GOVERNMENT, 125
+
+Atlanta Transit Co., 86
+
+ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY CONVENTION, 122
+
+ATLANTIC UNION, 113 ff
+
+ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE, Inc., 105 ff; 118 ff; 130; 152;
+  membership, 202
+
+_Atlantic Union News_ (quote from), 122
+
+AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, v
+
+AVCO Manuf. Corp., 88
+
+Avildsen, Clarence, 85
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Babb, Jervis J., 70; 76
+
+Bacher, Robert F., 169
+
+Baldwin, Hanson W., 155
+
+Baldwin, Roger, 143
+
+Ball, George W., 11; 180
+
+Bank of America, 56; 85
+
+Bank of Manhattan Company, 64; 76
+
+Bankers Security Corporation, 130
+
+Bankers Trust Company, 14; 65; 92
+
+Barkin, Solomon, 142
+
+Barnes, Harry Elmer, 165
+
+Barnes, Joseph, 156
+
+Barnett, Frank R., 137
+
+Barrett, Edward W., 125; 152
+
+Bates, Harry C., 101
+
+Batten, William M., 85
+
+Bay Petroleum Corp., 94
+
+Beal, Gerald F., 48
+
+Beard, Charles E., 169
+
+Beaver Coal Co., 87
+
+Bechtel, S. D., 85
+
+Beise, S. Clark, 85
+
+Belafonte, Harry, 148
+
+_Beliefs, Purposes and Policies_ (quote from UWF pamphlet), 123 ff
+
+Belgian Securities Corp., 14
+
+Bell and Howell Co., 88; 92; 93
+
+Bell, Elliott V., 64; 156
+
+Bell, James F., 170
+
+Bell, Laird, 142
+
+Bendix Aviation Corp., 89
+
+Benny, Jack, 102
+
+Benton, William, affiliations: iii; 62; 64; 130; 143
+
+Berger Manufacturing Co., of Mass., 92
+
+Berle, Adolf A., Jr., affiliations: 11; 55, 140; 150; 171
+
+BERLIN, 28 ff; 132, 180
+
+Bernhard, Prince of The Netherlands, v
+
+Berry, George P., 171
+
+Bethlehem Steel Co., Inc., 14
+
+_Better Farming_, 85
+
+_Better Homes and Gardens_, 85
+
+Biddle, Francis, 146, 171
+
+"Bilderbergers," v
+
+BILL OF RIGHTS, The U. S., 108 ff
+
+Bingham, Barry, 168
+
+BIRCH (JOHN) SOCIETY, 147, 158
+
+Bixby (Fred H.) Ranch Co., 88
+
+Black, Eugene R., 168
+
+Black, James B., 55, 168
+
+Blanc, Louis, 60-61
+
+Blanding, Sarah G., 76, 99
+
+Bliss, Robert Woods, 170
+
+Bliss, Tasker H., 3
+
+Blough, Roger M., 85, 96, 171
+
+Blue Diamond Corp., 88
+
+Blum, Robert, 140; 169
+
+B'NAI B'RITH, 102
+
+Boeing Airplane Co., 84
+
+Boeschenstein, Harold, 85
+
+Bohen, Fred, 85
+
+Bohlen, Charles E., 11
+
+Book of the Month Club, Inc., 63
+
+Booz, Allen and Hamilton, 76
+
+Bosch, Albert H., 150
+
+Bowery Savings Bank, 56
+
+Bowie, Robert R., iii; 140
+
+Bowles, Chester, affiliations: 10, 146; 152; 168
+
+Bowles, Mrs. Chester, 151
+
+Bowman, Isaiah, 5
+
+Brada, George, 150
+
+Brace, Lloyd D., 168
+
+Braden Copper Co., 87
+
+Braden, Spruille, 158 ff
+
+Bradfield, Richard, 168
+
+Bradley, Albert, 170
+
+Bradley, Omar N., 170
+
+Brandt, Willy, 20
+
+Branscomb, Harvie, 170
+
+Breech, Ernest R., 85
+
+Brenton, W. Harold, 76
+
+Bridges, Harry, 111
+
+British Aluminum, Ltd., 93
+
+Bronk, Detlev W., 168, 169
+
+Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co., 14
+
+Brown, Courtney C., 142
+
+Brown, George R., 85
+
+Brown, John Mason, 156
+
+Brown & Root, Inc., 85
+
+Brownlee, James F., 76, 168
+
+Bruce, David K. E., 10, 150
+
+Brundage, Percival F., 113
+
+Brunswick Paper and Pulp Co., 89
+
+Bryant, Arthur, 30
+
+Buckmaster, L. S., 142
+
+Bullis, Harry A., 124, 148
+
+Bunche, Ralph J., affiliations: 5, 99, 125, 144; 151, 152, 168
+
+Bundy, Harvey H., 169
+
+Bundy, McGeorge, 11
+
+Bunker, Arthur H., 124
+
+Burgess, Carter L., 85
+
+Burlington Industries, Inc., 90
+
+Burns, Arthur F., 171
+
+Burroughs Corp., 92
+
+Bush, Prescott, (favoring Holmes nomination), 8-10
+
+Bush, Vannevar, 170
+
+BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL (BAC), 81-96;
+  influence on gov. policy, 82;
+  influence on Army-McCarthy hearings, 83;
+  membership, 84 ff, 128;
+  tax-exempt status, 83
+
+BUSINESS COUNCIL (_see_ Business Advisory Council)
+
+BUSINESS EXECUTIVES RESEARCH COMMITTEE, 72 ff, 77 ff
+
+_Business Week_, 64
+
+Butler, William, 143
+
+Buttenwieser, Benjamin J., 49; 99
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Cabin Crafts, Inc., 89
+
+Cabot Corporation, 14
+
+Cabot (Godfrey L.) Inc., 64
+
+Cabot, Henry B., 125
+
+Cabot, Paul C., 85
+
+Cabot, Thomas D., 64
+
+Cadman, S. Parkes, 143
+
+California Texas Oil Corp., 14
+
+Cameron Iron Works, Inc., 14
+
+Campbell Soup Co., 14; 92
+
+Canadian General Electric Co., 65
+
+Canby, Henry Seidel, 148
+
+Canfield, Cass, 124; 126; 156
+
+Canham, Erwin D., 46 ff; 141; 171
+
+Carey, Mrs. Andrew G., 48
+
+Carey, James B., 142
+
+Carmichael, James V., 86
+
+Carnahan, A. S. J., 66 ff
+
+Carnegie Corporation of New York, 21; 93; 95; 152; 161; 169
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, iii; 49: 163; 169
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, 170
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, 63; 88; 93
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 93
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 170
+
+Carpenter, Walter S., Jr., 170
+
+Carrier Corp., 64; 95
+
+Case, Everett Needham, 76; 130
+
+Casey, Joe, 7
+
+Castle & Cook, Ltd., 92
+
+Castro, Fidel, 18 ff; 62; 159
+
+Caterpillar Tractor Co., 86
+
+Catton, Bruce, 168
+
+CED (_see_: Committee for Economic Development)
+
+CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, 94
+
+CENTER OF DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY, 152
+
+CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (powers of), 110
+
+Central Life Assurance Society, 85
+
+Central National Bank of Richmond, 93
+
+CFR (_see_: Council on Foreign Relations)
+
+Chaco Petroleum of South America, 94
+
+Chagla, M. C., 19
+
+Chalk, O. Roy, 130
+
+_Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_, 165
+
+CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE U. S., 63
+
+Champion Paper and Fibre Co., 96
+
+Chase Manhattan Bank, The, 14; 56; 89; 92; 100
+
+Chase, Stuart, iii
+
+CHATHAM HOUSE, iv
+
+Chemstrand Corporation, 93; 95
+
+Chesebrough-Pond's Inc., 14
+
+Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 63
+
+Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., 14
+
+_Chicago Daily News_, 157
+
+Childs, Marquis, 144; 146; 156
+
+Childs, Richard S., 143
+
+CHINA,
+  communist conquest of, 40-47;
+  employment in Red China, 54;
+  recognition of Red China, 147
+
+_Christian Science Monitor_, 46 ff; 156; 159
+
+Christiana Securities Company, 87
+
+CHRISTIANITY (American heritage of), 111
+
+Church Fire Insurance Corp., 87
+
+CHURCH PEACE UNION, iii; 49
+
+Churchill, Winston, 27
+
+Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., 88
+
+Cisler, Walker L., 64; 86
+
+C. I. T. Financial Corp., 89
+
+Cities Service Co., Inc., 14
+
+CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 130 ff
+
+CITIZENS OF NORTH ATLANTIC DEMOCRACIES (Convention), 122
+
+CITY PLANNING, 71
+
+Clapper, Olive, 99
+
+Clark, Evans, 99; 171
+
+Clark, Joseph S., 102
+
+Clay, Lucius D., affiliations: 83; 86; 150; 170
+
+Clayton, William L., affiliations: 15; 62; 86; 122; 123
+
+Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., 95
+
+Cleveland, Harlan, 144
+
+Cline (Robert A.) Inc., 88
+
+Cluett, Peabody and Co., Inc., 89; 96
+
+Coca-Cola Co., 93
+
+Cohen, Benjamin V., 5; 126; 171
+
+Cole, Charles W., 168
+
+Cole, David L., 169
+
+Collado, Emilio G., 65
+
+COLLEGE-COMMUNITY RESEARCH CENTERS, 72 ff
+
+COLLEGES (_see_: Universities and Colleges)
+
+Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp., 95
+
+Collyer, John L., 86; 170
+
+Columbia Broadcasting System, 94; 130
+
+COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (CED), 51-79; 81;
+  Annual Report (1957), 54, 64 ff, 70 ff, 77, 154, 174;
+  Area Development, 70;
+  Business-Education Committee, 76 ff, 127;
+  College-Community Research Centers, 70 ff;
+  Dallas CED Associates, 78 ff;
+  education programs, 73, 154;
+  Research and Policy Committee, 64
+
+COMMISSION ON MONEY AND CREDIT, 51-61
+
+COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS, 140 ff
+
+COMMITTEES ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, 20 ff; 35
+
+COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 171
+
+COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA, 153
+
+COMMUNISM (World Brotherhood's opinion of), 144
+
+COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (quotation of plan for World Government), 112
+
+_Communist Manifesto_, 61
+
+COMMUNIST PARTY, i; 143
+
+Como, Perry, 102
+
+Compton, Arthur H., 143
+
+Conant, James B., 76; 141
+
+CONFERENCE ON WORLD TENSIONS, 144
+
+CONGRESS, THE U. S.,
+  AUC Resolution presented to, 119;
+  CFR influence on, 35;
+  CMC recommendations to, 52 ff;
+  debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120 ff;
+  the 83rd Session, 162;
+  foreign aid appropriations, 66, 133;
+  House Rules Committee, 53;
+  investigating committees, v, 177 ff;
+  rejecting world government resolution, 115 ff
+
+_Congressional Record_,
+  debates on Holmes nomination, 9;
+  debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120;
+  quoting Carnahan on Development Loan Fund, 66:
+  on Radio Free Europe, 150
+
+CONNALLY RESERVATION, iii; 144; 177 ff
+
+Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., 14; 55
+
+Conner, John T., 76
+
+Consolidated Foods Corp., 45
+
+CONSTITUTION, THE U. S., 100; 108 ff; 179;
+  Preamble, 109
+
+Continental Can Company, 14; 86; 96
+
+Continental Illinois National Bank & Trust, 88
+
+Continental Oil Co., 15
+
+Copeland, Lammot DuPont, 151
+
+Cordiner, Ralph J., 86
+
+Corette, John E., 86
+
+Corn Products Co., 15
+
+Corning Glass Works, 15
+
+COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
+  Annual Reports, 11, 12, 16 ff, 18, 21;
+  Corporation Service, 16 ff;
+  Financial contributors to, 14 ff, 18, 79;
+  Financial Statement, 13;
+  History of, iii ff, 1 ff;
+  Influence on:
+    Berlin zoning agreements, 32 ff;
+    communications media, 153;
+    Disarmament discussions, 145;
+    Greenland protection move, 25;
+    foreign aid, 132;
+    foreign policy, 36, 153;
+    Foundations, 162 ff;
+    National Housing Acts, 71;
+    'National Purpose,' 140;
+    Radio Free Europe, 149;
+    World War II, 24-26;
+  Interlocking organizations:
+    35-49, 57, 61 ff, 70 ff, 81 ff, 96 ff, 122, 125 ff, 131, 137 ff,
+    145 ff, 150 ff, 161 ff;
+  International affiliations, 143;
+  members in U. S. government, 10 ff;
+  membership list, 187;
+  organizations formally affiliated with, 20;
+  related foreign organizations, v;
+  summary discussion of, 173 ff;
+  tax-exempt status, 19
+
+_Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_,
+  24
+
+COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 41 ff; 132
+
+Cousins, Norman, affiliations: ii ff; 124; 143 ff; 148; 151; 156
+
+Cowles, Gardner, affiliations: 65; 125, 151, 156;
+  quote from, 154
+
+Cowles, John, affiliations: 86; 126; 140; 156; 168
+
+Cowles Magazines, Inc., 65
+
+COX COMMITTEE, 162
+
+Cox, C. R., 86
+
+Cox, E. E., 161 ff
+
+Cravath, Swaine & Moore, 90
+
+CRIMEAN CONFERENCE, i ff
+
+_Crises of the Old Order_, 2
+
+Crowell-Collier Publishing Co., 157
+
+Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, 63
+
+CRUSADE FOR FREEDOM, 93, 149
+
+_Crusade in Europe_ (Dwight D. Eisenhower), 30
+
+CUBA, 135; 180
+
+Cummings, Nathan, 45
+
+Cummins Engine Company, 56
+
+Currie, Lauchlin, 5; 41
+
+Curtice, Harlow H., 86
+
+CZECHOSLOVAKIA, betrayal of, 29
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+DALLAS CED ASSOCIATES, 78 ff
+
+DALLAS CITIZENS COUNCIL, 78 ff
+
+DALLAS COUNCIL ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 79
+
+_Dallas Morning News_ (quote from), 77 ff
+
+Daniel, Charles E., 86
+
+DANISH FOREIGN POLICY SOCIETY, v
+
+Darden, Colgate W., Jr., 141
+
+David, Donald K., affiliations: 63; 65; 78 ff; 86; 168
+
+Davidson, Carter, 170
+
+Davies, Paul M., 86
+
+Davis, Elmer, 146
+
+Davis, Norman H., 5
+
+Davis, William H., 146
+
+Davison, Harry P., 171
+
+Dean, Arthur H., 10; 140; 170
+
+Dean, Vera Micheles, 38
+
+DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 108
+
+Deere and Co., 88
+
+de Lima, Oscar, 126
+
+DEMOCRACY (definition by Streit), 114
+
+DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM, 110
+
+DENMARK, German invasion of, 24 ff.
+
+Denton, Frank R., 87
+
+_Denver Post_, 159
+
+Desai, Mortarji, 20
+
+Desilu Playhouse, 102
+
+_Des Moines Register and Tribune_, 65
+
+Detroit Bank and Trust Co., 57
+
+Detroit-Edison Co., 64
+
+DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND, 66 ff.
+
+Devin-Adair Publishing Co., 163
+
+Dewey, Thomas E., 64
+
+de Zoysa, Stanley, 20
+
+Diamond Alkali Co., 95
+
+Dickey, Charles D., 87
+
+Dickey, John S., 76; 168
+
+Diebold, Williams, Jr., 18
+
+Dillon, Douglas, 10; 176
+
+District of Columbia Transit Co., 130
+
+_Documents on American Foreign Relations_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+Dodge, Joseph M., 57
+
+Donner, Frederick, G., 87
+
+Doty, Paul M., Jr., iii
+
+Douglas, Lewis W., 168; 171
+
+Dow, Jones & Co., 85
+
+Draper, William H., 152
+
+Dresser Industries, Inc., 15; 79
+
+Dubinsky, David, 146
+
+DuBridge, Lee A., 168
+
+Duggan, Stephen, 152
+
+Dulles, Allen, 3; 10; 150;
+
+Dulles, John Foster, 3; 5; 105; 114
+
+Dunn, Frederick S., 169
+
+du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours Co., 15; 87
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Eastland, James O. (quote from), 148
+
+Eastman Kodak, 83; 93
+
+Eaton, Cyrus, 43; 147
+
+Eaton Manufacturing Co., 91; 95
+
+Eban, Ebba, 20
+
+Eccles, Marriner S., 55
+
+ECONOMIC COLLECTIVISM, 113
+
+ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY, 63
+
+Eden, Anthony, 27
+
+Edison Electric Institute, 91
+
+Eichelberger, Clark M., 5; 126; 148
+
+Einstein, Albert, 147
+
+EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION, 34
+
+Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6; 12; 37, 66; 105; 134; 150;
+  Army-McCarthy hearings, 84;
+  authorizing participation in CNAD, 121;
+  BAC advisors, 83;
+  founder of American Assembly, 145;
+  part in occupation of Berlin, 28 ff;
+  President's Commission on National Goals, 140
+
+EISENHOWER EXCHANGE FELLOWSHIPS, INC., 91
+
+Elliott, William Y., 87
+
+Empire Savings and Loan Association, 92
+
+_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, iii, 62; 130
+
+Engelhard, Charles William, 123
+
+ENGLAND, 183
+
+Engles, Frederick, 61
+
+Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S., 90
+
+Equitable Trust Co., of Baltimore, 91
+
+Erler, Fritz, 20
+
+Ethridge, Mark F., 124; 150; 156; 168
+
+Ethyl Corp., 15
+
+EUROPE, 183
+
+EUROPEAN ADVISORY COMMISSION, 27; 31
+
+Export-Import Bank, 55; 69
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+FABIAN SOCIALISTS, 147
+
+Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr., 124
+
+Farrell Lines, Inc., 15
+
+Fawzi, Mahmoud, 19
+
+FEDERAL AID, to schools, 147
+
+FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI), 175
+
+FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, Constitutional powers, 109
+
+FEDERAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM, 180
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, 52
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 65
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 88; 90
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 90
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 95
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD, 55
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, 51 ff; 63
+
+FEDERAL UNION, INC., 105; 113 ff; 118
+
+Federated Department Stores, Inc., 56
+
+FEDERATION OF WORLD GOVERNMENTS, plan for, 115 ff
+
+Feldman, George J., 123
+
+Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., 85
+
+Fibreboard Products, Inc., 63
+
+Finkelstein, Lawrence S., 169
+
+Finletter, Thomas K., 5; 10; 140; 146
+
+First National Bank of Atlanta, 89
+
+First National Bank of Boston, 94
+
+First National Bank, Chicago, 55
+
+First National Bank of Greenville, 86
+
+First National Bank of St. Louis, 95
+
+First National City Bank of New York, 15; 63
+
+First Security Corporation, 55
+
+Fischer, Ben, 101
+
+Fisher, George, iii
+
+Flanders, Ralph E., 62; 84; 87
+
+Fleischmann, Julius, 150
+
+Fleming, Lamar, Jr., 65
+
+Florida-Georgia TV Co., 89
+
+Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 143
+
+Folsom, Frank, 48
+
+Folsom, Marion B., 63; 83; 87
+
+Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 86; 95
+
+FOR AMERICA, 158
+
+_Forbes Magazine_, 130
+
+Forbes, Malcolm S., 130
+
+Ford, Benson, 168
+
+FORD FOUNDATION, 62 ff; 77; 92; 131; 145;
+  recipients of financial aid from: 4, 51, 55, 149, 166 ff;
+  tax-exempt status, 35
+
+Ford, Henry, II, 87; 150; 168
+
+Ford Motor Company, 56; 63; 85; 87; 96;
+  International Division, 15
+
+_Foreign Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13; 16; 31
+
+FOREIGN AID, 129-136; 143;
+  1957 Bill, 66 ff;
+  failure of, 135;
+  programs, 111;
+  to underdeveloped countries, 67; 78
+
+FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT of 1961, 129 ff
+
+FOREIGN POLICY, U. S., 36; 43; 46; 153;
+  traditional, 1, 180
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION, 35-49; 79; 164; 175
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATIONS' COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 42
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION-WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35-49; 81; 174
+
+_Foreign Relations of the United States:
+  Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943_, 28
+
+Forgash, Morris, 128
+
+_Fortune_, 157; 159
+
+Foster Wheeler Corp, 15
+
+Foster, William C. affiliations: 65; 87; 140; 152
+
+Foster, William Z., 143
+
+_Foundations_, 162, 165
+
+_Foundation Directory_, 167
+
+FOUNDATION LIBRARY CENTER, 167
+
+Founders' Insurance Co., 88
+
+Fowler, Henry H., 55
+
+Fox, Bertrand, 57
+
+Fox, John M., 76
+
+FRANCE, 183
+
+Frankfurter, Felix, 39; 65; 142; 150
+
+Franklin, George S., Jr., 12
+
+FREEDOM, a Constitutional concept of, 109 ff
+
+_Freedom's Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 121
+
+FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE, 149
+
+FREE EUROPE PRESS, 149
+
+Freeman, Gaylord A., Jr., 55
+
+Freeport Sulphur Co., 15; 90
+
+French, Eleanor Clark, 130
+
+Fulbright, J. William, 119; 134; 178
+
+FULTON COUNTY (Georgia) Grand Jury, 36 ff
+
+FULTON COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY, 139
+
+FUND FOR ADULT EDUCATION (Ford Foundation), 73
+
+FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, 62 ff; 166 ff
+
+Funston, G. Keith, 87
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gaither, H. Rowan, Jr., 168
+
+Galbraith, John Kenneth, 10; 146
+
+Gallup, George, 156
+
+Gannett, Lewis S., 151
+
+Gardner, John W., 169 ff
+
+Gavin, James M., 10
+
+Gavin, Leon H., 69
+
+Geier, Frederick, V., 87
+
+General American Investors Co., 49; 64
+
+General Cigar Company, 96
+
+General Dynamics Corporation, 15
+
+General Electric Corporation,
+  directors' affiliations: 63; 65; 86; 87; 88; 90; 94; 96
+
+General Foods Corp., 92; 96
+
+General Motors, 83; 86;
+  Overseas Operations, 15
+
+General Stores Corp., 88
+
+General Telephone, 127
+
+General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 95
+
+Genesee Merchants Bank & Trust Co., 86
+
+Georgia Power Company, 89
+
+GERMANY, occupation plans for, 27 ff;
+  West Germany, 182
+
+Gerot, Paul S., 76
+
+Gifford, John A., 171
+
+Gifford, Walter S., 150; 170
+
+Gillette Company, 15; 94
+
+Gillette Safety Razor, 76
+
+Gleason, S. Everett, 165
+
+Goheen, Robert F., 170
+
+Goldberg, Arthur J., 168 ff
+
+Goldman, Sachs and Co., 81
+
+GOLD RESERVE, 52 ff
+
+Goldstein, Israel, 148
+
+Goodrich (B. F.) Company, 86; 90; 96
+
+Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 91; 95
+
+Gould, Laurence M., 168; 170
+
+Graham, Philip, 65; 101; 156
+
+Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 93
+
+Grace (W. R.) and Co., 15
+
+GRAND JURY PRESENTMENT (Fulton Co., Ga.) 36 ff; 175
+
+Gray, Elisha, II, 87
+
+GREAT DECISIONS PROGRAM, 36 ff; 42; 44 ff
+
+Greene, Fred T., 57
+
+Greenfield, Albert M., 130
+
+GREENLAND, under the Monroe Doctrine, 24 ff
+
+Greenewalt, Crawford H., 87; 141; 170
+
+Grew, Joseph C., 150
+
+Griswold, A. Whitney, 170
+
+Griswold, Erwin N., ii
+
+Gross, Ernest A., 126; 144; 169
+
+Gross, H. R., 67
+
+Grover, Allen, 156
+
+Gruenther, Alfred M., 88; 130; 141
+
+GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, 64; 90; 161
+
+Guinzburg, Harold K., 125
+
+Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co., 95
+
+Gulf Oil Corporation, 15
+
+Gullion, Edmund A., 17; 145
+
+Gunther, John, 151
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Hadley, Morris, 169
+
+Hall, Helen, 99
+
+Hall, Joseph B., 88
+
+Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., 15
+
+Hammarskjold, Dag, 18; 20
+
+Hammond, John, 151
+
+HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 64
+
+Hancock (John) Mutual Life Ins. Co., 64
+
+Hand, Learned, 141
+
+Hanna (M. A.) Company, 83; 89; 90
+
+Hanover Bank, 93
+
+Hansand Steam Ship Co., 89
+
+Hardy, Porter, Jr., 68
+
+HAROLD PRATT HOUSE, 4; 21
+
+Harper & Brothers, 121; 156; 165
+
+_Harper's Magazine_, 82
+
+Harriman, W. Averell, 10; 19; 88; 140
+
+Harris, Rufus, C., 170
+
+Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 91 ff
+
+Harrison, Wallace K., 168; 169; 171
+
+Harsch, Joseph C., 156
+
+Hart Schaffner and Marx, 63
+
+Haskins and Sells, 15
+
+Haskins, Caryl P., 169
+
+Hauge, Gabriel, ii
+
+Hawaiian Pineapple Co., 90
+
+Hayes, Albert J., 142
+
+Heald, Henry T., 168
+
+Heckscher, August, 156; 171
+
+Heinz, H. J., II, 125
+
+Heinz (H. J.) Company, 15
+
+Henderson, Loy W., 152
+
+Henri-Spaak, Paul, 143
+
+Henry, Barklie McKee, 170
+
+HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT, 99
+
+Herter, Christian A., affiliations: 3; 105; 119; 123
+
+Hewitt, William A., 88
+
+Higgins, Milton P., 88
+
+Hill, Lister, 119
+
+Hiss, Alger, iii; 5; 41; 49
+
+Hitler, Adolph, 28
+
+Hoffman, Paul G., affiliations: 62 ff; 88; 99; 125; 126; 143; 168
+
+Holmes-Casey-Klein, tanker purchases, 7
+
+Holmes, John, 88
+
+Holmes, Julius C.,
+  CFR, 10;
+  delegate UN organiz. meeting, 5;
+  violation surplus-disposal program, 6-10;
+  becomes Ambassador to Iran, 8-9
+
+Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, 57
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 6; 158
+  Foundation, 93
+
+Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 88
+
+Hopkins, Harry, 27; 185
+
+_Horizon_, 157
+
+Hoskins, Harold B., 171
+
+Hotchkis, Preston, 88
+
+Houghton, Amory, 88
+
+Houghton, Arthur A., 152; 168
+
+HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, 146
+
+House, Edward M.,
+  Wilson's adviser, 2 ff;
+  influence on CFR, 3 ff, 23, 39;
+  influence on domestic and foreign policy, 58 ff;
+  one-world aims, 136;
+  (_also see: The Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, and _Philip
+    Dru, Administrator_)
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (_see:_ Congress)
+
+Houser, Theodore V., 88
+
+Houston, William F., 170
+
+Hovde, Frederick L., 170
+
+Howard, Frank A., 171
+
+Hoyt, Palmer, affiliations: 126; 143; 146; 150; 156
+
+Hughes, A. W., 89
+
+Hughes, Charles Evans, 143
+
+Hughes, Langston, 162
+
+Hughes Tool Co., 15
+
+Hull, Cordell, 5; 27; 32
+
+Humphrey, George M., 83
+
+Humphrey, Gilbert W., 89
+
+Humphrey, Hubert, 119; 146; 151
+
+HUMPHREY RESOLUTION, 177
+
+HUNGARY, 112
+
+Hutchins, Francis S., 123
+
+Hutchins, Robert, 167 ff
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+IBM World Trade Corporation, 15
+
+Ickes, Harold L., 114
+
+"I Love Lucy," 102
+
+INDIA, 44
+
+INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS, v
+
+Industrial Publishing Co., 158
+
+Industrial Rayon Corp., 89
+
+INFORMATION AGENCY, U. S., 10
+
+Inland Steel Corp., 93
+
+INSTITUT DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, v
+
+INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 125
+
+INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDER, 125
+
+INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN STRATEGY, 137 ff
+
+INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, 152; 164
+
+INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS (IPR), 39 ff; 179
+
+INTER-DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LATIN AMERICA, 11
+
+Interlake Iron Corp., 95
+
+INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES, 161-171
+
+INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, 179
+
+INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, 83
+
+International Bank, 69
+
+International Business Machines Corp., 77; 100
+
+INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION, 11; 69
+
+INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORP., 69
+
+International General Electric Co., 15
+
+International Harvester Co., 91
+
+INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, 20; 69
+
+International Nickel Company, Inc., 15
+
+International Packer, Ltd., 94 ff
+
+International Paper Co., 85; 90
+
+International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., 15
+
+_Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, 2; 59 ff
+
+Invisible government, appeal of, 173
+
+Iowa-Des Moines National Bank, 85
+
+IPR (_see:_ Institute of Pacific Relations)
+
+Iron Ore Co. of Canada, 92
+
+Irving Trust Co., 15; 18
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+Jackson, C. D., 150; 169
+
+Jacobsson, Per, 20
+
+Javits, Jacob K., 119; 146
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, 108; 185
+
+Jessup, Philip C., 140; 169
+
+Johnson, Joseph E., affiliations: iii; 5; 49; 140; 169
+
+Johnson, Lyndon, 123; 131
+
+Johnson, Robert L., 151
+
+Johnston, Eric A., affiliations: 63; 89: 123; 125; 142
+
+JOINT COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC EDUCATION, 72 ff; 76
+
+Jones, Alfred W., 89
+
+Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 87
+
+Jones, Charles S., 99
+
+Josephs, Devereux C., 89; 169; 171
+
+Joyce, William H., Jr., 168
+
+Judd, Walter H., 69; 105
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kahn, Otto H., 2
+
+KANSAS UNIVERSITY ENDOWMENT ASSOCIATION, 87
+
+Kanzler, Ernest, 89
+
+Kappel, Frederick, 89
+
+Katz, Milton, 125; 145; 169
+
+Keating, Kenneth, 119
+
+Keenan, Joseph, D., 101
+
+Kefauver, Estes, 105; 119
+
+Kelley, Nicholas, 169
+
+Kellogg (M. W.) Co., 15; 87
+
+Kelly, Mervin J., 171
+
+Kelly, Walt, 148
+
+Kennan, George F., ii; 10; 31 ff
+
+KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, ii
+
+Kennedy, John F., 46; 51; 105; 140;
+  CFR membership, 6, 10-12;
+  1961 summit meeting, i; iii;
+  on foreign aid, 129-133
+
+Kennedy, Robert, 131
+
+Kennekott Copper Corp., 87
+
+Kern County Lend Co., 91
+
+Kerr, Clark, 141; 170
+
+Kestnbaum, Meyer, 63; 65; 168
+
+KEYSTONE ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTER, 79
+
+Khrushchev, Nikita,
+  problems in Germany, 183;
+  Stevenson's opinion of, 144;
+  summit meeting (1961), i; iii;
+  United States tour, 37
+
+Kiano, Gikomyo W., 20
+
+Kidder, Peabody and Co., 15
+
+Killian, James R., Jr., 141; 171
+
+Kimberly, John R., 89; 168
+
+Kimpton, Lawrence A., 99; 170
+
+King, Martin Luther, 148
+
+Kirk, Grayson, 5; 152; 169; 170
+
+Klein, Stanley, 7
+
+KLM Dutch Airlines, 127
+
+Klutznick, Philip M., 55; 102
+
+Knowland, William F., 123
+
+Kollek, Theodore, 20
+
+Korneichuk, Alekesander Y., ii
+
+KOREAN WAR, 7; 40; 44
+
+KRESS (SAMUEL H.) FOUNDATION, 87
+
+Krock, Arthur,
+  quotes from, 31; 144
+
+Kroger Company, 88
+
+Kuhn, Loeb and Co., 49
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Labor (_see_: Unions)
+
+Labouisse, Henry R., 11
+
+La France Industries, 86
+
+Lally, Francis, 168
+
+Lamont, Thomas S., 170
+
+Landon Abstract Co., 92
+
+Landon, Alf, 148
+
+Lane Company, Inc., 89
+
+Lane, E. H., 89
+
+Lane, Franklin K., 61
+
+Lange, Oscar, 20
+
+Langer, William L., 165
+
+Lanier, Joseph L., 89
+
+Larsen, Roy E., 168
+
+Larson, Arthur, iii
+
+LATIN AMERICA, 105
+
+Lattimore Owen, 5; 41
+
+LAW DAY, 100
+
+Law, Warren A., 78
+
+Lawrence, David, 156; 159
+
+Lazarus, Fred, Jr., 56
+
+LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 13; 113
+
+LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT, 3
+
+LEAGUE OF NEIGHBORS, 116
+
+LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, 102
+
+LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE, 2
+
+Lehman, Herbert H., affiliations: 2; 126; 143; 146; 149; 151; 168
+
+Lehrman, Hal, 156
+
+Leithead, Barry L., 89
+
+Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 10
+
+Lenin, Nikolai, 128
+
+Lever Brothers Company, 70; 76
+
+Levine, Irving, 157
+
+Lewisohn (Adolph) and Sons, 49
+
+Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., 90; 93
+
+Liberia Mining Co., Ltd., 92
+
+Liberian Navigation Corp., 92
+
+_Life_, 159
+
+Lilienthal, David E., 171
+
+Lincoln, Murray D., 130
+
+Linder, Harold F., 49
+
+Linowitz, Sol M., 130
+
+Linton, M. Albert, 168
+
+Lippmann, Walter, 3; 157
+
+Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 86
+
+Loeb (Carl M.), Rhoades and Co., 15
+
+Loeb, Robert F., 168
+
+Long, Augustus C., 90; 128
+
+_Look_, 65; 159
+
+Loomis, Alfred L., 170
+
+Loos, A. William, iii; 49
+
+Lorillard (P.) Company, 127
+
+_Los Angeles Times_, 147
+
+_Louisville Courier-Journal_, 155; 156; 159
+
+_Louisville Times_, 156
+
+Lourie, Donold B., 90
+
+Love, George H., 90
+
+Love, James Spencer, 90
+
+Lovett, Robert A., 168; 170
+
+Lowry, Howard F., 170
+
+Lubin, Isador, 56; 125
+
+Luce, Clare Boothe, 169
+
+Luce, Henry R., 140; 150; 157
+
+Lummus Company, 15
+
+Lykes Brothers Steam Ship Co., Inc., 95
+
+Lynd, Robert S., 171
+
+Lyon, A. E., 99
+
+
+
+Mc
+
+
+McAfee, James W., 91
+
+McAshan, S. Maurice, 91
+
+McBride, Katharine E., 170
+
+McCabe, Thomas B., 63; 65; 91
+
+McCaffrey, John L., 91
+
+McCARRAN COMMITTEE, 179
+
+McCarran, Pat, Committee investigation, 40 ff
+
+McCarthy, Joseph R., 83 ff
+
+McCloy, John J., affiliations: 5; 10; 19; 99; 143; 145; 168
+
+McCollum, Leonard F., 91
+
+McCormack, Charles P., 91
+
+McCormack, John W., 132
+
+McDonald, James G., 171
+
+McElroy, Neil H., 91
+
+McFadden, Louis T., 39
+
+McGhee, George C., 11; 79
+
+McGowin, Earl M., 91
+
+McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 64
+
+McGraw, James H., Jr., 91
+
+McHugh, Keith S., 170
+
+McIntosh, Millicent C., 170
+
+McKee, Paul B., 91
+
+McKelway, Benjamin M., 168
+
+McKesson & Robbins, Inc., 96
+
+McWilliams, John P., 91
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+MacIntyre, Malcolm A., 169
+
+MacKenzie, N.A.M., 170
+
+MacNichol, George P., Jr., 90
+
+Macy (R. H.) & Co., 63; 76
+
+MACY FOUNDATION, 90
+
+Maffry, August, 18
+
+Magill, Roswell F., 90
+
+Malin, Patrick M., 143
+
+Mallon, Neil, 79
+
+Mallory, Walter H., 4; 12 ff
+
+Malott, Deane W., 90
+
+Mansfield, Mike, 119
+
+Manufacturers and Merchants Indemnity Co., 88
+
+Manufacturers Trust Co., iii; 93; 95
+
+Marburg, Louis, 2
+
+Marcus, Stanley, 70; 76 ff; 101; 125
+
+Maria Luisa Ore Co., 92
+
+Marshall, J. Howard, 168
+
+Marx, Karl, 61
+
+Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., 91
+
+Mathieson (Olin) Chemical Corp., 15; 65; 131
+
+Matson Assurance Co., 92
+
+Matson Navigation Co., 92
+
+Matthews, Herbert L., 19; 159
+
+Mauze, Abby Rockefeller, 169
+
+Mboya, Tom, 20
+
+Mead Corp., 89
+
+Mead, Margaret, iii
+
+Meany, George, 130; 141; 143
+
+"Meet the Press," 102
+
+Mellon National Bank & Trust Co., 87; 90; 93
+
+Merchant, Livingston T., 10
+
+Merck & Co., Inc., 15; 76; 87; 92
+
+Meredith Publishing Co., 85
+
+Meredith Radio & Television Stations, 85
+
+MERRILL CENTER FOR ECONOMICS, 56
+
+MERRILL FOUNDATION, 51; 63
+
+Metropolitan Coach Lines, 88
+
+METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT, 71; 78
+
+Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 65; 87; 89
+
+MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848), 1
+
+Meyer, Charles A., 169
+
+Meyer, Cord, 125
+
+Meyer, Eugene, 100
+
+Midwest Gas Transmission Co., 94
+
+Midwest Stock Exchange, 91
+
+Mikoyan, Anastas I., 18; 19
+
+Miller, J. Erwin, 56
+
+Miller, Margaret Carnegie, 169 ff
+
+Mills, John S., 170
+
+_Minneapolis Star and Tribune_, 156
+
+Minute Maid Corporation, 76
+
+Mitchell, Don G., 65
+
+Mobil International Oil Co., 15
+
+Model, Roland and Stone, 15
+
+Moe, Henry Allen, 168
+
+Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 27
+
+MONROE DOCTRINE, 24; 26
+
+Monsanto Chemical Co., 93; 95
+
+Montana Power Co., 86
+
+Montgomery, George G., 91
+
+Moore, Hugh, 123; 125
+
+Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., 87
+
+Morgan, Henry S., 170
+
+Morgan (J. P.) and Company, 86
+
+Morgenstern, George, 165
+
+Morgenthau, Henry, 2
+
+Mortgage Investments Co., 92
+
+Mortimer, Charles G., 92
+
+MOSCOW CONFERENCE (1943), 27; 32
+
+Mosely, Philip E.,
+  affiliations: 5; 145;
+  at Moscow conference (1943), 27;
+  quoted on Berlin zoning, 31 ff;
+  quoted on Soviet-American relations conference, i ff
+
+MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, 63
+
+Mudd, Seeley G., 170
+
+Muir, Malcolm, 157
+
+Multer, Abraham, 52
+
+Mumford, Lewis, 125; 148
+
+MUNICIPAL PLANNING, 70
+
+Murphy, Donald R., 142
+
+Murphy, Franklin D., 170
+
+Murphy, William B., 92
+
+Murrow, Edward R., 10; 150; 152
+
+Mutual Life Insurance Co., of N. Y., 90; 94
+
+Myers, William I., 100; 170
+
+Myrdal, Gunnar, 148
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+NAACP, 150
+
+Nason, John W., 48; 125
+
+Nathan, Robert R., 56
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), 150
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, 102
+
+National Bank of Commerce, Houston, 95
+
+National Cash Register Co., 15
+
+National City Bank of Cleveland, 89; 91
+
+National Bank of Detroit, 86
+
+National City Bank of N. Y., 92
+
+NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS, 143; 173
+
+NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, 39; 47; 132; 143
+
+National Dairy Products Corp., 86; 96
+
+National Distillers Products Corp., 85 ff
+
+NATIONAL HOUSING ACTS (1949 through 1957), 71
+
+National Lead Company, Inc., 15
+
+NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, 156
+
+NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, 55; 64; 142
+
+National Steel Corporation, 90
+
+National Trust and Savings Assoc., 85
+
+National Union Fire Insurance Co., 87; 93
+
+National Union Indemnity Co., 87
+
+Nationwide Insurance Co., 130
+
+NATO CITIZENS COMMISSION LAW, 120
+
+Neal, Alfred C., 65
+
+Neilson, Frances, 165
+
+Neiman-Marcus Company, 70; 76
+
+Nelson, Otto L., Jr., 169
+
+_Newsweek_, 157
+
+Newton, Henry C., 171
+
+_New York Herald-Tribune_, 93; 156; 157
+
+New York Life Insurance Co., 64; 87; 94
+
+_New York Post_, 156; 159
+
+New York Stock Exchange, 96
+
+_New York Times_, 15; 19; 99; 113; 155; 157 ff;
+  quote from: 31; 129 ff; 143
+
+Nicely, James M., 169
+
+Nichols, Thomas S., 131
+
+Niebuhr, Reinhold, 146; 151
+
+Nielsen, Aksel, 92
+
+Nikezic, Marko, 20
+
+NINTH ARMY, U. S., 28 ff
+
+Nitze, Paul H., 11
+
+Nixon, Richard, 105; 119; 133
+
+NIZHNYAYA OREANDA (Crimea), i
+
+Nkrumah, Kwame, 19
+
+Nolde, O. Frederick, 169
+
+Norfolk and Western Railway, 93
+
+Norgren (C. A.) Co., 92
+
+North American Company, 91
+
+NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), 11; 118
+
+Northern Trust Co., 90
+
+Northwest Bancorporation, 56; 77; 85
+
+Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 85
+
+Nuveen, John, 152
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+Oceanic Steam Ship Co., 92
+
+O'Hara, Barratt, 69
+
+Ohio Oil Company, Inc., 15
+
+Olds, Irving S., 150
+
+O'Leary, Timothy F., 48
+
+O'Neill, Abby M., 169
+
+OOSTERBECK, The Netherlands, v
+
+Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 143; 171
+
+ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 11
+
+Orgill, Edmund, 171
+
+Osborn, Earl D., 125; 148
+
+Osborn, Frederick, 169
+
+Osborne, Lithgow, 122
+
+Otis Elevator Co., 15
+
+_Our One Best Hope_ (AUC Pamphlet), 119 ff
+
+_Our Sunday Visitor_, 48
+
+Overland Corporation, 94
+
+Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 15; 85; 90; 94
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paar, Jack, 102
+
+Pace, Frank, Jr., 141
+
+Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 55
+
+Pacific Lumber Co., 92
+
+Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 88; 92
+
+Pacific National Bank of Seattle, 84
+
+Pacific Power & Light Co., 91
+
+Pacific School of Religion, 86
+
+Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 88
+
+Page, Arthur W., 150
+
+Paley, William S., 130; 157
+
+Pan American Airways, 15; 85
+
+Pandit, Vijaya L., 143
+
+Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., 87
+
+PARENT-TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, 139
+
+PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 3
+
+Parten, Jubal R., 168
+
+Pasvolsky, Leo, 5
+
+Patterson, Alicia, 168
+
+Patterson, Ellmore C., 169
+
+Patterson, W. A., 76; 127
+
+Patton, George, 29
+
+Patton, Thomas F., 92
+
+Pauling, Linus, 148
+
+PEACE CORPS, 139
+
+PEARL HARBOR, 23; 114
+
+Pearson, Lester B., 144
+
+PEIPING, 45
+
+Pendleton, Morris B., 76
+
+Penney (J. C.) Company, 85; 89
+
+Percy, Charles H., 92
+
+Perkins, James A., 169 ff
+
+Petersen, Howard C., 65 ff; 169
+
+Petersen, Theodore S., 92
+
+Petro-Texas Chemical Corp., 94
+
+Pfizer International, Inc., 15
+
+Philadelphia Trust Co., 65
+
+_Philip Dru: Administrator_, 59 ff
+
+Pierson, Warren Lee, 130
+
+Pilcher, John L., 68
+
+Pillsbury Mills, 76
+
+Pitney Bowes, Inc., 48; 90
+
+Pittman, Ralph D., 123
+
+Pittsburgh-Consolidation Coal Co., 90
+
+PLYWOOD INDUSTRY, 128
+
+POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, 20
+
+_Political Handbook of the World_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+Potofsky, Jacob S., 101
+
+Prentis, Henning W., Jr., 170
+
+Price, Gwilym A., 92; 169
+
+Pritchard, Ross, 130
+
+Proctor & Gamble Co., 91
+
+PUBLIC LAW 86-719, 122
+
+PUBLIC LAW, 87-195,188
+
+PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE, 99
+
+PUGWASH CONFERENCE, 147 ff
+
+Pullman, Inc., 87; 90
+
+Pure Oil Co., 90
+
+Pusey, Nathan M., 170
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quaker Oats Co., 88; 90
+
+Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, 93
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+Rabi, I. I., 140
+
+Radio Corp. of America, 15; 48; 131
+
+RADIO FREE EUROPE, 149; 157
+
+RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES ASSOCIATION, 99
+
+RAND Corporation, 16; 94
+
+Randall, Clarence B., 93
+
+Rayburn, Sam, 123
+
+Reece, Carroll, 162 ff
+
+REECE COMMITTEE, 165
+
+Reed, Philip D., 65; 93
+
+Reed, Stanley, 65
+
+Regan, Ben, 123
+
+Reid, Ogden, 157
+
+Reid, Whitelaw, 157
+
+Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 10
+
+Reischauer, Edwin O., 10
+
+Repplier, Theodore S., 98
+
+Republic Steel Corp., 92
+
+Reston, James B., 157
+
+Reuther, Walter, 101; 124; 142; 148
+
+Reynaud, Paul, 143
+
+Reynolds, Lloyd, iii
+
+Reynolds Metals Co., 93
+
+Reynolds, Richard S., Jr., 93
+
+RICHARDSON FOUNDATION, 137
+
+Richfield Oil Corp., 99
+
+Riefler, Winfield, W., 93
+
+Rieve, Emil, 56
+
+Rivington Carpets, Ltd., 89
+
+Roberts, Owen J., 114
+
+Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., 93
+
+Robertson, Howard P., 169
+
+Robinson, William E., 93
+
+ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 169
+
+Rockefeller, David, 56; 123; 169
+
+ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39; 70; 131; 161; 164; 168
+
+Rockefeller, John D., 3rd., 168 ff
+
+Rockefeller, Laurence S., 169; 171
+
+Rockefeller, Nelson A., 5; 134; 169
+
+Rockefeller, Winthrop, 169
+
+Roebling, Mary G., 131
+
+_Role of Private Enterprise in the Economic Development of
+  Underdeveloped Nations_ (Dallas CED (pamphlet)), 79
+
+Roosevelt, Eleanor, 143; 148
+
+Roosevelt, Franklin D., 41; 55; 82; 110;
+  at Tehran Conference, 27;
+  at Yalta Conference, 30;
+  ideas on Berlin zoning, 31 ff;
+  policies of, 164;
+  1940 campaign, 23 ff
+
+Root, Elihu, Jr., 152; 169; 170
+
+Roper, Daniel C., 81 ff
+
+Roper, Elmo, affiliations: 100; 122; 123; 142; 143; 148; 157; 168
+
+ROSENWALD FUND, 161 ff
+
+Rostow, Walt W., ii
+
+Rothschild, Walter, 76
+
+Rowe, James H., Jr., 171
+
+Rowen, Hobart, 82
+
+ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND (Chatham House), iv
+
+Ruml, Beadsley, 57; 65; 70; 142
+
+Rusk, Dean, 10; 131; 168
+
+Rusk, Howard A., 100
+
+Russell, Bertrand, 147
+
+Russell, Donald J., 93
+
+Ruttenberg, Stanley H., 56
+
+Ryder, Melvin, 113
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+SAGE (RUSSELL) FOUNDATION, 167
+
+St. Louis-Southwestern Railroad, 93
+
+St. Louis Union Trust Co., 91; 95
+
+Salomon, Irving, 125; 126
+
+Sampson, Edith S., 123
+
+Sanborn, Frederic R., 165
+
+SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC., 147 ff
+
+_San Francisco Examiner_, 51
+
+San Jacinto Petroleum Corp., 16
+
+Sarnoff, David, 131; 150; 157
+
+_Saturday Review_, ii; 98; 156; 159
+
+Saunders, Stuart T., 93
+
+Sawyer, Charles, 56
+
+Scherman, Harry, 63; 66; 125; 157
+
+Schieffelin, W. J., Jr., 169
+
+Schiff, Jacob, 2
+
+Schiff, Mortimer, 2
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., affiliations: 2; 10; 143; 146; 151; 171
+
+Schmidt, Adolph W., 123
+
+Schnitzler, William F., 56
+
+SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE, 152
+
+Schroeder (J. Henry) Banking Corp., 16; 48
+
+Schroeder, Oliver C., 123
+
+Schwulst, Earl B., 56
+
+Scott Paper Company, 63
+
+Scripto, Inc., 86
+
+Scudder, Stevens & Clark, 94
+
+Seaboard Construction Co., 89
+
+Sea Island Company, 89
+
+Sears, Roebuck & Co., 88
+
+Selective Insurance Co., 88
+
+Seligman, Eustace, 48
+
+SENATE, THE U. S.,
+  debates on NATO Citizens
+  Commission Law, 120 ff;
+  Foreign Relations Committee, 178;
+  Internal Security Subcommittee, 40
+  refuses U. S. membership in world federation, 3;
+  rejects first Holmes nomination, 8
+
+Seymour, Whitney North, 169
+
+Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., 87
+
+Shapiro, Eli, 57
+
+Sharp, Walter R., 5
+
+Sheffield, Frederick, 169
+
+Shepardson, Whitney H., 150
+
+Shepley, Henry R., 170
+
+Sheraton Corp. of America, 94
+
+Shirer, William L., 157
+
+Shishkin, Boris, 100
+
+Shotwell, James T., 5; 126; 148
+
+Shuman, Charles B., 56-58
+
+Shuster, George N., 100; 150; 152; 168; 169
+
+Sicedison S. P. A. of Italy, 93
+
+Siegbert, Henry, 49
+
+Simon & Schuster, 156
+
+Sinclair Oil Corp., 16
+
+Singer Manufacturing Co., 16
+
+Slaton, Waldo M. (_see:_ American Legion)
+
+SLOAN (ALFRED P.) FOUNDATION, 165; 170
+
+Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 170
+
+Sloan, Raymond P., 170
+
+Smith (A. O.) Corporation, 94
+
+Smith, Blackwell, 94
+
+Smith, Lloyd B., 94
+
+Smith, Paul C., 125; 157
+
+Smith (W. T.) Lumber Co., 91
+
+_Smoot Report_ (references to) 53; 57-58; 71; 72; 101; 120; 128; 141
+
+Snyder, John W., 94
+
+SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, 54
+
+SOCIETE GENERALE DE BELGIQUE, v
+
+Sohn, Louis B., iii
+
+Sonne, Hans Christian, 55; 142; 171
+
+Sontag, Raymond J., 145
+
+Soth, Lauren, 142
+
+Soubry, Emile E., 48
+
+Southern Company, 86
+
+Southern Company of New York, 91
+
+Southern Pacific Co., 93; 95
+
+SOVIET UNION, 61; 184;
+  at Crimean Conference, i ff;
+  Constitution of, 52, 108;
+  democratic centralism in, 110;
+  espionage, 4-5;
+  occupation of Berlin, 29;
+  post-war strengthening of, 26 ff;
+  propaganda in U. S., 41
+
+Spang, Joseph P., Jr., 94
+
+SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1
+
+Sparkman, John, 105
+
+SPECIAL UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (SUNFED), 62
+
+Spofford, Charles M., 150; 169
+
+_Sports Illustrated_, 157
+
+Sprague Electric Co., 16
+
+Staley, A. E., Jr., 94
+
+Stalin, Joseph, 27 ff; 30; 135
+
+Standard Oil Company of Calif., 16; 92
+
+Standard Oil Company of N. J., 16; 49; 65
+
+Standard Oil Company of Ohio, 92
+
+Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., 16
+
+STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 86; 93
+
+Stanton, Frank, 94
+
+Stassen, Harold E., 150
+
+STATE DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 126; 132; 183;
+  CFR influence in, 4-5, 8, 10, 42, 163;
+  Division of Special Research, 4;
+  Office of International Security Affairs, 64;
+  Policy Planning Staff, iii
+
+State Street Investment Corp., 85
+
+State Street Research & Management Co., 85
+
+Stauffer Chemical Co., 16
+
+Steinkraus, Herman W., 171
+
+Stettinius, Edward R., 5; 7
+
+Stevens (J. P.) and Co., 83; 86; 94
+
+Stevens, Robert T., 83 ff; 94
+
+Stevenson, Adlai, 5; 10; 105; 143 ff
+
+Stevenson, Mrs. Eleanor B., 168
+
+Stevenson, William E., 171
+
+Stires, Hardwick, 94
+
+Stone, Mrs. Kathryn H., 102
+
+Stone, Leland, 157
+
+Stone, Shepard, 145
+
+Stratton, Julius A., 168
+
+Straus, Jack I., 125
+
+Straus, Robert Kenneth, 157
+
+Strauss, Lewis L., 94
+
+Streit, Clarence K., 105; 113; 118; 123
+
+Studebaker Corporation, 62
+
+STUDENT FEDERALISTS, 124
+
+Sullivan and Cromwell, 48
+
+Sulzberger, Arthur Hayes, 158
+
+Sulzberger, C. L., 158
+
+SUNFED, 62
+
+SUPREME COURT, THE U. S., 72
+
+SURPLUS-DISPOSAL PROGRAM, 7
+
+Surrey, Walter Sterling, 131
+
+Swezey, Burr S., Sr., 123
+
+Swift and Company, 88; 95
+
+Swindell-Dressler Corporation, 87
+
+Swing, Raymond Gram, 125
+
+Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., 65
+
+Symington, Wayne Corporation, 16
+
+Symonds, H. Gardiner, 94
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Taft, Charles P., 170 ff
+
+Talbott Corporation, 89
+
+Tampa Electric Co., 86
+
+TANGIER, 8
+
+Tankore Corp., 92
+
+Tannenwald, Theodore Jr., 129
+
+Tansill, Charles Callan, 165
+
+Tapp, Jesse W., 56
+
+TARIFF-AND-TRADE PROPOSALS, 18
+
+TAXATION,
+  presidential power in, 52
+
+TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS REPORT, 161 ff
+
+Taylor, Henry C., 171
+
+Taylor, Reese H., 95
+
+Taylor, Thomas A., 95
+
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield, 66; 142
+
+TEHRAN CONFERENCE, 27 ff; 30 ff
+
+Teichmeier, A. W., 127
+
+Tennessee-Argentina, 94
+
+Tennessee de Ecuador, S. A., 94
+
+Tennessee Gas & Transmission Co., 94
+
+Tennessee-Venezuela S. A., 94
+
+Texaco, Inc., 16; 89; 127
+
+Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co., 93
+
+Texas Eastern Transmission Corp., 85
+
+Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., 16
+
+Texas Instruments, Inc., 16
+
+TEXTILE WORKERS UNION (AFL-CIO), 56
+
+Textron, Inc., 86
+
+Thomas, Charles Allen, 95; 169
+
+Thomas, H. Gregory, 150
+
+Thomas, Norman, 3; 148
+
+Thompson Industries, Inc., 89
+
+Thomson, John Cameron, 56; 77
+
+Thorp, Willard L., 56 ff
+
+TIBET, 45
+
+Tidewater Oil Co., 16
+
+_Time_, 16; 156; 159
+
+Title Guaranty Co., 92
+
+"Today Show," 102
+
+Toledo Trust Co., 85
+
+Trailmobile, Inc., 87
+
+Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc., 85
+
+Trans-World Airways, 130
+
+TREASURY DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 41; 67
+
+Trenton Trust Co., 131
+
+Triffin, Robert, 17
+
+Trippe, Juan T., 95; 170
+
+_Triumph in the West_, 30
+
+Truman, Harry S., 12; 105; 118; 180
+
+Trust Company of Georgia, 86
+
+_Truth About the Foreign Policy Association_, 37 ff; 175
+
+Turman, Solon B., 95
+
+TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, 55; 171
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+_Undeclared War_, (Langer-Gleason), 165
+
+UNESCO HOUSE, 143
+
+Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., 90 ff
+
+Union Commerce Bank, 92
+
+Union Drawn Steel Co., 92
+
+Union Electric Company of Mo., 91; 93
+
+_Union Now_ (Streit), 113; 121
+
+_Union Now With Britain_ (Streit), 113
+
+UNION OF EAST AND WEST, 116
+
+UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 151
+
+Union Oil Co., of Calif., 95
+
+Union Tank Car Co., 16
+
+UNIONS, 56; 100; 110 ff; 130; 142
+
+United Air Lines, 76; 92; 127
+
+United American Life Insurance Co., 92
+
+UNITED NATIONS,
+  ADA support of, 147;
+  Advertising Council support of, 102;
+  Aid to Cuba, 135;
+  _American_ Association for, 126;
+  CFR support of, 22;
+  Charter, creating socialistic alliance, 117;
+  Declaration of Human Rights, 108;
+  discussed at Soviet-American conference, ii;
+  discussed in AUC purpose, 119;
+  Economic and Social Council, 56;
+  IIO support of, 125;
+  Korean War, 40;
+  organizational meeting, 5;
+  population control, 151;
+  SANE support of, 148;
+  seating Red China, 47;
+  step toward world government, 103 ff; 116 ff;
+  SUNFED, 62;
+  _UN We Believe_, 126 ff;
+  U. S. Committee for, 125 ff;
+  U. S. withdrawal, 181;
+  UWF plans for, 124
+
+UNITED NATIONS OF THE WORLD, plan for, 116
+
+UNITED STATES COMMITTEE FOR THE UN, 125 ff
+
+UNITED STATES COMMUNIST PARTY, 143
+
+United States Foil Co., 93
+
+UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT,
+  sovereignty of, 107 ff;
+  traditional foreign policy, 1, 26
+
+_United States in World Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+United States Lines Co., 16
+
+United States Manganese Co., 95
+
+United States Plywood Corp., 127
+
+United States Steel Corp., 16; 94
+
+UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS, 105; 117 ff; 123 ff
+
+Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., 89
+
+UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
+  Allegheny College, 93
+  American University, 152
+  Amherst College, 56
+  Clemson College, 86
+  Colgate University, 76; 130
+  Cornell University, 64; 90; 95; 100
+  Dartmouth College, ii; 76
+  Davidson College, 90
+  Duke University, World Rule of Law Center, iii
+  Harvard University, ii; 63; 76; 86; 90
+  Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, iii
+  Harvard University, Graduate
+  School of Business Admin., 57
+  Harvard University, International Legal Studies, 145
+  Hunter College, 100
+  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, iii; 57; 64: 88; 95; 141
+  Millikin University, 94
+  New York University, 93
+  New York University, Bellevue Medical Center, 100
+  Northwestern University, 88
+  Ohio State University, 92
+  Pacific School of Religion, 86
+  Pennsylvania State University, 87
+  Princeton University, 90
+  Radcliff College, 64
+  Rice University, 85
+  Rutgers University, 56
+  San Jose State College, 86
+  Southern Methodist University, 77 ff
+  Southwestern University, 130
+  Stanford University, 86; 92 ff; 95
+  Temple University, 65
+  Trinity College of Connecticut, 87
+  Union Theological Seminary, 92; 143
+  University of California, 141; 145
+  University of Chicago, 62; 91; 92; 93; 99; 144
+  University of Kansas, 87; 90
+  University of Maryland, 91
+  University of North Carolina, 90
+  University of Notre Dame, 91
+  University of Pittsburgh, 90; 93
+  University of Southern California, 95
+  University of Virginia, 141
+  Vassar College, 76
+  Virginia Theological Seminary, 87
+  Williams College, 88
+  Yale University, iii; 17
+
+Uphaus, Willard, 116
+
+URBAN RENEWAL, 71 ff; 101 ff; 147
+
+Urquidi, Victor, 20
+
+_U. S. News and World Report_, 156
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Van Dusen, Henry P., 168
+
+Van Raalte Company, Inc., 96
+
+Virden, John C., 95
+
+Vitro Corporation, 95
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Walter, Bruno, 148
+
+Wanger, Walter, 125
+
+WAR ADVERTISING COUNCIL, (_see_: Advertising Council)
+
+Warburg, Felix, 2
+
+Warburg, James P., 124; 148
+
+Warburg, Paul, 2; 39
+
+Ward, Harry F., 143
+
+Ward, J. Carlton, Jr., 95
+
+Warden, Alex, 123
+
+_Washington Evening Star_, 115
+
+Washington, George,
+  Farewell Address, 1
+
+_Washington Post and Times Herald_, 65; 100; 156; 159
+
+Watson, Arthur K., 169
+
+Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 77; 96; 100; 131
+
+Waymack, W. W., 171
+
+Weaver, Robert, 101
+
+Wedron Silica Co., 95
+
+Wemberg, Sidney J., 81 ff; 95 ff; 101
+
+Welch, Leo D., 171
+
+_Weldwood News_, 127
+
+Welles, Sumner, 5; 126
+
+Wellington Sears Co., 89
+
+Wells Fargo Bank and Union Trust Co., 63
+
+Wells, Herman B., 140; 170
+
+Western Air Express, 85
+
+Westinghouse Electric Corp., 87 ff; 92; 95
+
+West Point Manufacturing Co., 89
+
+Wheeler, Walter H., Jr., 48; 96; 125 ff; 131; 150
+
+Whirlpool Corp., 87
+
+White, Harry Dexter, 41
+
+White, James N., 170
+
+White, Weld and Co., 16
+
+Whitney, George, 171
+
+Whitney, John Hay, 96; 142
+
+Wilde, Frazar B., 55; 64
+
+Williams, G. Mennen, 148
+
+Williams, Langbourne M., 96
+
+Willkie, Wendell, 64
+
+Wilson, Charles E., 83
+
+Wilson, Logan, 170
+
+Wilson, O. Meredith, 170
+
+Wilson, Robert E., 170
+
+Wilson, Woodrow, 2 ff; 23; 58; 61; 104; 164
+
+WILSON (WOODROW) FOUNDATION, 64
+
+Winant, John G., 31-32
+
+Wood, W. Barry, Jr., 168
+
+WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35 ff; 42 ff
+
+WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCILS, 35 ff; 174; 176
+
+WORLD BANK, 69
+
+WORLD BROTHERHOOD, 143 ff
+
+WORLD COURT, iii; 100; 177 ff; 181
+
+WORLD FEDERALISTS, 124
+
+WORLD FELLOWSHIP, INC., 105; 116
+
+WORLD FELLOWSHIP OF FAITHS, 116
+
+WORLD GOVERNMENT, support for, 2 ff; 103 ff; 111 ff; 124; 173 ff
+
+WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 101
+
+WORLD-PEACE-THROUGH-WORLD-LAW, 112 ff; 124
+
+WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN, 151
+
+WORLD REHABILITATION FUND, 93
+
+WORLD RULE OF LAW CENTER, iii
+
+WORLD UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS, 113
+
+WORLD WAR I, 2; 103 ff; 164
+
+WORLD WAR II, 23 ff; 40; 57; 82; 103 ff; 114; 164
+
+Wormser, Rene A., 162-167
+
+Wright, Quincy, 126
+
+Wriston, Henry M., 9 ff; 100; 140; 141; 145
+
+"Wristonized," (Foreign Service), 10
+
+Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, 16; 90
+
+Wynn, Douglas, 123
+
+Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr., 168
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+YALTA CONFERENCE, 30
+
+Yntema, Theodore O., 56; 66
+
+Youngstown Steel Door Co., 91; 95
+
+YOUTH PEACE CORPS, 102
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zander, Arnold, 142
+
+Zeckendorf, William, 102
+
+Zellerbach, James D., 63; 125; 131; 152
+
+Zerox Corporation, 130
+
+Zilkha, Ezra, 131
+
+Zurcher, Arnold J., 170
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+
+In addition to the following specific changes, several punctuation
+changes were made for consistency within the text.
+
+[A] "Khruschchev" changed to "Khrushchev".
+
+[B] "Fedinand" changed to "Ferdinand".
+
+[C] "Kntuson" changed to "Knutson".
+
+[D] "611" changed to "161".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
+<!DOCTYPE html
+     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html>
+<head>
+<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
+<title>The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot</title>
+<style type="text/css" title="Default">
+  <!--
+
+    body {
+      font-family: Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
+      margin: 5%;
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+      font-weight: bold;
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+      font-variant: normal;
+      text-align: left;
+    }
+
+    p.normal {
+      text-align: left;
+    }
+
+    .smallcaps { font-variant: small-caps }
+
+    a { text-decoration: none;  }
+    a:hover { background-color: #ffffcc }
+
+    div.chapter, #foreword, #toc {
+      margin-top: 4em;
+      padding: 5px;
+    }
+
+    div.chapter>ul {
+      list-style-type: none;
+    }
+
+    div.chapter>ul>li:hover {
+      list-style-type: disc;
+    }
+
+    hr {
+      height: 1em;
+      width: 80%;
+      border: none;
+    }
+
+    p.byline {
+      text-align: center;
+      font-variant: small-caps;
+    }
+
+    .poem {
+      margin-left:10%;
+      margin-right:10%;
+      text-align: left;
+    }
+
+    #tp, #verso {
+      text-align: center;
+      margin-top: 3em;
+    }
+
+    #epigraph {
+      width: 80%;
+      margin-left: auto;
+      margin-right: auto;
+    }
+
+    table {
+      margin: auto;
+    }
+-->
+</style>
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+</head>
+<body>
+
+
+<pre>
+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Invisible Government
+
+Author: Dan Smoot
+
+Release Date: December 30, 2006 [EBook #20224]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dave Maddock, Curtis A. Weyant and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<div id="epigraph" class="chapter">
+<p>"<i>I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but the
+people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to
+exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to
+take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education.</i>"</p>
+
+<p class="smallcaps">&mdash;Thomas Jefferson</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="tp">
+<h1>The Invisible Government</h1>
+
+<h4>by</h4>
+
+<h2>Dan Smoot</h2>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="verso">
+<p class="normal">[<strong>Transcriber's note:</strong> Although copyrighted in 1962, the author did not
+renewal his copyright claim after 28 years (which was required to retain
+copyright for works published before 1964). Therefore, this text is now
+in the public domain. The text of the copyright notice from the original
+book is preserved below.]</p>
+
+
+<p>Copyright 1962 by Dan Smoot</p>
+
+<p>All rights reserved</p>
+
+<p class="normal">First Printing June, 1962; Second Printing July, 1962; Third Printing
+August, 1962; Fourth Printing September, 1962; Fifth Printing October,
+1962</p>
+
+<p>Sixth Printing (in pocketsize paperback) August, 1964</p>
+
+<p class="normal">Communists in government during World War II formulated major policies
+which the Truman administration followed; but when the known communists
+were gone, the policies continued, under Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson.
+The unseen <i>they</i> who took control of government during World War II
+still control it. Their tentacles of power are wrapped around levers of
+political control in Washington; reach into schools, big unions,
+colleges, churches, civic organizations; dominate communications; have a
+grip on the prestige and money of big corporations.</p>
+
+<p class="normal">For a generation, <i>they</i> have kept voters from effecting any changes at
+the polls. Voters are limited to the role of choosing between parties to
+administer policies which <i>they</i> formulate. <i>They</i> are determined to
+convert this Republic into a socialist province of a one-world socialist
+system.</p>
+
+<p class="normal">This book tells who <i>they</i> are and how <i>they</i> work. If enough Americans
+had this information, our Republic would be saved. Please do your utmost
+to spread the word: order extra copies of this book and help give it
+wide distribution. See inside of back cover for quantity prices.</p>
+
+<p>
+Published by<br />
+THE DAN SMOOT REPORT, INC.<br />
+P.O. Box 9538<br />
+Dallas, Texas 75214
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="toc">
+<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+
+
+<p>
+<a href="#foreword">Foreword</a>                                                               i</p>
+
+<ol>
+  <li><a href="#chapter01">History and The Council</a>                                 1</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter02">World War II and Tragic Consequences</a>                   23</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter03">FPA-WAC-IPR</a>                                            35</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter04">Committee For Economic Development</a>                     51</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter05">Business Advisory Council</a>                              81</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter06">Advertising Council</a>                                    97</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter07">UN and World Government Propaganda</a>                    103</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter08">Foreign Aid</a>                                           129</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter09">More of The Interlock</a>                                 137</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter10">Communications Media</a>                                  153</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter11">Interlocking Untouchables</a>                             161</li>
+  <li><a href="#chapter12">Why? What Can We Do?</a>                                  173</li>
+</ol>
+<p><a href="#appendix1">Appendix I</a>     CFR Membership List                                   186<br />
+<a href="#appendix2">Appendix II</a>    AUC Membership List                                   201</p>
+
+<p><a href="#index">Index</a>                                                                227
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="foreword" class="chapter">
+<h2><a id="pg_i"></a>FOREWORD</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>On May 30, 1961, President Kennedy departed for Europe and a summit
+meeting with Khrushchev[A]. Every day the Presidential tour was given
+banner headlines; and the meeting with Khrushchev was reported as an
+event of earth-shaking consequence.</p>
+
+<p>It was an important event. But a meeting which was probably far more
+important, and which had commanded no front-page headlines at all, ended
+quietly on May 29, the day before President and Mrs. Kennedy set out on
+their grand tour.</p>
+
+<p>On May 12, 1961, Dr. Philip E. Mosely, Director of Studies of the
+Council on Foreign Relations, announced that,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Prominent Soviet and American citizens will hold a week-long
+     unofficial conference on Soviet-American relations in the Soviet
+     Union, beginning May 22."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Dr. Mosely, a co-chairman of the American group, said that the State
+Department had approved the meeting but that the Americans involved
+would go as "private citizens" and would express their own views.</p>
+
+<p><i>The New York Times'</i> news story on Dr. Mosely's announcement (May 13,
+1961) read:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The importance attached by the Soviet Union to the meeting appears
+     to be suggested by the fact that the Soviet group will include
+     three members of the communist party's Central Committee ... and
+     one candidate member of that body....</p>
+
+<p>     "The meeting, to be held in the town of Nizhnyaya Oreanda, in the
+     Crimea, will follow the pattern of a similar<a id="pg_ii"></a> unofficial meeting,
+     in which many of the same persons participated, at Dartmouth
+     College last fall. The meetings will take place in private and
+     there are no plans to issue an agreed statement on the subjects
+     discussed....</p>
+
+<p>     "The topics to be discussed include disarmament and the
+     guaranteeing of ... international peace, the role of the United
+     Nations in strengthening international security, the role of
+     advanced nations in aiding under-developed countries, and the
+     prospects for peaceful and improving Soviet-United States
+     relations.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Dartmouth conference last fall and the scheduled Crimean
+     conference originated from a suggestion made by Norman Cousins,
+     editor of <i>The Saturday Review</i> and co-chairman of the American
+     group going to the Crimea, when he visited the Soviet Union a year
+     and a half ago....</p>
+
+<p>     "Mr. Cousins and Dr. Mosely formed a small American group early
+     last year to organize the conferences. It received financial
+     support from the Ford Foundation for the Dartmouth conference and
+     for travel costs to the Crimean meeting. This group selected the
+     American representatives for the two meetings.</p>
+
+<p>     "Among those who participated in the Dartmouth conference were
+     several who have since taken high posts in the Kennedy
+     Administration, including Dr. Walt W. Rostow, now an assistant to
+     President Kennedy, and George F. Kennan; now United States
+     Ambassador to Yugoslavia...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The head of the Soviet delegation to the meeting in the Soviet Union,
+May 22, 1961, was Alekesander Y. Korneichuk, a close personal friend of
+Khrushchev. The American citizens scheduled to attend included besides
+Dr. Mosely and Mr. Cousins:</p>
+
+<p><i>Marian Anderson</i>, the singer; <i>Dean Erwin N. Griswold</i>, of the Harvard
+Law School; <i>Gabriel Hauge</i>, former eco<a id="pg_iii"></a>nomic adviser to President
+Eisenhower and now an executive of the Manufacturers Trust Company; <i>Dr.
+Margaret Mead</i>, a widely known anthropologist whose name (like that of
+Norman Cousins) has been associated with communist front activities in
+the United States; <i>Dr. A. William Loos</i>, Director of the Church Peace
+Union; <i>Stuart Chase</i>, American author notable for his pro-socialist,
+anti-anti-communist attitudes; <i>William Benton</i>, former U.S. Senator,
+also well-known as a pro-socialist, anti-anti-communist, now Chairman of
+the Board of <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>; <i>Dr. George Fisher</i>, of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology; <i>Professor Paul M. Doty</i>, <i>Jr.</i>,
+of Harvard's Chemistry Department; <i>Professor Lloyd Reynolds</i>, Yale
+University economist; <i>Professor Louis B. Sohn</i> of the Harvard Law
+School; <i>Dr. Joseph E. Johnson</i>, an old friend and former associate of
+Alger Hiss in the State Department, who succeeded Hiss as President of
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and still holds that
+position; <i>Professor Robert R. Bowie</i>, former head of the State
+Department's Policy Planning Staff (a job which Hiss also held at one
+time), now Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard;
+and <i>Dr. Arthur Larson</i>, former assistant to, and ghost writer for,
+President Eisenhower. Larson was often called "Mr. Modern Republican,"
+because the political philosophy which he espoused was precisely that of
+Eisenhower (Larson is now, 1962, Director of the World Rule of Law
+Center at Duke University, where his full-time preoccupation is working
+for repeal of the Connally Reservation, so that the World Court can take
+jurisdiction over United States affairs).</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>I think the meeting which the Council on Foreign Relations arranged in
+the Soviet Union, in 1961, was more important than President Kennedy's
+meeting with Khrushchev, because I am convinced that the Council on
+Foreign Relations, together with a great number of other associ<a id="pg_iv"></a>ated
+tax-exempt organizations, constitutes the invisible government which
+sets the major policies of the federal government; exercises controlling
+influence on governmental officials who implement the policies; and,
+through massive and skillful propaganda, influences Congress and the
+public to support the policies.</p>
+
+<p>I am convinced that the objective of this invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist state and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.</p>
+
+<p>My convictions about the invisible government are based on information
+which is presented in this book.</p>
+
+<p>The information about membership and activities of the Council on
+Foreign Relations and of its interlocking affiliates comes largely from
+publications issued by those organizations. I am deeply indebted to
+countless individuals who, when they learned of my interest, enriched my
+own files with material they had been collecting for years, hoping that
+someone would eventually use it.</p>
+
+<p>I have not managed to get all of the membership rosters and publications
+issued by all of the organizations discussed. Hence, there are gaps in
+my information.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>One aspect of the over-all subject, omitted entirely from this book, is
+the working relationship between internationalist groups in the United
+States and comparable groups abroad.</p>
+
+<p>The Royal Institute of International Affairs in England (usually called
+Chatham House) and the American Council on Foreign Relations were both
+conceived at a dinner meeting in Paris in 1919. By working with the CFR,
+the Royal Institute, undoubtedly, has had profound influence on American
+affairs.</p>
+
+<p>Other internationalist organizations in foreign lands which work with
+the American Council on Foreign Rela<a id="pg_v"></a>tions, include the Institut des
+Relations Internationales (Belgium), Danish Foreign Policy Society,
+Indian Council of World Affairs, Australian Institute of International
+Affairs, and similar organizations in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece,
+and Turkey.</p>
+
+<p>The "Bilderbergers" are another powerful group involved in the
+internationalist web. The "Bilderbergers" take their name from the scene
+of their first known meeting&ndash;the Bilderberg Hotel, Oosterbeck, The
+Netherlands, in May, 1954. The group consists of influential Western
+businessmen, diplomats, and high governmental officials. Their meetings,
+conducted in secrecy and in a hugger-mugger atmosphere, are held about
+every six months at various places throughout the world. His Royal
+Highness, Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands, has presided at every
+known meeting of the Bilderberger Group.</p>
+
+<p>Prince Bernhard is known to be an influential member of the Societ&eacute;
+Generale de Belgique, a mysterious organization which seems to be an
+association of large corporate interests from many countries. American
+firms associated with the society are said to be among the large
+corporations whose officers are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and related organizations. I make no effort to explore this
+situation in this volume.</p>
+
+<p>My confession of limitation upon my research does not embarrass me,
+because two committees of Congress have also failed to make a complete
+investigation of the great <i>camarilla</i> which manipulates our government.
+And the congressional committees were trying to investigate only one
+part of the web&ndash;the powerful tax-exempt foundations in the United
+States.</p>
+
+<p>My own research does reveal the broad outlines of the invisible
+government.</p>
+
+<p>
+D.S.<br />
+May, 1962
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="chapter01" class="chapter">
+<h2><a id="pg_001"></a>Chapter 1</h2>
+
+<h3>HISTORY AND THE COUNCIL</h3>
+
+
+<p>President George Washington, in his Farewell Address to the People of
+the United States on September 17, 1796, established a foreign policy
+which became traditional and a main article of faith for the American
+people in their dealings with the rest of the world.</p>
+
+<p>Washington warned against foreign influence in the shaping of national
+affairs. He urged America to avoid permanent, entangling alliances with
+other nations, recommending a national policy of benign neutrality
+toward the rest of the world. Washington did not want America to build a
+wall around herself, or to become, in any sense, a hermit nation.
+Washington's policy permitted freer exchange of travel, commerce, ideas,
+and culture between Americans and other people than Americans have ever
+enjoyed since the policy was abandoned. The Father of our Country wanted
+the American <i>government</i> to be kept out of the wars and revolutions and
+political affairs of other nations.</p>
+
+<p>Washington told Americans that their nation had a high destiny, which it
+could not fulfill if they permitted their government to become entangled
+in the affairs of other nations.</p>
+
+<p>Despite the fact of two foreign wars (Mexican War, 1846-1848; and
+Spanish American War, 1898) the foreign policy of Washington remained
+the policy of this nation, <i>unaltered</i>, for 121 years&ndash;until Woodrow
+Wilson's war message to Congress in April, 1917.<a id="pg_002"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Wilson himself, when campaigning for re-election in 1916, had
+unequivocally supported our traditional foreign policy: his one major
+promise to the American people was that he would keep them out of the
+European war.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, even while making this promise, Wilson was yielding to a pressure
+he was never able to withstand: the influence of Colonel Edward M.
+House, Wilson's all-powerful adviser. According to House's own papers
+and the historical studies of Wilson's ardent admirers (see, for
+example, <i>Intimate Papers of Colonel House</i>, edited by Charles Seymour,
+published in 1926 by Houghton Mifflin; and, <i>The Crisis of the Old
+Order</i> by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., published 1957 by Houghton
+Mifflin), House created Wilson's domestic and foreign policies, selected
+most of Wilson's cabinet and other major appointees, and ran Wilson's
+State Department.</p>
+
+<p>House had powerful connections with international bankers in New York.
+He was influential, for example, with great financial institutions
+represented by such people as Paul and Felix Warburg, Otto H. Kahn,
+Louis Marburg, Henry Morgenthau, Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, Herbert
+Lehman. House had equally powerful connections with bankers and
+politicians of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>Bringing all of these forces to bear, House persuaded Wilson that
+America had an evangelistic mission to save the world for "democracy."
+The first major twentieth century tragedy for the United States
+resulted: Wilson's war message to Congress and the declaration of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917.</p>
+
+<p>House also persuaded Wilson that the way to avoid all future wars was to
+create a world federation of nations. On May 27, 1916, in a speech to
+the League to Enforce Peace, Wilson first publicly endorsed Colonel
+House's<a id="pg_003"></a> world-government idea (without, however, identifying it as
+originating with House).</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In September, 1916, Wilson (at the urging of House) appointed a
+committee of intellectuals (the first President's Brain Trust) to
+formulate peace terms and draw up a charter for world government. This
+committee, with House in charge, consisted of about 150 college
+professors, graduate students, lawyers, economists, writers, and others.
+Among them were men still familiar to Americans in the 1960's: Walter
+Lippmann (columnist); Norman Thomas (head of the American socialist
+party); Allen Dulles (former head of C.I.A.); John Foster Dulles (late
+Secretary of State); Christian A. Herter (former Secretary of State).</p>
+
+<p>These eager young intellectuals around Wilson, under the clear eyes of
+crafty Colonel House, drew up their charter for world government (League
+of Nations Covenant) and prepared for the brave new socialist one-world
+to follow World War I. But things went sour at the Paris Peace
+Conference. They soured even more when constitutionalists in the United
+States Senate found out what was being planned and made it quite plain
+that the Senate would not authorize United States membership in such a
+world federation.</p>
+
+<p>Bitter with disappointment but not willing to give up, Colonel House
+called together in Paris, France, a group of his most dedicated young
+intellectuals&ndash;among them, John Foster and Allen Dulles, Christian A.
+Herter, and Tasker H. Bliss&ndash;and arranged a dinner meeting with a group
+of like-minded Englishmen at the Majestic Hotel, Paris, on May 19, 1919.
+The group formally agreed to form an organization "for the study of
+international affairs."</p>
+
+<p>The American group came home from Paris and formed The Council on
+Foreign Relations, which was incorporated in 1921.<a id="pg_004"></a></p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the Council on Foreign Relations was to create (and
+condition the American people to accept) what House called a "positive"
+foreign policy for America&ndash;to replace the traditional "negative"
+foreign policy which had kept America out of the endless turmoil of
+old-world politics and had permitted the American people to develop
+their great nation in freedom and independence from the rest of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>The Council did not amount to a great deal until 1927, when the
+Rockefeller family (through the various Rockefeller Foundations and
+Funds) began to pour money into it. Before long, the Carnegie
+Foundations (and later the Ford Foundation) began to finance the
+Council.</p>
+
+<p>In 1929, the Council (largely with Rockefeller gifts) acquired its
+present headquarters property: The Harold Pratt House, 58 East 68th
+Street, New York City.</p>
+
+<p>In 1939, the Council began taking over the U.S. State Department.</p>
+
+<p>Shortly after the start of World War II, in September, 1939, Hamilton
+Fish Armstrong and Walter H. Mallory, of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, visited the State Department to offer the services of the
+Council. It was agreed that the Council would do research and make
+recommendations for the State Department, without formal assignment or
+responsibility. The Council formed groups to work in four general
+fields&ndash;Security and Armaments Problems, Economic and Financial
+Problems, Political Problems, and Territorial Problems.</p>
+
+<p>The Rockefeller Foundation agreed to finance, through grants, the
+operation of this plan.</p>
+
+<p>In February, 1941, the Council on Foreign Relations' relationship with
+the State Department changed. The State Department created the Division
+of Special Research,<a id="pg_005"></a> which was divided into Economic, Security,
+Political, Territorial sections. Leo Pasvolsky, of the Council, was
+appointed Director of this Division. Within a very short time, members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations dominated this new Division in the
+State Department.</p>
+
+<p>During 1942, the State Department set up the Advisory Committee on
+Postwar Foreign Policy. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was Chairman.
+The following members of the Council on Foreign Relations were on this
+Committee: Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles (Vice-Chairman), Dr.
+Leo Pasvolsky (Executive Officer); Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah
+Bowman, Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shotwell.</p>
+
+<p>Other members of the Council also found positions in the State
+Department: Philip E. Mosely, Walter E. Sharp, and Grayson Kirk, among
+others.</p>
+
+<p>The crowning moment of achievement for the Council came at San Francisco
+in 1945, when over 40 members of the United States Delegation to the
+organizational meeting of the United Nations (where the United Nations
+Charter was written) were members of the Council. Among them: Alger
+Hiss, Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Leo Pasvolsky, John
+Foster Dulles, John J. McCloy, Julius C. Holmes, Nelson A. Rockefeller,
+Adlai Stevenson, Joseph E. Johnson, Ralph J. Bunche, Clark M.
+Eichelberger, and Thomas K. Finletter.</p>
+
+<p>By 1945, the Council on Foreign Relations, and various foundations and
+other organizations interlocked with it, had virtually taken over the
+U.S. State Department.</p>
+
+<p>Some CFR members were later identified as Soviet espionage agents: for
+example, Alger Hiss and Lauchlin Currie.</p>
+
+<p>Other Council on Foreign Relations members&ndash;Owen Lattimore, for
+example&ndash;with powerful influence in the<a id="pg_006"></a> Roosevelt and Truman
+Administrations, were subsequently identified, not as actual communists
+or Soviet espionage agents, but as "conscious, articulate instruments of
+the Soviet international conspiracy."</p>
+
+<p>I do not intend to imply by these citations that the Council on Foreign
+Relations is, or ever was, a communist organization. Boasting among its
+members Presidents of the United States (Hoover, Eisenhower, and
+Kennedy), Secretaries of State, and many other high officials, both
+civilian and military, the Council can be termed, by those who agree
+with its objectives, a "patriotic" organization.</p>
+
+<p>The fact, however, that communists, Soviet espionage agents, and
+pro-communists could work inconspicuously for many years as influential
+members of the Council indicates something very significant about the
+Council's objectives. The ultimate aim of the Council on Foreign
+Relations (however well-intentioned its prominent and powerful members
+may be) is the same as the ultimate aim of international communism: to
+create a one-world socialist system and make the United States an
+official part of it.</p>
+
+<p>Some indication of the influence of CFR members can be found in the
+boasts of their best friends. Consider the remarkable case of the
+nomination and confirmation of Julius C. Holmes as United States
+Ambassador to Iran. Holmes was one of the CFR members who served as
+United States delegates to the United Nations founding conference at San
+Francisco in 1945.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Holmes has had many important jobs in the State Department since
+1925; but from 1945 to 1948, he was out of government service.</p>
+
+<p>During that early postwar period, the United States government had
+approximately 390 Merchant Marine oil tankers (built and used during
+World War II) which had become surplus.<a id="pg_007"></a></p>
+
+<p>A law of Congress prohibited the government from selling the surplus
+vessels to foreign-owned or foreign-controlled companies, and prohibited
+any American company from purchasing them for resale to foreigners.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of the law was to guarantee that oil tankers (vital in times
+of war) would remain under the control of the United States government.</p>
+
+<p>Julius Holmes conceived the idea of making a quick profit by buying and
+selling some of the surplus tankers.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes was closely associated with Edward Stettinius, former Secretary
+of State, and with two of Stettinius' principal advisers: Joe Casey, a
+former U.S. Congressman; and Stanley Klein, a New York financier.</p>
+
+<p>In August, 1947, this group formed a corporation (and ultimately formed
+others) to buy surplus oil tankers from the government. The legal and
+technical maneuvering which followed is complex and shady, but it has
+all been revealed and reported by congressional committees.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes and his associates managed to buy eight oil tankers from the U.S.
+government and re-sell all of them to foreign interests, in violation of
+the intent of the law and of the surplus-disposal program. One of the
+eight tankers was ultimately leased to the Soviet Union and used to haul
+fuel oil from communist Romania to the Chinese reds during the Korean
+war.</p>
+
+<p>By the time he returned to foreign service with the State Department in
+September, 1948, Holmes had made for himself an estimated profit of
+about one million dollars, with practically no investment of his own
+money, and at no financial risk.</p>
+
+<p>A Senate subcommittee, which, in 1952, investigated this affair,
+unanimously condemned the Holmes-Casey-Klein tanker deals as "morally
+wrong and clearly in violation<a id="pg_008"></a> of the intent of the law," and as a
+"highly improper, if not actually illegal, get-rich-quick" operation
+which was detrimental to the interests of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>Holmes and his associates were criminally indicted in 1954&ndash;but the
+Department of Justice dismissed the indictments on a legal technicality
+later that same year.</p>
+
+<p>A few weeks after the criminal indictment against Holmes had been
+dismissed, President Eisenhower, in 1955, nominated Julius C. Holmes to
+be our Ambassador to Iran.</p>
+
+<p>Enough United States Senators in 1955 expressed a decent sense of
+outrage about the nomination of such a man for such a post that Holmes
+"permitted" his name to be withdrawn, before the Senate acted on the
+question of confirming his appointment.</p>
+
+<p>The State Department promptly sent Holmes to Tangier with the rank of
+Minister; brought him back to Washington in 1956 as a Special Assistant
+to the Secretary of State; and sent him out as Minister and Consul
+General in Hong Kong and Macao in 1959.</p>
+
+<p>And then, in 1961, Kennedy nominated Julius C. Holmes for the same job
+Eisenhower had tried to give him in 1955&ndash;Ambassador to Iran.</p>
+
+<p>Arguing in favor of Holmes, Senator Prescott Bush admitted that Holmes'
+tanker deals were improper and ill-advised, but claimed that Holmes was
+an innocent victim of sharp operators! The "innocent" victim made a
+million dollars in one year by being victimized. He has never offered to
+make restitution to the government. Moreover, when questioned, in April,
+1961, Holmes said he still sees nothing wrong with what he did and
+admits he would do it again if he had the opportunity&ndash;and felt that no
+congressional committee would ever investigate.<a id="pg_009"></a></p>
+
+<p>All Senators, who supported Holmes in debate, hammered the point that,
+although Holmes may have done something shady and unsavory during the
+three-year period in the late 1940's when he was <i>out</i> of government
+service, there was no evidence that he had ever misbehaved while he was
+<i>in</i> government service.</p>
+
+<p>This amoral attitude seems to imply that a known chicken thief cannot be
+considered a threat to turkey growers, unless he has actually been
+caught stealing turkeys.</p>
+
+<p>Senate debates on the confirmation of Holmes as Ambassador to Iran are
+printed in the <i>Congressional Record</i>: pp. 6385-86, April 27, 1961; pp.
+6668-69, May 3, 1961; and pp. 6982-95, May 8, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>The vote was taken on May 8. After the history of Julius C. Holmes had
+been thoroughly exposed, the Senate confirmed Holmes' nomination 75 to
+21, with 4 Senators taking no stand. Julius C. Holmes was sworn in as
+United States Ambassador to Iran on May 15, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>The real reason why Holmes was nominated for an important ambassadorship
+by two Presidents and finally confirmed by the Senate is obvious&ndash;and
+was, indeed, inadvertently revealed by Senator Prescott Bush: Holmes, a
+Council on Foreign Relations member, is a darling of the leftwing
+internationalists who are determined to drag America into a socialist
+one-world system.</p>
+
+<p>During the Senate debate about Holmes' nomination Senator Bush said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I believe that one of the most telling witnesses with whom I have
+     ever talked regarding Mr. Holmes is Mr. Henry Wriston, formerly
+     president of Brown University, now chairman of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations, in New York, and chairman of the American
+     Assembly. Mr. Wriston not only holds these distinguished offices,
+     but he<a id="pg_010"></a> has also made a special study of the State Department and
+     the career service in the State Department.</p>
+
+<p>     "He is credited with having 'Wristonized' the Foreign Service of
+     the United States. He told me a few years ago ... [that] 'Julius
+     Holmes is the ablest man in the Foreign Service Corps of the United
+     States.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Dr. Wriston was (in 1961) President (not Chairman, as Senator Bush
+called him) of the Council on Foreign Relations. But Senator Bush was
+not exaggerating or erring when he said that the State Department has
+been <i>Wristonized</i>&ndash;if we acknowledge that the State Department has been
+converted into an agency of Dr. Wriston's Council on Foreign Relations.
+Indeed, the Senator could have said that the United States government
+has been <i>Wristonized</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Here, for example, are <i>some</i> of the members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations who, in 1961, held positions in the United States Government:
+<b>John F. Kennedy, President; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State; Douglas
+Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury; Adlai Stevenson, United Nations
+Ambassador; Allen W. Dulles, Director of the Central Intelligence
+Agency; Chester Bowles, Under Secretary of State; W. Averell Harriman,
+Ambassador-at-large; John J. McCloy, Disarmament Administrator; General
+Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; John Kenneth
+Galbraith, Ambassador to India; Edward R. Murrow, Head of United States
+Information Agency; G. Frederick Reinhardt, Ambassador to Italy; David
+K. E. Bruce, Ambassador to United Kingdom; Livingston T. Merchant,
+Ambassador to Canada; Lt. Gen. James M. Gavin, Ambassador to France;
+George F. Kennan, Ambassador to Yugoslavia; Julius C. Holmes, Ambassador
+to Iran; Arthur H. Dean, head of the United States Delegation to Geneva
+Disarmament Conference; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Special White House
+Assistant; Edwin O. Reischauer,<a id="pg_011"></a> Ambassador to Japan; Thomas K.
+Finletter, Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for
+Economic Co-operation and Development; George C. McGhee, Assistant
+Secretary of State for Policy Planning; Henry R. Labouisse, Director of
+International Cooperation Administration; George W. Ball, Under
+Secretary of State for Economic Affairs; McGeorge Bundy, Special
+Assistant for National Security; Paul H. Nitze, Assistant Secretary of
+Defense; Adolf A. Berle, Chairman, Inter-Departmental Committee on Latin
+America; Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant Secretary of State.</b></p>
+
+<p>The names listed do not, by any means, constitute a complete roster of
+all Council members who are in the Congress or hold important positions
+in the Administration.</p>
+
+<p>In the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations, there
+is an item of information which reveals a great deal about the close
+relationship between the Council and the executive branch of the federal
+government.</p>
+
+<p>On Page 37, The Report explains why there had been an unusually large
+recent increase in the number of non-resident members (CFR members who
+do not reside within 50 miles of New York City Hall):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The rather large increase in the non-resident academic category is
+     largely explained by the fact that many academic members have left
+     New York to join the new administration."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Concerning President Kennedy's membership in the CFR, there is an
+interesting story. On June 7, 1960, Mr. Kennedy, then a United States
+Senator, wrote a letter answering a question about his membership in the
+Council. Mr. Kennedy said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I am a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York
+     City. As a long-time subscriber to the quarterly,<a id="pg_012"></a> Foreign Affairs,
+     and as a member of the Senate, I was invited to become a member."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On August 23, 1961, Mr. George S. Franklin, Jr., Executive Director of
+the Council on Foreign Relations, wrote a letter answering a question
+about President Kennedy's membership. Mr. Franklin said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I am enclosing the latest Annual Report of the Council with a list
+     of members in the back. You will note that President Eisenhower is
+     a member, but this is not true of either President Kennedy or
+     President Truman."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>President Kennedy is not listed as a member in the 1960-61 Annual Report
+of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>The complete roster of CFR members, as set out in the 1960-61 Annual
+Report, is in <a href="#appendix1">Appendix I</a> of this volume. Several persons, besides
+President Kennedy, whom I have called CFR members are not on this
+roster. I have called them CFR members, if their names have ever
+appeared on <i>any</i> official CFR membership list.</p>
+
+<p>The Council is actually a small organization. Its membership is
+restricted to 700 resident members (American citizens whose residences
+or places of business are within 50 miles of City Hall in New York
+City), and 700 non-resident members (American citizens who reside or do
+business outside that 50-mile radius); but most of the members occupy
+important positions in government, in education, in the press, in the
+broadcasting industry, in business, in finance, or in some
+multi-million-dollar tax-exempt foundation.</p>
+
+<p>An indication of overall accomplishments of the Council can be found in
+its Annual Report of 1958-59, which reprints a speech by Walter H.
+Mallory on the occasion of his retiring after 32 years as Executive
+Director of the Council. Speaking to the Board of Directors of the
+Council<a id="pg_013"></a> at a small dinner in his honor on May 21, 1959, Mr. Mallory
+said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "When I cast my mind back to 1927, the year that I first joined the
+     Council, it seems little short of a miracle that the organization
+     could have taken root in those days. You will remember that the
+     United States had decided not to join the League of Nations.... On
+     the domestic front, the budget was extremely small, taxes were
+     light ... and we didn't even recognize the Russians. What could
+     there possibly be for a Council on Foreign Relations to do?</p>
+
+<p>     "Well, there were a few men who did not feel content with that
+     comfortable isolationist climate. They thought the United States
+     had an important role to play in the world and they resolved to try
+     to find out what that role ought to be. Some of those men are
+     present this evening."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Council's principal publication is a quarterly magazine, <i>Foreign
+Affairs</i>. Indeed, publishing this quarterly is the Council's major
+activity; and income from the publication is a principal source of
+revenue for the Council.</p>
+
+<p>On June 30, 1961, <i>Foreign Affairs</i> had a circulation of only 43,500;
+but it is probably the most influential publication in the world. Key
+figures in government&ndash;from the Secretary of State downward&ndash;write
+articles for, and announce new policies in, <i>Foreign Affairs</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Other publications of the Council include three volumes which it
+publishes annually (<i>Political Handbook of the World</i>, <i>The United
+States in World Affairs</i> and <i>Documents on American Foreign Relations</i>),
+and numerous special studies and books.</p>
+
+<p>The Council's financial statement for the 1960-61 fiscal year listed the
+following income:<a id="pg_014"></a></p>
+
+<table>
+<tr><td>    Membership Dues                              </td><td>    $123,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Council Development Fund                     </td><td>    $&nbsp;87,000</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Committees Development Fund                   </td><td>   $&nbsp; 2,500</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Corporation Service                           </td><td>   $112,200</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Foundation Grants                             </td><td>   $231,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Net Income from Investments                   </td><td>   $106,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Net Receipt from Sale of Books                </td><td>   $&nbsp;26,700</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    <i>Foreign Affairs</i> Subscriptions and Sales</td><td>   $210,300</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    <i>Foreign Affairs</i> Advertising    </td><td>           $&nbsp;21,800</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Miscellaneous        </td><td>                            $&nbsp; 2,900</td></tr>
+<tr><td>                 </td><td>                                    &ndash;-&ndash;-&ndash;-</td></tr>
+<tr><td>    Total              </td><td>                              $925,000</td></tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>"Corporation Service" on this list means money contributed to the
+Council by business firms.</p>
+
+<p>Here are firms listed as contributors to the Council during the 1960-61
+fiscal year:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>
+    Aluminum Limited, Inc.<br />
+    American Can Company<br />
+    American Metal Climax, Inc.<br />
+    American Telephone and Telegraph Company<br />
+    Arabian American Oil Company<br />
+    Armco International Corporation<br />
+    Asiatic Petroleum Corporation<br />
+    Bankers Trust Company<br />
+    Belgian Securities Corporation<br />
+    Bethlehem Steel Company, Inc.<br />
+    Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co.<br />
+    Cabot Corporation<br />
+    California Texas Oil Corp.<br />
+    Cameron Iron Works, Inc.<br />
+    Campbell Soup Company<br />
+    The Chase Manhattan Bank<br />
+    Chesebrough-Pond's Inc.<br />
+    Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.<br />
+    Cities Service Company, Inc.<br />
+    Connecticut General Life Insurance Company<br />
+    Continental Can Compan<a id="pg_015"></a>y<br />
+    Continental Oil Company<br />
+    Corn Products Company<br />
+    Corning Glass Works<br />
+    Dresser Industries, Inc.<br />
+    Ethyl Corporation<br />
+    I. I. du Pont de Nemours &amp; Co., Inc.<br />
+    Farrell Lines, Inc.<br />
+    The First National City Bank of New York<br />
+    Ford Motor Company, International Division<br />
+    Foster Wheeler Corporation<br />
+    Freeport Sulphur Company<br />
+    General Dynamics Corporation<br />
+    General Motors Overseas Operations<br />
+    The Gillette Company<br />
+    W. R. Grace and Co.<br />
+    Gulf Oil Corporation<br />
+    Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company<br />
+    Haskins and Sells<br />
+    H. J. Heinz Company<br />
+    Hughes Tool Company<br />
+    IBM World Trade Corporation<br />
+    International General Electric Company<br />
+    The International Nickel Company, Inc.<br />
+    International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation<br />
+    Irving Trust Company<br />
+    The M. W. Kellogg Company<br />
+    Kidder, Peabody and Co.<br />
+    Carl M. Loeb, Rhoades and Co.<br />
+    The Lummus Company<br />
+    Merck and Company, Inc.<br />
+    Mobil International Oil Co.<br />
+    Model, Roland and Stone<br />
+    The National Cash Register Co.<br />
+    National Lead Company, Inc.<br />
+    The New York Times<br />
+    The Ohio Oil Co., Inc.<br />
+    Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation<br />
+    Otis Elevator Company<br />
+    Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation<br />
+    Pan American Airways System<br />
+    Pfizer International, Inc.<br />
+    Radio Corporation of Americ<a id="pg_016"></a>a<br />
+    The RAND Corporation<br />
+    San Jacinto Petroleum Corporation<br />
+    J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation<br />
+    Sinclair Oil Corporation<br />
+    The Singer Manufacturing Company<br />
+    Sprague Electric Company<br />
+    Standard Oil Company of California<br />
+    Standard Oil Company (N. J.)<br />
+    Standard-Vacuum Oil Company<br />
+    Stauffer Chemical Company<br />
+    Symington Wayne Corporation<br />
+    Texaco, Inc.<br />
+    Texas Gulf Sulphur Company<br />
+    Texas Instruments, Inc.<br />
+    Tidewater Oil Company<br />
+    Time, Inc.<br />
+    Union Tank Car Company<br />
+    United States Lines Company<br />
+    United States Steel Corporation<br />
+    White, Weld and Co.<br />
+    Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>What do these corporations get for the money contributed to the Council
+on Foreign Relations?</p>
+
+<p>From the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Subscribers to the Council's Corporation Service (who pay a
+     minimum fee of $1,000) are entitled to several privileges. Among
+     them are (a) free consultation with members of the Council's staff
+     on problems of foreign policy, (b) access to the Council's
+     specialized library on international affairs, including its unique
+     collection of magazine and press clippings, (c) copies of all
+     Council publications and six subscriptions to <i>Foreign Affairs</i> for
+     officers of the company or its library, (d) an off-the-record
+     dinner, held annually for chairmen and presidents of subscribing
+     companies at which a prominent speaker discusses some outstanding
+     issue of United States foreign policy, and (e) two annual series of
+     Seminars for business executives<a id="pg_017"></a> appointed by their companies.
+     These Seminars are led by widely experienced Americans who discuss
+     various problems of American political or economic foreign policy."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>All</i> speakers at the Council's dinner meetings and seminars for
+business executives are leading advocates of internationalism and the
+total state. Many of them, in fact, are important officials in
+government. The ego-appeal is enormous to businessmen, who get special
+off-the-record briefings from Cabinet officers and other officials close
+to the President of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The briefings and the seminar lectures are consistently designed to
+elicit the support of businessmen for major features of Administration
+policy.</p>
+
+<p>For example, during 1960 and 1961, the three issues of major importance
+to both Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy were Disarmament, the
+declining value of the American dollar, and the tariff-and-trade
+problem. The Eisenhower and Kennedy positions on these three issues were
+virtually identical; and the solutions they urged meshed with the
+internationalist program of pushing America into a one-world socialist
+system.</p>
+
+<p>The business executives who attended CFR briefings and seminars in the
+1960-61 fiscal year received expert indoctrination in the
+internationalist position on the three major issues of that year. From
+"Seminars For Business Executives," Pages 43-44 of the 1960-61 Annual
+Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Fall 1960 Seminar ... was brought to a close with an appraisal
+     of disarmament negotiations, past and present, by Edmund A.
+     Gullion, then Acting Deputy Director, United States Disarmament
+     Administration....</p>
+
+<p>     "'The International Position of the Dollar' was the theme of the
+     Spring 1961 Seminar series. Robert Triffin, Professor of Economics
+     at Yale University, spoke on the<a id="pg_018"></a> present balance of payments
+     situation at the opening session. At the second meeting, William
+     Diebold, Jr., Director of Economic Studies at the Council,
+     addressed the group on United States foreign trade policy. The
+     third meeting dealt with foreign investment and the balance of
+     payments. August Maffry, Vice President of the Irving Trust
+     Company, was discussion leader....</p>
+
+<p>     "On June 8, George W. Ball, Under Secretary of State for Economic
+     Affairs, spoke at the annual Corporation Service dinner for
+     presidents and board chairmen of participating companies....
+     Secretary Ball [discussed] the foreign economic policy of the new
+     Kennedy Administration."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>George W. Ball was, for several years, a registered lobbyist in
+Washington, representing foreign commercial interests. He is a chief
+architect of President Kennedy's 1962 tariff-and-trade proposals&ndash;which
+would internationalize American trade and commerce, as a prelude to
+amalgamating our economy with that of other nations.</p>
+
+<p>In 1960-61, 84 leading corporations contributed 112,200 tax-exempt
+dollars to the Council on Foreign Relations for the privilege of having
+their chief officers exposed to the propaganda of international
+socialism.</p>
+
+<p>A principal activity of the Council is its meetings, according to the
+1958-1959 annual report:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "During 1958-59, the Council's program of meetings continued to
+     place emphasis on small, roundtable meetings.... Of the 99 meetings
+     held during the year, 58 were roundtables.... The balance of the
+     meetings program was made up of the more traditional large
+     afternoon or dinner sessions for larger groups of Council members.
+     In the course of the year, the Council convened such meetings for
+     Premier Castro; First Deputy Premier Mikoyan; Secretary-General Dag
+     Hammarskjold...."
+<a id="pg_019"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Council's annual report lists all of the meetings and
+"distinguished" speakers for which it convened the meetings. It is an
+amazing list. Although the Council has tax-exemption as an organization
+to study international affairs and, presumably, to help the public
+arrive at a better understanding of United States foreign policy, not
+one speaker for any Council meeting represented traditional U. S.
+policy. Every one was a known advocate of leftwing internationalism. A
+surprising number of them were known communists or communist
+sympathizers or admitted socialists.</p>
+
+<p>Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, who is widely believed to be a
+communist; who is admittedly socialist; and who aligned his nation with
+the Soviets&ndash;spoke to the Council on "Free Africa," with W. Averell
+Harriman presiding.</p>
+
+<p>Mahmoud Fawzi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Republic,
+a socialist whose hatred of the United States is rather well known,
+spoke to the Council on "Middle East."</p>
+
+<p>Herbert L. Matthews, a member of the editorial board of <i>The New York
+Times</i> (whose articles on Castro as the Robin Hood of Cuba built that
+communist hoodlum a worldwide reputation and helped him conquer Cuba)
+spoke to the Council <i>twice</i>, once on "A Political Appraisal of Latin
+American Affairs," and once on "The Castro Regime."</p>
+
+<p>M. C. Chagla, Ambassador of India to the United States, a socialist,
+spoke to the Council on "Indian Foreign Policy."</p>
+
+<p>Anastas I. Mikoyan, First Deputy Premier, USSR, spoke to the Council on
+"Issues in Soviet-American Relations," with John J. McCloy (later
+Kennedy's Disarmament Administrator) presiding.</p>
+
+<p>Fidel Castro spoke to the Council on "Cuba and the United States."<a id="pg_020"></a></p>
+
+<p>Here are some other well-known socialists who spoke to the Council on
+Foreign Relations during the 1958-59 year:</p>
+
+<p>Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Per
+Jacobsson, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund; Abba
+Eban, Ambassador of Israel to the United States; Willy Brandt, Mayor of
+West Berlin; Stanley de Zoysa, Minister of Finance of Ceylon; Mortarji
+Desai, Minister of Finance of India; Victor Urquidi, President of
+Mexican Economic Society; Fritz Erler, Co-Chairman of the Socialist
+Group in the German Bundestag; Tom Mboya, Member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council; Sir Grantley H. Adams, Prime Minister of the West
+Indies Federation; Theodore Kollek, Director-General of the Office of
+the Prime Minister of Israel; Dr. Gikomyo W. Kiano, member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council.</p>
+
+<p>Officials of communist governments, in addition to those already listed,
+who spoke to the Council that year, included Oscar Lange, Vice-President
+of the State Council of the Polish People's Republic; and Marko Nikezic,
+Ambassador of Yugoslavia to the United States.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Throughout this book, I show the close inter-locking connection between
+the Council on Foreign Relations and many other organizations. The only
+organizations formally affiliated with the Council, however, are the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, which the Council created, which it
+controls, and which exist in 30 cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta,
+Birmingham, Boise, Boston, Casper, Charlottesville, Denver, Des Moines,
+Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville,
+Nashville, Omaha, Philadelphia, Portland (Maine), Portland (Oregon),
+Providence, St. Louis, St. Paul-Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, San
+Francisco, Seattle, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita, Worcester.</p>
+
+<p>A booklet entitled <i>Committees on Foreign Relations: Directory of
+Members, January, 1961</i>, published by the Coun<a id="pg_021"></a>cil on Foreign Relations,
+contains a roster of members of all the Committees on Foreign Relations,
+except the one at Casper, Wyoming, which was not organized until later
+in 1961. The booklet also gives a brief history of the Committees:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In 1938, with the financial assistance of the Carnegie Corporation
+     of New York, the Council began to organize affiliated discussion
+     groups in a few American cities....</p>
+
+<p>     "Each Committee is composed of forty or more men who are leaders in
+     the professions and occupations of their area&ndash;representatives of
+     business, the law, universities and schools, the press, and so on.
+     About once a month, from October through May, members come together
+     for dinner and an evening of discussion with a guest speaker of
+     special competence.... Since the beginning in 1938, the Carnegie
+     Corporation of New York has continued to make annual grants in
+     support of the Committee program."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The following information about the Committees on Foreign Relations is
+from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "During the past season the Foreign Relations Committees carried on
+     their customary programs of private dinner meetings. In all, 206
+     meetings were held....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Council arranged or figured in the arrangement of about
+     three-quarters of the meetings held, the other sessions being
+     undertaken upon the initiative of the Committees. Attendance at the
+     discussions averaged 28 persons, slightly more than in previous
+     years and about the maximum number for good discussion. There was
+     little change in membership&ndash;the total being just under 1800. It
+     will be recalled that this membership consists of men who are
+     leaders in the various professions and occupations....</p>
+
+<p>     "On June 2 and 3, the 23rd annual conference of Committee
+     representatives was held at the Harold Pratt House.<a id="pg_022"></a> Mounting
+     pressures throughout the year ... made it advisable to plan a
+     conference program that would facilitate re-examination of the
+     strategic uses of the United Nations for American Policy in the
+     years ahead. Accordingly, the conference theme was designated as
+     <i>United States Policy and the United Nations</i>. Emphasis was upon
+     re-appraisal of the United States national interest in the United
+     Nations&ndash;and the cost of sustaining that interest....</p>
+
+<p>     "In the course of the year, officers and members of the Council and
+     of the staff visited most of the Committees for the purpose of
+     leading discussions at meetings, supervising Committee procedures
+     and seeking the strengthening of Committee relations with the
+     Council."
+<a id="pg_023"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter02" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 2</h2>
+
+<h3>WORLD WAR II AND TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Although the Council on Foreign Relations had almost gained controlling
+influence on the government of the United States as early as 1941, it
+had failed to indoctrinate the American people for acceptance of what
+Colonel House had called a "positive" foreign policy.</p>
+
+<p>In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt (although eager to get the United States
+into the Second World War and already making preparations for that
+tragedy) had to campaign for re-election with the same promise that
+Wilson had made in 1916&ndash;to keep us out of the European war. Even as
+late as the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December,
+1941, the American people were still overwhelmingly "isolationist"&ndash;a
+word which internationalists use as a term of contempt but which means
+merely that the American people were still devoted to their nation's
+traditional foreign policy.</p>
+
+<p>It was necessary for Roosevelt to take steps which the public would not
+notice or understand but which would inescapably involve the nation in
+the foreign war. When enough such sly involvement had been manipulated,
+there would come, eventually, some incident to push us over the brink
+into open participation. Then, any American who continued to advocate
+our traditional foreign policy of benign neutrality would be an object
+of public hatred, would be investigated and condemned by officialdom as
+a "pro-nazi," and possibly prosecuted for sedition.<a id="pg_024"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Council on Foreign Relations has heavy responsibility for the
+maneuvering which thus dragged America into World War II. One major step
+which Roosevelt took toward war (at precisely the time when he was
+campaigning for his third-term re-election on a platform of peace and
+neutrality to keep America out of war) was his radical alteration of
+traditional concepts of United States policy in order to declare
+Greenland under the protection of our Monroe Doctrine. The Council on
+Foreign Relations officially boasts full responsibility for this fateful
+step toward war.</p>
+
+<p>On pages 13 and 14 of a book entitled <i>The Council on Foreign Relations:
+A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946</i> (written by officials of the
+Council and published by the Council on January 1, 1947) are these
+passages:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "One further example may be cited of the way in which ideas and
+     recommendations originating at Council meetings have entered into
+     the stream of official discussion and action.</p>
+
+<p>     "On March 17, 1940, a Council group completed a confidential report
+     which pointed out the strategic importance of Greenland for
+     transatlantic aviation and for meteorological observations. The
+     report stated:</p>
+
+<p>     "'The possibility must be considered that Denmark might be overrun
+     by Germany. In such case, Greenland might be transferred by treaty
+     to German sovereignty.'</p>
+
+<p>     "It also pointed out the possible danger to the United States in
+     such an eventuality, and mentioned that Greenland lies within the
+     geographical sphere 'within which the Monroe Doctrine is presumed
+     to apply.'</p>
+
+<p>     "Shortly after this, one of the members of the group which had
+     prepared the report was summoned to the White House. President
+     Roosevelt had a copy of the memorandum in his hand and said that he
+     had turned to his visitor<a id="pg_025"></a> for advice because of his part in
+     raising the question of Greenland's strategic importance.</p>
+
+<p>     "Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At his press conference
+     three days later, the President stated that he was satisfied that
+     Greenland was a part of the American continent. After a visit to
+     the White House on the same day, the Danish Minister said that he
+     agreed with the President.</p>
+
+<p>     "On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between the United
+     States and Denmark which provided for assistance by the United
+     States to Greenland in the maintenance of its status, and granted
+     to the United States the right to locate and construct such
+     airplane landing-fields, seaplane facilities, and radio and
+     meteorological installations as might be necessary for the defense
+     of Greenland, and for the defense of the American continent. This
+     was eight months before Germany declared war on the United States.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Council's report on Greenland was only one item in an
+     extensive research project which offered an unusual instance of
+     wartime collaboration between Government agencies and a private
+     institution.... The project ... exhibited the kind of contribution
+     which the Council has been uniquely equipped to provide...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Danish colony of Greenland&ndash;a huge island covered by polar ice&ndash;lies
+in the Arctic Ocean, 1325 miles off the coast of Denmark. It is 200
+miles from Canada, 650 miles from the British Isles. The extreme
+southwestern tip of Greenland is 1315 miles from the most extreme
+northeastern tip of the United States (Maine). In other words, Canada
+and England, which were at war with Germany when we undertook to protect
+Greenland from Germany, are both much closer to Greenland than the
+United States is.</p>
+
+<p>But history gives better proof than geography does, that the learned
+Council members who put Greenland in the<a id="pg_026"></a> Western Hemisphere, within the
+meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, were either ignorant or dishonest. The
+Monroe Doctrine, closing the Western Hemisphere to further European
+colonization, was proclaimed in 1823. Denmark, a European nation,
+colonized Greenland, proclaiming sole sovereignty in 1921, without any
+hint of protest from the United States that this European colonization
+infringed upon the Monroe Doctrine.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Members of the Council on Foreign Relations played a key role in getting
+America into World War II. They played <i>the</i> role in creating the basic
+policies which this nation has followed since the end of World War II.
+These policies are accomplishing:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     (1) the redistribution to other nations of the great United States
+     reserve of gold which made our dollar the strongest currency in the
+     world;</p>
+
+<p>     (2) the building up of the industrial capacity of other nations, at
+     our expense, thus eliminating our pre-eminent productive
+     superiority;</p>
+
+<p>     (3) the taking away of world markets from United States producers
+     (and even much of their domestic market) until capitalistic America
+     will no longer dominate world trade;</p>
+
+<p>     (4) the entwining of American affairs&ndash;economic, political,
+     cultural, social, educational, and even religious&ndash;with those of
+     other nations until the United States will no longer have an
+     independent policy, either domestic or foreign: until we can not
+     return to our traditional foreign policy of maintaining national
+     independence, nor to free private capitalism as an economic system.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The ghastly wartime and post-war decisions (which put the Soviet Union
+astride the globe like a menacing colossus and placed the incomparably
+stronger United States in the<a id="pg_027"></a> position of appeasing and retreating) can
+be traced to persons who were members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.</p>
+
+<p>Consider a specific example: the explosive German problem.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In October, 1943, Cordell Hull (U. S. Secretary of State), Anthony Eden
+(Foreign Minister for Great Britain), and V. Molotov (Soviet Commissar
+for Foreign Affairs), had a conference at Moscow. Eden suggested that
+they create a European Advisory Commission which would decide how
+Germany, after defeat, would be partitioned, occupied, and governed by
+the three victorious powers. Molotov approved. Hull did not like the
+idea, but agreed to it in deference to the wishes of the two others.
+Philip E. Mosely, of the CFR, was Hull's special adviser at this Moscow
+Conference.</p>
+
+<p>The next month, November, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt went to
+Tehran for his first conference with Stalin and Churchill. Aboard the U.
+S. S. <i>Iowa</i> en route to Tehran, Roosevelt had a conference with his
+Joint Chiefs of Staff. They discussed, among other things, the post-war
+division and occupation of Germany.</p>
+
+<p>President Roosevelt predicted that Germany would collapse suddenly and
+that "there would definitely be a race for Berlin" by the three great
+powers. The President said: "We may have to put the United States
+divisions into Berlin as soon as possible, because the United States
+should have Berlin."</p>
+
+<p>Harry Hopkins suggested that "we be ready to put an airborne division
+into Berlin two hours after the collapse of Germany."</p>
+
+<p>Roosevelt wanted the United States to occupy Berlin and northwestern
+Germany; the British to occupy France, Bel<a id="pg_028"></a>gium, and southern Germany;
+and the Soviets to have eastern Germany.</p>
+
+<p>At the Tehran Conference (November 27-December 2, 1943), Stalin seemed
+singularly indifferent to the question of which power would occupy which
+zones of Germany after the war. Stalin revealed intense interest in only
+three topics:</p>
+
+<p>(1) urging the western allies to make a frontal assault, across the
+English Channel, on Hitler's fortress Europe;</p>
+
+<p>(2) finding out, immediately, the name of the man whom the western
+allies would designate to command such an operation (Eisenhower had not
+yet been selected); and</p>
+
+<p>(3) reducing the whole of Europe to virtual impotence so that the Soviet
+Union would be the only major power on the continent after the war.</p>
+
+<p>Roosevelt approved of every proposal Stalin made.</p>
+
+<p>A broad outline of the behavior and proposals of Roosevelt, Churchill,
+and Stalin at Tehran can be found in the diplomatic papers published in
+1961 by the State Department, in a volume entitled <i>Foreign Relations of
+the United States: Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and
+Tehran 1943</i>.</p>
+
+<p>As to specific agreements on the postwar division and occupation of
+Germany, the Tehran papers reveal only that the European Advisory
+Commission would work out the details.</p>
+
+<p>We know that Roosevelt and his military advisers in November, 1943,
+agreed that America should take and occupy Berlin. Yet, 17 months later,
+we did just the opposite.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In the closing days of World War II, the American Ninth Army was rolling
+toward Berlin, meeting little resistance, slowed down only by German
+civilians clogging the highways, fleeing from the Russians. German
+soundtrucks<a id="pg_029"></a> were circulating in the Berlin area, counseling stray
+troops to stop resistance and surrender to the Americans. Some twenty or
+thirty miles east of Berlin, the German nation had concentrated its
+dying strength and was fighting savagely against the Russians.</p>
+
+<p>Our Ninth Army could have been in Berlin within a few hours, probably
+without shedding another drop of blood; but General Eisenhower suddenly
+halted our Army. He kept it sitting idly outside Berlin for days, while
+the Russians slugged their way in, killing, raping, ravaging. We gave
+the Russians control of the eastern portion of Berlin&ndash;and of <i>all</i> the
+territory surrounding the city.</p>
+
+<p>To the south, General Patton's forces were plowing into Czechoslovakia.
+When Patton was thirty miles from Prague, the capital, General
+Eisenhower ordered him to stop&ndash;ordered him not to accept surrender of
+German soldiers, but to hold them at bay until the Russians could move
+up and accept surrender. As soon as the Russians were thus established
+as the conquerors of Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered Patton to
+evacuate.</p>
+
+<p>Units of Czechoslovakian patriots had been fighting with Western armies
+since 1943. We had promised them that they could participate in the
+liberation of their own homeland; but we did not let them move into
+Czechoslovakia until after the Russians had taken over.</p>
+
+<p>Czechoslovakian and American troops had to ask the Soviets for
+permission to come into Prague for a victory celebration&ndash;after the
+Russians had been permitted to conquer the country.</p>
+
+<p>Western Armies, under Eisenhower's command, rounded up an estimated five
+million anti-communist refugees and delivered them to the Soviets who
+tortured them, sent them to slave camps, or murdered them.<a id="pg_030"></a></p>
+
+<p>All of this occurred because we refused to do what would have been easy
+for us to do&ndash;and what our top leaders had agreed just 17 months before
+that we must do: that is, take and hold Berlin and surrounding territory
+until postwar peace treaties were made.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Who made the decisions to pull our armies back in Europe and let the
+Soviets take over? General Eisenhower gave the orders; and, in his book,
+<i>Crusade in Europe</i> (published in 1948, before the awful consequences of
+those decisions were fully known to the public), Eisenhower took his
+share of credit for making the decisions. When he entered politics four
+years later, Eisenhower denied responsibility: he claimed that he was
+merely a soldier, obeying orders, implementing decisions which
+Presidents Roosevelt and Truman had made.</p>
+
+<p>Memoirs of British military men indicate that Eisenhower went far
+<i>beyond</i> the call of military duty in his "co-operative" efforts to help
+the Soviets capture political prisoner's and enslave all of central
+Europe. <i>Triumph in the West</i>, by Arthur Bryant, published in 1959 by
+Doubleday &amp; Company, as a "History of the War Years Based on the Diaries
+of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff,"
+reveals that, in the closing days of the war, General Eisenhower was
+often in direct communication with Stalin, reporting his decisions and
+actions to the Soviet dictator before Eisenhower's own military
+superiors knew what was going on.</p>
+
+<p>Regardless of what responsibility General Eisenhower may or may not have
+had for <i>formulating</i> the decisions which held our armies back from
+Eastern Europe, those decisions seem to have stemmed from the
+conferences which Roosevelt had with Stalin at Tehran in 1943 and at
+Yalta in 1945.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>But who made the decision to isolate Berlin 110 miles deep inside
+communist-controlled territory without any agree<a id="pg_031"></a>ments concerning access
+routes by which the Western Powers could get to the city? According to
+Arthur Krock, of the <i>New York Times</i>, George F. Kennan, (a member of
+the Council on Foreign Relations) persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning arrangement. Kennan, at the time, was political adviser to
+Ambassador John G. Winant, who was the United States Representative on
+the three-member European Advisory Commission.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Krock's account (in the <i>New York Times</i>, June 18, 1961 and July 2,
+1961) is rather involved; but here is the essence of it:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to enclose
+     Berlin 110 miles within the Soviet occupation zone. Winant
+     submitted a recommendation, embracing this agreement. Winant felt
+     that it would offend the Soviets if we asked for guaranteed access
+     routes, and believed that guarantees were unnecessary anyway. When
+     submitting his recommendation to Washington, however, Winant
+     attached a map on which a specific allied corridor of access into
+     the city was drawn.</p>
+
+<p>     Winant's proposal was never acted on in Washington. Therefore, the
+     British submitted a recommendation. Roosevelt rejected the British
+     plan, and made his own proposal. The British and Soviets disliked
+     Roosevelt's plan; and negotiations over the zoning of Berlin were
+     deadlocked.</p>
+
+<p>     George F. Kennan broke the deadlock by going directly to Roosevelt
+     and persuading him to accept the Berlin zoning agreement, which Mr.
+     Krock calls a "war-breeding monstrosity," and a "witless travesty
+     on statecraft and military competence."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Krock says most of his information came from one of Philip E.
+Mosely's articles in an old issue of <i>Foreign Affairs</i>&ndash;which I have
+been unable to get for my files. I cannot, therefore, guarantee the
+authenticity of Mr.<a id="pg_032"></a> Krock's account; but I can certainly agree with his
+conclusion that only Joseph Stalin and international communism
+benefitted from the "incredible zoning agreements" that placed "Berlin
+110 miles within the Soviet zone and reserved no guaranteed access
+routes to the city from the British and American zones."</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that Philip E. Mosely (CFR member who was
+Cordell Hull's adviser when the postwar division of Germany was first
+discussed at the Moscow Conference in 1943) succeeded George F. Kennan
+as political adviser to John G. Winant of the European Advisory
+Commission shortly after Kennan had persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning agreements.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>It is easy to see why the Soviets wanted the Berlin arrangement which
+Roosevelt gave them. It is not difficult to see the British viewpoint:
+squeezed between the two giants who were his allies, Churchill tried to
+play the Soviets against the Americans, in the interest of getting the
+most he could for the future trade and commerce of England.</p>
+
+<p>But why would any American want (or, under any conditions, agree to) the
+crazy Berlin agreement? There are only three possible answers:</p>
+
+<p>(1) the Americans who set up the Berlin arrangement&ndash;which means,
+specifically, George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely, representing the
+Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;were ignorant fools; or</p>
+
+<p>(2) they <i>wanted</i> to make Berlin a powder keg which the Soviets could
+use, at will, to intimidate the West; or</p>
+
+<p>(3) they wanted a permanent, ready source of war which the United States
+government could use, at any time, to salvage its own internationalist
+policies from criticism at home, by scaring the American people into
+"buckling down"<a id="pg_033"></a> and "tightening up" for "unity" behind our "courageous
+President" who is "calling the Kremlin bluff" by spending to prepare
+this nation for all-out war, if necessary, to "defend the interests of
+the free-world" in Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely and the other men associated with
+them in the Council on Foreign Relations are not ignorant fools. I do
+not believe they are traitors who wanted to serve the interests of the
+Kremlin. So, in trying to assess their motives, I am left with one
+choice: they wanted to set Berlin up as a perpetual excuse for any kind
+of program which the Council on Foreign Relations might want the
+American government to adopt.</p>
+
+<p>Long, long ago, King Henry of England told Prince Hal that the way to
+run a country and keep the people from being too critical of how you run
+it, is to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels.</p>
+
+<p>A study of President Kennedy's July 25, 1961, speech to the nation about
+Berlin, together with an examination of the spending program which he
+recommended to Congress a few hours later, plus a review of contemporary
+accounts of how the stampeded Congress rushed to give the President all
+he asked&ndash;such a study, set against the backdrop of our refusal to do
+anything vigorous with regard to the communist menace in Cuba, will, I
+think, justify my conclusions as to the motives of men, still in power,
+who created the Berlin situation.<a id="pg_034"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter03" class="chapter">
+<h2><a id="pg_035"></a>Chapter 3</h2>
+
+<h3>FPA&ndash;WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL&ndash;IPR</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Through many interlocking organizations, the Council on Foreign
+Relations "educates" the public&ndash;and brings pressures upon Congress&ndash;to
+support CFR policies. All organizations, in this incredible propaganda
+web, work in their own way toward the objective of the Council on
+Foreign Relations: to create a one-world socialist system and to make
+America a part of it. All of the organizations have federal
+tax-exemption as "educational" groups; and they are all financed, in
+part, by tax-exempt foundations, the principal ones being Ford,
+Rockefeller, and Carnegie. Most of them also have close working
+relations with official agencies of the United States Government.</p>
+
+<p>The CFR does not have formal affiliation&ndash;and can therefore disclaim
+official connection with&ndash;its subsidiary propaganda agencies (except the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, organized by the CFR in 30 cities
+throughout the United States); but the real and effective interlock
+between all these groups can be shown not only by their common objective
+(one-world socialism) and a common source of income (the foundations),
+but also by the overlapping of personnel: directors and officials of the
+Council on Foreign Relations are also officials in the interlocking
+organizations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center, 345 East 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, is probably the most influential of all
+the agencies which can be shown as propaganda affiliates of the Council
+on Foreign<a id="pg_036"></a> Relations in matters concerned primarily with American
+foreign policy.</p>
+
+<p>On April 29, 1960, the March-April Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down a Presentment concerning subversive materials in
+schools, which said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "An extensive investigation has been made by the Jury into the
+     Foreign Policy Association of New York City and its 'Great
+     Decisions Program,' which it is sponsoring in our area....</p>
+
+<p>     "This matter was brought to our attention by the Americanism
+     Committee of the Waldo M. Slaton Post 140, American Legion, and
+     several other local patriotic groups. We were informed that the
+     Great Decisions Program was being taught in our public high schools
+     and by various well-meaning civic and religious groups, who were
+     not aware of the past records of the leaders of the Foreign Policy
+     Association, nor of the authors of the textbooks prescribed for
+     this Great Decisions program.</p>
+
+<p>     "Evidence was presented to us showing that some of these leaders
+     and authors had a long record, dating back many years, in which
+     they either belonged to, or actively supported left-wing or
+     subversive organizations.</p>
+
+<p>     "We further found that invitations to participate in these 'study
+     groups' were being mailed throughout our county under the name of
+     one of our local universities.... We learned that the prescribed
+     booklets were available upon request in our local public
+     libraries....</p>
+
+<p>     "The range of the activity by this organization has reached
+     alarming proportions in the schools and civic groups in certain
+     other areas in Georgia. Its spread is a matter of deep concern to
+     this Jury and we, therefore, call upon all school officials
+     throughout the state to be particularly alert to this insidious and
+     subversive material. We further recommend that all textbook
+     committee members<a id="pg_037"></a>&ndash;city, county and state&ndash;recognize the
+     undesirable features of this material and take action to remove it
+     from our schools.</p>
+
+<p>     "Finally, we urge that all Grand Juries throughout the State of
+     Georgia give matters of this nature their serious consideration."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>On June 30, 1960, the May-June Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down another Presentment, which said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "It is our understanding that the Foreign Policy Association's
+     Great Decisions program, criticized by the March-April Grand Jury,
+     Fulton County, has been removed from the Atlanta and Fulton County
+     schools....</p>
+
+<p>     "Numerous letters from all over the United States have been
+     received by this grand jury, from individuals and associations,
+     commending the Presentment of the previous grand jury on the
+     Foreign Policy Association. Not a single letter has been received
+     by us criticizing these presentments."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In September, 1960, the Americanism Committee of Waldo M. Slaton Post
+No. 140, The American Legion, 3905 Powers Ferry Road, N.W., Atlanta 5,
+Georgia, published a 112-page mimeographed book entitled <i>The Truth
+About the Foreign Policy Association</i> (available directly from the Post
+at $1.00 per copy). In the Foreword to this book, the Americanism
+Committee says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "How can we account for our apathetic acceptance of the presence of
+     this arch-murderer (Khrushchev, during his tour of the United
+     States at Eisenhower's invitation) in America? What has so dulled
+     our sense of moral values that we could look on without revulsion
+     while he was being wined and dined by our officials? How could we
+     dismiss with indifference the shameful spectacle of these officials
+     posing for pictures with this grinning Russian assassin<a id="pg_038"></a>&ndash;pictures
+     which we knew he would use to prove to communism's enslaved
+     populations that the Americans are no longer their friends, but the
+     friends of Khrushchev?</p>
+
+<p>     "There is only one explanation for this lapse from the Americanism
+     of former days: we are being brainwashed into the belief that we
+     can safely do business with communism&ndash;brainwashed by an
+     interlocked group of so-called 'educational' organizations offering
+     'do-it-yourself' courses which pretend to instruct the public in
+     the intricacies of foreign policy, but which actually mask clever
+     propaganda operations designed to sell 'co-existence' to Americans.
+     There are many of these propaganda outfits working to undermine
+     Americans' faith in America, but none, in our opinion, is as slick
+     or as smooth or as dangerous as the Foreign Policy Association of
+     Russian-born Vera Micheles Dean....</p>
+
+<p>     "This documented handbook has been prepared in response to numerous
+     requests for duplicates of the file which formed the basis of the
+     case (before the Fulton County Grand Juries) against the Foreign
+     Policy Association. We hope that it will assist patriots everywhere
+     in resisting the un-American propaganda of the Red China appeasers,
+     the pro-Soviet apologists, the relativists, and other dangerous
+     propagandists who are weakening Americans' sense of honor and their
+     will to survive."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>The Truth About The Foreign Policy Association</i> sets out the communist
+front record of Vera Micheles Dean (who was Research Director of the FPA
+until shortly after the Legion Post made this exposure, when she
+resigned amidst almost-tearful words of praise and farewell on the part
+of FPA-WAC officials). The Legion Post booklet sets out the communist
+front records of various other persons connected with the FPA; it
+presents and analyzes several publications of the FPA, including
+materials used in the Great Decisions program; it reveals that FPA
+establishes<a id="pg_039"></a> respectability and public acceptance for itself by
+publicizing "endorsements" of prominent Americans; it shows that many of
+the FPA's claims of endorsements are false; it shows the interlocking
+connections and close working relationships between the Foreign Policy
+Association and other organizations, particularly the National Council
+of Churches; and it presents a great deal of general documentation on
+FPA's activities, operations, and connections.</p>
+
+<p>The Foreign Policy Association was organized in 1918 and incorporated
+under the laws of New York in 1928 (the Council on Foreign Relations was
+organized in 1919 and incorporated in 1921). Rockefeller and Carnegie
+money was responsible for both FPA and CFR becoming powerful
+organizations.</p>
+
+<p>The late U. S. Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Pennsylvania), as early as
+1934, said that the Foreign Policy Association, working in close
+conjunction with a comparable British group, was formed, largely under
+the aegis of Felix Frankfurter and Paul Warburg, to promote a "planned"
+or socialist economy in the United States, and to integrate the American
+system into a worldwide socialist system. Warburg and Frankfurter (early
+CFR members) were among the many influential persons who worked closely
+with Colonel Edward M. House, father of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>From its early days, the Foreign Policy Association had interlocking
+personnel, and worked in close co-operation with the Institute of
+Pacific Relations, which was formed in 1925 as a tax-exempt educational
+organization, and which was financed by the great foundations&ndash;and by
+the same groups of businessmen and corporations which have always
+financed the CFR and the FPA.</p>
+
+<p>The IPR played a more important role than any other American
+organization in shaping public opinion and in<a id="pg_040"></a>fluencing official
+American policy with regard to Asia.</p>
+
+<p>For more than twenty years, the IPR influenced directly or indirectly
+the selection of Far Eastern scholars for important teaching posts in
+colleges and universities&ndash;and the selection of officials for posts
+concerning Asia in the State Department. The IPR publications were
+standard materials in most American colleges, in thirteen hundred public
+school systems, and in the armed forces; and millions of IPR
+publications were distributed to all these institutions.</p>
+
+<p>Along toward the end of World War II, there were rumblings that the
+powerful IPR might be a communist front, despite its respectable
+fa&ccedil;ade&ndash;despite the fact that a great majority of its members were
+Americans whose patriotism and integrity were beyond question.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1951, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, under the
+chairmanship of the late Pat McCarran (Democrat, Nevada) began an
+investigation which lasted many months and became the most important,
+careful, and productive investigation ever conducted by a committee of
+Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The McCarran investigation of the IPR was predicated on the assumption
+that United States diplomacy had never suffered a more disastrous defeat
+than in its failure to avert the communist conquest of China.</p>
+
+<p>The communist conquest of China led to the Korean war; and the tragic
+mishandling of this war on the part of Washington and United Nations
+officialdom destroyed American prestige throughout Asia, and built
+Chinese communist military power into a menacing colossus.</p>
+
+<p>The Senate investigation revealed that the American policy decisions
+which produced these disastrous consequences were made by IPR officials
+who were traitors, or under the influence of traitors, whose allegiance
+lay in Moscow.<a id="pg_041"></a></p>
+
+<p>Owen Lattimore, guiding light of the IPR during its most important years
+(and also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations), was termed a
+conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet international conspiracy.</p>
+
+<p>Alger Hiss (a CFR member who was later identified as a Soviet spy) was
+closely tied in with the IPR during his long and influential career in
+government service. Hiss became a trustee of the IPR after his
+resignation from the State Department. The secret information which Hiss
+delivered to a Soviet spy ring in the 1930's kept the Soviets apprised
+of American activity in the Far East.</p>
+
+<p>Lauchlin Currie (also a member of the CFR) was an administrative
+assistant to President Roosevelt. Harry Dexter White virtually ran the
+Treasury Department under both Roosevelt and Truman. Both Currie and
+White had strong connections with the IPR; and both were Soviet
+spies&ndash;who not only channeled important American secrets to Soviet
+military intelligence, but also influenced and formulated American
+policies to suit the Soviets.</p>
+
+<p>By the time the McCarran investigation ended, the whole nation knew that
+the IPR was, as the McCarran committee had characterized it, a
+transmission belt for Soviet propaganda in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The IPR, thoroughly discredited, had lost its power and influence; but
+its work was carried on, without any perceptible decline in
+effectiveness, by the Foreign Policy Association.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The FPA did this job through its Councils on World Affairs, which had
+been set up in key cities throughout the United States.</p>
+
+<p>These councils are all "anti-communist." They include among their
+members the business, financial, social, cultural, and educational
+leaders of the community. Their announced purpose is to help citizens
+become better informed<a id="pg_042"></a> on international affairs and foreign policy. To
+this end, they arrange public discussion groups, forums, seminars in
+connection with local schools and colleges, radio-television programs,
+and lecture series. They distribute a mammoth quantity of expensively
+produced material&ndash;to schools, civic clubs, discussion groups, and so
+on, at little or no cost.</p>
+
+<p>The Councils bring world-renowned speakers to their community. Hence,
+Council events generally make headlines and get wide coverage on radio
+and television. The Foreign Policy Associations' Councils on World
+Affairs, through the parent organization, through the Council on Foreign
+Relations, and through a multitude of other channels, have close working
+relationships with the State Department.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, many of the distinguished speakers whom the Councils present are
+handpicked by the State Department; and they travel (sometimes from
+distant foreign lands) at United States taxpayers' expense.</p>
+
+<p>To avert criticism (or to provide themselves with ammunition against
+criticism when it arises) that they are nothing but internationalist
+propaganda agencies, the Councils on World Affairs distribute a little
+literature which, and present a few speakers who, give the general
+appearance of being against the internationalist program of one-world
+socialism. But their anti-internationalism presentations are generally
+milk-and-water middle-of-the-roadism which is virtually meaningless.
+Most Councils-on-World-Affairs presentations give persuasive
+internationalist propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, the Foreign Policy Association, through its Councils on World
+Affairs&ndash;and another affiliated activity, the Great Decisions
+program&ndash;has managed to enroll some "conservative" community leadership
+into an effective propaganda effort for one-world socialism.</p>
+
+<p>The World Affairs Center was set up with national head<a id="pg_043"></a>quarters at 345
+East 46th Street in New York City, as a formal affiliate of the Foreign
+Policy Association, to handle the important job of directing the various
+"independent" Councils on World Affairs, located in major cities
+throughout the nation. In March, 1960, the FPA merged with the World
+Affairs Center to form one organization: the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The FPA-WAC describes its Great Decisions program as an annual
+nation-wide review, by local groups under local sponsorship, of problems
+affecting United States Foreign Policy. FPA-WAC provides Fact Sheet
+Kits, which contain reading material for these local discussion groups.
+These kits present what FPA calls a "common fund of information" for all
+participants. They also provide an "opinion" ballot which permits each
+participant, at the end of the Great Decisions discussion program, to
+register his viewpoint and send it to officials in Washington.</p>
+
+<p>The old IPR line (fostering American policies which helped communists
+take over China) was that the Chinese communists were not communists at
+all but democratic "agrarian reformers" whom the Chinese people loved
+and respected, and whom the Chinese people were going to install as the
+rulers of new China, regardless of what America did; and that,
+therefore, it was in our best interest to be friendly with these
+"agrarian reformers" so that China would remain a friendly power once
+the "reformers" took over.</p>
+
+<p>A major objective of the FPA-WAC&ndash;since it fell heir to the work of the
+IPR&ndash;is to foster American diplomatic recognition of red China.</p>
+
+<p>The FPA-WAC, and its subordinate Councils on World Affairs, do this
+propaganda job most cleverly. Most FPA spokesmen (except a few like
+Cyrus Eaton, who is a darling of the FPA and occasionally writes for its
+publications) are<a id="pg_044"></a> "anti-communists" who admit that the Chinese
+communists are real communists. They admit that it is not pleasant (in
+the wake of our memories of Korea) to think of extending diplomatic
+recognition to red China; and they do not always openly advocate such a
+move; but their literature and Great Decisions operations and other
+activities all subtly inculcate the idea that, however much we may
+dislike the Chinese communists, it is highly probable that we can best
+promote American interests by "eventually" recognizing red China.</p>
+
+<p>In this connection, the FPA-WAC Great Decisions program for 1957 was
+especially interesting. One question posed that year was "Should U. S.
+Deal With Red China?" Discussion of this topic was divided into four
+corollary questions: <i>Why Two Chinas? What are Red China's goals? Does
+Red China threaten 'uncommitted' Asia? Red China's record&ndash;what U. S.
+Policy?</i></p>
+
+<p>The FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit, which sets out background information for
+the "study" and "voting" on the red China question, contains nothing
+that would remind Americans of Chinese communist atrocities against our
+men in Korea or in any way make Americans really angry at the
+communists. In the discussion of the "two Chinas," the communists sound
+somewhat more attractive than the nationalists. In the discussion of red
+China's "goals," there is nothing about the communist goal of enslaving
+all Asia; there are simply statistics showing how much more progress red
+China has made than "democratic" India&ndash;with less outside help than
+"democratic" India has received from the United States.</p>
+
+<p>In the discussion of whether red China threatens the rest of Asia, the
+FPA-WAC material makes no inference that the reds are an evil,
+aggressive power&ndash;but it does let the reader know that the reds in China
+are a mighty military power that we must reckon with, in realistic
+terms. Nothing is said in the FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit about the
+com<a id="pg_045"></a>munist rape of Tibet. Rather, one gets the impression that Tibet is
+a normal, traditional province of China which has now returned to the
+homeland.</p>
+
+<p>After studying the problems of communist China from this FPA-WAC "Fact
+Sheet," Great Decisions participants were given an opportunity to cast
+an "Opinion Ballot" on the four specific questions posed. The "Opinions"
+were already written out on the FPA-WAC ballot. The voter had only to
+select the opinion he liked best, and mark it. Here are the five choices
+of opinions given voters on the Foreign Policy Association's Great
+Decisions 1957 Opinion Ballot, concerning U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "a. Recognize Peiping now, because we can deal with Far East
+     political and other problems more easily if we have diplomatic
+     relations with Peiping.</p>
+
+<p>     "b. Go slow on recognizing them but agree to further talks and, if
+     progress is made, be willing to grant recognition at some future
+     date.</p>
+
+<p>     "c. Refuse to recognize them under any circumstances.</p>
+
+<p>     "d. Acknowledge that the Peiping government is the effective
+     government of China (recognition <i>de facto</i>) and deal with it as
+     much as seems useful, on this basis, but avoid full diplomatic
+     relations for the present.</p>
+
+<p>     "e. Other."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>General purposes of the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center
+are rather well indicated in a fund-raising letter, mailed to American
+businessmen all over the nation, on February 23, 1961. The letter was on
+the letterhead of Consolidated Foods Corporation, 135 South La Salle
+Street, Chicago 3, Illinois, and was signed by Nathan Cummings, Chairman
+of the Board. Here is a part of Mr. Cummings' appeal to other
+businessmen to contribute money to the FPA-WAC:<a id="pg_046"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In his inaugural address which I had the privilege of personally
+     hearing in Washington, President Kennedy summoned the American
+     people to responsibility in foreign policy: ...</p>
+
+<p>     "This call for individual initiative by the President characterizes
+     the kind of citizen responsibility in world affairs which the
+     Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center has been
+     energetically trying to build since its founding in 1918....</p>
+
+<p>     "The FPA-WAC's national program for informing the American public
+     of the urgent matters of foreign policy such as those mentioned by
+     the President&ndash;'the survival and the success of liberty,'
+     'inspection and control of arms,' the forging of 'a grand and
+     global alliance' to 'assure a more fruitful life for all
+     mankind'&ndash;is making remarkable progress.</p>
+
+<p>     "The enclosed 'Memorandum: 1960-61' describes the program and past
+     achievement of this 42-year-old organization. Particularly worthy
+     of mention is their annual 'Great Decisions' program which last
+     year engaged more than a quarter of a million Americans in eight
+     weeks of discussion of U. S. foreign policy and reached hundreds of
+     thousands of others with related radio, television and newspaper
+     background programs and articles on these important topics.</p>
+
+<p>     "Of the basic budget for 1960-61 of $1,140,700, nearly one-third
+     must be raised from individual and corporate sources to meet
+     minimal operating needs. The fact that over 400 major corporations,
+     some of whom contribute as much as $5,000, already support FPA-WAC
+     is evidence of the effectiveness and vitality of its educational
+     program....</p>
+
+<p>     "I hope that you and your company will join ours in generously
+     supporting this work."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Erwin D. Canham, editor of <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>, has
+caustically denounced the American Legion Post in Atlanta for its
+"attack" on the FPA.<a id="pg_047"></a></p>
+
+<p>Mr. Canham, in a letter dated April 25, 1961, accused the American
+Legion Post of making a "completely false" statement when the Post
+contended that Mr. Canham and the <i>Monitor</i> advocated the seating of red
+China in the UN. Mr. Canham said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "This newspaper's editorial policy has never espoused any such
+     position."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I have in my file a letter which Mr. Canham wrote, April 29, 1960, as
+editor of <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>, on the <i>Monitor's</i>
+letterhead. In this letter, Mr. Canham says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I believe that the United States should open diplomatic relations
+     with communist China."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The interesting thing here is the coincidence of Mr. Canham's policy
+with regard to red China, and the policy of the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.</p>
+
+<p>The Great Decisions program for 1957 (discussed above) was obviously
+intended to lead Americans to acceptance of U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China. The same material, however, made it clear that the
+invisible government was not yet advocating the seating of red China in
+the UN! Do these backstairs formulators and managers of United States
+opinion and governmental policies have more respect for the UN than they
+have for the US? Or, do they fear that bringing red China into the UN
+(before U. S. recognition) would finish discrediting that already
+discredited organization and cause the American people to demand
+American withdrawal?</p>
+
+<p>Christian Scientists (through Mr. Canham and the <i>Monitor</i>), Protestants
+(through the National Council of Churches), Quakers (through the
+American Friends Service Committee), and Jews (through the American
+Jewish Committee, The Anti-Defamation League, and other organizations)
+are among the religious groups which have publicly supported activities
+of the Foreign Policy Asso<a id="pg_048"></a>ciation. Powerful Catholic personalities and
+publications have endorsed FPA work, too.</p>
+
+<p>On December 9, 1959, The Right Rev. Timothy F. O'Leary, Superintendent
+of Catholic Schools for the Archdiocese of Boston, wrote to all Catholic
+schools in the district, telling them that he was making plans for their
+participation with the World Affairs Council and the Foreign Policy
+Association in the Great Decisions 1960 Program.</p>
+
+<p>On November 27, 1960, <i>Our Sunday Visitor</i> (largest and perhaps most
+influential Catholic newspaper in America) featured an article by Frank
+Folsom, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of
+the Radio Corporation of America, and a leading Catholic layman. Mr.
+Folsom was effusive in his praise of the FPA-WAC Great Decisions
+program.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The interlock between the Council on Foreign Relations and the Foreign
+Policy Association-World Affairs Center can be seen in the list of
+officers and directors of the FPA-WAC:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Eustace Seligman, Chairman of the FPA-WAC, is a partner in Sullivan
+     and Cromwell, the law firm of the late John Foster Dulles, a
+     leading CFR member.</p>
+
+<p>     John W. Nason, President of FPA-WAC, is a member of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr., President of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., is Vice
+     Chairman of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     Gerald F. Beal, of the J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corporation of
+     New York, is Treasurer of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the Council
+     on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>     Mrs. Andrew G. Carey is Secretary of FPA-WAC. Her husband is a
+     member of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     Emile E. Soubry, Executive Vice President and Director<a id="pg_049"></a> of the
+     Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, is Chairman of the Executive
+     Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, of Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, in New York,
+     is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a
+     member of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     Joseph E. Johnson (old friend of Alger Hiss, who succeeded Hiss as
+     President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC, and also a member
+     of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     Harold F. Linder, Vice Chairman of the General American Investors
+     Company, is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and
+     also a member of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>     A. William Loos, Executive Director of the Church Peace Union, is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC. Mr. Loos attended
+     the CFR meeting with high communist party officials in the Soviet
+     Union in May, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>     Henry Siegbert, formerly a partner in the investment banking firm
+     of Adolph Lewisohn &amp; Sons, is a member of the Executive Committee
+     of the FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+<a id="pg_051"></a>[Pg 059]</p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter04" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 4</h2>
+
+<h3>COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>On June 20, 1961, <i>The San Francisco Examiner</i> published a United Press
+International news story with a June 19, Washington, D. C. date line,
+under the headline "J.F.K. Backs Tax Cut Plan."</p>
+
+<p>Here are portions of the article:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "President Kennedy today urged Congress and the people to give a
+     close study to a monetary reform proposal which would empower him
+     to cut income taxes in recession periods.</p>
+
+<p>     "He issued the statement after receiving a bulky report from the
+     Commission of [sic] Money and Credit....</p>
+
+<p>     "The 27-member commission was set up in 1957 by the Committee for
+     Economic Development (CED). Its three-year study was financed by
+     $1.3 million in grants from the CED and the Ford and Merrill
+     Foundation.</p>
+
+<p>     "One of the key recommendations was to give the President limited
+     power to cut the 20 percent tax rate on the first $2000 of personal
+     income, if needed to help the economy....</p>
+
+<p>     "The report also recommended extensive changes in the Federal
+     Reserve System, set up in 1913 as the core of the Nation's banking
+     system...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>This <i>San Francisco Examiner</i> article is a classic example of propaganda
+disguised as straight news reporting.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>A story about the President supporting a plan for reducing taxes could
+not fail to command sympathetic attention.<a id="pg_052"></a> But the truth is that the
+tax reform proposals of the Commission on Money and Credit would give
+the President as much power and leeway to <i>raise</i> taxes as to lower
+them.</p>
+
+<p>In its 282-page report, the Commission made 87 separate proposals. One
+would permit the President (on his own initiative) to reduce the basic
+income-tax rate (the one that applies to practically every person who
+has any income at all) from 20% to 15%. It would also permit the
+President to raise the basic rate from 20% to 25%.</p>
+
+<p>The idea of giving the President such power is as alien to American
+political principles as communism itself is. The proposed "machinery"
+for granting such Presidential power would violate every basic principle
+of our constitutional system. Under the Commission's proposal, the
+President would announce that he was going to increase or decrease
+taxes. If, within sixty days, Congress did not veto the plan, it would
+become law, effective for six months, at which time it would have to be
+renewed by the same procedure. That is very similar to the Soviet way.
+It could not be more foreign to the American way if it had been lifted
+from the Soviet constitution.</p>
+
+<p>Other proposals in the report of the Commission on Money and Credit,
+filed on June 18, 1961, after a three-year study:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     1. The Federal Reserve Act would be amended to give the President
+     control over the Federal Reserve System&ndash;which, as set up in 1913,
+     is supposed to be free of any kind of political control, from the
+     White House or elsewhere.</p>
+
+<p>     2. The Commission recommends elimination of the legal requirement
+     that the Federal Reserve System maintain a gold reserve as backing
+     for American currency. A bill was introduced in Congress (May 9,
+     1961, by U. S. Congressman Abraham Multer, New York Democrat) to
+     implement this Commission recommendation. The bill would take away<a id="pg_053"></a>
+     from American citizens twelve billion dollars in gold which
+     supports their own currency, and enable government to pour this
+     gold out to foreigners, as long as it lasts, leaving Americans with
+     a worthless currency, and at the mercy of foreign governments and
+     bankers (see the <i>Dan Smoot Report</i>, "Gold and Treachery," May 22,
+     1961).</p>
+
+<p>     3. The banking laws of individual states would be ignored or
+     invalidated: banking laws of 33 states prohibit mutual savings
+     banks; the Commission on Money and Credit wants a federal law to
+     permit such banks in all states.</p>
+
+<p>     4. The Commission would circumvent, if not eliminate, state laws
+     governing the insurance industry: the Commission proposes a federal
+     law which would permit insurance companies to obtain federal
+     charters and claim federal, rather than state, regulation.</p>
+
+<p>     5. The Commission would subject all private pension funds to
+     federal supervision.</p>
+
+<p>     6. The Commission would abolish congressional limitations on the
+     size of the national debt&ndash;so that the debt could go as high as the
+     President pleased, without any interference from Congress.</p>
+
+<p>     7. The Commission recommends that Congress approve all federal
+     public works projects three years in advance, so that the President
+     could order the projects <i>when he felt</i> the economy needed
+     stimulation.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Remembering how President Kennedy and his administrative officials and
+congressional leaders used political extortion and promises of bribes
+with public money to force the House of Representatives, in January,
+1961, to pack the House Rules Committee, imagine how the President could
+whip Congress, and the whole nation, into line if the President had just
+<i>some</i> of the additional, unconstitutional power which the Commission on
+Money and Credit wants him to have.<a id="pg_054"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The objective of the Commission on Money and Credit (to finish the
+conversion of America into a total socialist state, under the
+dictatorship of whatever "proletarian" happens to be enthroned in the
+White House) can be seen, between the lines, in the Commission's remarks
+about the "formidable problem" of unemployment.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission wants unemployment to drop to the point where the number
+of jobless workers will equal the number of vacant jobs! And the clear
+implication is that the federal government must adopt whatever policies
+necessary to create this condition.</p>
+
+<p>Such a condition can exist only in a slave system&ndash;like the socialist
+system of communist China where, for example, all "farmers" (men, women,
+and children) enjoy full employment; under the whips of overseers, on
+the collective farms of communism.</p>
+
+<p>The Commission on Money and Credit was created on November 21, 1957, by
+the Committee for Economic Development (CED). In the 1957 Annual Report
+of the CED, Mr. Donald K. David, CED Chairman, gave the history of the
+Commission on Money and Credit. Mr. David said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "CED began nine years ago [1948] to call attention to the need for
+     a comprehensive reassessment of our entire system of money and
+     credit.</p>
+
+<p>     "When the last such survey of the economic scene was made by the
+     Aldrich Commission in 1911, we had no central banking system, no
+     guaranteed deposits or guaranteed mortgages. There were no personal
+     or corporate income taxes; no group insurance plans, pension funds,
+     or Social Security system....</p>
+
+<p>     "Although CED had envisaged a commission created by government, the
+     inability of government to obtain the consensus required for
+     launching the study became as apparent as the need for avoiding
+     further delay. So, after<a id="pg_055"></a> receiving encouragement from other
+     research institutions, leaders in Congress, the Administration, and
+     from various leaders in private life, CED's Trustees decided to
+     sponsor the effort, assisted by a grant from The Ford
+     Foundation...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here is the membership of the CED's Commission on Money and Credit:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman (President of Connecticut General Life
+     Insurance Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Hans Christian Sonne, Vice-Chairman (New York; official in numerous
+     foundations and related organizations, such as Twentieth Century
+     Fund; American-Scandanavian Foundation; National Planning
+     Association; and so on)</p>
+
+<p>     Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (New York; Berle has been in and out of
+     important posts in government for many years; he is an
+     anti-communist socialist; he resigned from the Commission on Money
+     and Credit to accept his present job handling Latin American
+     affairs in the State Department)</p>
+
+<p>     James B. Black (Chairman of the Board of Pacific Gas and Electric
+     Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Marriner S. Eccles (Chairman of the Board of the First Security
+     Corporation; formerly Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury
+     under Roosevelt; Governor of Federal Reserve Board; and official in
+     numerous international banking organizations, such as the
+     Export-Import Bank)</p>
+
+<p>     Lamar Fleming, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Anderson, Clayton &amp;
+     Co., Houston, Texas)</p>
+
+<p>     Henry H. Fowler (Washington, D.C.; resigned from the Commission on
+     February 3 to accept appointment from Kennedy as Under Secretary of
+     the Treasury)</p>
+
+<p>     Gaylord A. Freeman, Jr. (President of the First National Bank,
+     Chicago)</p>
+
+<p>     Philip M. Klutznick (Park Forest, Ill., resigned from the
+     Commission on February 8, to accept appointment from<a id="pg_056"></a> President
+     Kennedy as United States Representative to the United Nations
+     Economic and Social Council)</p>
+
+<p>     Fred Lazarus, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Federated Department
+     Stores, Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Isador Lubin (Professor of Public Affairs at Rutgers University)</p>
+
+<p>     J. Irwin Miller (Chairman of the Board of Cummins Engine Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Robert R. Nathan (Washington, D.C.; has been in and out of many
+     important government jobs since the first Roosevelt Administration)</p>
+
+<p>     Emil Rieve (President emeritus of the Textile Workers
+     Union&ndash;AFL-CIO)</p>
+
+<p>     David Rockefeller (President of Chase Manhattan Bank)</p>
+
+<p>     Stanley H. Ruttenberg (Research Director for AFL-CIO)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles Sawyer (Cincinnati lawyer, prominent in Democratic Party
+     politics in Ohio)</p>
+
+<p>     Earl B. Schwulst (President of the Bowery Savings Bank in New York)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles B. Shuman (President of the American Farm Bureau
+     Federation)</p>
+
+<p>     Jesse W. Tapp (Chairman of the Board, Bank of America)</p>
+
+<p>     John Cameron Thomson (former Chairman of the Board of Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Minneapolis)</p>
+
+<p>     Willard L. Thorp (Director of the Merrill Center for Economics at
+     Amherst College)</p>
+
+<p>     Theodore O. Yntema (Vice President in Charge of Finance, Ford Motor
+     Company)</p>
+
+<p>     William F. Schnitzler (Secretary-Treasurer of AFL-CIO; resigned
+     from the Commission in 1960)<a id="pg_057"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Joseph M., Dodge (Chairman of the Board of Detroit Bank and Trust
+     Co.; resigned from the Commission in 1960)</p>
+
+<p>     Beardsley Ruml (well-known and influential new deal economist who
+     held numerous posts with foundations and related organizations; is
+     sometimes called the father of the federal withholding tax law,
+     enacted during World War II; Dr. Ruml died before the Commission on
+     Money and Credit completed its report)</p>
+
+<p>     Fred T. Greene (President of the Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis;
+     died before the Commission completed its report)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The director of research for the Commission Was Dr. Bertrand Fox,
+professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. His
+assistant was Dr. Eli Shapiro, Professor of Finance at the Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 27 persons who served as members of the Commission on Money and
+Credit, 13 (Wilde, Sonne, Berle, Fleming, Fowler, Lubin, Nathan,
+Rockefeller, Tapp, Thorp, Yntema, Dodge, Ruml) were members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, the Commission on Money and Credit was just another
+tax-exempt propaganda agency of America's invisible government, the
+Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The above discussion of the Commission on Money and Credit, together
+with the roster of membership, was first published in <i>The Dan Smoot
+Report</i> dated July 3, 1961.</p>
+
+<p>On September 22, 1961, Mr. Charles B. Shuman, President of the American
+Farm Bureau Federation, wrote me a letter, saying:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I was a member of the Commission on Money and Credit but you will
+     notice that I filed very strong objections to several of the
+     recommendations which you brought to the<a id="pg_058"></a> attention of your
+     readers. I do not agree with the Commission recommendations to
+     authorize the President of the United States to vary the rate of
+     income tax. Neither do I agree that the gold reserve requirement
+     should be abandoned. I agree with several of your criticisms of the
+     Report but I cannot agree that 'the objective of the Commission on
+     Money and Credit (to finish the conversion of America into a total
+     socialist state, under the dictatorship of whatever proletarian
+     happens to be enthroned in the White House) can be seen, between
+     the lines, in the Commission's remarks about the formidable problem
+     of unemployment.'</p>
+
+<p>     "At its worst, it was a compromise of the divergent viewpoint of
+     the conservative and liberal members of the Commission."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I will not argue with Mr. Shuman, an honest and honorable man, about the
+objective of the Commission; but I will reassert the obvious:
+recommendations of the Commission on Money and Credit, if fully
+implemented, would finish the conversion of America into a total
+socialist state.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>As pointed out before, the various agencies which interlock with the
+Council on Foreign Relations do not have formal affiliation with the
+Council, or generally, with each other; but their effective togetherness
+is revealed by their unanimity of purpose: They are all working toward
+the ultimate objective of creating a one-world socialist system and
+making America a part of it.</p>
+
+<p>This ambitious scheme was first conceived and put into operation, during
+the administrations of Woodrow Wilson, by Colonel Edward M. House, and
+by the powerful international bankers whom House influenced.</p>
+
+<p>House founded the Council on Foreign Relations for the purpose of
+creating (and conditioning the American people to accept) what House
+called a "positive" foreign policy for America&ndash;a policy which would
+entwine the affairs of<a id="pg_059"></a> America with those of other nations until this
+nation would be sucked into a world-government arrangement.</p>
+
+<p>Colonel House knew, however, that America could not become a province in
+a one-world socialist system unless America's economy was first
+socialized. Consequently, House laid the groundwork for "positive"
+domestic policies of government too&ndash;policies which could gradually
+place government in control of the nation's economy until, before the
+public realized what was happening, we would already have a socialist
+dictatorship.</p>
+
+<p>The following passages are from pages 152-157 of <i>The Intimate Papers of
+Colonel House</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The extent of Colonel House's influence upon the legislative plans
+     of the Administration [Wilson's] may be gathered from a remarkable
+     document.... In the autumn of 1912, immediately after the
+     presidential election [when Wilson was elected for his first term]
+     there was published a novel, or political romance, entitled <i>Philip
+     Dru: Administrator</i>.</p>
+
+<p>     "It was the story of a young West Point graduate ... who was caught
+     by the spirit of revolt against the tyranny of privileged
+     interests. A stupid and reactionary government at Washington
+     provokes armed rebellion, in which Dru joins whole-heartedly and
+     which he ultimately leads to complete success. He himself becomes a
+     dictator and proceeds by ordinance to remake the mechanism of
+     government, to reform the basic laws that determine the relation of
+     the classes, to remodel the defensive forces of the republic, and
+     to bring about an international grouping or league of powers....</p>
+
+<p>     "Five years after its publication, an enterprising bookseller,
+     noting the growing influence of House in the Wilson Administration,
+     wrote with regard to the book: 'As time goes on the interest in it
+     becomes more intense, due to the<a id="pg_060"></a> fact that so many of the ideas
+     expressed by <i>Philip Dru: Administrator</i>, have become laws of this
+     Republic, and so many of his ideas have been discussed as becoming
+     laws.... Is Colonel E. M. House of Texas the author?' ...</p>
+
+<p>     "Colonel House was, in truth, the author....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Philip Dru' ... gives us an insight into the main political and
+     social principles that actuated House in his companionship with
+     President Wilson. Through it runs the note of social democracy
+     reminiscent of Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of 1848....</p>
+
+<p>     "Through the book also runs the idea that in the United States,
+     government is unresponsive to popular desires&ndash;a 'negative'
+     government, House calls it....</p>
+
+<p>     "The specific measures enacted by Philip Dru as Administrator of
+     the nation, indicated the reforms desired by House.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Administrator appointed a 'board composed of economists ...
+     who ... were instructed to work out a tariff law which would
+     contemplate the abolition of the theory of protection as a
+     governmental policy.'</p>
+
+<p>     "'The Administrator further directed the tax board to work out a
+     graduated income tax....</p>
+
+<p>     "Philip Dru also provided for the 'formulation of a new banking
+     law, affording a flexible currency bottomed largely upon commercial
+     assets.... He also proposed making corporations share with the
+     government and states a certain part of their earnings....</p>
+
+<p>     "'Labor is no longer to be classed as an inert commodity to be
+     bought and sold by the law of supply and demand.'</p>
+
+<p>     "Dru 'prepared an old age pension law and also a laborer's
+     insurance law....'</p>
+
+<p>     "'He had incorporated in the Franchise Law the right of Labor to
+     have one representative upon the boards of<a id="pg_061"></a> corporations and to
+     share a certain percentage of the earnings above the wages, after a
+     reasonable percent upon the capital had been earned. In turn, it
+     was to be obligatory upon them (the laborers) not to strike, but to
+     submit all grievances to arbitration.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Need it be pointed out that "Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of
+1848," on whom Colonel House patterned his plan for remaking America,
+had a scheme for the world virtually identical with that of Karl Marx
+and Frederick Engles&ndash;those socialist revolutionaries who wrote the
+<i>Communist Manifesto</i> in 1848?</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1918, Franklin K. Lane, Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of the Interior,
+in a private letter, wrote, concerning the influence of 'Philip Dru' on
+President Wilson:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "All that book has said should be, comes about.... The President
+     comes to <i>Philip Dru</i>, in the end."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The <i>end</i> is a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, identical with
+that which now exists in the Soviet Union. We have already "come to" a
+major portion of Colonel House's program for us. The unrealized portions
+of the program are now promises in the platforms of both our major
+political parties, they are in the legislative proposals of the
+Administration in power and of its leaders in Congress; they are the
+objectives of the Council on Foreign Relations, whose members occupy key
+posts in Government, from the Presidency downward, and who dominate a
+vast network of influential, tax-exempt "educational" agencies, whose
+role is to "educate" the Congress and the people to accept the total
+socialist program for America.</p>
+
+<p>The Committee for Economic Development (which created the Commission on
+Money and Credit) is the major propaganda arm of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, in the important work of socializing the American economy.<a id="pg_062"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Paul G. Hoffman is the father of CED. Hoffman, an influential member of
+the CFR, was formerly President of Studebaker Corp.; former President of
+Ford Foundation; Honorary Chairman of the Fund for the Republic; has
+held many powerful jobs in government since the days of Roosevelt; and
+is now Director of the Special United Nations Fund for Economic
+Development&ndash;SUNFED&ndash;the UN agency which is giving American tax money as
+economic aid to communist Castro in Cuba. Hoffman, in 1939, conceived
+the idea of setting up a tax-exempt "economic committee" which would
+prepare new economic policies for the nation and then prepare the public
+and Congress to accept them.</p>
+
+<p>Hoffman founded the Committee for Economic Development in 1942. The
+organization was incorporated in September of that year, with Paul G.
+Hoffman as Chairman. Major offices in the Committee for Economic
+Development have always been occupied by members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations&ndash;persons who generally have important positions in
+many other interlocking organizations, in the foundations, in the big
+corporations which finance the great interlock, and/or in government.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Here are the Council on Foreign Relations members who joined Paul
+Hoffman in setting up the CED in 1942:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     William Benton (former U.S. Senator, now Chairman of the Board of
+     <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>; former Assistant Secretary of State;
+     Trustee and former Vice President, University of Chicago)</p>
+
+<p>     Will L. Clayton (founder of Anderson, Clayton &amp; Co., Houston;
+     former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Under Secretary of State
+     under Roosevelt and Truman; Eisenhower's National Security Training
+     Commissioner)</p>
+
+<p>     Ralph E. Flanders (former United States Senator)<a id="pg_063"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Marion B. Folsom (Eisenhower's Secretary of the Department of
+     Health, Education, and Welfare; many other positions in the
+     Roosevelt and Truman Administrations; Board of Overseers, Harvard)</p>
+
+<p>     Eric A. Johnston (former Director, Economic Stabilization Agency;
+     many other positions in the Roosevelt-Truman-Eisenhower
+     Administrations; former Director and President of U.S. Chamber of
+     Commerce; now President of the Motion Picture Association of
+     America)</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas B. McCabe (former Lend-Lease Administrator; former Chairman
+     of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; President of
+     Scott Paper Company since 1927)</p>
+
+<p>     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board, Book of the
+     Month Club, Inc.)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Here are Council on Foreign Relations members who were Chairmen of the
+Committee for Economic Development from 1942 through 1959:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Paul G. Hoffman, 1942-48</p>
+
+<p>     Marion B. Folsom, 1950-53</p>
+
+<p>     Meyer Kestnbaum, 1953-55 (President, Hart Schaffner &amp; Marx;
+     Director, Fund for the Republic; Director, Chicago and Northwestern
+     Railroad)</p>
+
+<p>     J. D. Zellerbach, 1955-57 (Eisenhower's Ambassador to Italy;
+     President and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; Chairman of the
+     Board and Director, Fibreboard Products, Inc.; Director, Wells
+     Fargo Bank &amp; Union Trust Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Donald K. David, 1957-59 (Dean, Harvard University; Trustee of the
+     Ford Foundation, Carnegie Institute, Merrill Foundation; Board of
+     Directors, R. H. Macy &amp; Co., General Electric Corp., First National
+     City Bank of New York, Aluminum, Ltd., Ford Motor Co.)
+<a id="pg_064"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of the CED Board of Trustees listed in the CED's 1957 Annual Report, 47
+were members of the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic
+Development is the select inner-group which actually runs the CED. In
+1957, the following members of the Research and Policy Committee were
+also members of the Council on Foreign Relations:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman</p>
+
+<p>     Frank Altschul (Chairman of the Board, General American Investors
+     Corp.; Vice Chairman, National Planning Association; Vice
+     President, Woodrow Wilson Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     Elliott V. Bell (former economic adviser to Thomas E. Dewey; former
+     research consultant to Wendell Willkie; now Chairman of the
+     Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.; Publisher
+     and Editor of <i>Business Week</i>; Director of Bank of Manhattan Co.,
+     New York Life Insurance Co., Carrier Corp., Trustee of the John S.
+     Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     William Benton</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas D. Cabot (former Director of Office of International
+     Security Affairs, State Department; now President of Godfrey L.
+     Cabot, Inc.; Director of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
+     American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.; Trustee, Hampton
+     Institute, Radcliff College; member of the Corporation of
+     Massachusetts Institute of Technology)</p>
+
+<p>     Walker L. Cisler (former member of the Atomic Energy Commission,
+     Economic Cooperation Administration, Military Government of
+     Germany; now President of Detroit-Edison Co., Trustee, Cornell
+     University)<a id="pg_065"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Emilio G. Collado (former State Department career official; now
+     Treasurer, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey)</p>
+
+<p>     Gardner Cowles (former Domestic Director, Office of War
+     Information; now President, <i>Des Moines Register &amp; Tribune</i>, Cowles
+     Magazines, Inc.&ndash;<i>Look</i>, etc.&ndash;)</p>
+
+<p>     Donald K. David</p>
+
+<p>     William C. Foster (former Under Secretary of Commerce, Deputy
+     Secretary of Defense; now Executive Vice President, Olin Mathieson
+     Chemical Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     Philip L. Graham (former law secretary to Supreme Court Justices
+     Stanley Reed and Felix Frankfurter; now President and Publisher of
+     <i>The Washington Post and Times Herald</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Meyer Kestnbaum</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas B. McCabe</p>
+
+<p>     Don G. Mitchell (Chairman of the Board, Sylvania Electric Products,
+     Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Alfred C. Neal (former official, Office of Price Administration;
+     now member of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Boston; President of CED)</p>
+
+<p>     Howard C. Petersen (former council to Committee to Draft Selective
+     Service Regulations; Assistant Secretary of War; now President,
+     Philadelphia Trust Company; Trustee, Temple University)</p>
+
+<p>     Philip D. Reed (many positions in the Roosevelt and Truman
+     Administrations; member, U. S. Delegation to UN Conference at San
+     Francisco, 1945; now Chairman, Finance Committee, General Electric
+     Co.; Director of Canadian General Electric Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Beardsley Ruml<a id="pg_066"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Harry Scherman</p>
+
+<p>     Wayne Chatfield Taylor (many government positions including
+     Assistant Secretary of Treasury, Under Secretary of Commerce;
+     presently an economic adviser)</p>
+
+<p>     Theodore O. Yntema
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In its annual report for 1957, the Committee for Economic Development
+boasted of some of its past accomplishments and its future plans.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Howard C. Petersen, Chairman of the CED's Subcommittee on Economic
+Development Assistance (and a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations) said that his committee originated the idea of creating the
+Development Loan Fund, which was authorized by Congress in Section 6 of
+the Foreign Aid Bill of 1957, which Eisenhower established by Executive
+Order on December 13, 1957, and which may be the most sinister step ever
+taken by the internationalist foreign-aid lobby.</p>
+
+<p>In 1956, when President Eisenhower requested an appropriation of
+$4,860,000,000 for foreign aid, he asked Congress to authorize foreign
+aid commitments for the next ten years. Congress refused the ten-year
+plan. In 1957, the internationalists' ideal of a <i>permanent</i>
+authorization for foreign aid was wrapped up in the Development Loan
+Fund scheme.</p>
+
+<p>Only a few Congressmen raised any question about it. Below are passages
+taken from the <i>Congressional Record</i> of July 15, 1957, the day the
+Development Loan Fund was discussed in the House.</p>
+
+<p>Congressman A. S. J. Carnahan (Democrat, Missouri) floor manager for the
+Foreign Aid Bill, rose to explain Section 6, which established the
+Development Loan Fund, saying:<a id="pg_067"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The United States, in order to provide effective assistance [to
+     all underdeveloped countries of the world] ... must have available
+     a substantial fund upon which it can draw. The fund must be large
+     enough so that all of the underdeveloped nations of the free world
+     will feel that they will have an opportunity to participate in it.</p>
+
+<p>     "We cannot wisely say that we should make a small amount available
+     the first year and see how things work out. If we are able to offer
+     assistance only to the select few, we will inevitably antagonize
+     many other countries whose future friendship and cooperation will
+     be important to us ... in addition to an initial authorization of
+     an appropriation of $500 million, the bill includes authorization
+     for borrowing from the Treasury $500 million beginning in fiscal
+     1959, and an additional $500 million beginning in fiscal 1960."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Thus, Congressman Carnahan, arguing for foreign aid, outlined some of
+the absurd fallacies of foreign aid: namely, if we give foreign aid at
+all, we must provide enough so that every foreign government in the
+world will always be able to get all it wants. We can exercise no choice
+in whom we give or lend our money to. If we give only "to the select
+few" we offend all others.</p>
+
+<p>Congressman H. R. Gross (Republican, Iowa) asked a question:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What interest rate will be charged upon the loans that are to be
+     made?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Carnahan:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The legislation does not designate the interest rate."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Gross:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "What will be the length of the loan to be made?"
+<a id="pg_068"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Carnahan:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The legislation does not designate the length of the loans. The
+     rules for the loans, which will determine the interest rates, the
+     length of time the loans will run, the size of the installment
+     repayments, and other administrative details, will be taken care of
+     by the Executive Department."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman John L. Pilcher (Democrat, Georgia) made the point that the
+manager of the Development Loan Fund, appointed by the President, could
+lend money to:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "any foreign government or foreign government agency, to any
+     corporation, any individual or any group of persons."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Carnahan:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "That is correct."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Pilcher:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "In other words, it would be possible for an individual to borrow
+     $1 million or $5 million to set up some business in some foreign
+     country, if the manager so agreed; is that correct?"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Carnahan:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "If they met the criteria set up for loans."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Pilcher:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The manager ... has the authority to collect or compromise any
+     obligation in this fund. In other words, he can make a loan this
+     month and if he so desires he can turn around and compromise it or
+     cancel it next month which is a straight out grant in the disguise
+     of a soft-loan program."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Porter Hardy, Jr. (Democrat, Virginia) said:<a id="pg_069"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The manager of the Fund has almost unlimited authority to do
+     anything he pleases."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Barratt O'Hara (Democrat, Illinois), trying to quiet fears
+that this bill was granting unlimited, uncontrollable power to some
+appointed manager, said that the blank-check grant of authority was not
+really being made to the fund manager at all. The power was being given
+to the President of the United States, and the manager would merely
+"perform such functions with respect to this title as the President may
+direct."</p>
+
+<p>Congressman Gross said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "That is more power than any President should ask for or want the
+     responsibility for."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Leon H. Gavin (Republican, Pennsylvania) pointed out that we
+already have 5 or 6 lending agencies in this field: The International
+Co-operation Administration; the Export-Import Bank; the International
+Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the International Development
+Corporation; and the World Bank. Why, then, do we need this new one, the
+Development Loan Fund?</p>
+
+<p>Congressman Walter H. Judd (Republican, Minnesota) had already answered
+that question, explaining that Development Loan Fund money would go to
+foreigners who could not qualify for loans from other agencies.</p>
+
+<p>Congressman Gross said that all foreign nations which will borrow from
+this Fund could get all the American private capital they need if they
+had political systems which made lending to them sensible or feasible.</p>
+
+<p>In short, the Development Loan Fund (which the Committee for Economic
+Development boasts paternity of) is a scheme for giving American tax
+money to foreigners who have proven themselves such poor credit risks
+that they cannot obtain loans even from other governmental<a id="pg_070"></a> and UN
+agencies&ndash;and who will use the money to line their own pockets and to
+build socialistic enterprises which will eliminate possibilities of
+freedom in their own land, and will compete in world markets with
+American enterprise.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In its 1957 annual report, the CED also boasted about the work of its
+Area Development Committee. At that time, the two leading members of
+this particular committee of the CED (who were also members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) were Mr. Stanley Marcus, President of
+Neiman-Marcus Co., in Dallas; and the late Dr. Beardsley Ruml, widely
+known New Deal socialist "economist." Mr. Jervis J. Babb, Chairman of
+the CED's Area Development Committee (President of Lever Brothers
+Company) said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The new area development program, approved by the Trustees [of
+     CED] at their May [1957] meeting in Chicago is underway....
+     Already, close relationships have been established with
+     organizations, both public and private, that are conducting
+     research and administering programs relating to area
+     development....</p>
+
+<p>     "Five of CED's College-Community Research Centers ... have been
+     selected as a starting point of CED's area development pilot
+     projects. The five centers are: Boston, Utica, Alabama, Arkansas,
+     and Oklahoma."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The CED's Area Development work has brought CED personnel into close
+cooperation with the collection of tax-exempt "municipal planning"
+organizations housed in a Rockefeller-financed center at 1313 East 60th
+Street, Chicago, which has become national headquarters for the
+production and placement of experts&ndash;who fabricate "progressive"
+legislation for government at all levels; who rewrite our "archaic"
+state constitutions; and who take over as city managers, or county
+managers, or metropolitan managers, or regional managers whenever people
+in any locality have progressed to the point of accepting gov<a id="pg_071"></a>ernment by
+imported experts as a substitute for government by elected local
+citizens.</p>
+
+<p>In other words, through the Area Development activities of the Committee
+for Economic Development, the invisible government of America&ndash;the
+Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;has a hand in the powerful drive for
+Metropolitan Government. Metropolitan Government, as conceived by
+socialist planners, would destroy the whole fabric of government and
+social organization in the United States.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Metropolitan Government would eliminate the individual states as
+meaningful political entities, would divide the nation into metropolitan
+regions sprawling across state lines, and would place the management of
+these regional governments in the hands of appointed experts answerable
+not to local citizens but to the supreme political power in Washington.
+(For detailed discussion, see <i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>, April 13 and 20,
+1959, "Metropolitan Government&ndash;Part One," and "Metropolitan
+Government&ndash;Part Two.")</p>
+
+<p>Through the Area Development activities of the Committee for Economic
+Development, the Council on Foreign Relations has supported the Urban
+Renewal program.</p>
+
+<p>Urban Renewal with federal tax money was authorized in the National
+Housing Act of 1949, and enlarged in scope by amendments to the Housing
+Acts of 1954, 1956, and 1957; but it did not become a vigorously
+promoted nationwide program until late 1957, after the Council on
+Foreign Relations (through the CED) started pushing it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Urban Renewal is a federally financed program of city planning which
+requires city governments to seize homes and other private property from
+some citizens and re-sell them, at below cost, to real estate promoters
+and other private citizens for developments that the city planners
+consider desirable.<a id="pg_072"></a></p>
+
+<p>Under the ancient, but awesome, right of eminent domain, city
+governments do not have the power to take private real estate from one
+citizen for the profit of another citizen. But in November, 1954, the
+Supreme Court in an urban renewal case, said that Congress and state
+legislature can do anything they like to the private property of private
+citizens as long as they claim they are doing it for public good.</p>
+
+<p>Federal urban renewal has opened rich veins of public money for graft,
+corruption, and political vote buying; and it is destroying private
+property rights under the pretext that clearing slums will eliminate the
+causes of crime. Moreover, urban renewal authorizes the seizure not just
+of slum property, but of all private property in a whole section of a
+city, for resale to private interests which promise to build something
+that governmental planners will like.</p>
+
+<p>Federal urban renewal&ndash;since the Council on Foreign Relation's CED
+started supporting it&ndash;has become a national movement with frightful
+implications and dangers. (For detailed discussion of urban renewal, see
+<i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>, September 29, 1958, and October 6, 1958.)</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In its 1957 Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development gave
+details on its educational work in public schools and colleges. This
+work was, at that time, carried on primarily by the CED's
+Business-Education Committee, and by two subsidiary operations which
+that Committee created: the College-Community Research Centers and the
+Joint Council on Economic Education. From the 1957 Annual Report of the
+Committee for Economic Development:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "CED's efforts to promote and improve economic education in the
+     schools are of special appeal to those who are concerned ... both
+     with education and the progress of the free enterprise system. The
+     Business-Education pro<a id="pg_073"></a>gram and the numerous College-Community
+     Research Centers it has sponsored, together with the use of CED
+     publications as teaching materials, represent an important
+     contribution to economic education on the college level.</p>
+
+<p>     "In the primary and secondary schools, the introduction of
+     economics into teaching programs is moving forward steadily, thanks
+     largely to the Joint Council on Economic Education which CED helped
+     to establish and continues to support....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Business-Education Committee continued in 1957 its work with
+     the College-Community Research Centers and with the Joint Council
+     on Economic Education.</p>
+
+<p>     "The Joint Council's program to improve the teaching of economics
+     in the public schools is now operating in 39 states, and the 25
+     college-community research centers active last year brought to more
+     than 3000 the number of business and academic men who have worked
+     together on economic research projects of local and regional
+     importance....</p>
+
+<p>     "In its work, the committee [Business-Education Committee] is
+     finding especially valuable the experience gained through the
+     operation of the College-Community Research Centers. These centers
+     are financed partly by CED, partly by the Fund for Adult Education
+     [a Ford Foundation operation] and partly by locally-raised
+     funds....</p>
+
+<p>     "The Joint Council [on Economic Education] is making excellent
+     progress in training teachers and incorporating economics education
+     in all grade levels of public school systems. In addition to its
+     national service programs, the Council has developed strong local
+     or state councils which not only help guide its work but last year
+     raised more than $500,000 to finance local projects.</p>
+
+<p>     "CED helped to establish and works closely with this independent
+     organization [Joint Council on Economic Edu<a id="pg_074"></a>cation] which is now
+     conducting four major types of activities.</p>
+
+<p>     "1. <i>Summer Workshops for Teachers.</i> These working sessions,
+     sponsored by colleges and universities, provide three weeks
+     training in economics and develop ways to incorporate economics
+     into the school curriculum. Over 19,000 persons have participated
+     since the program began.</p>
+
+<p>     "2. <i>Cooperating School Program.</i> Twenty school systems are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to demonstrate how
+     economics can be incorporated into the present curriculum....</p>
+
+<p>     "3. <i>College Program.</i> Few students majoring in education now take
+     economics courses; therefore, 20 leading institutions are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to develop better
+     training in economics for prospective teachers....</p>
+
+<p>     "4. <i>High School-Community Projects.</i> The Joint Council [on
+     Economic Education] is helping to conduct demonstration programs
+     which show how students can use community resources to improve
+     their economics education. For example, the Whittier, California
+     school system conducted a six-week program to help high school
+     seniors understand the kind of economy in which they would live and
+     work. They joined in research studies on regional economic problems
+     being carried on by the Southern California College-Community
+     research center...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The Committee for Economic Development claims that its educational work
+in economics is dedicated to progress of free enterprise; and many of
+its programs in schools and colleges are educational; but its subtle and
+relentless emphasis is on the governmental interventionism that is the
+essence of New-Dealism, Fair-Dealism, Modern-Republicanism, and
+New-Frontierism&ndash;the governmental interventionism prescribed long ago as
+the way to socialize the<a id="pg_075"></a> economy of America in preparation for
+integrating this nation into a worldwide socialist system.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Paul Hoffman's CED has come a long way since 1942. In 1957, the CED's
+College-Community Research Centers had "Projects in Progress" in 33
+institutions of higher learning:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Bates College, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin College,
+     Brown University, Colby College, Dartmouth College, Emory
+     University, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration,
+     Iowa State College, Lewis &amp; Clark College, McGill University,
+     Northeastern University, Northwestern University, Occidental
+     College, Pomona College, Reed College, Rutgers University, Southern
+     Methodist University, Tulane University, University of Alabama,
+     University of Arkansas, University of Iowa, University of Maine,
+     University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of
+     North Carolina, University of Oklahoma, University of Pennsylvania,
+     University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Utica College of
+     Syracuse University, and Washington University.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1957, the following institutions of higher learning were
+participating in the CED's Joint Council on Economic Education "College
+Program" to develop training in economics for prospective teachers:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Brigham Young University, George Peabody College for Teachers,
+     Indiana University, Montclair State Teachers College, New York
+     University, Ohio State University, Oklahoma A &amp; M College,
+     Pennsylvania State University, Purdue University, Syracuse
+     University, Teachers College of Columbia University, University of
+     Colorado, University of Connecticut, University of Illinois,
+     University of Iowa, University of Minnesota, University of Southern
+     California, University of Tennessee, University of Texas,
+     University of Washington.
+<a id="pg_076"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1957, the following 20 school systems were working in the CED's Joint
+Council on Economic Education "Cooperating School Program," to
+demonstrate how economics can be incorporated in the school curriculum,
+beginning in the first grade:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Akron, Ohio; Albion, Illinois; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Colton,
+     California; Dayton, Ohio; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut;
+     Kalamazoo, Michigan; Lexington, Alabama; Minneapolis, Minnesota;
+     New York City, New York; Portland, Oregon; Providence, Rhode
+     Island; Ridgewood, New Jersey; Seattle, Washington; Syracuse, New
+     York; University City, Missouri; Webster Groves, Missouri; West
+     Hartford, Connecticut; Whittier, California.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>As indicated, the Business-Education Committee of the CED is the select
+group which supervises this vast "educational" effort reaching into
+public schools, colleges, and communities throughout the nation:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     <i>James L. Allen</i>, Senior Partner of Booz, Allen &amp; Hamilton; <i>Jervis
+     J. Babb</i>, Chairman of the Board of Lever Brothers, Company; <i>Sarah
+     G. Blanding</i>, President of Vassar College; <i>W. Harold Brenton</i>,
+     President of Brenton Brothers, Inc.; <i>James F. Brownlee</i>, former
+     government official who is Chairman of the Board of the Minute Maid
+     Corporation, and a director of many other large corporations, such
+     as American Sugar Refining Co., Bank of Manhattan, Gillette Safety
+     Razor, R. H. Macy Co., Pillsbury Mills, American Express; <i>Everett
+     Needham Case</i>, President of Colgate University; <i>James B. Conant</i>,
+     former President of Harvard and Ambassador to Germany; <i>John T.
+     Connor</i>, President of Merck &amp; Co.; <i>John S. Dickey</i>, President of
+     Dartmouth College; <i>John M. Fox</i>, President of Minute Maid
+     Corporation; <i>Paul S. Gerot</i>, President of Pillsbury Mills;
+     <i>Stanley Marcus</i>, President of Neiman-Marcus; <i>W. A. Patterson</i>,
+     President of United Air Lines; <i>Morris B. Pendleton</i>, President of
+     Pendleton Tool Industries; <i>Walter Rothschild</i>, Chairman of the
+     Board of Abra<a id="pg_077"></a>ham &amp; Straus; <i>Thomas J. Watson, Jr.</i>, President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation; <i>J. Cameron Thomson</i>,
+     Chairman of the Board of Northwest Bancorporation.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Note that three of these CED Business-Education Committee
+members&ndash;Conant, Dickey, and Marcus&ndash;are influential members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations and have many connections with the big
+foundations financing the great CFR interlock.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In addition to the educational work which it discusses in its 1957
+Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development utilizes many
+other means to inject its (and the CFR's) economic philosophies into
+community thought-streams throughout the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Here, for example, are passages from a news story in <i>The Dallas Morning
+News</i>, June 30, 1953:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Dallas businessmen and Southern Methodist University officials
+     Monday [June 29] launched a $25,000 business research project
+     financed through agencies of the Ford Foundation.</p>
+
+<p>     "Stanley Marcus of Dallas, a national trustee of Ford Foundation's
+     Committee for Economic Development, said the project would go on
+     two or three years under foundation funds. After that ... the City
+     might foot the bill....</p>
+
+<p>     "The SMU project&ndash;along with several others like it throughout the
+     nation&ndash;is designed to foster study in regional and local business
+     problems, Marcus commented.</p>
+
+<p>     "Here's how the Dallas project will work:</p>
+
+<p>     "A business executive committee, composed of some of Dallas' top
+     businessmen, will be selected. These men then will select a group
+     of younger executives for a business executive research committee.
+     This will be the working group, Marcus explained....<a id="pg_078"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "At SMU, several of the schools' chief officials will act as a
+     senior faculty committee.... Acting as co-ordinator for the project
+     will be Warren A. Law ... who soon will get his doctorate in
+     economics from Harvard University."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The "experimental" stage of this Business Executives Research Committee
+lasted five years in Dallas. During that time, the researchers filed two
+major reports: an innocuous one in 1955 concerning traffic and transit
+problems in Dallas; and a most significant one in 1956, strongly urging
+metropolitan government for Dallas County, patterned after the metro
+system in Toronto, Canada.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In October, 1958, Dr. Donald K. David, then Chairman of the Committee
+for Economic Development and Vice Chairman of the Ford Foundation (and
+also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations) went to Dallas to
+speak to the Citizens Council, an organization composed of leading
+Dallas business executives, whose president that year was Stanley
+Marcus.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. David told the business men that they should give greater support
+and leadership to the government's foreign aid program; and, of course,
+he urged vast expansion of foreign aid, particularly to "underdeveloped
+nations."</p>
+
+<p>That was the signal and the build-up. The next month&ndash;November,
+1958&ndash;the experimental Business Executives Research Committee, which the
+CED had formed in 1953 and which had already completed its mission with
+its report and recommendation on metropolitan government for Dallas, was
+converted into "The Dallas CED Associates."</p>
+
+<p>Here is a news story about that event, taken from the November 11, 1958,
+<i>Dallas Morning News</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A Dallas Committee for Economic Development&ndash;the first of its kind
+     in the nation&ndash;has been founded at Southern Methodist University.
+     It will give voice to Southwest<a id="pg_079"></a>ern opinions&ndash;and knowledge&ndash;on
+     economic, matters or international importance. Keystone will be an
+     economic research center to be established soon at SMU.</p>
+
+<p>     "A steering group composed of Dallas and Southwestern business,
+     industrial and educational leaders laid the groundwork for both
+     committee and center in a weekend meeting at SMU."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The "steering group" included George McGhee and Neil Mallon.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. McGhee (presently Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning)
+is, and has been for many years, a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.</p>
+
+<p>Neil Mallon, then Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries and a
+former official of the Foreign Policy Association, founded the Dallas
+Council on World Affairs in 1951. Dresser Industries is one of the big
+corporations which contribute money to the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>In the group with Mr. McGhee and Mr. Mallon were five SMU officials, a
+Dallas banker, a real estate man, and Stanley Marcus, the head man in
+the "steering group" which set up the Dallas Associates of the Committee
+for Economic Development.</p>
+
+<p>The first literary product of the Dallas Associates of the CED&ndash;at
+least, the first to come to my attention&ndash;is a most expensive-looking
+14-page printed booklet entitled "The Role of Private Enterprise in the
+Economic Development of Underdeveloped Nations." The title page reveals
+that this pamphlet is a policy statement of The Dallas Associates of
+CED. It is little more than a rewrite of the speech which Dr. Donald K.
+David had made to the Dallas Citizens Council in November, 1958, urging
+business to give support and leadership to the government's foreign aid
+programs.<a id="pg_081"></a>[Pg 089]</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter05" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 5</h2>
+
+<h3>BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Whereas the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center is primarily
+interested in fostering the <i>foreign</i> policy desired by the CFR, and the
+Committee for Economic Development is primarily interested in
+formulating economic and other policies which, through governmental
+controls, will lead us into total socialism&ndash;another, smaller (but, in
+some ways, more powerful) organization has (or, until mid-1961, had) the
+primary responsibility of infiltrating government: of selecting men whom
+the CFR wants in particular jobs, and of formulating, inside the
+agencies of government, policies which the CFR wants. This small but
+mighty organization was the Business Advisory Council.</p>
+
+<p>Daniel C. Roper, F. D. Roosevelt's Secretary of Commerce, formed the
+Business Advisory Council on June 26, 1933. Roper set it up as a panel
+of big businessmen to act as unofficial advisers to President Roosevelt.
+He was disappointed in it, however. The biggest businessmen in America
+did, indeed, join; but they did not support the total New Deal as Roper
+had expected they would when he made them "advisers."</p>
+
+<p>Roper, however, was a figurehead. The brains behind the formation of the
+Business Advisory Council were in the head of Sidney J. Weinberg, Senior
+Partner of the New York investment house of Goldman, Sachs &amp; Co.&ndash;and
+also on the boards of directors of about thirty of the biggest
+corporations in America. Weinberg helped organize the BAC. He recruited
+most of its key members. He was content to let America's big businessmen
+ripen for a while<a id="pg_082"></a> in the sunshine of the New Deal's "new" philosophy of
+government, before expecting them to give that philosophy full support.</p>
+
+<p>Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper pouted and ignored the Business
+Advisory Council when he discovered that the big businessmen, enrolled
+as governmental "advisors," tried to advise things that governmental
+leaders did not like. But Sidney Weinberg was shrewd, and had a
+definite, long-range plan for the Business Advisory Council. He held the
+BAC together as a kind of social club, keeping the big business men
+under constant exposure to the "new" economic philosophies of the New
+Deal, waiting for the propitious moment to enlist America's leading
+capitalists on the side of the socialist revolutionaries, determined to
+destroy capitalism and create a one-world socialist society.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The right time came in 1939, when World War II started in Europe and
+Roosevelt developed his incurable ambition to get in that war and become
+President of the World. Plans for America's frenzied spending on
+national defense began in 1939. With mammoth government contracts in the
+offing, Weinberg had no trouble converting the Business Advisory Council
+of leading businessmen into an agency for helping governmental leaders
+plan the policies for war and for the post-war period.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In September, 1960, <i>Harper's Magazine</i> published an article by Hobart
+Rowen, entitled "America's Most Powerful Private Club," with a
+sub-title, "How a semi-social organization of the very biggest
+businessmen&ndash;discreetly shielded from public scrutiny&ndash;is 'advising' the
+government on its top policy decisions." Here are passages from the
+article:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Business Advisory Council meets regularly with government
+     officials six times a year.... On two of these six occasions ...
+     the BAC convenes its sessions at plush resorts, and with a
+     half-dozen or more important Washing<a id="pg_083"></a>ton officials and their wives
+     as its guests, it indulges in a three-day 'work and play'
+     meeting....</p>
+
+<p>     "The guest list is always impressive: on occasion, there have been
+     more Cabinet officers at a ... BAC meeting than were left in the
+     Capital....</p>
+
+<p>     "These meetings cost the BAC anywhere from $6,000 to $12,000 or
+     more, paid out of the dues of members ... which have been judged
+     tax-deductible by the Internal Revenue Service....</p>
+
+<p>     "After the 1952 election, the BAC was having its fall 'work and
+     play' meeting at the Cloister, just off the Georgia coast and a
+     short distance from Augusta, where Ike was alternating golf with
+     planning his first-term Cabinet. [Sidney] Weinberg and [General
+     Lucius D.] Clay [members of the BAC executive committee] ...
+     hustled ... to Augusta, conferred with Ike [a 'close, intimate,
+     personal friend' of both men]....</p>
+
+<p>     "The result was historic: Ike tapped three of the BAC leaders ...
+     for his Cabinet. They were Charles E. Wilson of General Motors as
+     Defense Secretary; [George M.] Humphrey, then boss of the M. A.
+     Hanna Co., as Treasury Secretary; and Robert T. Stevens of the J.
+     P. Stevens &amp; Co., as Army Secretary....</p>
+
+<p>     "Afterwards, [Secretary] Humphrey himself dipped into the BAC pool
+     for Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak as Under Secretary of the
+     Treasury [later Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]....</p>
+
+<p>     "Membership in the Council gives a select few the chance to bring
+     their views to bear on key government people, in a most pleasant,
+     convivial, and private atmosphere....</p>
+
+<p>     "The BAC, powerful in its composition and with an inside track, is
+     thus a special force. An intimation of its influence can be gleaned
+     from its role in the McCarthy case.... BAC helped push Senator Joe
+     McCarthy over the<a id="pg_084"></a> brink in 1954, by supplying a bit of backbone to
+     the Eisenhower Administration at the right time. McCarthy's chief
+     target in the Army-McCarthy hearings was the aforementioned Robert
+     T. Stevens&ndash;a big wheel in the BAC who had become Secretary of the
+     Army. The BAC didn't pay much&ndash;if any&ndash;attention to Joe McCarthy as
+     a social menace until he started to pick on Bob Stevens. Then, they
+     burned up.</p>
+
+<p>     "During the May 1954 meeting at the Homestead [expensive resort
+     hotel in Hot Springs, Virginia, where the BAC often holds its 'work
+     and play' sessions with high government officials and their wives],
+     Stevens flew down from Washington for a weekend reprieve from his
+     televised torture. A special delegation of BAC officials made it a
+     point to journey from the hotel to the mountaintop airport to greet
+     Stevens. He was escorted into the lobby like a conquering hero.
+     Then, publicly, one member of the BAC after another roasted the
+     Eisenhower Administration for its McCarthy-appeasement policy. The
+     BAC's attitude gave the Administration some courage, and shortly
+     thereafter former Senator Ralph Flanders (a Republican and BAC
+     member) introduced a Senate resolution calling for censure."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Active membership in the Business Advisory Council is limited to about
+70. After a few years as an "active," a member can become a "graduate,"
+still retaining his full voting and membership privileges.</p>
+
+<p>I have obtained the names of 120 "active" and "graduate" members of the
+BAC, listed below. Those who are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations are identified by "CFR" after their names.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Winthrop W. Aldrich (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     William M. Allen (President of Boeing Airplane Company; member
+     Board of Directors of Pacific National Bank of Seattle)<a id="pg_085"></a></p>
+
+<p>     S. C. Allyn (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Robert B. Anderson</p>
+
+<p>     Clarence Avildsen (Chairman, Avildsen Tools &amp; Machines, Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     William M. Batten (President, J. C. Penney Company)</p>
+
+<p>     S. D. Bechtel (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     S. Clark Beise (President, Bank of America; member Board of
+     Directors, National Trust and Savings Association, San Francisco)</p>
+
+<p>     Roger M. Blough (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Harold Boeschenstein (President, Owens-Corning Fiberglas
+     Corporation; Chairman of the Board, Fiberglas Canada, Ltd.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of National Distillers Products
+     Corporation, International Paper Company, Toledo Trust Company,
+     Dow, Jones &amp; Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Fred Bohen (President of Meredith Publishing Company&ndash;<i>Better Homes
+     and Gardens, Better Farming</i>; member of Board of Directors of
+     Meredith Radio &amp; Television Stations, Iowa, Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Central Life Assurance Society, Allis-Chalmers
+     Manufacturing Co., Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Iowa-Des Moines
+     National Bank)</p>
+
+<p>     Ernest R. Breech (Executive Vice President, Ford Motor, Company;
+     member of Board of Directors of Transcontinental &amp; Western Air,
+     Inc., Pan-American Airways; President of Western Air Express)</p>
+
+<p>     George R. Brown (Chairman of the Board, Texas Eastern Transmission
+     Corp.; Executive Vice President, Brown &amp; Root, Inc. of Houston;
+     President of Board of Trustees, Rice University)</p>
+
+<p>     Carter L. Burgess (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Paul C. Cabot (President of State Street Investment Corp.; partner
+     in State Street Research &amp; Management<a id="pg_086"></a> Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of J. P. Morgan &amp; Co., Continental Can Co., Inc.,
+     National Dairy Products Corp., Tampa Electric Co., The B. F.
+     Goodrich Co.; Treasurer of Harvard University)</p>
+
+<p>     James V. Carmichael (President, Scripto, Inc.; member of Board of
+     Directors of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Trust Company of Georgia,
+     Atlanta Transit Co., The Southern Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Walker L. Cisler (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     General Lucius D. Clay (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Will L. Clayton (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     John L. Collyer (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Ralph J. Cordiner (Chairman of the Board and President of General
+     Electric Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     John E. Corette (President of Montana Power Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     John Cowles (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     C. R. Cox (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Harlow H. Curtice (retired President of General Motors Corp.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genesee Merchants Bank &amp;
+     Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of
+     Detroit)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles E. Daniel (head of Daniel Construction Co., member of Board
+     of Directors of First National Bank of Greenville, South Carolina,
+     La France Industries, J. P. Stevens Co., Inc., Textron, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Clemson College)</p>
+
+<p>     Donald K. David (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Paul M. Davies (President and Chairman of the Board of Food
+     Machinery &amp; Chemical Corp.; member of Board of Directors of
+     American Trust Company of California, National Distillers Products
+     Corp., Caterpillar Tractor Co.; Professor at Stanford University;
+     Director of Stanford Research Institute, San Jose State College,
+     Pacific School of Religion; Trustee of Committee for Economic
+     Development)<a id="pg_087"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Frank R. Denton (Vice Chairman and Director of Mellon National Bank
+     and Trust Company, Pittsburgh; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Swindell-Dressler Corp., Westinghouse Electric Co., Jones &amp;
+     Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pullman, Inc., National Union Fire
+     Insurance Co., Shamrock Oil &amp; Gas Corp., M. W. Kellogg Co., Pullman
+     Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Trailmobile, Inc., National Union
+     Indemnity Co.; Trustee of Pennsylvania State University, Kansas
+     University Endowment Association)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles D. Dickey (Vice President, member of the Board of
+     Directors, and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Morgan
+     Guaranty Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Beaver Coal, Kennekott Copper Corp., Braden Copper
+     Co., Merck &amp; Co., Inc., Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., New York
+     Life Insurance Co., Church Life Insurance Corp., Church Fire
+     Insurance Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     Frederick G. Donner (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     William Y. Elliott (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Ralph E. Flanders (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Marion B. Folsom (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Henry Ford II (President of Ford Motor Co.; Chairman of the Board
+     of American Heritage Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     William C. Foster (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     G. Keith Funston (President of New York Stock Exchange; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Trustee
+     of Trinity College of Connecticut, Virginia Theological Seminary,
+     Samuel H. Kress Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     Frederick V. Geier (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Elisha Gray II (President and Director of Whirlpool Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     Crawford H. Greenewalt (President and Director of E. I. du Pont de
+     Nemours Company, Christiana Securities Com<a id="pg_088"></a>pany; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
+     Trustee of the Carnegie Institute, Washington)</p>
+
+<p>     General Alfred M. Gruenther (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Joseph B. Hall (President of Kroger Company, Manufacturers and
+     Merchants Indemnity Co., Selective Insurance Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Robert A. Cline, Inc., AVCO Manufacturing
+     Corp., Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., General Stores
+     Corp.; member of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Cleveland)</p>
+
+
+<p>     W. Averill Harriman (CPR)</p>
+
+<p>     William A. Hewitt (President and member of the Board of Directors
+     of Deere &amp; Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Milton P. Higgins (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Paul G. Hoffman (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Eugene Holman (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     John Holmes (President, member of the Board of Directors, and
+     retired Chairman of Swift &amp; Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company,
+     General Electric Corporation)</p>
+
+<p>     Herbert Hoover, Jr. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Preston Hotchkis (Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and
+     Treasurer of Founders' Insurance Company; Executive Vice President
+     and member of the Board of Directors of Fred H. Bixby Ranch
+     Company; member of the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Coach
+     Lines, Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co., Pacific Telephone &amp;
+     Telegraph Co., Blue Diamond Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     Amory Houghton (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Theodore V. Houser (retired Chairman of the Board of Sears, Roebuck
+     &amp; Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co.,
+     Bell and Howell Co., Quaker Oats Co., Massachusetts Institute of
+     Technology; Trustee of Northwestern University, Williams College)<a id="pg_089"></a></p>
+
+<p>     A. W. Hughes (Chairman of the Board of Directors, J. C. Penney Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Gilbert W. Humphrey (President of M. A. Hanna Company, Hanna Mining
+     Company; Chairman of the Board of Hausand Steam Ship Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Industrial Rayon Corp., General
+     Electric Corp., National City Bank of Cleveland, Texaco, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Committee for Economic Development)</p>
+
+<p>     Eric A. Johnston (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Alfred W. Jones (Chairman of the Board of Sea Island Company,
+     Talbott Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Seaboard
+     Construction Co., Brunswick Paper &amp; Pulp Co., The Mead Corp.,
+     Thompson Industries, Inc., First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia
+     Power Co., Florida-Georgia TV Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Devereux C. Josephs (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Ernest Kanzler (retired Chairman of the Board of Universal C.I.T.
+     Credit Corp,; member of the Board of Directors of C.I.T. Financial
+     Corp., Bendix Aviation Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     Frederick Kappel (President and Director of American Telephone &amp;
+     Telegraph Company; retired President of Western Electric Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     John R. Kimberly (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     E. H. Lane (Chairman of the Board of Lane Company, Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Joseph L. Lanier (Chairman of the Board of Wellington Sears
+     Company; President of West Point Manufacturing Company of Georgia;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cabin Crafts, Inc., First
+     National Bank of Atlanta, Rivington Carpets, Ltd. of Britain)</p>
+
+<p>     Barry L. Leithead (President and Director of Cluett, Peabody and
+     Company, Inc.; Chairman of Cluett, Peabody<a id="pg_090"></a> and Company of Canada,
+     Ltd.; member of the Board of Directors of B. F. Goodrich Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Augustus C. Long (Chairman of the Board of Texaco, Inc.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Freeport Sulphur Co., Equitable Life
+     Assurance Society of the United States, Federal Reserve Bank of New
+     York)</p>
+
+<p>     Donold B. Lourie (President and Director of Quaker Oats Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Northern Trust Co.,
+     International Paper Co., Pure Oil Co.; Trustee of Princeton
+     University)</p>
+
+<p>     George H. Love (Chairman of the Board of Pittsburgh-Consolidation
+     Coal Company, M. A. Hanna Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Union Carbide &amp; Carbon Corp., Mellon National Bank &amp; Trust
+     Company of Pittsburgh, Pullman Co., General Electric Co., National
+     Steel Corp., Hanna Mining Co.; Trustee of Princeton University,
+     University of Pittsburgh)</p>
+
+<p>     James Spencer Love (Chairman of the Board of Burlington Mills
+     Corp.; Chairman and President of Burlington Industries, Inc.;
+     Trustee of University of North Carolina, Davidson College)</p>
+
+<p>     George P. MacNichol, Jr. (President and Director of
+     Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Wyandotte Chemical Co., Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)</p>
+
+<p>     Roswell F. Magill (member of Cravath, Swaine &amp; Moore, Lawyers;
+     Trustee of Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, Macy
+     Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     Deane W. Malott (President, Cornell University; member of the Board
+     of Directors of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., B. F. Goodrich Co., General
+     Mills, Inc., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; former Vice President
+     of Hawaiian Pineapple Co.; Professor of Business at Harvard,
+     Chancellor of University of Kansas)<a id="pg_091"></a></p>
+
+<p>     James W. McAfee (President of Union Electric Company of Missouri,
+     Edison Electric Institute; member of the Board of Directors of St.
+     Louis Union Trust Co., American Central Insurance Co., North
+     American Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     S. Maurice McAshan (President, Anderson, Clayton &amp; Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas B. McCabe (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     John L. McCaffrey (retired Chairman of International Harvester Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Harris Trust &amp; Savings Bank of
+     Chicago, American Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co., Corn Products Co.,
+     Midwest Stock Exchange; Trustee of the University of Chicago,
+     University of Notre Dame, Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Leonard F. McCollum (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles P. McCormick (Chairman of the Board and retired President
+     of McCormick &amp; Co., Inc.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Equitable Trust Co. of
+     Baltimore, Advertising Council; Chairman of the Board of Regents,
+     University of Maryland)</p>
+
+<p>     Neil H. McElroy (Chairman of the Board, Procter &amp; Gamble Co.;
+     Secretary of Defense 1957-1961)</p>
+
+<p>     Earl M. McGowin (Vice President of W. T. Smith Lumber Co.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of The Southern Company of New York,
+     Alabama Power Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     James H. McGraw, Jr. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Paul B. McKee (Chairman of Pacific Power &amp; Light Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     John P. McWilliams (retired President and Chairman of the Board of
+     Youngstown Steel Door Co.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     National City Bank of Cleveland, Eaton Manufacturing Co., Goodyear
+     Tire &amp; Rubber Co., Union Carbide &amp; Carbon Corp.)</p>
+
+<p>     George G. Montgomery (Chairman of Kern County Land Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of American Trust<a id="pg_092"></a> Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Castle &amp; Cook, Ltd., General Electric Co., Matson Navigation Co.,
+     Matson Assurance Co., Oceanic Steam Ship Co., Pacific Lumber Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles G. Mortimer (Chairman and retired President of General
+     Foods Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of National City Bank
+     of New York, Union Theological Seminary)</p>
+
+<p>     William B. Murphy (President of Campbell Soup Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Merck &amp; Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Aksel Nielsen (President of Title Guaranty Co., Mortgage
+     Investments Co.; member of the Board of Directors of C. A. Norgren
+     Co., United American Life Insurance Co., Landon Abstract Co.,
+     Empire Savings &amp; Loan Association, United Airlines)</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas F. Patton (President and Director of Republic Steel Corp.,
+     Union Drawn Steel Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Air-Vue
+     Products Corp., Maria Luisa Ore Co., Berger Manufacturing Company
+     of Massachusetts, Iron Ore Company of Canada, Liberia Mining Co.,
+     Ltd., Liberian Navigation Corp., Union Commerce Bank, Tankore
+     Corp., Standard Oil Company of Ohio; Trustee of Ohio State
+     University)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles H. Percy (President and Director of Bell &amp; Howell Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank, Harris
+     Trust &amp; Savings Bank, Burroughs Corp., Fund for Adult Education of
+     the Ford Foundation; Trustee, University of Chicago)</p>
+
+<p>     Theodore S. Petersen (President and Director of Standard Oil of
+     California; member of the Board of Directors of Pacific Mutual
+     Insurance Co.; Trustee of Committee on Economic Development;
+     consulting Professor, Stanford University)</p>
+
+<p>     Gwilym A. Price (Chairman and President of Westinghouse Electric
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of<a id="pg_093"></a> Mellon National Bank &amp;
+     Trust Company of Pittsburgh, Eastman-Kodak Co., Carnegie Corp.,
+     National Union Fire Insurance Co., Great Atlantic &amp; Pacific Tea
+     Co.; Trustee of Allegheny College, The Hanover Bank, Carnegie
+     Institute, Carnegie Institute of Technology; Chairman of the Board
+     of Trustees, University of Pittsburgh; Chairman of Crusade for
+     Freedom)</p>
+
+<p>     Edgar Monsanto Queeny (Chairman of the Board, Monsanto Chemical
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of American Airlines, Union
+     Electric Co. of Missouri, Chemstrand Corp., Sicedison S.P.A. of
+     Italy, World Rehabilitation Fund; Trustee Herbert Hoover
+     Foundation)</p>
+
+<p>     Clarence B. Randall (Chairman of the Board, Inland Steel Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors, Bell &amp; Howell Co.; Trustee,
+     University of Chicago)</p>
+
+<p>     Philip D. Reed (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Richard S. Reynolds, Jr. (President of Reynolds Metals Co.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co., British
+     Aluminum, Ltd., U. S. Foil Co., Central National Bank of Richmond)</p>
+
+<p>     Winfield W. Riefler (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     William E. Robinson (Chairman of the Coca-Cola Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co.; Coca-Cola Export
+     Co., Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Trustee of New York University;
+     former Director and Publisher of <i>New York Herald-Tribune</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Donald J. Russell (President and Director of Southern Pacific Co.;
+     Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co.; Chairman of the Board of St.
+     Louis-Southwestern Railroad; Director of Stanford Research
+     Institute; Trustee of Stanford University)</p>
+
+<p>     Stuart T. Saunders (President of Norfolk and Western<a id="pg_094"></a> Railway;
+     Director of First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond)</p>
+
+<p>     Blackwell Smith (CPR)</p>
+
+<p>     C. R. Smith (President, American Airlines)</p>
+
+<p>     Lloyd B. Smith (President, A. O. Smith Corp.; Chairman, A. O. Smith
+     of Texas)</p>
+
+<p>     John W. Snyder (Executive Vice President, Overland Corp.; Secretary
+     of Treasury of the United States 1946-1953)</p>
+
+<p>     Joseph P. Spang, Jr. (retired President and Chairman of Gillette
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Gillette Co., Sheraton
+     Corp. of America, First National Bank of Boston, U. S. Steel Corp.,
+     International Packers, Ltd.)</p>
+
+<p>     A. E. Staley, Jr. (Chairman of A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co.;
+     Trustee, Millikin University)</p>
+
+<p>     Frank Stanton (President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Chairman of
+     Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Trustee of Rand
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of New York Life Insurance
+     Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Robert T. Stevens (President and former Chairman of the Board, J.
+     P. Stevens &amp; Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; Trustee of Mutual Life
+     Insurance Co. of New York; Secretary of the Army 1953-1955)</p>
+
+<p>     Hardwick Stires (partner, Scudder, Stevens &amp; Clark Investment
+     Counsels)</p>
+
+<p>     Lewis L. Strauss (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     H. Gardiner Symonds (Chairman and President of Tennessee Gas and
+     Transmission Company of Houston; Vice Chairman of Petro-Texas
+     Chemical Corp.; Chairman of Bay Petroleum Corp.,
+     Tennessee-Venezuela South America, Chaco Petroleum of South
+     America, Tennessee de Ecuador, South America, Tennessee-Argentina,
+     Midwest Gas Transmission Co.; member of the Board of Directors<a id="pg_095"></a> of
+     General Telephone &amp; Electronics Corp., Carrier Corp., Food
+     Machinery &amp; Chemical Corp., National Bank of Commerce of Houston,
+     Southern Pacific Co., Advertising Council; Trustee of Committee for
+     Economic Development; member of the Business School, Stanford
+     University)</p>
+
+<p>     A. Thomas Taylor (Chairman of International Packers, Ltd.; Vice
+     President and Director of Swift &amp; Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Wedron Silica Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     Reese H. Taylor (Chairman of Union Oil Company of California;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Federal Reserve Bank of San
+     Francisco, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Collier Carbon &amp; Chemical
+     Corp., Manufacturers Trust Company; Trustee, University of Southern
+     California, Cornell University Council)</p>
+
+<p>     Charles Allen Thomas (President and member of the Board of
+     Directors of Monsanto Chemical Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Chemstrand Corp., First National Bank of St. Louis,
+     St. Louis Union Trust Co.; Trustee of Carnegie Corp.; member of the
+     Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)</p>
+
+<p>     Juan T. Trippe (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Solon B. Turman (President and Director of Lykes Brothers Steam
+     Ship Co., Inc.; Vice Chairman of Lykes Brothers, Inc.; Chairman of
+     Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     John C. Virden (Chairman and Director of Eaton Manufacturing Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cleveland Electric Illuminating
+     Co., Youngstown Steel Door Co., Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Co.,
+     Interlake Iron Corp., Diamond Alkali Co.)</p>
+
+<p>     J. Carlton Ward, Jr. (President of Vitro Corp., American Heavy
+     Minerals Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of U. S. Manganese
+     Co.; Trustee, Cornell University)</p>
+
+<p>     Sidney J. Weinberg (partner in Goldman, Sachs &amp; Co.;<a id="pg_096"></a> member of the
+     Board of Directors of Cluett, Peabody &amp; Co., Inc., Continental Can
+     Co., Inc., General Cigar Co., General Electric Co., General Foods
+     Corp., B. F. Goodrich Co., Ford Motor Co., McKesson &amp; Robbins,
+     Inc., National Dairy Products Corp., Champion Paper &amp; Fibre Co.,
+     Van Raalte Co., Inc.; former Governor of New York Stock Exchange)</p>
+
+<p>     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     John Hay Whitney (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Langbourne M. Williams (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>     Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (CFR)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of these 120 BAC members, 41 are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Most of those who are not CFR members have affiliations with
+foundations or other organizations that are interlocked with the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>Sidney Weinberg, for example (father of the BAC), is not listed (in any
+Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report in my files) as a member of
+the CFR; but he is a member of the board of many corporations which
+support the CFR; and has many close connections with CFR leaders through
+foundations and other CFR subsidiary agencies.</p>
+
+<p>All Secretaries of Commerce since 1933 have served as ex-officio General
+Chairman of the BAC.</p>
+
+<p>On July 10, 1961, Roger M. Blough announced that the Business Advisory
+Council had changed its name to Business Council; had severed its
+connection with the Commerce Department; and would in the future give
+its consultative services to any governmental agency that asked for
+them. The BAC had been under intense criticism for the expensive
+entertainment it had been giving to governmental officials it advised.<a id="pg_097"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter06" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 6</h2>
+
+<h3>ADVERTISING COUNCIL</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>The Advertising Council, 25 West 45th Street, New York 36, N. Y. (with
+offices at 203 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago; 1200 18th Street, N. W.,
+Washington; 425 Bush Street, San Francisco) serves as a public relations
+operation to promote selected projects supported by the Council on
+Foreign Relations and its interlocking affiliates.</p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council was created in 1942 (then called War Advertising
+Council) as a tax-exempt, non-governmental agency to promote wartime
+programs of government: rationing, salvage, the selling of war bonds,
+and so on.</p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council's specific job was to effect close cooperation
+between governmental agencies and business firms using the media of mass
+communication. A governmental agency would bring a particular project
+(rationing, for example) to the Advertising Council, for help in
+"selling" the project to the public. The Council would enlist the aid of
+some advertising agency. The agency (giving its services for nothing, as
+a contribution to the war effort) would prepare signs, newspaper mats,
+advertising layouts, broadcasting kits and what not. The Advertising
+Council might then enlist the free services of a public relations firm
+to get this material into newspapers and magazines; get it inserted in
+the regular ads of business firms; get it broadcast, free, as
+public-service spot announcements by radio networks; get it inserted
+into regular commercials on radio broadcasts; get slogans and art work
+stamped on the envelopes and business forms of corporations.<a id="pg_098"></a></p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council rendered a valuable service to advertisers,
+broadcasting organizations, and publishers. Everyone wanted to support
+projects that would help the war effort. The Advertising Council did the
+important job of screening&ndash;of presenting projects which were legitimate
+and urgent.</p>
+
+<p>Even the advertising agencies and public relations firms, which
+contributed free services, profited from the arrangement. They earned
+experience and prestige as agencies which had prepared nationally
+successful campaigns.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Advertising Council continued after the war to perform this same
+service&ndash;selecting, for free promotion, projects that are "importantly
+in the public interest." Indeed, the service is more valued in peace
+time than in war by many advertisers and broadcasting officials who are
+badgered to support countless causes and campaigns, most of which sound
+good but some of which may be objectionable. Investigating to screen the
+good from the bad is a major job. The Advertising Council does this job.
+The Council is respected by industry, by the public, and by government.
+It is safe to promote a project which the Advertising Council claims to
+be "importantly in the public interest."</p>
+
+<p>Thus, officials of the Advertising Council have become czars in a most
+important field. They arbitrarily decide what is, and what is not, in
+the public interest. When the Advertising Council "accepts" a project,
+the most proficient experts in the world&ndash;leading Madison Avenue
+people&ndash;go to work, without charge, to create (and saturate the media of
+mass communication with) the skillful propaganda that "sells" the
+project to the public.</p>
+
+<p>Officials of the Advertising Council are aware of their power as
+moulders of public opinion. Theodore S. Repplier, head of the
+Advertising Council, was quoted in a June, 1961, issue of <i>Saturday
+Review</i>, as saying:<a id="pg_099"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There are Washington officials hired to collect figures on about
+     every known occupation, to worry about the oil and miners under the
+     ground, the rain in the sky, the wildlife in the woods, and the
+     fish in the streams&ndash;but it is nobody's job to worry about
+     America's state of mind, or whether Americans misread a situation
+     in a way that could be tragic.</p>
+
+<p>     "This is a dangerous vacuum. But it is also a vacuum which explains
+     to a considerable degree the important position the Advertising
+     Council holds in American life today."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Note, particularly, that the Advertising Council is responsible to no
+one. If a business firm should decide on its own to include some "public
+service" project in its advertising, and the project evoked public
+indignation, the business firm would lose customers. The Advertising
+Council has no customers to please. Yet, the Advertising Council is a
+private agency, beyond the reach of voter and taxpayer indignation
+which, theoretically, can exercise some control over public agencies.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Who are these autocrats who have become so powerful that they can
+condition, if not control, public opinion? They are the members of the
+Public Policy Committee of the Advertising Council. Here were the 19
+members of the Advertising Council's Committee, on June 23, 1958:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     <i>Sarah Gibson Blanding</i>, President of Vassar College; <i>Ralph J.
+     Bunche</i>, United Nations Under Secretary; <i>Benjamin J.
+     Buttenwieser</i>, partner in Kuhn, Loeb &amp; Co.; <i>Olive Clapper,</i>
+     publicist; <i>Evans Clark</i>, member of the <i>New York Times</i> editorial
+     board; <i>Helen Hall</i>, Director of Henry Street Settlement; <i>Paul G.
+     Hoffman</i>, Chairman of this Public Policy Committee; <i>Charles S.
+     Jones</i>, President of Richfield Oil Corporation; <i>Lawrence A.
+     Kimpton</i>, Chancellor of University of Chicago; <i>A. E. Lyon</i>,
+     Executive Secretary of the Railway Labor Executives Association;
+     <i>John J. Mc<a id="pg_100"></a>Cloy</i>, Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank; <i>Eugene
+     Meyer</i>, Chairman of the <i>Washington Post &amp; Times-Herald</i>; <i>William
+     I. Myers</i>, Dean of Agriculture at Cornell University; <i>Elmo Roper</i>,
+     public opinion analyst; <i>Howard A. Rusk</i>, New York University
+     Bellevue Medical Center; <i>Boris Shishkin</i>, Assistant to the
+     President of AFL-CIO; <i>George N. Shuster</i>, President of Hunter
+     College; <i>Thomas J. Watson, Jr.</i>, President of International
+     Business Machines Corporation; <i>Henry M. Wriston</i>, Executive
+     Director of the American Assembly.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of these 19, 8 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;Bunche,
+Buttenwieser, Hoffman, McCloy, Roper, Shishkin, Shuster, Wriston. The
+remaining 11 are mostly "second level" affiliates of the CFR, or under
+the thumb of CFR members in the business world.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Some Advertising Council projects really are "in the public interest."
+The "Stop Accidents" campaign and the "Smokey Bear" campaign to prevent
+forest fires are among several which probably have done much good.</p>
+
+<p>There has never been an Advertising Council project which insinuated
+anything to remind anyone of the basic American political idea written
+into our organic documents of government&ndash;the idea that men are endowed
+by God with inalienable rights; that the greatest threat to those rights
+is the government under which men live; and that government, while
+necessary to secure the God-given blessings of liberty, must be
+carefully limited in power by an inviolable Constitution. But there have
+been many Advertising Council projects which were vehicles for the
+propaganda of international socialism.</p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council has promoted Law Day, which is an annual
+occasion for inundating America with "World Peace Through World Law"
+propaganda, designed to prepare the people for giving the World Court
+jurisdiction over American affairs, as a major step toward world
+gov<a id="pg_101"></a>ernment (see <i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>, September 14, 1959, "The World
+Court").</p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council has promoted the "mental health" project, which,
+superficially, appears to be an admirable effort to make the public
+aware of the truth that we have more mentally ill people than we have
+facilities for&ndash;but whose underlying, and dubious, purpose is to promote
+the passage, in all states, of "mental health" laws fabricated by
+international socialists in the World Health Organization and in the U.
+S. Public Health Service. These laws, to "facilitate access to hospital
+care" for mentally ill people, provide no new facilities, prescribe no
+better treatment, nor do anything else to relieve the suffering of sick
+people.</p>
+
+<p>The new "mental health" laws, which the Advertising Council is helping
+to persuade people in all states to accept, eliminate the constitutional
+safeguards of a person accused of being mentally ill, thus making it
+easier for bureaucrats, political enemies and selfish relatives to
+commit him and get him out of the way.</p>
+
+<p>The Advertising Council has touted ACTION&ndash;American Council to Improve
+Our Neighborhoods, Box 462, Radio City Station, New York 20, N. Y.&ndash;an
+organization for urban renewal. Of the 66 persons on the ACTION Board of
+Directors, a controlling majority are:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     known members of the Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;such as Philip
+     L. Graham and Stanley Marcus;</p>
+
+<p>     known members of important CFR affiliates&ndash;such as, Sidney Weinberg
+     of the Business Advisory Council;</p>
+
+<p>     union bosses like Harry C. Bates, Ben Fischer, Joseph D. Keenan,
+     Jacob S. Potofsky, Walter Reuther;</p>
+
+<p>     bureaucrats in charge of various "Housing Authorities," including
+     Dr. Robert Weaver, Kennedy's present Housing Administrator whose
+     appointment was challenged in the Senate because of Dr. Weaver's
+     alleged communist front record;<a id="pg_102"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "liberal" politicians dedicated to the total socialist
+     revolution&ndash;such as, Joseph S. Clark, Jr., U. S. Senator from
+     Pennsylvania;</p>
+
+<p>     officials of construction and real estate firms which can make
+     mammoth profits on urban renewal projects and who are also
+     "liberal" in their support of all governmental controls and
+     subsidies, the tools for converting capitalism into socialism&ndash;such
+     as, William Zeckendorf;</p>
+
+<p>     representatives of organizations also "liberal" in the sense
+     indicated above&ndash;such as, Philip M. Klutznick of B'nai B'rith, and
+     Mrs. Kathryn H. Stone of the League of Women Voters.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Advertising Council supports United Nations propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>The 1959 annual report of the United States Committee for the United
+Nations pays special tribute to the "radio-TV campaign, conducted
+through the cooperation of the Advertising Council and the National
+Association of Broadcasters." Here are some passages, from this tribute,
+which show how the Advertising Council gets one-world socialist
+propaganda into millions of American homes:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Perry Como read the UN spot personally to his audience of
+     33,000,000."</p>
+
+<p>     "Jack Paar ... [showed] a filmed visit to the UN by his daughter,
+     Randy ... following a splendid statement [by Paar]. This 7-minute
+     segment of the show reached a minimum of 30,000,000 viewers."</p>
+
+<p>     "The campaign received tremendous recognition also on Meet the
+     Press, the Today Show, I Love Lucy, the Desilu Playhouse, and the
+     Jack Benny Show, among many others."</p>
+
+<p>     "Broadcast kits went out to every radio and television station in
+     the country."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>A recent accomplishment of the Advertising Council was its saturation
+bombing (1961) of the American public with propaganda in support of
+Kennedy's Youth Peace Corps.<a id="pg_103"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter07" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 7</h2>
+
+<h3>UNITED NATIONS AND WORLD GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>All American advocates of <i>supra</i>-national government, or world
+government, claim their principal motive is to achieve world peace. Yet,
+these are generally the same Americans whose eager interventionism
+helped push America into the two world wars of this century.</p>
+
+<p>The propaganda for involving America in the bloodshed and hatreds of
+Europe&ndash;in World War I and World War II&ndash;was the same as that now being
+used to push us into world government. In World War I, we rushed our
+soldiers across the wide seas to die in the cause of making the world
+safe for democracy&ndash;of eliminating evil in the world so that there would
+not be any more war! This was precisely what the world-government
+interventionists wanted us to do. The so-called American isolationists
+were <i>not</i> pacifists who recommended refusal to take up arms in defense
+of their own country: most of them were patriots who would have been
+among the foremost to fight in defense of America. Being intelligent
+citizens of a peaceful and civilized nation, they wanted to keep it that
+way.</p>
+
+<p>The world-government interventionists used the extraordinary arguments
+of a man who, though living in an orderly and law-abiding neighborhood,
+says that he must go carousing around in adjoining communities and get
+involved in every street fight and barroom brawl he can find in order to
+avoid violence! Such a man not only becomes a party to<a id="pg_104"></a> lawless violence
+which he claims to deplore, but also creates hatreds and resentments
+which will ultimately bring to the sane citizens of his own peaceful
+neighborhood the evils which they had managed to keep out.</p>
+
+<p>This is what Woodrow Wilson's intervention in World War I did to the
+United States. It sacrificed the lives of 250,000 American men&ndash;not to
+mention the hundreds of thousands crippled and otherwise wrecked by war.
+But this sacrifice of American youth did not make the world safe for
+anything. It helped make the world a breeding place for communism,
+fascism, naziism, and other varieties of socialism; and it planted the
+seeds for a second world war more destructive than the first.</p>
+
+<p>But the world-government interventionists&ndash;when their bloody crusade
+proved worse than a tragic failure&ndash;did not admit error. They tried to
+place all the blame on the isolationists who had tried to keep us from
+making the ghastly mistake.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>If we had stayed out of World War I, the European powers would have
+arrived, as they have been doing for thousands of years, at some kind of
+negotiated peace which would have saved not only hundreds of thousands
+of American lives, but millions of European lives as well. By entering
+World War I, we merely converted it into total war, prolonged it, and
+made it more savage.</p>
+
+<p>The destruction and slaughter of World War I created power vacuums and
+imbalances and economic chaos, which inevitably led to World War II.</p>
+
+<p>Again, the world-government advocates, who claimed to want peace,
+insisted that we go to war. They also intensified their efforts to
+entangle America, irretrievably, in political and economic union with
+European nations so that there would never again be any <i>possibility</i> of
+the United States staying out of the endless wars and turmoil of the old
+world.<a id="pg_105"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is, perhaps, fruitless to question the motives of people leading the
+campaign to push America into world government. All organizations which
+have been active in this movement&ndash;World Fellowship, Inc., Federal
+Union, Inc., Atlantic Union Committee, United World Federalists, and so
+on&ndash;have had a sprinkling of communist-fronters among their directors
+and members. But they have also had the official support of many
+prominent and respected Americans: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John
+Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Estes Kefauver, John Sparkman, Adlai Stevenson,
+Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, Christian Herter, cabinet officers;
+senators and congressmen; Supreme Court justices; prominent churchmen,
+businessmen, financiers, entertainers, judges, union officials;
+newspaper and magazine editors; famous columnists and radio-television
+commentators.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Although the cry of "peace" is the perennial clarion call of all
+world-government advocates, many of them have, in recent years, added
+the claim that their recommendations (for converting America into a
+province of world government) are means of "fighting communism." Indeed,
+some of the most vigorous advocates of one-worldism have wide
+reputations as anti-communists&ndash;Walter Judd, a Republican Congressman
+from Minnesota, for example. Even Clarence Streit (leader of the
+now-defunct Federal Union, Inc., and father of that organization's very
+active and influential tax-exempt successor, Atlantic Union Committee)
+has ugly things to say about communism.</p>
+
+<p>The fact is that every step the United States takes toward political and
+economic entanglements with the rest of the world is a step toward
+realization of <i>the</i> end objective of communism: creating a one-world
+socialist political and economic system in which we will be one of the
+subjugated provinces.</p>
+
+<p>Because of the wealth we have created as a free and in<a id="pg_106"></a>dependent nation,
+we would be the most heavily taxed province in any conceivable
+supra-national government&ndash;whether in a "limited, federal union of the
+western democracies," which is what the Atlantic Union Committee people
+say they want; or in a total one-world system, which is what <i>all</i>
+advocates of international union really have as their final goal.</p>
+
+<p>Because of our population, however, we would have minority
+representation in any supra-national government now being planned.</p>
+
+<p>Americans would be subjected to laws enacted by an international
+parliament in which we would have little influence; taxing us,
+regulating our economic activities, controlling our schools, and
+dictating our social and cultural relations with each other and with the
+rest of the world.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>America was founded, populated, and developed by people seeking escape
+from oppressive governments in Europe. Now our own leaders ask us to
+give up the freedom and independence which our forebears won for us with
+blood and toil and valorous devotion to high ideals, to become subjects
+in a governmental system that would inevitably be more tyrannical than
+any which our forefathers rebelled against or any that presently exist.
+If the world government included the despotic and oligarchic and
+militaristic, and feudalistic and primitive systems of Asia, the Middle
+East, Africa, and Latin America, it would necessarily become the
+bloodiest and most oppressive tyranny the world has ever known.</p>
+
+<p>Nowadays, when two or more nations amalgamate their economic, political,
+and social systems they necessarily take the lowest common denominator
+of freedom rather than the highest. In fact, they must take something
+lower than the lowest: the union government will be more restrictive
+than the government of any of the nations which formed the union.<a id="pg_107"></a></p>
+
+<p>This will be true of <i>any</i> <i>supra</i>-national government that the United
+States might get into: the union will not extend American freedom to
+other nations; it will extend to all nations in the union the most
+restrictive controls of the most oppressive government which enters the
+union, and make even those controls worse than they were before the
+union was formed&ndash;because the American principle of federalism has been
+discarded by the "liberals" who manage our national affairs; and
+American federalism is the only political principle ever to exist in the
+history of the world that can make individual human freedom possible in
+a federation of states.</p>
+
+<p>Hard core American communists know (and some admit) that any move toward
+American membership in any kind of supra-national government is a move
+toward the Soviet objective of a one-world socialist dictatorship; but
+all other American advocates of international union claim their schemes
+are intended to repeat and extend the marvelous achievement of 13
+American states which, by forming a political union, created a free and
+powerful nation.</p>
+
+<p>All United States advocates of any kind of world government point to the
+founding of America: 13 sovereign states, each one proud and
+nationalistic, all with special interests that were divergent from or in
+conflict with the interests of the others; yet, they managed to
+surrender enough sovereignty to join a federal union which gave the
+united strength of all, while retaining the individuality and freedom of
+each.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The 13 American states, in forming a federal union, did not take the
+lowest common denominator of freedom; they took the highest, and
+elevated that.</p>
+
+<p>The American principle of federalism (indeed, the whole American
+constitutional system) grew out of the philosoph<a id="pg_108"></a>ical doctrine (or,
+rather, statement of faith) which Jefferson wrote into the Declaration
+of Independence:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "<i>...all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain
+     inalienable rights...</i>"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Men get their rights from God, not from government. Government, a
+man-made creature, has nothing except what it takes from God-created
+men. Government can give the people nothing that it has not first taken
+away from them. Hence, if man is to remain free, he must have a
+government which will play a very limited and negative role in his
+private affairs.</p>
+
+<p>The United States is the only nation, ever, whose institutions and
+organic law were founded on this principle. The United Nations'
+Declaration of Human Rights; the Constitution of the Soviet Union; and
+the written and unwritten constitutions of every other nation in the
+world are all built on a political principle exactly opposite in meaning
+to the basic principle of Americanism. That is, the Constitution of the
+Soviet Union, and of every UN agency, and of all other nations, specify
+a large number of rights and privileges which citizens should have, if
+possible, and which <i>government</i> will grant them <i>if</i> government can,
+and <i>if</i> government thinks proper.</p>
+
+<p>Contrast this with the American Constitution and Bill of Rights which do
+not contain one statement or inference that the federal government has
+any responsibility, or power, to grant the people rights, privileges, or
+benefits of any kind. The total emphasis in these American documents is
+on telling the federal government <i>what it cannot do</i> to and for the
+people&ndash;on ordering the federal government to stay out of the private
+affairs of citizens and to leave their God-given rights alone.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>This negative, restricted role of the federal government, and this
+assumption that God and not government is the<a id="pg_109"></a> source of man's rights
+and privileges, are clearly stated in the Preamble to our Constitution.
+The Preamble says that this Constitution is being <i>ordained</i> and
+established, not to <i>grant</i> liberties to the people, but to <i>secure</i> the
+liberties which the people already had (before the government was ever
+formed) as <i>blessings</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The essence of the American constitutional system, which made freedom in
+a federal union possible, is clearly stated in the first sentence of the
+first Article of our Constitution and in the last Article (the Tenth
+Amendment) of our Bill of Rights.</p>
+
+<p>The first Article of our Constitution begins with the phrase, "All
+legislative Powers <i>herein</i> granted...." That obviously meant the
+federal government had no powers which were not granted to it by the
+Constitution. The Tenth Amendment restates the same thing with emphasis:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
+     nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
+     respectively, or to the people."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Clearly and emphatically, our Constitution says that the federal
+government cannot legally do anything which is not authorized by a
+specific grant of power in the Constitution.</p>
+
+<p>This is the one constitutional concept that made the American
+governmental system different from all others; it is the one which left
+our people so free and unmolested by their own government that they
+converted the backward, American continent into the land of freedom, the
+most fruitful and powerful nation in history.</p>
+
+<p>And this was the constitutional proviso which created the American
+principle of federalism. The Constitution made no grant, or even
+inferred a grant, of power to the federal government for meddling, to
+any extent, or for any purpose whatever, in the private cultural,
+economic, social, educational, religious, or political affairs of
+individual citi<a id="pg_110"></a>zens&ndash;or in the legitimate governmental activities of
+the individual states which became members of the federal union. Hence,
+states could join the federal union without sacrificing the freedom of
+their citizens.</p>
+
+<p>Modern "liberalism" which has been continuously in control of the
+federal government (and of most opinion-forming institutions and media
+throughout our society) since Franklin D. Roosevelt's first
+inauguration, March 4, 1933, has, by ignoring constitutional restraints,
+changed our <i>Federal</i> government with <i>limited</i> powers into a <i>Central</i>
+government with <i>limitless</i> power over the individual states and their
+people.</p>
+
+<p>Modern "liberalism" has abandoned American constitutional government and
+replaced it with democratic centralism, which, in <i>fundamental theory,
+is identical</i> with the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union, and of
+every other major nation existing today.</p>
+
+<p>It was possible to enlarge the size of the old American federal union
+without diminishing freedom for the people. When you enlarge the land
+area and population controlled by democratic centralism you must
+necessarily diminish freedom for the people, because the problems of
+centralized government increase with the size of population and area
+which it controls.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Look at what has happened to America since our <i>federal</i> government was
+converted into a centralized absolutism. The central government in
+Washington arrogated to itself the unconstitutional power and
+responsibility of regulating the relationships between private employers
+and their employees, enacting laws which established "collective
+bargaining" as "national policy," and which, to that end, gave
+international unions a virtual monopoly over large segments of the labor
+market.<a id="pg_111"></a></p>
+
+<p>It follows that a minor labor dispute between two unions on the
+waterfront of New York is no longer a concern only of the people and
+police in that neighborhood. A handful of union members who have no
+grievance whatever against their employers but who are in a
+jurisdictional struggle with another union, can shut down the greatest
+railroad systems in the world, throw thousands out of work, and paralyze
+vital transportation for business firms and millions of citizens all
+over the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Harry Bridges on the West Coast can order a political demonstration
+having nothing to do with "labor" matters, and paralyze the economy of
+half the nation.</p>
+
+<p>Imagine what it will be like if we join a world government. Then a dock
+strike in London will cripple, not just the British Isles but the whole
+world.</p>
+
+<p>Now, the central government in Washington sends troops into local
+communities to enforce, at bayonet point, the illegal edicts of a
+Washington judicial oligarchy concerning the operation of local schools.
+If we join world government, the edict and the troops will come
+(depending on what nations are in the international union, of course)
+from India and Japan and the Congo.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>There was a time when Americans, learning of suffering and want in a
+distant land, could respond to their Christian promptings and native
+kindliness by making voluntary contributions for relief to their fellow
+human beings abroad. Our central government's foreign aid programs have
+already taken much of that freedom away from American citizens&ndash;taxing
+them so heavily for what government wants to give away, that private
+citizens can't spend their own money the way they would like to.</p>
+
+<p>What will it be like if we join a world government that embraces the
+real have-not nations of the earth? The impoverished subcontinent of
+India, because of population,<a id="pg_112"></a> would have more representatives in the
+international parliament than we would have. They, with the support of
+representatives from Latin America and Africa, could easily vote to lay
+a tax on "surplus" incomes for the benefit of all illiterate and hungry
+people everywhere; and outvoted Americans would be the only people in
+the world with incomes high enough to meet the international definition
+of "surplus."</p>
+
+<p>We read with horror of Soviet slaughter in Hungary when the Soviets
+suppress a local rebellion against their partial world-government. What
+kind of horror would we feel after we join a world government and see
+troops from Europe and Africa and the Middle East machinegunning people
+on the streets of United States cities in order to suppress a rebellion
+of young Americans who somehow heard about the magnificent
+constitutional system and glorious freedom their fathers used to have
+and who are trying to make a public demonstration of protest against the
+international tyranny being imposed upon them?</p>
+
+<p>A genuine world government might eliminate the armed conflict (between
+nations) which we now call war; but it would cause an endless series of
+bloody uprisings and bloody suppressions, and would cause more human
+misery than total war itself.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1936, the Communist International formally presented its three-stage
+plan for achieving world government&ndash;<i>Stage 1:</i> socialize the economies
+of all nations, particularly the Western "capitalistic democracies"
+(most particularly, the United States); <i>Stage 2:</i> bring about federal
+unions of various groupings of these socialized nations; <i>Stage 3:</i>
+amalgamate all of the federal unions into one world-wide union of
+socialist states. The following passage is from the official program of
+the 1936 Communist International:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "...dictatorship can be established only by a victory of<a id="pg_113"></a>
+     socialism in different countries or groups of countries, after
+     which the proletariat republics would unite on federal lines with
+     those already in existence, and this system of federal unions would
+     expand ... at length forming the World Union of Socialist Soviet
+     Republics."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In 1939 (three years after this communist program was outlined) Clarence
+K. Streit (a Rhodes scholar who was foreign correspondent for <i>The New
+York Times</i>, covering League of Nations activities from 1929-1939) wrote
+<i>Union Now</i>, a book advocating a gradual approach through regional
+unions to final world union&ndash;an approach identical with that of the
+communists, except that Streit did not say his scheme was intended to
+achieve world dictatorship, and did not characterize the end result of
+his scheme as a "World Union of Socialist Soviet Republics."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1940, Clarence K. Streit (together with Percival F. Brundage, later a
+Director of the Budget for Eisenhower; and Melvin Ryder, publisher of
+the <i>Army Times</i>) formed Federal Union, Inc., to work for the goals
+outlined in Streit's book, <i>Union Now</i>, published the year before.</p>
+
+<p>In 1941, Streit published another book: <i>Union Now With Britain</i>. He
+claims that the union he advocated would be a step toward "formation of
+free world government." But the arguments of his book make it very clear
+that in joining a union with other nations, the United States would not
+bring to the union old American constitutional concepts of
+free-enterprise and individual freedom under limited government, but
+would rather amalgamate with the socialistic-communistic systems that
+exist in the other nations which became members of the union.</p>
+
+<p>The following passages are from page 192 of Streit's <i>Union Now With
+Britain</i>:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Democrats cannot ... quarrel with Soviet Russia or any other
+     nation because of its economic collectivism, for<a id="pg_114"></a> democracy itself
+     introduced the idea of collective machinery into politics. It is a
+     profound mistake to identify democracy and Union necessarily or
+     entirely with either capitalist or socialist society, with either
+     the method of individual or collective enterprise. There is room
+     for both of these methods in democracy....</p>
+
+<p>     "Democracy not only allows mankind to choose freely between
+     capitalism and collectivism, but it includes marxist governments,
+     parties and press...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>When the year 1941 ended, America was in World War II; and all American
+advocates of world-peace-through-world-law-and-world-government
+jubilantly struck while the iron was hot&ndash;using the hysteria and
+confusion of the early days of our involvement in the great catastrophe
+as a means of pushing us into one or another of the schemes for union
+with other nations.</p>
+
+<p>Clarence Streit states it this way, in his most recent book (<i>Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now</i>, 1961):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Japan Pearl Harbored us into the war we had sought to avoid by
+     disunion.... Now, we Americans had the white heat of war to help
+     leaders form the nuclear Atlantic Union."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On January 5, 1942 (when we had been at war less than a month), Clarence
+Streit's Federal Union, Inc., bought advertising space in major
+newspapers for a petition urging Congress to adopt a joint resolution
+favoring immediate union of the United States with several specified
+foreign nations. Such people as Harold L. Ickes (Roosevelt cabinet
+officer), Owen J. Roberts (Supreme Court Justice), and John Foster
+Dulles (later Eisenhower's Secretary of State) signed this newspaper ad
+petitioning Congress to drag America into world government. In fact,
+these notables (especially John Foster Dulles) had actually written the<a id="pg_115"></a>
+Joint Resolution which Federal Union wanted Congress to adopt.</p>
+
+<p>The world government resolution (urged upon Congress in January, 1942)
+provided among other things that in the federal union of nations to be
+formed, the "union" government would have the right: (1) to impose a
+common citizenship; (2) to tax citizens directly; (3) to make and
+enforce all laws; (4) to coin and borrow money; (5) to have a monopoly
+on all armed forces; and (6) to <i>admit new members</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The following is from a Federal Union, Inc., ad published in <i>The
+Washington Evening Star</i>, January 5, 1942, urging upon the people and
+Congress of America an immediate plunge into world government:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "....Resolved:</p>
+
+<p>     "That the President of the United States submit to Congress a
+     program for forming a powerful union of free peoples to win the
+     war, the peace, the future;</p>
+
+<p>     "That this program unite our people, on the broad lines of our
+     Constitution, with the people of Canada, the United Kingdom, Eire,
+     Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, together
+     with such other free peoples, both in the Old World and the New as
+     may be found ready and able to unite on this federal basis....</p>
+
+<p>     "We gain from the fact that all the Soviet republics are already
+     united in one government, as are also all the Chinese-speaking
+     people, once so divided. Surely, we and they must agree that union
+     now of the democracies wherever possible is equally to the general
+     advantage....</p>
+
+<p>     "Let us begin now a world United States....</p>
+
+<p>     "The surest way to shorten and to win this war is also the surest
+     way to guarantee to ourselves, and our friends and foes, that this
+     war will end in a union of the free. The surest way to do all this
+     is for us to start that union now."
+<a id="pg_116"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>World Fellowship, Inc., was also busy putting pressure on Congress in
+January, 1942. World Fellowship, Inc., is one of the oldest world
+government organizations. It was founded in 1918 as the "League of
+Neighbors."</p>
+
+<p>In 1924, the League of Neighbors united with the Union of East and West
+(which had been founded in India). In 1933, this combined organization
+reorganized and changed its name to World Fellowship of Faiths. In late
+1941, it changed its name again and incorporated&ndash;and has operated since
+that time as World Fellowship, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Willard Uphaus, a notorious communist-fronter, has been Executive
+Director of World Fellowship, Inc., since February, 1953. Here is a
+Joint Resolution which World Fellowship, Inc., urged Congress to adopt
+on or before January 30, 1942&ndash;as a <i>birthday present</i> to President
+Franklin D. Roosevelt.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Now, therefore, be it</p>
+
+<p>     "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+     States of America, in Congress assembled, That the Congress of the
+     United States of America does hereby solemnly declare that all
+     peoples of the earth should now be united in a commonwealth of
+     nations to be known as the United Nations of the World, and to that
+     end it hereby gives to the President of the United States of
+     America all the needed authority and powers of every kind and
+     description, without limitations of any kind that are necessary in
+     his sole and absolute discretion to set up and create the
+     Federation of the World, a world peace government under the title
+     of the 'United Nations of the World,' including its constitution
+     and personnel and all other matters needed or appertaining thereto
+     to the end that all nations of the world may by voluntary action
+     become a part thereof under the same terms and conditions.</p>
+
+<p>     "There is hereby authorised to be appropriated, out of any money in
+     the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the<a id="pg_117"></a> sum of 100 million
+     dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be expended by
+     the President in his sole and absolute discretion, to effectuate
+     the purposes of this joint resolution, and in addition, the sum of
+     1 billion dollars for the immediate use of the United Nations of
+     the World under its constitution as set up and created by the
+     President of the United States of America as provided in this joint
+     resolution...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congress rejected the world-government resolutions urged upon it in 1942
+by Federal Union, Inc., and by World Fellowship, Inc.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>But the formation of the United Nations in 1945 was a tremendous step in
+the direction these two organizations were travelling. The "world peace"
+aspects of the United Nations were emphasized to enlist support of the
+American public. Few Americans noticed that the UN Charter really
+creates a worldwide social, cultural, economic, educational, and
+political alliance&ndash;and commits each member nation to a program of total
+socialism for itself and to the support of total socialism for all other
+nations.</p>
+
+<p>The United Nations is, to be sure, a weaker alliance than world
+government advocates want; but the UN was the starting point and
+framework for world government.</p>
+
+<p>The massive UN propaganda during the first few years after the formation
+of the UN (1945) was so effective in brainwashing the American people,
+that the United World Federalists, beginning with the State Assembly of
+California, managed to get 27 state legislatures to pass resolutions
+demanding that Congress call a Constitutional Convention for the purpose
+of amending our Constitution in order to "expedite and insure"
+participation of the United States in a world government. When the
+American people found out what was going on, all of these "resolutions"
+were repealed&ndash;most of them before the end of 1950.<a id="pg_118"></a></p>
+
+<p>But 1949 was a great year for American world government advocates.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On April 4, 1949, Dean Acheson's "brainchild," the North Atlantic
+Treaty, was ratified by the United States. President Truman signed the
+proclamation putting NATO in force on August 24, 1949. Most Americans
+were happy with this organization. It was supposedly a military alliance
+to protect the free world against communism. But few Americans bothered
+to read the brief, 14-article treaty. If they had, Article 2 would have
+sounded rather strange and out of place in a military alliance. Here is
+Article 2 of the NATO Treaty:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The parties will contribute toward the future development of
+     peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening
+     their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding
+     of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by
+     promoting conditions of stability and <i>well being</i>. They will seek
+     to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and
+     will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here in this "military" treaty, which re-affirms the participants'
+"faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
+Nations," is the legal basis for a union, an Atlantic Union, a
+<i>supra</i>-national government, all under the United Nations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Immediately upon the formation of NATO, Clarence K. Streit created (in
+1949) the Atlantic Union Committee, Inc. Strait's old Federal Union was
+permitted to become virtually defunct (although it technically still
+exists, as publisher of Streit's books, and so on). Streit got federal
+tax exemption for the Atlantic Union Committee by writing into its
+charter a proviso that the organisation would not "attempt to influence
+legislation by propaganda or otherwise."<a id="pg_119"></a></p>
+
+<p>Yet, the charter of AUC states its purposes as follows:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "To promote support for congressional action requesting the
+     President of the United States to invite the other democracies
+     which sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty to name delegates,
+     representing their principal political parties, to meet with
+     delegates of the United States in a federal convention to explore
+     how far their peoples, and the peoples of such other democracies as
+     the convention may invite to send delegates, can apply among them,
+     within the framework of the United Nations, the principles of free
+     federal union."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>An Atlantic Union Committee Resolution, providing for the calling of an
+international convention to "explore" steps toward a limited world
+government, was actually introduced in the Congress in 1949&ndash;with the
+support of a frightful number of "liberals" then in the Congress.</p>
+
+<p>The Resolution did not come to a vote in the 81st Congress (1949-1950).
+Estes Kefauver (Democrat, Tennessee) gravitated to the leadership in
+pushing for the Resolution in subsequent Congresses; and he had the
+support of the top leadership of both parties, Republican and Democrat,
+north and south&ndash;including people like Richard Nixon, William Fulbright,
+Lister Hill, Hubert Humphrey, Mike Mansfield, Kenneth Keating, Jacob
+Javits, Christian Herter, and so on.</p>
+
+<p>From 1949 to 1959, the Atlantic Union Resolution was introduced in each
+Congress&ndash;except the one Republican-controlled Congress (83rd&ndash;1953).</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1959, Atlantic Union advocates, having got nowhere in ten years of
+trying to push their Resolution through Congress, changed tactics. In
+1959, Streit's Atlantic Union Committee published a pamphlet entitled,
+<i>Our One Best Hope&ndash;For Us&ndash;For The United Nations&ndash;For All Mankind</i>,
+recommending an "action" program to "strengthen the<a id="pg_120"></a> UN." This "action"
+program asks the U.S. Congress to pass a Resolution calling for an
+international convention which would accomplish certain "fundamental
+objectives," to wit:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "That only reasonably experienced democracies be asked to
+     participate; and that the number asked to participate should be
+     small enough to enhance the chance for early agreement, yet large
+     enough to create, if united, a preponderance of power on the side
+     of freedom.</p>
+
+<p>     "That the delegates be officially appointed but that they be
+     uninstructed by their governments so that they shall be free to act
+     in accordance with their own individual consciences.</p>
+
+<p>     "That, whatever the phraseology, it should not be such as to
+     preclude any proposal which, in the wisdom of the convention, is
+     the most practical step.</p>
+
+<p>     "That the findings of the delegates could be only recommendations,
+     later to be accepted or rejected by their legislatures and their
+     fellow citizens."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 fully carries out the purposes
+and intent of the new Atlantic Union strategy fabricated in 1959 to
+replace the old Resolution which had failed for ten years.</p>
+
+<p>The roll-call vote on this law (published in the February 27, 1961,
+issue of <i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>) shows what a powerful array of United
+States Congressmen and Senators are for this step toward world
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The debates in House and Senate (Senate: <i>Congressional Record</i>, June
+15, 1960, pp. 11724 <i>ff</i>; House: <i>Congressional Record</i>, August 24,
+1960, pp. 16261 <i>ff</i>) show something even more significant.</p>
+
+<p>While denying that the NATO Citizens Commission Law had any relation to
+the old Atlantic Union Resolution which Congress had refused for ten
+years to consider, "liberals"<a id="pg_121"></a> in both Senate and House used language
+right out of the Atlantic Union Committee pamphlet of 1959 (<i>Our Best
+Hope ...</i>) to "prove" that this NATO Citizens Commission proposal was
+not dangerous: They argued, for example, that Commission members would
+be free to act in accordance with their own individual consciences; that
+the meetings of the Commission would be purely exploratory, and that
+Commission findings would be "only recommendations," not binding on the
+U.S. government.</p>
+
+<p>Congressional "liberals" supporting the NATO Citizens Commission also
+tried to establish the respectability of the Commission by arguing that
+it was merely being created to explore means of implementing Article 2
+of the NATO Treaty. Are these "liberal" congressmen and senators so
+ignorant that they do not know the whole Atlantic Union movement is
+built under the canopy of "implementing Article 2 of this NATO Treaty?"
+Or, are they too stupid to understand this? Or, are they so dishonest
+that they distort the facts, thinking that the public is too confused or
+ignorant to discover the truth?</p>
+
+<p>Although the liberals in Congress loudly denied that the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law of 1960 had anything to do with Atlantic Union, Clarence
+Streit knew better&ndash;or was more honest. As soon as the law was passed,
+Streit began a hasty revision of his old <i>Union Now</i>. Early in 1961,
+Harper &amp; Brothers published the revision, under the title <i>Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now</i>.</p>
+
+<p>In this new book, Streit expresses jubilation about the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law; and, on the second page of the first chapter, he says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "One change in the picture, which has seemed too slight or too
+     recent to be noted yet by the general public, seems to me so
+     significant as to give in itself reason enough for new faith in
+     freedom's future, and for this new effort to advance it. On
+     September 7, 1960, President Eisenhower signed an act of Congress
+     authorizing a United States<a id="pg_122"></a> Citizens Commission on NATO to
+     organize and participate in a Convention of Citizens of North
+     Atlantic Democracies with a view to exploring fully and
+     recommending concretely how to unite their peoples better."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p><i>The Atlantic Union News</i> (published by the Atlantic Union Committee,
+Inc.) in the September, 1960, issue presents an exultant article under
+the headline "AUC Victorious: Resolution Signed by President Becomes
+Public Law 86-719."</p>
+
+<p>The article says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Members of the Atlantic Union Committee could certainly be
+     forgiven if by now they had decided that the Resolution for an
+     Atlantic Exploratory Convention would never pass both Houses of
+     Congress. However, it has just done so. It was signed into law by
+     the President September 7, 1960. The incredible size of this
+     victory is hard, even for us in Washington, to comprehend...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Who actually runs Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union Committee which
+finally succeeded in ordering the Congress and the President of the
+United States to take this sinister step toward world government? The
+Council on Foreign Relations! The three top officials of the Atlantic
+Union Committee are members of the CFR: Elmo Roper, President; William
+L. Clayton, Vice President; and Lithgow Osborne, Secretary.</p>
+
+<p>As of December, 1960, there were 871 members of the Atlantic Union
+Committee. Of these, 107 were also members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. The December, 1960, membership list of the AUC is in <a href="#appendix2">Appendix
+II</a> of this volume. Each Council on Foreign Relations member is
+designated on that list with CFR in parentheses after his name.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 provided that the Speaker of
+the House and the Vice President should<a id="pg_123"></a> select 20 persons to serve on
+the Commission. In March, 1961, Sam Rayburn and Lyndon Johnson appointed
+the following persons as members of the Commission:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Donald G. Agger; Will L. Clayton; Charles William Engelhard, Jr.;
+     George J. Feldman; Morris Forgash; Christian A. Herter; Dr. Francis
+     S. Hutchins; Eric Johnston; William F. Knowland; Hugh Moore; Ralph
+     D. Pittman, Ben Regan; David Rockefeller; Elmo B. Roper (Jr.); Mrs.
+     Edith S. Sampson; Adolph W. Schmidt; Oliver C. Schroeder; Burr S.
+     Swezey, Sr.; Alex Warden; and Douglas Wynn.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of the 20 members of the NATO Citizens Commission, 7 are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Clayton, Herter, Johnston, Moore,
+Rockefeller, Roper, Schmidt. Roper is President and Clayton is Vice
+President of the Atlantic Union Committee. The others are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The United World Federalists does not have as much power and influence
+as Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union, but is clearly the second most
+influential organization working for world government.</p>
+
+<p>The specific objective of the United World Federalists is rapid
+transformation (through expansion of the jurisdiction of the World
+Court, establishment of an international "police force," and so on) of
+the United Nations into an all-powerful world government.</p>
+
+<p>The aim of the UWF organization, as expressed in its own literature (the
+most revealing piece of which is a pamphlet called <i>Beliefs, Purposes
+and Policies</i>) is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "To create a world federal government with authority to enact,
+     interpret, and enforce world law adequate to maintain peace."
+<a id="pg_124"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The world federal government would be,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "based upon the following principles and include the following
+     powers....</p>
+
+<p>     "Membership open to all nations without the right of secession....
+     World law should be enforceable directly upon individuals.... The
+     world government should have direct taxing power independent of
+     national taxation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The UWF scheme provides for a world police force and the prohibition of
+"possession by any nation of armaments and forces beyond an approved
+level required for internal policing."</p>
+
+<p>The UWF proposes to work toward its world government scheme,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "By making use of the amendment process of the United Nations to
+     transform it into such a world federal government;</p>
+
+<p>     "By participating in world constituent assemblies, whether of
+     private individuals, parliamentary or other groups seeking to
+     produce draft constitutions for consideration and possible adoption
+     by the United Nations or by national governments...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Norman Cousins and James P. Warburg (both prominent Council on Foreign
+Relations members) formed the United World Federalists in February,
+1947, at Ashville, North Carolina, by amalgamating three small
+organizations (World Federalists, Student Federalists, and Americans
+United For World Government).</p>
+
+<p>Cousins is still honorary president of UWF. Walter Reuther (a
+"second-level" affiliate of the CFR), Cousins, and Warburg actually run
+the UWF at the top. Other Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials in the UWF include Harry A. Bullis, Arthur H. Bunker, Cass
+Canfield, Mark F. Ethridge, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.,<a id="pg_125"></a> Harold K.
+Guinzburg, Isador Lubin, Cord Meyer, Jr., Lewis Mumford, Harry Scherman,
+Raymond Gram Swing, Paul C. Smith, Walter Wanger, James D. Zellerbach.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Institute for International Order, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36,
+New York, is another organization working for world government. It was
+founded on November 17, 1948, at Washington, D.C., as the Association
+for Education in World Government. On May 17, 1952, it changed its name
+to Institute for International Government. On May 7, 1954, it changed
+names again, to the present Institute for International Order.</p>
+
+<p>The purpose of this organization has remained constant, through all the
+name changing, since it was originally founded in 1948: to strengthen
+the United Nations into a genuine world government. And it is a part of
+the interlocking apparatus which constitutes our invisible government.</p>
+
+<p>The Institute for International Order gets 75% of its income from
+foundations which members of the Council on Foreign Relations control;
+and the following CFR members are officers of the Institute: Earl D.
+Osborn (President), Henry B. Cabot (Vice President), Edward W. Barrett,
+Paul G. Hoffman, and Irving Salomon.</p>
+
+<p>In 1948, the State Department created the U.S. Committee for the UN
+(mentioned in Chapter VIII, in connection with the Advertising Council)
+as a semi-official organization to propagandize for the UN in the United
+States, with emphasis on promoting "UN Day" each year.</p>
+
+<p>The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the U.S. Committee for the
+UN. Such persons as Stanley C. Allyn, Ralph Bunche, Gardner Cowles, H.
+J. Heinz, II, Eric Johnston, Milton Katz, Stanley Marcus, Hugh Moore,
+John Nason, Earl D. Osborn, Jack I. Straus, and Walter Wheeler, Jr.&ndash;all
+Council on Foreign Relations members&ndash;are members of the U.S. Committee
+for the United Nations.<a id="pg_126"></a></p>
+
+<p>Walter Wheeler, Jr., (last name in the list above) is President of
+Pitney-Bowes, maker of postage meter machines. In 1961, Mr. Wheeler
+tried to stop all Pitney-Bowes customers from using, on their meter
+machines, the American patriotic slogan, "This is a republic, not a
+democracy: let's keep it that way." Mr. Wheeler said this slogan was
+controversial. But Mr. Wheeler supported a campaign to get the slogan of
+international socialism, <i>UN We Believe</i>, used on Pitney-Bowes postage
+meter machines&ndash;probably the most controversial slogan ever to appear in
+American advertising, as we shall see presently.</p>
+
+<p>The American Association for the United Nations&ndash;AAUN&ndash;is another
+tax-exempt, "semi-private" organization set up (not directly by the CFR,
+but by the State Department which the Council runs) as a propaganda
+agency for the UN. It serves as an outlet for UN pamphlets and, with
+chapters in most key cities throughout the United States, as an
+organizer of meetings, lecture-series, and other programs which
+propagandize about the ineffable goodness and greatness of the United
+Nations as the maker and keeper of world peace.</p>
+
+<p>The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the AAUN. Some of the leading
+CFR members who run the AAUN are: Ralph J. Bunche, Cass Canfield,
+Benjamin V. Cohen, John Cowles, Clark M. Eichelberger, Ernest A. Gross,
+Paul G. Hoffman, Palmer Hoyt, Herbert Lehman, Oscar de Lima, Irving
+Salomon, James T. Shotwell, Sumner Welles, Quincy Wright.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1958, the United States Committee for the UN created an Industry
+Participation Division for the specific purpose of getting the UN emblem
+and <i>UN We Believe</i> slogan displayed on the commercial vehicles,
+stationery, business forms, office buildings, flag poles, and
+advertising layouts of American business firms. The first major firm to<a id="pg_127"></a>
+plunge conspicuously into this pro-UN propaganda drive was United Air
+Lines.</p>
+
+<p>W. A. Patterson, President of United, is an official of the Committee
+For Economic Development, a major Council on Foreign Relations
+propaganda affiliate, and has served on the Business-Education Committee
+of the CED. Mr. Patterson had the <i>UN We Believe</i> emblem painted in a
+conspicuous place on every plane in the United Air Lines fleet. There
+was a massive protest from Americans who know that the UN is part of the
+great scheme to destroy America as a free and independent republic. Mr.
+Patterson had the UN emblems removed from his planes.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1961, the American Association for the United Nations and the U. S.
+Committee for the UN (both enjoying federal tax exemption, as
+"educational" in the "public interest") created another tax-exempt
+organization to plaster the UN emblem all over the American landscape.</p>
+
+<p>The new organization is called UN We Believe. Here is an article from
+the May-June, 1961, issue of <i>Weldwood News</i>, a house organ of United
+States Plywood Corporation (New York 36, New York):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "A. W. (Al) Teichmeier, USP director of merchandising, is the
+     Company's closest physical link to the United Nations&ndash;he's
+     President of UN We Believe.</p>
+
+<p>     "UN We Believe, under joint auspices of the American Association
+     for the UN and the U. S. Committee for the UN, is a non-profit,
+     year-round program geared to convince industry, organizations and
+     individuals how important public support can mean in preserving
+     world peace.</p>
+
+<p>     "USP uses the seal ... (UN emblem and <i>UN We Believe</i> slogan) on
+     its postage meters for all New York mailings. Among some other
+     active companies in the program are CIT, General Telephone, Texaco,
+     American Sugar Refining, P. Lorillard Co., and KLM Dutch Airlines."
+<a id="pg_128"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Plywood companies (small ones, producing hardwood plywood, if not big
+ones like USP) have been grievously hurt by the trade and foreign-aid
+policies which the UN, international-socialist crowd is responsible for.</p>
+
+<p>Lenin is said to have remarked that when it comes time for communists to
+hang all capitalists, the capitalists will bid against each other for
+contracts to sell the rope.</p>
+
+<p>The article from <i>Weldwood News</i>, quoted above, was quoted in the July
+17, 1961, issue of <i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>. The companies mentioned
+received some mail, criticizing them for supporting UN We Believe. The
+Texaco Company denied that it had ever been active in UN We Believe and
+said that the editor of <i>Weldwood News</i> had apologized for the error in
+publishing the reference to Texaco and had expressed regret for "the
+embarrassment caused" Texaco.</p>
+
+<p>While denying support for UN We Believe, however, Mr. Augustus C. Long,
+Chairman of the Board of Texaco (and a member of the Business Advisory
+Council) gave unqualified endorsement of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. In a letter dated August 17, 1961, Mr. Long said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Council on Foreign Relations is one of the most effective
+     organizations in this country devoted to spreading information on
+     international problems. The officers and directors of the Council
+     are men of reputation and stature. We believe that the Council
+     through its study groups makes an outstanding contribution to
+     public information concerning foreign policy issues."
+<a id="pg_129"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter08" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 8</h2>
+
+<h3>FOREIGN AID</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>One day in the spring of 1961, a New York lawyer received a long
+distance telephone call. Concerning this call, the <i>New York Times</i>
+reported:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "'This is President Kennedy,' the telephone voice said.</p>
+
+<p>     "'The hell you say,' retorted the lawyer. 'I guess that makes me
+     the Prime Minister of England, but what can I do for you?'</p>
+
+<p>     "'Nobody's pulling your leg,' the telephone voice said. 'This is
+     President Kennedy all right. I want to talk to you about coming
+     down here to Washington to help me with this long-term foreign aid
+     legislation.'"
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>One week later, the New York lawyer took an apartment in Washington and,
+as a member of President Kennedy's "Task Force" on foreign aid, started
+writing the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The lawyer is Theodore
+Tannenwald, Jr., a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, who wrote
+many of the foreign aid bills which President Harry Truman presented to
+Congress and who, during the first Eisenhower term, was assistant
+director of the Mutual Security Program.</p>
+
+<p>After Mr. Tannenwald and his task force had finished writing the 1961
+foreign aid bill, President Kennedy appointed Tannenwald coordinator in
+charge of "presenting" the bill to committees of the House and Senate.
+Three cabinet officers and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
+took their orders from Mr. Tannenwald, who was, according to the <i>New
+York Times</i>, "the Administration's composer, orchestrator and conductor
+of the most important legislative symphony of the Congressional
+session."<a id="pg_130"></a></p>
+
+<p>With admiration, the <i>Times</i> said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Mr. Tannenwald has been a kind of special White House ambassador
+     to Capitol Hill. While the legislative committees struggled with
+     the controversial proposal to by-pass the appropriating process and
+     give the President authority to borrow $8,800,000,000 (8 billion,
+     800 million) for development lending in the next five years, he was
+     the man in the ante-room empowered to answer questions in the name
+     of the President."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In July, 1961, President Kennedy completed Mr. Tannenwald's foreign aid
+"orchestra." On July 10, in ceremonies at the White House, the President
+formally announced creation of the newest foreign-aid propaganda
+organization, the Citizens Committee for International Development, with
+Warren Lee Pierson as chairman. Here is the membership of the Citizens
+Committee for International Development:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     <i>Eugenie Anderson</i> (member of the Atlantic Union Committee);
+     <i>William Benton</i> (Chairman of the Board of <i>Encyclopaedia
+     Britannica</i>; member of the Atlantic Union Committee); <i>Everett N.
+     Case</i> (President of Colgate University); <i>O. Roy Chalk</i> (President
+     of the District of Columbia Transit Company); <i>Malcolm S. Forbes</i>
+     (Editor and Publisher of <i>Forbes Magazine</i>); <i>Eleanor Clark
+     French</i>; <i>Albert M. Greenfield</i> (Honorary Chairman of the Board of
+     Bankers Security Corporation, Philadelphia); <i>General Alfred M.
+     Gruenther</i> (President of the American National Red Cross; member of
+     the Atlantic Union Committee); <i>Murray D. Lincoln</i> (Chairman of
+     Nationwide Insurance Company); <i>Sol M. Linowitz</i> (Chairman of Zerox
+     Corporation); <i>George Meany</i> (President of AFL-CIO); <i>William S.
+     Paley</i> (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting System);
+     <i>Warren Lee Pierson</i> (Chairman of the Board, Trans-World Airways);
+     <i>Ross Pritchard</i> (Professor of Political Science, Southwestern
+     University,<a id="pg_131"></a> Memphis); <i>Thomas S. Nichols</i> (Chairman of the Board
+     of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation; member of the Atlantic
+     Union Committee); <i>Mrs. Mary G. Roebling</i> (President Of Trenton
+     Trust Company); <i>David Sarnoff</i> (Chairman of Radio Corporation of
+     America); <i>Walter Sterling Surrey</i> (legal consultant, Economic
+     Cooperation Administration); <i>Thomas J. Watson, Jr.</i>, (President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation); <i>Walter H. Wheeler,
+     Jr.</i>, (President of Pitney-Bowes); <i>James D. Zellerbach</i> (President
+     and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corporation; Chairman of
+     Fibreboard Products, Inc.; member of the Atlantic Union Committee
+     and United World Federalists); <i>Ezra Zilkha</i> (head of Zilkha &amp;
+     Sons).
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of these 22 people, 12 (including the Chairman) are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Benton, Case, Gruenther, Paley, Pierson,
+Pritchard, Nichols, Sarnoff, Surrey, Watson, Wheeler, and Zellerbach.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Heads of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations attended the White House
+luncheon when the Committee was formed. Vice President Johnson,
+Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Attorney General Robert Kennedy were
+also present. The President urged each and all to get foundations,
+business firms, civic organizations, and the people generally, to put
+pressure on Congress in support of the 1961 foreign aid bill.</p>
+
+<p>Within a week after the July 10, White House luncheon meeting (which
+launched the CFR's foreign aid committee), the President and his
+high-level aides were talking about a grave crisis in Berlin and about
+foreign aid as <i>the</i> essential means of "meeting" that crisis.</p>
+
+<p>On July 25, when congressional debates over the foreign aid bill were in
+a critical stage, President Kennedy spoke to the nation on radio and
+television, solemnly warning the people that the Berlin situation was
+dangerous.<a id="pg_132"></a></p>
+
+<p>Immediate, additional support for the foreign aid bill came from the
+country's liberal and leftwing forces, who united in a passionate
+plea&ndash;urging the American people to support the President "in this grave
+hour."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On August 27, an Associated Press release announced that House Leader
+John W. McCormack (Democrat, Massachusetts), was attempting to enlist
+the cooperation of 2,400 city mayors in support of a long-range foreign
+aid bill to meet the President's demands.</p>
+
+<p>McCormack sent the city officials a statement of his views with a cover
+letter suggesting that the matter be brought to "the attention of
+citizens of your community through publication in your local newspaper,"
+and, further, urging their "personal endorsement of this bipartisan
+program through the medium of your local press...."</p>
+
+<p>State Department officials scheduled speaking tours throughout the land,
+and CFR affiliated organizations (like the Councils on World Affairs)
+started the build-up to provide audiences&ndash;all in the interest of
+"briefing" the American people on the necessity and beauties of foreign
+aid.</p>
+
+<p>Anyone with sense had to wonder how the giving of American tax money to
+communist governments in Europe and to socialist governments all over
+the earth could help us resist communism in Berlin. But with the top
+leaders in our society (from the President downward to officials in the
+National Council of Churches) telling us that the survival of our nation
+depended on the President's getting all the foreign aid "authorization"
+he wanted&ndash;most Americans remained silent, feeling that such
+consequential and complicated matters should be left in the hands of our
+chosen leaders.</p>
+
+<p>By the end of August, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 had been passed
+by both houses of Congress; and the<a id="pg_133"></a> Berlin crisis moved from front page
+lead articles in the nation's newspapers to less important columns.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, in 1961, as always, the foreign aid bill was a special project of
+our invisible government, the Council on Foreign Relations. And, in
+1961, as always, the great, tax-supported propaganda machine used a fear
+psychology to bludgeon the people into silence and the Congress into
+obedience.</p>
+
+<p>President Kennedy signed the Act as Public Law 87-195 on September 4,
+1961.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Public Law 87-195 authorized $10,253,500,000 (10 billion, 253 million,
+500 thousand) in foreign aid: $3,066,500,000 appropriated for the 1962
+fiscal year, and $7,187,000,000 Treasury borrowing authorized for the
+next five years. The law does require the President to obtain annual
+appropriations for the Treasury borrowing, but permits him to make
+commitments to lend the money to foreign countries, <i>before</i> he obtains
+appropriations from Congress.</p>
+
+<p>It was widely reported in the press that Congress had denied the
+President the long-term borrowing authority he had requested; but the
+President himself was satisfied. He knew that by promising loans to
+foreign governments (that is, "committing" the funds in advance of
+congressional appropriation) he would thus force Congress (in the
+interest of showing "national unity" and of not "repudiating" our
+President) to appropriate whatever he promised.</p>
+
+<p>On August 29, the President said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The compromise ... is wholly satisfactory. It gives the United
+     States Government authority to make commitments for long-term
+     development programs with reasonable assurance that these
+     commitments will be met."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Former Vice President Richard M. Nixon (a member of the CFR) was happy
+about the 1961 foreign aid bill. On<a id="pg_134"></a> August 29, Nixon, on the ABC radio
+network, said that he favored such "long-range foreign aid planning,
+financed through multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations."</p>
+
+<p>Nelson A. Rockefeller, Republican Governor of New York, announced that
+he too favored "long-range foreign aid planning, financed through
+multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations"&ndash;exactly like
+Nixon.</p>
+
+<p>Former President Eisenhower was also happy. He, too, said he favored
+this sort of thing.</p>
+
+<p>Senator J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) was almost jubilant:
+he said Congress for the next five years would be under "strong
+obligation" to put up the money for whatever the President promises to
+foreign governments.</p>
+
+<p>All in all, it is improbable that Congress ever passed another bill more
+destructive of American constitutional principles; more harmful to our
+nation politically, economically, morally, and militarily; and more
+helpful to communism-socialism all over the earth&ndash;than the Foreign
+Assistance Act of 1961, which was, from beginning to end, a product of
+the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Our foreign aid does grievous harm to the American people by burdening
+them with excessive taxation, thus making it difficult for them to
+expand their own economy. This gives government pretext for intervening
+with more taxation and controls for domestic subsidies.</p>
+
+<p>Furthermore, the money that government takes away from us for foreign
+aid is used to subsidize our political enemies and economic competitors
+abroad. Note, for example, the large quantities of agricultural goods
+which we give every year to communist satellite nations, thus enabling
+communist governments to control the hungry people<a id="pg_135"></a> of those nations.
+Note that while we are giving away our agricultural surpluses to
+communist and socialist nations, we, under the 1961 foreign aid bill (as
+under previous ones), are subsidizing agricultural production in the
+underdeveloped countries.</p>
+
+<p>The 1961 foreign aid bill prohibited direct aid to Cuba, but authorized
+contributions to United Nations agencies, which were giving aid to Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>At a time when the American economy was suffering from the flight of
+American industry to foreign lands, the 1961 foreign aid bill offered
+subsidies and investment guarantees to American firms moving abroad.</p>
+
+<p>Our foreign aid enriches and strengthens political leaders and ruling
+oligarchies (which are often corrupt) in underdeveloped lands; and it
+does infinite harm to the people of those lands, when it inflates their
+economy and foists upon them an artificially-produced industrialism
+which they are not prepared to sustain or even understand.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The basic argument for foreign aid is that by helping the underdeveloped
+nations develop, we will keep them from falling under the dictatorship
+of communism. The argument is false and unsound, historically,
+politically, economically, and morally.</p>
+
+<p>The communists have never subjugated a nation by winning the loyalties
+of the oppressed and downtrodden. The communists first win the support
+of liberal-intellectuals, and then use them to subvert and pervert all
+established mores and ideals and social and political arrangements.</p>
+
+<p>Our foreign aid does not finance freedom in foreign lands; it finances
+socialism; and a world socialist system is what communists are trying to
+establish. As early as 1921, Joseph Stalin said that the advanced
+western nations must give economic aid to other nations in order to
+socialize<a id="pg_136"></a> their economies and prepare them for integration in the
+communist's world socialist system.</p>
+
+<p>Socializing the economies of all nations so that all can be merged into
+a one-world system was the objective of Colonel Edward M. House, who
+founded the Council on Foreign Relations, and has been the objective of
+the Council, and of all its associated organizations, from the
+beginning.<a id="pg_137"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter09" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 9</h2>
+
+<h3>MORE OF THE INTERLOCK</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>It is impossible in this volume to discuss all organizations interlocked
+with the Council on Foreign Relations. In previous chapters, I have
+discussed some of the most powerful agencies in the interlock. In this
+chapter, I present brief discussions of a few organizations which make
+significant contributions to the over-all program of the Council.</p>
+
+
+<p>INSTITUTE FOR AMERICAN STRATEGY</p>
+
+<p>There are some men in the Council on Foreign Relations who condemn the
+<i>consequences</i> of the CFR's policies&ndash;but who never mention the CFR as
+responsible for those policies, and who never really suggest any change
+in the policies.</p>
+
+<p>Frank R. Barnett is such a man. Mr. Barnett, a member of the Council on
+Foreign Relations, is research director for the Richardson Foundation
+and also program director for the Institute for American Strategy, which
+is largely financed by the Richardson Foundation. The Institute for
+American Strategy holds two-day regional "Strategy Seminars" in cities
+throughout the United States. Participants in the seminars are carefully
+selected civic and community leaders. The announced official purpose of
+the seminars is:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "...to inform influential private American citizens of the danger
+     which confronts the United States in the realm of world politics.
+     They have been conceived as a means for arousing an informed and
+     articulate patriotism which can<a id="pg_138"></a> provide the basis for the
+     sustained and intensive effort which alone can counter the skillful
+     propaganda and ruthless conquest so successfully practiced by the
+     Soviet Union and her allies and satellites."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett is generally one of the featured speakers at these seminars.
+He speaks effectively, arousing his audience to an awareness of the
+Soviets as an ugly menace to freedom and decency in the world. He makes
+his audience squirm with anxiety about how America is losing the cold
+war on all fronts, and makes them burn with desire to reverse this
+trend. But when it comes to suggesting what can be done about the
+terrible situation, Mr. Barnett seems only to recommend that more and
+more people listen to more and more speakers like him in order to become
+angrier at the Soviets and more disturbed about American losses&ndash;so that
+we can continue the same policies we have, but do a better job with
+them.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett never criticizes the basic internationalist policy of
+entwining the affairs of America with those of other nations, because
+Mr. Barnett, like all other internationalists, takes it for granted that
+America can no longer defend herself, without "allies," whom we must buy
+with foreign aid. He does imply that our present network of permanent,
+entangling alliances is not working well; but he never hints that we
+should abandon this disastrous policy and return to the traditional
+American policy of benign neutrality and no-permanent-involvement, which
+offers the only possible hope for our peace and security. Rather, Mr.
+Barnett would just like us to conduct our internationalist policy in
+such a way as to avoid the disaster which our internationalist policy is
+building for us.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett's recommendations on how to fight communism on the domestic
+front also trail off, generally, into contradictions and confusion. For
+example, in his speech<a id="pg_139"></a> to the "Strategy Seminar" arranged by the
+Institute for American Strategy and sponsored by the Fulton County
+Medical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, June, 1961, Mr. Barnett urged all
+citizens to inform themselves about the communist threat and become
+educated on its aims so that they will be capable of combatting
+communist propaganda. But, Mr. Barnett said, citizens are "silly" who
+concern themselves with trying to find communists and fellow-travelers
+in the PTA!</p>
+
+<p>In a speech to reserve officers at the War College in July, 1961, Mr.
+Barnett denounced "crackpots" who hunt "pinkos" in local colleges. He
+said the theory that internal subversion is the chief danger to the
+United States is fallacious&ndash;and is harmful, because it has great
+popular appeal. Belief in this theory, Mr. Barnett said, makes people
+mistakenly feel that they "don't have to think about ... strengthening
+NATO, or improving foreign aid management, or volunteering for the Peace
+Corps, or anything else that might require sacrifice."</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Barnett, who speaks persuasively as an expert on fighting communism,
+apparently does not know that the real work of the communist conspiracy
+is not performed by the shabby people who staff the official apparatus
+of the communist party, but is done by well-intentioned people (in the
+PTA and similar organizations) who have been brainwashed with communist
+ideas. Communists (whom Mr. Barnett hates and fears) did not do the
+tremendous job of causing the United States to abandon her traditional
+policies of freedom and independence for the internationalist policies
+which are dragging us into one-world socialism. The most distinguished
+and respected Americans of our time, in the Council on Foreign Relations
+(of which Mr. Barnett is a member) did this job.</p>
+
+<p>It is interesting to note that the principal book offered for sale and
+recommended for reading at Mr. Barnett's,<a id="pg_140"></a> "Strategy Seminars" is
+<i>American Strategy For The Nuclear Age</i>. The first chapter in the book,
+entitled "Basic Aims of United States Foreign Policy," is a reprint of a
+Council on Foreign Relations report, compiled by a CFR meeting in 1959,
+attended by such well-known internationalist "liberals" as Frank
+Altschul, Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Robert Blum,
+Robert R. Bowie, John Cowles, Arthur H. Dean, Thomas K. Finletter,
+William C. Foster, W. Averell Harriman, Philip C. Jessup, Joseph E.
+Johnson, Henry R. Luce, I. I. Rabi, Herman B. Wells, Henry M. Wriston.</p>
+
+
+<p>COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS</p>
+
+<p>On December 6, 1960, President Eisenhower presented, to President-elect
+Kennedy, a report by the President's Commission on National Goals, a
+group of "distinguished" Americans whom President Eisenhower had
+appointed 11 months before to find out what America's national purpose
+should be.</p>
+
+<p>The national purpose of this nation <i>should be</i> exactly what it was
+during the first 125 years of our national life: to stand as proof that
+free men can govern themselves; to blaze a trail toward freedom, a trail
+which all people, if they wish, can follow or guide themselves by,
+without any meddling from us.</p>
+
+<p>Hydrogen bombs and airplanes and intercontinental ballistic missiles do
+not change basic principles. The principles on which our nation was
+founded are eternal, as valid now as in the 18th century.</p>
+
+<p>Indeed, modern developments in science should make us cling to those
+principles. If foreign enemies can now destroy our nation by pressing a
+button, it seems obvious that our total defense effort should be devoted
+to protecting our nation against such an attack: it is suicidal for us
+to<a id="pg_141"></a> waste any of our defense effort on "economic improvement" and
+military assistance for other nations.</p>
+
+<p>All of this being obvious, it is also obvious that the President's
+Commission on National Goals was not really trying to discover our
+"national purpose." "National Purpose" was the label for a propaganda
+effort intended to help perpetuate governmental policies, which are
+dragging America into international socialism, regardless of who
+succeeded Eisenhower as President.</p>
+
+<p>The Report is actually a rehash of major provisions in the 1960 Democrat
+and Republican party platforms. More than that, it is, in several
+fundamental and specific ways, identical with the 1960 published program
+of the communist party. (For a full discussion of the President's
+Commission on National Goals, see <i>The Dan Smoot Report</i>, "Our National
+Purpose," December 12, 1960.)</p>
+
+<p>Who were the "distinguished" Americans whom Eisenhower appointed to draw
+this blueprint of America's National Purpose? They were:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Erwin D. Canham, Editor-in-Chief of the <i>Christian Science
+     Monitor</i>; James B. Conant, former President of Harvard; Colgate W.
+     Darden, Jr., former President of the University of Virginia and
+     former Governor of Virginia; Crawford H. Greenewalt, President of
+     E. I. du Pont de Nemours &amp; Co., Inc.; General Alfred M. Gruenther,
+     President of the American Red Cross; Learned Hand, retired judge of
+     the U.S. Court of Appeals; Clark Kerr, President of the University
+     of California; James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Massachusetts
+     Institute of Technology; George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO;
+     Frank Pace, Jr., former member of Truman's cabinet; Henry M.
+     Wriston, President of American Assembly and President Emeritus of
+     Brown University.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Of the 11, 7 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;Canham,
+Conant, Gruenther, Hand, Killian,<a id="pg_142"></a> Pace, Wriston. All of the others are
+lower-level affiliates of the CFR.</p>
+
+
+<p>NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION</p>
+
+<p>The National Planning Association was established in 1934 "to bring
+together leaders from agriculture, business, labor, and the professions
+to pool their experience and foresight in developing workable plans for
+the nation's future...."</p>
+
+<p>The quotation is from an NPA booklet, which also says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Every year since the NPA was organized in 1934, its reports have
+     strongly influenced our national economy, U.S. economic policy, and
+     business decisions."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations listed as officials
+of the National Planning Association: Frank Altschul, Laird Bell,
+Courtney C. Brown, Eric Johnston, Donald R. Murphy, Elmo Roper,
+Beardsley Ruml, Hans Christian Sonne, Lauren Soth, Wayne Chatfield
+Taylor, John Hay Whitney.</p>
+
+<p>The following officials of National Planning Association are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR&ndash;or are, at any rate, worth noting:
+Arnold Zander, International President of American Federation of State,
+County and Municipal Employees; Solomon Barkin, Director of Research for
+the Textile Workers Union of America; L. S. Buckmaster, General
+President, United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum &amp; Plastic Workers of America;
+James B. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer of CIO; Albert J. Hayes,
+International President of International Association of Machinists; and
+Walter P. Reuther.</p>
+
+
+<p>AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION</p>
+
+<p>In 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union was founded by Felix
+Frankfurter, a member of the Council on Foreign<a id="pg_143"></a> Relations, William Z.
+Foster, then head of the U.S. Communist Party; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a
+top communist party official; Dr. Harry F. Ward, of Union Theological
+Seminary, a notorious communist-fronter; and Roger Baldwin.</p>
+
+<p>Patrick M. Malin, a member of the CFR, has been director of the American
+Civil Liberties Union since 1952. Other CFR members who are known to be
+officials in the American Civil Liberties Union are: William Butler,
+Richard S. Childs, Norman Cousins, Palmer Hoyt, Jr., J. Robert
+Oppenheimer, Elmo Roper, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.</p>
+
+
+<p>NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS</p>
+
+<p>The late Charles Evans Hughes (a member of the CFR) and the late S.
+Parkes Cadman (former President of the Federal&ndash;now National&ndash;Council of
+Churches) founded the National Conference of Christians and Jews in
+1928.</p>
+
+<p>In June, 1950 (at the suggestion of Paul Hoffman) the National
+Conference of Christians and Jews founded World Brotherhood at UNESCO
+House in Paris, France. The officers of World Brotherhood were: Konrad
+Adenauer, William Benton, Arthur H. Compton, Paul Henri-Spaak, Paul G.
+Hoffman, Herbert H. Lehman, John J. McCloy, George Meany, Madame Pandit,
+Paul Reynaud, Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In August, 1958, World Brotherhood held a seminar in Bern, Switzerland.
+All of the officers listed above attended and prepared "working papers."
+Here is a summary of conclusions reached at this World Brotherhood
+meeting, as condensed from an article by Arthur Krock, in <i>The New York
+Times</i>, November 21, 1958:<a id="pg_144"></a></p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     <i>We must recognize that the communist countries are here to stay
+     and cannot be wished away by propaganda. All is not bad in
+     communist countries. Western nations could learn from communist
+     experiments. We should study ways to make changes in both
+     systems&ndash;communist and western&ndash;in order to bring them nearer
+     together. We should try to eliminate the stereo-type attitudes
+     about, and suspicion of, communism. We must assume that the
+     communist side is not worse than, but merely different from, our
+     side.</i>
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In May, 1960, World Brotherhood held a conference on "World Tensions" at
+Chicago University. Lester B. Pearson (socialist-internationalist from
+Canada) presided at the conference; and the following members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations served as officials: William Benton, Ralph
+Bunche, Marquis Childs, Harlan Cleveland, Norman Cousins, Ernest A.
+Gross, Paul G. Hoffman, and Adlai Stevenson.</p>
+
+<p>The National Conference of Christians and Jews-World Brotherhood 1960
+meeting on "World Tensions," at Chicago University, concluded that the
+communists are interested in more trade but not interested in political
+subversion, and recommended:</p>
+
+<p>(1) a three-billion-dollar-a-year increase in U. S. foreign aid to
+"poor" countries; (2) repeal of the Connally Reservation; (3) closer
+relations between the U. S. and communist countries.</p>
+
+<p>Adlai Stevenson told the group that Khrushchev is merely a "tough and
+realistic politician and polemicist," with whom it is possible to
+"conduct the dialogue of reason."</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In 1961, World Brotherhood, Inc., changed its name to Conference On
+World Tensions.</p>
+
+
+<p>AMERICAN ASSEMBLY</p>
+
+<p>In 1950, when President of Columbia University, General<a id="pg_145"></a> Dwight D.
+Eisenhower founded the American Assembly&ndash;sometimes calling itself the
+Arden House Group, taking this name from its headquarters and meeting
+place. The Assembly holds a series of meetings at Arden House in New
+York City about every six months, and other round-table discussions at
+varying intervals throughout the nation.</p>
+
+<p>The 19th meeting of the Arden House Group, which ended May 7, 1961, was
+typical of all others, in that it was planned and conducted by members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations&ndash;and concluded with recommendations
+concerning American policy, which, if followed, would best serve the
+ends of the Kremlin.</p>
+
+<p>This 1961 Arden House meeting dealt with the problem of disarmament.
+Henry M. Wriston (President of American Assembly and Director of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) presided over the three major discussion
+groups&ndash;each group, in turn, was under the chairmanship of a member of
+the Council: Raymond J. Sontag of the University of California; Milton
+Katz, Director of International Legal Studies at Harvard; and Dr. Philip
+E. Mosely, Director of Studies for the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>John J. McCloy (a member of the CFR) as President Kennedy's Director of
+Disarmament, sent three subordinates to participate. Two of the three
+(Edmund A. Gullion, Deputy Director of the Disarmament Administration;
+and Shepard Stone, a Ford Foundation official) are members of the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>Here are two major recommendations which the May, 1961, American
+Assembly meeting made:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     (1) that the United States avoid weapons and measures which might
+     give "undue provocation" to the Soviets, and which might reduce the
+     likelihood of disarmament agreements;</p>
+
+<p>     (2) that the United States strengthen its conventional<a id="pg_146"></a> military
+     forces for participation in "limited wars" but avoid building up an
+     ordnance of nuclear weapons.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>We cannot match the communist nations in manpower or "conventional
+military forces" and should not try. Our only hope is to keep our
+military manpower in reserve, and uncommitted, in the United States,
+while building an overwhelming superiority in nuclear weapons. When we
+"strengthen our conventional forces for participation in limited wars,"
+we are leaving the Soviets with the initiative to say when and where
+those wars will be fought; and we are committing ourselves to fight with
+the kind of forces in which the Soviets will inevitably have
+superiority. More than that, we are consuming so much of our economic
+resources that we do not have enough left for weaponry of the kind that
+would defend our homeland.</p>
+
+
+<p>AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION</p>
+
+<p>The ADA was founded in April, 1947, at a meeting in the old Willard
+Hotel, Washington, D. C. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
+dominated this meeting&ndash;and have dominated the ADA ever since.</p>
+
+<p>Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations who are, or were,
+top officials in Americans For Democratic Action: Francis Biddle,
+Chester Bowles, Marquis Childs, Elmer Davis, William H. Davis, David
+Dubinsky, Thomas K. Finletter, John Kenneth Galbraith, Palmer Hoyt,
+Hubert H. Humphrey, Jacob K. Javits, Herbert H. Lehman, Reinhold
+Niebuhr, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Here are some of the policies which the ADA openly and vigorously
+advocated in 1961:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     <b>Abolition of the House Committee on Un-American Activities</b><a id="pg_147"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Congressional investigation of the John Birch Society</p>
+
+<p>     Total Disarmament under United Nations control</p>
+
+<p>     U. S. recognition of red China</p>
+
+<p>     Admission of red China to the United Nations, in place of
+     nationalist China</p>
+
+<p>     Federal aid to all public schools</p>
+
+<p>     Drastic overhaul of our immigration laws, to permit a more
+     "liberal" admission of immigrants</p>
+
+<p>     Urban renewal and planning for all cities
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Here is a good, brief characterization of the ADA, from a <i>Los Angeles
+Times</i> editorial, September 18, 1961:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The ADA members ... are as an organization strikingly like the
+     British Fabian Socialists.... The Fabians stood for non-Marxian
+     evolutionary socialism, to be achieved not by class war but by
+     ballot....</p>
+
+<p>     "ADA is not an organization for subversive violence like
+     Marxist-Lenin communism.... The socialism they want to bring about
+     would be quite as total, industrially, as that in Russia, but they
+     would accomplish it by legislation, not by shooting, and, of
+     course, by infiltrating the executive branch of the government...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC.</p>
+
+<p>In 1955, Bertrand Russell (British pro-communist socialist) and the late
+Albert Einstein (notorious for the number of communist fronts he
+supported) held a meeting in London (attended by communists and
+socialists from all over the world). In a fanfare of publicity, Russell
+and Einstein demanded international co-operation among atomic
+scientists.</p>
+
+<p>Taking his inspiration from this meeting, Cyrus Eaton (wealthy American
+industrialist, notorious for his consistent pro-communist sympathies),
+in 1956, held the first "Pugwash Conference," which was a gathering of
+pro<a id="pg_148"></a>-Soviet propagandists, called scientists, from red China, the Soviet
+Union, and Western nations.</p>
+
+<p>Another Pugwash Conference was held in 1957; and from these Pugwash
+Conferences, the idea for a Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., emerged.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., was founded in November, 1957, with national
+headquarters in New York City, and with Bertrand Russell of England and
+Swedish socialist Gunnar Myrdal (among others) as honorary sponsors.</p>
+
+<p>Officers of Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., are largely second-level
+affiliates of the Council on Foreign Relations, with a good
+representation from the CFR itself. Here are past and present officials
+of SANE, who are also members of the Council on Foreign Relations: Harry
+A. Bullis, Henry Seidel Canby, Norman Cousins, Clark M. Eichelberger,
+Lewis Mumford, Earl D. Osborn, Elmo Roper, James T. Shotwell, James P.
+Warburg.</p>
+
+<p>Other national officials of SANE, who are not members of the CFR, but
+worthy of note, are: Steve Allen, Harry Belafonte, Walt Kelly, Martin
+Luther King, Linus Pauling, Norman Thomas, Bruno Walter.</p>
+
+<p>A typical activity of SANE was a public rally at Madison Square Garden
+in New York City on May 19, 1960, featuring speeches by Eleanor
+Roosevelt, Walter Reuther, Norman Thomas, Alf Landon, Israel Goldstein,
+and G. Mennen Williams. All speakers demanded disarmament and
+strengthening the United Nations until it becomes strong enough to
+maintain world peace.</p>
+
+<p>Commenting on this SANE rally at Madison Square Garden, Senator James O.
+Eastland, Chairman of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee said (in
+a press release from his office, dated October 12, 1960):</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The communists publicized the meeting well in advance<a id="pg_149"></a> through
+     their own and sympathetic periodicals.... The affair, in Madison
+     Square Garden May 19, was sponsored by the Committee for a Sane
+     Nuclear Policy.... Chief organizer of the Garden meeting, however,
+     was one Henry H. Abrams of 11 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,
+     who was a veteran member of the communist party.... It is to the
+     credit of the officers of the organization that, when Abrams'
+     record of communist connections was brought to their attention,
+     Abrams was immediately discharged."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+
+<p>FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE</p>
+
+<p>The Free Europe Committee, Inc., was founded in New York, primarily by
+Herbert H. Lehman (then United States Senator) in 1949. Its revenue
+comes from the big foundations (principally, Ford) and from annual
+fund-raising drives conducted in the name of Crusade for Freedom. The
+main activity of The Free Europe Committee (apart from the fund raising)
+is the running of Radio Free Europe and Free Europe Press.</p>
+
+<p>Every year, Crusade for Freedom (with major assistance from Washington
+officialdom) conducts a vigorous nationwide drive, pleading for "truth
+dollars" from the American people to finance the activities of Radio
+Free Europe and Free Europe Press, which are supposed to be fighting
+communism behind the iron curtain by spreading the truth about communism
+to people in the captive satellite nations.</p>
+
+<p>It is widely known among well-informed anti-communists, however, that
+Radio Free Europe actually helps, rather than hurts, the cause of
+international communism&ndash;particularly in the captive nations.</p>
+
+<p>Radio Free Europe broadcasts tell the people behind the iron curtain
+that communism is bad&ndash;as if they did not know this better than the RFE
+broadcasters do; but the broadcasts consistently support the programs,
+and present the ideology, of international socialism, always advocating
+the equivalent of a one-world socialist society as the solu<a id="pg_150"></a>tion to all
+problems. This is, of course, the communist solution. And it is also the
+solution desired by the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<p>A bill of particulars which reveals that Radio Free Europe helps rather
+than hurts communism with its so-called "anti-communist" broadcasts can
+be found in the <i>Congressional Record</i> for June 20, 1956. An article,
+beginning on page A4908, was put in the <i>Record</i> by former Congressman
+Albert H. Bosch, of New York. It was written by George Brada, a
+Czechoslovakian who fled his homeland after the communists had taken
+over in 1948. Brada now lives in Western Germany and is active in a
+number of anti-communist groups in Western Europe.</p>
+
+<p>In reality, the Free Europe Committee and its subsidiary organizations
+constitute another propaganda front for the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Here, for example, are the CFR members who are, or have been,
+top officials of Free Europe Committee, Crusade for Freedom, or Radio
+Free Europe&ndash;or all three: Adolf A. Berle, David K. E. Bruce, General
+Lucius D. Clay, Will L. Clayton, Allen W. Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
+Mark F. Ethridge, Julius Fleischmann, Henry Ford II, Walter S. Gifford,
+Joseph C. Grew, Palmer Hoyt, C. D. Jackson, Herbert H. Lehman, Henry R.
+Luce, Edward R. Murrow, Irving S. Olds, Arthur W. Page, David Sarnoff,
+Whitney H. Shepardson, George N. Shuster, Charles M. Spofford, Harold E.
+Stassen, H. Gregory Thomas, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr.</p>
+
+
+<p>NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE</p>
+
+<p>The Council on Foreign Relations has had a strong (though, probably, not
+controlling) hand in the NAACP. Felix Frankfurter, CFR member, was an
+attorney for the<a id="pg_151"></a> NAACP for ten years. Other CFR members who are, or
+were, officials of the NAACP: Ralph Bunche, Norman Cousins, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Hammond, Herbert H. Lehman.</p>
+
+
+<p>AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA</p>
+
+<p>The American Committee on Africa is a propaganda agency which
+concentrates on condemning the apartheid policies of the government of
+the Union of South Africa&ndash;a nation of white people (practically
+encircled by millions of black savages), who feel that their racial
+policies are their only hope of avoiding total submergence and
+destruction. In addition to disseminating propaganda to create ill-will
+for South Africa among Americans, the American Committee on Africa gives
+financial assistance to agitators and revolutionaries in the Union of
+South Africa.</p>
+
+<p>It has, for example, given financial aid to 156 persons charged with
+treason under the laws of the Union.</p>
+
+<p>Here are some of the Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials of the American Committee on Africa: Gardner Cowles, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Gunther, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Dr. Robert L.
+Johnson, Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Mrs. Chester
+Bowles is also an official.</p>
+
+
+<p>WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN</p>
+
+<p>The World Population Emergency Campaign urges the United States
+government to use American tax money in an effort to solve the world
+population problem. It specifically endorses the 1959 Draper Report on
+foreign aid, which recommended that the United States appropriate money
+for a United Nations population control project.</p>
+
+<p>Leadership of the World Population Emergency Campaign is dominated by
+such CFR members as: Will L. Clayton, Lammot DuPont Copeland, Major
+General Wil<a id="pg_152"></a>liam H. Draper, John Nuveen. Most of the members of the
+"Campaign" also belong to the Atlantic Union Committee, or to some other
+second-level affiliate of the CFR.</p>
+
+
+<p>SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE</p>
+
+<p>The School of International Service at American University in
+Washington, D. C., initiated a new academic program to train foreign
+service officers and other officials in newly independent nations,
+commencing in September, 1961. The foreign diplomats will study courses
+on land reforms, finance, labor problems, and several courses on Soviet
+and Chinese communism. The program (under the newly created Center of
+Diplomacy and Foreign Policy) is directed by former Under Secretary of
+State Loy W. Henderson, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+
+<p>INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION</p>
+
+<p>In 1919, Elihu Root and Stephen Duggan (both members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations) founded the Institute of International Education, to
+develop international understanding and goodwill through exchange of
+students, teachers, and others in the educational field.</p>
+
+<p>Prior to World War II, the Institute was financed by the Carnegie
+Corporation. Since the War, the federal government has contributed a
+little more than one-third of the Institute's annual income of about 1.8
+million dollars. Foundations, corporations, individuals, and colleges,
+contribute the rest.</p>
+
+<p>The Institute is wholly a CFR operation. Its officials are: Stanley C.
+Allyn, Edward W. Barrett, Chester Bowles, Ralph J. Bunche, William C.
+Foster, Arthur A. Houghton, Grayson L. Kirk, Edward R. Murrow, George N.
+Shuster, and James D. Zellerbach&ndash;all members of the CFR.<a id="pg_153"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter10" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 10</h2>
+
+<h3>COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>In nine chapters of this Volume, I have managed to discuss only a few of
+the most powerful organizations interlocked with the Council on Foreign
+Relations, to form an amazing web which is the invisible government of
+the United States. There are scores of such organizations.</p>
+
+<p>I have managed to name, relatively, only a few of the influential
+individuals who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, or of
+affiliated agencies, and who also occupy key jobs in the executive
+branch of government, including the Presidency.</p>
+
+<p>I have asserted that the objective of the invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist nation and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.</p>
+
+<p>The managers of the combine do not admit this, of course. They are
+"liberals" who say that the old "negative" kind of government we used to
+have is inadequate for this century. The liberals' "positive" foreign
+policy is said to be necessary for "world peace" and for meeting
+"America's responsibility" in the world. Their "positive" domestic
+policies are said to be necessary for the continued improvement and
+progress of our "free-enterprise" system.</p>
+
+<p>But the "positive" foreign policy for peace has dragged us into so many
+international commitments (many of which are in direct conflict with
+each other: such as, our subsidizing national independence for former
+colonies of European powers, while we are also subsidizing the European
+powers trying to keep the colonies) that, if we continue in our present
+direction, we will inevitably find ourselves in<a id="pg_154"></a> perpetual war for
+perpetual peace&ndash;or we will surrender our freedom and national
+independence and become an out-voted province in a socialist one-world
+system.</p>
+
+<p>The liberals' "positive" domestic policies always bring the federal
+government into the role of subsidizing and controlling the economic
+activities of the people; and that is the known highway to the total,
+tyrannical socialist state.</p>
+
+<p>The Council on Foreign Relations is rapidly achieving its purpose. An
+obvious reason for its success: it is reaching the American public with
+its clever propaganda.</p>
+
+<p>However much power the CFR combine may have inside the agencies of
+government; however extensive the reach of its propaganda through
+organizations designed to "educate" the public to acceptance of CFR
+ideas&ndash;the CFR needs to reach the <i>mass</i> audience of Americans who do
+not belong to, or attend the meetings of, or read material distributed
+by, the propaganda organizations. Council on Foreign Relations leaders
+are aware of this need, and they have met it.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>In the 1957 Annual Report of the Committee for Economic Development (a
+major propaganda arm of the CFR), Gardner Cowles, then Chairman of CED's
+Information Committee, did a bit of boasting about how successful CED
+had been in communicating its ideas to the general public. Mr. Cowles
+said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The value of CED's research and recommendations is directly
+     related to its ability to communicate them ... the organization's
+     role as an agency that can influence private and public economic
+     policies and decisions ... can be effective ... only to the extent
+     that CED gets its ideas across to thinking people....</p>
+
+<p>     "During the year [1957], the Information Division [of CED]
+     distributed 42 pamphlets having a total circulation <a id="pg_155"></a>of 545,585;
+     issued 37 press releases and texts of statements; arranged 4 press
+     conferences, 10 radio and television appearances, 12 speeches for
+     Trustees, 3 magazine articles and the publication of 3 books.... In
+     assessing the year, we are reminded again of the great debt we owe
+     the nation's editors. Their regard for the objectivity and
+     non-partisanship of CED's work is reflected in the exceptional
+     attention they give to what CED has to say. The [CED] statement,
+     'Toward a Realistic Farm Policy,' for example not only received
+     extended news treatment but was the subject of 362 editorials. The
+     circulation represented in the editorials alone totaled
+     19,336,299."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Cowles was modest. He gave only a hint of the total extent to which
+the mass-communication media have become a controlled propaganda network
+for the Council on Foreign Relations and its inter-connecting agencies.</p>
+
+<p>I doubt that anyone really knows the full extent. My research reveals a
+few of the CFR members who have (or have had) controlling, or extremely
+influential, positions in the publishing and broadcasting industries. My
+list of <i>CFR members</i> in this field is far from complete; and I have not
+tried to compile a list of the thousands of people who are <i>not</i> members
+of the CFR, but who <i>are</i> members of CED, FPA, or of some other CFR
+affiliate&ndash;and who also control important channels of public
+communications.</p>
+
+<p>Hence, the following list&ndash;of Council on Foreign Relations members whom
+I know to be influential in the communications industries&ndash;is intended
+to be indicative, rather than comprehensive and informative:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     Herbert Agar (former Editor, <i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Hanson W. Baldwin (Military Affairs Editor, <i>New York Times</i>)<a id="pg_156"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Joseph Barnes (Editor-in-Chief, Simon &amp; Schuster, Publishers)</p>
+
+<p>     Elliott V. Bell (Chairman of Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill
+     Publishing Co.; Publisher and Editor of <i>Business Week</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     John Mason Brown (Editor, <i>Saturday Review of Literature</i>, drama
+     critic, author)</p>
+
+<p>     Cass Canfield (Chairman of the Editorial Board of Harper &amp;
+     Brothers, Publishers)</p>
+
+<p>     Marquis Childs (author, syndicated columnist)</p>
+
+<p>     Norman Cousins (Editor-in-Chief, <i>Saturday Review of Literature</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Gardner Cowles, quoted above from the 1957 CED Annual Report, and
+     John Cowles (They occupy controlling offices in Cowles Magazine
+     Company, which owns such publications as <i>Look</i>, <i>Minneapolis Star
+     and Tribune</i>, and <i>Des Moines Register and Tribune</i>, and which also
+     owns a broadcasting company.)</p>
+
+<p>     Mark Ethridge (Publisher, <i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>, <i>Louisville
+     Times</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     George Gallup (public opinion analyst, Gallup Poll; President,
+     National Municipal League)</p>
+
+<p>     Philip Graham (Publisher, <i>Washington Post and Times Herald</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Allen Grover (Vice President of <i>Time</i>, Inc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Joseph C. Harsch (of <i>The Christian Science Monitor</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     August Heckscher (Editor, <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Palmer Hoyt (Publisher, <i>Denver Post</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     David Lawrence (President and Editor-in-Chief, <i>U. S. News and
+     World Report</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Hal Lehrman (Editor, <i>New York Post</i>)<a id="pg_157"></a></p>
+
+<p>     Irving Levine (NBC news official and commentator)</p>
+
+<p>     Walter Lippmann (author, syndicated columnist)</p>
+
+<p>     Henry R. Luce (Publisher, <i>Time</i>, <i>Life</i>, <i>Fortune</i>, <i>Sports
+     Illustrated</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Malcolm Muir (Chairman of the Board and Editor-in-Chief,
+     <i>Newsweek</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     William S. Paley (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting
+     System)</p>
+
+<p>     Ogden Reid (former Chairman of the Board, <i>New York Herald
+     Tribune</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Whitelaw Reid (former Editor-in-Chief, <i>New York Herald Tribune</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     James B. Reston (Editorial writer, <i>New York Times</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     Elmo Roper (public opinion analyst, Roper Poll)</p>
+
+<p>     David Sarnoff (Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of
+     America&ndash;NBC, RCA Victor, etc.)</p>
+
+<p>     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board,
+     Book-of-the-Month Club)</p>
+
+<p>     William L. Shirer (author, news commentator)</p>
+
+<p>     Paul C. Smith (President and Editor-in-Chief, Crowell-Collier
+     Publishing Company)</p>
+
+<p>     Leland Stone (head of News Reporting for Radio Free Europe,
+     <i>Chicago Daily News</i> foreign correspondent)</p>
+
+<p>     Robert Kenneth Straus (former research director for F. D.
+     Roosevelt's Council of Economic Advisers; owner and publisher of
+     the San Fernando, California, <i>Sun</i>; largest stockholder and member
+     of Board of Orange Coast Publishing Company, which publishes the
+     <i>Daily Globe-Herald</i> of Costa Mesa, the <i>Pilot</i> and other small
+     newspapers in California; member of group which owns and publishes
+     <i>American Heritage</i> and <i>Horizon</i> magazines; Treasurer<a id="pg_158"></a> and
+     Director of Industrial Publishing Company of Cleveland, which
+     publishes trade magazines)</p>
+
+<p>     Arthur Hayes Sulzberger (Chairman of the Board, <i>New York Times</i>)</p>
+
+<p>     C. L. Sulzberger (Editorial writer, <i>New York Times</i>)
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>I do not mean to imply that all of these people are controlled by the
+Council on Foreign Relations, or that they uniformly support the total
+program of international socialism which the Council wants. The Council
+does not <i>own</i> its members: it merely has varying degrees of influence
+on each.</p>
+
+<p>For example, former President Herbert Hoover, a member of the Council,
+has fought eloquently against many basic policies which the Council
+supports. Spruille Braden is another.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Braden formerly held several important ambassadorial posts and at
+one time was Assistant Secretary of State in charge of American Republic
+Affairs. In recent years, Mr. Braden has given leadership to many
+patriotic organizations and efforts, such as For America and The John
+Birch Society; and, in testimony before various committees of Congress,
+he has given much valuable information about communist influences in the
+State Department.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Braden joined the Council on Foreign Relations in the late 1920's or
+early 30's, when membership in the Council was a fashionable badge of
+respectability, helpful to the careers of young men in the foreign
+service, in the same way that membership in expensive country clubs and
+similar organizations is considered helpful to the careers of young
+business executives.</p>
+
+<p>Men who know Braden well say that he stayed in the Council after he came
+to realize its responsibility for the policies of disaster which our
+nation has followed in the<a id="pg_159"></a> postwar era&ndash;hoping to exert some
+pro-American influence inside the Council.</p>
+
+<p>It apparently was a frustrated hope. There is a story in well-informed
+New York circles about the last time the Council on Foreign Relations
+ever called on Spruille Braden to participate in an important activity.
+Braden was asked to preside over a Council on Foreign Relations meeting
+when the featured speaker was Herbert Matthews (member of the <i>New York
+Times</i> editorial board) whose support of communist Castro in Cuba is
+notorious. It is said that the anti-communist viewpoint which Braden
+tried to inject into this meeting will rather well guarantee against his
+ever being asked to officiate at another CFR affair.</p>
+
+<p>Generally, however, the degree of influence which the CFR exerts upon
+its own members is very high indeed.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Apart from an occasional article or editorial which criticizes some
+aspect of, or some leader in, the socialist revolution in America; and
+despite much rhetoric in praise of "free enterprise" and "the American
+way," such publications as <i>Time</i>, <i>Life</i>, <i>Fortune</i>, <i>New York Times</i>,
+<i>New York Post</i>, <i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>, <i>Washington Post and
+Times Herald</i>, <i>Saturday Review of Literature</i>, the <i>Denver Post</i>, <i>The
+Christian Science Monitor</i> and <i>Look</i> (I name only those, in the list
+above, which I, personally, have read a great deal.) have not one time
+in the past 15 years spoken editorially against any fundamentally
+important aspect of the over-all governmental policies which are
+dragging this nation into socialism and world government&ndash;at least, not
+to my knowledge.</p>
+
+<p>On the contrary, these publications heartily support those policies,
+criticizing them, if at all, only about some detail&ndash;or for being too
+timid, small and slow!</p>
+
+<p>In contrast, David Lawrence, of <i>U. S. News &amp; World Report</i>, publishes
+fine, objective news-reporting, often featuring articles which factually
+expose the costly fallacies of gov<a id="pg_160"></a>ernmental policy. This is especially
+true of <i>U. S. News &amp; World Report</i> in connection with domestic issues.
+On matters of foreign policy, David Lawrence often goes down the line
+for the internationalist policy&ndash;being convinced (as all
+internationalists seem to be) that this is the only policy possible for
+America in the "shrunken world" of the twentieth century.</p>
+
+<p>An intelligent man like David Lawrence&ndash;who must see the endless and
+unbroken chain of disasters which the internationalist foreign policy
+has brought to America; and who is thoroughly familiar with the proven
+record of marvelous success which our traditional policy of benign
+neutrality and no-permanent-involvement enjoyed: how can he still feel
+that we are nonetheless inescapably bound to follow the policy of
+disaster? I wish I knew.</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter11" class="chapter">
+<h2><a id="pg_161"></a>Chapter 11</h2>
+
+<h3>INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Members of Congress are not unaware of the far-reaching power of the
+tax-exempt private organization&ndash;the CFR; but the power of the Council
+is somewhat indicated by the fact that no committee of Congress has yet
+been powerful enough to investigate it or the foundations with which it
+has interlocking connections and from which it receives its support.</p>
+
+<p>On August 1, 1951, Congressman E. E. Cox (Democrat, Georgia) introduced
+a resolution in the House asking for a Committee to conduct a thorough
+investigation of tax-exempt foundations. Congressman Cox said that some
+of the great foundations,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "had operated in the field of social reform and international
+     relations (and) many have brought down on themselves harsh and just
+     condemnation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>He named the Rockefeller Foundation,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "whose funds have been used to finance individuals and
+     organizations whose business it has been to get communism into the
+     private and public schools of the country, to talk down America and
+     to play up Russia."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>He cited the Guggenheim Foundation, whose money,</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "was used to spread radicalism throughout the country to an extent
+     not excelled by any other foundation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>He listed the Carnegie Corporation, The Rosenwald Fund, and other
+foundations, saying:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "There are disquieting evidences that at least a few of the
+     foundations have permitted themselves to be infiltrated<a id="pg_162"></a> by men and
+     women who are disloyal to our American way of life. They should be
+     investigated and exposed to the pitiless light of publicity, and
+     appropriate legislation should be framed to correct the present
+     situation."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Congressman Cox's resolution, proposing an investigation of foundations,
+died in Committee.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On March 10, 1952, Cox introduced the same resolution again. Because he
+had mentioned foundation support for Langston Hughes, a Negro communist,
+Congressman Cox was accused of racial prejudice. Because he had
+criticized the Rosenwald Fund for making grants to known communists, he
+was called anti-semitic. But the Cox resolution was adopted in 1952; and
+the Cox committee to investigate tax-exempt foundations was set up.</p>
+
+<p>Congressman Cox died before the end of the year; and the final report of
+his committee (filed January 1, 1953) was a pathetic whitewash of the
+whole subject.</p>
+
+<p>A Republican-controlled Congress (the 83rd) came into existence in
+January, 1953.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>On April 23, 1953, the late Congressman Carroll Reece, (Republican,
+Tennessee) introduced a resolution proposing a committee to carry on the
+"unfinished business" of the defunct Cox Committee. The new committee to
+investigate tax-exempt foundations (popularly known as the Reece
+Committee) was approved by Congress on July 27, 1953. It went out of
+existence on January 3, 1955, having proven, mainly, that the mammoth
+tax-exempt foundations have such power in the White House, in Congress,
+and in the press that they are quite beyond the reach of a mere
+committee of the Congress of the United States.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to read this whole incredible (and rather terrifying) story,
+I suggest <i>Foundations</i>, a book written by Rene A. Wormser who was
+general counsel to the Reece<a id="pg_163"></a> Committee. His book was published in 1958
+by The Devin-Adair Company.</p>
+
+<p>In the final report on Tax-Exempt Foundations, which the late
+Congressman Reece made for his ill-fated Special Committee (Report
+published December 16, 1954, by the Government Printing Office), Mr.
+Reece said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "Miss Casey's report (Hearings pp. 877, et seq.) shows clearly the
+     interlock between <i>The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</i>,
+     and some of its associated organizations, such as the <i>Council on
+     Foreign Relations</i> and other foundations, with the State
+     Department. Indeed, these foundations and organizations would not
+     dream of denying this interlock. They proudly note it in reports.
+     They have undertaken vital research projects for the Department;
+     virtually created minor departments or groups within the Department
+     for it; supplied advisors and executives from their ranks; fed a
+     constant stream of personnel into the State Department trained by
+     themselves or under programs which they have financed; and have had
+     much to do with the formulation of foreign policy both in principle
+     and detail.</p>
+
+<p>     "They have, to a marked degree, acted as direct agents of the State
+     Department. And they have engaged actively, and with the
+     expenditure of enormous sums, in propagandizing ('educating'?)
+     public opinion in support of the policies which they have helped to
+     formulate....</p>
+
+<p>     "What we see here is a number of large foundations, primarily <i>The
+     Rockefeller Foundation</i>, <i>The Carnegie Corporation of New York</i>,
+     and the <i>Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</i>, using their
+     enormous public funds to finance a one-sided approach to foreign
+     policy and to promote it actively, among the public by propaganda,
+     and in the Government through infiltration. The power to do this
+     comes out of the power of the vast funds employed."
+<a id="pg_164"></a></p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Mr. Reece listed The Council on Foreign Relations, The Institute of
+International Education, The Foreign Policy Association, and The
+Institute of Pacific Relations, as among the interlocking organizations
+which are "agencies of these foundations," and pointed out that research
+and propaganda which does not support the "globalism" (or
+internationalism) to which all of these agencies are dedicated, receive
+little support from the tax-exempt foundations.</p>
+
+<p>I disagree with Mr. Reece here, only in the placing of emphasis. As I
+see it, the foundations (which do finance the vast, complex, and
+powerful interlock of organizations devoted to a socialist one-world
+system) have, nonetheless, become the "agencies" of the principal
+organization which they finance&ndash;the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The Reece Committee investigation threw some revealing light on the
+historical blackout which the Council on Foreign Relations has ordered
+and conducted.</p>
+
+<p>Men who run the Council do not want the policies and measures of
+Franklin D. Roosevelt to undergo the critical analysis and objective
+study which exposed the policies of Woodrow Wilson after World War I.
+The Council has decided that the official propaganda of World War II
+must be perpetuated as history and the public protected from learning
+the truth. Hence, the Council sponsors historical works which give the
+socialist-internationalist version of historical events prior to and
+during World War II, while ignoring, or debunking, revisionist studies
+which attempt to tell the truth.</p>
+
+<p>Here is how all of this is put in the 1946 Annual Report of the
+Rockefeller Foundation:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The Committee on Studies of the Council on Foreign Relations is
+     concerned that the debunking journalistic cam<a id="pg_165"></a>paign following World
+     War I should not be repeated and believes that the American public
+     deserves a clear competent statement of our basic aims and
+     activities during the second World War."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>In 1946, the Rockefeller Foundation allotted $139,000 to the cost of a
+two-volume history of World War II, written by William L. Langer, a
+member of the CFR, and S. Everett Gleason. The generous grant was
+supplemented by a gift of $10,000 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
+The Langer-Gleason work was published by Harper and Brothers for the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Volume I in 1952 under the title, <i>The
+Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940</i>; Volume II in 1953, under the
+title, <i>The Undeclared War</i>.</p>
+
+<p>The CFR's stated purpose in bringing out this work was to head off the
+revisionist historians like Charles Callan Tansill, Harry Elmer Barnes,
+Frederic R. Sanborn, George Morgenstern, Frances Neilson. The truth,
+however, is not easy to suppress. Though written by and for the CFR, to
+perpetuate that organization's version of history, the Langer-Gleason
+volumes contain a wealth of information which helps to prove the basic
+thesis of this present volume.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>One thing that the ill-fated Reece Committee found out in 1953-55, when
+trying to investigate the foundations, is that the tax-exempt
+organizations are set up, not for the purpose of doing some good in our
+society, but for the purpose of avoiding the income tax.</p>
+
+<p>Rene A. Wormser, in <i>Foundation</i> says:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "The chief motivation in the creation of foundations has long
+     ceased to be pure philanthropy&ndash;it is now predominantly tax
+     avoidance.... The increasing tax burden on income and estates has
+     greatly accelerated a trend toward creation of foundations as
+     instruments for the retention of control over capital assets that
+     would otherwise be lost....<a id="pg_166"></a></p>
+
+<p>     "The creation of a new foundation very often serves the purpose of
+     contributing to a favorable public opinion for the person or
+     corporation that endows it...."
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The tax-exempt organizations have a vested interest in the oppressive,
+inequitable, and wasteful federal-income-tax system. Tax experts have
+devised, for example, a complicated scheme by which a wealthy man can
+actually save money by giving to tax-exempt organizations.</p>
+
+<p>In short, many of the great philanthropies which buy fame and
+respectability for wealthy individuals, or corporations, are
+tax-avoidance schemes which, every year, add billions to the billions of
+private capital which is thus sterilized. These accumulations of
+tax-exempt billions place a heavier burden on taxpayers. Removing
+billions from taxation, the tax-exempt organizations thus obviously make
+taxpayers pay more in order to produce all that government demands.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The big tax-exempt organizations use their tax-exempt billions to buy
+prestige and power for themselves, and to bludgeon some critics into
+silence. For example, the Ford Foundation established the Fund for the
+Republic with a 15 million dollar grant in 1952&ndash;at a time when public
+awareness of the communist danger was seeping into the thinking of
+enough Americans to create a powerful anti-communist movement in this
+country.</p>
+
+<p>By late 1955, the Fund's activities (publicly granting awards to
+fifth-amendment communists and so on) had become so blatant that public
+indignation was rising significantly. Just at the right time, the Ford
+Foundation announced a gift of 500 million dollars to the colleges of
+America.</p>
+
+<p>Newspapers&ndash;also beholden in many ways to the big foundations&ndash;which
+will not publish news about the foun<a id="pg_167"></a>dations' anti-American activities,
+give banner headlines to the lavish benefactions for purposes
+universally believed to be good.</p>
+
+<p>Where will you find a college administration that will not defend the
+Ford Foundation against all critics&ndash;if the college has just received,
+or is in line to receive, a million-dollar gift from the Foundation?</p>
+
+<p>How far must you search to find college professors or school teachers
+who will not defend the Foundation which gives 25 million dollars at one
+time, to raise the salaries of professors or school teachers?</p>
+
+<p>Where will you find a plain John Doe citizen who is not favorably
+impressed that the hospitals and colleges in his community have received
+a multi-million dollar gift from a big foundation?</p>
+
+<p>Every significant movement to destroy the American way of life has been
+directed and financed, in whole or in part, by tax-exempt organizations,
+which are entrenched in public opinion as benefactors of our society.</p>
+
+<p>Worst of all: this tremendous power and prestige are in the hands of
+what Rene Wormser calls a special elite&ndash;a group of eggheads like Robert
+Hutchins (or worse) who neither understand nor respect the
+profit-motivated economic principles and the great political ideal of
+individual-freedom-under-limited-government which made our nation great.</p>
+
+<p>Overlapping of personnel clearly shows a tight interlock between the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the big foundations.</p>
+
+<p>The following information, concerning assets and officers of
+foundations, all comes from <i>The Foundation Directory</i>, prepared by The
+Foundation Library Center and published by the Russell Sage Foundation,
+New York City, 1960.<a id="pg_168"></a></p>
+
+<p><b>FORD FOUNDATION:</b> Assets totaling $3,316,000,000.00 (3 billion, 316
+million) on September 30, 1959. The Trustees of the Ford Foundation are:
+Eugene R. Black (CFR); James B. Black; James F. Brownlee; John Cowles
+(CFR); Donald K. David (CFR); Mark F. Ethridge (CFR); Benson Ford; Henry
+Ford II; H. Rowan Gaither, Jr. (CFR); Laurence M. Gould (CFR); Henry T.
+Heald (CFR); Roy E. Larsen; John J. McCloy (CFR); Julius A. Stratton
+(CFR); Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (CFR).</p>
+
+<p>Note that of the 15 members of the Board of Trustees, 10 are members of
+the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).</p>
+
+<p><b>FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC</b>, Santa Barbara, California, a subsidiary of Ford,
+had assets totaling $6,667,022.00 on September 30, 1957. Officers and
+directors: Robert Hutchins; Paul G. Hoffman (CFR); Elmo Roper (CFR);
+George N. Shuster (CFR); Harry S. Ashmore; Bruce Catton; Charles W. Cole
+(CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; William H. Joyce, Jr.; Meyer Kestnbaum (CFR);
+Msgr. Francis Lally; Herbert H. Lehman (CFR); M. Albert Linton; J.
+Howard Marshall; Jubal R. Parten; Alicia Patterson; Mrs. Eleanor B.
+Stevenson; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR).</p>
+
+<p>Note that 7 of the 18 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION</b>, 111 West 50th Street, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $647,694,858.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Dean Rusk (CFR); Barry Bingham;
+Chester Bowles (CFR); Lloyd D. Brace; Richard Bradfield (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Ralph J. Bunche (CFR); John S. Dickey (CFR); Lewis W.
+Douglas (CFR); Lee A. DuBridge; Wallace K. Harrison; Arthur A. Houghton,
+Jr. (CFR); John R. Kimberly (CFR); Robert F. Loeb; Robert A. Lovett
+(CFR); Benjamin M. McKelway; Henry Allen Moe; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR);
+W. Barry Wood, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 20, 12 are CFR members.<a id="pg_169"></a></p>
+
+<p><b>ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND</b>, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, New York,
+had assets totaling $53,174,210.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Laurence S. Rockefeller; David Rockefeller (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Wallace K. Harrison; Abby Rockefeller Mauze; Abby M.
+O'Neill; John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Nelson A. Rockefeller (CFR);
+Winthrop Rockefeller.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 9, 4 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK</b>, 589 Fifth Avenue, New York 17, New
+York, had assets totaling $261,244,471.00 on September 30, 1959.
+Officers and Trustees: John W. Gardner (CFR); Morris Hadley; James A.
+Perkins (CFR); Robert F. Bacher; Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); C. D. Jackson
+(CFR); Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Nicholas Kelley (CFR); Malcolm A.
+MacIntyre (CFR); Margaret Carnegie Miller; Frederick Osborn (CFR);
+Gwilym A. Price; Elihu Root, Jr. (CFR); Frederick Sheffield; Charles
+Spofford (CFR); Charles Allen Thomas.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 16, 10 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE</b>, United Nations Plaza &amp; 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, had a net worth of $22,577,134.00 on June
+30, 1958. Officers and Trustees: Joseph E. Johnson (CFR); Whitney North
+Seymour (CFR); O. Frederick Nolde; Lawrence S. Finkelstein (CFR); Arthur
+K. Watson (CFR); James M. Nicely (CFR); Dillon Anderson (CFR); Charles
+E. Beard; Robert Blum (CFR); Harvey H. Bundy (CFR); David L. Cole;
+Frederick S. Dunn (CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; Ernest A. Gross (CFR);
+Philip C. Jessup (CFR); Milton Katz (CFR); Grayson L. Kirk (CFR); Mrs.
+Clare Boothe Luce; Charles A. Meyer (CFR); Otto L. Nelson, Jr.; Ellmore
+C. Patterson (CFR); Howard C. Petersen (CFR); Howard P. Robertson; David
+Rockefeller (CFR); W. J. Schieffelin, Jr.; George N. Shuster (CFR).</p>
+
+<p>Of the 26, 18 are CFR members.<a id="pg_170"></a></p>
+
+<p><b>CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING</b>, had assets totaling
+$20,043,859.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and Trustees: Carter Davidson
+(CFR); John W. Gardner (CFR); James A. Perkins (CFR); William F.
+Houston; Harvie Branscomb; Arthur H. Dean (CFR); Robert F. Goheen (CFR);
+Laurence M. Gould (CFR); A. Whitney Griswold (CFR); Rufus C. Harris;
+Frederick L. Hovde (CFR); Clark Kerr; Lawrence A. Kimpton; Grayson L.
+Kirk (CFR); Thomas S. Lamont (CFR); Robert A. Lovett (CFR); Howard F.
+Lowry; N. A. M. MacKenzie; Katharine E. McBride; Millicent C. McIntosh;
+John S. Millis (CFR); Franklin D. Murphy (CFR); Nathan M. Pusey (CFR);
+Herman B. Wells (CFR); Logan Wilson; O. Meredith Wilson.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 26, 15 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON</b>, 1530 "P" Street, N.W., Washington 5,
+D. C., had assets totaling $80,838,528.00 on June 30, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); Walter S. Gifford (CFR); Barklie McKee
+Henry; Robert Woods Bliss (CFR); James F. Bell; General Omar N. Bradley;
+Vannevar Bush; Crawford H. Greenewalt; Alfred L. Loomis (CFR); Robert A.
+Lovett (CFR); Keith S. McHugh; Margaret Carnegie Miller; Henry S. Morgan
+(CFR); Seeley G. Mudd; William I. Myers; Henning W. Prentis, Jr.; Elihu
+Root, Jr. (CFR); Henry R. Shepley; Charles P. Taft; Juan Terry Trippe
+(CFR); James N. White; Robert E. Wilson.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 22, 8 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION</b>, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $175,533,110.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Albert Bradley (CFR); Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (CFR); Raymond P.
+Sloan; Arnold J. Zurcher (CFR); Frank W. Abrams; Henry C. Alexander
+(CFR); Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. (CFR); General Lucius D. Clay (CFR);
+John L. Collyer<a id="pg_171"></a> (CFR); Lewis W. Douglas (CFR); Frank A. Howard;
+Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Mervin J. Kelly (CFR); James R. Killian, Jr.
+(CFR); Laurence S. Rockefeller; George Whitney (CFR).</p>
+
+<p>Of the 16, 12 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>THE COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK</b>, 5500 Maspeth Avenue, New York 78, New
+York, had assets totaling $119,904,614.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and
+Trustees: Malcolm P. Aldrich; John A. Gifford; Leo D. Welch (CFR);
+George P. Berry; Roger M. Blough (CFR); Harry P. Davison (CFR); Harold
+B. Hoskins; J. Quigg Newton (CFR); William E. Stevenson (CFR); Henry C.
+Taylor.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 10, 6 are CFR members.</p>
+
+<p><b>TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, INC.</b>, 41 East 70th Street, New York 3, New York,
+had assets totaling $17,522,441.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (CFR); Francis Biddle (CFR); August
+Heckscher (CFR); Hans Christian Sonne (CFR); Morris B. Abram; Arthur F.
+Burns (CFR); Erwin D. Canham (CFR); Evans Clark (CFR); Benjamin V. Cohen
+(CFR); Wallace K. Harrison (CFR); David E. Lilienthal (CFR); Robert S.
+Lynd; James G. McDonald (CFR); J. Robert Oppenheimer (CFR); Edmund
+Orgill; James H. Rowe, Jr.; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (CFR); Herman W.
+Steinkraus; Charles P. Taft; W. W. Waymack.</p>
+
+<p>Of the 20, 13 are CFR members.<a id="pg_173"></a>[Pg 181]</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="chapter12" class="chapter">
+<h2>Chapter 12</h2>
+
+<h3>WHY? WHAT CAN WE DO?</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>Claiming to believe in the high destiny of America as a world-leader,
+our invisible government urges timid policies of appeasement and
+surrender which make America a world whipping-boy rather than a world
+leader. Claiming to believe in the dignity and worth of the human
+individual, the modern liberals who run our invisible government urge an
+ever-growing welfare-state which is destroying individualism&ndash;which has
+already so weakened the American sense of personal responsibility that
+crime rates have increased 98 percent in our land during the past ten
+years.</p>
+
+<p>Why? Why do prominent Americans support programs which are so harmful?
+It is a difficult question to answer.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a
+few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want
+America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the
+control of the Kremlin.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Some may actually dislike communists, but feel that one-world socialism
+is desirable and inevitable. They are working with a sense of urgency
+for a "benign" world socialist dictatorship to forestall the Kremlin
+from imposing its brand of world dictatorship by force.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Some leaders in the invisible government are brilliant and power-hungry
+men who feel that the masses are unable to govern themselves and who
+want to set up a great dictatorship which will give them power to
+arrange things for the masses.<a id="pg_174"></a></p>
+
+<p>The leadership of the invisible government doubtless rests in the hands
+of a sinister or power-hungry few; but its real strength is in the
+thousands of Americans who have been drawn into the web for other
+reasons. Many, if not most, of these are status-seekers.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>When you are a rising junior executive, or a man of any age looking for
+good business and social connections, it seems good to go to a luncheon
+where you can sit at the head table and call leaders of the community by
+their first names. Most of the propaganda agencies affiliated with the
+Council on Foreign Relations provide such opportunities for members.</p>
+
+<p>A businessman enjoys coming home from a black-tie affair in New York or
+Washington where he and a few other "chosen" men have been given a
+"confidential, off-the-record briefing" by some high governmental
+official. The Council on Foreign Relations provides such experiences for
+officials of companies which contribute money to the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>This status-seeking is a way of life for thousands of American
+businessmen. Some of them would not give it up even if they knew their
+activities were supporting the socialist revolution, although at heart
+they are opposed to socialism. Most of them, however, would withdraw
+from the Foreign Policy Association, and the World Affairs Councils, and
+the Committee for Economic Development, and the American Association for
+the UN, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the
+Advertising Council, and similar organizations, if they were educated to
+an understanding of what their membership in such organizations really
+means.</p>
+
+<p>The job of every American who knows and cares is to make sure that all
+of the people in the invisible government network know exactly what they
+are doing.<a id="pg_175"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>But beyond that, what can we do? What can we Americans do about the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its countless tentacles of power and
+money and influence and propaganda which are wrapped around all the
+levers of political power in Washington; which reach into the schools
+and churches and respected civic organizations of America; which control
+major media of communications; which are insinuated into controlling
+positions in the big unions; and which even have a grip on the prestige
+and money of major American corporations?</p>
+
+<p>It is often suggested that investigation by the FBI might be the answer.</p>
+
+<p>For example, after the March-April Term (1960) Grand Jury in Fulton
+County, Georgia, condemned Foreign Policy Association literature as
+"insidious and subversive" and the American Legion Post published <i>The
+Truth About The Foreign Policy Association</i> to document the Grand Jury's
+findings (see Chapter V), supporters of the Foreign Policy Association
+denounced the legionnaires, saying, in effect, that if there were a need
+to investigate the FPA, the investigation should be done in proper,
+legal manner by trained FBI professionals and not by "vigilantes" and
+"amateurs" and "bigoted ignoramuses" on some committee of an American
+Legion Post.</p>
+
+<p>This is an effective propaganda technique. It gives many the idea that
+the organization under criticism has nothing to hide and is willing to
+have all its activities thoroughly investigated, if the investigation is
+conducted properly and decently.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>But the fact is that the FBI has no jurisdiction to investigate the kind
+of activities engaged in by the Foreign Policy Association and its
+related and affiliated organizations. The Foreign Policy Association is
+not a <i>communist</i> organi<a id="pg_176"></a>zation. If it were, it could be handled easily.
+The Attorney General and the committees of Congress could simply post it
+as a communist organization. Then, it would receive support only from
+people who are conscious instruments of the communist conspiracy; and
+there are not, relatively, very many of those in the United States.</p>
+
+<p>The FPA's Councils on World Affairs are supported by patriotic community
+leaders. Yet, these Councils have done more than all <i>communists</i> have
+ever managed to do, in brainwashing the American people with propaganda
+<i>for</i> governmental intervention in the economic affairs of the people,
+and <i>for</i> endless permanent entanglement in the affairs of foreign
+nations&ndash;thus preparing this nation <i>for</i> submergence in a one-world
+socialist system, which is the objective of communism.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Inasmuch as the invisible government is composed of organizations which
+enjoy the special privilege of federal tax-exemption (a privilege seldom
+given to organizations advocating return to traditional American
+policies) it is often suggested that public pressures might persuade the
+Treasury Department to withdraw the tax-exempt privilege from these
+organizations.</p>
+
+<p>How could the Treasury Department ever be persuaded to take action
+against the Council on Foreign Relations, when the Council controls the
+Department? Douglas Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury, is a member of
+the CFR.</p>
+
+<p>It is impractical to think of getting Treasury Department action against
+the CFR. Moreover, such a solution to the problem could be dangerous.</p>
+
+<p>A governmental agency which has limitless power to withdraw special
+tax-privileges must also have limitless power to grant special
+privileges. The Treasury Department could destroy all of the
+organizations composing the invisible government interlock by the simple
+action of with<a id="pg_177"></a>drawing the tax-exempt privilege, thus drying up major
+sources of revenue. But the Treasury Department could then create
+another Frankenstein monster by giving tax-exemption to other
+organizations.</p>
+
+<p>It is often suggested that some congressional committee investigate the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the network of organizations
+interlocked with it.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, as we have seen, two different committees of Congress&ndash;one
+Democrat-controlled and one Republican-controlled&ndash;<i>have tried</i> to
+investigate the big tax-exempt foundations which are interlocked with,
+and controlled by, and provide the primary source of revenue for, the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its affiliates.</p>
+
+<p>Both committees were gutted with ridicule and vicious denunciation, not
+just by the official communist party press, but by internationalists in
+the Congress, by spokesmen for the executive branch of government, and
+by big respected publishing and broadcasting firms which are a part of
+the controlled propaganda network of the Council on Foreign Relations.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>The invisible government is not, however, beyond the reach of the whole
+Congress, <i>if</i> the Congress has the spur and support of an informed
+public.</p>
+
+<p>Our only hope lies in the Congress which <i>is</i> responsive to public will,
+when that will is fully and insistently expressed.</p>
+
+<p>Every time I suggest that aroused citizens write their Congressmen and
+Senators, I get complaints from people who say they have been writing
+for years and that it does no good.</p>
+
+<p>Yet, remember the Connally Reservation issue in January, 1960. The
+Humphrey Resolution (to repeal the Connally Reservation and thus permit
+the World Court<a id="pg_178"></a> to assume unlimited jurisdiction over American affairs)
+was before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Chairman of this
+Committee was J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) a Rhodes-scholar
+internationalist, determined to repeal the Connally Reservation. Leaders
+in Congress and in the Administration were determined to repeal the
+Connally Reservation, and so was the invisible government of the United
+States&ndash;which means that the vast thought-controlling machine of the CFR
+(radio and television networks; major newspapers and magazines; and an
+imposing array of civic, church, professional, and "educational"
+organizations) had been in high gear for many months, saturating the
+public with "world-peace-through-world-law" propaganda intended to shame
+and scare the public into accepting repeal of the Connally Reservation.</p>
+
+<p>But word got out, and the American public positively Stunned Congress
+with protests. Fulbright let the resolution die in committee.</p>
+
+<p>The expression of public will was massive and explosive in connection
+with the Connally Reservation, whereas in connection with many other
+equally important issues, the public seems indifferent. The reason is
+that the Connally Reservation is a simple issue. It is easy for a voter
+to write or wire his elected representatives saying, "Let's keep the
+Connally Reservation"; or, "If you vote for repeal of the Connally
+Reservation, I'll vote against you."</p>
+
+<p>What kind of wire or letter can a voter send his elected representatives
+concerning the bigger and more important issue which I have labeled
+"Invisible Government"?</p>
+
+<p>The ultimate solution lies in many sweeping and profound changes in the
+policies of government, which cannot be effected until a great many more
+Americans have learned a great deal more about the American
+constitutional system than they know now.<a id="pg_179"></a></p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>But there is certain action which the people could demand of Congress
+immediately; and every Congressman and Senator who refuses to support
+such action could be voted out of office the next time he stands for
+re-election.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     1. We should demand that Congress amend the Internal Revenue Code
+     in such a way that no agency of the executive branch of government
+     will have the power to grant federal tax-exemption. The
+     Constitution gives the power of <i>taxation</i> only to the Congress.
+     Hence, only Congress should have the power to grant <i>exemption</i>
+     from taxation.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>Instead of permitting the Internal Revenue Service of the Treasury
+Department to decide whether a foundation or any other organization
+shall have federal tax-exemption, Congress should exercise this power,
+fully publicizing and frequently reviewing all grants of tax-exemption.</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     2. In addition to demanding that Congress take the power of
+     granting and withholding federal tax-exemption away from the
+     executive agencies, voters should demand that the House of
+     Representatives form a special committee to investigate the Council
+     on Foreign Relations and its associated foundations and other
+     organizations.
+</p></blockquote>
+
+<p>The investigation should be conducted for the same purpose that the
+great McCarran investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations was
+conducted&ndash;that is, to identify the people and organizations involved
+and to provide an authentic record, of the invisible government's aims
+and programs, and personnel, for the public to see and study. Such an
+investigation, if properly conducted, would thoroughly discredit the
+invisible government in the eyes of the American people.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>There is, however, only <i>one sure</i> and <i>final</i> way to stop this great
+and growing evil&ndash;and that is to cut it out as if it were cancerous,
+which it is. The only way to cut it out is to eliminate the income-tax
+system which spawned it.<a id="pg_180"></a></p>
+
+<p>The federal income-tax system suckles the forces which are destroying
+our free and independent republic. Abolish the system, and the sucklings
+will die of starvation.</p>
+
+<p>That is the ultimate remedy, but before we can compel Congress to
+provide this remedy, we must have an educated electorate. The problem of
+educating the public is great&ndash;not because of the inability of the
+people to understand, but because of the difficulty of reaching them
+with the freedom story.</p>
+
+<p>If the federal government, during the 1962 fiscal year, had not
+collected one penny in tax on personal incomes, the government would
+still have had more tax revenue from other sources than the <i>total</i> of
+what Harry Truman collected in his most extravagant peacetime spending
+year. Every American, who knows that, can readily understand the
+possibility and the necessity of repealing the federal tax on personal
+incomes. But how many Americans know those simple facts? The job of
+everyone who knows and cares is to get such facts to others.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Even if we did take action to divest the Council on Foreign Relations
+and its powerful interlock of control over our government; and even if
+we did reverse the policies which are now dragging us into a one-world
+socialist dictatorship&ndash;what would we do about some of the dangerous
+messes which our policies already have us involved in? What, for
+example, could we do about Cuba? About Berlin?</p>
+
+<p>In some ways, the policies of our invisible government have taken us
+beyond the point of no return. Consider the problem of Cuba. Armed
+intervention in the affairs of another nation violates the principles of
+the traditional American policy of benign neutrality, to which I think
+our nation should return. Yet, our intervention in Cuban affairs (on the
+side of communism) has produced such a dangerous<a id="pg_181"></a> condition that we
+should now intervene with armed might in the interest of our own
+survival.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>For sixteen years, we have seen the disastrous fallacy of trying to
+handle the foreign affairs of our great nation through international
+agencies. This leaves us without a policy of our own, and makes it
+impossible for us to take any action in our own interest or against the
+interests of communism, because communists have more actual votes, and
+infinitely more influence, in all the international agencies than we
+have. At the same time, our enemies, the communist nations, set and
+follow their own policies, contemptuously ignoring the international
+agencies which hamstring America and bleed American taxpayers for
+subsidies to our mortal enemies.</p>
+
+<p>America must do two things soon if she expects to survive as a free and
+independent nation:</p>
+
+<p>(1) We must withdraw from membership in all international, governmental,
+or quasi-governmental, organizations&ndash;including, specifically, the World
+Court, the United Nations, and all UN specialized agencies. (2) We must
+act vigorously, unilaterally, and quickly, to protect vital American
+security interests in the Western Hemisphere&ndash;particularly in Cuba.</p>
+
+<p>We have already passed the time when we can act in Cuba easily and at no
+risk; but if we have any sane, manly concern for protecting the vital
+security of the American nation and the lives and property of United
+States citizens, we had better do the only thing left for us to do: send
+overwhelming American military force to take Cuba over quickly, and keep
+it under American military occupation, as beneficently as possible,
+until the Cuban people can hold free elections to select their own
+government.</p>
+
+<p>The other nations of the world would scream; but they would,
+nonetheless, respect us. Such action in our own<a id="pg_182"></a> interests is the only
+thing that will restore our "prestige" in the world&ndash;and restore
+American military security in the Western Hemisphere.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>What should we do about Berlin?</p>
+
+<p>The Berlin problem must be solved soon, because it is too effectively
+serving the purpose for which it was created in the first place: to
+justify whatever programs the various governments involved want to
+pursue.</p>
+
+<p>It sometimes looks as if the Kremlin and Washington officialdom are
+working hand-in-glove to deceive the people of both nations, turning the
+Berlin "crisis" on and off to cover up failures and to provide excuses
+for more adventures.</p>
+
+<p>Berlin will cause a world war only when the United States is willing to
+go to war with the Soviet Union to free Berlin from the trap it is in.
+If we won't defend our own vital interests against the aggressive and
+arrogant actions of communists 90 miles from our shores, what would
+prompt us to cross the ocean and defend Germans from communists?</p>
+
+<p>The cold fact of the matter is that we should not defend Berlin. This is
+a job for Germans, not Americans.</p>
+
+<p>The Germans are an able and prosperous people. They are capable of
+fighting their own war, if war is necessary to protect them from
+communism.</p>
+
+<p>It is inaccurate to refer to the eastern part of Germany as "communist
+Germany." That part of Germany is under communist enslavement; but the
+Germans who live there probably hate communists more than any other
+people on earth do.</p>
+
+<p>The uprisings of 1953, and the endless stream of refugees fleeing from
+the communist zone in Germany, are proof<a id="pg_183"></a> enough that the communists
+could not hold East Germany without the presence of Soviet troops.</p>
+
+<p>There is enough hunger and poverty and hatred of communism in eastern
+Germany to justify the conclusion that even Khrushchev knows he has a
+bear by the tail there. If we would do our part, Khrushchev would either
+turn loose and run; or the bear would pull loose and destroy Khrushchev.</p>
+
+<p>What part should we play? We should do exactly what the President and
+the State Department assure the world they will not do: we should
+present the Soviets with a <i>fait accompli</i>, and an ultimatum.</p>
+
+<p>We should call an immediate conference with the governments of France,
+England, and West Germany to explain that America has devoted 16 years
+and many billions of dollars to rehabilitating and defending western
+Europe; that Europe is now in many ways more soundly prosperous than we
+are; that the 180 million Americans can no longer be expected to ruin
+their own economy and neglect the defense of their own homeland for the
+purpose of assisting and defending the 225 million people of Western
+Europe; and that, therefore, we are through.</p>
+
+<p>We have no need, at home, for all of the vast stores of military
+equipment which we now have in Europe for the defense of Europe. What we
+do not need for the defense of our homeland, we should offer as a gift
+to West Germany, since we produced the material in the first place for
+the purpose of resisting communism, and since the West Germans are the
+only people in Western Europe who apparently want to resist it.</p>
+
+<p>We should give the West Germans (and the other western powers) six
+months to train whatever manpower they want for manning their own
+defenses. At the end of that time, we should pull out and devote
+ourselves to defending America.<a id="pg_184"></a></p>
+
+<p>With or without the consent of France and England, we should sign a
+peace treaty with the government of Western Germany, recognizing it as
+the lawful government of all Germany and imposing no restrictions on the
+sovereignty of Germany&ndash;that is, leaving Germany free to arm as it
+pleases.</p>
+
+<p>Immediately following the signing of this treaty, we should announce to
+the world that, when we pull out of Europe at the end of six months, we
+expect the Soviets to pull out of Germany entirely. If, within one week
+after we effect our withdrawal, the Soviets are not out&ndash;or if they
+later come back in, against the wishes of the German nation&ndash;we should
+break off diplomatic relations with <i>all</i> communist countries; deny all
+representatives of all communist nations access to United Nations
+headquarters which are on United States soil; and exert maximum
+pressures throughout the world to isolate all communist countries,
+economically and diplomatically, from all non-communist countries.</p>
+
+<p>That is an <i>American</i> plan, which would solve the German "problem" in
+the interests of peace and freedom.</p>
+
+<hr />
+
+<p>Many Americans, who see what the solution to our grave problems ought to
+be, have lost hope that we will ever achieve such solution, because, in
+the end, the solution rests with the people.</p>
+
+<p>It is the people who must compel their elected representatives to make a
+thorough investigation of the Council on Foreign Relations and its
+interlock.</p>
+
+<p>It is the people who must compel Congress to deny administrative
+Agencies of government the unconstitutional power of granting
+tax-exemption.</p>
+
+<p>It is the people who must compel Congress to submit a constitutional
+amendment calling for repeal of the income tax amendment.<a id="pg_185"></a></p>
+
+<p>It is the people who must compel Washington officialdom to do what is
+right and best for America in foreign affairs, especially in Cuba and
+Berlin.</p>
+
+<p>Many Americans are in despair because they feel that the people will
+never do these things. These pessimists seem to share the late Harry
+Hopkins' conviction that the American people are too dumb to think.</p>
+
+<p>I do not believe it. I subscribe to the marvelous doctrine of Thomas
+Jefferson, who said:</p>
+
+<blockquote><p>
+     "I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but
+     the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough
+     to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy
+     is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by
+     education."
+<a id="pg_186"></a></p></blockquote>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="appendix1" class="chapter">
+<h2>Appendix</h2>
+
+<h3>COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEMBERSHIP ROSTER</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>This roster of membership is from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the CFR.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Directors</h3>
+
+
+<p>
+Frank Altschul 1984-<br />
+Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-<br />
+Elliott V. Bell 1953-<br />
+Isaiah Bowman 1921-1950<br />
+William A. M. Burden 1945-<br />
+Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-1928<br />
+Paul D. Cravath 1921-1940<br />
+John W. Davis 1921-1955<br />
+Norman H. Davis 1921-1944<br />
+Arthur H. Dean 1955-<br />
+Harold W. Dodds 1935-1943<br />
+Lewis W. Douglas 1940-<br />
+Stephen P. Duggan 1921-1950<br />
+Allen W. Dulles 1927-<br />
+Thomas K. Finletter 1944-<br />
+John H. Finley 1921-1929<br />
+William C. Foster 1959-<br />
+Leon Fraser 1936-1945<br />
+Edwin F. Gay 1921-1945<br />
+W. Averell Harrman 1950-1955<br />
+Caryl P. Haskins 1961-<br />
+David F. Houston 1921-1927<br />
+Charles P. Howland 1929-1931<br />
+Clarence E. Hunter 1942-1953<br />
+Philip C. Jessup 1934-1942<br />
+Joseph E. Johnson 1950-<br />
+Devereux C. Josephs 1951-1958<br />
+Otto H. Kahn 1921-1934<br />
+Grayson L. Kirk 1950-<br />
+R. C. Leffingwell 1927-1960<br />
+Walter Lippman 1932-1937<br />
+Walter H. Mallory 1945, 1951-<br />
+George O. May 1927-1953<br />
+John J. McCloy 1953-<br />
+Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-1934<br />
+Frank L. Polk 1921-1943<br />
+Philip D. Reed 1945-<br />
+Winfield W. Riefler 1945-1950<br />
+David Rockefeller 1949-<br />
+Whitney H. Shepardson 1921-<br />
+William R. Shepherd 1921-1927<br />
+Charles M. Spofford 1955-<br />
+Adlai E. Stevenson 1958-<br />
+Myron C. Taylor 1943-1959<br />
+Paul M. Warburg 1921-1932<br />
+Edward Warner 1940-1945<br />
+George W. Wickersham 1921-1936<br />
+John H. Williams 1937-<br />
+Clarence M. Woolley 1932-1935<br />
+Henry M. Wriston 1943-<br />
+Owen D. Young 1927-1940</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Resident Members</h3>
+
+
+<p>Albrecht-Carrie, Rene<br />
+Aldrich, Winthrop W.<br />
+Alexander, Archibald S.<br />
+Alexander, Henry C.<br />
+Alexander, Robert J.<br />
+Allan, F. Aley<br />
+Allen, Charles E.<br />
+Allen, Philip E.<br />
+Alley, James B.<br />
+Allport, Alexander W<a id="pg_187"></a>.<br />
+Alpern, Alan N.<br />
+Altschul, Arthur G.<br />
+Altschul, Frank<br />
+Ames, Amyas<br />
+Ammidon, Hoyt<br />
+Anderson, Arthur M.<br />
+Anderson, Harold F.<br />
+Anderson, Robert B.<br />
+Angell, James W.<br />
+Armour, Norman<br />
+Armstrong, Hamilton Fish<br />
+Ascoli, Max<br />
+Aubrey, Henry G.<br />
+Ault, Bromwell</p>
+
+<p>Backer, George<br />
+Baker, Edgar R.<br />
+Baldwin, Hanson W.<br />
+Bancroft, Harding F.<br />
+Barber, Charles F.<br />
+Barber, Joseph<br />
+Barker, Robert R.<br />
+Barkin, Solomon<br />
+Barnes, Joseph<br />
+Barnett, A. Doak<br />
+Barnett, Frank R.<br />
+Barrett, Edward W.<br />
+Bastedo, Philip<br />
+Baumer, William H.<br />
+Baxter, James P., 3rd<br />
+Beal, Gerald F.<br />
+Beckhart, Benjamin H.<br />
+Bedard, Pierre<br />
+Beebe, Frederick S.<br />
+Bell, Elliott V.<br />
+Bennett, John C.<br />
+Benton, William B.<br />
+Beplat, Tristan E.<br />
+Berle, Adolf A., Jr.<br />
+Bessie, Simon Michael<br />
+Bevis, Herman W.<br />
+Bidwell, Percy W.<br />
+Bienstock, Abraham L.<br />
+Bingham, Jonathan B.<br />
+Black, Peter<br />
+Blair, Floyd G.<br />
+Blake, Robert O.<br />
+Blough, Roger M.<br />
+Blough, Roy<br />
+Blum, John A.<br />
+Boardman, Arthur G., Jr.<br />
+Bogdan, Norbert A.<br />
+Bolte, Charles G.<br />
+Bonsal, Dudley B.<br />
+Boorman, Howard L.<br />
+Boyd, Hugh N.<br />
+Braden, Spruille<br />
+Bradford, Amory H.<br />
+Bramstedt, W. F.<br />
+Braxton, Carter M.<br />
+Breck, Henry C.<br />
+Brinckeroff, Charles M.<br />
+Brittenham, Raymond L.<br />
+Bronk, Detlev W.<br />
+Brown, Courtney C.<br />
+Brown, Francis<br />
+Brown, John Mason<br />
+Brown, Walter L.<br />
+Brownell, George A.<br />
+Brownell, Lincoln C.<br />
+Bruce, James<br />
+Brzezinski, Zbigniew<br />
+Bullock, Hugh<br />
+Bunche, Ralph J.<br />
+Bunker, Arthur H.<br />
+Bunker, Ellsworth<br />
+Bunnell, C. Sterling<br />
+Burden, William A. M.<br />
+Burgess, Carter L.<br />
+Burkhardt, Frederick<br />
+Burns, Arthur F.<br />
+Bush, Donald F.<br />
+Butler, William F.<br />
+Buttenwieser, Benjamin J.</p>
+
+<p>Cain, Charles, Jr.<br />
+Calder, Alexander, Jr.<br />
+Calhoun, Alexander D.<br />
+Campbell, H. Donald<br />
+Campbell, John C.<br />
+Canfield, Cass<br />
+Carey, Andrew G.<br />
+Carpenter, George W.<br />
+Carroll, Mitchell B.<br />
+Carson, Ralph M.<br />
+Case, James H., Jr.<br />
+Case, John C.<br />
+Cattier, Jean<br />
+Chadbourne, William M.<br />
+Champion, George<br />
+Chase, W. Howard<br />
+Cheney, War<a id="pg_188"></a>d<br />
+Childs, Thomas W.<br />
+Christie, Lansdell K.<br />
+Chubb, Percy, 2nd<br />
+Church, Edgar M.<br />
+Clapp, Gordon R.<br />
+Clark, Brig. Gen. Edwin N.<br />
+Clark, James F.<br />
+Clay, Gen. Lucius D.<br />
+Clinchy, Everett R.<br />
+Coffin, Edmund<br />
+Cohen, Jerome B.<br />
+Collado, Emilio G.<br />
+Collings, L. V.<br />
+Collingwood, Charles P.<br />
+Colwell, Kent G.<br />
+Conant, James B.<br />
+Conant, Melvin<br />
+Cook, Howard A.<br />
+Coombs, Charles A.<br />
+Cooper, Franklin S.<br />
+Cordier, Andrew W.<br />
+Cousins, Norman<br />
+Cowan, L. Gray<br />
+Cowles, Gardner<br />
+Cox, Charles R.<br />
+Creel, Dana S.<br />
+Cummings, Robert L., Jr.<br />
+Cusick, Peter</p>
+
+<p>Dallin, Alexander<br />
+Danner, Arthur V.<br />
+Darrell, Norris<br />
+Daum, Earl C.<br />
+Davenport, John<br />
+Davis, Norman P.<br />
+Davison, W. Phillips<br />
+Dean, Arthur H.<br />
+Debevoise, Eli Whitney<br />
+De Lima, Oscar A.<br />
+De Vegh, Imrie<br />
+De Vries, Henry P.<br />
+Dewey, Thomas E.<br />
+D'Harnoncourt, Rene<br />
+Diebold, William, Jr.<br />
+Dillon, Clarence<br />
+Dilworth, J. Richardson<br />
+Dodge, Cleveland E.<br />
+Donner, Frederick G.<br />
+Donovan, Hedley<br />
+Dorr, Goldthwaite H.<br />
+Dorwin, Oscar John<br />
+Douglas, Lewis W.<br />
+Douglas, Percy L.<br />
+Dryfoos, Orvil E.<br />
+Dubinsky, David<br />
+DuBois, J. Delafield<br />
+Durdin, Tillman</p>
+
+<p>Eagle, Vernon A.<br />
+Eaton, Fredrick M.<br />
+Eberstadt, Ferdinand<br />
+Edelman, Albert I.<br />
+Eder, Phanor J.<br />
+Eichelberger, Clark M.<br />
+Elliott, L. W.<br />
+Emmet, Christopher<br />
+Engel, Irving M.<br />
+Ernst, Albert E.<br />
+Erpf, Armand G.<br />
+Evans, Roger F.<br />
+Eveleth, George S., Jr.<br />
+Ewing, Sherman<br />
+Ewing, William, Jr.<br />
+Exter, John</p>
+
+<p>Fahs, Charles B.<br />
+Field, William Osgood, Jr.<br />
+Fischer, John S.<br />
+Fisher, Henry J.<br />
+Fleck, G. Peter<br />
+Fleischmann, Manly<br />
+Florinsky, Michael T.<br />
+Ford, Nevil<br />
+Forkner, Claude E.<br />
+Forrestal, Michael V.<br />
+Fosdick, Raymond B.<br />
+Fox, Joseph C.<br />
+Fox, William T. R.<br />
+Foye, Arthur B.<br />
+Franklin, George S., Jr.<br />
+Franklin, John M.<br />
+Freedman, Emanuel R.<br />
+French, John<br />
+Freudenthal, David M.<br />
+Friele, Berent<br />
+Friendly, Henry J.<br />
+Fry, Varian<br />
+Fuerbringer, Otto<br />
+Fuller, C. Dale<br />
+Fuller, Robert G.</p>
+
+<p>Galantiere, Lewis<br />
+Gallatin, James P.<br />
+Gamble, Sidney D<a id="pg_189"></a>.<br />
+Gant, George F.<br />
+Gardner, John W.<br />
+Garretson, Albert H.<br />
+Garrison, Lloyd K.<br />
+Gaston, George A.<br />
+Gates, Samuel E.<br />
+Gates, Thomas S.<br />
+Gay, Edward R.<br />
+Geneen, Harold S.<br />
+Gevers, Max E.<br />
+Gibney, Frank B.<br />
+Gideonse, Harry D.<br />
+Gifford, Walter S.<br />
+Gillespie, S. Hazard, Jr.<br />
+Gilpatric, Chadbourne<br />
+Golden, William T.<br />
+Goldsmith, Arthur<br />
+Goldstone, Harmon H.<br />
+Goodrich, Leland M.<br />
+Gordon, Albert H.<br />
+Goss, James H.<br />
+Grace, J. P., Jr.<br />
+Graff, Robert D.<br />
+Gray, William Latimer<br />
+Gray, William Steele<br />
+Grazier, Joseph A.<br />
+Griffith, Thomas<br />
+Grimm, Peter<br />
+Grondahl, Teg C.<br />
+Gross, Ernest A.<br />
+Grover, Allen<br />
+Guggenheim, Harry F.<br />
+Gunther, John<br />
+Gurfein, Murray I.</p>
+
+<p>Haight, George W.<br />
+Hall, Perry E.<br />
+Hamilton, Thomas J.<br />
+Hamlin, Chauncey J.<br />
+Hammond, Capt. Paul<br />
+Hance, William A.<br />
+Hanes, John W., Jr.<br />
+Harrar, J. G.<br />
+Harriman, E. Roland<br />
+Hasler, Frederick E.<br />
+Hauge, Gabriel<br />
+Hayes, Alfred<br />
+Hazard, John N.<br />
+Heald, Henry T.<br />
+Heckscher, August<br />
+Heineman, Dannie N.<br />
+Henderson, William<br />
+Herod, W. Rogers<br />
+Herring, Pendleton<br />
+Herzog, Paul M.<br />
+Hess, Jerome S.<br />
+Hill, Forrest F.<br />
+Hill, James T. Jr.<br />
+Hill, John A.<br />
+Hills, Robert C.<br />
+Hirschman, Albert O.<br />
+Hochschild, Harold K.<br />
+Hochschild, Walter<br />
+Hoglund, Elis S.<br />
+Hoguet, Robert L., Jr.<br />
+Hohenberg, John<br />
+Holland, Henry F.<br />
+Holland, Kenneth<br />
+Holman, Eugene<br />
+Holst, Willem<br />
+Holt, L. Emmett, Jr.<br />
+Homer, Sidney, Jr.<br />
+Hoopes, Townsend<br />
+Hoover, Lyman<br />
+Horn, Garfield H.<br />
+Horton, Philip<br />
+Hottelet, Richard C.<br />
+Houghton, Arthur A., Jr.<br />
+Houston, Frank K.<br />
+Howard, John B.<br />
+Howe, John<br />
+Hughes, Emmet John<br />
+Hughes, John Chambers<br />
+Humphreys, H. E., Jr.<br />
+Hupper, Roscoe H.<br />
+Hurewitz, J. C.<br />
+Hyde, Henry B.<br />
+Hyde, James N.</p>
+
+<p>Ide, John J.<br />
+Inglis, John B.<br />
+Irwin, John N., 2nd<br />
+Iselin, O'Donnell</p>
+
+<p>Jackson, C. D.<br />
+Jackson, William E.<br />
+James, George F.<br />
+Jaretzki, Alfred, Jr.<br />
+Jay, Nelson Dean<br />
+Jessup, Alpheus W.<br />
+Jessup, John K.<br />
+Johnson, Edward F.<br />
+Johnson, Howard C<a id="pg_190"></a>.<br />
+Johnson, Joseph E.<br />
+Jones, David J.<br />
+Jones, W. Alton<br />
+Josephs, Devereux C.<br />
+Joubert, Richard Cheney</p>
+
+<p>Kaminer, Peter H.<br />
+Kane, R. Keith<br />
+Kappel, Frederick E.<br />
+Keezer, Dexter Merriam<br />
+Keiser, David M.<br />
+Kelley, Nicholas<br />
+Kenney, F. Donald<br />
+Kern, Harry F.<br />
+Kettaneh, Francis A.<br />
+Keyser, Paul V., Jr.<br />
+Kiaer, Herman S.<br />
+King, Frederic R.<br />
+Kirk, Adm. Alan G.<br />
+Kirk, Grayson L.<br />
+Klots, Allen T.<br />
+Knoke, L. Werner<br />
+Knoppers, Antonie T.<br />
+Knowles, John Ellis<br />
+Knox, William E.<br />
+Koenig, Robert P.<br />
+Kohn, Hans<br />
+Kraft, Joseph</p>
+
+<p>Lada-Mocarski, V.<br />
+La Farge, Francis W.<br />
+Lamb, Horace R.<br />
+Lamont, Peter T.<br />
+Lamont, Thomas S.<br />
+Lang, Robert E.<br />
+Larmon, Sigurd S.<br />
+LaRoche, Chester J.<br />
+Laukhuff, Perry<br />
+LeBaron, Eugene<br />
+Lee, Elliott H.<br />
+Lehman, Herbert H.<br />
+Lehman, Orin<br />
+Lehman, Robert<br />
+Lehrman, Hal<br />
+Leich, John F.<br />
+Leonard, James G.<br />
+Leroy, Norbert G.<br />
+Leslie, John C.<br />
+Levy, Walter J.<br />
+Lewis, Roger<br />
+Lewisohn, Frank<br />
+Lieberman, Henry R.<br />
+Lightner, M. C.<br />
+Lilienthal, David E.<br />
+Lindquist, Warren T.<br />
+Lissitzyn, Oliver J.<br />
+Lockwood, John E.<br />
+Lockwood, Mancie deF., 3rd<br />
+Lockwood, William A.<br />
+Lodge, Henry Cabot<br />
+Loeb, John L.<br />
+Logan, Sheridan A.<br />
+Loomis, Alfred L.<br />
+Loos, Rev. A. William<br />
+Loucks, Harold H.<br />
+Lounsbury, Robert H.<br />
+Lubin, Isador<br />
+Luce, Henry R.<br />
+Ludt, R. E.<br />
+Luitweiler, J. C.<br />
+Lunning, Just<br />
+Lyford, Joseph P.</p>
+
+<p>McCance, Thomas<br />
+McCarthy, John G.<br />
+McCloy, John J.<br />
+McDaniel, Joseph M., Jr.<br />
+McDonald, James G.<br />
+McGraw, James H., Jr.<br />
+McKeever, Porter<br />
+McLean, Donald H., Jr.<br />
+MacDuffie, Marshall<br />
+MacEachron, David W.<br />
+MacIntyre, Malcolm A.<br />
+MacIver, Murdoch<br />
+MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron<br />
+Maffry, August<br />
+Maguire, Walter N.<br />
+Malin, Patrick Murphy<br />
+Mallory, Walter H.<br />
+Mark, Rev. Julius<br />
+Markel, Lester<br />
+Martino, Joseph A.<br />
+Marvel, William W.<br />
+Masten, John E.<br />
+Mathews, Edward J.<br />
+Mattison, Graham D.<br />
+May, A. Wilfred<br />
+May, Stacy<br />
+Menke, John R.<br />
+Merz, Charles<br />
+Metzger, Herman A.<br />
+Mickelson, Si<a id="pg_191"></a>g<br />
+Midtbo, Harold<br />
+Millar, D. G.<br />
+Millard, Mark J.<br />
+Miller, Edward G., Jr.<br />
+Miller, Paul R., Jr.<br />
+Miller, William J.<br />
+Millis, Walter<br />
+Mills, Bradford<br />
+Minor, Clark H.<br />
+Mitchell, Don G.<br />
+Mitchell, Sidney A.<br />
+Model, Leo<br />
+Monaghan, Thomas E.<br />
+Moore, Ben T.<br />
+Moore, Edward F.<br />
+Moore, George S.<br />
+Moore, Maurice T.<br />
+Moore, William T.<br />
+Morgan, Cecil<br />
+Morgan, D. P.<br />
+Morgan, Henry S.<br />
+Morris, Grinnell<br />
+Mosely, Philip E.<br />
+Muir, Malcolm<br />
+Munroe, Vernon, Jr.<br />
+Munyan, Winthrop R.<br />
+Murdin, Forrest D.<br />
+Murphy, Grayson M-P.<br />
+Murphy, J. Morden</p>
+
+<p>Nason, John W.<br />
+Neal, Alfred C.<br />
+Nebolsine, George<br />
+Nicely, James M.<br />
+Nichols, Thomas S.<br />
+Nichols, William I.<br />
+Nickerson, A. L.<br />
+Nielsen, Waldemar A.<br />
+Nolte, Richard H.<br />
+Northrop, Johnston F.<br />
+Notestein, Frank W.<br />
+Noyes, Charles Phelps</p>
+
+<p>Oakes, John B.<br />
+O'Brien, Justin<br />
+O'Connor, Roderic L.<br />
+Ogden, Alfred<br />
+Olds, Irving Sands<br />
+Oppenheimer, Fritz E.<br />
+Osborn, Earl D.<br />
+Osborn, Frederick H.<br />
+Osborn, William H.<br />
+Osborne, Stanley de J.<br />
+Ostrander, F. Taylor, Jr.<br />
+Overby, Andrew N.<br />
+Overton, Douglas W.</p>
+
+<p>Pace, Frank, Jr.<br />
+Page, Howard W.<br />
+Page, John H.<br />
+Page, Robert G.<br />
+Pagnamenta, G.<br />
+Paley, William S.<br />
+Parker, Philo W.<br />
+Patterson, Ellmore C.<br />
+Patterson, Frederick D.<br />
+Patterson, Morehead<br />
+Patterson, Richard C., Jr.<br />
+Payne, Frederick B.<br />
+Payne, Samuel B.<br />
+Payson, Charles Shipman<br />
+Peardon, Thomas P.<br />
+Peffer, Nathaniel<br />
+Pennoyer, Paul G.<br />
+Peretz, Don<br />
+Perkins, James A.<br />
+Perkins, Roswell B.<br />
+Peters, C. Brooks<br />
+Petersen, Gustav H.<br />
+Petschek, Stephen R.<br />
+Phillips, Christopher H.<br />
+Pierce, William C.<br />
+Pierson, Warren Lee<br />
+Pifer, Alan<br />
+Pike, H. Harvey<br />
+Plimpton, Francis T. P.<br />
+Poletti, Charles<br />
+Polk, Judd<br />
+Poor, Henry V.<br />
+Potter, Robert S.<br />
+Powers, Joshua B.<br />
+Pratt, H. Irving, Jr.<br />
+Proudfit, Arthur T.</p>
+
+<p>Quigg, Philip W.</p>
+
+<p>Rabi, Isidor I.<br />
+Rathbone, M. J.<br />
+Ray, George W., Jr.<br />
+Reber, Samuel<br />
+Redmond, Roland L.<br />
+Reed, Philip D.<br />
+Reeves, Jay B. L.<br />
+Reid, Ogden<br />
+Reid, Whitela<a id="pg_192"></a>w<br />
+Rheinstein, Alfred<br />
+Richardson, Arthur Berry<br />
+Richardson, Dorsey<br />
+Richardson, John R., Jr.<br />
+Riegelman, Harold<br />
+Ripley, Joseph P.<br />
+Roberts, George<br />
+Roberts, Henry L.<br />
+Robinson, Geroid T.<br />
+Robinson, Leland Rex<br />
+Rockefeller, David<br />
+Rockefeller, John D., 3rd<br />
+Rockhill, Victor E.<br />
+Rodriguez, Vincent A.<br />
+Rogers, Lindsay<br />
+Roosevelt, George Emlen<br />
+Root, Elihu, Jr.<br />
+Root, Oren<br />
+Roper, Elmo<br />
+Rosenberg, James N.<br />
+Rosenman, Samuel I.<br />
+Rosenstiel, Lewis<br />
+Rosenwald, William<br />
+Rosinski, Herbert<br />
+Ross, Emory<br />
+Ross, T. J.<br />
+Rouse, Robert G.<br />
+Royce, Alexander B.<br />
+Ruebhausen, Oscar M.<br />
+Rush, Kenneth<br />
+Rustow, Dankwart A.</p>
+
+<p>Sachs, Alexander<br />
+Sachs, Howard J.<br />
+Saltzman, Charles E.<br />
+Samuels, Nathaniel<br />
+Sargeant, Howland H.<br />
+Sargent, Noel<br />
+Sarnoff, Brig. Gen. David<br />
+Sawin, Melvin E.<br />
+Schaffner, Joseph Halle<br />
+Schapiro, J. Salwyn<br />
+Scherman, Harry<br />
+Schiff, John M.<br />
+Schiller, A. Arthur<br />
+Schilthuis, Willem C.<br />
+Schmidt, Herman J.<br />
+Schmoker, J. Benjamin<br />
+Schwartz, Harry<br />
+Schwarz, Frederick A. O.<br />
+Scott, John<br />
+Sedwitz, Walter J.<br />
+Seligman, Eustace<br />
+Seymour, Whitney North<br />
+Sharp, George C.<br />
+Sharp, James H.<br />
+Shea, Andrew B.<br />
+Sheffield, Frederick<br />
+Shepard, David A.<br />
+Shepard, Frank P.<br />
+Shepardson, Whitney H.<br />
+Shepherd, Howard C.<br />
+Sherbert, Paul C.<br />
+Sherman, Irving H.<br />
+Shields, Murray<br />
+Shields, W. Clifford<br />
+Shirer, William L.<br />
+Shute, Benjamin R.<br />
+Siegbert, Henry<br />
+Sims, Albert G.<br />
+Slater, Joseph E.<br />
+Slawson, John<br />
+Sloan, Alfred P., Jr.<br />
+Smith, Carleton Sprague<br />
+Smith, David S.<br />
+Smith, Hayden N.<br />
+Smith, W. Mason, Jr.<br />
+Smull, J. Barstow<br />
+Solbert, Peter O. A.<br />
+Sonne, H. Christian<br />
+Soubry, E. E.<br />
+Spaght, Monroe E.<br />
+Spang, Kenneth M.<br />
+Spencer, Percy C.<br />
+Spofford, Charles M.<br />
+Stackpole, Stephen H.<br />
+Stebbins, James H.<br />
+Stebbins, Richard P.<br />
+Stern, H. Peter<br />
+Stevenson, Adlai E.<br />
+Stevenson, John R.<br />
+Stewart, Robert McLean<br />
+Stillman, Chauncey<br />
+Stillman, Ralph S.<br />
+Stinebower, Leroy D.<br />
+Stoddard, George D.<br />
+Stokes, Isaac N. P.<br />
+Stone, Shepard<br />
+Straka, Jerome A.<br />
+Straus, Donald B.<br />
+Straus, Jack I<a id="pg_193"></a>.<br />
+Straus, Oscar S.<br />
+Straus, Ralph I.<br />
+Straus, R. Peter<br />
+Strauss, Simon D.<br />
+Strong, Benjamin<br />
+Sulzberger, Arthur Hays<br />
+Swatland, Donald C.<br />
+Swingle, William S.<br />
+Swope, Gerard, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Tannenbaum, Frank<br />
+Tannenwald, Theodore<br />
+Thomas, H. Gregory<br />
+Thompson, Earle S.<br />
+Thompson, Kenneth W.<br />
+Tibby, John<br />
+Tinker, Edward Laroque<br />
+Tomlinson, Roy E.<br />
+Townsend, Edward<br />
+Townsend, Oliver<br />
+Traphagan, J. C.<br />
+Travis, Martin B., Jr.<br />
+Trippe, Juan Terry<br />
+Truman, David B.<br />
+Tweedy, Gordon B.</p>
+
+<p>Uzielli, Giorgio</p>
+
+<p>Van Dusen, Rev. Henry P.<br />
+von Mehren, Robert B.<br />
+Voorhees, Tracy S.</p>
+
+<p>Walker, Joseph, Jr.<br />
+Walkowicz, T. F.<br />
+Wallace, Schuyler C.<br />
+Warburg, Eric M.<br />
+Warburg, Frederick M.<br />
+Warburg, James P.<br />
+Ward, Thomas E.<br />
+Warfield, Ethelbert<br />
+Warren, John Edwin<br />
+Wasson, Donald<br />
+Wasson, R. Gordon<br />
+Watson, Arthur K.<br />
+Watson, Thomas J., Jr.<br />
+Wauchope, Rear Adm. George<br />
+Weaver, Sylvester L., Jr.<br />
+Webster, Bethuel M.<br />
+Welch, Leo D.<br />
+Wellborn, Vice Adm. Charles, Jr.<br />
+Wernimont, Kenneth<br />
+Wheeler, Walter H., Jr.<br />
+Whidden, Howard P.<br />
+Whipple, Taggart<br />
+Whipple, Brig. Gen. William<br />
+White, Frank X.<br />
+White, H. Lee<br />
+White, Theodore H.<br />
+Whitman, H. H.<br />
+Whitney, John Hay<br />
+Whitridge, Arnold<br />
+Wight, Charles A.<br />
+Wilkinson, Col. Lawrence<br />
+Willcox, Westmore<br />
+Williams, Langbourne M.<br />
+Willits, Joseph H.<br />
+Wilson, John D.<br />
+Wilson, Orme<br />
+Wilson, Philip D.<br />
+Wingate, Henry S.<br />
+Winslow, Richard S.<br />
+Wood, Bryce<br />
+Woodward, Donald B.<br />
+Woodyatt, Philip<br />
+Woolley, Knight<br />
+Wright, Harry N.<br />
+Wriston, Henry M.<br />
+Wriston, Walter B.</p>
+
+<p>Yost, Charles W.<br />
+Young, John M.</p>
+
+<p>Zurcher, Arnold J.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Non-Resident Members</h3>
+
+
+<p>Acheson, Dean<br />
+Achilles, Theodore C.<br />
+Adams, Roger<br />
+Agar, Herbert<br />
+Akers, Anthony B.<br />
+Allen, Raymond B.<br />
+Allyn, S. C.<br />
+Amory, Robert, Jr.<br />
+Anderson, Dillon<br />
+Anderson, Vice Adm. George<br />
+Anderson, Roger E.<br />
+Anderson, Gen. Samuel E.<br />
+Armstrong, John A.<br />
+Atherton, J. Ballard<br />
+Attwood, William<br />
+Auld, George P.<a id="pg_194"></a></p>
+
+<p>Babcock, Maj. Gen. C. Stanton<br />
+Badeau, John S.<br />
+Baker, George P.<br />
+Ball, George W.<br />
+Ballou, George T.<br />
+Barghoorn, Frederick C.<br />
+Barker, James M.<br />
+Barnett, Robert W.<br />
+Barrows, Leland<br />
+Bartholomew, Dana T.<br />
+Bass, Robert P., Jr.<br />
+Bassow, Whitman<br />
+Bateman, William H.<br />
+Bates, Marston<br />
+Bator, Francis M.<br />
+Bayne, Edward Ashley<br />
+Bechtel, S. D.<br />
+Bell, Holley Mack<br />
+Benda, Harry J.<br />
+Bennett, Martin Toscan<br />
+Bergson, Abram<br />
+Berkner, L. V.<br />
+Bernstein, Edward M.<br />
+Betts, Brig. Gen. Thomas J.<br />
+Bissell, Richard M., Jr.<br />
+Black, Cyril E.<br />
+Black, Col. Edwin F.<br />
+Black, Eugene R.<br />
+Blackie, William B.<br />
+Bliss, C. I.<br />
+Bliss, Robert Woods<br />
+Bloomfield, Lincoln P.<br />
+Blum, Robert<br />
+Boeschenstein, Harold<br />
+Bohlen, Charles E.<br />
+Bonesteel, Maj. Gen. C. H. 3rd<br />
+Boothby, Albert C.<br />
+Borton, Hugh<br />
+Bowie, Robert R.<br />
+Bowles, Chester<br />
+Braden, Thomas W.<br />
+Bradfield, Richard<br />
+Braisted, Paul J.<br />
+Brett, George P., Jr.<br />
+Brewster, Kingman, Jr.<br />
+Briggs, Ellis O.<br />
+Brinton, Crane<br />
+Bristol, William M.<br />
+Bronwell, Arthur<br />
+Brophy, Gerald B.<br />
+Brorby, Melvin<br />
+Bross, John A.<br />
+Brown, Irving<br />
+Brown, Sevellon, 3rd<br />
+Brown, William O.<br />
+Bruce, David K. E.<br />
+Brundage, Percival F.<br />
+Bruton, Henry J.<br />
+Bundy, Harvey H.<br />
+Bundy, McGeorge<br />
+Bundy, William P.<br />
+Burgess, W. Randolph<br />
+Byrne, James MacGregor<br />
+Byrnes, Robert F.<br />
+Byroade, Henry A.</p>
+
+<p>Cabot, John M.<br />
+Cabot, Louis W.<br />
+Cabot, Thomas D.<br />
+Caldwell, Robert G.<br />
+Calkins, Hugh<br />
+Camp, Jack L.<br />
+Campbell, Kenneth H.<br />
+Canfield, Franklin O.<br />
+Caraway, Lt. Gen. Paul W.<br />
+Carpenter, W. Samuel, 3rd<br />
+Carter, William D.<br />
+Cary, William L.<br />
+Case, Clifford P.<br />
+Case, Everett N.<br />
+Chapin, Selden<br />
+Chapman, John F.<br />
+Cheever, Daniel S.<br />
+Cherrington, Ben M.<br />
+Childs, Marquis<br />
+Cisler, Walker L.<br />
+Clark, Ralph L.<br />
+Clayton, W. L.<br />
+Cleveland, Harlan<br />
+Clough, Ernest T.<br />
+Coffey, Joseph Irving<br />
+Cohen, Benjamin V.<br />
+Cole, Charles W.<br />
+Collbohm, F. R.<br />
+Collyer, John L.<br />
+Conlon, Richard P.<br />
+Conrad, Brig. Gen. Bryan<br />
+Considine, Rev. John J., M. M.<br />
+Coons, Arthur G.<br />
+Copeland, Lammot du Pont<br />
+Corson, John J<a id="pg_195"></a>.<br />
+Costello, William A.<br />
+Cotting, Charles E.<br />
+Cowen, Myron M.<br />
+Cowles, John<br />
+Crane, Winthrop Murray, 3rd<br />
+Creighton, Albert M.<br />
+Cross, James E.<br />
+Crotty, Homer D.<br />
+Crowe, Philip K.<br />
+Culbertson, Col. William S.<br />
+Curran, Jean A., Jr.<br />
+Curtis, Edward P.</p>
+
+<p>Dangerfield, Royden<br />
+Darlington, Charles F.<br />
+David, Donald K.<br />
+Davidson, Alfred E.<br />
+Davidson, Carter<br />
+Davies, Fred A.<br />
+Davis, Nathanael V.<br />
+Dean, Edgar P.<br />
+Decker, William C.<br />
+de Guigne, Christian, 3rd<br />
+da Kiewiet, C. W.<br />
+de Krafft, William<br />
+Deming, Frederick L.<br />
+Despres, Emile<br />
+Deuel, Wallace R.<br />
+Deutch, Michael J.<br />
+Dewhurst, J. Frederic<br />
+Dexter, Byron<br />
+Dickey, John S.<br />
+Dillon, C. Douglas<br />
+Dodds, Harold Willis<br />
+Dollard, Charles<br />
+Donkin, McKay<br />
+Donnell, James C., 2nd<br />
+Donnelly, Maj. Gen. Harold C.<br />
+Dorr, Russell H.<br />
+Douglas, Donald W., Jr.<br />
+Draper, William H., Jr.<br />
+Drummond, Roscoe<br />
+Ducas, Robert<br />
+Duce, James Terry<br />
+Duke, Angier Biddle<br />
+Dulles, Allen W.<br />
+Dunn, Frederick S.</p>
+
+<p>Eckstein, Alexander<br />
+Edelstein, Julius C. C.<br />
+Edwards, A. R.<br />
+Edwards, William H.<br />
+Einaudi, Mario<br />
+Einstein, Lewis<br />
+Eisenhower, Dwight D.<br />
+Elliott, Byron K.<br />
+Elliott, Randle<br />
+Elliott, William Y.<br />
+Elsey, George M.<br />
+Elson, Robert T.<br />
+Emeny, Brooks<br />
+Emerson, E. A.<br />
+Emerson, Rupert<br />
+Eppert, Ray R.<br />
+Estabrook, Robert H.<br />
+Ethridge, Mark<br />
+Evans, J. K.<br />
+Everton, John Scott</p>
+
+<p>Fainsod, Merle<br />
+Fairbank, John King<br />
+Fairbanks, Douglas<br />
+Farmer, Thomas L.<br />
+Fay, Sidney B.<br />
+Feely, Edward F.<br />
+Feis, Herbert<br />
+Ferguson, John H.<br />
+Finkelstein, Lawrence S.<br />
+Finlay, Luke W.<br />
+Finletter, Thomas K.<br />
+Firestone, Harvey S., Jr.<br />
+Fischer, George<br />
+Fisher, Edgar J.<br />
+Fleischmann, Julius<br />
+Fleming, Lamar, Jr.<br />
+Follis, R. G.<br />
+Ford, Guy Stanton<br />
+Ford, Thomas K.<br />
+Foster, Austin T.<br />
+Foster, William C.<br />
+Fowler, Henry H.<br />
+Foy, Fred C.<br />
+Frank, Isaiah<br />
+Frank, Joseph A.<br />
+Frankfurter, Felix<br />
+Fredericks, J. Wayne<br />
+Free, Lloyd A.<br />
+Fuller, Carlton P.<br />
+Furber, Holden<br />
+Furniss, Edgar S., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Galbraith, J. Kenneth<br />
+Gallagher, Charles F.<br />
+Gannett, Lewis S<a id="pg_196"></a>.<br />
+Gardiner, Arthur Z.<br />
+Gardner, Richard N.<br />
+Garner, Robert L.<br />
+Garthoff, Raymond L.<br />
+Gaud, William S.<br />
+Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M.<br />
+Gaylord, Bradley<br />
+Geier, Frederick V.<br />
+Geier, Paul E.<br />
+Gerhart, Lt. Gen. John K.<br />
+Giffin, Brig. Gen. Sidney F.<br />
+Gilbert, Carl J.<br />
+Gilbert, H. N.<br />
+Gilchrist, Huntington<br />
+Gillin, John P.<br />
+Gilpatric, Roswell L.<br />
+Gleason, S. Everett<br />
+Glennan, T. Keith<br />
+Goheen, Robert F.<br />
+Goldberg, Arthur J.<br />
+Goodhart, Arthur L.<br />
+Goodpaster, Maj. Gen. Andrew J.<br />
+Goodrich, Carter<br />
+Gordon, Lincoln<br />
+Gornick, Alan L.<br />
+Gorter, Wytze<br />
+Gould, Laurence M.<br />
+Graham, Philip L.<br />
+Grant, James P.<br />
+Grant, Maj. Gen. U. S., 3rd<br />
+Gray, Gordon<br />
+Green, Joseph C.<br />
+Greene, A. Crawford<br />
+Greene, James C.<br />
+Greenewalt, Crawford H.<br />
+Greenwood, Heman<br />
+Griffith, William E.<br />
+Griswold, A. Whitney<br />
+Grove, Curtiss C.<br />
+Gruenther, Gen. Alfred M.<br />
+Gullion, Edmund A.</p>
+
+<p>Halle, Louis J., Jr.<br />
+Hamilton, Fowler<br />
+Hamilton, Maj. Gen. Pierpont M.<br />
+Hammonds, Oliver W.<br />
+Hansell, Gen. Haywood S., Jr.<br />
+Harbison, Frederick<br />
+Harriman, W. Averell<br />
+Harris, Irving B.<br />
+Harsch, Joseph. C.<br />
+Hart, Augustin S.<br />
+Hartley, Robert W.<br />
+Haskell, Broderick<br />
+Haskins, Caryl P.<br />
+Hauck, Arthur A.<br />
+Haviland, H. Field, Jr.<br />
+Hayes, Samuel P.<br />
+Hays, Brooks<br />
+Hays, John T.<br />
+Heffelfinger, Totton P., 2nd<br />
+Heilperin, Michael A.<br />
+Heintzen, Harry L.<br />
+Heinz, H. J., 2nd<br />
+Henderson, Loy W.<br />
+Henkin, Louis<br />
+Henry, David Dodds<br />
+Herter, Christian A.<br />
+Hill, George Watts<br />
+Hitch, Charles J.<br />
+Hofer, Philip<br />
+Hoffman, Michael L.<br />
+Hoffman, Paul G.<br />
+Holborn, Hajo<br />
+Holland, William L.<br />
+Holmes, Julius C.<br />
+Homer, Arthur B.<br />
+Hook, George V.<br />
+Hoover, Calvin B.<br />
+Hoover, Herbert<br />
+Hoover, Herbert, Jr.<br />
+Hopkins, D. Luke<br />
+Hopper, Bruce C.<br />
+Hornbeck, Stanley K.<br />
+Hoskins, Halford L.<br />
+Hoskins, Harold B.<br />
+Houghton, Amory<br />
+Hovde, Frederick L.<br />
+Hovey, Allan, Jr.<br />
+Howard, Graeme K.<br />
+Howe, Walter<br />
+Hoyt, Edwin C., Jr.<br />
+Hoyt, Palmer<br />
+Huglin, Brig. Gen. H. C.<br />
+Humphrey, Hubert H.<br />
+Hunsberger, Warren S.<br />
+Hunt, James Ramsay, Jr.<br />
+Hunter, Clarence E.</p>
+
+<p>Issawi, Charles P.<br />
+Iverson, Kenneth R.</p>
+
+
+<p>Jackson, Elmor<a id="pg_197"></a>e<br />
+Jackson, William H.<br />
+Jaffe, Sam A.<br />
+Jansen, Marius B.<br />
+Javits, Jacob K.<br />
+Jenney, John K.<br />
+Jessup, Philip C.<br />
+Johnson, Herschel V.<br />
+Johnson, Lester B.<br />
+Johnson, Robert L.<br />
+Johnston, Henry R.<br />
+Johnstone, W. H.<br />
+Jones, Peter T.<br />
+Jordan, Col, Amos A.<br />
+Jorden, William J.</p>
+
+<p>Kahin, George McT.<br />
+Kaiser, Philip M.<br />
+Kamarck, Andrew M.<br />
+Katz, Milton<br />
+Katzenbach, Edward L., Jr.<br />
+Kauffman, James Lee<br />
+Kaufmann, William W.<br />
+Kelso, A. Donald<br />
+Kempner, Frederick C.<br />
+Kennan, George F.<br />
+Kerr, Clark<br />
+Killian, James R., Jr.<br />
+Kimberly, John H.<br />
+King, James E., Jr.<br />
+King, John A., Jr.<br />
+Kinkaid, Adm. Thomas C.<br />
+Kintner, Col. William R.<br />
+Kissinger, Henry A.<br />
+Knight, Douglas<br />
+Knorr, Klaus<br />
+Kohler, Foy D.<br />
+Kohler, Walter J.<br />
+Korbel, Josef<br />
+Korol, Alexander G.<br />
+Kotschnig, Walter</p>
+
+
+<p>Labouisse, Henry R.<br />
+Ladejinsky, Wolf<br />
+Lamson, Roy, Jr.<br />
+Landis, James M.<br />
+Langer, Paul F.<br />
+Langer, William L.<br />
+Langsam, Walter Consuelo<br />
+Lanham, Maj. Gen. Charles T.<br />
+Lansdale, Gen. Edward G.<br />
+Larson, Jens Frederick<br />
+Lasswell, Harold D.<br />
+Latourette, Kenneth S.<br />
+Lattimore, Owen<br />
+Lawrence, David<br />
+Lawrence, W. H.<br />
+Laybourne, Lawrence E.<br />
+Laylin, John G.<br />
+Leddy, John M.<br />
+Lee, Charles Henry<br />
+Leghorn, Richard S.<br />
+Lemnitzer, Gen. L. L.<br />
+Leslie, Donald S.<br />
+Lesueur, Larry<br />
+Levine, Irving R.<br />
+Levy, Marion J., Jr.<br />
+Lewis, Herbert<br />
+Lewis, Wilmarth S.<br />
+Lichtenstein, Walter<br />
+Lincoln, Col. G. A.<br />
+Linder, Harold F.<br />
+Lindley, Ernest K.<br />
+Lindsay, Franklin A.<br />
+Lindsay, John V.<br />
+Lindsay, Lt. Gen. Richard C.<br />
+Linebarger, Paul M. A.<br />
+Lingelbach, William E.<br />
+Lingle, Walter L., Jr.<br />
+Lippmann, Walter<br />
+Litchfield, Edward H.<br />
+Little, Herbert S.<br />
+Little, L. K.<br />
+Lockard, Derwood W.<br />
+Locke, Edwin A., Jr.<br />
+Lockwood, William W.<br />
+Lodge, George Cabot<br />
+Loomis, Robert H.<br />
+Lunt, Samuel D.<br />
+Lyon, E. Wilson</p>
+
+<p>McCabe, Thomas B.<br />
+McClintock, Robert M.<br />
+McCone, John Alex<br />
+McCormack, Maj. Gen. J., Jr.<br />
+McCracken, Paul W.<br />
+McCutcheon, John D.<br />
+McDougal, Edward D., Jr.<br />
+McDougal, Myres S.<br />
+McFarland, Ross A.<br />
+McGee, Gale W.<br />
+McGhee, George C.<br />
+McKay, Vernon<br />
+McKittrick, Thomas H<a id="pg_198"></a>.<br />
+McLaughlin, Donald H.<br />
+McArthur, Douglas, 2nd<br />
+MacChesney, A. Brunson, 3rd<br />
+MacDonald, J. Carlisle<br />
+MacVeagh, Lincoln<br />
+Machold, William F.<br />
+Maddox, William P.<br />
+Maddux, Maj. Gen. H. R.<br />
+Mallinson, Harry<br />
+Mallory, George W.<br />
+Manning, Bayless<br />
+Marcus, Stanley<br />
+Marshall, Charles B.<br />
+Martin, Edwin M.<br />
+Martin, William McC., Jr.<br />
+Masland, John W.<br />
+Mason, Edward S.<br />
+Mathews, William R.<br />
+Maximov, Andre<br />
+May, Oliver<br />
+Mayer, Ferdinand[B] L.<br />
+Mayer, Gerald M.<br />
+Meagher, Robert F.<br />
+Meck, John F.<br />
+Menke, John R.<br />
+Merchant, Livingston T.<br />
+Merillat, H. C. L.<br />
+Merriwether, Duncan<br />
+Metcalf, George R.<br />
+Meyer, Charles A.<br />
+Meyer, Clarence E.<br />
+Meyer, Cord, Jr.<br />
+Milbank, Robbins<br />
+Miller, Francis P.<br />
+Miller, William B.<br />
+Millikan, Clark B.<br />
+Millikan, Max F.<br />
+Millis, John S.<br />
+Minor, Harold B.<br />
+Mitchell, James P.<br />
+Moore, Hugh<br />
+Moran, William E., Jr.<br />
+Morgan, George A.<br />
+Morgan, Shepard<br />
+Morgenstern, Oskar<br />
+Morgenthau, Hans J.<br />
+Mott, John L.<br />
+Mudd, Henry T.<br />
+Munoz Marin, Luis<br />
+Munro, Dana G.<br />
+Munson, Henry Lee<br />
+Murphy, Donald R.<br />
+Murphy, Franklin D.<br />
+Murphy, Robert<br />
+Murrow, Edward R.<br />
+Myers, Denys P.</p>
+
+<p>Nathan, Robert R.<br />
+Nelson, Fred M.<br />
+Neumann, Sigmund<br />
+Newman, Richard T.<br />
+Newton, Quigg, Jr.<br />
+Nichols, Calvin J.<br />
+Niebuhr, Reinhold<br />
+Nitze, Paul H.<br />
+Nixon, Richard M.<br />
+Nover, Barnet<br />
+Noyes, W. Albert, Jr.<br />
+Nuveen, John</p>
+
+<p>Oakes, George W.<br />
+Oelman, R. S.<br />
+Oppenheimer, J. Robert<br />
+Orchard, John E.<br />
+Osborne, Lithgow<br />
+Owen, Garry</p>
+
+<p>Paffrath, Leslie<br />
+Palmer, Norman D.<br />
+Pantzer, Kurt F.<br />
+Park, Richard L.<br />
+Parker, Barrett<br />
+Parsons, John C.<br />
+Patterson, Gardner<br />
+Paul, Norman S.<br />
+Pelzer, Karl J.<br />
+Penfield, James K.<br />
+Perera, Guido R.<br />
+Perkins, Courtland D.<br />
+Perkins, Milo<br />
+Petersen, Howard C.<br />
+Phillips, William<br />
+Phleger, Herman<br />
+Piquet, Howard S.<br />
+Poque, L. Welch<br />
+Polk, William R.<br />
+Pool, Ithiel deSola<br />
+Power, Thomas F., Jr.<br />
+Prance, P. F. A.<br />
+Preston, Jerome<br />
+Price, Don K.<br />
+Pritchard, Ross J<a id="pg_199"></a>.<br />
+Prizer, John B.<br />
+Prochnow, Herbert V.<br />
+Pulling, Edward S.<br />
+Pusey, Nathan M.<br />
+Pye, Lucien W.</p>
+
+<p>Radway, Laurence I.<br />
+Ravenholt, Albert<br />
+Reinhardt, G. Frederick<br />
+Reischauer, Edwin O.<br />
+Reitzel, William<br />
+Rennie, Wesley F.<br />
+Reston, James B.<br />
+Rich, John H., Jr.<br />
+Richardson, David B.<br />
+Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B.<br />
+Riefler, Winfield W.<br />
+Ries, Hans A.<br />
+Riley, Edward C.<br />
+Ripley, S. Dillon, 2nd.<br />
+Rivkin, Arnold<br />
+Robinson, Donald H.<br />
+Rockefeller, Nelson A.<br />
+Rogers, James Grafton<br />
+Romualdi, Serafino<br />
+Roosa, Robert V.<br />
+Roosevelt, Kermit<br />
+Roosevelt, Nicholas<br />
+Rosengarten, Adolph G., Jr.<br />
+Ross, Michael<br />
+Rostow, Eugene V.<br />
+Rostow, Walt W.<br />
+Rusk, Dean<br />
+Russell, Donald S.<br />
+Ryan, John T., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Salomon, Irving<br />
+Satterthwaite, Joseph C.<br />
+Sawyer, John E.<br />
+Schaetzel, J. Robert<br />
+Schelling, T. C.<br />
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.<br />
+Schmidt, Adolph W.<br />
+Schneider, Hubert A.<br />
+Schorr, Daniel L.<br />
+Schuyler, Gen. C. V. R.<br />
+Schwab, William B.<br />
+Schwebel, Stephen M.<br />
+Scott, William Ryland<br />
+Seymour, Charles<br />
+Seymour, Forrest W.<br />
+Sharp, Walter R.<br />
+Sharpe, Henry D., Jr.<br />
+Shaw, G. Howland<br />
+Shearer, Warren W.<br />
+Sheean, Vincent<br />
+Shishkin, Boris<br />
+Shulman, Marshall D.<br />
+Shuster, George<br />
+Simons, Hans<br />
+Simpson, John L.<br />
+Slocum, John J.<br />
+Smith, Everett R.<br />
+Smith, Gerard G.<br />
+Smith, H. Alexander<br />
+Smith, Adm. Harold Page<br />
+Smith, Robert W.<br />
+Smithies, Arthur<br />
+Smyth, Henry DeW.<br />
+Snyder, Richard C.<br />
+Sontag, Raymond James<br />
+Soth, Lauren K.<br />
+Southard, Frank A., Jr.<br />
+Spaatz, Gen. Carl<br />
+Speers, Rev. Theodore C.<br />
+Spencer, John H.<br />
+Spiegel, Harold R.<br />
+Sprague, Mansfield D.<br />
+Sprague, Robert C.<br />
+Sproul, Robert G.<br />
+Sprout, Harold<br />
+Staley, Eugene<br />
+Stanton, Edwin F.<br />
+Stason, E. Blythe<br />
+Stasson, Harold E.<br />
+Stein, Eric<br />
+Stein, Harold<br />
+Stephens, Claude O.<br />
+Sterling, J. E. Wallace<br />
+Stevenson, William E.<br />
+Stewart, Col. George<br />
+Stewart, Robert Burgess<br />
+Stilwell, Col. Richard G.<br />
+Stone, Donald C.<br />
+Stowe, Leland<br />
+Straton, Julius A.<br />
+Straus, Robert Kenneth<br />
+Strauss, Lewis L.<br />
+Strausz-Hupe, Robert<br />
+Strayer, Joseph R.<br />
+Struble, Adm. A. D.<br />
+Sulzberger, C. L<a id="pg_200"></a>.<br />
+Sunderland, Thomas E.<br />
+Surrey, Walter Sterling<br />
+Sweetser, Arthur<br />
+Swensrud, Sidney A.<br />
+Swihart, James W.<br />
+Symington, W. Stuart</p>
+
+<p>Talbot, Phillips<br />
+Tanham, George K.<br />
+Tapp, Jesse W.<br />
+Taylor, George E.<br />
+Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D.<br />
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield<br />
+Teller, Edward<br />
+Templeton, Richard H.<br />
+Tennyson, Leonard B.<br />
+Thayer, Charles W.<br />
+Thayer, Robert H.<br />
+Thornburg, Max W.<br />
+Thorp, Willard L.<br />
+Trager, Frank N.<br />
+Triffin, Robert<br />
+Trowbridge, Alexander B.<br />
+Truscott, Gen. Lucian K., Jr.<br />
+Tuck, William Hallam</p>
+
+<p>Ulmer, Alfred C., Jr.<br />
+Upgren, Arthur R.</p>
+
+<p>Valentine, Alan<br />
+Van Cleve, Thomas C.<br />
+Van Slyck, DeForest<br />
+Van Stirum, John<br />
+Vernon, Raymond<br />
+Viner, Jacob</p>
+
+<p>Wadsworth, James J.<br />
+Wait, Richard<br />
+Wallich, Henry C.<br />
+Walmsley, Walter N.<br />
+Wanger, Walter<br />
+Ward, Rear Adm. Chester<br />
+Warren, Shields<br />
+Washburn, Abbott<br />
+Watkins, Ralph J.<br />
+Weeks, Edward<br />
+Wells, Herman B.<br />
+Westmoreland, Maj. Gen. W. C.<br />
+Westphal, Albert C. F.<br />
+Wheeler, Oliver P.<br />
+Whitaker, Arthur P.<br />
+White, Gilbert F.<br />
+White, John Campbell<br />
+Whiteford, William K.<br />
+Wiesner, Jerome B.<br />
+Wilbur, Brayton<br />
+Wilbur, C. Martin<br />
+Wilcox, Francis O.<br />
+Wilcox, Robert B.<br />
+Wild, Payson S., Jr.<br />
+Wilde, Frazar B.<br />
+Wilds, Walter W.<br />
+Williams, John H.<br />
+Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr.<br />
+Wilson, Carroll L.<br />
+Wilson, Howard E.<br />
+Wilson, O. Meredith<br />
+Wimpfheimer, Jacques<br />
+Winton, David J.<br />
+Wisner, Frank G.<br />
+Wohl, Elmer P.<br />
+Wohlstetter, Albert<br />
+Wolfers, Arnold<br />
+Wood, Harleston R.<br />
+Wriggins, W. Howard<br />
+Wright, Adm. Jerauld<br />
+Wright, Quincy<br />
+Wright, Theodore P.<br />
+Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Yntema, Theodore O.<br />
+Young, Kenneth T.<br />
+Young, T. Cuyler</p>
+
+<p>Zellerbach, J. D.<a id="pg_201"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="appendix2">
+<h2>Appendix 2</h2>
+
+<h3>ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP ROSTER</h3>
+
+
+
+<p>This membership list was published by the Atlantic Union Committee in
+December, 1960. "CFR" in parentheses after a name is an editorial
+indication that the person is also a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. No other biographical information is given for CFR members.
+The biographical information, on the AUC members who are not also CFR
+members, was taken from <i>Who's Who</i> and/or the <i>American Dictionary of
+Biography</i>.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Abbott, Mrs. George</p>
+
+<p>Abend, Hallet</p>
+
+<p>Achilles, Paul S., Chairman of the Board, Psychological Corporation;
+    Board member, Eastman-Kodak Company</p>
+
+<p>Adams, James D., Partner, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown &amp; Enersen, Lawyers,
+    San Francisco</p>
+
+<p>Adams, Hon. Paul L., Attorney General, State of Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Agar, Herbert (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Agnew, Albert C.</p>
+
+<p>Aiken, Hon. Paul C., former Assistant Postmaster General of the U. S.</p>
+
+<p>Alexander, Mrs. Sadie T. M.</p>
+
+<p>Allen, H. Julian, General Manager, Paris Office, Morgan Guaranty Trust
+    Company</p>
+
+<p>Allen, Dr. Max P.</p>
+
+<p>Alvord, Ellsworth C., Member, law firm of Alvord &amp; Alvord, Washington,
+    D. C.; Board member, General Dynamics Corp., Smith-Corona, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Amen, John Harlan, Associate Trial Counsel, Nurnburg War Criminals
+    Trials; Member, Amen, Weisman &amp; Butler, New York City</p>
+
+<p>Amory, Copley</p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Don<a id="pg_202"></a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Eugene N., Professor of History, University of Southern
+    California at Los Angeles</p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Mrs. Eugene</p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Eugenie Former Ambassador to Denmark</p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Maj. Gen. Frederick L. Trustee, Rand Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Anderson Dr. Paul R., President, Chatham College, Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<p>Anderson Steve</p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Victor E., Former Governor of Nebraska</p>
+
+<p>Andrews, Mark Edwin, President, Second M. E. Andrews, Ltd., Houston</p>
+
+<p>Andrews, Dr. Stanley, Executive Director, Kellogg Foundation</p>
+
+<p>Apperson John W.</p>
+
+<p>Armour, Norman (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Armstrong, George S., President, George S. Armstrong &amp; Co., New York
+    City, Trustee, Committee for Economic Development</p>
+
+<p>Armstrong, O. K., Member, Editorial Staff Reader's Digest, Former
+    Congressman; Founder, Department of Journalism, University of
+    Florida</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Remmie L.</p>
+
+<p>Arnold, Thurman, Former U. S. Assistant Attorney General</p>
+
+<p>Arzt, Dr. Max, President, Jewish Theological Seminary</p>
+
+<p>Atherton, Warren H., Past National Commander, American Legion</p>
+
+<p>Aurner, Dr. Robert R., President, Aurner &amp; Associates, Carmel,
+    California</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Babian, Haig</p>
+
+<p>Bache, Harold L., Sr., Senior Partner, Bache &amp; Co., New York City</p>
+
+<p>Bacon, Mrs. Robert Low, Chairman, Administration Liaison Committee,
+    National Federation of Republican Women</p>
+
+<p>Bagwell, Dr. Paul D., Past President, U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce</p>
+
+<p>Baker, Dr. Benjamin M., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Baker, Mrs. Frank C.</p>
+
+<p>Baker, Rev. Richard, Bishop, Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina;
+    Member, General Board, National Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Balduf, Dr. Emery W.</p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Henry P., Vice President, Water Power &amp; Paper Co., Wisconsin;
+    Member, National Board, National Conference of Christians and Jews,
+    Chairman, Brotherhood Week, 1956</p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Howard C., Chairman of the Board of Standard Federal Savings &amp;
+    Loan Association, Detroit; Vice President and Trustee, The Kresge
+    Foundation, Member, Board of Publications, Methodist Church</p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Hon. Raymond E., Former U. S. Senator and Governor of
+    Connecticut<a id="pg_203"></a></p>
+
+<p>Ball, George (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Ball, Hon, Joseph H., Former U. S. Senator from Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Banning, Mrs. Margaret</p>
+
+<p>Barclay, Dr. Thomas Swain, Professor of Political Science, Stanford
+    University, Member, National Municipal League; Member, American
+    Delegation to Negotiate the Peace, 1919</p>
+
+<p>Barinowski, R. E.</p>
+
+<p>Barnes, Julius H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Barrows, Mrs. Ira</p>
+
+<p>Bartlett, Lynn M., Superintendent of Public Schools, State of Michigan;
+    Former President, National Education Assn.</p>
+
+<p>Barzun, Jacques, Dean of Faculty and Provost, Columbia. University;
+    Author, Historian, Musicologist</p>
+
+<p>Batcheller, Hiland G., Chairman of the Board, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel
+    Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Bates, Dr. Rosalind Goodrich, Past President, International Federation
+    of Women Lawyers</p>
+
+<p>Battle, Laurie C., Former Congresswoman from Alabama</p>
+
+<p>Baukhage, H. R., Consulting Editor, Army Times Publishing Company; Radio
+    Commentator</p>
+
+<p>Bayne, The Rt. Rev. Stephen F., Jr., Executive Officer, Anglican
+    Communion</p>
+
+<p>Beaton, Harold D.</p>
+
+<p>Becker, Herman D.</p>
+
+<p>Becker, Ralph E., Past Chairman, Young Republican National Federation</p>
+
+<p>Beckett, Mrs. R. Capel</p>
+
+<p>Beeley, Dr. Arthur L. Dean Emeritus, School of Social Work, University
+    of Utah; Official, National Association for Mental Health</p>
+
+<p>Belknap, William</p>
+
+<p>Bell, Edgar D.</p>
+
+<p>Bell, Robert C., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Belsheim, Dr. Edmund O., Dean, College of Law, University of Nebraska</p>
+
+<p>Benedict, Harry E. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Bennet, Augustus W.</p>
+
+<p>Bennett, Admiral Andrew C.</p>
+
+<p>Benson, Dr. Oscar A., President, Augustana Lutheran Church</p>
+
+<p>Bertholf, Dr. Lloyd M., President, Illinois Wesleyan University</p>
+
+<p>Biddle, George</p>
+
+<p>Bidgood, Dr. Lee</p>
+
+<p>Bingham, Alfred M.</p>
+
+<p>Birkhead, Kenneth M.</p>
+
+<p>Bishop, Robert J.<a id="pg_204"></a></p>
+
+<p>Bissantz, Edgar</p>
+
+<p>Bixler, J. Seelye, President, Colby College, Maine; Former Dean, Harvard
+    Divinity School</p>
+
+<p>Blackwelder, Dr. Eliot, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Stanford
+    University</p>
+
+<p>Blair, Paxton, Solicitor General, State of New York</p>
+
+<p>Blanchard, Rt. Rev. Roger W.</p>
+
+<p>Blanshard, Dr. Brand, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University</p>
+
+<p>Blewett, Edward Y., President, Westbrook Junior College, Maine; Former
+    Dean of Liberal Arts, University of New Hampshire</p>
+
+<p>Bliss, Robert Woods (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Boas, Dr. George, Professor of Philosophy, John Hopkins University</p>
+
+<p>Boekel, William A.</p>
+
+<p>Boggs, Dr. Marion A., Moderator, Presbyterian Church, U.S.</p>
+
+<p>Bohn, William E.</p>
+
+<p>Bonds, Dr. Alfred B., Jr., President, Baldwin-Wallace College, Ohio</p>
+
+<p>Borsody, Dr. Stephen</p>
+
+<p>Bowles, Mrs. Istvan</p>
+
+<p>Bowles, Chester (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Boyd, Brig. Gen. Ralph G.</p>
+
+<p>Bradley, Rev. Preston, Founder and Pastor, People's Unitarian Church,
+    Chicago</p>
+
+<p>Braendel, Helmuth G.</p>
+
+<p>Brand, Hon. James T., Associate Justice, Oregon Supreme Court</p>
+
+<p>Brandt, Dr. Karl, Director, Food Research Institute, Stanford University</p>
+
+<p>Brannan, Charles F., Former U. S. Secretary of Agriculture</p>
+
+<p>Branscomb, Dr. Harvie, Chancellor, Vanderbilt University</p>
+
+<p>Braucher, Robert, Professor of Law, Harvard University</p>
+
+<p>Breckinridge, John B.</p>
+
+<p>Brees, Orlo M.</p>
+
+<p>Briefs, Dr. Goetz A., Professor of Labor Economics, Georgetown
+    University</p>
+
+<p>Briscoe, John D.</p>
+
+<p>Bronk, Dr. Detlev W. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Brooklings, Mrs. Robert S., Philanthropist</p>
+
+<p>Brown, John Nicholas, Former Under Secretary of Navy for Air</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Julius A.</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Mary Agnes, Member, U. S. Board of Veterans Appeals</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Prentiss M., Former U. S. Senator from Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Brown, Thomas Cook, Editor Emeritus, Buffalo Courier-Express; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Member Advisory Board, Buffalo Council
+    on World Affairs</p>
+
+<p>Browning, Gordon</p>
+
+<p>Brundage, Hon. Percival F. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Bryson, Dr. Lyman (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Bullis, Harry A. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Bunker, Arthur H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Bunker, Hon. Ellsworth (CFR)<a id="pg_205"></a></p>
+
+<p>Bunting, Dr. J. Whitney, Professor of Finance, New York University;
+    Research Consultant, General Electric Company; Former President,
+    Oglethorpe University</p>
+
+<p>Burch, Lucius E., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Burling, Edward B., Partner, Covington &amp; Burling, Lawyers, Washington,
+    D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Burnett, Leo, Chairman of the Board, Leo Burnett Company; Director,
+    Advertising Council, Chicago Better Business Bureau; Trustee,
+    American Heritage Foundation</p>
+
+<p>Burns, Dr. Arthur F. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Burns, James MacGregor, Professor of Political Science, Williams College</p>
+
+<p>Burt, Katharine Newlin</p>
+
+<p>Burwell, W. Russell, Vice Chairman Of the Board, Clevite Corp.; Past
+    President, Cleveland Council on World Affairs</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Cabot, Henry B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Cahn, Mrs. Moise S.</p>
+
+<p>Caldwell, Dr. Frank H., President, Louisville Presbyterian Seminary</p>
+
+<p>Caldwell, Dr. Harmon W., Chancellor, University System of Georgia</p>
+
+<p>Caldwell, Dr. John T., Chancellor, North Carolina State College</p>
+
+<p>Canaday, Ward M., President and Chairman of the Board, The Overland
+    Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Canfield, Cass (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Cantril, Dr. Hadley, Chairman, Institute for International Social
+    Research, Princeton</p>
+
+<p>Capra, Frank, Motion Picture Producer</p>
+
+<p>Carlton, Doyle E., Former Governor of Florida</p>
+
+<p>Carmichael, Dr. Oliver C. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Carrington, Paul, Partner, Carrington, Johnson &amp; Stephens, Lawyers,
+    Dallas; Past President, Dallas Council on World Affairs; National
+    Councilor, Boy Scouts of America; Trustee Southwest Legal
+    Foundation, S.M.U.</p>
+
+<p>Carter, Edward W., President, Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., Los Angeles;
+    Trustee, Committee for Economic Development; Member, Board of
+    Regents, University of California</p>
+
+<p>Carter, Hodding, Pulitzer Prize Editor, Greenville, Mississippi</p>
+
+<p>Carter, John L.</p>
+
+<p>Cary, Sheldon</p>
+
+<p>Casey, Dr. Ralph D., Director Emeritus, School of Journalism, University
+    of Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Catton, Bruce, Editor, American Heritage Magazine; Pulitzer Prize for
+    History, 1954</p>
+
+<p>Chabrak, Thomas</p>
+
+<p>Chadwick, Stephen F., Past National Commander, American Legion</p>
+
+<p>Chandler, Walter C., Former Congressman from Tennessee; Former Mayor of
+    Memphis</p>
+
+<p>Chenery, William L.</p>
+
+<p>Chipps, Roy B.</p>
+
+<p>Cisler, Walker L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Clagett, J. R.<a id="pg_206"></a></p>
+
+<p>Claypool, Mrs. J. Gordon</p>
+
+<p>Clayton, William L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Clingman, Rt. Rev. Charles</p>
+
+<p>Clothier, Dr. Robert C.</p>
+
+<p>Clough, Dr. Shepard B., Director, Casa Italiana, Columbia University</p>
+
+<p>Code, Dr. Charles F., Professor of Physiology, University of Minnesota;
+    Consultant, Mayo Clinic</p>
+
+<p>Coe, Dr. Albert Buckner, Official, National Council of Churches;
+    Delegate to 1st and 2nd World Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Coffee, John M.</p>
+
+<p>Cohen, Harry, Retired Surgeon; Former Editor, <i>American Jewish
+    Cyclopedia</i>; Editor-in-Chief, <i>American Jews: Their Lives and
+    Achievements</i></p>
+
+<p>Cole, Wilton D., Chairman of the Board, Crowell-Collier Publishing
+    Company</p>
+
+<p>Collier, W. Edwin</p>
+
+<p>Compton, Dr. Arthur H., Professor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927; Former Co-Chairman, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews; Former member, Committee for
+    Economic Development; Former General Chairman, World Brotherhood;
+    Dean Emeritus, Washington University, St. Louis</p>
+
+<p>Compton, Dr. Wilson, Former President, State College of Washington;
+    Chairman of the Board, Cameron Machine Co.; Director, International
+    Council of Christian Leadership</p>
+
+<p>Comstock, Alzada</p>
+
+<p>Comstock, Louis K.</p>
+
+<p>Cook, Lyle E.</p>
+
+<p>Coons, Dr. Arthur Gardiner (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Corn, James F.</p>
+
+<p>Corsi, Edward, Former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization</p>
+
+<p>Cortney, Philip, Chairman, U. S. Council, International Chamber of
+    Commerce; President, Coty, Inc. and Coty International</p>
+
+<p>Cotton, Aylett B.</p>
+
+<p>Cowles, Gardner (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Cox, C. R. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Crane, Dr. Henry Hitt, Official, World Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Crawford, Arthur L., Director, College of Mines &amp; Minerals, University
+    of Utah</p>
+
+<p>Cross, Dr. George L., President, University of Oklahoma</p>
+
+<p>Crosswaith, Frank, Chairman, Negro Labor Committee</p>
+
+<p>Crouch, Harry E.</p>
+
+<p>Cruikshank, Nelson H., Director, Department of Social Security, AFL-CIO,
+    Member, Federal Advisory Council, Department of Labor, Member,
+    National Planning Association; Official, National Council of
+    Churches</p>
+
+<p>Cruse, Mrs. W. C.</p>
+
+<p>Cutting, Fulton (CFR)<a id="pg_207"></a></p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Dail, Charles C.</p>
+
+<p>Daltry, Joseph S., Director, Graduate Summer School for Teachers,
+    Wesleyan University, Connecticut</p>
+
+<p>Dandridge, Rt. Rev. E. P.</p>
+
+<p>Darden, Hon. Colgate W., Retired President, University of Virginia;
+    Former Governor of Virginia; Former Congressman from Virginia</p>
+
+<p>Darling, Jay N., Retired Cartoonist, <i>New York Herald-Tribune</i>; Pulitzer
+    Prize, 1923, 1942</p>
+
+<p>Daugherty, Paul E.</p>
+
+<p>Davidson, Dr. Philip G., President, University of Louisville</p>
+
+<p>Davies, Mrs. A. Powell</p>
+
+<p>Davis, Chester C., Associate Director, Ford Foundation</p>
+
+<p>Davis, J. Lionberger</p>
+
+<p>Davis, Dr. Stanton Ling</p>
+
+<p>Davis, William H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Dawson, John P., Professor of Law, Harvard University; Former Professor
+    of Law, University of Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Day, Dean John W.</p>
+
+<p>Deane, Maj. Gen. John R., Former Chief, American Military Mission to
+    U.S.S.R.</p>
+
+<p>Debevoise, Thomas M. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Deinard, Amos S.</p>
+
+<p>deKiewiet, Dr. C. W. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Dempsey, James</p>
+
+<p>Dennis, Don</p>
+
+<p>De Pasquale, Judge Luigi</p>
+
+<p>de Spoelberch, Mrs. Eric</p>
+
+<p>D'Estournelles, Mrs. Julie</p>
+
+<p>Devers, Gen. Jacob L., Retired Commander of Sixth Army Group</p>
+
+<p>Dewhurst, Dr. J. Frederic (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Dickason, H. L.</p>
+
+<p>Dickey, Dr. Frank G., President, University of Kentucky</p>
+
+<p>Diemer, Dr. George W.</p>
+
+<p>Dietz, Howard, Vice President, MGM</p>
+
+<p>Dimock, Edward Jordan, Federal District Judge, Southern District of New
+    York</p>
+
+<p>Dodge, Cleveland E. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Doman, Nicholas</p>
+
+<p>Donohue, F. Joseph</p>
+
+<p>Donovan, Dr. Herman L., President Emeritus, University of Kentucky</p>
+
+<p>Donovan, James G., Former Congressman from New York; Director of the
+    Federal Housing Administration, 1957-58</p>
+
+<p>Dorothy, Mrs. Dorothy</p>
+
+<p>Dorr, Dr. Harold M., Dean, State-wide Education, University of Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Dorr, John V. N. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Douglass, Dr. Paul F., Former President, American University</p>
+
+<p>Draper, Maj. Gen. William H., Jr. (CFR)<a id="pg_208"></a></p>
+
+<p>Draughon, Dr. Ralph B., President, Alabama Polytechnic Institute
+    (Auburn)</p>
+
+<p>Dun, The Rt. Rev. Angus, Episcopal Bishop of Washington, D. C.; Former
+    official of Federal Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Dunbar, Charles E., Jr., Professor Emeritus of Law, Tulane University;
+    Vice President, National Civil Service League</p>
+
+<p>Duncan, Robert F.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Earnest, Dr. G. Brooks, President, Fenn College, Cleveland; Trustee,
+    Cleveland Council on World Affairs</p>
+
+<p>Eastvold, Dr. Seth C., First Vice President, Evangelical Lutheran Church</p>
+
+<p>Eberstadt, Ferdinand (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Eccles, Marriner S., Former Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal
+    Reserve System; Chairman of the Board, First Securities Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Edge, Nelson J., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Edgren, Mrs. M. C.</p>
+
+<p>Edmonds, Douglas L., Former Justice, Supreme Court of California</p>
+
+<p>Edmunds, J. Ollie, President, John B. Stetson University, DeLand,
+    Florida</p>
+
+<p>Edson, Col. C. A.</p>
+
+<p>Edwards, Horace H., City Manager, Richmond, Virginia; Campaign Manager,
+    Roosevelt, 1936; General Director, National Democratic Campaigns
+    1940, 1944</p>
+
+<p>Edwards, James E., President, Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Radio
+    Station WLS, Chicago</p>
+
+<p>Eichleay, John W.</p>
+
+<p>Elligett, Mrs. Raymond T.</p>
+
+<p>Elliott, Dr. William M., Jr., Pastor, Highland Presbyterian Church,
+    Dallas; former Chairman &amp; Moderator, World Missions, Presbyterian
+    Church, U. S.</p>
+
+<p>Ellis, Dr. Calvert N., President, Juanita College, Pennsylvania</p>
+
+<p>Ellis, Clyde T.</p>
+
+<p>Ellis, Dr. Elmer, President, University of Missouri</p>
+
+<p>Elmendorf, Armin</p>
+
+<p>Emerson, E. A. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Emrich, The Rt. Rev. Richard S. M., Episcopal Bishop of Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Engel, Irving M., President, American Jewish Committee; Member, Law Firm
+    of Engel, Judge, Miller, Sterling &amp; Reddy, New York City</p>
+
+<p>Erlanger, Milton S.</p>
+
+<p>Estwing, Ernest</p>
+
+<p>Ethridge, Mrs. Mark (husband in CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Evjue, William T., Editor, Madison, Wisconsin, <i>Capital-Times</i></p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Farley, Eugene Shedden, President, Wilkes College, Pennsylvania</p>
+
+<p>Farnsley, Charles P., Lawyer, Former Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky</p>
+
+<p>Feller, Karl F., President, International Union of United Brewery,
+    Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink &amp; Distillery Workers of America; Member,
+    American Heritage Foundation<a id="pg_209"></a></p>
+
+<p>Ferguson, Charles W., Senior Editor, <i>The Reader's Digest</i></p>
+
+<p>Ferguson, Mrs. Walter</p>
+
+<p>Fischer, Louis, Author, Foreign Correspondent; Authority on the Soviet
+    Union, Spain and Mahatma Gandhi</p>
+
+<p>Fisher, Kenneth</p>
+
+<p>Fitch, H. M., Vice-president, American Air Filter Company</p>
+
+<p>Fitz-Hugh, Col. Alexander</p>
+
+<p>Flower, Henry C., Jr., Vice Chairman, J. Walter Thompson Co.</p>
+
+<p>Flynt, Dr. Ralph C. M., Assistant U. S. Commissioner of Education;
+    Former President, Atlantic Treaty Association</p>
+
+<p>Folsom, Marion B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Forgan, J. Russell, Partner, Glore, Forgan &amp; Co., Investments, Chicago;
+    Board member, National Distillers Products Corp., Studebaker-Packard
+    Corp., Borg-Warner Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Foster, Dr. Luther H., President, Tuskegee Institute</p>
+
+<p>Fowler, Earle B.</p>
+
+<p>Francis, Clarence, Former Chairman of Board, General Foods Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Freeman, Orville L., Secretary of Agriculture; Former Governor of
+    Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Friedrich, Carl J., Eaton Professor of Government, Harvard University;
+    Author</p>
+
+<p>Fritchey, Clayton, Publisher, <i>Northern Virginia Sun</i>, Arlington;
+    Director, Foreign Policy Association; Deputy Chairman, National
+    Democratic Committee, 1952-61</p>
+
+<p>Fuller, Alfred C., Chairman of Board, Fuller Brush Company</p>
+
+<p>Fuller, Carlton P. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Fuller, Dr. Richard E., President, Seattle Art Museum; Research
+    Professor, University of Washington; Former Chairman, Northwest
+    Division, Institute of Pacific Relations</p>
+
+<p>Funk, Wilfred, Chairman, Wilfred Funk, Inc., Publishers; President, Funk
+    &amp; Wagnalls Company, Publishers</p>
+
+<p>Furlong, Mrs. Margaret K.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Gammage, Dr. Grady, President, Arizona State University; Director,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews</p>
+
+<p>Gannon, Rev. Robert I., S. J., Former President, Fordham University</p>
+
+<p>Gape, Charles</p>
+
+<p>Garwood, W. St. John, Former Justice, Supreme Court of Texas</p>
+
+<p>Garwood, Mrs. W. St. John</p>
+
+<p>Gaston, C. Marion</p>
+
+<p>Gates, Hon. Artemus L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Gerstenfeld, Rabbi Norman, Washington (D.C.) Hebrew Congregation</p>
+
+<p>Gettell, Dr. Richard Glenn, President, Mt. Holyoke College</p>
+
+<p>Geyer, Bertram B., Retired Chairman of the Board, Geyer Advertising,
+    Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Gideonse, Dr. Harry D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Gifford, Miss Chloe, Past President, General Federation of Women's
+    Clubs<a id="pg_210"></a></p>
+
+<p>Giles, Dr. Philip Randall, General Superintendent, Universalist Church
+    of America</p>
+
+<p>Gillette, Guy M., Former Senator from Iowa</p>
+
+<p>Gilliam, Miss Elsie</p>
+
+<p>Glenn, Dr. C. Leslie, Professor, Mental Health Institute, University of
+    Michigan; Former Rector, St. John's Cathedral, Washington, D. C.;
+    Former Rector, Christ Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts</p>
+
+<p>Golden, Clinton S., Former Vice-President, United Steelworkers of
+    America</p>
+
+<p>Gorin, Louis J., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Gould, Dr. Laurence M. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Grace, Miss Charity</p>
+
+<p>Granger, Lester, Executive Secretary, National Urban League</p>
+
+<p>Grew, Joseph C. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Griffith, Dr. Ernest S., Dean, School of International Service, American
+    University; Member, National Municipal League, American Association
+    of Public Administrators; Former Chairman, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews; Former member, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church; Director, Library of Congress
+    Legislative Reference Service, 1940-1958</p>
+
+<p>Gross, Dr. Mason W., President &amp; Former Provost, Rutgers University</p>
+
+<p>Grosse, Dr. Aristid V., President, Research Institute, Temple University</p>
+
+<p>Grover, Allen (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Gulick, Dr. Robert L., Jr.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Hackett, Mrs. John R.</p>
+
+<p>Haflich, Victor</p>
+
+<p>Hager, Lawrence W., President, Owensboro, Kentucky <i>Inquirer</i>,
+    <i>Messenger</i>, and Broadcasting Company</p>
+
+<p>Hager, Dr. Walter E.</p>
+
+<p>Hale, Robert, Former Member of Congress from Maine</p>
+
+<p>Haley, Andrew G., Member Federal Communications Commission; Member,
+    Society for Comparative Legislation &amp; International Law</p>
+
+<p>Hall, Dr. Clarence W., Editor, <i>Reader's Digest</i></p>
+
+<p>Hall, Hon. Fred, Former Governor of Kansas</p>
+
+<p>Hallauer, Carl S., Chairman of the Board, Bausch &amp; Lomb Optical Company</p>
+
+<p>Halverson, Rev. Dr. W. Q.</p>
+
+<p>Hamilton, G. E.</p>
+
+<p>Hamlin, Chauncey J. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Hammond, H. O.</p>
+
+<p>Hancher, Dr. Virgil M., President, State University of Iowa</p>
+
+<p>Hand, Dr. George H., Vice President, Southern Illinois University</p>
+
+<p>Haralson, William</p>
+
+<p>Harden, Dr. Edgar L., President, Northern Michigan College; Official,
+    National Education Association<a id="pg_211"></a></p>
+
+<p>Hardin, Dr. Clifford M., Chancellor, University of Nebraska</p>
+
+<p>Hardy, Grace C., M. D.</p>
+
+<p>Hardy, Mrs. T. W., Sr.</p>
+
+<p>Hare, James M.</p>
+
+<p>Hargrave, Thomas J., Chairman, Eastman Kodak Company; Director,
+    Executive Committee, Westinghouse Electric Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Harless, Richard F.</p>
+
+<p>Harmer, Miss Vera</p>
+
+<p>Harmon, Dr. Henry Gadd, President, Drake University</p>
+
+<p>Harriman, E. Roland (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Harriman, Lewis G., Chairman of the Board, Manufacturers &amp; Traders Trust
+    Company; President, M&amp;T Discount Corp,; Founder, National Better
+    Business Bureau; Member, Buffalo Council on World Affairs; Vice
+    Chairman, University of Buffalo; Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1956</p>
+
+<p>Harris, Duncan G., Chairman of the Board, Brown, Harris, Stevens, Inc.;
+    Director, Paramount Pictures Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Harris, Morgan</p>
+
+<p>Harris, Dr. Rufus Carrollton, President, Tulane University; Former
+    Chairman of Board, Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta; Trustee,
+    Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Harrison, W. B.</p>
+
+<p>Hartley, Livingston</p>
+
+<p>Hartung, Albert F., International President, International Woodworkers
+    of America</p>
+
+<p>Harvill, Dr. Richard A., President, University of Arizona</p>
+
+<p>Hawley, James H., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Hayes, A. J., President, International Association of Machinists</p>
+
+<p>Hayt, Miss Jessie</p>
+
+<p>Hazard, Leland, Former Professor of Law, Carnegie Institute of
+    Technology; Vice-President, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.</p>
+
+<p>Healy, G. W. Jr., Past President, American Society of Newspaper Editors;
+    Editor, New Orleans <i>Times-Picayune</i>; Director, The Advertising
+    Council, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Heard, Gerald, Former Editor, <i>The Realist</i>, London; Former Lecturer,
+    Oxford University; Founder, Irish Agriculture Co-operative Movement;
+    Founder, English Co-operative Movement; Lecturer, New School of
+    Social Research, New York City; Lecturer, Oberlin College</p>
+
+<p>Heinsohn, Mrs. Robert A.</p>
+
+<p>Heistand, Rt. Rev. John T.</p>
+
+<p>Hellyer, Dr. David T.</p>
+
+<p>Helmer, Borden</p>
+
+<p>Helsley, Dr. Charles W.</p>
+
+<p>Henderson, Ernest, President, Sheraton Corporation of America; Director,
+    Boston World Affairs Council: Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1959</p>
+
+<p>Henry, Gerald B., Treasurer, Atlantic Union Committee</p>
+
+<p>Henry, Rev. Leland B.<a id="pg_212"></a></p>
+
+<p>Herbert, R. Beverly</p>
+
+<p>Herndon, Rev. Henry</p>
+
+<p>Hertz, Rabbi Richard C.</p>
+
+<p>Hesburgh, Rev. Theodore, C. S. C., President, University of Notre Dame;
+    President, Institute of International Education; Member, Rockefeller
+    Brothers Fund special studies project; Member, Civil Rights
+    Commission of the United States</p>
+
+<p>Hicks, Dr. Weimer K., President, Kalamazoo College</p>
+
+<p>Hill, George Watts (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Hill, Herbert W., Professor of History, Dartmouth College; Director, New
+    Hampshire Council on World Affairs</p>
+
+<p>Hillis, Fred L.</p>
+
+<p>Hilton, Conrad N., President, Hilton Hotels Corporation; Recipient,
+    Brotherhood Citation, National Conference of Christians and Jews</p>
+
+<p>Hilton, Dr. James H., President, Iowa State College of A &amp; M Arts</p>
+
+<p>Hines, Rt. Rev. John E., Episcopal Bishop of Texas</p>
+
+<p>Hinshaw, David</p>
+
+<p>Hobby, Mrs. Oveta Culp, Former U. S. Secretary of Health, Education &amp;
+    Welfare; President, Editor, Publisher, Houston <i>Post</i>; Trustee,
+    American Assembly of Columbia University, Eisenhower Exchange
+    Fellowships, Inc.; Director, Committee for Economic Development;
+    Chairman of the Board, National Bank of Texas; Director, Mutual
+    Insurance Company of New York</p>
+
+<p>Hobson, Rt. Rev. Henry W., Episcopal Bishop of Southern Ohio</p>
+
+<p>Hodes, Gen. Henry I., USA, Retired, Former Commander-in-Chief, U. S.
+    Army, Europe</p>
+
+<p>Hook, Sidney, Professor of Philosophy, New York University; Member,
+    International Committee for Academic Freedom, John Dewey Society;
+    Author: <i>Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No</i>, <i>Common Sense and the Fifth
+    Amendment</i>, <i>Marx and the Marxists</i></p>
+
+<p>Hopkins, Dr. Ernest M. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Horn, Dr. Francis H., President, University of Rhode Island; Former
+    Director, Mental Hygiene Society of Maryland</p>
+
+<p>Hornblow, Arthur, Jr., Motion Picture Producer, MGM</p>
+
+<p>Horwood, Mrs. Henry A.</p>
+
+<p>Hotchkis, Preston, Vice Chairman of the Board, Founders' Insurance
+    Company; Member, Business Advisory Council</p>
+
+<p>Houghton, Dr. Henry S.</p>
+
+<p>Houston, Howard E.</p>
+
+<p>Hovde, Dr. Frederick L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Howard, Ernest</p>
+
+<p>Hoyt, Alfred O.</p>
+
+<p>Hoyt, Palmer (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Hudson, C. B.</p>
+
+<p>Hudson, Edward F., Advertising Consultant, Ted Bates &amp; Co., New York
+    City</p>
+
+<p>Hudson, Paul H., Retired Executive Vice President, Empire Trust Company;
+    Trustee, New York University<a id="pg_213"></a></p>
+
+<p>Humbert, Dr. Russell J., President, DePauw University, Indiana; Former
+    official, Federal Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, Wolcott J.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, Dr. Charles W.</p>
+
+<p>Hunt, Mrs. Walter S.</p>
+
+<p>Hunter, Dr. Frederick</p>
+
+<p>Hurd, Volney, Chief, Paris Bureau, <i>Christian Science Monitor</i></p>
+
+<p>Hutchinson, Martin B.</p>
+
+
+<p>Isaacs, Norman E., Managing Editor, Louisville <i>Times</i>, Recipient,
+    Journalism Medal, Southern Methodist University, 1955</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Jacobson, Albert H., Insurance Broker; Past President, B'nai B'rith</p>
+
+<p>Jacobson, Rabbi David</p>
+
+<p>Jameson, Miss Betty</p>
+
+<p>Jaszi, Dr. Oscar</p>
+
+<p>Jenks, Almet, Author, <i>The Huntsman at the Gate; The Second Chance</i></p>
+
+<p>Jessel, George, Actor, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films Corporation</p>
+
+<p>Jessen, Herman F., Mink Farmer; National Democratic Committee-man from
+    Wisconsin; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Americans for
+    Democratic Action</p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Dr. Eldon L., President, University of New Hampshire; Member,
+    American Society of Public Administrators</p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Herbert F., Chairman of the Board, S. C. Johnson &amp; Son, Inc.;
+    Trustee, Profit Sharing Research Foundation, Cornell University</p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Iris Beatty</p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Leroy, Former Congressman from California</p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Dr. Robert L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Johnston, T. R.</p>
+
+<p>Jones, Rt. Rev. Everett H., Episcopal Bishop of West Texas</p>
+
+<p>Jordan, Dr. Wilbur K., President, Radcliffe College</p>
+
+<p>Joseph, Franz Martin</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Kallick, Sidney S., Chairman, National Board of Directors, Young
+    Democratic Clubs of America</p>
+
+<p>Kanzler, Ernest, Retired Chairman of the Board, Universal C. I. T.
+    Credit Corporation; Member, Business Advisory Council, Committee for
+    Economic Development</p>
+
+<p>Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, Chairman, U. S. National Committee for International
+    Geophysical Year; Professor of Physics, University of California;
+    Member, Administrative Board, Hebrew Union College</p>
+
+<p>Karelsen, Frank E., (Jr.) Partner, Karelsen &amp; Karelsen, Lawyers, New
+    York City; Commissioner, Community Mental Health Board, New York
+    City; Member, Americans for Democratic Action; Honorary Chairman,
+    American Jewish Committee</p>
+
+<p>Katz, Donald L., Chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    University of Michigan<a id="pg_214"></a></p>
+
+<p>Keenan, Joseph H., Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology</p>
+
+<p>Keith, William Scott</p>
+
+<p>Keller, Oliver J., President &amp; Manager, Radio Station WTAX, Springfield,
+    Illinois</p>
+
+<p>Kelley, Nicholas (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Kelly, Dr. Melvin J. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Kennedy, Bishop Gerald, President, Methodist Council of Bishops; Member,
+    Executive Committee, National Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Keppel, A. R., President Catawba College, Salisbury, N. C.</p>
+
+<p>Kerr, Dr. Clark, President, University of California</p>
+
+<p>Ketchum, Carlton G., President, Ketchum, Inc, Campaign Director; Member,
+    National Republican Finance Committee; Director, Association for
+    Improvement of the Poor</p>
+
+<p>Keyserling, Leon H., Former Chairman, President Truman's Council of
+    Economic Advisers; President, Conference on Economic Progress</p>
+
+<p>Kidder, George V., Dean of Liberal Arts, University of Vermont</p>
+
+<p>King, Glen A.</p>
+
+<p>Kinsolving, Rt. Rev. A. B., II, Episcopal Bishop of Arizona; Former
+    President, Arizona Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Kinsolving, Rev. Arthur Lee, Rector, St. James Episcopal Church, New
+    York City; Dean, Convocation of Manhattan; Member, Department of
+    Evangelism, National Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Kirk, Adm. Alan Goodrich (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Kissinger, Dr. Henry A. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Kizer, Benjamin H., Partner, Graves, Kizer &amp; Gaiser, Lawyers, Spokane;
+    Chairman, World Affairs Council of Inland Empire; Trustee, Institute
+    of Pacific Relations; Former President, American Society of Planning
+    Officials</p>
+
+<p>Klutznick, Philip M., Vice Chairman, Illinois State Housing Board;
+    Chairman of the International Council, B'nai B'rith; Member,
+    National Council, Boy Scouts of America; Member, Commission on Money
+    and Credit; Director, American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods</p>
+
+<p>Knight, O. A., President, Oil, Chemical &amp; Atomic Workers International
+    Union</p>
+
+<p>Knutson[C], Coya, Former Congresswoman from Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Koessler, Horace H.</p>
+
+<p>Kohn, Dr. Hans (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Kolthoff, Isaac M., Chairman, Department of Chemistry, University of
+    Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Kreps, Dr. Theodore J., Professor of Business Economy, Stanford
+    University</p>
+
+<p>Kress, Ralph H.</p>
+
+<p>Kretzmann, Dr. Otto P., President, Valparaiso University, Indiana</p>
+
+<p>Kruger, Morris</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Lamb, F. Gilbert</p>
+
+<p>Lamont, Austin<a id="pg_215"></a></p>
+
+<p>Lancoine, Nelson, Past President, Young Democratic Clubs of America</p>
+
+<p>Land, Adm. Emory S., President, Air Transport Association of America</p>
+
+<p>Lang, Reginald D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Langlie, Arthur B., Former Governor of Washington</p>
+
+<p>LaRue, D. W.</p>
+
+<p>Lawrence, David L., Governor of Pennsylvania</p>
+
+<p>Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, Nobel Prize Winner, Medicine &amp; Physiology, 1958;
+    Professor of Genetics, Stanford University</p>
+
+<p>Lee, Dr. Russell V.</p>
+
+<p>Lehman, Hon. Herbert H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Leibowitz, Judge Samuel S., Judge, Kings County Court, Brooklyn</p>
+
+<p>Lemann, Mrs. Lucy Benjamin</p>
+
+<p>Lerner, Abba P.</p>
+
+<p>Levitas, Samuel M.</p>
+
+<p>Lewis, Mrs. Dorothy</p>
+
+<p>Lewis, Rt. Rev. William F., Episcopal Bishop of Olympia</p>
+
+<p>Linder, Hon. Harold F. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Linen, James A., Publisher, <i>Time</i> Magazine</p>
+
+<p>Linton, M. Albert, Retired Chairman of the Board, Provident Mutual Life
+    Insurance Company of Philadelphia; Member, American Friends Service
+    Committee</p>
+
+<p>Lipsky, Dr. George A.</p>
+
+<p>Litchfield, Dr. Edward H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Little, Dr. Clarence C., Professor Emeritus, Harvard University and
+    University of Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Littlejohn, Edward</p>
+
+<p>Lockmiller, Dr. David A., President, Ohio Wesleyan University; Former
+    President, University of Chattanooga</p>
+
+<p>Loehr, Rev. Clement D.</p>
+
+<p>Loehr, Rev. Franklin D.</p>
+
+<p>Louchheim, Stuart F.</p>
+
+<p>Louis, Karl N.</p>
+
+<p>Loveless, Herschel C., Governor of Iowa</p>
+
+<p>Loynd, H. J., President, Parke, Davis &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>Lubin, Isador (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Luce, Hon. Clare Boothe, Former Ambassador to Italy; Playwright (Husband
+    in CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Luce, Henry III (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Lucey, Most Rev. Robert E., S.T.D., Archbishop of San Antonio; Vice
+    President, Catholic Association for International Peace</p>
+
+<p>Lund, Dr. P. Edward</p>
+
+<p>Lunsford, Frank</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Mabey, Charles R., Former Governor of Utah</p>
+
+<p>MacLachlan, James A., Professor of Law, Harvard University</p>
+
+<p>Malott, Dr. Deane W., President, Cornell University</p>
+
+<p>Mann, Gerald C., Former Secretary of State for Texas; Former Attorney
+    General, State of Texas; Chairman of the Board,<a id="pg_216"></a> Diversa, Inc.,
+    Dallas; Secretary, Board of Trustees; Southern Methodist University</p>
+
+<p>Marlowe, Mark V.</p>
+
+<p>Marshall, Gen. George C., Former Secretary of State; Former Secretary of
+    Defense</p>
+
+<p>Marshall, Brig. Gen. S. L. A., Chief Editorial Writer, Detroit <i>News</i></p>
+
+<p>Martie, J. E., Past National Vice Commander, American Legion</p>
+
+<p>Martin, Dr. B. Joseph, President, Wesleyan College, Macon, Georgia</p>
+
+<p>Martin, Laurance C.</p>
+
+<p>Marts, Dr. Arnaud C. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Mather, Dr. J. Paul, President, University of Massachusetts</p>
+
+<p>Mather, Wiley W.</p>
+
+<p>Mathews, Lt. Col. John A.</p>
+
+<p>Mathieu, Miss Beatrice</p>
+
+<p>Matthews, Allan F.</p>
+
+<p>McAllister, Mrs. Dorothy</p>
+
+<p>McAshan, Mrs. S. M.</p>
+
+<p>McCain, Dr. James A., President, Kansas State College; Former President,
+    Montana State University</p>
+
+<p>McCall, Dr. Duke, President, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary</p>
+
+<p>McCalmont, David B.</p>
+
+<p>McCann, Dr. Kevin, President, Defiance College, Ohio; Special Assistant
+    and speech writer for President Eisenhower, 1955-61</p>
+
+<p>McCarthy, Frank, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films; Former Assistant
+    Secretary of State; Secretary to General George C. Marshall,
+    1941-1945</p>
+
+<p>McCord, Dr. James I., President, Princeton Theological Seminary</p>
+
+<p>McCormick, Charles T., Distinguished Professor of Law, University of
+    Texas; Former Dean of School of Law, University of North Carolina;
+    Former Professor of Law, Northwestern University</p>
+
+<p>McCormick, Leo H.</p>
+
+<p>McCrady, Dr. Edward, President, University of the South</p>
+
+<p>McDonald, David J., President, United Steelworkers of America</p>
+
+<p>McDonald, Rt. Rev. Msgr. William J., Rector, Catholic University of
+    America.</p>
+
+<p>McFarland, Mrs. Cole</p>
+
+<p>McFee, William</p>
+
+<p>McIntosh, Henry T.</p>
+
+<p>McInturff, George L.</p>
+
+<p>McKee, Frederick C. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>McKeldin, Theodore R., Former Governor of Maryland</p>
+
+<p>McKinney, Robert, Publisher &amp; Editor, Santa Fe <i>New Mexican</i>; Former
+    Assistant Secretary of the Interior</p>
+
+<p>McLane, John R., Retired Chairman, New Hampshire State Board of
+    Arbitration and Conciliation; Trustee, Dartmouth College</p>
+
+<p>McMath, Sidney S., Former Governor of Arkansas</p>
+
+<p>McMullen, Mrs. Stewart Y.</p>
+
+<p>McNaughton, F. F.</p>
+
+<p>McNaughton, William F.</p>
+
+<p>McNichols, Stephen L. R., Governor of Colorado<a id="pg_217"></a></p>
+
+<p>McQuarrie, Mrs. Irvine</p>
+
+<p>Means, Paul B., Chairman, Department of Religion, University of Oregon</p>
+
+<p>Meeman, Edward J., Editor, Memphis <i>Press-Scimitar</i></p>
+
+<p>Melvin, Crandall, Partner, Melvin &amp; Melvin, Lawyers; President,
+    Merchants National Bank &amp; Trust Company, Syracuse; Trustee, Syracuse
+    University; Member, National Council, Boy Scouts of America</p>
+
+<p>Menuhin, Yehudi, Concert Violinist and Symphony Conductor</p>
+
+<p>Merriam, H. G.</p>
+
+<p>Mesta, Perle, Former Minister to Luxembourg</p>
+
+<p>Meyer, Maj. Gen. G. Ralph</p>
+
+<p>Meyner, Robert B., Governor of New Jersey</p>
+
+<p>Mickle, Dr. Joe J., President, Centenary College, Louisiana; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Recipient, Distinguished Alumnis Award,
+    Southern Methodist University, 1953</p>
+
+<p>Midgley, Grant W.</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Dr. Arthur L., Past Moderator, United Presbyterian Church, USA;
+    member, General Board, National Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Francis P. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Harlan, Columnist, Des Moines <i>Register &amp; Tribune</i></p>
+
+<p>Miller, Perry, Professor of American Literature, Harvard University</p>
+
+<p>Miller, Mrs. Walter I.</p>
+
+<p>Milligan, Mrs. Harold, Past President, National Council of Women</p>
+
+<p>Millikan, Dr. Clark B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Millikan, Dr. Max (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Millis, Dr. John S. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, Don G. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Moehlman, W. F.</p>
+
+<p>Moll, Dr. Lloyd A.</p>
+
+<p>Monroe, J. Raburn, Partner, Monroe &amp; Lemann, Lawyers, New Orleans;
+    Regional Vice President, National Municipal Association</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Greenville D.</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Dr. John C.</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Dr. Riley B., President, College of the Bible, Lexington,
+    Kentucky; Official, National Council of Churches; Member, Fellowship
+    of Reconciliation, World Fellowship, National Education Association,
+    National Council of Churches; Former Chairman, Committee on
+    Activities, Virginia Council of Churches; Former member Executive
+    Committee, Federal Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, Victor P.</p>
+
+<p>Mooney, James D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Moor, N. R. H.</p>
+
+<p>Moore, Bishop Arthur J., President, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church</p>
+
+<p>Moore, Hugh (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Moore, Rev. Philip S.</p>
+
+<p>Moore, Walden<a id="pg_218"></a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan, Dr. Arthur E., Former President, Antioch College; Former Head,
+    TVA</p>
+
+<p>Morgenthau, Dr. Hans J. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Morrison, deLesseps S., U. S. Ambassador to the Organization of American
+    States; Mayor of New Orleans, 1946-1961</p>
+
+<p>Morse, Samuel F. B., Realtor, San Francisco</p>
+
+<p>Mueller, Bishop Reuben H., Vice-President, National Council of Churches;
+    President, Board of Bishops, United Brethren Church; Vice Chairman,
+    World Council of Christian Education; Official, World Council of
+    Churches</p>
+
+<p>Muir, Malcolm (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Mullins, Dr. David W., President, University of Arkansas; Member
+    National Council, National Planning Association; Official, National
+    Education Association</p>
+
+<p>Murphy, Dr. Franklin D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Mynders, Alfred D.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Nason, Dr. John W. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Nelson, Hon. Gaylord A., Governor of Wisconsin</p>
+
+<p>Neuberger, Richard L., Senator from Oregon; Official, American for
+    Democratic Action</p>
+
+<p>Newman, Dr. James H., Executive Vice President, University of Alabama</p>
+
+<p>Newstetter, Wilbur I., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Nichols, Rt. Rev. Shirley H., Episcopal Bishop of Kansas</p>
+
+<p>Nichols, Thomas S. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Noble, Rev. Charles C., Dean, Chapel of Syracuse University</p>
+
+<p>Noelte, Albert E.</p>
+
+<p>Northrop, Dr. Filmer S. C., Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law,
+    Yale University; Author</p>
+
+<p>Norton, Hon. Garrison, President, Institute for Defense Analyses;
+    Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1956-59; Assistant Secretary of
+    State, 1947-49</p>
+
+<p>Norton, Mrs. H. W.</p>
+
+<p>Norton, R. W., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Nutting, Charles B., President, Action-Housing, Inc.; Former Vice
+    Chancellor, University of Pittsburgh; Former Professor of Law,
+    University of Nebraska</p>
+
+<p>Nuveen, John (CFR)</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Odegard, Dr. Peter, Professor of Political Science, University of
+    California; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Former Official,
+    Ford Foundation</p>
+
+<p>Oldham, Rt. Rev. G. Ashton</p>
+
+<p>O'Neal, F. Hodge, Professor of Law, Duke University</p>
+
+<p>Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Robert (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Oppenheimer, William H., Lawyer, St. Paul, Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Orgill, Hon. Edmund, Former Mayor of Memphis</p>
+
+<p>Orgill, Joseph, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Ormond, Dr. John K., Surgeon, Pontiac, Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Orr, Edgar K.<a id="pg_219"></a></p>
+
+<p>Osborn, Mrs. Chase S., Author, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Osborne, Hon. Lithgow (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Osgood, William B.</p>
+
+<p>Otenasek, Dr. Mildred</p>
+
+<p>Otis, Courtlandt</p>
+
+<p>Owens, Lee E., Official, Owens Publications, California</p>
+
+<p>Owens, Lee E., Jr.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Pack, Rev. John Paul</p>
+
+<p>Palmer, Charles Forrest, President, Palmer, Inc., Realtor, Atlanta;
+    Official, National Planning Association; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association, American Society of Planning Officials</p>
+
+<p>Palmer, Miss Hazel, Past President, National Federation of Business and
+    Professional Women's Clubs</p>
+
+<p>Palmer, Robert C.</p>
+
+<p>Parker, Haven</p>
+
+<p>Parker, Mrs. Kay Peterson</p>
+
+<p>Parran, Dr. Thomas, President, Avalon Foundation; Former Surgeon
+    General, U.S.; Former Dean, Graduate School of Public Health,
+    University of Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<p>Parran, Mrs. Thomas</p>
+
+<p>Partch, Mrs. Wallace</p>
+
+<p>Pasqualicchio, Leonard H., President, National Council of
+    American-Italian Friendship</p>
+
+<p>Patten, James G., President, National Farmers' Union; President,
+    International Federation of Agricultural Producers; Trustee,
+    National Planning Association</p>
+
+<p>Patty, Dr. Ernest N., President, University of Alaska</p>
+
+<p>Pavlo, Mrs. Hattie May</p>
+
+<p>Pearl, Stuart D.</p>
+
+<p>Peattie, Donald Culross, Author, Roving Editor, <i>Reader's Digest</i></p>
+
+<p>Pell, Herbert Claiborne, Former Congressman from New York; Member,
+    Advertising Council, Rhode Island Labor Department; Member, Advisory
+    Council, Yenching University, Peiping, China</p>
+
+<p>Pell, Rev. Walden, II</p>
+
+<p>Perkins, Dr. John A., President, University of Delaware; Undersecretary
+    of Health, Education &amp; Welfare, 1957-58; Director, International
+    City Managers Association; Member, Committee for Economic
+    Development; Member National Planning Association</p>
+
+<p>Perkins, Ralph</p>
+
+<p>Phillips, Duncan, Director, Phillips Gallery, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Phillips, Dr. Hubert</p>
+
+<p>Phillips, Dr. J. Donald, President, Hillsdale College, Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Phillips, William (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Pillsbury, Philip W., Chairman of the Board, Pillsbury Mills, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Pillsbury, Mrs. Philip W.</p>
+
+<p>Pines, Rabbi Jerome M.</p>
+
+<p>Pinkerton, Roy D., President &amp; Editorial Director, John P. Scripps
+    Newspapers<a id="pg_220"></a></p>
+
+<p>Pond, Harold S.</p>
+
+<p>Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Popejoy, Dr. Tom L., President, University of New Mexico</p>
+
+<p>Porter, Paul A., Former Chairman, Federal Communications Commission</p>
+
+<p>Posner, Stanley I., Professor of Business Administration, American
+    University, Washington, D. C.</p>
+
+<p>Prange, Charles H., President, Austenal, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Price, Gwilym A., Chairman, Westinghouse Electric Corporation; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council</p>
+
+<p>Prickett, William, Lawyer, Wilmington, Delaware</p>
+
+<p>Puffer, Dr. Claude E., Vice Chancellor, University of Buffalo; Member,
+    Committee for Economic Development</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Qualls, J. Winfield</p>
+
+<p>Quay, Richard R.</p>
+
+<p>Quimby, Thomas H. E., Democratic National Committeeman for Michigan;
+    Vice President, Perry Land Company</p>
+
+<p>Quinn, William Francis, Governor of Hawaii</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Raasch, John E., Chairman of Board, John Wanamaker</p>
+
+<p>Rabb, Maxwell M., Partner, Stroock, Stroock &amp; Lavan, New York City;
+    Secretary to the Cabinet of the U. S., 1953-58; Former Chairman,
+    Government Division, United Jewish Appeal; Consultant, Secretary of
+    the Navy, 1946; Administrative Assistant to Senator Henry Cabot
+    Lodge, 1937-43; Administrative Assistant to Senator Sinclair Weeks,
+    1944</p>
+
+<p>Radley, Guy R.</p>
+
+<p>Raines, Bishop Richard C., Indiana Area, Methodist Church</p>
+
+<p>Rainey, Dr. Homer P., Former President, University of Texas, Stephens
+    College, Bucknell University; Liberal-Loyalist Democratic Candidate
+    for Governor of Texas, 1946</p>
+
+<p>Raley, Dr. John Wesley, President, Oklahoma Baptist University</p>
+
+<p>Rasmuson, Elmer E., President, National Bank of Alaska</p>
+
+<p>Redd, Charles</p>
+
+<p>Reed, Alexander P., Chairman of the Board, Fidelity Trust Company,
+    Pittsburgh</p>
+
+<p>Reed, Dr. R. Glenn, Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Reese, Dr. Curtis W., Editor, <i>Unity</i>; Member, Council of Liberal
+    Churches</p>
+
+<p>Reeves, Dr. George N.</p>
+
+<p>Remsen, Gerard T.</p>
+
+<p>Renne, Dr. Roland R., President, Montana State College</p>
+
+<p>Rettaliata, Dr. John T., President, Illinois Institute of Technology</p>
+
+<p>Reuther, Victor G., Administrative Assistant to the President, United
+    Automobile Workers</p>
+
+<p>Reuther, Walter P., President, United Automobile Workers; President, CIO
+    Division, AFL-CIO; Vice President, United World Federalists</p>
+
+<p>Rhodes, Dr. Peyton N., President, Southwestern University, Memphis<a id="pg_221"></a></p>
+
+<p>Rhyne, Charles S., Past President, American Bar Association; Member,
+    Executive Council, American Society for International Law</p>
+
+<p>Rice, Dr. Allan Lake</p>
+
+<p>Rice, Dr. Warner G., Chairman, Department of English, University of
+    Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Roberts, David W.</p>
+
+<p>Roberts, Mrs. Owen J.</p>
+
+<p>Robertson, Andrew W. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Robertson, Walter S., Former Assistant Secretary of State for far
+    Eastern Affairs; former delegate to U. N.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Claude W.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Miss Elizabeth</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, J. Ben</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, John Q.</p>
+
+<p>Robinson, Thomas L. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Roebling, Mrs. Mary G., President &amp; Chairman of Board, Trenton Trust
+    Company</p>
+
+<p>Rogers, Will, Jr., Newspaper Publisher, Former Congressman</p>
+
+<p>Rolph, Thomas W.</p>
+
+<p>Roosevelt, Nicholas (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Roper, Elmo (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Rose, Dr. Frank A., President, University of Alabama</p>
+
+<p>Rosenthal, Milton F., President, Hugo Stinnes Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Rostow, Dr. Eugene V. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Rowland, W. T.</p>
+
+<p>Rudick, Harry J., Partner, Lord, Day &amp; Lord; Professor of Law New York
+    University; Member, Committee for Economic Development, National
+    Planning Association</p>
+
+<p>Rust, Ben</p>
+
+<p>Ruthenburg, Louis, Chairman of Board, Servel, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Ryder, Melvin, Publisher, Editor, President, Army Times Publishing
+    Company</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Sagendorph, Robb, Publisher, <i>Old Farmer's Almanack</i></p>
+
+<p>Sandelius, Walter E.</p>
+
+<p>Sanders, Walter B., Chairman, Department of Architecture, University of
+    Michigan</p>
+
+<p>Sanford, Arthur</p>
+
+<p>Sayman, Mrs. Thomas</p>
+
+<p>Sayre, Francis B., Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-39; U. S.
+    Ambassador to the United Nations, 1947-52; Professor of Law, Harvard
+    University, 1917-34</p>
+
+<p>Scherman, Harry (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Schiff, Mrs. Dorothy, Publisher and owner, <i>New York Post</i></p>
+
+<p>Schlesinger, Dr. Arthur, Jr. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Schmidt, Adolph W. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Schmidt, John F.</p>
+
+<p>Schmitt, Mrs. Ralph S.</p>
+
+<p>Schroeder, Walter, President, Christian Schroeder &amp; Sons Inc.,
+    Milwaukee<a id="pg_222"></a></p>
+
+<p>Schroth, Thomas N., Editor &amp; Publisher, Congressional Quarterly, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Schultz, Larry H.</p>
+
+<p>Scullin, Richard J., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Seedorf, Dr. Evelyn H.</p>
+
+<p>Semmes, Brig Gen. Harry H.</p>
+
+<p>Sengstacke, John H., Publisher, <i>Chicago Defender</i></p>
+
+<p>Serpell, Mrs. John A.</p>
+
+<p>Shackelford, Francis, Lawyer, Atlanta; Assistant Secretary of the Army,
+    1952-53</p>
+
+<p>Shapiro, Ascher H., Professor of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
+    Technology</p>
+
+<p>Shea, George E., Jr., Financial Editor, <i>Wall Street Journal</i></p>
+
+<p>Shelton, E. G.</p>
+
+<p>Shepley, Dr. Ethan A. H., Chancellor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Board member, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Anheuser-Busch,
+    Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Sherman, Dr. Mary S.</p>
+
+<p>Sherwood, Carlton M., President, Pierce, Hedrick &amp; Sherwood, Inc.;
+    Member, Executive Committee, Foundation for Integrated Education;
+    Commission member, National Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Shirpser, Mrs. Clara</p>
+
+<p>Shotwell, Dr. James T. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Sibley, Brig. Gen. Alden K.</p>
+
+<p>Sick, Emil G., Chairman of the Board, Sicks' Breweries, Ltd.; President,
+    Washmont Corp., Sicks' Breweries Enterprises, Inc.</p>
+
+<p>Sikes, W. E.</p>
+
+<p>Simons, Dolph, President, The World Company; Publisher, Editor,
+    Lawrence, Kansas <i>Daily Journal-World</i>; Director, Associated Press</p>
+
+<p>Simonton, Theodore E.</p>
+
+<p>Simpson, James A., Lawyer, Birmingham, Alabama; Former State Senator</p>
+
+<p>Sittler, Edward L., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Skouras, Spyros P., President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.;
+    President of Skouras Lines</p>
+
+<p>Slee, James N.</p>
+
+<p>Slick, Tom, Chairman of the Board, Slick Oil Company; Board Member,
+    Slick Airways, Inc., Dresser Industries of Dallas</p>
+
+<p>Sloan, Rev. Harold P., Jr.</p>
+
+<p>Slosson, Dr. Preston W., Professor of History, University of Michigan;
+    Author</p>
+
+<p>Sly, Rev. Virgil A., Vice-President, National Council of Churches,
+    Official, World Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Bishop A. Frank, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Southern
+    Methodist University, Dallas; Methodist Bishop of Houston and San
+    Antonio</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Maj. Gen. Edward S., Former Vice-President, Southern Bell T &amp; T
+    Company</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Dr. Francis A.<a id="pg_223"></a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, H. Alexander (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Paul C. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Robert Jerome</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Russell G.</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Dr. Seymour A., President, Stephens College</p>
+
+<p>Smith, Sylvester C., Jr., Lawyer, Newark, New Jersey</p>
+
+<p>Snow, Miss Jessie L.</p>
+
+<p>Snyder, John I., Jr., Chairman of the Board, President, U. S.
+    Industries, Inc.; Formerly with Kuhn, Loeb &amp; Co.; Trustee Committee
+    for Economic Development, National Urban League, New York University</p>
+
+<p>Soffel, Judge Sara M., Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Allegheny County,
+    Pennsylvania; Trustee, University of Pittsburgh; Official, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews</p>
+
+<p>Sommer, Mrs. Sara</p>
+
+<p>Sonne, Hans Christian (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Spaulding, Rev. Clarence</p>
+
+<p>Spaulding, Eugene R., Vice-President, <i>The New Yorker</i></p>
+
+<p>Spaulding, George F.</p>
+
+<p>Spilsbury, Mrs. Margaret C.</p>
+
+<p>Spivak, Lawrence E., Producer, "Meet the Press," NBC-TV; Former Editor &amp;
+    Publisher, <i>American Mercury</i></p>
+
+<p>Sporn, Philip, President, American Electric Power Company &amp; subsidiaries</p>
+
+<p>Springer, Maurice</p>
+
+<p>Sproul, Dr. Robert Gordon (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Stafford, Mrs. Carl</p>
+
+<p>Standley, Rear Adm. William H. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Stanton, Dr. Frank, President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council</p>
+
+<p>Starcher, Dr. George W., President, University of North Dakota</p>
+
+<p>Stark, George W., Arthur, Columnist, Detroit <i>News</i></p>
+
+<p>Steinbicker, Dr. Paul G., Chairman, Department of Government, St. Louis
+    University</p>
+
+<p>Steiner, Dr. Celestin John, S. J., President, University of Detroit;
+    Member, Foreign Policy Association; Member, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews</p>
+
+<p>Steinkraus, Herman W., Chairman of the Board, Bridgeport Brass Co.;
+    Former President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce; Trustee, Twentieth
+    Century Fund</p>
+
+<p>Steinman, Dr. David B., Bridge Engineer</p>
+
+<p>Stern, William</p>
+
+<p>Sterne, Dr. Theodore E., Simon Newcomb Professor of Astrophysics,
+    Harvard University</p>
+
+<p>Stevenson, Adlai (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Stevenson, Dr. William E. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Steward, Roy F.</p>
+
+<p>Stewart, Dr. Robert B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Stoddard, Ralph<a id="pg_224"></a></p>
+
+<p>Stoke, Dr. Harold Walter, President, Queens College, Flushing, New York;
+    Former President, Louisiana State University</p>
+
+<p>Straus, Ralph I. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Strausz-Hupe, Dr. Robert (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Streit, Clarence K., President, Federal Union, Inc.; Author</p>
+
+<p>Stuart, Dr. Graham H.</p>
+
+<p>Sturt, Dr. Daniel W.</p>
+
+<p>Suits, Hollis E.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Talbott, Philip M., Past President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce</p>
+
+<p>Tally, Joseph, Jr., Past President, Kiwanis International</p>
+
+<p>Tatum, Lofton L.</p>
+
+<p>Tawes, J. Millard, Governor of Maryland</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Dr. Edgar Curtis</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, James L.</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Brig. Gen. Telford, U. S. Chief of Consul, Nurnburg War
+    Criminals Trials</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Dr. Theophilus Mills, Moderator, United Presbyterian Church,
+    USA; Official, World Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Wayne Chatfield (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Teller, Dr. Edward (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Thom, W. Taylor, Jr., Chairman Emeritus of Geological Engineering,
+    Princeton University</p>
+
+<p>Thomas, J. R.</p>
+
+<p>Thompson, Dr. Ernest Trice, Professor, Union Theological Seminary;
+    Co-Editor, Presbyterian Outlook</p>
+
+<p>Thompson, Kelly, President, Western Kentucky State College</p>
+
+<p>Tobie, Llewellyn A.</p>
+
+<p>Todd, Dr. G. W.</p>
+
+<p>Todd, George L., Vice President, Burroughs Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Tolan, Mrs. Thomas L.</p>
+
+<p>Towill, John Bell</p>
+
+<p>Towster, Julian</p>
+
+<p>Trickett, Dr. A. Stanley, Chairman, Department of History, University of
+    Omaha; Official, World Council of Churches</p>
+
+<p>Truman, Harry S., Former President of the United States</p>
+
+<p>Turner, Gardner C.</p>
+
+<p>Turner, Jennie M.</p>
+
+<p>Twiss, Rev. Malcolm N.</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Upgren, Dr. Arthur R. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Urey, Dr. Harold C., Nobel Prize Atomic Chemist; Professor of Chemistry,
+    University of California; Former Professor of Chemistry, University
+    of Chicago</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Valimont, Col. R. W.</p>
+
+<p>Van Doren, Mark, Pulitzer Prize Poet</p>
+
+<p>van Nierop, H. A.</p>
+
+<p>Van Zandt, J. Parker</p>
+
+<p>Veiller, Anthony</p>
+
+<p>Velte, Charles H.<a id="pg_225"></a></p>
+
+<p>Vereide, Abraham, President, International Christian Leadership</p>
+
+<p>Vernon, Lester B.</p>
+
+<p>Vieg, Dr. John A.</p>
+
+<p>Vincent, John H.</p>
+
+<p>Visson, Andre</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Walker, Elmer</p>
+
+<p>Walker, Dr. Harold Blake, President, McCormick Theological Seminary,
+    Evanston, Illinois</p>
+
+<p>Walling, L. Metcalfe, Director, U. S. Operations Mission, Colombia; Vice
+    President, National Consumers League</p>
+
+<p>Walsh, John R.</p>
+
+<p>Walsh, Dr. Warren B., Chairman of the Board, Department of Russian
+    Studies, Syracuse University; Director, American Unitarian
+    Association</p>
+
+<p>Walton, Miss Dorothy C.</p>
+
+<p>Wampler, Cloud, Chairman of Board, Carrier Corporation</p>
+
+<p>Wanger, Walter F. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Wansker, Harry A.</p>
+
+<p>Warner, Dr. Sam B., Publisher, <i>Shore Line Times, The Clinton</i></p>
+
+<p>Warren, Hamilton M.</p>
+
+<p>Warwick, Dr. Sherwood</p>
+
+<p>Waterman, Professor Leroy</p>
+
+<p>Watkins, Bishop William T., Methodist Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky</p>
+
+<p>Watts, Olin E., Member, Jennings, Watts, Clarke &amp; Hamilton, Lawyers;
+    Jacksonville, Florida; Trustee, University of Florida</p>
+
+<p>Waymack, William Wesley, Former member, Atomic Energy Commission; Former
+    Editor, Des Moines <i>Register &amp; Tribune</i>; Pulitzer Prize, 1937;
+    Member, National Committee, American Civil Liberties Union; Trustee,
+    Twentieth Century Fund</p>
+
+<p>Webb, Marshall</p>
+
+<p>Webb, Vanderbilt (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Wedel, Mrs. Theodore O., Past President, United Church Women</p>
+
+<p>Weeks, Dr. I. D., President, University of South Dakota</p>
+
+<p>Welch, Mrs. George Patrick</p>
+
+<p>Wells, Dr. Herman B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Weltner, Dr. Philip</p>
+
+<p>Wendover, Sanford H.</p>
+
+<p>West, Donald C.</p>
+
+<p>Weston, Eugene, Jr., Architect, Los Angeles; Member, American Society of
+    Planning Officials</p>
+
+<p>Weston, Rev. Robert G.</p>
+
+<p>Wetmore, Rev. Canon J. Stuart</p>
+
+<p>Whitaker, Robert B.</p>
+
+<p>White, Edward S.</p>
+
+<p>White, Dr. Lee A., Retired Editorial Writer, Detroit <i>News</i></p>
+
+<p>White, William L., Publisher, Emporia, Kansas <i>Gazette</i>; Author; Member,
+    Former Director, American Civil Liberties Union</p>
+
+<p>White, Dr. W. R., President, Baylor University, Waco, Texas<a id="pg_226"></a></p>
+
+<p>Whitman, Walter G., Chairman. Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Secretary-General, United
+    Nations Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, 1955</p>
+
+<p>Whitney, Edward Allen</p>
+
+<p>Whorf, Richard, Producer, Actor, Director, Warner Brothers; Producer,
+    CBS, Hollywood</p>
+
+<p>Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Wigner, Dr. Eugene P., Professor, Princeton University</p>
+
+<p>Wilkin, Robert N.</p>
+
+<p>Willham, Dr. Oliver S., President, Oklahoma State University</p>
+
+<p>Williams, A. N., Former Chairman of Board, Westinghouse Air Brake
+    Company</p>
+
+<p>Williams, Dr. Clanton W., President, University of Houston</p>
+
+<p>Williams, Herbert H.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, Mrs. Lynn A., Sr.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, Ray G.</p>
+
+<p>Williams, Whiting</p>
+
+<p>Williamson, Alexander J.</p>
+
+<p>Willkie, Philip, Son of Wendell Willkie</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Alfred M., Vice President, Director, Minneapolis-Honeywell
+    Regulator Company</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Dr. Logan, President, University of Texas; Director, Center of
+    Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Former member, Fund for the
+    Republic</p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Dr. O. Meredith, President, University of Minnesota</p>
+
+<p>Wise, Watson W., Owner, W. W. Wise Drilling, Inc., Tyler, Texas; Member,
+    Executive Committee, Lone Star Steel Co.; Dallas; Special Council,
+    Schuman Plan, NATO, 1949-52; Member, National Planning Association;
+    U. S. Delegate, 13th General Assembly of the United Nations</p>
+
+<p>Woodring, Harry H., Former Secretary of War; Past National Commander,
+    American Legion</p>
+
+<p>Wright, William</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Yarnell, Rear Adm. H. E. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Young, John L., Vice-President, U. S. Steel Corporation; Chairman of the
+    Board, Dad's Root Beer Bottling Company; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association</p>
+
+<p>Young, John Orr, Advertising Consultant, New York City</p>
+
+<p>Young, Owen D. (CFR)</p>
+
+<p>Youngdahl, Luther W., Judge, U. S. District Court for District of
+    Columbia; Former Governor of Minnesota; Trustee, American University</p>
+
+
+<p class="newletter">Zanuck, Darryl F., Vice-President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.</p>
+
+<p>Zellerbach, Harold L., Former Board Chairman, Crown Zellerbach Corp.;
+    Member, Board of Governors, Hebrew Union College; Trustee,
+    University of Pennsylvania
+<a id="pg_227"></a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+<div id="index" class="chapter">
+<h2>INDEX</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>This is an index to the text of this volume. Names which appear in
+<a href="#appendix1">Appendix I</a> and <a href="#appendix2">Appendix II</a> (membership rosters of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and of the Atlantic Union Committee) are not in this index
+unless they are mentioned in the text.</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>A</h3>
+
+
+<p>Abraham &amp; Straus, <a href="#pg_076">76</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Abram, Morris B., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Abrams, Frank W., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Abrams, Henry H., <a href="#pg_149">149</a></p>
+
+<p>Acheson, Dean, <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_118">118</a></p>
+
+<p>ACTION, <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>ADA, <a href="#pg_146">146</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Adams, Grantley H., <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Adenauer, Konrad, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>ADVERTISING COUNCIL, <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_097">97</a>-<a href="#pg_102">102</a>; <a href="#pg_174">174</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Public Policy Committee, <a href="#pg_099">99</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Mental Health project, <a href="#pg_101">101</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; support of UN, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON POSTWAR FOREIGN POLICY, <a href="#pg_005">5</a></p>
+
+<p>AFL-CIO, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>AFRICA, <a href="#pg_105">105</a></p>
+
+<p>Agar, Herbert, <a href="#pg_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Agger, Donald G., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Air-Vue Products Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Alabama Power Company, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Alanbrooke, Field-Marshal, <a href="#pg_030">30</a></p>
+
+<p>ALDRICH COMMISSION, <a href="#pg_054">54</a></p>
+
+<p>Aldrich, Malcolm P., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Aldrich, Winthrop W., <a href="#pg_084">84</a></p>
+
+<p>Alexander, Henry C., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Allen, James L., <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Allen, Steve, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Allen, William M., <a href="#pg_084">84</a></p>
+
+<p>Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Allyn, Stanley C., <a href="#pg_085">85</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Altschul, Frank, <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Aluminum Limited, Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>American Airlines, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_144">144</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS, <a href="#pg_126">126</a> ff; <a href="#pg_173">173</a></p>
+
+<p>American Can Company, <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>American Central Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN COUNCIL TO IMPROVE OUR NEIGHBORHOODS (ACTION), <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>American Express, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, <a href="#pg_056">56</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_047">47</a></p>
+
+<p>American Heavy Minerals Corp., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p><i>American Heritage</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN HERITAGE FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_047">47</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN LEGION (Americanism Committee of Waldo Slaton Post 140), <a href="#pg_036">36</a> ff;
+  <a href="#pg_046">46</a>; <a href="#pg_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>American Metal Climax, Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_064">64</a><a id="pg_228"></a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICAN-SCANDANAVIAN FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION (ADA), <a href="#pg_146">146</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>American Strategy For The Nuclear Age</i>, <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>American Sugar Refining Company, <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>AMERICANS UNITED FOR WORLD GOVERNMENT, <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>American Tel. &amp; Tel., <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>American Trust Company, <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>"America's Most Powerful Private Club," <a href="#pg_082">82</a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Clayton, Company, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Dillon, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Eugenie, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Marian, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Anderson, Robert B., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, <a href="#pg_047">47</a></p>
+
+<p>Arabian American Oil Company, <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>ARDEN HOUSE GROUP, <a href="#pg_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>AREA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_070">70</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Armco International Corp., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, <a href="#pg_004">4</a> ff; <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>ARMY-McCARTHY HEARINGS, <a href="#pg_084">84</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Army Times</i>, <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>Ashmore, Harry S., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>ASIA, <a href="#pg_040">40</a>; <a href="#pg_106">106</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; communist goal to enslave, <a href="#pg_044">44</a></p>
+
+<p>Asiatic Petroleum Corp., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN WORLD GOVERNMENT, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Atlanta Transit Co., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY CONVENTION, <a href="#pg_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>ATLANTIC UNION, <a href="#pg_113">113</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE, Inc., <a href="#pg_105">105</a> ff; <a href="#pg_118">118</a> ff; <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; membership, <a href="#pg_202">202</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Atlantic Union News</i> (quote from), <a href="#pg_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, <i>v</i></p>
+
+<p>AVCO Manuf. Corp., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Avildsen, Clarence, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>B</h3>
+
+
+<p>Babb, Jervis J., <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Bacher, Robert F., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Hanson W., <a href="#pg_155">155</a></p>
+
+<p>Baldwin, Roger, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Ball, George W., <a href="#pg_011">11</a>; <a href="#pg_180">180</a></p>
+
+<p>Bank of America, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Bank of Manhattan Company, <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Bankers Security Corporation, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Bankers Trust Company, <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Barkin, Solomon, <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Barnes, Harry Elmer, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Barnes, Joseph, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Barnett, Frank R., <a href="#pg_137">137</a></p>
+
+<p>Barrett, Edward W., <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Bates, Harry C., <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Batten, William M., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Bay Petroleum Corp., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Beal, Gerald F., <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Beard, Charles E., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Beaver Coal Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Bechtel, S. D., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Beise, S. Clark, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Belafonte, Harry, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Beliefs, Purposes and Policies</i> (quote from UWF pamphlet), <a href="#pg_123">123</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Belgian Securities Corp., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell and Howell Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell, Elliott V., <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell, James F., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Bell, Laird, <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Bendix Aviation Corp., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Benny, Jack, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Benton, William, affiliations: <i>iii</i>; <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a><a id="pg_229"></a></p>
+
+<p>Berger Manufacturing Co., of Mass., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Berle, Adolf A., Jr., affiliations: <a href="#pg_011">11</a>; <a href="#pg_055">55</a>, <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>BERLIN, <a href="#pg_028">28</a> ff; <a href="#pg_132">132</a>, <a href="#pg_180">180</a></p>
+
+<p>Bernhard, Prince of The Netherlands, <i>v</i></p>
+
+<p>Berry, George P., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Bethlehem Steel Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Better Farming</i>, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Better Homes and Gardens</i>, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Biddle, Francis, <a href="#pg_146">146</a>, 171</p>
+
+<p>"Bilderbergers," <i><a href="#pg_v">v</a></i></p>
+
+<p>BILL OF RIGHTS, The U. S., <a href="#pg_108">108</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Bingham, Barry, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>BIRCH (JOHN) SOCIETY, <a href="#pg_147">147</a>, <a href="#pg_158">158</a></p>
+
+<p>Bixby (Fred H.) Ranch Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Black, Eugene R., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Black, James B., <a href="#pg_055">55</a>, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Blanc, Louis, <a href="#pg_060">60</a>-<a href="#pg_061">61</a></p>
+
+<p>Blanding, Sarah G., <a href="#pg_076">76</a>, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Bliss, Robert Woods, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Bliss, Tasker H., <a href="#pg_003">3</a></p>
+
+<p>Blough, Roger M., <a href="#pg_085">85</a>, <a href="#pg_096">96</a>, <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Blue Diamond Corp., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Blum, Robert, <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>B'NAI B'RITH, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Boeing Airplane Co., <a href="#pg_084">84</a></p>
+
+<p>Boeschenstein, Harold, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Bohen, Fred, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Bohlen, Charles E., <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Book of the Month Club, Inc., <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Booz, Allen and Hamilton, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Bosch, Albert H., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowery Savings Bank, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowie, Robert R., <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowles, Chester, affiliations: <a href="#pg_010">10</a>, <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowles, Mrs. Chester, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Bowman, Isaiah, <a href="#pg_005">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Brada, George, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Brace, Lloyd D., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Braden Copper Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Braden, Spruille, <a href="#pg_158">158</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Bradfield, Richard, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Bradley, Albert, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Bradley, Omar N., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Brandt, Willy, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Branscomb, Harvie, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Breech, Ernest R., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Brenton, W. Harold, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Bridges, Harry, <a href="#pg_111">111</a></p>
+
+<p>British Aluminum, Ltd., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Bronk, Detlev W., <a href="#pg_168">168</a>, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, Courtney C., <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, George R., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown, John Mason, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Brown &amp; Root, Inc., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Brownlee, James F., <a href="#pg_076">76</a>, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Bruce, David K. E., <a href="#pg_010">10</a>, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Brundage, Percival F., <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>Brunswick Paper and Pulp Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Bryant, Arthur, <a href="#pg_030">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Buckmaster, L. S., <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Bullis, Harry A., <a href="#pg_124">124</a>, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Bunche, Ralph J., affiliations: <a href="#pg_005">5</a>, <a href="#pg_099">99</a>, <a href="#pg_125">125</a>, <a href="#pg_144">144</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a>, <a href="#pg_152">152</a>, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Bundy, Harvey H., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Bundy, McGeorge, <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Bunker, Arthur H., <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>Burgess, Carter L., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Burlington Industries, Inc., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Burns, Arthur F., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Burroughs Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Bush, Prescott, (favoring Holmes nomination), <a href="#pg_008">8</a>-<a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Bush, Vannevar, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL (BAC), <a href="#pg_081">81</a>-<a href="#pg_096">96</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; <a href="#pg_i">i</a>nfluence on gov. policy, <a href="#pg_082">82</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; <a href="#pg_i">i</a>nfluence on Army-McCarthy hearings, <a href="#pg_083">83</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; membership, <a href="#pg_084">84</a> ff, <a href="#pg_128">128</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; tax-exempt status, <a href="#pg_083">83</a></p>
+
+<p>BUSINESS COUNCIL (<i>see</i> Business Advisory Council)</p>
+
+<p>BUSINESS EXECUTIVES RESEARCH COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_072">72</a> ff, <a href="#pg_077">77</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>Business Week</i>, <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Butler, William, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Buttenwieser, Benjamin J., <a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_099">99</a><a id="pg_230"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>C</h3>
+
+
+<p>Cabin Crafts, Inc., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Cabot Corporation, <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Cabot (Godfrey L.) Inc., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Cabot, Henry B., <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Cabot, Paul C., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Cabot, Thomas D., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Cadman, S. Parkes, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>California Texas Oil Corp., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Cameron Iron Works, Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Campbell Soup Co., <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Canadian General Electric Co., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Canby, Henry Seidel, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Canfield, Cass, <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Canham, Erwin D., <a href="#pg_046">46</a> ff; <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Carey, Mrs. Andrew G., <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Carey, James B., <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Carmichael, James V., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Carnahan, A. S. J., <a href="#pg_066">66</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Carnegie Corporation of New York, <a href="#pg_021">21</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_161">161</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a>: <a href="#pg_163">163</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>; <a href="#pg_035">35</a>; <a href="#pg_039">39</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Carpenter, Walter S., Jr., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Carrier Corp., <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Case, Everett Needham, <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Casey, Joe, <a href="#pg_007">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Castle &amp; Cook, Ltd., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Castro, Fidel, <a href="#pg_018">18</a> ff; <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Caterpillar Tractor Co., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Catton, Bruce, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>CED (<i>see</i>: Committee for Economic Development)</p>
+
+<p>CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>CENTER OF DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY, <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (powers of), <a href="#pg_110">110</a></p>
+
+<p>Central Life Assurance Society, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Central National Bank of Richmond, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>CFR (<i>see</i>: Council on Foreign Relations)</p>
+
+<p>Chaco Petroleum of South America, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Chagla, M. C., <a href="#pg_019">19</a></p>
+
+<p>Chalk, O. Roy, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940</i>, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE U. S., <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Champion Paper and Fibre Co., <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Chase Manhattan Bank, The, <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Chase, Stuart, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>CHATHAM HOUSE, <i><a href="#pg_iv">iv</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Chemstrand Corporation, <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Chesebrough-Pond's Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p>Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., <a href="#pg_014">14</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Chicago Daily News</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Childs, Marquis, <a href="#pg_144">144</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Childs, Richard S., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>CHINA,<br />
+&nbsp; communist conquest of, <a href="#pg_040">40</a>-<a href="#pg_047">47</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; employment in Red China, <a href="#pg_054">54</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; recognition of Red China, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Christian Science Monitor</i>, <a href="#pg_046">46</a> ff; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Christiana Securities Company, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>CHRISTIANITY (American heritage of), <a href="#pg_111">111</a></p>
+
+<p>Church Fire Insurance Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>CHURCH PEACE UNION, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Churchill, Winston, <a href="#pg_027">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Cisler, Walker L., <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>C. I. T. Financial Corp., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Cities Service Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_014">14</a><a id="pg_231"></a></p>
+
+<p>CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, <a href="#pg_130">130</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>CITIZENS OF NORTH ATLANTIC DEMOCRACIES (Convention), <a href="#pg_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>CITY PLANNING, <a href="#pg_071">71</a></p>
+
+<p>Clapper, Olive, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Clark, Evans, <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Clark, Joseph S., <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Clay, Lucius D., affiliations: <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Clayton, William L., affiliations: <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_122">122</a>; <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Cleveland, Harlan, <a href="#pg_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Cline (Robert A.) Inc., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Cluett, Peabody and Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Coca-Cola Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Cohen, Benjamin V., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Cole, Charles W., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Cole, David L., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Collado, Emilio G., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>COLLEGE-COMMUNITY RESEARCH CENTERS, <a href="#pg_072">72</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>COLLEGES (<i>see</i>: Universities and Colleges)</p>
+
+<p>Collier Carbon &amp; Chemical Corp., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Collyer, John L., <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Columbia Broadcasting System, <a href="#pg_094">94</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (CED), <a href="#pg_051">51</a>-<a href="#pg_079">79</a>; <a href="#pg_081">81</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Annual Report (1957), <a href="#pg_054">54</a>, <a href="#pg_064">64</a> ff, <a href="#pg_070">70</a> ff, <a href="#pg_077">77</a>, <a href="#pg_154">154</a>, <a href="#pg_174">174</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Area Development, <a href="#pg_070">70</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Business-Education Committee, <a href="#pg_076">76</a> ff, <a href="#pg_127">127</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; College-Community Research Centers, <a href="#pg_070">70</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; Dallas CED Associates, <a href="#pg_078">78</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; education programs, <a href="#pg_073">73</a>, <a href="#pg_154">154</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Research and Policy Committee, <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMISSION ON MONEY AND CREDIT, <a href="#pg_051">51</a>-61</p>
+
+<p>COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS, <a href="#pg_140">140</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>COMMITTEES ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, <a href="#pg_020">20</a> ff; <a href="#pg_035">35</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA, <a href="#pg_153">153</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMUNISM (World Brotherhood's opinion of), <a href="#pg_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (quotation of plan for World Government), <a href="#pg_112">112</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Communist Manifesto</i>, <a href="#pg_061">61</a></p>
+
+<p>COMMUNIST PARTY, <i>i</i>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Como, Perry, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Compton, Arthur H., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Conant, James B., <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>CONFERENCE ON WORLD TENSIONS, <a href="#pg_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>CONGRESS, THE U. S.,<br />
+&nbsp; AUC Resolution presented to, <a href="#pg_119">119</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; CFR influence on, <a href="#pg_035">35</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; CMC recommendations to, <a href="#pg_052">52</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, <a href="#pg_120">120</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; the 83rd Session, <a href="#pg_162">162</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; foreign aid appropriations, <a href="#pg_066">66</a>, 133;<br />
+&nbsp; House Rules Committee, <a href="#pg_053">53</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; <a href="#pg_i">i</a>nvestigating committees, <i>v</i>, <a href="#pg_177">177</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; rejecting world government resolution, <a href="#pg_115">115</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>Congressional Record</i>,<br />
+&nbsp; debates on Holmes nomination, <a href="#pg_009">9</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, <a href="#pg_120">120</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; quoting Carnahan on Development Loan Fund, <a href="#pg_066">66</a>:<br />
+&nbsp; on Radio Free Europe, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>CONNALLY RESERVATION, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_144">144</a>; <a href="#pg_177">177</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>Conner, John T., <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Consolidated Foods Corp., <a href="#pg_045">45</a><a id="pg_232"></a></p>
+
+<p>CONSTITUTION, THE U. S., <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_108">108</a> ff; <a href="#pg_179">179</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Preamble, <a href="#pg_109">109</a></p>
+
+<p>Continental Can Company, <a href="#pg_014">14</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Continental Illinois National Bank &amp; Trust, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Continental Oil Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Copeland, Lammot DuPont, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Cordiner, Ralph J., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Corette, John E., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Corn Products Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Corning Glass Works, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,<br />
+&nbsp; Annual Reports, <a href="#pg_011">11</a>, <a href="#pg_012">12</a>, <a href="#pg_016">16</a> ff, <a href="#pg_018">18</a>, <a href="#pg_021">21</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Corporation Service, <a href="#pg_016">16</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; Financial contributors to, <a href="#pg_014">14</a> ff, <a href="#pg_018">18</a>, <a href="#pg_079">79</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Financial Statement, <a href="#pg_013">13</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; History of, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i> ff, <a href="#pg_001">1</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; Influence on:<br />
+&nbsp;   Berlin zoning agreements, <a href="#pg_032">32</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp;   communications media, <a href="#pg_153">153</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   Disarmament discussions, <a href="#pg_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   Greenland protection move, <a href="#pg_025">25</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   foreign aid, <a href="#pg_132">132</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   foreign policy, <a href="#pg_036">36</a>, 153;<br />
+&nbsp;   Foundations, <a href="#pg_162">162</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp;   National Housing Acts, <a href="#pg_071">71</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   'National Purpose,' <a href="#pg_140">140</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   Radio Free Europe, <a href="#pg_149">149</a>;<br />
+&nbsp;   World War II, <a href="#pg_024">24</a>-<a href="#pg_026">26</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Interlocking organizations:
+   <a href="#pg_035">35</a>-<a href="#pg_049">49</a>, <a href="#pg_057">57</a>, <a href="#pg_061">61</a> ff, <a href="#pg_070">70</a> ff, <a href="#pg_081">81</a> ff, <a href="#pg_096">96</a> ff, <a href="#pg_122">122</a>, <a href="#pg_125">125</a> ff, <a href="#pg_131">131</a>, <a href="#pg_137">137</a> ff,
+   <a href="#pg_145">145</a> ff, <a href="#pg_150">150</a> ff, <a href="#pg_161">161</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; International affiliations, <a href="#pg_143">143</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; members in U. S. government, <a href="#pg_010">10</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; membership list, <a href="#pg_187">187</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; organizations formally affiliated with, <a href="#pg_020">20</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; related foreign organizations, <i><a href="#pg_v">v</a></i>;<br />
+&nbsp; summary discussion of, <a href="#pg_173">173</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; tax-exempt status, <a href="#pg_019">19</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946</i>, <a href="#pg_024">24</a></p>
+
+<p>COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, <a href="#pg_041">41</a> ff; <a href="#pg_132">132</a></p>
+
+<p>Cousins, Norman, affiliations: <i>ii</i> ff; <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a> ff; <a href="#pg_148">148</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Cowles, Gardner, affiliations: 65; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>, <a href="#pg_151">151</a>, <a href="#pg_156">156</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; quote from, <a href="#pg_154">154</a></p>
+
+<p>Cowles, John, affiliations: 86; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Cowles Magazines, Inc., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>COX COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_162">162</a></p>
+
+<p>Cox, C. R., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Cox, E. E., <a href="#pg_161">161</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Cravath, Swaine &amp; Moore, <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>CRIMEAN CONFERENCE, <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>Crises of the Old Order</i>, <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Crowell-Collier Publishing Co., <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>CRUSADE FOR FREEDOM, <a href="#pg_093">93</a>, <a href="#pg_149">149</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Crusade in Europe</i> (Dwight D. Eisenhower), <a href="#pg_030">30</a></p>
+
+<p>CUBA, <a href="#pg_135">135</a>; <a href="#pg_180">180</a></p>
+
+<p>Cummings, Nathan, <a href="#pg_045">45</a></p>
+
+<p>Cummins Engine Company, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Currie, Lauchlin, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_041">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Curtice, Harlow H., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>CZECHOSLOVAKIA, betrayal of, <a href="#pg_029">29</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>D</h3>
+
+
+<p>DALLAS CED ASSOCIATES, <a href="#pg_078">78</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>DALLAS CITIZENS COUNCIL, <a href="#pg_078">78</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>DALLAS COUNCIL ON WORLD AFFAIRS, <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Dallas Morning News</i> (quote from), <a href="#pg_077">77</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Daniel, Charles E., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>DANISH FOREIGN POLICY SOCIETY, <i><a href="#pg_v">v</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Darden, Colgate W., Jr., <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>David, Donald K., affiliations: <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_078">78</a> ff; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Davidson, Carter, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Davies, Paul M., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Davis, Elmer, <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>Davis, Norman H., <a href="#pg_005">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Davis, William H., <a href="#pg_146">146</a><a id="pg_233"></a></p>
+
+<p>Davison, Harry P., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Dean, Arthur H., <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Dean, Vera Micheles, <a href="#pg_038">38</a></p>
+
+<p>DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, <a href="#pg_108">108</a></p>
+
+<p>Deere and Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>de Lima, Oscar, <a href="#pg_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>DEMOCRACY (definition by Streit), <a href="#pg_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM, <a href="#pg_110">110</a></p>
+
+<p>DENMARK, German invasion of, <a href="#pg_024">24</a> ff.</p>
+
+<p>Denton, Frank R., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Denver Post</i>, <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Desai, Mortarji, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Desilu Playhouse, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Des Moines Register and Tribune</i>, <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Detroit Bank and Trust Co., <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Detroit-Edison Co., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND, <a href="#pg_066">66</a> ff.</p>
+
+<p>Devin-Adair Publishing Co., <a href="#pg_163">163</a></p>
+
+<p>Dewey, Thomas E., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>de Zoysa, Stanley, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Diamond Alkali Co., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Dickey, Charles D., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Dickey, John S., <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Diebold, Williams, Jr., <a href="#pg_018">18</a></p>
+
+<p>Dillon, Douglas, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_176">176</a></p>
+
+<p>District of Columbia Transit Co., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Documents on American Foreign Relations</i> (CFR publication), <a href="#pg_013">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Dodge, Joseph M., <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Donner, Frederick, G., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Doty, Paul M., Jr., <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Douglas, Lewis W., <a href="#pg_168">168</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Dow, Jones &amp; Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Draper, William H., <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Dresser Industries, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Dubinsky, David, <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>DuBridge, Lee A., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Duggan, Stephen, <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Dulles, Allen, <a href="#pg_003">3</a>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>;</p>
+
+<p>Dulles, John Foster, <a href="#pg_003">3</a>; <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>Dunn, Frederick S., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>E</h3>
+
+
+<p>Eastland, James O. (quote from), <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Eastman Kodak, <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Eaton, Cyrus, <a href="#pg_043">43</a>; <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Eaton Manufacturing Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Eban, Ebba, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Eccles, Marriner S., <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>ECONOMIC COLLECTIVISM, <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Eden, Anthony, <a href="#pg_027">27</a></p>
+
+<p>Edison Electric Institute, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Eichelberger, Clark M., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Einstein, Albert, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION, <a href="#pg_034">34</a></p>
+
+<p>Eisenhower, Dwight D., <a href="#pg_006">6</a>; <a href="#pg_012">12</a>; <a href="#pg_037">37</a>, <a href="#pg_066">66</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_134">134</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Army-McCarthy hearings, <a href="#pg_084">84</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; authorizing participation in CNAD, <a href="#pg_121">121</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; BAC advisors, <a href="#pg_083">83</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; founder of American Assembly, <a href="#pg_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; part in occupation of Berlin, <a href="#pg_028">28</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; President's Commission on National Goals, <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>EISENHOWER EXCHANGE FELLOWSHIPS, INC., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Elliott, William Y., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Empire Savings and Loan Association, <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>, <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Engelhard, Charles William, <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>ENGLAND, <a href="#pg_183">183</a></p>
+
+<p>Engles, Frederick, <a href="#pg_061">61</a></p>
+
+<p>Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Equitable Trust Co., of Baltimore, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Erler, Fritz, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Ethridge, Mark F., <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Ethyl Corp., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>EUROPE, <a href="#pg_183">183</a></p>
+
+<p>EUROPEAN ADVISORY COMMISSION, <a href="#pg_027">27</a>; <a href="#pg_031">31</a></p>
+
+<p>Export-Import Bank, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_069">69</a><a id="pg_234"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>F</h3>
+
+
+<p>FABIAN SOCIALISTS, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr., <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>Farrell Lines, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Fawzi, Mahmoud, <a href="#pg_019">19</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL AID, to schools, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI), <a href="#pg_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, Constitutional powers, <a href="#pg_109">109</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM, <a href="#pg_180">180</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, <a href="#pg_052">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Federal Reserve Bank of New York, <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD, <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, <a href="#pg_051">51</a> ff; <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERAL UNION, INC., <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_113">113</a> ff; <a href="#pg_118">118</a></p>
+
+<p>Federated Department Stores, Inc., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>FEDERATION OF WORLD GOVERNMENTS, plan for, <a href="#pg_115">115</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Feldman, George J., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Fibreboard Products, Inc., <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Finkelstein, Lawrence S., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Finletter, Thomas K., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>First National Bank of Atlanta, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>First National Bank of Boston, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>First National Bank, Chicago, <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>First National Bank of Greenville, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>First National Bank of St. Louis, <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>First National City Bank of New York, <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>First Security Corporation, <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>Fischer, Ben, <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Fisher, George, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Flanders, Ralph E., <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_084">84</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Fleischmann, Julius, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Fleming, Lamar, Jr., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Florida-Georgia TV Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Folsom, Frank, <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Folsom, Marion B., <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Food Machinery &amp; Chemical Corp., <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>FOR AMERICA, <a href="#pg_158">158</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Forbes Magazine</i>, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Forbes, Malcolm S., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Ford, Benson, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>FORD FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_062">62</a> ff; <a href="#pg_077">77</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; recipients of financial aid from: <a href="#pg_004">4</a>, <a href="#pg_051">51</a>, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>, <a href="#pg_149">149</a>, <a href="#pg_166">166</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; tax-exempt status, <a href="#pg_035">35</a></p>
+
+<p>Ford, Henry, II, <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Ford Motor Company, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_085">85</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; International Division, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Foreign Affairs</i> (CFR publication), <a href="#pg_013">13</a>; <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_031">31</a></p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN AID, <a href="#pg_129">129</a>-136; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; 1957 Bill, <a href="#pg_066">66</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; failure of, <a href="#pg_135">135</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; programs, <a href="#pg_111">111</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; to underdeveloped countries, <a href="#pg_067">67</a>; <a href="#pg_078">78</a></p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT of 1961, <a href="#pg_129">129</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN POLICY, U. S., <a href="#pg_036">36</a>; <a href="#pg_043">43</a>; <a href="#pg_046">46</a>; <a href="#pg_153">153</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; traditional, <a href="#pg_001">1</a>, 180</p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION, <a href="#pg_035">35</a>-<a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_079">79</a>; <a href="#pg_164">164</a>; <a href="#pg_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATIONS' COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, <a href="#pg_042">42</a></p>
+
+<p>FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION-WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, <a href="#pg_035">35</a>-<a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_081">81</a>; <a href="#pg_174">174</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Foreign Relations of the United States:<br />
+&nbsp; Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943</i>, <a href="#pg_028">28</a></p>
+
+<p>Forgash, Morris, <a href="#pg_128">128</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Fortune</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a><a id="pg_235"></a></p>
+
+<p>Foster Wheeler Corp, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Foster, William C. affiliations: 65; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Foster, William Z., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Foundations</i>, <a href="#pg_162">162</a>, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Foundation Directory</i>, <a href="#pg_167">167</a></p>
+
+<p>FOUNDATION LIBRARY CENTER, <a href="#pg_167">167</a></p>
+
+<p>Founders' Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Fowler, Henry H., <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>Fox, Bertrand, <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Fox, John M., <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>FRANCE, <a href="#pg_183">183</a></p>
+
+<p>Frankfurter, Felix, <a href="#pg_039">39</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Franklin, George S., Jr., <a href="#pg_012">12</a></p>
+
+<p>FREEDOM, a Constitutional concept of, <a href="#pg_109">109</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>Freedom's Frontier Atlantic Union Now</i>, <a href="#pg_121">121</a></p>
+
+<p>FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_149">149</a></p>
+
+<p>FREE EUROPE PRESS, <a href="#pg_149">149</a></p>
+
+<p>Freeman, Gaylord A., Jr., <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>Freeport Sulphur Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>French, Eleanor Clark, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Fulbright, J. William, <a href="#pg_119">119</a>; <a href="#pg_134">134</a>; <a href="#pg_178">178</a></p>
+
+<p>FULTON COUNTY (Georgia) Grand Jury, <a href="#pg_036">36</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>FULTON COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY, <a href="#pg_139">139</a></p>
+
+<p>FUND FOR ADULT EDUCATION (Ford Foundation), <a href="#pg_073">73</a></p>
+
+<p>FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, <a href="#pg_062">62</a> ff; <a href="#pg_166">166</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Funston, G. Keith, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>G</h3>
+
+
+<p>Gaither, H. Rowan, Jr., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Galbraith, John Kenneth, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>Gallup, George, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Gannett, Lewis S., <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Gardner, John W., <a href="#pg_169">169</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Gavin, James M., <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Gavin, Leon H., <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Geier, Frederick, V., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>General American Investors Co., <a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>General Cigar Company, <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>General Dynamics Corporation, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>General Electric Corporation,<br />
+&nbsp; directors' affiliations: <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>General Foods Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>General Motors, <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Overseas Operations, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>General Stores Corp., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>General Telephone, <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>General Telephone &amp; Electronics Corp., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Genesee Merchants Bank &amp; Trust Co., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Georgia Power Company, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>GERMANY, occupation plans for, <a href="#pg_027">27</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; West Germany, <a href="#pg_182">182</a></p>
+
+<p>Gerot, Paul S., <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Gifford, John A., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Gifford, Walter S., <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Gillette Company, <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Gillette Safety Razor, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Gleason, S. Everett, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Goheen, Robert F., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Goldberg, Arthur J., <a href="#pg_168">168</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Goldman, Sachs and Co., <a href="#pg_081">81</a></p>
+
+<p>GOLD RESERVE, <a href="#pg_052">52</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Goldstein, Israel, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Goodrich (B. F.) Company, <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Goodyear Tire &amp; Rubber Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Gould, Laurence M., <a href="#pg_168">168</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Graham, Philip, <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_101">101</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Great Atlantic &amp; Pacific Tea Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Grace (W. R.) and Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>GRAND JURY PRESENTMENT (Fulton Co., Ga.) 36 ff; <a href="#pg_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>Gray, Elisha, II, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>GREAT DECISIONS PROGRAM, <a href="#pg_036">36</a> ff; <a href="#pg_042">42</a>; <a href="#pg_044">44</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Greene, Fred T., <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Greenfield, Albert M., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>GREENLAND, under the Monroe Doctrine, <a href="#pg_024">24</a> ff<a id="pg_236"></a></p>
+
+<p>Greenewalt, Crawford H., <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Grew, Joseph C., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Griswold, A. Whitney, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Griswold, Erwin N., <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Gross, Ernest A., <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_144">144</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Gross, H. R., <a href="#pg_067">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Grover, Allen, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Gruenther, Alfred M., <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_161">161</a></p>
+
+<p>Guinzburg, Harold K., <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Gulf Oil Corporation, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Gullion, Edmund A., <a href="#pg_017">17</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Gunther, John, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>H</h3>
+
+
+<p>Hadley, Morris, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Hall, Helen, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Hall, Joseph B., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Hammarskjold, Dag, <a href="#pg_018">18</a>; <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Hammond, John, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>HAMPTON INSTITUTE, <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Hancock (John) Mutual Life Ins. Co., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Hand, Learned, <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Hanna (M. A.) Company, <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Hanover Bank, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Hansand Steam Ship Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Hardy, Porter, Jr., <a href="#pg_068">68</a></p>
+
+<p>HAROLD PRATT HOUSE, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>; <a href="#pg_021">21</a></p>
+
+<p>Harper &amp; Brothers, <a href="#pg_121">121</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Harper's Magazine</i>, <a href="#pg_082">82</a></p>
+
+<p>Harriman, W. Averell, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_019">19</a>; <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>Harris, Rufus, C., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Harris Trust &amp; Savings Bank, <a href="#pg_091">91</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Harrison, Wallace K., <a href="#pg_168">168</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Harsch, Joseph C., <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Hart Schaffner and Marx, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Haskins and Sells, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Haskins, Caryl P., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Hauge, Gabriel, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Hawaiian Pineapple Co., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Hayes, Albert J., <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Heald, Henry T., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Heckscher, August, <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Heinz, H. J., II, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Heinz (H. J.) Company, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Henderson, Loy W., <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Henri-Spaak, Paul, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Henry, Barklie McKee, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Herter, Christian A., affiliations: <a href="#pg_003">3</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_119">119</a>; <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Hewitt, William A., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Higgins, Milton P., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Hill, Lister, <a href="#pg_119">119</a></p>
+
+<p>Hiss, Alger, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_041">41</a>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Hitler, Adolph, <a href="#pg_028">28</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoffman, Paul G., affiliations: <a href="#pg_062">62</a> ff; <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Holmes-Casey-Klein, tanker purchases, <a href="#pg_007">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Holmes, John, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Holmes, Julius C.,<br />
+&nbsp; CFR, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; delegate UN organiz. meeting, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; violation surplus-disposal program, <a href="#pg_006">6</a>-<a href="#pg_010">10</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; becomes Ambassador to Iran, <a href="#pg_008">8</a>-<a href="#pg_009">9</a></p>
+
+<p>Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoover, Herbert, <a href="#pg_006">6</a>; <a href="#pg_158">158</a><br />
+&nbsp; Foundation, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoover, Herbert, Jr., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Hopkins, Harry, <a href="#pg_027">27</a>; <a href="#pg_185">185</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Horizon</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoskins, Harold B., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Hotchkis, Preston, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Houghton, Amory, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Houghton, Arthur A., <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>House, Edward M.,<br />
+&nbsp; Wilson's adviser, <a href="#pg_002">2</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; <a href="#pg_i">i</a>nfluence on CFR, <a href="#pg_003">3</a> ff, <a href="#pg_023">23</a>, 39;<br />
+&nbsp; <a href="#pg_i">i</a>nfluence on domestic and foreign policy, <a href="#pg_058">58</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; one-world aims, <a href="#pg_136">136</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; (<i>also see: The Intimate Papers of Colonel<a id="pg_237"></a> House</i>, and <i>Philip
+  Dru, Administrator</i>)</p>
+
+<p>HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (<i>see:</i> Congress)</p>
+
+<p>Houser, Theodore V., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Houston, William F., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Hovde, Frederick L., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Howard, Frank A., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Hoyt, Palmer, affiliations: <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Hughes, A. W., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Hughes, Charles Evans, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Hughes, Langston, <a href="#pg_162">162</a></p>
+
+<p>Hughes Tool Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Hull, Cordell, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_027">27</a>; <a href="#pg_032">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, George M., <a href="#pg_083">83</a></p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, Gilbert W., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Humphrey, Hubert, <a href="#pg_119">119</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>HUMPHREY RESOLUTION, <a href="#pg_177">177</a></p>
+
+<p>HUNGARY, <a href="#pg_112">112</a></p>
+
+<p>Hutchins, Francis S., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Hutchins, Robert, <a href="#pg_167">167</a> ff</p>
+
+
+
+<h3>I</h3>
+
+
+<p>IBM World Trade Corporation, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Ickes, Harold L., <a href="#pg_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>"I Love Lucy," <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>INDIA, <a href="#pg_044">44</a></p>
+
+<p>INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS, <i>v</i></p>
+
+<p>Industrial Publishing Co., <a href="#pg_158">158</a></p>
+
+<p>Industrial Rayon Corp., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>INFORMATION AGENCY, U. S., <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Inland Steel Corp., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>INSTITUT DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, <i><a href="#pg_v">v</a></i></p>
+
+<p>INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDER, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN STRATEGY, <a href="#pg_137">137</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS (IPR), <a href="#pg_039">39</a> ff; <a href="#pg_179">179</a></p>
+
+<p>INTER-DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LATIN AMERICA, <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Interlake Iron Corp., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES, <a href="#pg_161">161</a>-<a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, <a href="#pg_179">179</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, <a href="#pg_083">83</a></p>
+
+<p>International Bank, <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>International Business Machines Corp., <a href="#pg_077">77</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION, <a href="#pg_011">11</a>; <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORP., <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>International General Electric Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>International Harvester Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, <a href="#pg_020">20</a>; <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>International Nickel Company, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>International Packer, Ltd., <a href="#pg_094">94</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>International Paper Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Intimate Papers of Colonel House</i>, <a href="#pg_002">2</a>; <a href="#pg_059">59</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Invisible government, appeal of, <a href="#pg_173">173</a></p>
+
+<p>Iowa-Des Moines National Bank, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>IPR (<i>see:</i> Institute of Pacific Relations)</p>
+
+<p>Iron Ore Co. of Canada, <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Irving Trust Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_018">18</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>J</h3>
+
+
+<p>Jackson, C. D., <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Jacobsson, Per, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Javits, Jacob K., <a href="#pg_119">119</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a></p>
+
+<p>Jefferson, Thomas, <a href="#pg_108">108</a>; <a href="#pg_185">185</a></p>
+
+<p>Jessup, Philip C., <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Joseph E., affiliations: <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a><a id="pg_238"></a></p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Lyndon, <a href="#pg_123">123</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Johnson, Robert L., <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Johnston, Eric A., affiliations: <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a>: <a href="#pg_123">123</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>JOINT COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC EDUCATION, <a href="#pg_072">72</a> ff; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Jones, Alfred W., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Jones, Charles S., <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Josephs, Devereux C., <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Joyce, William H., Jr., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Judd, Walter H., <a href="#pg_069">69</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>K</h3>
+
+
+<p>Kahn, Otto H., <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>KANSAS UNIVERSITY ENDOWMENT ASSOCIATION, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Kanzler, Ernest, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Kappel, Frederick, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Katz, Milton, <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Keating, Kenneth, <a href="#pg_119">119</a></p>
+
+<p>Keenan, Joseph, D., <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Kefauver, Estes, <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_119">119</a></p>
+
+<p>Kelley, Nicholas, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Kellogg (M. W.) Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Kelly, Mervin J., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Kelly, Walt, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Kennan, George F., <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_031">31</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Kennedy, John F., <a href="#pg_046">46</a>; <a href="#pg_051">51</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; CFR membership, <a href="#pg_006">6</a>, 10-12;<br />
+&nbsp; 1961 summit meeting, <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i>; <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>;<br />
+&nbsp; on foreign aid, <a href="#pg_129">129</a>-133</p>
+
+<p>Kennedy, Robert, <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Kennekott Copper Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Kern County Lend Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Kerr, Clark, <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Kestnbaum, Meyer, <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>KEYSTONE ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTER, <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Khrushchev, Nikita,<br />
+&nbsp; problems in Germany, <a href="#pg_183">183</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Stevenson's opinion of, <a href="#pg_144">144</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; summit meeting (1961), <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i>; <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>;<br />
+&nbsp; United States tour, <a href="#pg_037">37</a></p>
+
+<p>Kiano, Gikomyo W., <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Kidder, Peabody and Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Killian, James R., Jr., <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Kimberly, John R., <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Kimpton, Lawrence A., <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>King, Martin Luther, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Kirk, Grayson, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Klein, Stanley, <a href="#pg_007">7</a></p>
+
+<p>KLM Dutch Airlines, <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Klutznick, Philip M., <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Knowland, William F., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Kollek, Theodore, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Korneichuk, Alekesander Y., <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>KOREAN WAR, <a href="#pg_007">7</a>; <a href="#pg_040">40</a>; <a href="#pg_044">44</a></p>
+
+<p>KRESS (SAMUEL H.) FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Krock, Arthur,<br />
+&nbsp; quotes from, <a href="#pg_031">31</a>; <a href="#pg_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>Kroger Company, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Kuhn, Loeb and Co., <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>L</h3>
+
+
+<p>Labor (<i>see</i>: Unions)</p>
+
+<p>Labouisse, Henry R., <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>La France Industries, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Lally, Francis, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Lamont, Thomas S., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Landon Abstract Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Landon, Alf, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Lane Company, Inc., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Lane, E. H., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Lane, Franklin K., <a href="#pg_061">61</a></p>
+
+<p>Lange, Oscar, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Langer, William L., <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Lanier, Joseph L., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Larsen, Roy E., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Larson, Arthur, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>LATIN AMERICA, <a href="#pg_105">105</a></p>
+
+<p>Lattimore Owen, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_041">41</a></p>
+
+<p>LAW DAY, <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Law, Warren A., <a href="#pg_078">78</a></p>
+
+<p>Lawrence, David, <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Lazarus, Fred, Jr., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>LEAGUE OF NATIONS, <a href="#pg_013">13</a>; <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT, <a href="#pg_003">3</a></p>
+
+<p>LEAGUE OF NEIGHBORS, <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE, <a href="#pg_002">2</a><a id="pg_239"></a></p>
+
+<p>Lehman, Herbert H., affiliations: <a href="#pg_002">2</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_149">149</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Lehrman, Hal, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Leithead, Barry L., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Lemnitzer, Lyman L., <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Lenin, Nikolai, <a href="#pg_128">128</a></p>
+
+<p>Lever Brothers Company, <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Levine, Irving, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Lewisohn (Adolph) and Sons, <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Liberia Mining Co., Ltd., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Liberian Navigation Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Life</i>, <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Lilienthal, David E., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Lincoln, Murray D., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Linder, Harold F., <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Linowitz, Sol M., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Linton, M. Albert, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Lippmann, Walter, <a href="#pg_003">3</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Lockheed Aircraft Corp., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Loeb (Carl M.), Rhoades and Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Loeb, Robert F., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Long, Augustus C., <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_128">128</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Look</i>, <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Loomis, Alfred L., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Loos, A. William, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Lorillard (P.) Company, <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Los Angeles Times</i>, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Louisville Courier-Journal</i>, <a href="#pg_155">155</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Louisville Times</i>, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Lourie, Donold B., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Love, George H., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Love, James Spencer, <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Lovett, Robert A., <a href="#pg_168">168</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Lowry, Howard F., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Lubin, Isador, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Luce, Clare Boothe, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Luce, Henry R., <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Lummus Company, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Lykes Brothers Steam Ship Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Lynd, Robert S., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Lyon, A. E., <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Mc</h3>
+
+
+<p>McAfee, James W., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McAshan, S. Maurice, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McBride, Katharine E., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>McCabe, Thomas B., <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McCaffrey, John L., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McCARRAN COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_179">179</a></p>
+
+<p>McCarran, Pat, Committee investigation, <a href="#pg_040">40</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>McCarthy, Joseph R., <a href="#pg_083">83</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>McCloy, John J., affiliations: <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_019">19</a>; <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>McCollum, Leonard F., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormack, Charles P., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McCormack, John W., <a href="#pg_132">132</a></p>
+
+<p>McDonald, James G., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>McElroy, Neil H., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McFadden, Louis T., <a href="#pg_039">39</a></p>
+
+<p>McGhee, George C., <a href="#pg_011">11</a>; <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p>McGowin, Earl M., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>McGraw, James H., Jr., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McHugh, Keith S., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>McIntosh, Millicent C., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>McKee, Paul B., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>McKelway, Benjamin M., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>McKesson &amp; Robbins, Inc., <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>McWilliams, John P., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>M</h3>
+
+
+<p>MacIntyre, Malcolm A., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>MacKenzie, N.A.M., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>MacNichol, George P., Jr., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Macy (R. H.) &amp; Co., <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>MACY FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Maffry, August, <a href="#pg_018">18</a></p>
+
+<p>Magill, Roswell F., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Malin, Patrick M., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Mallon, Neil, <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Mallory, Walter H., <a href="#pg_004">4</a>; <a href="#pg_012">12</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Malott, Deane W., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Mansfield, Mike, <a href="#pg_119">119</a></p>
+
+<p>Manufacturers and Merchants Indemnity Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Manufacturers Trust Co., <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Marburg, Louis, <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Marcus, Stanley, <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a> ff; <a href="#pg_101">101</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Maria Luisa Ore Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Marshall, J. Howard, <a href="#pg_168">168</a><a id="pg_240"></a></p>
+
+<p>Marx, Karl, <a href="#pg_061">61</a></p>
+
+<p>Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Mathieson (Olin) Chemical Corp., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Matson Assurance Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Matson Navigation Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Matthews, Herbert L., <a href="#pg_019">19</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Mauze, Abby Rockefeller, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Mboya, Tom, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>Mead Corp., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Mead, Margaret, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Meany, George, <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>"Meet the Press," <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Mellon National Bank &amp; Trust Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Merchant, Livingston T., <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Merck &amp; Co., Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Meredith Publishing Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Meredith Radio &amp; Television Stations, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>MERRILL CENTER FOR ECONOMICS, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>MERRILL FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_051">51</a>; <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Metropolitan Coach Lines, <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT, <a href="#pg_071">71</a>; <a href="#pg_078">78</a></p>
+
+<p>Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848), <a href="#pg_001">1</a></p>
+
+<p>Meyer, Charles A., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Meyer, Cord, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Meyer, Eugene, <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Midwest Gas Transmission Co., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Midwest Stock Exchange, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Mikoyan, Anastas I., <a href="#pg_018">18</a>; <a href="#pg_019">19</a></p>
+
+<p>Miller, J. Erwin, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Miller, Margaret Carnegie, <a href="#pg_169">169</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Mills, John S., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Minneapolis Star and Tribune</i>, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Minute Maid Corporation, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Mitchell, Don G., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Mobil International Oil Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Model, Roland and Stone, <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Moe, Henry Allen, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Molotov, Vyacheslav M., <a href="#pg_027">27</a></p>
+
+<p>MONROE DOCTRINE, <a href="#pg_024">24</a>; <a href="#pg_026">26</a></p>
+
+<p>Monsanto Chemical Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Montana Power Co., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Montgomery, George G., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Moore, Hugh, <a href="#pg_123">123</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan, Henry S., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgan (J. P.) and Company, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgenstern, George, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Morgenthau, Henry, <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Mortgage Investments Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Mortimer, Charles G., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>MOSCOW CONFERENCE (1943), <a href="#pg_027">27</a>; <a href="#pg_032">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Mosely, Philip E.,<br />
+&nbsp; affiliations: <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; at Moscow conference (1943), <a href="#pg_027">27</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; quoted on Berlin zoning, <a href="#pg_031">31</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; quoted on Soviet-American relations conference, <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i> ff</p>
+
+<p>MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Mudd, Seeley G., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Muir, Malcolm, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Multer, Abraham, <a href="#pg_052">52</a></p>
+
+<p>Mumford, Lewis, <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>MUNICIPAL PLANNING, <a href="#pg_070">70</a></p>
+
+<p>Murphy, Donald R., <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Murphy, Franklin D., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Murphy, William B., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Murrow, Edward R., <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Mutual Life Insurance Co., of N. Y., <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Myers, William I., <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Myrdal, Gunnar, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>N</h3>
+
+
+<p>NAACP, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Nason, John W., <a href="#pg_048">48</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Nathan, Robert R., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>National Bank of Commerce, Houston, <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>National Cash Register Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>National City Bank of Cleveland, <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a><a id="pg_241"></a></p>
+
+<p>National Bank of Detroit, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>National City Bank of N. Y., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS, <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_173">173</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, <a href="#pg_039">39</a>; <a href="#pg_047">47</a>; <a href="#pg_132">132</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>National Dairy Products Corp., <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>National Distillers Products Corp., <a href="#pg_085">85</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL HOUSING ACTS (1949 through 1957), <a href="#pg_071">71</a></p>
+
+<p>National Lead Company, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>National Steel Corporation, <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>National Trust and Savings Assoc., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>National Union Fire Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>National Union Indemnity Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Nationwide Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>NATO CITIZENS COMMISSION LAW, <a href="#pg_120">120</a></p>
+
+<p>Neal, Alfred C., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Neilson, Frances, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Neiman-Marcus Company, <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Nelson, Otto L., Jr., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Newsweek</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Newton, Henry C., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p><i>New York Herald-Tribune</i>, <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>New York Life Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p><i>New York Post</i>, <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>New York Stock Exchange, <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p><i>New York Times</i>, <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_019">19</a>; <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_113">113</a>; <a href="#pg_155">155</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; quote from: <a href="#pg_031">31</a>; <a href="#pg_129">129</a> ff; <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Nicely, James M., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Nichols, Thomas S., <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Niebuhr, Reinhold, <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Nielsen, Aksel, <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Nikezic, Marko, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p>NINTH ARMY, U. S., <a href="#pg_028">28</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Nitze, Paul H., <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Nixon, Richard, <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_119">119</a>; <a href="#pg_133">133</a></p>
+
+<p>NIZHNYAYA OREANDA (Crimea), <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Nkrumah, Kwame, <a href="#pg_019">19</a></p>
+
+<p>Nolde, O. Frederick, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Norfolk and Western Railway, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Norgren (C. A.) Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>North American Company, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), <a href="#pg_011">11</a>; <a href="#pg_118">118</a></p>
+
+<p>Northern Trust Co., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Northwest Bancorporation, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_077">77</a>; <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Nuveen, John, <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>O</h3>
+
+
+<p>Oceanic Steam Ship Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>O'Hara, Barratt, <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>Ohio Oil Company, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Olds, Irving S., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>O'Leary, Timothy F., <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>O'Neill, Abby M., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>OOSTERBECK, The Netherlands, <i>v</i></p>
+
+<p>Oppenheimer, J. Robert, <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, <a href="#pg_011">11</a></p>
+
+<p>Orgill, Edmund, <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Osborn, Earl D., <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Osborn, Frederick, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Osborne, Lithgow, <a href="#pg_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>Otis Elevator Co., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Our One Best Hope</i> (AUC Pamphlet), <a href="#pg_119">119</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>Our Sunday Visitor</i>, <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Overland Corporation, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_085">85</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>P</h3>
+
+
+<p>Paar, Jack, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Pace, Frank, Jr., <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific Gas and Electric Co., <a href="#pg_055">55</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific Lumber Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a><a id="pg_242"></a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific National Bank of Seattle, <a href="#pg_084">84</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific Power &amp; Light Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific School of Religion, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Pacific Telephone &amp; Telegraph Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Page, Arthur W., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Paley, William S., <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Pan American Airways, <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Pandit, Vijaya L., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>PARENT-TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, <a href="#pg_139">139</a></p>
+
+<p>PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, <a href="#pg_003">3</a></p>
+
+<p>Parten, Jubal R., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Pasvolsky, Leo, <a href="#pg_005">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Patterson, Alicia, <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Patterson, Ellmore C., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Patterson, W. A., <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Patton, George, <a href="#pg_029">29</a></p>
+
+<p>Patton, Thomas F., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Pauling, Linus, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>PEACE CORPS, <a href="#pg_139">139</a></p>
+
+<p>PEARL HARBOR, <a href="#pg_023">23</a>; <a href="#pg_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>Pearson, Lester B., <a href="#pg_144">144</a></p>
+
+<p>PEIPING, <a href="#pg_045">45</a></p>
+
+<p>Pendleton, Morris B., <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Penney (J. C.) Company, <a href="#pg_085">85</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Percy, Charles H., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Perkins, James A., <a href="#pg_169">169</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Petersen, Howard C., <a href="#pg_065">65</a> ff; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Petersen, Theodore S., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Petro-Texas Chemical Corp., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Pfizer International, Inc., <a href="#pg_015">15</a></p>
+
+<p>Philadelphia Trust Co., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Philip Dru: Administrator</i>, <a href="#pg_059">59</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Pierson, Warren Lee, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Pilcher, John L., <a href="#pg_068">68</a></p>
+
+<p>Pillsbury Mills, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Pitney Bowes, Inc., <a href="#pg_048">48</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Pittman, Ralph D., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Pittsburgh-Consolidation Coal Co., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>PLYWOOD INDUSTRY, <a href="#pg_128">128</a></p>
+
+<p>POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Political Handbook of the World</i> (CFR publication), <a href="#pg_013">13</a></p>
+
+<p>Potofsky, Jacob S., <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Prentis, Henning W., Jr., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Price, Gwilym A., <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Pritchard, Ross, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Proctor &amp; Gamble Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>PUBLIC LAW 86-719, <a href="#pg_122">122</a></p>
+
+<p>PUBLIC LAW, 87-195, <a href="#pg_188">188</a></p>
+
+<p>PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>PUGWASH CONFERENCE, <a href="#pg_147">147</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Pullman, Inc., <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Pure Oil Co., <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Pusey, Nathan M., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Q</h3>
+
+
+<p>Quaker Oats Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>R</h3>
+
+
+<p>Rabi, I. I., <a href="#pg_140">140</a></p>
+
+<p>Radio Corp. of America, <a href="#pg_015">15</a>; <a href="#pg_048">48</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>RADIO FREE EUROPE, <a href="#pg_149">149</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES ASSOCIATION, <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>RAND Corporation, <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Randall, Clarence B., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Rayburn, Sam, <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Reece, Carroll, <a href="#pg_162">162</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>REECE COMMITTEE, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Reed, Philip D., <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Reed, Stanley, <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Regan, Ben, <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Reid, Ogden, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Reid, Whitelaw, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Reinhardt, G. Frederick, <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Reischauer, Edwin O., <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Repplier, Theodore S., <a href="#pg_098">98</a></p>
+
+<p>Republic Steel Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Reston, James B., <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Reuther, Walter, <a href="#pg_101">101</a>; <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Reynaud, Paul, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Reynolds, Lloyd, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Reynolds Metals Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Reynolds, Richard S., Jr., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>RICHARDSON FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_137">137</a><a id="pg_243"></a></p>
+
+<p>Richfield Oil Corp., <a href="#pg_099">99</a></p>
+
+<p>Riefler, Winfield, W., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Rieve, Emil, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Rivington Carpets, Ltd., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Roberts, Owen J., <a href="#pg_114">114</a></p>
+
+<p>Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Robertson, Howard P., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Robinson, William E., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Rockefeller, David, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_123">123</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>; <a href="#pg_035">35</a>; <a href="#pg_039">39</a>; <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_161">161</a>; <a href="#pg_164">164</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Rockefeller, John D., 3rd., <a href="#pg_168">168</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Rockefeller, Laurence S., <a href="#pg_169">169</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Rockefeller, Nelson A., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_134">134</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Rockefeller, Winthrop, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Roebling, Mary G., <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Role of Private Enterprise in the Economic Development of
+  Underdeveloped Nations</i> (Dallas CED (pamphlet)), <a href="#pg_079">79</a></p>
+
+<p>Roosevelt, Eleanor, <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Roosevelt, Franklin D., <a href="#pg_041">41</a>; <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_082">82</a>; <a href="#pg_110">110</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; at Tehran Conference, <a href="#pg_027">27</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; at Yalta Conference, <a href="#pg_030">30</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; ideas on Berlin zoning, <a href="#pg_031">31</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; policies of, <a href="#pg_164">164</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; 1940 campaign, <a href="#pg_023">23</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Root, Elihu, Jr., <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Roper, Daniel C., <a href="#pg_081">81</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Roper, Elmo, affiliations: <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_122">122</a>; <a href="#pg_123">123</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>ROSENWALD FUND, <a href="#pg_161">161</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Rostow, Walt W., <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Rothschild, Walter, <a href="#pg_076">76</a></p>
+
+<p>Rowe, James H., Jr., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Rowen, Hobart, <a href="#pg_082">82</a></p>
+
+<p>ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND (Chatham House), <i><a href="#pg_iv">iv</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Ruml, Beadsley, <a href="#pg_057">57</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_070">70</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Rusk, Dean, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Rusk, Howard A., <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Russell, Bertrand, <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Russell, Donald J., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Ruttenberg, Stanley H., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Ryder, Melvin, <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>S</h3>
+
+
+<p>SAGE (RUSSELL) FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_167">167</a></p>
+
+<p>St. Louis-Southwestern Railroad, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>St. Louis Union Trust Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Salomon, Irving, <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Sampson, Edith S., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Sanborn, Frederic R., <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC., <a href="#pg_147">147</a> ff</p>
+
+<p><i>San Francisco Examiner</i>, <a href="#pg_051">51</a></p>
+
+<p>San Jacinto Petroleum Corp., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Sarnoff, David, <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Saturday Review</i>, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_098">98</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Saunders, Stuart T., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Sawyer, Charles, <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Scherman, Harry, <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_066">66</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Schieffelin, W. J., Jr., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Schiff, Jacob, <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Schiff, Mortimer, <a href="#pg_002">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., affiliations: <a href="#pg_002">2</a>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a>; <a href="#pg_146">146</a>; <a href="#pg_151">151</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Schmidt, Adolph W., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Schnitzler, William F., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE, <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Schroeder (J. Henry) Banking Corp., <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Schroeder, Oliver C., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Schwulst, Earl B., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Scott Paper Company, <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Scripto, Inc., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Scudder, Stevens &amp; Clark, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Seaboard Construction Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Sea Island Company, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Sears, Roebuck &amp; Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Selective Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_088">88</a></p>
+
+<p>Seligman, Eustace, <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>SENATE, THE U. S.,<br />
+&nbsp; debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, <a href="#pg_120">120</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; Foreign Relations Committee, <a href="#pg_178">178</a>;<a id="pg_244"></a><br />
+&nbsp; Internal Security Subcommittee, <a href="#pg_040">40</a><br />
+&nbsp; refuses U. S. membership in world federation, <a href="#pg_003">3</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; rejects first Holmes nomination, <a href="#pg_008">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Seymour, Whitney North, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Shamrock Oil &amp; Gas Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Shapiro, Eli, <a href="#pg_057">57</a></p>
+
+<p>Sharp, Walter R., <a href="#pg_005">5</a></p>
+
+<p>Sheffield, Frederick, <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Shepardson, Whitney H., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Shepley, Henry R., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Sheraton Corp. of America, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Shirer, William L., <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Shishkin, Boris, <a href="#pg_100">100</a></p>
+
+<p>Shotwell, James T., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Shuman, Charles B., <a href="#pg_056">56</a>-<a href="#pg_058">58</a></p>
+
+<p>Shuster, George N., <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a>; <a href="#pg_168">168</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Sicedison S. P. A. of Italy, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Siegbert, Henry, <a href="#pg_049">49</a></p>
+
+<p>Simon &amp; Schuster, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+<p>Sinclair Oil Corp., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Singer Manufacturing Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Slaton, Waldo M. (<i>see:</i> American Legion)</p>
+
+<p>SLOAN (ALFRED P.) FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_165">165</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Sloan, Raymond P., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith (A. O.) Corporation, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Blackwell, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Lloyd B., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith, Paul C., <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Smith (W. T.) Lumber Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Smoot Report</i> (references to) <a href="#pg_053">53</a>; <a href="#pg_057">57</a>-<a href="#pg_058">58</a>; <a href="#pg_071">71</a>; <a href="#pg_072">72</a>; <a href="#pg_101">101</a>; <a href="#pg_120">120</a>; <a href="#pg_128">128</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a></p>
+
+<p>Snyder, John W., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, <a href="#pg_054">54</a></p>
+
+<p>SOCIETE GENERALE DE BELGIQUE, <i><a href="#pg_v">v</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Sohn, Louis B., <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>Sonne, Hans Christian, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Sontag, Raymond J., <a href="#pg_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Soth, Lauren, <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Soubry, Emile E., <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Southern Company, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Southern Company of New York, <a href="#pg_091">91</a></p>
+
+<p>Southern Pacific Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>SOVIET UNION, <a href="#pg_061">61</a>; <a href="#pg_184">184</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; at Crimean Conference, <i><a href="#pg_i">i</a></i> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; Constitution of, <a href="#pg_052">52</a>, <a href="#pg_108">108</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; democratic centralism in, <a href="#pg_110">110</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; espionage, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>-<a href="#pg_005">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; occupation of Berlin, <a href="#pg_029">29</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; post-war strengthening of, <a href="#pg_026">26</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; propaganda in U. S., <a href="#pg_041">41</a></p>
+
+<p>Spang, Joseph P., Jr., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, <a href="#pg_001">1</a></p>
+
+<p>Sparkman, John, <a href="#pg_105">105</a></p>
+
+<p>SPECIAL UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (SUNFED), <a href="#pg_062">62</a></p>
+
+<p>Spofford, Charles M., <a href="#pg_150">150</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Sports Illustrated</i>, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Sprague Electric Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Staley, A. E., Jr., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Stalin, Joseph, <a href="#pg_027">27</a> ff; <a href="#pg_030">30</a>; <a href="#pg_135">135</a></p>
+
+<p>Standard Oil Company of Calif., <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Standard Oil Company of N. J., <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_049">49</a>; <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Standard Oil Company of Ohio, <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Stanton, Frank, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Stassen, Harold E., <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>STATE DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., <a href="#pg_126">126</a>; <a href="#pg_132">132</a>; <a href="#pg_183">183</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; CFR influence in, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>-<a href="#pg_005">5</a>, <a href="#pg_008">8</a>, <a href="#pg_010">10</a>, <a href="#pg_042">42</a>, <a href="#pg_163">163</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Division of Special Research, <a href="#pg_004">4</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Office of International Security Affairs, <a href="#pg_064">64</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Policy Planning Staff, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>State Street Investment Corp., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>State Street Research &amp; Management Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Stauffer Chemical Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Steinkraus, Herman W., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Stettinius, Edward R., <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_002">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Stevens (J. P.) and Co., <a href="#pg_083">83</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Stevens, Robert T., <a href="#pg_083">83</a> ff; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Stevenson, Adlai, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_010">10</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Stevenson, Mrs. Eleanor B., <a href="#pg_168">168</a><a id="pg_245"></a></p>
+
+<p>Stevenson, William E., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Stires, Hardwick, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Stone, Mrs. Kathryn H., <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Stone, Leland, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Stone, Shepard, <a href="#pg_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>Stratton, Julius A., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Straus, Jack I., <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Straus, Robert Kenneth, <a href="#pg_157">157</a></p>
+
+<p>Strauss, Lewis L., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Streit, Clarence K., <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_113">113</a>; <a href="#pg_118">118</a>; <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Studebaker Corporation, <a href="#pg_062">62</a></p>
+
+<p>STUDENT FEDERALISTS, <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>Sullivan and Cromwell, <a href="#pg_048">48</a></p>
+
+<p>Sulzberger, Arthur Hayes, <a href="#pg_158">158</a></p>
+
+<p>Sulzberger, C. L., <a href="#pg_158">158</a></p>
+
+<p>SUNFED, <a href="#pg_062">62</a></p>
+
+<p>SUPREME COURT, THE U. S., <a href="#pg_072">72</a></p>
+
+<p>SURPLUS-DISPOSAL PROGRAM, <a href="#pg_007">7</a></p>
+
+<p>Surrey, Walter Sterling, <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Swezey, Burr S., Sr., <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Swift and Company, <a href="#pg_088">88</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Swindell-Dressler Corporation, <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Swing, Raymond Gram, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., <a href="#pg_065">65</a></p>
+
+<p>Symington, Wayne Corporation, <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Symonds, H. Gardiner, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>T</h3>
+
+
+<p>Taft, Charles P., <a href="#pg_170">170</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Talbott Corporation, <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Tampa Electric Co., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>TANGIER, <a href="#pg_008">8</a></p>
+
+<p>Tankore Corp., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Tannenwald, Theodore Jr., <a href="#pg_129">129</a></p>
+
+<p>Tansill, Charles Callan, <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>Tapp, Jesse W., <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>TARIFF-AND-TRADE PROPOSALS, <a href="#pg_018">18</a></p>
+
+<p>TAXATION,<br />
+&nbsp; presidential power in, <a href="#pg_052">52</a></p>
+
+<p>TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS REPORT, <a href="#pg_161">161</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Henry C., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Reese H., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Thomas A., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Taylor, Wayne Chatfield, <a href="#pg_066">66</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>TEHRAN CONFERENCE, <a href="#pg_027">27</a> ff; <a href="#pg_030">30</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Teichmeier, A. W., <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Tennessee-Argentina, <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Tennessee de Ecuador, S. A., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Tennessee Gas &amp; Transmission Co., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Tennessee-Venezuela S. A., <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>Texaco, Inc., <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_089">89</a>; <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>Texas Eastern Transmission Corp., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Texas Instruments, Inc., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>TEXTILE WORKERS UNION (AFL-CIO), <a href="#pg_056">56</a></p>
+
+<p>Textron, Inc., <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas, Charles Allen, <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas, H. Gregory, <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomas, Norman, <a href="#pg_003">3</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Thompson Industries, Inc., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Thomson, John Cameron, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_077">77</a></p>
+
+<p>Thorp, Willard L., <a href="#pg_056">56</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>TIBET, <a href="#pg_045">45</a></p>
+
+<p>Tidewater Oil Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Time</i>, <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Title Guaranty Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>"Today Show," <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Toledo Trust Co., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Trailmobile, Inc., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>Transcontinental &amp; Western Air, Inc., <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Trans-World Airways, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>TREASURY DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., <a href="#pg_041">41</a>; <a href="#pg_067">67</a></p>
+
+<p>Trenton Trust Co., <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Triffin, Robert, <a href="#pg_017">17</a></p>
+
+<p>Trippe, Juan T., <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Triumph in the West</i>, <a href="#pg_030">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Truman, Harry S., <a href="#pg_012">12</a>; <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_118">118</a>; <a href="#pg_180">180</a></p>
+
+<p>Trust Company of Georgia, <a href="#pg_086">86</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Truth About the Foreign Policy Association</i>, <a href="#pg_037">37</a> ff; <a href="#pg_175">175</a></p>
+
+<p>Turman, Solon B., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_171">171</a><a id="pg_246"></a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>U</h3>
+
+
+<p><i>Undeclared War</i>, (Langer-Gleason), <a href="#pg_165">165</a></p>
+
+<p>UNESCO HOUSE, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Union Carbide &amp; Carbon Corp., <a href="#pg_090">90</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Union Commerce Bank, <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Union Drawn Steel Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>Union Electric Company of Mo., <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Union Now</i> (Streit), <a href="#pg_113">113</a>; <a href="#pg_121">121</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Union Now With Britain</i> (Streit), <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>UNION OF EAST AND WEST, <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>Union Oil Co., of Calif., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Union Tank Car Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>UNIONS, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_110">110</a> ff; <a href="#pg_130">130</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>United Air Lines, <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>United American Life Insurance Co., <a href="#pg_092">92</a></p>
+
+<p>UNITED NATIONS,<br />
+&nbsp; ADA support of, <a href="#pg_147">147</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Advertising Council support of, <a href="#pg_102">102</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Aid to Cuba, <a href="#pg_135">135</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; <i>American</i> Association for, <a href="#pg_126">126</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; CFR support of, <a href="#pg_022">22</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Charter, creating socialistic alliance, <a href="#pg_117">117</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Declaration of Human Rights, <a href="#pg_108">108</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; discussed at Soviet-American conference, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i>;<br />
+&nbsp; discussed in AUC purpose, <a href="#pg_119">119</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Economic and Social Council, <a href="#pg_056">56</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; IIO support of, <a href="#pg_125">125</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; Korean War, <a href="#pg_040">40</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; organizational meeting, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; population control, <a href="#pg_151">151</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; SANE support of, <a href="#pg_148">148</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; seating Red China, <a href="#pg_047">47</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; step toward world government, <a href="#pg_103">103</a> ff; <a href="#pg_116">116</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; SUNFED, <a href="#pg_062">62</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; <i>UN We Believe</i>, <a href="#pg_126">126</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; U. S. Committee for, <a href="#pg_125">125</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; U. S. withdrawal, <a href="#pg_181">181</a>;<br />
+&nbsp; UWF plans for, <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>UNITED NATIONS OF THE WORLD, plan for, <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>UNITED STATES COMMITTEE FOR THE UN, <a href="#pg_125">125</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>UNITED STATES COMMUNIST PARTY, <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Foil Co., <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT,<br />
+&nbsp; sovereignty of, <a href="#pg_107">107</a> ff;<br />
+&nbsp; traditional foreign policy, <a href="#pg_001">1</a>, 26</p>
+
+<p><i>United States in World Affairs</i> (CFR publication), <a href="#pg_013">13</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Lines Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Manganese Co., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Plywood Corp., <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>United States Steel Corp., <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_094">94</a></p>
+
+<p>UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS, <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_117">117</a> ff; <a href="#pg_123">123</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES<br />
+&nbsp; Allegheny College, <a href="#pg_093">93</a><br />
+&nbsp; American University, <a href="#pg_152">152</a><br />
+&nbsp; Amherst College, <a href="#pg_056">56</a><br />
+&nbsp; Clemson College, <a href="#pg_086">86</a><br />
+&nbsp; Colgate University, <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_130">130</a><br />
+&nbsp; Cornell University, <a href="#pg_064">64</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a><br />
+&nbsp; Dartmouth College, <i><a href="#pg_ii">ii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a><br />
+&nbsp; Davidson College, <a href="#pg_090">90</a><br />
+&nbsp; Duke University, World Rule of Law Center, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i><br />
+&nbsp; Harvard University, <i>ii</i>; <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_076">76</a>; <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a><br />
+&nbsp; Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i><br />
+&nbsp; Harvard University, Graduate<br />
+&nbsp; School of Business Admin., <a href="#pg_057">57</a><br />
+&nbsp; Harvard University, International Legal Studies, <a href="#pg_145">145</a><br />
+&nbsp; Hunter College, <a href="#pg_100">100</a><br />
+&nbsp; Massachusetts Institute of Technology, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_057">57</a>; <a href="#pg_064">64</a>: 88; <a href="#pg_095">95</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a><br />
+&nbsp; Millikin University, <a href="#pg_094">94</a><a id="pg_247"></a><br />
+&nbsp; New York University, <a href="#pg_093">93</a><br />
+&nbsp; New York University, Bellevue Medical Center, <a href="#pg_100">100</a><br />
+&nbsp; Northwestern University, <a href="#pg_088">88</a><br />
+&nbsp; Ohio State University, <a href="#pg_092">92</a><br />
+&nbsp; Pacific School of Religion, <a href="#pg_086">86</a><br />
+&nbsp; Pennsylvania State University, <a href="#pg_087">87</a><br />
+&nbsp; Princeton University, <a href="#pg_090">90</a><br />
+&nbsp; Radcliff College, <a href="#pg_064">64</a><br />
+&nbsp; Rice University, <a href="#pg_085">85</a><br />
+&nbsp; Rutgers University, <a href="#pg_056">56</a><br />
+&nbsp; San Jose State College, <a href="#pg_086">86</a><br />
+&nbsp; Southern Methodist University, <a href="#pg_077">77</a> ff<br />
+&nbsp; Southwestern University, <a href="#pg_130">130</a><br />
+&nbsp; Stanford University, <a href="#pg_086">86</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a> ff; <a href="#pg_095">95</a><br />
+&nbsp; Temple University, <a href="#pg_065">65</a><br />
+&nbsp; Trinity College of Connecticut, <a href="#pg_087">87</a><br />
+&nbsp; Union Theological Seminary, <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_143">143</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of California, <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Chicago, <a href="#pg_062">62</a>; <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a>; <a href="#pg_099">99</a>; <a href="#pg_144">144</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Kansas, <a href="#pg_087">87</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Maryland, <a href="#pg_091">91</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of North Carolina, <a href="#pg_090">90</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Notre Dame, <a href="#pg_091">91</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Pittsburgh, <a href="#pg_090">90</a>; <a href="#pg_093">93</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Southern California, <a href="#pg_095">95</a><br />
+&nbsp; University of Virginia, <a href="#pg_141">141</a><br />
+&nbsp; Vassar College, <a href="#pg_076">76</a><br />
+&nbsp; Virginia Theological Seminary, <a href="#pg_087">87</a><br />
+&nbsp; Williams College, <a href="#pg_088">88</a><br />
+&nbsp; Yale University, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_017">17</a></p>
+
+<p>Uphaus, Willard, <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>URBAN RENEWAL, <a href="#pg_071">71</a> ff; <a href="#pg_101">101</a> ff; <a href="#pg_147">147</a></p>
+
+<p>Urquidi, Victor, <a href="#pg_020">20</a></p>
+
+<p><i>U. S. News and World Report</i>, <a href="#pg_156">156</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>V</h3>
+
+
+<p>Van Dusen, Henry P., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>Van Raalte Company, Inc., <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Virden, John C., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Vitro Corporation, <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>W</h3>
+
+
+<p>Walter, Bruno, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Wanger, Walter, <a href="#pg_125">125</a></p>
+
+<p>WAR ADVERTISING COUNCIL, (<i>see</i>: Advertising Council)</p>
+
+<p>Warburg, Felix, <a href="#pg_007">2</a></p>
+
+<p>Warburg, James P., <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Warburg, Paul, <a href="#pg_007">2</a>; <a href="#pg_039">39</a></p>
+
+<p>Ward, Harry F., <a href="#pg_143">143</a></p>
+
+<p>Ward, J. Carlton, Jr., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Warden, Alex, <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Washington Evening Star</i>, <a href="#pg_115">115</a></p>
+
+<p>Washington, George,<br />
+&nbsp; Farewell Address, <a href="#pg_008">1</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Washington Post and Times Herald</i>, <a href="#pg_065">65</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_156">156</a>; <a href="#pg_159">159</a></p>
+
+<p>Watson, Arthur K., <a href="#pg_169">169</a></p>
+
+<p>Watson, Thomas J., Jr., <a href="#pg_077">77</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Waymack, W. W., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Weaver, Robert, <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Wedron Silica Co., <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>Wemberg, Sidney J., <a href="#pg_081">81</a> ff; <a href="#pg_095">95</a> ff; <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>Welch, Leo D., <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p><i>Weldwood News</i>, <a href="#pg_127">127</a></p>
+
+<p>Welles, Sumner, <a href="#pg_005">5</a>; <a href="#pg_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Wellington Sears Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Wells Fargo Bank and Union Trust Co., <a href="#pg_063">63</a></p>
+
+<p>Wells, Herman B., <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Western Air Express, <a href="#pg_085">85</a></p>
+
+<p>Westinghouse Electric Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a> ff; <a href="#pg_092">92</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>West Point Manufacturing Co., <a href="#pg_089">89</a></p>
+
+<p>Wheeler, Walter H., Jr., <a href="#pg_048">48</a>; <a href="#pg_096">96</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a> ff; <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_150">150</a></p>
+
+<p>Whirlpool Corp., <a href="#pg_087">87</a></p>
+
+<p>White, Harry Dexter, <a href="#pg_041">41</a></p>
+
+<p>White, James N., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>White, Weld and Co., <a href="#pg_016">16</a></p>
+
+<p>Whitney, George, <a href="#pg_171">171</a></p>
+
+<p>Whitney, John Hay, <a href="#pg_096">96</a>; <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilde, Frazar B., <a href="#pg_055">55</a>; <a href="#pg_064">64</a><a id="pg_248"></a></p>
+
+<p>Williams, G. Mennen, <a href="#pg_148">148</a></p>
+
+<p>Williams, Langbourne M., <a href="#pg_096">96</a></p>
+
+<p>Willkie, Wendell, <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Charles E., <a href="#pg_083">83</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Logan, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, O. Meredith, <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Robert E., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+
+<p>Wilson, Woodrow, <a href="#pg_007">2</a> ff; <a href="#pg_023">23</a>; <a href="#pg_058">58</a>; <a href="#pg_061">61</a>; <a href="#pg_104">104</a>; <a href="#pg_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>WILSON (WOODROW) FOUNDATION, <a href="#pg_064">64</a></p>
+
+<p>Winant, John G., <a href="#pg_031">31</a>-<a href="#pg_032">32</a></p>
+
+<p>Wood, W. Barry, Jr., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, <a href="#pg_035">35</a> ff; <a href="#pg_042">42</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCILS, <a href="#pg_035">35</a> ff; <a href="#pg_174">174</a>; <a href="#pg_176">176</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD BANK, <a href="#pg_069">69</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD BROTHERHOOD, <a href="#pg_143">143</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>WORLD COURT, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i>; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_177">177</a> ff; <a href="#pg_181">181</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD FEDERALISTS, <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD FELLOWSHIP, INC., <a href="#pg_105">105</a>; <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD FELLOWSHIP OF FAITHS, <a href="#pg_116">116</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD GOVERNMENT, support for, <a href="#pg_007">2</a> ff; <a href="#pg_103">103</a> ff; <a href="#pg_111">111</a> ff; <a href="#pg_124">124</a>; <a href="#pg_173">173</a> ff</p>
+
+<p>WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, <a href="#pg_101">101</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD-PEACE-THROUGH-WORLD-LAW, <a href="#pg_112">112</a> ff; <a href="#pg_124">124</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN, <a href="#pg_151">151</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD REHABILITATION FUND, <a href="#pg_093">93</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD RULE OF LAW CENTER, <i><a href="#pg_iii">iii</a></i></p>
+
+<p>WORLD UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS, <a href="#pg_113">113</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD WAR I, <a href="#pg_007">2</a>; <a href="#pg_103">103</a> ff; <a href="#pg_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>WORLD WAR II, <a href="#pg_023">23</a> ff; <a href="#pg_040">40</a>; <a href="#pg_057">57</a>; <a href="#pg_082">82</a>; <a href="#pg_103">103</a> ff; <a href="#pg_114">114</a>; <a href="#pg_164">164</a></p>
+
+<p>Wormser, Rene A., <a href="#pg_162">162</a>-<a href="#pg_167">167</a></p>
+
+<p>Wright, Quincy, <a href="#pg_126">126</a></p>
+
+<p>Wriston, Henry M., <a href="#pg_009">9</a> ff; <a href="#pg_100">100</a>; <a href="#pg_140">140</a>; <a href="#pg_141">141</a>; <a href="#pg_145">145</a></p>
+
+<p>"Wristonized," (Foreign Service), <a href="#pg_010">10</a></p>
+
+<p>Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, <a href="#pg_016">16</a>; <a href="#pg_090">90</a></p>
+
+<p>Wynn, Douglas, <a href="#pg_123">123</a></p>
+
+<p>Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr., <a href="#pg_168">168</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Y</h3>
+
+
+<p>YALTA CONFERENCE, <a href="#pg_030">30</a></p>
+
+<p>Yntema, Theodore O., <a href="#pg_056">56</a>; <a href="#pg_066">66</a></p>
+
+<p>Youngstown Steel Door Co., <a href="#pg_091">91</a>; <a href="#pg_095">95</a></p>
+
+<p>YOUTH PEACE CORPS, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+
+
+<h3>Z</h3>
+
+
+<p>Zander, Arnold, <a href="#pg_142">142</a></p>
+
+<p>Zeckendorf, William, <a href="#pg_102">102</a></p>
+
+<p>Zellerbach, James D., <a href="#pg_063">63</a>; <a href="#pg_125">125</a>; <a href="#pg_131">131</a>; <a href="#pg_152">152</a></p>
+
+<p>Zerox Corporation, <a href="#pg_130">130</a></p>
+
+<p>Zilkha, Ezra, <a href="#pg_131">131</a></p>
+
+<p>Zurcher, Arnold J., <a href="#pg_170">170</a></p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+<div id="transcriber_notes" class="chapter">
+<h2>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</h2>
+
+
+
+<p>In addition to the following specific changes, several punctuation
+changes were made for consistency within the text.</p>
+
+<p>[A] "Khruschchev" changed to "Khrushchev".</p>
+
+<p>[B] "Fedinand" changed to "Ferdinand".</p>
+
+<p>[C] "Kntuson" changed to "Knutson".</p>
+
+<p>[D] "611" changed to "161".</p>
+</div>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: The Invisible Government
+
+Author: Dan Smoot
+
+Release Date: December 30, 2006 [EBook #20224]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INVISIBLE GOVERNMENT ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Dave Maddock, Curtis A. Weyant and the Online Distributed
+Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+"_I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but the
+people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough to
+exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy is not to
+take it from them, but to inform their discretion by education._"
+
+--Thomas Jefferson
+
+
+
+
+The Invisible Government
+
+by
+
+Dan Smoot
+
+
+
+
+[Transcriber's note: Although copyrighted in 1962, the author did not
+renewal his copyright claim after 28 years (which was required to retain
+copyright for works published before 1964). Therefore, this text is now
+in the public domain. The text of the copyright notice from the original
+book is preserved below.]
+
+
+Copyright 1962 by Dan Smoot
+
+All rights reserved
+
+First Printing June, 1962; Second Printing July, 1962; Third Printing
+August, 1962; Fourth Printing September, 1962; Fifth Printing October,
+1962
+
+Sixth Printing (in pocketsize paperback) August, 1964
+
+Communists in government during World War II formulated major policies
+which the Truman administration followed; but when the known communists
+were gone, the policies continued, under Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson.
+The unseen _they_ who took control of government during World War II
+still control it. Their tentacles of power are wrapped around levers of
+political control in Washington; reach into schools, big unions,
+colleges, churches, civic organizations; dominate communications; have a
+grip on the prestige and money of big corporations.
+
+For a generation, _they_ have kept voters from effecting any changes at
+the polls. Voters are limited to the role of choosing between parties to
+administer policies which _they_ formulate. _They_ are determined to
+convert this Republic into a socialist province of a one-world socialist
+system.
+
+This book tells who _they_ are and how _they_ work. If enough Americans
+had this information, our Republic would be saved. Please do your utmost
+to spread the word: order extra copies of this book and help give it
+wide distribution. See inside of back cover for quantity prices.
+
+Published by
+THE DAN SMOOT REPORT, INC.
+P.O. Box 9538
+Dallas, Texas 75214
+
+
+
+
+Table of Contents
+
+
+Foreword                                                               i
+
+Chapter I      History and The Council                                 1
+Chapter II     World War II and Tragic Consequences                   23
+Chapter III    FPA-WAC-IPR                                            35
+Chapter IV     Committee For Economic Development                     51
+Chapter V      Business Advisory Council                              81
+Chapter VI     Advertising Council                                    97
+Chapter VII    UN and World Government Propaganda                    103
+Chapter VIII   Foreign Aid                                           129
+Chapter IX     More of The Interlock                                 137
+Chapter X      Communications Media                                  153
+Chapter XI     Interlocking Untouchables                             161
+Chapter XII    Why? What Can We Do?                                  173
+
+Appendix I     CFR Membership List                                   186
+Appendix II    AUC Membership List                                   201
+
+Index                                                                227
+
+
+
+
+FOREWORD
+
+
+
+On May 30, 1961, President Kennedy departed for Europe and a summit
+meeting with Khrushchev[A]. Every day the Presidential tour was given
+banner headlines; and the meeting with Khrushchev was reported as an
+event of earth-shaking consequence.
+
+It was an important event. But a meeting which was probably far more
+important, and which had commanded no front-page headlines at all, ended
+quietly on May 29, the day before President and Mrs. Kennedy set out on
+their grand tour.
+
+On May 12, 1961, Dr. Philip E. Mosely, Director of Studies of the
+Council on Foreign Relations, announced that,
+
+     "Prominent Soviet and American citizens will hold a week-long
+     unofficial conference on Soviet-American relations in the Soviet
+     Union, beginning May 22."
+
+Dr. Mosely, a co-chairman of the American group, said that the State
+Department had approved the meeting but that the Americans involved
+would go as "private citizens" and would express their own views.
+
+_The New York Times'_ news story on Dr. Mosely's announcement (May 13,
+1961) read:
+
+     "The importance attached by the Soviet Union to the meeting appears
+     to be suggested by the fact that the Soviet group will include
+     three members of the communist party's Central Committee ... and
+     one candidate member of that body....
+
+     "The meeting, to be held in the town of Nizhnyaya Oreanda, in the
+     Crimea, will follow the pattern of a similar unofficial meeting,
+     in which many of the same persons participated, at Dartmouth
+     College last fall. The meetings will take place in private and
+     there are no plans to issue an agreed statement on the subjects
+     discussed....
+
+     "The topics to be discussed include disarmament and the
+     guaranteeing of ... international peace, the role of the United
+     Nations in strengthening international security, the role of
+     advanced nations in aiding under-developed countries, and the
+     prospects for peaceful and improving Soviet-United States
+     relations.
+
+     "The Dartmouth conference last fall and the scheduled Crimean
+     conference originated from a suggestion made by Norman Cousins,
+     editor of _The Saturday Review_ and co-chairman of the American
+     group going to the Crimea, when he visited the Soviet Union a year
+     and a half ago....
+
+     "Mr. Cousins and Dr. Mosely formed a small American group early
+     last year to organize the conferences. It received financial
+     support from the Ford Foundation for the Dartmouth conference and
+     for travel costs to the Crimean meeting. This group selected the
+     American representatives for the two meetings.
+
+     "Among those who participated in the Dartmouth conference were
+     several who have since taken high posts in the Kennedy
+     Administration, including Dr. Walt W. Rostow, now an assistant to
+     President Kennedy, and George F. Kennan; now United States
+     Ambassador to Yugoslavia...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The head of the Soviet delegation to the meeting in the Soviet Union,
+May 22, 1961, was Alekesander Y. Korneichuk, a close personal friend of
+Khrushchev. The American citizens scheduled to attend included besides
+Dr. Mosely and Mr. Cousins:
+
+_Marian Anderson_, the singer; _Dean Erwin N. Griswold_, of the Harvard
+Law School; _Gabriel Hauge_, former economic adviser to President
+Eisenhower and now an executive of the Manufacturers Trust Company; _Dr.
+Margaret Mead_, a widely known anthropologist whose name (like that of
+Norman Cousins) has been associated with communist front activities in
+the United States; _Dr. A. William Loos_, Director of the Church Peace
+Union; _Stuart Chase_, American author notable for his pro-socialist,
+anti-anti-communist attitudes; _William Benton_, former U.S. Senator,
+also well-known as a pro-socialist, anti-anti-communist, now Chairman of
+the Board of _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; _Dr. George Fisher_, of the
+Massachusetts Institute of Technology; _Professor Paul M. Doty_, _Jr._,
+of Harvard's Chemistry Department; _Professor Lloyd Reynolds_, Yale
+University economist; _Professor Louis B. Sohn_ of the Harvard Law
+School; _Dr. Joseph E. Johnson_, an old friend and former associate of
+Alger Hiss in the State Department, who succeeded Hiss as President of
+the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and still holds that
+position; _Professor Robert R. Bowie_, former head of the State
+Department's Policy Planning Staff (a job which Hiss also held at one
+time), now Director of the Center for International Affairs at Harvard;
+and _Dr. Arthur Larson_, former assistant to, and ghost writer for,
+President Eisenhower. Larson was often called "Mr. Modern Republican,"
+because the political philosophy which he espoused was precisely that of
+Eisenhower (Larson is now, 1962, Director of the World Rule of Law
+Center at Duke University, where his full-time preoccupation is working
+for repeal of the Connally Reservation, so that the World Court can take
+jurisdiction over United States affairs).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+I think the meeting which the Council on Foreign Relations arranged in
+the Soviet Union, in 1961, was more important than President Kennedy's
+meeting with Khrushchev, because I am convinced that the Council on
+Foreign Relations, together with a great number of other associated
+tax-exempt organizations, constitutes the invisible government which
+sets the major policies of the federal government; exercises controlling
+influence on governmental officials who implement the policies; and,
+through massive and skillful propaganda, influences Congress and the
+public to support the policies.
+
+I am convinced that the objective of this invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist state and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.
+
+My convictions about the invisible government are based on information
+which is presented in this book.
+
+The information about membership and activities of the Council on
+Foreign Relations and of its interlocking affiliates comes largely from
+publications issued by those organizations. I am deeply indebted to
+countless individuals who, when they learned of my interest, enriched my
+own files with material they had been collecting for years, hoping that
+someone would eventually use it.
+
+I have not managed to get all of the membership rosters and publications
+issued by all of the organizations discussed. Hence, there are gaps in
+my information.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One aspect of the over-all subject, omitted entirely from this book, is
+the working relationship between internationalist groups in the United
+States and comparable groups abroad.
+
+The Royal Institute of International Affairs in England (usually called
+Chatham House) and the American Council on Foreign Relations were both
+conceived at a dinner meeting in Paris in 1919. By working with the CFR,
+the Royal Institute, undoubtedly, has had profound influence on American
+affairs.
+
+Other internationalist organizations in foreign lands which work with
+the American Council on Foreign Relations, include the Institut des
+Relations Internationales (Belgium), Danish Foreign Policy Society,
+Indian Council of World Affairs, Australian Institute of International
+Affairs, and similar organizations in France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Greece,
+and Turkey.
+
+The "Bilderbergers" are another powerful group involved in the
+internationalist web. The "Bilderbergers" take their name from the scene
+of their first known meeting--the Bilderberg Hotel, Oosterbeck, The
+Netherlands, in May, 1954. The group consists of influential Western
+businessmen, diplomats, and high governmental officials. Their meetings,
+conducted in secrecy and in a hugger-mugger atmosphere, are held about
+every six months at various places throughout the world. His Royal
+Highness, Prince Bernhard of The Netherlands, has presided at every
+known meeting of the Bilderberger Group.
+
+Prince Bernhard is known to be an influential member of the Societe
+Generale de Belgique, a mysterious organization which seems to be an
+association of large corporate interests from many countries. American
+firms associated with the society are said to be among the large
+corporations whose officers are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and related organizations. I make no effort to explore this
+situation in this volume.
+
+My confession of limitation upon my research does not embarrass me,
+because two committees of Congress have also failed to make a complete
+investigation of the great _camarilla_ which manipulates our government.
+And the congressional committees were trying to investigate only one
+part of the web--the powerful tax-exempt foundations in the United
+States.
+
+My own research does reveal the broad outlines of the invisible
+government.
+
+D.S.
+May, 1962
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 1
+
+HISTORY AND THE COUNCIL
+
+
+
+President George Washington, in his Farewell Address to the People of
+the United States on September 17, 1796, established a foreign policy
+which became traditional and a main article of faith for the American
+people in their dealings with the rest of the world.
+
+Washington warned against foreign influence in the shaping of national
+affairs. He urged America to avoid permanent, entangling alliances with
+other nations, recommending a national policy of benign neutrality
+toward the rest of the world. Washington did not want America to build a
+wall around herself, or to become, in any sense, a hermit nation.
+Washington's policy permitted freer exchange of travel, commerce, ideas,
+and culture between Americans and other people than Americans have ever
+enjoyed since the policy was abandoned. The Father of our Country wanted
+the American _government_ to be kept out of the wars and revolutions and
+political affairs of other nations.
+
+Washington told Americans that their nation had a high destiny, which it
+could not fulfill if they permitted their government to become entangled
+in the affairs of other nations.
+
+Despite the fact of two foreign wars (Mexican War, 1846-1848; and
+Spanish American War, 1898) the foreign policy of Washington remained
+the policy of this nation, _unaltered_, for 121 years--until Woodrow
+Wilson's war message to Congress in April, 1917.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Wilson himself, when campaigning for re-election in 1916, had
+unequivocally supported our traditional foreign policy: his one major
+promise to the American people was that he would keep them out of the
+European war.
+
+Yet, even while making this promise, Wilson was yielding to a pressure
+he was never able to withstand: the influence of Colonel Edward M.
+House, Wilson's all-powerful adviser. According to House's own papers
+and the historical studies of Wilson's ardent admirers (see, for
+example, _Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, edited by Charles Seymour,
+published in 1926 by Houghton Mifflin; and, _The Crisis of the Old
+Order_ by Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., published 1957 by Houghton
+Mifflin), House created Wilson's domestic and foreign policies, selected
+most of Wilson's cabinet and other major appointees, and ran Wilson's
+State Department.
+
+House had powerful connections with international bankers in New York.
+He was influential, for example, with great financial institutions
+represented by such people as Paul and Felix Warburg, Otto H. Kahn,
+Louis Marburg, Henry Morgenthau, Jacob and Mortimer Schiff, Herbert
+Lehman. House had equally powerful connections with bankers and
+politicians of Europe.
+
+Bringing all of these forces to bear, House persuaded Wilson that
+America had an evangelistic mission to save the world for "democracy."
+The first major twentieth century tragedy for the United States
+resulted: Wilson's war message to Congress and the declaration of war
+against Germany on April 6, 1917.
+
+House also persuaded Wilson that the way to avoid all future wars was to
+create a world federation of nations. On May 27, 1916, in a speech to
+the League to Enforce Peace, Wilson first publicly endorsed Colonel
+House's world-government idea (without, however, identifying it as
+originating with House).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In September, 1916, Wilson (at the urging of House) appointed a
+committee of intellectuals (the first President's Brain Trust) to
+formulate peace terms and draw up a charter for world government. This
+committee, with House in charge, consisted of about 150 college
+professors, graduate students, lawyers, economists, writers, and others.
+Among them were men still familiar to Americans in the 1960's: Walter
+Lippmann (columnist); Norman Thomas (head of the American socialist
+party); Allen Dulles (former head of C.I.A.); John Foster Dulles (late
+Secretary of State); Christian A. Herter (former Secretary of State).
+
+These eager young intellectuals around Wilson, under the clear eyes of
+crafty Colonel House, drew up their charter for world government (League
+of Nations Covenant) and prepared for the brave new socialist one-world
+to follow World War I. But things went sour at the Paris Peace
+Conference. They soured even more when constitutionalists in the United
+States Senate found out what was being planned and made it quite plain
+that the Senate would not authorize United States membership in such a
+world federation.
+
+Bitter with disappointment but not willing to give up, Colonel House
+called together in Paris, France, a group of his most dedicated young
+intellectuals--among them, John Foster and Allen Dulles, Christian A.
+Herter, and Tasker H. Bliss--and arranged a dinner meeting with a group
+of like-minded Englishmen at the Majestic Hotel, Paris, on May 19, 1919.
+The group formally agreed to form an organization "for the study of
+international affairs."
+
+The American group came home from Paris and formed The Council on
+Foreign Relations, which was incorporated in 1921.
+
+The purpose of the Council on Foreign Relations was to create (and
+condition the American people to accept) what House called a "positive"
+foreign policy for America--to replace the traditional "negative"
+foreign policy which had kept America out of the endless turmoil of
+old-world politics and had permitted the American people to develop
+their great nation in freedom and independence from the rest of the
+world.
+
+The Council did not amount to a great deal until 1927, when the
+Rockefeller family (through the various Rockefeller Foundations and
+Funds) began to pour money into it. Before long, the Carnegie
+Foundations (and later the Ford Foundation) began to finance the
+Council.
+
+In 1929, the Council (largely with Rockefeller gifts) acquired its
+present headquarters property: The Harold Pratt House, 58 East 68th
+Street, New York City.
+
+In 1939, the Council began taking over the U.S. State Department.
+
+Shortly after the start of World War II, in September, 1939, Hamilton
+Fish Armstrong and Walter H. Mallory, of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, visited the State Department to offer the services of the
+Council. It was agreed that the Council would do research and make
+recommendations for the State Department, without formal assignment or
+responsibility. The Council formed groups to work in four general
+fields--Security and Armaments Problems, Economic and Financial
+Problems, Political Problems, and Territorial Problems.
+
+The Rockefeller Foundation agreed to finance, through grants, the
+operation of this plan.
+
+In February, 1941, the Council on Foreign Relations' relationship with
+the State Department changed. The State Department created the Division
+of Special Research, which was divided into Economic, Security,
+Political, Territorial sections. Leo Pasvolsky, of the Council, was
+appointed Director of this Division. Within a very short time, members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations dominated this new Division in the
+State Department.
+
+During 1942, the State Department set up the Advisory Committee on
+Postwar Foreign Policy. Secretary of State Cordell Hull was Chairman.
+The following members of the Council on Foreign Relations were on this
+Committee: Under Secretary of State Sumner Welles (Vice-Chairman), Dr.
+Leo Pasvolsky (Executive Officer); Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Isaiah
+Bowman, Benjamin V. Cohen, Norman H. Davis, and James T. Shotwell.
+
+Other members of the Council also found positions in the State
+Department: Philip E. Mosely, Walter E. Sharp, and Grayson Kirk, among
+others.
+
+The crowning moment of achievement for the Council came at San Francisco
+in 1945, when over 40 members of the United States Delegation to the
+organizational meeting of the United Nations (where the United Nations
+Charter was written) were members of the Council. Among them: Alger
+Hiss, Secretary of State Edward R. Stettinius, Leo Pasvolsky, John
+Foster Dulles, John J. McCloy, Julius C. Holmes, Nelson A. Rockefeller,
+Adlai Stevenson, Joseph E. Johnson, Ralph J. Bunche, Clark M.
+Eichelberger, and Thomas K. Finletter.
+
+By 1945, the Council on Foreign Relations, and various foundations and
+other organizations interlocked with it, had virtually taken over the
+U.S. State Department.
+
+Some CFR members were later identified as Soviet espionage agents: for
+example, Alger Hiss and Lauchlin Currie.
+
+Other Council on Foreign Relations members--Owen Lattimore, for
+example--with powerful influence in the Roosevelt and Truman
+Administrations, were subsequently identified, not as actual communists
+or Soviet espionage agents, but as "conscious, articulate instruments of
+the Soviet international conspiracy."
+
+I do not intend to imply by these citations that the Council on Foreign
+Relations is, or ever was, a communist organization. Boasting among its
+members Presidents of the United States (Hoover, Eisenhower, and
+Kennedy), Secretaries of State, and many other high officials, both
+civilian and military, the Council can be termed, by those who agree
+with its objectives, a "patriotic" organization.
+
+The fact, however, that communists, Soviet espionage agents, and
+pro-communists could work inconspicuously for many years as influential
+members of the Council indicates something very significant about the
+Council's objectives. The ultimate aim of the Council on Foreign
+Relations (however well-intentioned its prominent and powerful members
+may be) is the same as the ultimate aim of international communism: to
+create a one-world socialist system and make the United States an
+official part of it.
+
+Some indication of the influence of CFR members can be found in the
+boasts of their best friends. Consider the remarkable case of the
+nomination and confirmation of Julius C. Holmes as United States
+Ambassador to Iran. Holmes was one of the CFR members who served as
+United States delegates to the United Nations founding conference at San
+Francisco in 1945.
+
+Mr. Holmes has had many important jobs in the State Department since
+1925; but from 1945 to 1948, he was out of government service.
+
+During that early postwar period, the United States government had
+approximately 390 Merchant Marine oil tankers (built and used during
+World War II) which had become surplus.
+
+A law of Congress prohibited the government from selling the surplus
+vessels to foreign-owned or foreign-controlled companies, and prohibited
+any American company from purchasing them for resale to foreigners.
+
+The purpose of the law was to guarantee that oil tankers (vital in times
+of war) would remain under the control of the United States government.
+
+Julius Holmes conceived the idea of making a quick profit by buying and
+selling some of the surplus tankers.
+
+Holmes was closely associated with Edward Stettinius, former Secretary
+of State, and with two of Stettinius' principal advisers: Joe Casey, a
+former U.S. Congressman; and Stanley Klein, a New York financier.
+
+In August, 1947, this group formed a corporation (and ultimately formed
+others) to buy surplus oil tankers from the government. The legal and
+technical maneuvering which followed is complex and shady, but it has
+all been revealed and reported by congressional committees.
+
+Holmes and his associates managed to buy eight oil tankers from the U.S.
+government and re-sell all of them to foreign interests, in violation of
+the intent of the law and of the surplus-disposal program. One of the
+eight tankers was ultimately leased to the Soviet Union and used to haul
+fuel oil from communist Romania to the Chinese reds during the Korean
+war.
+
+By the time he returned to foreign service with the State Department in
+September, 1948, Holmes had made for himself an estimated profit of
+about one million dollars, with practically no investment of his own
+money, and at no financial risk.
+
+A Senate subcommittee, which, in 1952, investigated this affair,
+unanimously condemned the Holmes-Casey-Klein tanker deals as "morally
+wrong and clearly in violation of the intent of the law," and as a
+"highly improper, if not actually illegal, get-rich-quick" operation
+which was detrimental to the interests of the United States.
+
+Holmes and his associates were criminally indicted in 1954--but the
+Department of Justice dismissed the indictments on a legal technicality
+later that same year.
+
+A few weeks after the criminal indictment against Holmes had been
+dismissed, President Eisenhower, in 1955, nominated Julius C. Holmes to
+be our Ambassador to Iran.
+
+Enough United States Senators in 1955 expressed a decent sense of
+outrage about the nomination of such a man for such a post that Holmes
+"permitted" his name to be withdrawn, before the Senate acted on the
+question of confirming his appointment.
+
+The State Department promptly sent Holmes to Tangier with the rank of
+Minister; brought him back to Washington in 1956 as a Special Assistant
+to the Secretary of State; and sent him out as Minister and Consul
+General in Hong Kong and Macao in 1959.
+
+And then, in 1961, Kennedy nominated Julius C. Holmes for the same job
+Eisenhower had tried to give him in 1955--Ambassador to Iran.
+
+Arguing in favor of Holmes, Senator Prescott Bush admitted that Holmes'
+tanker deals were improper and ill-advised, but claimed that Holmes was
+an innocent victim of sharp operators! The "innocent" victim made a
+million dollars in one year by being victimized. He has never offered to
+make restitution to the government. Moreover, when questioned, in April,
+1961, Holmes said he still sees nothing wrong with what he did and
+admits he would do it again if he had the opportunity--and felt that no
+congressional committee would ever investigate.
+
+All Senators, who supported Holmes in debate, hammered the point that,
+although Holmes may have done something shady and unsavory during the
+three-year period in the late 1940's when he was _out_ of government
+service, there was no evidence that he had ever misbehaved while he was
+_in_ government service.
+
+This amoral attitude seems to imply that a known chicken thief cannot be
+considered a threat to turkey growers, unless he has actually been
+caught stealing turkeys.
+
+Senate debates on the confirmation of Holmes as Ambassador to Iran are
+printed in the _Congressional Record_: pp. 6385-86, April 27, 1961; pp.
+6668-69, May 3, 1961; and pp. 6982-95, May 8, 1961.
+
+The vote was taken on May 8. After the history of Julius C. Holmes had
+been thoroughly exposed, the Senate confirmed Holmes' nomination 75 to
+21, with 4 Senators taking no stand. Julius C. Holmes was sworn in as
+United States Ambassador to Iran on May 15, 1961.
+
+The real reason why Holmes was nominated for an important ambassadorship
+by two Presidents and finally confirmed by the Senate is obvious--and
+was, indeed, inadvertently revealed by Senator Prescott Bush: Holmes, a
+Council on Foreign Relations member, is a darling of the leftwing
+internationalists who are determined to drag America into a socialist
+one-world system.
+
+During the Senate debate about Holmes' nomination Senator Bush said:
+
+     "I believe that one of the most telling witnesses with whom I have
+     ever talked regarding Mr. Holmes is Mr. Henry Wriston, formerly
+     president of Brown University, now chairman of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations, in New York, and chairman of the American
+     Assembly. Mr. Wriston not only holds these distinguished offices,
+     but he has also made a special study of the State Department and
+     the career service in the State Department.
+
+     "He is credited with having 'Wristonized' the Foreign Service of
+     the United States. He told me a few years ago ... [that] 'Julius
+     Holmes is the ablest man in the Foreign Service Corps of the United
+     States.'"
+
+Dr. Wriston was (in 1961) President (not Chairman, as Senator Bush
+called him) of the Council on Foreign Relations. But Senator Bush was
+not exaggerating or erring when he said that the State Department has
+been _Wristonized_--if we acknowledge that the State Department has been
+converted into an agency of Dr. Wriston's Council on Foreign Relations.
+Indeed, the Senator could have said that the United States government
+has been _Wristonized_.
+
+Here, for example, are _some_ of the members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations who, in 1961, held positions in the United States Government:
+John F. Kennedy, President; Dean Rusk, Secretary of State; Douglas
+Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury; Adlai Stevenson, United Nations
+Ambassador; Allen W. Dulles, Director of the Central Intelligence
+Agency; Chester Bowles, Under Secretary of State; W. Averell Harriman,
+Ambassador-at-large; John J. McCloy, Disarmament Administrator; General
+Lyman L. Lemnitzer, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; John Kenneth
+Galbraith, Ambassador to India; Edward R. Murrow, Head of United States
+Information Agency; G. Frederick Reinhardt, Ambassador to Italy; David
+K. E. Bruce, Ambassador to United Kingdom; Livingston T. Merchant,
+Ambassador to Canada; Lt. Gen. James M. Gavin, Ambassador to France;
+George F. Kennan, Ambassador to Yugoslavia; Julius C. Holmes, Ambassador
+to Iran; Arthur H. Dean, head of the United States Delegation to Geneva
+Disarmament Conference; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., Special White House
+Assistant; Edwin O. Reischauer, Ambassador to Japan; Thomas K.
+Finletter, Ambassador to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization for
+Economic Co-operation and Development; George C. McGhee, Assistant
+Secretary of State for Policy Planning; Henry R. Labouisse, Director of
+International Cooperation Administration; George W. Ball, Under
+Secretary of State for Economic Affairs; McGeorge Bundy, Special
+Assistant for National Security; Paul H. Nitze, Assistant Secretary of
+Defense; Adolf A. Berle, Chairman, Inter-Departmental Committee on Latin
+America; Charles E. Bohlen, Assistant Secretary of State.
+
+The names listed do not, by any means, constitute a complete roster of
+all Council members who are in the Congress or hold important positions
+in the Administration.
+
+In the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations, there
+is an item of information which reveals a great deal about the close
+relationship between the Council and the executive branch of the federal
+government.
+
+On Page 37, The Report explains why there had been an unusually large
+recent increase in the number of non-resident members (CFR members who
+do not reside within 50 miles of New York City Hall):
+
+     "The rather large increase in the non-resident academic category is
+     largely explained by the fact that many academic members have left
+     New York to join the new administration."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Concerning President Kennedy's membership in the CFR, there is an
+interesting story. On June 7, 1960, Mr. Kennedy, then a United States
+Senator, wrote a letter answering a question about his membership in the
+Council. Mr. Kennedy said:
+
+     "I am a member of the Council on Foreign Relations in New York
+     City. As a long-time subscriber to the quarterly, Foreign Affairs,
+     and as a member of the Senate, I was invited to become a member."
+
+On August 23, 1961, Mr. George S. Franklin, Jr., Executive Director of
+the Council on Foreign Relations, wrote a letter answering a question
+about President Kennedy's membership. Mr. Franklin said:
+
+     "I am enclosing the latest Annual Report of the Council with a list
+     of members in the back. You will note that President Eisenhower is
+     a member, but this is not true of either President Kennedy or
+     President Truman."
+
+President Kennedy is not listed as a member in the 1960-61 Annual Report
+of the CFR.
+
+The complete roster of CFR members, as set out in the 1960-61 Annual
+Report, is in Appendix I of this volume. Several persons, besides
+President Kennedy, whom I have called CFR members are not on this
+roster. I have called them CFR members, if their names have ever
+appeared on _any_ official CFR membership list.
+
+The Council is actually a small organization. Its membership is
+restricted to 700 resident members (American citizens whose residences
+or places of business are within 50 miles of City Hall in New York
+City), and 700 non-resident members (American citizens who reside or do
+business outside that 50-mile radius); but most of the members occupy
+important positions in government, in education, in the press, in the
+broadcasting industry, in business, in finance, or in some
+multi-million-dollar tax-exempt foundation.
+
+An indication of overall accomplishments of the Council can be found in
+its Annual Report of 1958-59, which reprints a speech by Walter H.
+Mallory on the occasion of his retiring after 32 years as Executive
+Director of the Council. Speaking to the Board of Directors of the
+Council at a small dinner in his honor on May 21, 1959, Mr. Mallory
+said:
+
+     "When I cast my mind back to 1927, the year that I first joined the
+     Council, it seems little short of a miracle that the organization
+     could have taken root in those days. You will remember that the
+     United States had decided not to join the League of Nations.... On
+     the domestic front, the budget was extremely small, taxes were
+     light ... and we didn't even recognize the Russians. What could
+     there possibly be for a Council on Foreign Relations to do?
+
+     "Well, there were a few men who did not feel content with that
+     comfortable isolationist climate. They thought the United States
+     had an important role to play in the world and they resolved to try
+     to find out what that role ought to be. Some of those men are
+     present this evening."
+
+The Council's principal publication is a quarterly magazine, _Foreign
+Affairs_. Indeed, publishing this quarterly is the Council's major
+activity; and income from the publication is a principal source of
+revenue for the Council.
+
+On June 30, 1961, _Foreign Affairs_ had a circulation of only 43,500;
+but it is probably the most influential publication in the world. Key
+figures in government--from the Secretary of State downward--write
+articles for, and announce new policies in, _Foreign Affairs_.
+
+Other publications of the Council include three volumes which it
+publishes annually (_Political Handbook of the World_, _The United
+States in World Affairs_ and _Documents on American Foreign Relations_),
+and numerous special studies and books.
+
+The Council's financial statement for the 1960-61 fiscal year listed the
+following income:
+
+    Membership Dues                                  $123,200
+    Council Development Fund                         $ 87,000
+    Committees Development Fund                      $  2,500
+    Corporation Service                              $112,200
+    Foundation Grants                                $231,700
+    Net Income from Investments                      $106,700
+    Net Receipt from Sale of Books                   $ 26,700
+    _Foreign Affairs_ Subscriptions and Sales   $210,300
+    _Foreign Affairs_ Advertising               $ 21,800
+    Miscellaneous                                    $  2,900
+                                                     ---------
+    Total                                            $925,000
+
+"Corporation Service" on this list means money contributed to the
+Council by business firms.
+
+Here are firms listed as contributors to the Council during the 1960-61
+fiscal year:
+
+    Aluminum Limited, Inc.
+    American Can Company
+    American Metal Climax, Inc.
+    American Telephone and Telegraph Company
+    Arabian American Oil Company
+    Armco International Corporation
+    Asiatic Petroleum Corporation
+    Bankers Trust Company
+    Belgian Securities Corporation
+    Bethlehem Steel Company, Inc.
+    Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co.
+    Cabot Corporation
+    California Texas Oil Corp.
+    Cameron Iron Works, Inc.
+    Campbell Soup Company
+    The Chase Manhattan Bank
+    Chesebrough-Pond's Inc.
+    Chicago Bridge and Iron Co.
+    Cities Service Company, Inc.
+    Connecticut General Life Insurance Company
+    Continental Can Company
+    Continental Oil Company
+    Corn Products Company
+    Corning Glass Works
+    Dresser Industries, Inc.
+    Ethyl Corporation
+    I. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.
+    Farrell Lines, Inc.
+    The First National City Bank of New York
+    Ford Motor Company, International Division
+    Foster Wheeler Corporation
+    Freeport Sulphur Company
+    General Dynamics Corporation
+    General Motors Overseas Operations
+    The Gillette Company
+    W. R. Grace and Co.
+    Gulf Oil Corporation
+    Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Company
+    Haskins and Sells
+    H. J. Heinz Company
+    Hughes Tool Company
+    IBM World Trade Corporation
+    International General Electric Company
+    The International Nickel Company, Inc.
+    International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation
+    Irving Trust Company
+    The M. W. Kellogg Company
+    Kidder, Peabody and Co.
+    Carl M. Loeb, Rhoades and Co.
+    The Lummus Company
+    Merck and Company, Inc.
+    Mobil International Oil Co.
+    Model, Roland and Stone
+    The National Cash Register Co.
+    National Lead Company, Inc.
+    The New York Times
+    The Ohio Oil Co., Inc.
+    Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation
+    Otis Elevator Company
+    Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation
+    Pan American Airways System
+    Pfizer International, Inc.
+    Radio Corporation of America
+    The RAND Corporation
+    San Jacinto Petroleum Corporation
+    J. Henry Schroder Banking Corporation
+    Sinclair Oil Corporation
+    The Singer Manufacturing Company
+    Sprague Electric Company
+    Standard Oil Company of California
+    Standard Oil Company (N. J.)
+    Standard-Vacuum Oil Company
+    Stauffer Chemical Company
+    Symington Wayne Corporation
+    Texaco, Inc.
+    Texas Gulf Sulphur Company
+    Texas Instruments, Inc.
+    Tidewater Oil Company
+    Time, Inc.
+    Union Tank Car Company
+    United States Lines Company
+    United States Steel Corporation
+    White, Weld and Co.
+    Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation
+
+What do these corporations get for the money contributed to the Council
+on Foreign Relations?
+
+From the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council:
+
+     "Subscribers to the Council's Corporation Service (who pay a
+     minimum fee of $1,000) are entitled to several privileges. Among
+     them are (a) free consultation with members of the Council's staff
+     on problems of foreign policy, (b) access to the Council's
+     specialized library on international affairs, including its unique
+     collection of magazine and press clippings, (c) copies of all
+     Council publications and six subscriptions to _Foreign Affairs_ for
+     officers of the company or its library, (d) an off-the-record
+     dinner, held annually for chairmen and presidents of subscribing
+     companies at which a prominent speaker discusses some outstanding
+     issue of United States foreign policy, and (e) two annual series of
+     Seminars for business executives appointed by their companies.
+     These Seminars are led by widely experienced Americans who discuss
+     various problems of American political or economic foreign policy."
+
+_All_ speakers at the Council's dinner meetings and seminars for
+business executives are leading advocates of internationalism and the
+total state. Many of them, in fact, are important officials in
+government. The ego-appeal is enormous to businessmen, who get special
+off-the-record briefings from Cabinet officers and other officials close
+to the President of the United States.
+
+The briefings and the seminar lectures are consistently designed to
+elicit the support of businessmen for major features of Administration
+policy.
+
+For example, during 1960 and 1961, the three issues of major importance
+to both Presidents Eisenhower and Kennedy were Disarmament, the
+declining value of the American dollar, and the tariff-and-trade
+problem. The Eisenhower and Kennedy positions on these three issues were
+virtually identical; and the solutions they urged meshed with the
+internationalist program of pushing America into a one-world socialist
+system.
+
+The business executives who attended CFR briefings and seminars in the
+1960-61 fiscal year received expert indoctrination in the
+internationalist position on the three major issues of that year. From
+"Seminars For Business Executives," Pages 43-44 of the 1960-61 Annual
+Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     "The Fall 1960 Seminar ... was brought to a close with an appraisal
+     of disarmament negotiations, past and present, by Edmund A.
+     Gullion, then Acting Deputy Director, United States Disarmament
+     Administration....
+
+     "'The International Position of the Dollar' was the theme of the
+     Spring 1961 Seminar series. Robert Triffin, Professor of Economics
+     at Yale University, spoke on the present balance of payments
+     situation at the opening session. At the second meeting, William
+     Diebold, Jr., Director of Economic Studies at the Council,
+     addressed the group on United States foreign trade policy. The
+     third meeting dealt with foreign investment and the balance of
+     payments. August Maffry, Vice President of the Irving Trust
+     Company, was discussion leader....
+
+     "On June 8, George W. Ball, Under Secretary of State for Economic
+     Affairs, spoke at the annual Corporation Service dinner for
+     presidents and board chairmen of participating companies....
+     Secretary Ball [discussed] the foreign economic policy of the new
+     Kennedy Administration."
+
+George W. Ball was, for several years, a registered lobbyist in
+Washington, representing foreign commercial interests. He is a chief
+architect of President Kennedy's 1962 tariff-and-trade proposals--which
+would internationalize American trade and commerce, as a prelude to
+amalgamating our economy with that of other nations.
+
+In 1960-61, 84 leading corporations contributed 112,200 tax-exempt
+dollars to the Council on Foreign Relations for the privilege of having
+their chief officers exposed to the propaganda of international
+socialism.
+
+A principal activity of the Council is its meetings, according to the
+1958-1959 annual report:
+
+     "During 1958-59, the Council's program of meetings continued to
+     place emphasis on small, roundtable meetings.... Of the 99 meetings
+     held during the year, 58 were roundtables.... The balance of the
+     meetings program was made up of the more traditional large
+     afternoon or dinner sessions for larger groups of Council members.
+     In the course of the year, the Council convened such meetings for
+     Premier Castro; First Deputy Premier Mikoyan; Secretary-General Dag
+     Hammarskjold...."
+
+The Council's annual report lists all of the meetings and
+"distinguished" speakers for which it convened the meetings. It is an
+amazing list. Although the Council has tax-exemption as an organization
+to study international affairs and, presumably, to help the public
+arrive at a better understanding of United States foreign policy, not
+one speaker for any Council meeting represented traditional U. S.
+policy. Every one was a known advocate of leftwing internationalism. A
+surprising number of them were known communists or communist
+sympathizers or admitted socialists.
+
+Kwame Nkrumah, Prime Minister of Ghana, who is widely believed to be a
+communist; who is admittedly socialist; and who aligned his nation with
+the Soviets--spoke to the Council on "Free Africa," with W. Averell
+Harriman presiding.
+
+Mahmoud Fawzi, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the United Arab Republic,
+a socialist whose hatred of the United States is rather well known,
+spoke to the Council on "Middle East."
+
+Herbert L. Matthews, a member of the editorial board of _The New York
+Times_ (whose articles on Castro as the Robin Hood of Cuba built that
+communist hoodlum a worldwide reputation and helped him conquer Cuba)
+spoke to the Council _twice_, once on "A Political Appraisal of Latin
+American Affairs," and once on "The Castro Regime."
+
+M. C. Chagla, Ambassador of India to the United States, a socialist,
+spoke to the Council on "Indian Foreign Policy."
+
+Anastas I. Mikoyan, First Deputy Premier, USSR, spoke to the Council on
+"Issues in Soviet-American Relations," with John J. McCloy (later
+Kennedy's Disarmament Administrator) presiding.
+
+Fidel Castro spoke to the Council on "Cuba and the United States."
+
+Here are some other well-known socialists who spoke to the Council on
+Foreign Relations during the 1958-59 year:
+
+Dag Hammarskjold, Secretary-General of the United Nations; Per
+Jacobsson, Managing Director of the International Monetary Fund; Abba
+Eban, Ambassador of Israel to the United States; Willy Brandt, Mayor of
+West Berlin; Stanley de Zoysa, Minister of Finance of Ceylon; Mortarji
+Desai, Minister of Finance of India; Victor Urquidi, President of
+Mexican Economic Society; Fritz Erler, Co-Chairman of the Socialist
+Group in the German Bundestag; Tom Mboya, Member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council; Sir Grantley H. Adams, Prime Minister of the West
+Indies Federation; Theodore Kollek, Director-General of the Office of
+the Prime Minister of Israel; Dr. Gikomyo W. Kiano, member of the Kenya
+Legislative Council.
+
+Officials of communist governments, in addition to those already listed,
+who spoke to the Council that year, included Oscar Lange, Vice-President
+of the State Council of the Polish People's Republic; and Marko Nikezic,
+Ambassador of Yugoslavia to the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Throughout this book, I show the close inter-locking connection between
+the Council on Foreign Relations and many other organizations. The only
+organizations formally affiliated with the Council, however, are the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, which the Council created, which it
+controls, and which exist in 30 cities: Albuquerque, Atlanta,
+Birmingham, Boise, Boston, Casper, Charlottesville, Denver, Des Moines,
+Detroit, Houston, Indianapolis, Little Rock, Los Angeles, Louisville,
+Nashville, Omaha, Philadelphia, Portland (Maine), Portland (Oregon),
+Providence, St. Louis, St. Paul-Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, San
+Francisco, Seattle, Tucson, Tulsa, Wichita, Worcester.
+
+A booklet entitled _Committees on Foreign Relations: Directory of
+Members, January, 1961_, published by the Council on Foreign Relations,
+contains a roster of members of all the Committees on Foreign Relations,
+except the one at Casper, Wyoming, which was not organized until later
+in 1961. The booklet also gives a brief history of the Committees:
+
+     "In 1938, with the financial assistance of the Carnegie Corporation
+     of New York, the Council began to organize affiliated discussion
+     groups in a few American cities....
+
+     "Each Committee is composed of forty or more men who are leaders in
+     the professions and occupations of their area--representatives of
+     business, the law, universities and schools, the press, and so on.
+     About once a month, from October through May, members come together
+     for dinner and an evening of discussion with a guest speaker of
+     special competence.... Since the beginning in 1938, the Carnegie
+     Corporation of New York has continued to make annual grants in
+     support of the Committee program."
+
+The following information about the Committees on Foreign Relations is
+from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     "During the past season the Foreign Relations Committees carried on
+     their customary programs of private dinner meetings. In all, 206
+     meetings were held....
+
+     "The Council arranged or figured in the arrangement of about
+     three-quarters of the meetings held, the other sessions being
+     undertaken upon the initiative of the Committees. Attendance at the
+     discussions averaged 28 persons, slightly more than in previous
+     years and about the maximum number for good discussion. There was
+     little change in membership--the total being just under 1800. It
+     will be recalled that this membership consists of men who are
+     leaders in the various professions and occupations....
+
+     "On June 2 and 3, the 23rd annual conference of Committee
+     representatives was held at the Harold Pratt House. Mounting
+     pressures throughout the year ... made it advisable to plan a
+     conference program that would facilitate re-examination of the
+     strategic uses of the United Nations for American Policy in the
+     years ahead. Accordingly, the conference theme was designated as
+     _United States Policy and the United Nations_. Emphasis was upon
+     re-appraisal of the United States national interest in the United
+     Nations--and the cost of sustaining that interest....
+
+     "In the course of the year, officers and members of the Council and
+     of the staff visited most of the Committees for the purpose of
+     leading discussions at meetings, supervising Committee procedures
+     and seeking the strengthening of Committee relations with the
+     Council."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 2
+
+WORLD WAR II AND TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES
+
+
+
+Although the Council on Foreign Relations had almost gained controlling
+influence on the government of the United States as early as 1941, it
+had failed to indoctrinate the American people for acceptance of what
+Colonel House had called a "positive" foreign policy.
+
+In 1940, Franklin D. Roosevelt (although eager to get the United States
+into the Second World War and already making preparations for that
+tragedy) had to campaign for re-election with the same promise that
+Wilson had made in 1916--to keep us out of the European war. Even as
+late as the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December,
+1941, the American people were still overwhelmingly "isolationist"--a
+word which internationalists use as a term of contempt but which means
+merely that the American people were still devoted to their nation's
+traditional foreign policy.
+
+It was necessary for Roosevelt to take steps which the public would not
+notice or understand but which would inescapably involve the nation in
+the foreign war. When enough such sly involvement had been manipulated,
+there would come, eventually, some incident to push us over the brink
+into open participation. Then, any American who continued to advocate
+our traditional foreign policy of benign neutrality would be an object
+of public hatred, would be investigated and condemned by officialdom as
+a "pro-nazi," and possibly prosecuted for sedition.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations has heavy responsibility for the
+maneuvering which thus dragged America into World War II. One major step
+which Roosevelt took toward war (at precisely the time when he was
+campaigning for his third-term re-election on a platform of peace and
+neutrality to keep America out of war) was his radical alteration of
+traditional concepts of United States policy in order to declare
+Greenland under the protection of our Monroe Doctrine. The Council on
+Foreign Relations officially boasts full responsibility for this fateful
+step toward war.
+
+On pages 13 and 14 of a book entitled _The Council on Foreign Relations:
+A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_ (written by officials of the
+Council and published by the Council on January 1, 1947) are these
+passages:
+
+     "One further example may be cited of the way in which ideas and
+     recommendations originating at Council meetings have entered into
+     the stream of official discussion and action.
+
+     "On March 17, 1940, a Council group completed a confidential report
+     which pointed out the strategic importance of Greenland for
+     transatlantic aviation and for meteorological observations. The
+     report stated:
+
+     "'The possibility must be considered that Denmark might be overrun
+     by Germany. In such case, Greenland might be transferred by treaty
+     to German sovereignty.'
+
+     "It also pointed out the possible danger to the United States in
+     such an eventuality, and mentioned that Greenland lies within the
+     geographical sphere 'within which the Monroe Doctrine is presumed
+     to apply.'
+
+     "Shortly after this, one of the members of the group which had
+     prepared the report was summoned to the White House. President
+     Roosevelt had a copy of the memorandum in his hand and said that he
+     had turned to his visitor for advice because of his part in
+     raising the question of Greenland's strategic importance.
+
+     "Germany invaded Denmark on April 9, 1940. At his press conference
+     three days later, the President stated that he was satisfied that
+     Greenland was a part of the American continent. After a visit to
+     the White House on the same day, the Danish Minister said that he
+     agreed with the President.
+
+     "On April 9, 1941, an agreement was signed between the United
+     States and Denmark which provided for assistance by the United
+     States to Greenland in the maintenance of its status, and granted
+     to the United States the right to locate and construct such
+     airplane landing-fields, seaplane facilities, and radio and
+     meteorological installations as might be necessary for the defense
+     of Greenland, and for the defense of the American continent. This
+     was eight months before Germany declared war on the United States.
+
+     "The Council's report on Greenland was only one item in an
+     extensive research project which offered an unusual instance of
+     wartime collaboration between Government agencies and a private
+     institution.... The project ... exhibited the kind of contribution
+     which the Council has been uniquely equipped to provide...."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Danish colony of Greenland--a huge island covered by polar ice--lies
+in the Arctic Ocean, 1325 miles off the coast of Denmark. It is 200
+miles from Canada, 650 miles from the British Isles. The extreme
+southwestern tip of Greenland is 1315 miles from the most extreme
+northeastern tip of the United States (Maine). In other words, Canada
+and England, which were at war with Germany when we undertook to protect
+Greenland from Germany, are both much closer to Greenland than the
+United States is.
+
+But history gives better proof than geography does, that the learned
+Council members who put Greenland in the Western Hemisphere, within the
+meaning of the Monroe Doctrine, were either ignorant or dishonest. The
+Monroe Doctrine, closing the Western Hemisphere to further European
+colonization, was proclaimed in 1823. Denmark, a European nation,
+colonized Greenland, proclaiming sole sovereignty in 1921, without any
+hint of protest from the United States that this European colonization
+infringed upon the Monroe Doctrine.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Members of the Council on Foreign Relations played a key role in getting
+America into World War II. They played _the_ role in creating the basic
+policies which this nation has followed since the end of World War II.
+These policies are accomplishing:
+
+     (1) the redistribution to other nations of the great United States
+     reserve of gold which made our dollar the strongest currency in the
+     world;
+
+     (2) the building up of the industrial capacity of other nations, at
+     our expense, thus eliminating our pre-eminent productive
+     superiority;
+
+     (3) the taking away of world markets from United States producers
+     (and even much of their domestic market) until capitalistic America
+     will no longer dominate world trade;
+
+     (4) the entwining of American affairs--economic, political,
+     cultural, social, educational, and even religious--with those of
+     other nations until the United States will no longer have an
+     independent policy, either domestic or foreign: until we can not
+     return to our traditional foreign policy of maintaining national
+     independence, nor to free private capitalism as an economic system.
+
+The ghastly wartime and post-war decisions (which put the Soviet Union
+astride the globe like a menacing colossus and placed the incomparably
+stronger United States in the position of appeasing and retreating) can
+be traced to persons who were members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+Consider a specific example: the explosive German problem.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In October, 1943, Cordell Hull (U. S. Secretary of State), Anthony Eden
+(Foreign Minister for Great Britain), and V. Molotov (Soviet Commissar
+for Foreign Affairs), had a conference at Moscow. Eden suggested that
+they create a European Advisory Commission which would decide how
+Germany, after defeat, would be partitioned, occupied, and governed by
+the three victorious powers. Molotov approved. Hull did not like the
+idea, but agreed to it in deference to the wishes of the two others.
+Philip E. Mosely, of the CFR, was Hull's special adviser at this Moscow
+Conference.
+
+The next month, November, 1943, President Franklin D. Roosevelt went to
+Tehran for his first conference with Stalin and Churchill. Aboard the U.
+S. S. _Iowa_ en route to Tehran, Roosevelt had a conference with his
+Joint Chiefs of Staff. They discussed, among other things, the post-war
+division and occupation of Germany.
+
+President Roosevelt predicted that Germany would collapse suddenly and
+that "there would definitely be a race for Berlin" by the three great
+powers. The President said: "We may have to put the United States
+divisions into Berlin as soon as possible, because the United States
+should have Berlin."
+
+Harry Hopkins suggested that "we be ready to put an airborne division
+into Berlin two hours after the collapse of Germany."
+
+Roosevelt wanted the United States to occupy Berlin and northwestern
+Germany; the British to occupy France, Belgium, and southern Germany;
+and the Soviets to have eastern Germany.
+
+At the Tehran Conference (November 27-December 2, 1943), Stalin seemed
+singularly indifferent to the question of which power would occupy which
+zones of Germany after the war. Stalin revealed intense interest in only
+three topics:
+
+(1) urging the western allies to make a frontal assault, across the
+English Channel, on Hitler's fortress Europe;
+
+(2) finding out, immediately, the name of the man whom the western
+allies would designate to command such an operation (Eisenhower had not
+yet been selected); and
+
+(3) reducing the whole of Europe to virtual impotence so that the Soviet
+Union would be the only major power on the continent after the war.
+
+Roosevelt approved of every proposal Stalin made.
+
+A broad outline of the behavior and proposals of Roosevelt, Churchill,
+and Stalin at Tehran can be found in the diplomatic papers published in
+1961 by the State Department, in a volume entitled _Foreign Relations of
+the United States: Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and
+Tehran 1943_.
+
+As to specific agreements on the postwar division and occupation of
+Germany, the Tehran papers reveal only that the European Advisory
+Commission would work out the details.
+
+We know that Roosevelt and his military advisers in November, 1943,
+agreed that America should take and occupy Berlin. Yet, 17 months later,
+we did just the opposite.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the closing days of World War II, the American Ninth Army was rolling
+toward Berlin, meeting little resistance, slowed down only by German
+civilians clogging the highways, fleeing from the Russians. German
+soundtrucks were circulating in the Berlin area, counseling stray
+troops to stop resistance and surrender to the Americans. Some twenty or
+thirty miles east of Berlin, the German nation had concentrated its
+dying strength and was fighting savagely against the Russians.
+
+Our Ninth Army could have been in Berlin within a few hours, probably
+without shedding another drop of blood; but General Eisenhower suddenly
+halted our Army. He kept it sitting idly outside Berlin for days, while
+the Russians slugged their way in, killing, raping, ravaging. We gave
+the Russians control of the eastern portion of Berlin--and of _all_ the
+territory surrounding the city.
+
+To the south, General Patton's forces were plowing into Czechoslovakia.
+When Patton was thirty miles from Prague, the capital, General
+Eisenhower ordered him to stop--ordered him not to accept surrender of
+German soldiers, but to hold them at bay until the Russians could move
+up and accept surrender. As soon as the Russians were thus established
+as the conquerors of Czechoslovakia, Eisenhower ordered Patton to
+evacuate.
+
+Units of Czechoslovakian patriots had been fighting with Western armies
+since 1943. We had promised them that they could participate in the
+liberation of their own homeland; but we did not let them move into
+Czechoslovakia until after the Russians had taken over.
+
+Czechoslovakian and American troops had to ask the Soviets for
+permission to come into Prague for a victory celebration--after the
+Russians had been permitted to conquer the country.
+
+Western Armies, under Eisenhower's command, rounded up an estimated five
+million anti-communist refugees and delivered them to the Soviets who
+tortured them, sent them to slave camps, or murdered them.
+
+All of this occurred because we refused to do what would have been easy
+for us to do--and what our top leaders had agreed just 17 months before
+that we must do: that is, take and hold Berlin and surrounding territory
+until postwar peace treaties were made.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Who made the decisions to pull our armies back in Europe and let the
+Soviets take over? General Eisenhower gave the orders; and, in his book,
+_Crusade in Europe_ (published in 1948, before the awful consequences of
+those decisions were fully known to the public), Eisenhower took his
+share of credit for making the decisions. When he entered politics four
+years later, Eisenhower denied responsibility: he claimed that he was
+merely a soldier, obeying orders, implementing decisions which
+Presidents Roosevelt and Truman had made.
+
+Memoirs of British military men indicate that Eisenhower went far
+_beyond_ the call of military duty in his "co-operative" efforts to help
+the Soviets capture political prisoner's and enslave all of central
+Europe. _Triumph in the West_, by Arthur Bryant, published in 1959 by
+Doubleday & Company, as a "History of the War Years Based on the Diaries
+of Field-Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, Chief of the Imperial General Staff,"
+reveals that, in the closing days of the war, General Eisenhower was
+often in direct communication with Stalin, reporting his decisions and
+actions to the Soviet dictator before Eisenhower's own military
+superiors knew what was going on.
+
+Regardless of what responsibility General Eisenhower may or may not have
+had for _formulating_ the decisions which held our armies back from
+Eastern Europe, those decisions seem to have stemmed from the
+conferences which Roosevelt had with Stalin at Tehran in 1943 and at
+Yalta in 1945.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But who made the decision to isolate Berlin 110 miles deep inside
+communist-controlled territory without any agreements concerning access
+routes by which the Western Powers could get to the city? According to
+Arthur Krock, of the _New York Times_, George F. Kennan, (a member of
+the Council on Foreign Relations) persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning arrangement. Kennan, at the time, was political adviser to
+Ambassador John G. Winant, who was the United States Representative on
+the three-member European Advisory Commission.
+
+Mr. Krock's account (in the _New York Times_, June 18, 1961 and July 2,
+1961) is rather involved; but here is the essence of it:
+
+     President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to enclose
+     Berlin 110 miles within the Soviet occupation zone. Winant
+     submitted a recommendation, embracing this agreement. Winant felt
+     that it would offend the Soviets if we asked for guaranteed access
+     routes, and believed that guarantees were unnecessary anyway. When
+     submitting his recommendation to Washington, however, Winant
+     attached a map on which a specific allied corridor of access into
+     the city was drawn.
+
+     Winant's proposal was never acted on in Washington. Therefore, the
+     British submitted a recommendation. Roosevelt rejected the British
+     plan, and made his own proposal. The British and Soviets disliked
+     Roosevelt's plan; and negotiations over the zoning of Berlin were
+     deadlocked.
+
+     George F. Kennan broke the deadlock by going directly to Roosevelt
+     and persuading him to accept the Berlin zoning agreement, which Mr.
+     Krock calls a "war-breeding monstrosity," and a "witless travesty
+     on statecraft and military competence."
+
+Mr. Krock says most of his information came from one of Philip E.
+Mosely's articles in an old issue of _Foreign Affairs_--which I have
+been unable to get for my files. I cannot, therefore, guarantee the
+authenticity of Mr. Krock's account; but I can certainly agree with his
+conclusion that only Joseph Stalin and international communism
+benefitted from the "incredible zoning agreements" that placed "Berlin
+110 miles within the Soviet zone and reserved no guaranteed access
+routes to the city from the British and American zones."
+
+It is interesting to note that Philip E. Mosely (CFR member who was
+Cordell Hull's adviser when the postwar division of Germany was first
+discussed at the Moscow Conference in 1943) succeeded George F. Kennan
+as political adviser to John G. Winant of the European Advisory
+Commission shortly after Kennan had persuaded Roosevelt to accept the
+Berlin zoning agreements.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+It is easy to see why the Soviets wanted the Berlin arrangement which
+Roosevelt gave them. It is not difficult to see the British viewpoint:
+squeezed between the two giants who were his allies, Churchill tried to
+play the Soviets against the Americans, in the interest of getting the
+most he could for the future trade and commerce of England.
+
+But why would any American want (or, under any conditions, agree to) the
+crazy Berlin agreement? There are only three possible answers:
+
+(1) the Americans who set up the Berlin arrangement--which means,
+specifically, George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely, representing the
+Council on Foreign Relations--were ignorant fools; or
+
+(2) they _wanted_ to make Berlin a powder keg which the Soviets could
+use, at will, to intimidate the West; or
+
+(3) they wanted a permanent, ready source of war which the United States
+government could use, at any time, to salvage its own internationalist
+policies from criticism at home, by scaring the American people into
+"buckling down" and "tightening up" for "unity" behind our "courageous
+President" who is "calling the Kremlin bluff" by spending to prepare
+this nation for all-out war, if necessary, to "defend the interests of
+the free-world" in Berlin.
+
+George F. Kennan and Philip E. Mosely and the other men associated with
+them in the Council on Foreign Relations are not ignorant fools. I do
+not believe they are traitors who wanted to serve the interests of the
+Kremlin. So, in trying to assess their motives, I am left with one
+choice: they wanted to set Berlin up as a perpetual excuse for any kind
+of program which the Council on Foreign Relations might want the
+American government to adopt.
+
+Long, long ago, King Henry of England told Prince Hal that the way to
+run a country and keep the people from being too critical of how you run
+it, is to busy giddy minds with foreign quarrels.
+
+A study of President Kennedy's July 25, 1961, speech to the nation about
+Berlin, together with an examination of the spending program which he
+recommended to Congress a few hours later, plus a review of contemporary
+accounts of how the stampeded Congress rushed to give the President all
+he asked--such a study, set against the backdrop of our refusal to do
+anything vigorous with regard to the communist menace in Cuba, will, I
+think, justify my conclusions as to the motives of men, still in power,
+who created the Berlin situation.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 3
+
+FPA--WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCIL--IPR
+
+
+
+Through many interlocking organizations, the Council on Foreign
+Relations "educates" the public--and brings pressures upon Congress--to
+support CFR policies. All organizations, in this incredible propaganda
+web, work in their own way toward the objective of the Council on
+Foreign Relations: to create a one-world socialist system and to make
+America a part of it. All of the organizations have federal
+tax-exemption as "educational" groups; and they are all financed, in
+part, by tax-exempt foundations, the principal ones being Ford,
+Rockefeller, and Carnegie. Most of them also have close working
+relations with official agencies of the United States Government.
+
+The CFR does not have formal affiliation--and can therefore disclaim
+official connection with--its subsidiary propaganda agencies (except the
+Committees on Foreign Relations, organized by the CFR in 30 cities
+throughout the United States); but the real and effective interlock
+between all these groups can be shown not only by their common objective
+(one-world socialism) and a common source of income (the foundations),
+but also by the overlapping of personnel: directors and officials of the
+Council on Foreign Relations are also officials in the interlocking
+organizations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center, 345 East 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, is probably the most influential of all
+the agencies which can be shown as propaganda affiliates of the Council
+on Foreign Relations in matters concerned primarily with American
+foreign policy.
+
+On April 29, 1960, the March-April Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down a Presentment concerning subversive materials in
+schools, which said:
+
+     "An extensive investigation has been made by the Jury into the
+     Foreign Policy Association of New York City and its 'Great
+     Decisions Program,' which it is sponsoring in our area....
+
+     "This matter was brought to our attention by the Americanism
+     Committee of the Waldo M. Slaton Post 140, American Legion, and
+     several other local patriotic groups. We were informed that the
+     Great Decisions Program was being taught in our public high schools
+     and by various well-meaning civic and religious groups, who were
+     not aware of the past records of the leaders of the Foreign Policy
+     Association, nor of the authors of the textbooks prescribed for
+     this Great Decisions program.
+
+     "Evidence was presented to us showing that some of these leaders
+     and authors had a long record, dating back many years, in which
+     they either belonged to, or actively supported left-wing or
+     subversive organizations.
+
+     "We further found that invitations to participate in these 'study
+     groups' were being mailed throughout our county under the name of
+     one of our local universities.... We learned that the prescribed
+     booklets were available upon request in our local public
+     libraries....
+
+     "The range of the activity by this organization has reached
+     alarming proportions in the schools and civic groups in certain
+     other areas in Georgia. Its spread is a matter of deep concern to
+     this Jury and we, therefore, call upon all school officials
+     throughout the state to be particularly alert to this insidious and
+     subversive material. We further recommend that all textbook
+     committee members--city, county and state--recognize the
+     undesirable features of this material and take action to remove it
+     from our schools.
+
+     "Finally, we urge that all Grand Juries throughout the State of
+     Georgia give matters of this nature their serious consideration."
+
+On June 30, 1960, the May-June Term Grand Jury of Fulton County,
+Georgia, handed down another Presentment, which said:
+
+     "It is our understanding that the Foreign Policy Association's
+     Great Decisions program, criticized by the March-April Grand Jury,
+     Fulton County, has been removed from the Atlanta and Fulton County
+     schools....
+
+     "Numerous letters from all over the United States have been
+     received by this grand jury, from individuals and associations,
+     commending the Presentment of the previous grand jury on the
+     Foreign Policy Association. Not a single letter has been received
+     by us criticizing these presentments."
+
+In September, 1960, the Americanism Committee of Waldo M. Slaton Post
+No. 140, The American Legion, 3905 Powers Ferry Road, N.W., Atlanta 5,
+Georgia, published a 112-page mimeographed book entitled _The Truth
+About the Foreign Policy Association_ (available directly from the Post
+at $1.00 per copy). In the Foreword to this book, the Americanism
+Committee says:
+
+     "How can we account for our apathetic acceptance of the presence of
+     this arch-murderer (Khrushchev, during his tour of the United
+     States at Eisenhower's invitation) in America? What has so dulled
+     our sense of moral values that we could look on without revulsion
+     while he was being wined and dined by our officials? How could we
+     dismiss with indifference the shameful spectacle of these officials
+     posing for pictures with this grinning Russian assassin--pictures
+     which we knew he would use to prove to communism's enslaved
+     populations that the Americans are no longer their friends, but the
+     friends of Khrushchev?
+
+     "There is only one explanation for this lapse from the Americanism
+     of former days: we are being brainwashed into the belief that we
+     can safely do business with communism--brainwashed by an
+     interlocked group of so-called 'educational' organizations offering
+     'do-it-yourself' courses which pretend to instruct the public in
+     the intricacies of foreign policy, but which actually mask clever
+     propaganda operations designed to sell 'co-existence' to Americans.
+     There are many of these propaganda outfits working to undermine
+     Americans' faith in America, but none, in our opinion, is as slick
+     or as smooth or as dangerous as the Foreign Policy Association of
+     Russian-born Vera Micheles Dean....
+
+     "This documented handbook has been prepared in response to numerous
+     requests for duplicates of the file which formed the basis of the
+     case (before the Fulton County Grand Juries) against the Foreign
+     Policy Association. We hope that it will assist patriots everywhere
+     in resisting the un-American propaganda of the Red China appeasers,
+     the pro-Soviet apologists, the relativists, and other dangerous
+     propagandists who are weakening Americans' sense of honor and their
+     will to survive."
+
+_The Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ sets out the communist
+front record of Vera Micheles Dean (who was Research Director of the FPA
+until shortly after the Legion Post made this exposure, when she
+resigned amidst almost-tearful words of praise and farewell on the part
+of FPA-WAC officials). The Legion Post booklet sets out the communist
+front records of various other persons connected with the FPA; it
+presents and analyzes several publications of the FPA, including
+materials used in the Great Decisions program; it reveals that FPA
+establishes respectability and public acceptance for itself by
+publicizing "endorsements" of prominent Americans; it shows that many of
+the FPA's claims of endorsements are false; it shows the interlocking
+connections and close working relationships between the Foreign Policy
+Association and other organizations, particularly the National Council
+of Churches; and it presents a great deal of general documentation on
+FPA's activities, operations, and connections.
+
+The Foreign Policy Association was organized in 1918 and incorporated
+under the laws of New York in 1928 (the Council on Foreign Relations was
+organized in 1919 and incorporated in 1921). Rockefeller and Carnegie
+money was responsible for both FPA and CFR becoming powerful
+organizations.
+
+The late U. S. Congressman Louis T. McFadden (Pennsylvania), as early as
+1934, said that the Foreign Policy Association, working in close
+conjunction with a comparable British group, was formed, largely under
+the aegis of Felix Frankfurter and Paul Warburg, to promote a "planned"
+or socialist economy in the United States, and to integrate the American
+system into a worldwide socialist system. Warburg and Frankfurter (early
+CFR members) were among the many influential persons who worked closely
+with Colonel Edward M. House, father of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+From its early days, the Foreign Policy Association had interlocking
+personnel, and worked in close co-operation with the Institute of
+Pacific Relations, which was formed in 1925 as a tax-exempt educational
+organization, and which was financed by the great foundations--and by
+the same groups of businessmen and corporations which have always
+financed the CFR and the FPA.
+
+The IPR played a more important role than any other American
+organization in shaping public opinion and influencing official
+American policy with regard to Asia.
+
+For more than twenty years, the IPR influenced directly or indirectly
+the selection of Far Eastern scholars for important teaching posts in
+colleges and universities--and the selection of officials for posts
+concerning Asia in the State Department. The IPR publications were
+standard materials in most American colleges, in thirteen hundred public
+school systems, and in the armed forces; and millions of IPR
+publications were distributed to all these institutions.
+
+Along toward the end of World War II, there were rumblings that the
+powerful IPR might be a communist front, despite its respectable
+facade--despite the fact that a great majority of its members were
+Americans whose patriotism and integrity were beyond question.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1951, the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, under the
+chairmanship of the late Pat McCarran (Democrat, Nevada) began an
+investigation which lasted many months and became the most important,
+careful, and productive investigation ever conducted by a committee of
+Congress.
+
+The McCarran investigation of the IPR was predicated on the assumption
+that United States diplomacy had never suffered a more disastrous defeat
+than in its failure to avert the communist conquest of China.
+
+The communist conquest of China led to the Korean war; and the tragic
+mishandling of this war on the part of Washington and United Nations
+officialdom destroyed American prestige throughout Asia, and built
+Chinese communist military power into a menacing colossus.
+
+The Senate investigation revealed that the American policy decisions
+which produced these disastrous consequences were made by IPR officials
+who were traitors, or under the influence of traitors, whose allegiance
+lay in Moscow.
+
+Owen Lattimore, guiding light of the IPR during its most important years
+(and also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations), was termed a
+conscious articulate instrument of the Soviet international conspiracy.
+
+Alger Hiss (a CFR member who was later identified as a Soviet spy) was
+closely tied in with the IPR during his long and influential career in
+government service. Hiss became a trustee of the IPR after his
+resignation from the State Department. The secret information which Hiss
+delivered to a Soviet spy ring in the 1930's kept the Soviets apprised
+of American activity in the Far East.
+
+Lauchlin Currie (also a member of the CFR) was an administrative
+assistant to President Roosevelt. Harry Dexter White virtually ran the
+Treasury Department under both Roosevelt and Truman. Both Currie and
+White had strong connections with the IPR; and both were Soviet
+spies--who not only channeled important American secrets to Soviet
+military intelligence, but also influenced and formulated American
+policies to suit the Soviets.
+
+By the time the McCarran investigation ended, the whole nation knew that
+the IPR was, as the McCarran committee had characterized it, a
+transmission belt for Soviet propaganda in the United States.
+
+The IPR, thoroughly discredited, had lost its power and influence; but
+its work was carried on, without any perceptible decline in
+effectiveness, by the Foreign Policy Association.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The FPA did this job through its Councils on World Affairs, which had
+been set up in key cities throughout the United States.
+
+These councils are all "anti-communist." They include among their
+members the business, financial, social, cultural, and educational
+leaders of the community. Their announced purpose is to help citizens
+become better informed on international affairs and foreign policy. To
+this end, they arrange public discussion groups, forums, seminars in
+connection with local schools and colleges, radio-television programs,
+and lecture series. They distribute a mammoth quantity of expensively
+produced material--to schools, civic clubs, discussion groups, and so
+on, at little or no cost.
+
+The Councils bring world-renowned speakers to their community. Hence,
+Council events generally make headlines and get wide coverage on radio
+and television. The Foreign Policy Associations' Councils on World
+Affairs, through the parent organization, through the Council on Foreign
+Relations, and through a multitude of other channels, have close working
+relationships with the State Department.
+
+Hence, many of the distinguished speakers whom the Councils present are
+handpicked by the State Department; and they travel (sometimes from
+distant foreign lands) at United States taxpayers' expense.
+
+To avert criticism (or to provide themselves with ammunition against
+criticism when it arises) that they are nothing but internationalist
+propaganda agencies, the Councils on World Affairs distribute a little
+literature which, and present a few speakers who, give the general
+appearance of being against the internationalist program of one-world
+socialism. But their anti-internationalism presentations are generally
+milk-and-water middle-of-the-roadism which is virtually meaningless.
+Most Councils-on-World-Affairs presentations give persuasive
+internationalist propaganda.
+
+Thus, the Foreign Policy Association, through its Councils on World
+Affairs--and another affiliated activity, the Great Decisions
+program--has managed to enroll some "conservative" community leadership
+into an effective propaganda effort for one-world socialism.
+
+The World Affairs Center was set up with national headquarters at 345
+East 46th Street in New York City, as a formal affiliate of the Foreign
+Policy Association, to handle the important job of directing the various
+"independent" Councils on World Affairs, located in major cities
+throughout the nation. In March, 1960, the FPA merged with the World
+Affairs Center to form one organization: the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The FPA-WAC describes its Great Decisions program as an annual
+nation-wide review, by local groups under local sponsorship, of problems
+affecting United States Foreign Policy. FPA-WAC provides Fact Sheet
+Kits, which contain reading material for these local discussion groups.
+These kits present what FPA calls a "common fund of information" for all
+participants. They also provide an "opinion" ballot which permits each
+participant, at the end of the Great Decisions discussion program, to
+register his viewpoint and send it to officials in Washington.
+
+The old IPR line (fostering American policies which helped communists
+take over China) was that the Chinese communists were not communists at
+all but democratic "agrarian reformers" whom the Chinese people loved
+and respected, and whom the Chinese people were going to install as the
+rulers of new China, regardless of what America did; and that,
+therefore, it was in our best interest to be friendly with these
+"agrarian reformers" so that China would remain a friendly power once
+the "reformers" took over.
+
+A major objective of the FPA-WAC--since it fell heir to the work of the
+IPR--is to foster American diplomatic recognition of red China.
+
+The FPA-WAC, and its subordinate Councils on World Affairs, do this
+propaganda job most cleverly. Most FPA spokesmen (except a few like
+Cyrus Eaton, who is a darling of the FPA and occasionally writes for its
+publications) are "anti-communists" who admit that the Chinese
+communists are real communists. They admit that it is not pleasant (in
+the wake of our memories of Korea) to think of extending diplomatic
+recognition to red China; and they do not always openly advocate such a
+move; but their literature and Great Decisions operations and other
+activities all subtly inculcate the idea that, however much we may
+dislike the Chinese communists, it is highly probable that we can best
+promote American interests by "eventually" recognizing red China.
+
+In this connection, the FPA-WAC Great Decisions program for 1957 was
+especially interesting. One question posed that year was "Should U. S.
+Deal With Red China?" Discussion of this topic was divided into four
+corollary questions: _Why Two Chinas? What are Red China's goals? Does
+Red China threaten 'uncommitted' Asia? Red China's record--what U. S.
+Policy?_
+
+The FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit, which sets out background information for
+the "study" and "voting" on the red China question, contains nothing
+that would remind Americans of Chinese communist atrocities against our
+men in Korea or in any way make Americans really angry at the
+communists. In the discussion of the "two Chinas," the communists sound
+somewhat more attractive than the nationalists. In the discussion of red
+China's "goals," there is nothing about the communist goal of enslaving
+all Asia; there are simply statistics showing how much more progress red
+China has made than "democratic" India--with less outside help than
+"democratic" India has received from the United States.
+
+In the discussion of whether red China threatens the rest of Asia, the
+FPA-WAC material makes no inference that the reds are an evil,
+aggressive power--but it does let the reader know that the reds in China
+are a mighty military power that we must reckon with, in realistic
+terms. Nothing is said in the FPA-WAC Fact Sheet Kit about the
+communist rape of Tibet. Rather, one gets the impression that Tibet is
+a normal, traditional province of China which has now returned to the
+homeland.
+
+After studying the problems of communist China from this FPA-WAC "Fact
+Sheet," Great Decisions participants were given an opportunity to cast
+an "Opinion Ballot" on the four specific questions posed. The "Opinions"
+were already written out on the FPA-WAC ballot. The voter had only to
+select the opinion he liked best, and mark it. Here are the five choices
+of opinions given voters on the Foreign Policy Association's Great
+Decisions 1957 Opinion Ballot, concerning U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China.
+
+     "a. Recognize Peiping now, because we can deal with Far East
+     political and other problems more easily if we have diplomatic
+     relations with Peiping.
+
+     "b. Go slow on recognizing them but agree to further talks and, if
+     progress is made, be willing to grant recognition at some future
+     date.
+
+     "c. Refuse to recognize them under any circumstances.
+
+     "d. Acknowledge that the Peiping government is the effective
+     government of China (recognition _de facto_) and deal with it as
+     much as seems useful, on this basis, but avoid full diplomatic
+     relations for the present.
+
+     "e. Other."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+General purposes of the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center
+are rather well indicated in a fund-raising letter, mailed to American
+businessmen all over the nation, on February 23, 1961. The letter was on
+the letterhead of Consolidated Foods Corporation, 135 South La Salle
+Street, Chicago 3, Illinois, and was signed by Nathan Cummings, Chairman
+of the Board. Here is a part of Mr. Cummings' appeal to other
+businessmen to contribute money to the FPA-WAC:
+
+     "In his inaugural address which I had the privilege of personally
+     hearing in Washington, President Kennedy summoned the American
+     people to responsibility in foreign policy: ...
+
+     "This call for individual initiative by the President characterizes
+     the kind of citizen responsibility in world affairs which the
+     Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center has been
+     energetically trying to build since its founding in 1918....
+
+     "The FPA-WAC's national program for informing the American public
+     of the urgent matters of foreign policy such as those mentioned by
+     the President--'the survival and the success of liberty,'
+     'inspection and control of arms,' the forging of 'a grand and
+     global alliance' to 'assure a more fruitful life for all
+     mankind'--is making remarkable progress.
+
+     "The enclosed 'Memorandum: 1960-61' describes the program and past
+     achievement of this 42-year-old organization. Particularly worthy
+     of mention is their annual 'Great Decisions' program which last
+     year engaged more than a quarter of a million Americans in eight
+     weeks of discussion of U. S. foreign policy and reached hundreds of
+     thousands of others with related radio, television and newspaper
+     background programs and articles on these important topics.
+
+     "Of the basic budget for 1960-61 of $1,140,700, nearly one-third
+     must be raised from individual and corporate sources to meet
+     minimal operating needs. The fact that over 400 major corporations,
+     some of whom contribute as much as $5,000, already support FPA-WAC
+     is evidence of the effectiveness and vitality of its educational
+     program....
+
+     "I hope that you and your company will join ours in generously
+     supporting this work."
+
+Erwin D. Canham, editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, has
+caustically denounced the American Legion Post in Atlanta for its
+"attack" on the FPA.
+
+Mr. Canham, in a letter dated April 25, 1961, accused the American
+Legion Post of making a "completely false" statement when the Post
+contended that Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_ advocated the seating of red
+China in the UN. Mr. Canham said:
+
+     "This newspaper's editorial policy has never espoused any such
+     position."
+
+I have in my file a letter which Mr. Canham wrote, April 29, 1960, as
+editor of _The Christian Science Monitor_, on the _Monitor's_
+letterhead. In this letter, Mr. Canham says:
+
+     "I believe that the United States should open diplomatic relations
+     with communist China."
+
+The interesting thing here is the coincidence of Mr. Canham's policy
+with regard to red China, and the policy of the Foreign Policy
+Association-World Affairs Center.
+
+The Great Decisions program for 1957 (discussed above) was obviously
+intended to lead Americans to acceptance of U. S. diplomatic recognition
+of red China. The same material, however, made it clear that the
+invisible government was not yet advocating the seating of red China in
+the UN! Do these backstairs formulators and managers of United States
+opinion and governmental policies have more respect for the UN than they
+have for the US? Or, do they fear that bringing red China into the UN
+(before U. S. recognition) would finish discrediting that already
+discredited organization and cause the American people to demand
+American withdrawal?
+
+Christian Scientists (through Mr. Canham and the _Monitor_), Protestants
+(through the National Council of Churches), Quakers (through the
+American Friends Service Committee), and Jews (through the American
+Jewish Committee, The Anti-Defamation League, and other organizations)
+are among the religious groups which have publicly supported activities
+of the Foreign Policy Association. Powerful Catholic personalities and
+publications have endorsed FPA work, too.
+
+On December 9, 1959, The Right Rev. Timothy F. O'Leary, Superintendent
+of Catholic Schools for the Archdiocese of Boston, wrote to all Catholic
+schools in the district, telling them that he was making plans for their
+participation with the World Affairs Council and the Foreign Policy
+Association in the Great Decisions 1960 Program.
+
+On November 27, 1960, _Our Sunday Visitor_ (largest and perhaps most
+influential Catholic newspaper in America) featured an article by Frank
+Folsom, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Board of Directors of
+the Radio Corporation of America, and a leading Catholic layman. Mr.
+Folsom was effusive in his praise of the FPA-WAC Great Decisions
+program.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The interlock between the Council on Foreign Relations and the Foreign
+Policy Association-World Affairs Center can be seen in the list of
+officers and directors of the FPA-WAC:
+
+     Eustace Seligman, Chairman of the FPA-WAC, is a partner in Sullivan
+     and Cromwell, the law firm of the late John Foster Dulles, a
+     leading CFR member.
+
+     John W. Nason, President of FPA-WAC, is a member of the Council on
+     Foreign Relations.
+
+     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr., President of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., is Vice
+     Chairman of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+     Gerald F. Beal, of the J. Henry Schroeder Banking Corporation of
+     New York, is Treasurer of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the Council
+     on Foreign Relations.
+
+     Mrs. Andrew G. Carey is Secretary of FPA-WAC. Her husband is a
+     member of the CFR.
+
+     Emile E. Soubry, Executive Vice President and Director of the
+     Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, is Chairman of the Executive
+     Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+     Benjamin J. Buttenwieser, of Kuhn, Loeb, and Company, in New York,
+     is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and also a
+     member of the CFR.
+
+     Joseph E. Johnson (old friend of Alger Hiss, who succeeded Hiss as
+     President of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace) is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC, and also a member
+     of the CFR.
+
+     Harold F. Linder, Vice Chairman of the General American Investors
+     Company, is a member of the Executive Committee of FPA-WAC, and
+     also a member of the CFR.
+
+     A. William Loos, Executive Director of the Church Peace Union, is a
+     member of the Executive Committee of the FPA-WAC. Mr. Loos attended
+     the CFR meeting with high communist party officials in the Soviet
+     Union in May, 1961.
+
+     Henry Siegbert, formerly a partner in the investment banking firm
+     of Adolph Lewisohn & Sons, is a member of the Executive Committee
+     of the FPA-WAC, and also a member of the CFR.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 4
+
+COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
+
+
+
+On June 20, 1961, _The San Francisco Examiner_ published a United Press
+International news story with a June 19, Washington, D. C. date line,
+under the headline "J.F.K. Backs Tax Cut Plan."
+
+Here are portions of the article:
+
+     "President Kennedy today urged Congress and the people to give a
+     close study to a monetary reform proposal which would empower him
+     to cut income taxes in recession periods.
+
+     "He issued the statement after receiving a bulky report from the
+     Commission of [sic] Money and Credit....
+
+     "The 27-member commission was set up in 1957 by the Committee for
+     Economic Development (CED). Its three-year study was financed by
+     $1.3 million in grants from the CED and the Ford and Merrill
+     Foundation.
+
+     "One of the key recommendations was to give the President limited
+     power to cut the 20 percent tax rate on the first $2000 of personal
+     income, if needed to help the economy....
+
+     "The report also recommended extensive changes in the Federal
+     Reserve System, set up in 1913 as the core of the Nation's banking
+     system...."
+
+This _San Francisco Examiner_ article is a classic example of propaganda
+disguised as straight news reporting.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+A story about the President supporting a plan for reducing taxes could
+not fail to command sympathetic attention. But the truth is that the
+tax reform proposals of the Commission on Money and Credit would give
+the President as much power and leeway to _raise_ taxes as to lower
+them.
+
+In its 282-page report, the Commission made 87 separate proposals. One
+would permit the President (on his own initiative) to reduce the basic
+income-tax rate (the one that applies to practically every person who
+has any income at all) from 20% to 15%. It would also permit the
+President to raise the basic rate from 20% to 25%.
+
+The idea of giving the President such power is as alien to American
+political principles as communism itself is. The proposed "machinery"
+for granting such Presidential power would violate every basic principle
+of our constitutional system. Under the Commission's proposal, the
+President would announce that he was going to increase or decrease
+taxes. If, within sixty days, Congress did not veto the plan, it would
+become law, effective for six months, at which time it would have to be
+renewed by the same procedure. That is very similar to the Soviet way.
+It could not be more foreign to the American way if it had been lifted
+from the Soviet constitution.
+
+Other proposals in the report of the Commission on Money and Credit,
+filed on June 18, 1961, after a three-year study:
+
+     1. The Federal Reserve Act would be amended to give the President
+     control over the Federal Reserve System--which, as set up in 1913,
+     is supposed to be free of any kind of political control, from the
+     White House or elsewhere.
+
+     2. The Commission recommends elimination of the legal requirement
+     that the Federal Reserve System maintain a gold reserve as backing
+     for American currency. A bill was introduced in Congress (May 9,
+     1961, by U. S. Congressman Abraham Multer, New York Democrat) to
+     implement this Commission recommendation. The bill would take away
+     from American citizens twelve billion dollars in gold which
+     supports their own currency, and enable government to pour this
+     gold out to foreigners, as long as it lasts, leaving Americans with
+     a worthless currency, and at the mercy of foreign governments and
+     bankers (see the _Dan Smoot Report_, "Gold and Treachery," May 22,
+     1961).
+
+     3. The banking laws of individual states would be ignored or
+     invalidated: banking laws of 33 states prohibit mutual savings
+     banks; the Commission on Money and Credit wants a federal law to
+     permit such banks in all states.
+
+     4. The Commission would circumvent, if not eliminate, state laws
+     governing the insurance industry: the Commission proposes a federal
+     law which would permit insurance companies to obtain federal
+     charters and claim federal, rather than state, regulation.
+
+     5. The Commission would subject all private pension funds to
+     federal supervision.
+
+     6. The Commission would abolish congressional limitations on the
+     size of the national debt--so that the debt could go as high as the
+     President pleased, without any interference from Congress.
+
+     7. The Commission recommends that Congress approve all federal
+     public works projects three years in advance, so that the President
+     could order the projects _when he felt_ the economy needed
+     stimulation.
+
+Remembering how President Kennedy and his administrative officials and
+congressional leaders used political extortion and promises of bribes
+with public money to force the House of Representatives, in January,
+1961, to pack the House Rules Committee, imagine how the President could
+whip Congress, and the whole nation, into line if the President had just
+_some_ of the additional, unconstitutional power which the Commission on
+Money and Credit wants him to have.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The objective of the Commission on Money and Credit (to finish the
+conversion of America into a total socialist state, under the
+dictatorship of whatever "proletarian" happens to be enthroned in the
+White House) can be seen, between the lines, in the Commission's remarks
+about the "formidable problem" of unemployment.
+
+The Commission wants unemployment to drop to the point where the number
+of jobless workers will equal the number of vacant jobs! And the clear
+implication is that the federal government must adopt whatever policies
+necessary to create this condition.
+
+Such a condition can exist only in a slave system--like the socialist
+system of communist China where, for example, all "farmers" (men, women,
+and children) enjoy full employment; under the whips of overseers, on
+the collective farms of communism.
+
+The Commission on Money and Credit was created on November 21, 1957, by
+the Committee for Economic Development (CED). In the 1957 Annual Report
+of the CED, Mr. Donald K. David, CED Chairman, gave the history of the
+Commission on Money and Credit. Mr. David said:
+
+     "CED began nine years ago [1948] to call attention to the need for
+     a comprehensive reassessment of our entire system of money and
+     credit.
+
+     "When the last such survey of the economic scene was made by the
+     Aldrich Commission in 1911, we had no central banking system, no
+     guaranteed deposits or guaranteed mortgages. There were no personal
+     or corporate income taxes; no group insurance plans, pension funds,
+     or Social Security system....
+
+     "Although CED had envisaged a commission created by government, the
+     inability of government to obtain the consensus required for
+     launching the study became as apparent as the need for avoiding
+     further delay. So, after receiving encouragement from other
+     research institutions, leaders in Congress, the Administration, and
+     from various leaders in private life, CED's Trustees decided to
+     sponsor the effort, assisted by a grant from The Ford
+     Foundation...."
+
+Here is the membership of the CED's Commission on Money and Credit:
+
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman (President of Connecticut General Life
+     Insurance Company)
+
+     Hans Christian Sonne, Vice-Chairman (New York; official in numerous
+     foundations and related organizations, such as Twentieth Century
+     Fund; American-Scandanavian Foundation; National Planning
+     Association; and so on)
+
+     Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (New York; Berle has been in and out of
+     important posts in government for many years; he is an
+     anti-communist socialist; he resigned from the Commission on Money
+     and Credit to accept his present job handling Latin American
+     affairs in the State Department)
+
+     James B. Black (Chairman of the Board of Pacific Gas and Electric
+     Company)
+
+     Marriner S. Eccles (Chairman of the Board of the First Security
+     Corporation; formerly Assistant to the Secretary of the Treasury
+     under Roosevelt; Governor of Federal Reserve Board; and official in
+     numerous international banking organizations, such as the
+     Export-Import Bank)
+
+     Lamar Fleming, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Anderson, Clayton &
+     Co., Houston, Texas)
+
+     Henry H. Fowler (Washington, D.C.; resigned from the Commission on
+     February 3 to accept appointment from Kennedy as Under Secretary of
+     the Treasury)
+
+     Gaylord A. Freeman, Jr. (President of the First National Bank,
+     Chicago)
+
+     Philip M. Klutznick (Park Forest, Ill., resigned from the
+     Commission on February 8, to accept appointment from President
+     Kennedy as United States Representative to the United Nations
+     Economic and Social Council)
+
+     Fred Lazarus, Jr. (Chairman of the Board of Federated Department
+     Stores, Inc.)
+
+     Isador Lubin (Professor of Public Affairs at Rutgers University)
+
+     J. Irwin Miller (Chairman of the Board of Cummins Engine Company)
+
+     Robert R. Nathan (Washington, D.C.; has been in and out of many
+     important government jobs since the first Roosevelt Administration)
+
+     Emil Rieve (President emeritus of the Textile Workers
+     Union--AFL-CIO)
+
+     David Rockefeller (President of Chase Manhattan Bank)
+
+     Stanley H. Ruttenberg (Research Director for AFL-CIO)
+
+     Charles Sawyer (Cincinnati lawyer, prominent in Democratic Party
+     politics in Ohio)
+
+     Earl B. Schwulst (President of the Bowery Savings Bank in New York)
+
+     Charles B. Shuman (President of the American Farm Bureau
+     Federation)
+
+     Jesse W. Tapp (Chairman of the Board, Bank of America)
+
+     John Cameron Thomson (former Chairman of the Board of Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Minneapolis)
+
+     Willard L. Thorp (Director of the Merrill Center for Economics at
+     Amherst College)
+
+     Theodore O. Yntema (Vice President in Charge of Finance, Ford Motor
+     Company)
+
+     William F. Schnitzler (Secretary-Treasurer of AFL-CIO; resigned
+     from the Commission in 1960)
+
+     Joseph M., Dodge (Chairman of the Board of Detroit Bank and Trust
+     Co.; resigned from the Commission in 1960)
+
+     Beardsley Ruml (well-known and influential new deal economist who
+     held numerous posts with foundations and related organizations; is
+     sometimes called the father of the federal withholding tax law,
+     enacted during World War II; Dr. Ruml died before the Commission on
+     Money and Credit completed its report)
+
+     Fred T. Greene (President of the Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis;
+     died before the Commission completed its report)
+
+The director of research for the Commission Was Dr. Bertrand Fox,
+professor at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration. His
+assistant was Dr. Eli Shapiro, Professor of Finance at the Massachusetts
+Institute of Technology.
+
+Of the 27 persons who served as members of the Commission on Money and
+Credit, 13 (Wilde, Sonne, Berle, Fleming, Fowler, Lubin, Nathan,
+Rockefeller, Tapp, Thorp, Yntema, Dodge, Ruml) were members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+In other words, the Commission on Money and Credit was just another
+tax-exempt propaganda agency of America's invisible government, the
+Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The above discussion of the Commission on Money and Credit, together
+with the roster of membership, was first published in _The Dan Smoot
+Report_ dated July 3, 1961.
+
+On September 22, 1961, Mr. Charles B. Shuman, President of the American
+Farm Bureau Federation, wrote me a letter, saying:
+
+     "I was a member of the Commission on Money and Credit but you will
+     notice that I filed very strong objections to several of the
+     recommendations which you brought to the attention of your
+     readers. I do not agree with the Commission recommendations to
+     authorize the President of the United States to vary the rate of
+     income tax. Neither do I agree that the gold reserve requirement
+     should be abandoned. I agree with several of your criticisms of the
+     Report but I cannot agree that 'the objective of the Commission on
+     Money and Credit (to finish the conversion of America into a total
+     socialist state, under the dictatorship of whatever proletarian
+     happens to be enthroned in the White House) can be seen, between
+     the lines, in the Commission's remarks about the formidable problem
+     of unemployment.'
+
+     "At its worst, it was a compromise of the divergent viewpoint of
+     the conservative and liberal members of the Commission."
+
+I will not argue with Mr. Shuman, an honest and honorable man, about the
+objective of the Commission; but I will reassert the obvious:
+recommendations of the Commission on Money and Credit, if fully
+implemented, would finish the conversion of America into a total
+socialist state.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+As pointed out before, the various agencies which interlock with the
+Council on Foreign Relations do not have formal affiliation with the
+Council, or generally, with each other; but their effective togetherness
+is revealed by their unanimity of purpose: They are all working toward
+the ultimate objective of creating a one-world socialist system and
+making America a part of it.
+
+This ambitious scheme was first conceived and put into operation, during
+the administrations of Woodrow Wilson, by Colonel Edward M. House, and
+by the powerful international bankers whom House influenced.
+
+House founded the Council on Foreign Relations for the purpose of
+creating (and conditioning the American people to accept) what House
+called a "positive" foreign policy for America--a policy which would
+entwine the affairs of America with those of other nations until this
+nation would be sucked into a world-government arrangement.
+
+Colonel House knew, however, that America could not become a province in
+a one-world socialist system unless America's economy was first
+socialized. Consequently, House laid the groundwork for "positive"
+domestic policies of government too--policies which could gradually
+place government in control of the nation's economy until, before the
+public realized what was happening, we would already have a socialist
+dictatorship.
+
+The following passages are from pages 152-157 of _The Intimate Papers of
+Colonel House_:
+
+     "The extent of Colonel House's influence upon the legislative plans
+     of the Administration [Wilson's] may be gathered from a remarkable
+     document.... In the autumn of 1912, immediately after the
+     presidential election [when Wilson was elected for his first term]
+     there was published a novel, or political romance, entitled _Philip
+     Dru: Administrator_.
+
+     "It was the story of a young West Point graduate ... who was caught
+     by the spirit of revolt against the tyranny of privileged
+     interests. A stupid and reactionary government at Washington
+     provokes armed rebellion, in which Dru joins whole-heartedly and
+     which he ultimately leads to complete success. He himself becomes a
+     dictator and proceeds by ordinance to remake the mechanism of
+     government, to reform the basic laws that determine the relation of
+     the classes, to remodel the defensive forces of the republic, and
+     to bring about an international grouping or league of powers....
+
+     "Five years after its publication, an enterprising bookseller,
+     noting the growing influence of House in the Wilson Administration,
+     wrote with regard to the book: 'As time goes on the interest in it
+     becomes more intense, due to the fact that so many of the ideas
+     expressed by _Philip Dru: Administrator_, have become laws of this
+     Republic, and so many of his ideas have been discussed as becoming
+     laws.... Is Colonel E. M. House of Texas the author?' ...
+
+     "Colonel House was, in truth, the author....
+
+     "'Philip Dru' ... gives us an insight into the main political and
+     social principles that actuated House in his companionship with
+     President Wilson. Through it runs the note of social democracy
+     reminiscent of Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of 1848....
+
+     "Through the book also runs the idea that in the United States,
+     government is unresponsive to popular desires--a 'negative'
+     government, House calls it....
+
+     "The specific measures enacted by Philip Dru as Administrator of
+     the nation, indicated the reforms desired by House.
+
+     "The Administrator appointed a 'board composed of economists ...
+     who ... were instructed to work out a tariff law which would
+     contemplate the abolition of the theory of protection as a
+     governmental policy.'
+
+     "'The Administrator further directed the tax board to work out a
+     graduated income tax....
+
+     "Philip Dru also provided for the 'formulation of a new banking
+     law, affording a flexible currency bottomed largely upon commercial
+     assets.... He also proposed making corporations share with the
+     government and states a certain part of their earnings....
+
+     "'Labor is no longer to be classed as an inert commodity to be
+     bought and sold by the law of supply and demand.'
+
+     "Dru 'prepared an old age pension law and also a laborer's
+     insurance law....'
+
+     "'He had incorporated in the Franchise Law the right of Labor to
+     have one representative upon the boards of corporations and to
+     share a certain percentage of the earnings above the wages, after a
+     reasonable percent upon the capital had been earned. In turn, it
+     was to be obligatory upon them (the laborers) not to strike, but to
+     submit all grievances to arbitration.'"
+
+Need it be pointed out that "Louis Blanc and the revolutionaries of
+1848," on whom Colonel House patterned his plan for remaking America,
+had a scheme for the world virtually identical with that of Karl Marx
+and Frederick Engles--those socialist revolutionaries who wrote the
+_Communist Manifesto_ in 1848?
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1918, Franklin K. Lane, Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of the Interior,
+in a private letter, wrote, concerning the influence of 'Philip Dru' on
+President Wilson:
+
+     "All that book has said should be, comes about.... The President
+     comes to _Philip Dru_, in the end."
+
+The _end_ is a socialist dictatorship of the proletariat, identical with
+that which now exists in the Soviet Union. We have already "come to" a
+major portion of Colonel House's program for us. The unrealized portions
+of the program are now promises in the platforms of both our major
+political parties, they are in the legislative proposals of the
+Administration in power and of its leaders in Congress; they are the
+objectives of the Council on Foreign Relations, whose members occupy key
+posts in Government, from the Presidency downward, and who dominate a
+vast network of influential, tax-exempt "educational" agencies, whose
+role is to "educate" the Congress and the people to accept the total
+socialist program for America.
+
+The Committee for Economic Development (which created the Commission on
+Money and Credit) is the major propaganda arm of the Council on Foreign
+Relations, in the important work of socializing the American economy.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paul G. Hoffman is the father of CED. Hoffman, an influential member of
+the CFR, was formerly President of Studebaker Corp.; former President of
+Ford Foundation; Honorary Chairman of the Fund for the Republic; has
+held many powerful jobs in government since the days of Roosevelt; and
+is now Director of the Special United Nations Fund for Economic
+Development--SUNFED--the UN agency which is giving American tax money as
+economic aid to communist Castro in Cuba. Hoffman, in 1939, conceived
+the idea of setting up a tax-exempt "economic committee" which would
+prepare new economic policies for the nation and then prepare the public
+and Congress to accept them.
+
+Hoffman founded the Committee for Economic Development in 1942. The
+organization was incorporated in September of that year, with Paul G.
+Hoffman as Chairman. Major offices in the Committee for Economic
+Development have always been occupied by members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations--persons who generally have important positions in
+many other interlocking organizations, in the foundations, in the big
+corporations which finance the great interlock, and/or in government.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here are the Council on Foreign Relations members who joined Paul
+Hoffman in setting up the CED in 1942:
+
+     William Benton (former U.S. Senator, now Chairman of the Board of
+     _Encyclopaedia Britannica_; former Assistant Secretary of State;
+     Trustee and former Vice President, University of Chicago)
+
+     Will L. Clayton (founder of Anderson, Clayton & Co., Houston;
+     former Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Under Secretary of State
+     under Roosevelt and Truman; Eisenhower's National Security Training
+     Commissioner)
+
+     Ralph E. Flanders (former United States Senator)
+
+     Marion B. Folsom (Eisenhower's Secretary of the Department of
+     Health, Education, and Welfare; many other positions in the
+     Roosevelt and Truman Administrations; Board of Overseers, Harvard)
+
+     Eric A. Johnston (former Director, Economic Stabilization Agency;
+     many other positions in the Roosevelt-Truman-Eisenhower
+     Administrations; former Director and President of U.S. Chamber of
+     Commerce; now President of the Motion Picture Association of
+     America)
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe (former Lend-Lease Administrator; former Chairman
+     of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve System; President of
+     Scott Paper Company since 1927)
+
+     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board, Book of the
+     Month Club, Inc.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here are Council on Foreign Relations members who were Chairmen of the
+Committee for Economic Development from 1942 through 1959:
+
+     Paul G. Hoffman, 1942-48
+
+     Marion B. Folsom, 1950-53
+
+     Meyer Kestnbaum, 1953-55 (President, Hart Schaffner & Marx;
+     Director, Fund for the Republic; Director, Chicago and Northwestern
+     Railroad)
+
+     J. D. Zellerbach, 1955-57 (Eisenhower's Ambassador to Italy;
+     President and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corp.; Chairman of the
+     Board and Director, Fibreboard Products, Inc.; Director, Wells
+     Fargo Bank & Union Trust Co.)
+
+     Donald K. David, 1957-59 (Dean, Harvard University; Trustee of the
+     Ford Foundation, Carnegie Institute, Merrill Foundation; Board of
+     Directors, R. H. Macy & Co., General Electric Corp., First National
+     City Bank of New York, Aluminum, Ltd., Ford Motor Co.)
+
+Of the CED Board of Trustees listed in the CED's 1957 Annual Report, 47
+were members of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Research and Policy Committee of the Committee for Economic
+Development is the select inner-group which actually runs the CED. In
+1957, the following members of the Research and Policy Committee were
+also members of the Council on Foreign Relations:
+
+     Frazar B. Wilde, Chairman
+
+     Frank Altschul (Chairman of the Board, General American Investors
+     Corp.; Vice Chairman, National Planning Association; Vice
+     President, Woodrow Wilson Foundation)
+
+     Elliott V. Bell (former economic adviser to Thomas E. Dewey; former
+     research consultant to Wendell Willkie; now Chairman of the
+     Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc.; Publisher
+     and Editor of _Business Week_; Director of Bank of Manhattan Co.,
+     New York Life Insurance Co., Carrier Corp., Trustee of the John S.
+     Guggenheim Memorial Foundation)
+
+     William Benton
+
+     Thomas D. Cabot (former Director of Office of International
+     Security Affairs, State Department; now President of Godfrey L.
+     Cabot, Inc.; Director of John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
+     American Mutual Liability Insurance Co.; Trustee, Hampton
+     Institute, Radcliff College; member of the Corporation of
+     Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
+
+     Walker L. Cisler (former member of the Atomic Energy Commission,
+     Economic Cooperation Administration, Military Government of
+     Germany; now President of Detroit-Edison Co., Trustee, Cornell
+     University)
+
+     Emilio G. Collado (former State Department career official; now
+     Treasurer, Standard Oil Company of New Jersey)
+
+     Gardner Cowles (former Domestic Director, Office of War
+     Information; now President, _Des Moines Register & Tribune_, Cowles
+     Magazines, Inc.--_Look_, etc.--)
+
+     Donald K. David
+
+     William C. Foster (former Under Secretary of Commerce, Deputy
+     Secretary of Defense; now Executive Vice President, Olin Mathieson
+     Chemical Corp.)
+
+     Philip L. Graham (former law secretary to Supreme Court Justices
+     Stanley Reed and Felix Frankfurter; now President and Publisher of
+     _The Washington Post and Times Herald_)
+
+     Meyer Kestnbaum
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe
+
+     Don G. Mitchell (Chairman of the Board, Sylvania Electric Products,
+     Inc.)
+
+     Alfred C. Neal (former official, Office of Price Administration;
+     now member of the Board of Governors, Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Boston; President of CED)
+
+     Howard C. Petersen (former council to Committee to Draft Selective
+     Service Regulations; Assistant Secretary of War; now President,
+     Philadelphia Trust Company; Trustee, Temple University)
+
+     Philip D. Reed (many positions in the Roosevelt and Truman
+     Administrations; member, U. S. Delegation to UN Conference at San
+     Francisco, 1945; now Chairman, Finance Committee, General Electric
+     Co.; Director of Canadian General Electric Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)
+
+     Beardsley Ruml
+
+     Harry Scherman
+
+     Wayne Chatfield Taylor (many government positions including
+     Assistant Secretary of Treasury, Under Secretary of Commerce;
+     presently an economic adviser)
+
+     Theodore O. Yntema
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its annual report for 1957, the Committee for Economic Development
+boasted of some of its past accomplishments and its future plans.
+
+Mr. Howard C. Petersen, Chairman of the CED's Subcommittee on Economic
+Development Assistance (and a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations) said that his committee originated the idea of creating the
+Development Loan Fund, which was authorized by Congress in Section 6 of
+the Foreign Aid Bill of 1957, which Eisenhower established by Executive
+Order on December 13, 1957, and which may be the most sinister step ever
+taken by the internationalist foreign-aid lobby.
+
+In 1956, when President Eisenhower requested an appropriation of
+$4,860,000,000 for foreign aid, he asked Congress to authorize foreign
+aid commitments for the next ten years. Congress refused the ten-year
+plan. In 1957, the internationalists' ideal of a _permanent_
+authorization for foreign aid was wrapped up in the Development Loan
+Fund scheme.
+
+Only a few Congressmen raised any question about it. Below are passages
+taken from the _Congressional Record_ of July 15, 1957, the day the
+Development Loan Fund was discussed in the House.
+
+Congressman A. S. J. Carnahan (Democrat, Missouri) floor manager for the
+Foreign Aid Bill, rose to explain Section 6, which established the
+Development Loan Fund, saying:
+
+     "The United States, in order to provide effective assistance [to
+     all underdeveloped countries of the world] ... must have available
+     a substantial fund upon which it can draw. The fund must be large
+     enough so that all of the underdeveloped nations of the free world
+     will feel that they will have an opportunity to participate in it.
+
+     "We cannot wisely say that we should make a small amount available
+     the first year and see how things work out. If we are able to offer
+     assistance only to the select few, we will inevitably antagonize
+     many other countries whose future friendship and cooperation will
+     be important to us ... in addition to an initial authorization of
+     an appropriation of $500 million, the bill includes authorization
+     for borrowing from the Treasury $500 million beginning in fiscal
+     1959, and an additional $500 million beginning in fiscal 1960."
+
+Thus, Congressman Carnahan, arguing for foreign aid, outlined some of
+the absurd fallacies of foreign aid: namely, if we give foreign aid at
+all, we must provide enough so that every foreign government in the
+world will always be able to get all it wants. We can exercise no choice
+in whom we give or lend our money to. If we give only "to the select
+few" we offend all others.
+
+Congressman H. R. Gross (Republican, Iowa) asked a question:
+
+     "What interest rate will be charged upon the loans that are to be
+     made?"
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "The legislation does not designate the interest rate."
+
+Mr. Gross:
+
+     "What will be the length of the loan to be made?"
+
+Mr. Carnahan:
+
+     "The legislation does not designate the length of the loans. The
+     rules for the loans, which will determine the interest rates, the
+     length of time the loans will run, the size of the installment
+     repayments, and other administrative details, will be taken care of
+     by the Executive Department."
+
+Congressman John L. Pilcher (Democrat, Georgia) made the point that the
+manager of the Development Loan Fund, appointed by the President, could
+lend money to:
+
+     "any foreign government or foreign government agency, to any
+     corporation, any individual or any group of persons."
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "That is correct."
+
+Congressman Pilcher:
+
+     "In other words, it would be possible for an individual to borrow
+     $1 million or $5 million to set up some business in some foreign
+     country, if the manager so agreed; is that correct?"
+
+Congressman Carnahan:
+
+     "If they met the criteria set up for loans."
+
+Congressman Pilcher:
+
+     "The manager ... has the authority to collect or compromise any
+     obligation in this fund. In other words, he can make a loan this
+     month and if he so desires he can turn around and compromise it or
+     cancel it next month which is a straight out grant in the disguise
+     of a soft-loan program."
+
+Congressman Porter Hardy, Jr. (Democrat, Virginia) said:
+
+     "The manager of the Fund has almost unlimited authority to do
+     anything he pleases."
+
+Congressman Barratt O'Hara (Democrat, Illinois), trying to quiet fears
+that this bill was granting unlimited, uncontrollable power to some
+appointed manager, said that the blank-check grant of authority was not
+really being made to the fund manager at all. The power was being given
+to the President of the United States, and the manager would merely
+"perform such functions with respect to this title as the President may
+direct."
+
+Congressman Gross said:
+
+     "That is more power than any President should ask for or want the
+     responsibility for."
+
+Congressman Leon H. Gavin (Republican, Pennsylvania) pointed out that we
+already have 5 or 6 lending agencies in this field: The International
+Co-operation Administration; the Export-Import Bank; the International
+Bank; the International Monetary Fund; the International Development
+Corporation; and the World Bank. Why, then, do we need this new one, the
+Development Loan Fund?
+
+Congressman Walter H. Judd (Republican, Minnesota) had already answered
+that question, explaining that Development Loan Fund money would go to
+foreigners who could not qualify for loans from other agencies.
+
+Congressman Gross said that all foreign nations which will borrow from
+this Fund could get all the American private capital they need if they
+had political systems which made lending to them sensible or feasible.
+
+In short, the Development Loan Fund (which the Committee for Economic
+Development boasts paternity of) is a scheme for giving American tax
+money to foreigners who have proven themselves such poor credit risks
+that they cannot obtain loans even from other governmental and UN
+agencies--and who will use the money to line their own pockets and to
+build socialistic enterprises which will eliminate possibilities of
+freedom in their own land, and will compete in world markets with
+American enterprise.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its 1957 annual report, the CED also boasted about the work of its
+Area Development Committee. At that time, the two leading members of
+this particular committee of the CED (who were also members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) were Mr. Stanley Marcus, President of
+Neiman-Marcus Co., in Dallas; and the late Dr. Beardsley Ruml, widely
+known New Deal socialist "economist." Mr. Jervis J. Babb, Chairman of
+the CED's Area Development Committee (President of Lever Brothers
+Company) said:
+
+     "The new area development program, approved by the Trustees [of
+     CED] at their May [1957] meeting in Chicago is underway....
+     Already, close relationships have been established with
+     organizations, both public and private, that are conducting
+     research and administering programs relating to area
+     development....
+
+     "Five of CED's College-Community Research Centers ... have been
+     selected as a starting point of CED's area development pilot
+     projects. The five centers are: Boston, Utica, Alabama, Arkansas,
+     and Oklahoma."
+
+The CED's Area Development work has brought CED personnel into close
+cooperation with the collection of tax-exempt "municipal planning"
+organizations housed in a Rockefeller-financed center at 1313 East 60th
+Street, Chicago, which has become national headquarters for the
+production and placement of experts--who fabricate "progressive"
+legislation for government at all levels; who rewrite our "archaic"
+state constitutions; and who take over as city managers, or county
+managers, or metropolitan managers, or regional managers whenever people
+in any locality have progressed to the point of accepting government by
+imported experts as a substitute for government by elected local
+citizens.
+
+In other words, through the Area Development activities of the Committee
+for Economic Development, the invisible government of America--the
+Council on Foreign Relations--has a hand in the powerful drive for
+Metropolitan Government. Metropolitan Government, as conceived by
+socialist planners, would destroy the whole fabric of government and
+social organization in the United States.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Metropolitan Government would eliminate the individual states as
+meaningful political entities, would divide the nation into metropolitan
+regions sprawling across state lines, and would place the management of
+these regional governments in the hands of appointed experts answerable
+not to local citizens but to the supreme political power in Washington.
+(For detailed discussion, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, April 13 and 20,
+1959, "Metropolitan Government--Part One," and "Metropolitan
+Government--Part Two.")
+
+Through the Area Development activities of the Committee for Economic
+Development, the Council on Foreign Relations has supported the Urban
+Renewal program.
+
+Urban Renewal with federal tax money was authorized in the National
+Housing Act of 1949, and enlarged in scope by amendments to the Housing
+Acts of 1954, 1956, and 1957; but it did not become a vigorously
+promoted nationwide program until late 1957, after the Council on
+Foreign Relations (through the CED) started pushing it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Urban Renewal is a federally financed program of city planning which
+requires city governments to seize homes and other private property from
+some citizens and re-sell them, at below cost, to real estate promoters
+and other private citizens for developments that the city planners
+consider desirable.
+
+Under the ancient, but awesome, right of eminent domain, city
+governments do not have the power to take private real estate from one
+citizen for the profit of another citizen. But in November, 1954, the
+Supreme Court in an urban renewal case, said that Congress and state
+legislature can do anything they like to the private property of private
+citizens as long as they claim they are doing it for public good.
+
+Federal urban renewal has opened rich veins of public money for graft,
+corruption, and political vote buying; and it is destroying private
+property rights under the pretext that clearing slums will eliminate the
+causes of crime. Moreover, urban renewal authorizes the seizure not just
+of slum property, but of all private property in a whole section of a
+city, for resale to private interests which promise to build something
+that governmental planners will like.
+
+Federal urban renewal--since the Council on Foreign Relation's CED
+started supporting it--has become a national movement with frightful
+implications and dangers. (For detailed discussion of urban renewal, see
+_The Dan Smoot Report_, September 29, 1958, and October 6, 1958.)
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In its 1957 Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development gave
+details on its educational work in public schools and colleges. This
+work was, at that time, carried on primarily by the CED's
+Business-Education Committee, and by two subsidiary operations which
+that Committee created: the College-Community Research Centers and the
+Joint Council on Economic Education. From the 1957 Annual Report of the
+Committee for Economic Development:
+
+     "CED's efforts to promote and improve economic education in the
+     schools are of special appeal to those who are concerned ... both
+     with education and the progress of the free enterprise system. The
+     Business-Education program and the numerous College-Community
+     Research Centers it has sponsored, together with the use of CED
+     publications as teaching materials, represent an important
+     contribution to economic education on the college level.
+
+     "In the primary and secondary schools, the introduction of
+     economics into teaching programs is moving forward steadily, thanks
+     largely to the Joint Council on Economic Education which CED helped
+     to establish and continues to support....
+
+     "The Business-Education Committee continued in 1957 its work with
+     the College-Community Research Centers and with the Joint Council
+     on Economic Education.
+
+     "The Joint Council's program to improve the teaching of economics
+     in the public schools is now operating in 39 states, and the 25
+     college-community research centers active last year brought to more
+     than 3000 the number of business and academic men who have worked
+     together on economic research projects of local and regional
+     importance....
+
+     "In its work, the committee [Business-Education Committee] is
+     finding especially valuable the experience gained through the
+     operation of the College-Community Research Centers. These centers
+     are financed partly by CED, partly by the Fund for Adult Education
+     [a Ford Foundation operation] and partly by locally-raised
+     funds....
+
+     "The Joint Council [on Economic Education] is making excellent
+     progress in training teachers and incorporating economics education
+     in all grade levels of public school systems. In addition to its
+     national service programs, the Council has developed strong local
+     or state councils which not only help guide its work but last year
+     raised more than $500,000 to finance local projects.
+
+     "CED helped to establish and works closely with this independent
+     organization [Joint Council on Economic Education] which is now
+     conducting four major types of activities.
+
+     "1. _Summer Workshops for Teachers._ These working sessions,
+     sponsored by colleges and universities, provide three weeks
+     training in economics and develop ways to incorporate economics
+     into the school curriculum. Over 19,000 persons have participated
+     since the program began.
+
+     "2. _Cooperating School Program._ Twenty school systems are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to demonstrate how
+     economics can be incorporated into the present curriculum....
+
+     "3. _College Program._ Few students majoring in education now take
+     economics courses; therefore, 20 leading institutions are working
+     with the Joint Council [on Economic Education] to develop better
+     training in economics for prospective teachers....
+
+     "4. _High School-Community Projects._ The Joint Council [on
+     Economic Education] is helping to conduct demonstration programs
+     which show how students can use community resources to improve
+     their economics education. For example, the Whittier, California
+     school system conducted a six-week program to help high school
+     seniors understand the kind of economy in which they would live and
+     work. They joined in research studies on regional economic problems
+     being carried on by the Southern California College-Community
+     research center...."
+
+The Committee for Economic Development claims that its educational work
+in economics is dedicated to progress of free enterprise; and many of
+its programs in schools and colleges are educational; but its subtle and
+relentless emphasis is on the governmental interventionism that is the
+essence of New-Dealism, Fair-Dealism, Modern-Republicanism, and
+New-Frontierism--the governmental interventionism prescribed long ago as
+the way to socialize the economy of America in preparation for
+integrating this nation into a worldwide socialist system.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Paul Hoffman's CED has come a long way since 1942. In 1957, the CED's
+College-Community Research Centers had "Projects in Progress" in 33
+institutions of higher learning:
+
+     Bates College, Boston College, Boston University, Bowdoin College,
+     Brown University, Colby College, Dartmouth College, Emory
+     University, Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration,
+     Iowa State College, Lewis & Clark College, McGill University,
+     Northeastern University, Northwestern University, Occidental
+     College, Pomona College, Reed College, Rutgers University, Southern
+     Methodist University, Tulane University, University of Alabama,
+     University of Arkansas, University of Iowa, University of Maine,
+     University of Michigan, University of Minnesota, University of
+     North Carolina, University of Oklahoma, University of Pennsylvania,
+     University of Washington, University of Wisconsin, Utica College of
+     Syracuse University, and Washington University.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1957, the following institutions of higher learning were
+participating in the CED's Joint Council on Economic Education "College
+Program" to develop training in economics for prospective teachers:
+
+     Brigham Young University, George Peabody College for Teachers,
+     Indiana University, Montclair State Teachers College, New York
+     University, Ohio State University, Oklahoma A & M College,
+     Pennsylvania State University, Purdue University, Syracuse
+     University, Teachers College of Columbia University, University of
+     Colorado, University of Connecticut, University of Illinois,
+     University of Iowa, University of Minnesota, University of Southern
+     California, University of Tennessee, University of Texas,
+     University of Washington.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1957, the following 20 school systems were working in the CED's Joint
+Council on Economic Education "Cooperating School Program," to
+demonstrate how economics can be incorporated in the school curriculum,
+beginning in the first grade:
+
+     Akron, Ohio; Albion, Illinois; Chattanooga, Tennessee; Colton,
+     California; Dayton, Ohio; Fort Dodge, Iowa; Hartford, Connecticut;
+     Kalamazoo, Michigan; Lexington, Alabama; Minneapolis, Minnesota;
+     New York City, New York; Portland, Oregon; Providence, Rhode
+     Island; Ridgewood, New Jersey; Seattle, Washington; Syracuse, New
+     York; University City, Missouri; Webster Groves, Missouri; West
+     Hartford, Connecticut; Whittier, California.
+
+As indicated, the Business-Education Committee of the CED is the select
+group which supervises this vast "educational" effort reaching into
+public schools, colleges, and communities throughout the nation:
+
+     _James L. Allen_, Senior Partner of Booz, Allen & Hamilton; _Jervis
+     J. Babb_, Chairman of the Board of Lever Brothers, Company; _Sarah
+     G. Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _W. Harold Brenton_,
+     President of Brenton Brothers, Inc.; _James F. Brownlee_, former
+     government official who is Chairman of the Board of the Minute Maid
+     Corporation, and a director of many other large corporations, such
+     as American Sugar Refining Co., Bank of Manhattan, Gillette Safety
+     Razor, R. H. Macy Co., Pillsbury Mills, American Express; _Everett
+     Needham Case_, President of Colgate University; _James B. Conant_,
+     former President of Harvard and Ambassador to Germany; _John T.
+     Connor_, President of Merck & Co.; _John S. Dickey_, President of
+     Dartmouth College; _John M. Fox_, President of Minute Maid
+     Corporation; _Paul S. Gerot_, President of Pillsbury Mills;
+     _Stanley Marcus_, President of Neiman-Marcus; _W. A. Patterson_,
+     President of United Air Lines; _Morris B. Pendleton_, President of
+     Pendleton Tool Industries; _Walter Rothschild_, Chairman of the
+     Board of Abraham & Straus; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation; _J. Cameron Thomson_,
+     Chairman of the Board of Northwest Bancorporation.
+
+Note that three of these CED Business-Education Committee
+members--Conant, Dickey, and Marcus--are influential members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations and have many connections with the big
+foundations financing the great CFR interlock.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In addition to the educational work which it discusses in its 1957
+Annual Report, the Committee for Economic Development utilizes many
+other means to inject its (and the CFR's) economic philosophies into
+community thought-streams throughout the nation.
+
+Here, for example, are passages from a news story in _The Dallas Morning
+News_, June 30, 1953:
+
+     "Dallas businessmen and Southern Methodist University officials
+     Monday [June 29] launched a $25,000 business research project
+     financed through agencies of the Ford Foundation.
+
+     "Stanley Marcus of Dallas, a national trustee of Ford Foundation's
+     Committee for Economic Development, said the project would go on
+     two or three years under foundation funds. After that ... the City
+     might foot the bill....
+
+     "The SMU project--along with several others like it throughout the
+     nation--is designed to foster study in regional and local business
+     problems, Marcus commented.
+
+     "Here's how the Dallas project will work:
+
+     "A business executive committee, composed of some of Dallas' top
+     businessmen, will be selected. These men then will select a group
+     of younger executives for a business executive research committee.
+     This will be the working group, Marcus explained....
+
+     "At SMU, several of the schools' chief officials will act as a
+     senior faculty committee.... Acting as co-ordinator for the project
+     will be Warren A. Law ... who soon will get his doctorate in
+     economics from Harvard University."
+
+The "experimental" stage of this Business Executives Research Committee
+lasted five years in Dallas. During that time, the researchers filed two
+major reports: an innocuous one in 1955 concerning traffic and transit
+problems in Dallas; and a most significant one in 1956, strongly urging
+metropolitan government for Dallas County, patterned after the metro
+system in Toronto, Canada.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In October, 1958, Dr. Donald K. David, then Chairman of the Committee
+for Economic Development and Vice Chairman of the Ford Foundation (and
+also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations) went to Dallas to
+speak to the Citizens Council, an organization composed of leading
+Dallas business executives, whose president that year was Stanley
+Marcus.
+
+Dr. David told the business men that they should give greater support
+and leadership to the government's foreign aid program; and, of course,
+he urged vast expansion of foreign aid, particularly to "underdeveloped
+nations."
+
+That was the signal and the build-up. The next month--November,
+1958--the experimental Business Executives Research Committee, which the
+CED had formed in 1953 and which had already completed its mission with
+its report and recommendation on metropolitan government for Dallas, was
+converted into "The Dallas CED Associates."
+
+Here is a news story about that event, taken from the November 11, 1958,
+_Dallas Morning News_:
+
+     "A Dallas Committee for Economic Development--the first of its kind
+     in the nation--has been founded at Southern Methodist University.
+     It will give voice to Southwestern opinions--and knowledge--on
+     economic, matters or international importance. Keystone will be an
+     economic research center to be established soon at SMU.
+
+     "A steering group composed of Dallas and Southwestern business,
+     industrial and educational leaders laid the groundwork for both
+     committee and center in a weekend meeting at SMU."
+
+The "steering group" included George McGhee and Neil Mallon.
+
+Mr. McGhee (presently Assistant Secretary of State for Policy Planning)
+is, and has been for many years, a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations.
+
+Neil Mallon, then Chairman of the Board of Dresser Industries and a
+former official of the Foreign Policy Association, founded the Dallas
+Council on World Affairs in 1951. Dresser Industries is one of the big
+corporations which contribute money to the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+In the group with Mr. McGhee and Mr. Mallon were five SMU officials, a
+Dallas banker, a real estate man, and Stanley Marcus, the head man in
+the "steering group" which set up the Dallas Associates of the Committee
+for Economic Development.
+
+The first literary product of the Dallas Associates of the CED--at
+least, the first to come to my attention--is a most expensive-looking
+14-page printed booklet entitled "The Role of Private Enterprise in the
+Economic Development of Underdeveloped Nations." The title page reveals
+that this pamphlet is a policy statement of The Dallas Associates of
+CED. It is little more than a rewrite of the speech which Dr. Donald K.
+David had made to the Dallas Citizens Council in November, 1958, urging
+business to give support and leadership to the government's foreign aid
+programs.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 5
+
+BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL
+
+
+
+Whereas the Foreign Policy Association-World Affairs Center is primarily
+interested in fostering the _foreign_ policy desired by the CFR, and the
+Committee for Economic Development is primarily interested in
+formulating economic and other policies which, through governmental
+controls, will lead us into total socialism--another, smaller (but, in
+some ways, more powerful) organization has (or, until mid-1961, had) the
+primary responsibility of infiltrating government: of selecting men whom
+the CFR wants in particular jobs, and of formulating, inside the
+agencies of government, policies which the CFR wants. This small but
+mighty organization was the Business Advisory Council.
+
+Daniel C. Roper, F. D. Roosevelt's Secretary of Commerce, formed the
+Business Advisory Council on June 26, 1933. Roper set it up as a panel
+of big businessmen to act as unofficial advisers to President Roosevelt.
+He was disappointed in it, however. The biggest businessmen in America
+did, indeed, join; but they did not support the total New Deal as Roper
+had expected they would when he made them "advisers."
+
+Roper, however, was a figurehead. The brains behind the formation of the
+Business Advisory Council were in the head of Sidney J. Weinberg, Senior
+Partner of the New York investment house of Goldman, Sachs & Co.--and
+also on the boards of directors of about thirty of the biggest
+corporations in America. Weinberg helped organize the BAC. He recruited
+most of its key members. He was content to let America's big businessmen
+ripen for a while in the sunshine of the New Deal's "new" philosophy of
+government, before expecting them to give that philosophy full support.
+
+Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper pouted and ignored the Business
+Advisory Council when he discovered that the big businessmen, enrolled
+as governmental "advisors," tried to advise things that governmental
+leaders did not like. But Sidney Weinberg was shrewd, and had a
+definite, long-range plan for the Business Advisory Council. He held the
+BAC together as a kind of social club, keeping the big business men
+under constant exposure to the "new" economic philosophies of the New
+Deal, waiting for the propitious moment to enlist America's leading
+capitalists on the side of the socialist revolutionaries, determined to
+destroy capitalism and create a one-world socialist society.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The right time came in 1939, when World War II started in Europe and
+Roosevelt developed his incurable ambition to get in that war and become
+President of the World. Plans for America's frenzied spending on
+national defense began in 1939. With mammoth government contracts in the
+offing, Weinberg had no trouble converting the Business Advisory Council
+of leading businessmen into an agency for helping governmental leaders
+plan the policies for war and for the post-war period.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In September, 1960, _Harper's Magazine_ published an article by Hobart
+Rowen, entitled "America's Most Powerful Private Club," with a
+sub-title, "How a semi-social organization of the very biggest
+businessmen--discreetly shielded from public scrutiny--is 'advising' the
+government on its top policy decisions." Here are passages from the
+article:
+
+     "The Business Advisory Council meets regularly with government
+     officials six times a year.... On two of these six occasions ...
+     the BAC convenes its sessions at plush resorts, and with a
+     half-dozen or more important Washington officials and their wives
+     as its guests, it indulges in a three-day 'work and play'
+     meeting....
+
+     "The guest list is always impressive: on occasion, there have been
+     more Cabinet officers at a ... BAC meeting than were left in the
+     Capital....
+
+     "These meetings cost the BAC anywhere from $6,000 to $12,000 or
+     more, paid out of the dues of members ... which have been judged
+     tax-deductible by the Internal Revenue Service....
+
+     "After the 1952 election, the BAC was having its fall 'work and
+     play' meeting at the Cloister, just off the Georgia coast and a
+     short distance from Augusta, where Ike was alternating golf with
+     planning his first-term Cabinet. [Sidney] Weinberg and [General
+     Lucius D.] Clay [members of the BAC executive committee] ...
+     hustled ... to Augusta, conferred with Ike [a 'close, intimate,
+     personal friend' of both men]....
+
+     "The result was historic: Ike tapped three of the BAC leaders ...
+     for his Cabinet. They were Charles E. Wilson of General Motors as
+     Defense Secretary; [George M.] Humphrey, then boss of the M. A.
+     Hanna Co., as Treasury Secretary; and Robert T. Stevens of the J.
+     P. Stevens & Co., as Army Secretary....
+
+     "Afterwards, [Secretary] Humphrey himself dipped into the BAC pool
+     for Marion Folsom of Eastman Kodak as Under Secretary of the
+     Treasury [later Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare]....
+
+     "Membership in the Council gives a select few the chance to bring
+     their views to bear on key government people, in a most pleasant,
+     convivial, and private atmosphere....
+
+     "The BAC, powerful in its composition and with an inside track, is
+     thus a special force. An intimation of its influence can be gleaned
+     from its role in the McCarthy case.... BAC helped push Senator Joe
+     McCarthy over the brink in 1954, by supplying a bit of backbone to
+     the Eisenhower Administration at the right time. McCarthy's chief
+     target in the Army-McCarthy hearings was the aforementioned Robert
+     T. Stevens--a big wheel in the BAC who had become Secretary of the
+     Army. The BAC didn't pay much--if any--attention to Joe McCarthy as
+     a social menace until he started to pick on Bob Stevens. Then, they
+     burned up.
+
+     "During the May 1954 meeting at the Homestead [expensive resort
+     hotel in Hot Springs, Virginia, where the BAC often holds its 'work
+     and play' sessions with high government officials and their wives],
+     Stevens flew down from Washington for a weekend reprieve from his
+     televised torture. A special delegation of BAC officials made it a
+     point to journey from the hotel to the mountaintop airport to greet
+     Stevens. He was escorted into the lobby like a conquering hero.
+     Then, publicly, one member of the BAC after another roasted the
+     Eisenhower Administration for its McCarthy-appeasement policy. The
+     BAC's attitude gave the Administration some courage, and shortly
+     thereafter former Senator Ralph Flanders (a Republican and BAC
+     member) introduced a Senate resolution calling for censure."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Active membership in the Business Advisory Council is limited to about
+70. After a few years as an "active," a member can become a "graduate,"
+still retaining his full voting and membership privileges.
+
+I have obtained the names of 120 "active" and "graduate" members of the
+BAC, listed below. Those who are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations are identified by "CFR" after their names.
+
+     Winthrop W. Aldrich (CFR)
+
+     William M. Allen (President of Boeing Airplane Company; member
+     Board of Directors of Pacific National Bank of Seattle)
+
+     S. C. Allyn (CFR)
+
+     Robert B. Anderson
+
+     Clarence Avildsen (Chairman, Avildsen Tools & Machines, Inc.)
+
+     William M. Batten (President, J. C. Penney Company)
+
+     S. D. Bechtel (CFR)
+
+     S. Clark Beise (President, Bank of America; member Board of
+     Directors, National Trust and Savings Association, San Francisco)
+
+     Roger M. Blough (CFR)
+
+     Harold Boeschenstein (President, Owens-Corning Fiberglas
+     Corporation; Chairman of the Board, Fiberglas Canada, Ltd.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of National Distillers Products
+     Corporation, International Paper Company, Toledo Trust Company,
+     Dow, Jones & Co.)
+
+     Fred Bohen (President of Meredith Publishing Company--_Better Homes
+     and Gardens, Better Farming_; member of Board of Directors of
+     Meredith Radio & Television Stations, Iowa, Northwest
+     Bancorporation, Central Life Assurance Society, Allis-Chalmers
+     Manufacturing Co., Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., Iowa-Des Moines
+     National Bank)
+
+     Ernest R. Breech (Executive Vice President, Ford Motor, Company;
+     member of Board of Directors of Transcontinental & Western Air,
+     Inc., Pan-American Airways; President of Western Air Express)
+
+     George R. Brown (Chairman of the Board, Texas Eastern Transmission
+     Corp.; Executive Vice President, Brown & Root, Inc. of Houston;
+     President of Board of Trustees, Rice University)
+
+     Carter L. Burgess (CFR)
+
+     Paul C. Cabot (President of State Street Investment Corp.; partner
+     in State Street Research & Management Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of J. P. Morgan & Co., Continental Can Co., Inc.,
+     National Dairy Products Corp., Tampa Electric Co., The B. F.
+     Goodrich Co.; Treasurer of Harvard University)
+
+     James V. Carmichael (President, Scripto, Inc.; member of Board of
+     Directors of Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Trust Company of Georgia,
+     Atlanta Transit Co., The Southern Co.)
+
+     Walker L. Cisler (CFR)
+
+     General Lucius D. Clay (CFR)
+
+     Will L. Clayton (CFR)
+
+     John L. Collyer (CFR)
+
+     Ralph J. Cordiner (Chairman of the Board and President of General
+     Electric Co.)
+
+     John E. Corette (President of Montana Power Co.)
+
+     John Cowles (CFR)
+
+     C. R. Cox (CFR)
+
+     Harlow H. Curtice (retired President of General Motors Corp.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Directors of Genesee Merchants Bank &
+     Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of the National Bank of
+     Detroit)
+
+     Charles E. Daniel (head of Daniel Construction Co., member of Board
+     of Directors of First National Bank of Greenville, South Carolina,
+     La France Industries, J. P. Stevens Co., Inc., Textron, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Clemson College)
+
+     Donald K. David (CFR)
+
+     Paul M. Davies (President and Chairman of the Board of Food
+     Machinery & Chemical Corp.; member of Board of Directors of
+     American Trust Company of California, National Distillers Products
+     Corp., Caterpillar Tractor Co.; Professor at Stanford University;
+     Director of Stanford Research Institute, San Jose State College,
+     Pacific School of Religion; Trustee of Committee for Economic
+     Development)
+
+     Frank R. Denton (Vice Chairman and Director of Mellon National Bank
+     and Trust Company, Pittsburgh; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Swindell-Dressler Corp., Westinghouse Electric Co., Jones &
+     Laughlin Steel Corporation, Pullman, Inc., National Union Fire
+     Insurance Co., Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., M. W. Kellogg Co., Pullman
+     Standard Car Manufacturing Co., Trailmobile, Inc., National Union
+     Indemnity Co.; Trustee of Pennsylvania State University, Kansas
+     University Endowment Association)
+
+     Charles D. Dickey (Vice President, member of the Board of
+     Directors, and Chairman of the Executive Committee of Morgan
+     Guaranty Trust Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Beaver Coal, Kennekott Copper Corp., Braden Copper
+     Co., Merck & Co., Inc., Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., New York
+     Life Insurance Co., Church Life Insurance Corp., Church Fire
+     Insurance Corp.)
+
+     Frederick G. Donner (CFR)
+
+     William Y. Elliott (CFR)
+
+     Ralph E. Flanders (CFR)
+
+     Marion B. Folsom (CFR)
+
+     Henry Ford II (President of Ford Motor Co.; Chairman of the Board
+     of American Heritage Foundation)
+
+     William C. Foster (CFR)
+
+     G. Keith Funston (President of New York Stock Exchange; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.; Trustee
+     of Trinity College of Connecticut, Virginia Theological Seminary,
+     Samuel H. Kress Foundation)
+
+     Frederick V. Geier (CFR)
+
+     Elisha Gray II (President and Director of Whirlpool Corp.)
+
+     Crawford H. Greenewalt (President and Director of E. I. du Pont de
+     Nemours Company, Christiana Securities Company; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
+     Trustee of the Carnegie Institute, Washington)
+
+     General Alfred M. Gruenther (CFR)
+
+     Joseph B. Hall (President of Kroger Company, Manufacturers and
+     Merchants Indemnity Co., Selective Insurance Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Robert A. Cline, Inc., AVCO Manufacturing
+     Corp., Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., General Stores
+     Corp.; member of the Board of the Federal Reserve Bank of
+     Cleveland)
+
+
+     W. Averill Harriman (CPR)
+
+     William A. Hewitt (President and member of the Board of Directors
+     of Deere & Company)
+
+     Milton P. Higgins (CFR)
+
+     Paul G. Hoffman (CFR)
+
+     Eugene Holman (CFR)
+
+     John Holmes (President, member of the Board of Directors, and
+     retired Chairman of Swift & Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Company,
+     General Electric Corporation)
+
+     Herbert Hoover, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     Preston Hotchkis (Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors and
+     Treasurer of Founders' Insurance Company; Executive Vice President
+     and member of the Board of Directors of Fred H. Bixby Ranch
+     Company; member of the Board of Directors of Metropolitan Coach
+     Lines, Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Co., Pacific Telephone &
+     Telegraph Co., Blue Diamond Corp.)
+
+     Amory Houghton (CFR)
+
+     Theodore V. Houser (retired Chairman of the Board of Sears, Roebuck
+     & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Sears, Roebuck & Co.,
+     Bell and Howell Co., Quaker Oats Co., Massachusetts Institute of
+     Technology; Trustee of Northwestern University, Williams College)
+
+     A. W. Hughes (Chairman of the Board of Directors, J. C. Penney Co.)
+
+     Gilbert W. Humphrey (President of M. A. Hanna Company, Hanna Mining
+     Company; Chairman of the Board of Hausand Steam Ship Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Industrial Rayon Corp., General
+     Electric Corp., National City Bank of Cleveland, Texaco, Inc.;
+     Trustee of Committee for Economic Development)
+
+     Eric A. Johnston (CFR)
+
+     Alfred W. Jones (Chairman of the Board of Sea Island Company,
+     Talbott Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Seaboard
+     Construction Co., Brunswick Paper & Pulp Co., The Mead Corp.,
+     Thompson Industries, Inc., First National Bank of Atlanta, Georgia
+     Power Co., Florida-Georgia TV Co.)
+
+     Devereux C. Josephs (CFR)
+
+     Ernest Kanzler (retired Chairman of the Board of Universal C.I.T.
+     Credit Corp,; member of the Board of Directors of C.I.T. Financial
+     Corp., Bendix Aviation Corp.)
+
+     Frederick Kappel (President and Director of American Telephone &
+     Telegraph Company; retired President of Western Electric Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank,
+     Metropolitan Life Insurance Co.)
+
+     John R. Kimberly (CFR)
+
+     E. H. Lane (Chairman of the Board of Lane Company, Inc.)
+
+     Joseph L. Lanier (Chairman of the Board of Wellington Sears
+     Company; President of West Point Manufacturing Company of Georgia;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cabin Crafts, Inc., First
+     National Bank of Atlanta, Rivington Carpets, Ltd. of Britain)
+
+     Barry L. Leithead (President and Director of Cluett, Peabody and
+     Company, Inc.; Chairman of Cluett, Peabody and Company of Canada,
+     Ltd.; member of the Board of Directors of B. F. Goodrich Company)
+
+     Augustus C. Long (Chairman of the Board of Texaco, Inc.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Freeport Sulphur Co., Equitable Life
+     Assurance Society of the United States, Federal Reserve Bank of New
+     York)
+
+     Donold B. Lourie (President and Director of Quaker Oats Company;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Northern Trust Co.,
+     International Paper Co., Pure Oil Co.; Trustee of Princeton
+     University)
+
+     George H. Love (Chairman of the Board of Pittsburgh-Consolidation
+     Coal Company, M. A. Hanna Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., Mellon National Bank & Trust
+     Company of Pittsburgh, Pullman Co., General Electric Co., National
+     Steel Corp., Hanna Mining Co.; Trustee of Princeton University,
+     University of Pittsburgh)
+
+     James Spencer Love (Chairman of the Board of Burlington Mills
+     Corp.; Chairman and President of Burlington Industries, Inc.;
+     Trustee of University of North Carolina, Davidson College)
+
+     George P. MacNichol, Jr. (President and Director of
+     Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Company; member of the Board of Directors
+     of Wyandotte Chemical Co., Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland)
+
+     Roswell F. Magill (member of Cravath, Swaine & Moore, Lawyers;
+     Trustee of Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York, Macy
+     Foundation, Guggenheim Foundation)
+
+     Deane W. Malott (President, Cornell University; member of the Board
+     of Directors of Pitney-Bowes, Inc., B. F. Goodrich Co., General
+     Mills, Inc., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; former Vice President
+     of Hawaiian Pineapple Co.; Professor of Business at Harvard,
+     Chancellor of University of Kansas)
+
+     James W. McAfee (President of Union Electric Company of Missouri,
+     Edison Electric Institute; member of the Board of Directors of St.
+     Louis Union Trust Co., American Central Insurance Co., North
+     American Co.)
+
+     S. Maurice McAshan (President, Anderson, Clayton & Company)
+
+     Thomas B. McCabe (CFR)
+
+     John L. McCaffrey (retired Chairman of International Harvester Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Harris Trust & Savings Bank of
+     Chicago, American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Corn Products Co.,
+     Midwest Stock Exchange; Trustee of the University of Chicago,
+     University of Notre Dame, Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.)
+
+     Leonard F. McCollum (CFR)
+
+     Charles P. McCormick (Chairman of the Board and retired President
+     of McCormick & Co., Inc.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., Equitable Trust Co. of
+     Baltimore, Advertising Council; Chairman of the Board of Regents,
+     University of Maryland)
+
+     Neil H. McElroy (Chairman of the Board, Procter & Gamble Co.;
+     Secretary of Defense 1957-1961)
+
+     Earl M. McGowin (Vice President of W. T. Smith Lumber Co.; member
+     of the Board of Directors of The Southern Company of New York,
+     Alabama Power Co.)
+
+     James H. McGraw, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     Paul B. McKee (Chairman of Pacific Power & Light Co.)
+
+     John P. McWilliams (retired President and Chairman of the Board of
+     Youngstown Steel Door Co.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     National City Bank of Cleveland, Eaton Manufacturing Co., Goodyear
+     Tire & Rubber Co., Union Carbide & Carbon Corp.)
+
+     George G. Montgomery (Chairman of Kern County Land Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of American Trust Co., Bankers Trust Co.,
+     Castle & Cook, Ltd., General Electric Co., Matson Navigation Co.,
+     Matson Assurance Co., Oceanic Steam Ship Co., Pacific Lumber Co.)
+
+     Charles G. Mortimer (Chairman and retired President of General
+     Foods Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of National City Bank
+     of New York, Union Theological Seminary)
+
+     William B. Murphy (President of Campbell Soup Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Merck & Co.)
+
+     Aksel Nielsen (President of Title Guaranty Co., Mortgage
+     Investments Co.; member of the Board of Directors of C. A. Norgren
+     Co., United American Life Insurance Co., Landon Abstract Co.,
+     Empire Savings & Loan Association, United Airlines)
+
+     Thomas F. Patton (President and Director of Republic Steel Corp.,
+     Union Drawn Steel Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Air-Vue
+     Products Corp., Maria Luisa Ore Co., Berger Manufacturing Company
+     of Massachusetts, Iron Ore Company of Canada, Liberia Mining Co.,
+     Ltd., Liberian Navigation Corp., Union Commerce Bank, Tankore
+     Corp., Standard Oil Company of Ohio; Trustee of Ohio State
+     University)
+
+     Charles H. Percy (President and Director of Bell & Howell Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Chase Manhattan Bank, Harris
+     Trust & Savings Bank, Burroughs Corp., Fund for Adult Education of
+     the Ford Foundation; Trustee, University of Chicago)
+
+     Theodore S. Petersen (President and Director of Standard Oil of
+     California; member of the Board of Directors of Pacific Mutual
+     Insurance Co.; Trustee of Committee on Economic Development;
+     consulting Professor, Stanford University)
+
+     Gwilym A. Price (Chairman and President of Westinghouse Electric
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of Mellon National Bank &
+     Trust Company of Pittsburgh, Eastman-Kodak Co., Carnegie Corp.,
+     National Union Fire Insurance Co., Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea
+     Co.; Trustee of Allegheny College, The Hanover Bank, Carnegie
+     Institute, Carnegie Institute of Technology; Chairman of the Board
+     of Trustees, University of Pittsburgh; Chairman of Crusade for
+     Freedom)
+
+     Edgar Monsanto Queeny (Chairman of the Board, Monsanto Chemical
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of American Airlines, Union
+     Electric Co. of Missouri, Chemstrand Corp., Sicedison S.P.A. of
+     Italy, World Rehabilitation Fund; Trustee Herbert Hoover
+     Foundation)
+
+     Clarence B. Randall (Chairman of the Board, Inland Steel Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors, Bell & Howell Co.; Trustee,
+     University of Chicago)
+
+     Philip D. Reed (CFR)
+
+     Richard S. Reynolds, Jr. (President of Reynolds Metals Co.;
+     Chairman of the Board of Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co.; member of
+     the Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co., British
+     Aluminum, Ltd., U. S. Foil Co., Central National Bank of Richmond)
+
+     Winfield W. Riefler (CFR)
+
+     William E. Robinson (Chairman of the Coca-Cola Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Manufacturers Trust Co.; Coca-Cola Export
+     Co., Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., Trustee of New York University;
+     former Director and Publisher of _New York Herald-Tribune_)
+
+     Donald J. Russell (President and Director of Southern Pacific Co.;
+     Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co.; Chairman of the Board of St.
+     Louis-Southwestern Railroad; Director of Stanford Research
+     Institute; Trustee of Stanford University)
+
+     Stuart T. Saunders (President of Norfolk and Western Railway;
+     Director of First and Merchants National Bank of Richmond)
+
+     Blackwell Smith (CPR)
+
+     C. R. Smith (President, American Airlines)
+
+     Lloyd B. Smith (President, A. O. Smith Corp.; Chairman, A. O. Smith
+     of Texas)
+
+     John W. Snyder (Executive Vice President, Overland Corp.; Secretary
+     of Treasury of the United States 1946-1953)
+
+     Joseph P. Spang, Jr. (retired President and Chairman of Gillette
+     Co.; member of the Board of Directors of Gillette Co., Sheraton
+     Corp. of America, First National Bank of Boston, U. S. Steel Corp.,
+     International Packers, Ltd.)
+
+     A. E. Staley, Jr. (Chairman of A. E. Staley Manufacturing Co.;
+     Trustee, Millikin University)
+
+     Frank Stanton (President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Chairman of
+     Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Trustee of Rand
+     Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of New York Life Insurance
+     Co.)
+
+     Robert T. Stevens (President and former Chairman of the Board, J.
+     P. Stevens & Co.; member of the Board of Directors of General
+     Electric Co., Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp.; Trustee of Mutual Life
+     Insurance Co. of New York; Secretary of the Army 1953-1955)
+
+     Hardwick Stires (partner, Scudder, Stevens & Clark Investment
+     Counsels)
+
+     Lewis L. Strauss (CFR)
+
+     H. Gardiner Symonds (Chairman and President of Tennessee Gas and
+     Transmission Company of Houston; Vice Chairman of Petro-Texas
+     Chemical Corp.; Chairman of Bay Petroleum Corp.,
+     Tennessee-Venezuela South America, Chaco Petroleum of South
+     America, Tennessee de Ecuador, South America, Tennessee-Argentina,
+     Midwest Gas Transmission Co.; member of the Board of Directors of
+     General Telephone & Electronics Corp., Carrier Corp., Food
+     Machinery & Chemical Corp., National Bank of Commerce of Houston,
+     Southern Pacific Co., Advertising Council; Trustee of Committee for
+     Economic Development; member of the Business School, Stanford
+     University)
+
+     A. Thomas Taylor (Chairman of International Packers, Ltd.; Vice
+     President and Director of Swift & Company; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Wedron Silica Co.)
+
+     Reese H. Taylor (Chairman of Union Oil Company of California;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Federal Reserve Bank of San
+     Francisco, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Collier Carbon & Chemical
+     Corp., Manufacturers Trust Company; Trustee, University of Southern
+     California, Cornell University Council)
+
+     Charles Allen Thomas (President and member of the Board of
+     Directors of Monsanto Chemical Co.; member of the Board of
+     Directors of Chemstrand Corp., First National Bank of St. Louis,
+     St. Louis Union Trust Co.; Trustee of Carnegie Corp.; member of the
+     Corporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
+
+     Juan T. Trippe (CFR)
+
+     Solon B. Turman (President and Director of Lykes Brothers Steam
+     Ship Co., Inc.; Vice Chairman of Lykes Brothers, Inc.; Chairman of
+     Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co.)
+
+     John C. Virden (Chairman and Director of Eaton Manufacturing Co.;
+     member of the Board of Directors of Cleveland Electric Illuminating
+     Co., Youngstown Steel Door Co., Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.,
+     Interlake Iron Corp., Diamond Alkali Co.)
+
+     J. Carlton Ward, Jr. (President of Vitro Corp., American Heavy
+     Minerals Corp.; member of the Board of Directors of U. S. Manganese
+     Co.; Trustee, Cornell University)
+
+     Sidney J. Weinberg (partner in Goldman, Sachs & Co.; member of the
+     Board of Directors of Cluett, Peabody & Co., Inc., Continental Can
+     Co., Inc., General Cigar Co., General Electric Co., General Foods
+     Corp., B. F. Goodrich Co., Ford Motor Co., McKesson & Robbins,
+     Inc., National Dairy Products Corp., Champion Paper & Fibre Co.,
+     Van Raalte Co., Inc.; former Governor of New York Stock Exchange)
+
+     Walter H. Wheeler, Jr. (CFR)
+
+     John Hay Whitney (CFR)
+
+     Langbourne M. Williams (CFR)
+
+     Thomas J. Watson, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Of these 120 BAC members, 41 are members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Most of those who are not CFR members have affiliations with
+foundations or other organizations that are interlocked with the CFR.
+
+Sidney Weinberg, for example (father of the BAC), is not listed (in any
+Council on Foreign Relations Annual Report in my files) as a member of
+the CFR; but he is a member of the board of many corporations which
+support the CFR; and has many close connections with CFR leaders through
+foundations and other CFR subsidiary agencies.
+
+All Secretaries of Commerce since 1933 have served as ex-officio General
+Chairman of the BAC.
+
+On July 10, 1961, Roger M. Blough announced that the Business Advisory
+Council had changed its name to Business Council; had severed its
+connection with the Commerce Department; and would in the future give
+its consultative services to any governmental agency that asked for
+them. The BAC had been under intense criticism for the expensive
+entertainment it had been giving to governmental officials it advised.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 6
+
+ADVERTISING COUNCIL
+
+
+
+The Advertising Council, 25 West 45th Street, New York 36, N. Y. (with
+offices at 203 North Wabash Avenue, Chicago; 1200 18th Street, N. W.,
+Washington; 425 Bush Street, San Francisco) serves as a public relations
+operation to promote selected projects supported by the Council on
+Foreign Relations and its interlocking affiliates.
+
+The Advertising Council was created in 1942 (then called War Advertising
+Council) as a tax-exempt, non-governmental agency to promote wartime
+programs of government: rationing, salvage, the selling of war bonds,
+and so on.
+
+The Advertising Council's specific job was to effect close cooperation
+between governmental agencies and business firms using the media of mass
+communication. A governmental agency would bring a particular project
+(rationing, for example) to the Advertising Council, for help in
+"selling" the project to the public. The Council would enlist the aid of
+some advertising agency. The agency (giving its services for nothing, as
+a contribution to the war effort) would prepare signs, newspaper mats,
+advertising layouts, broadcasting kits and what not. The Advertising
+Council might then enlist the free services of a public relations firm
+to get this material into newspapers and magazines; get it inserted in
+the regular ads of business firms; get it broadcast, free, as
+public-service spot announcements by radio networks; get it inserted
+into regular commercials on radio broadcasts; get slogans and art work
+stamped on the envelopes and business forms of corporations.
+
+The Advertising Council rendered a valuable service to advertisers,
+broadcasting organizations, and publishers. Everyone wanted to support
+projects that would help the war effort. The Advertising Council did the
+important job of screening--of presenting projects which were legitimate
+and urgent.
+
+Even the advertising agencies and public relations firms, which
+contributed free services, profited from the arrangement. They earned
+experience and prestige as agencies which had prepared nationally
+successful campaigns.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Advertising Council continued after the war to perform this same
+service--selecting, for free promotion, projects that are "importantly
+in the public interest." Indeed, the service is more valued in peace
+time than in war by many advertisers and broadcasting officials who are
+badgered to support countless causes and campaigns, most of which sound
+good but some of which may be objectionable. Investigating to screen the
+good from the bad is a major job. The Advertising Council does this job.
+The Council is respected by industry, by the public, and by government.
+It is safe to promote a project which the Advertising Council claims to
+be "importantly in the public interest."
+
+Thus, officials of the Advertising Council have become czars in a most
+important field. They arbitrarily decide what is, and what is not, in
+the public interest. When the Advertising Council "accepts" a project,
+the most proficient experts in the world--leading Madison Avenue
+people--go to work, without charge, to create (and saturate the media of
+mass communication with) the skillful propaganda that "sells" the
+project to the public.
+
+Officials of the Advertising Council are aware of their power as
+moulders of public opinion. Theodore S. Repplier, head of the
+Advertising Council, was quoted in a June, 1961, issue of _Saturday
+Review_, as saying:
+
+     "There are Washington officials hired to collect figures on about
+     every known occupation, to worry about the oil and miners under the
+     ground, the rain in the sky, the wildlife in the woods, and the
+     fish in the streams--but it is nobody's job to worry about
+     America's state of mind, or whether Americans misread a situation
+     in a way that could be tragic.
+
+     "This is a dangerous vacuum. But it is also a vacuum which explains
+     to a considerable degree the important position the Advertising
+     Council holds in American life today."
+
+Note, particularly, that the Advertising Council is responsible to no
+one. If a business firm should decide on its own to include some "public
+service" project in its advertising, and the project evoked public
+indignation, the business firm would lose customers. The Advertising
+Council has no customers to please. Yet, the Advertising Council is a
+private agency, beyond the reach of voter and taxpayer indignation
+which, theoretically, can exercise some control over public agencies.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Who are these autocrats who have become so powerful that they can
+condition, if not control, public opinion? They are the members of the
+Public Policy Committee of the Advertising Council. Here were the 19
+members of the Advertising Council's Committee, on June 23, 1958:
+
+     _Sarah Gibson Blanding_, President of Vassar College; _Ralph J.
+     Bunche_, United Nations Under Secretary; _Benjamin J.
+     Buttenwieser_, partner in Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; _Olive Clapper,_
+     publicist; _Evans Clark_, member of the _New York Times_ editorial
+     board; _Helen Hall_, Director of Henry Street Settlement; _Paul G.
+     Hoffman_, Chairman of this Public Policy Committee; _Charles S.
+     Jones_, President of Richfield Oil Corporation; _Lawrence A.
+     Kimpton_, Chancellor of University of Chicago; _A. E. Lyon_,
+     Executive Secretary of the Railway Labor Executives Association;
+     _John J. McCloy_, Chairman of the Chase Manhattan Bank; _Eugene
+     Meyer_, Chairman of the _Washington Post & Times-Herald_; _William
+     I. Myers_, Dean of Agriculture at Cornell University; _Elmo Roper_,
+     public opinion analyst; _Howard A. Rusk_, New York University
+     Bellevue Medical Center; _Boris Shishkin_, Assistant to the
+     President of AFL-CIO; _George N. Shuster_, President of Hunter
+     College; _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, President of International
+     Business Machines Corporation; _Henry M. Wriston_, Executive
+     Director of the American Assembly.
+
+Of these 19, 8 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Bunche,
+Buttenwieser, Hoffman, McCloy, Roper, Shishkin, Shuster, Wriston. The
+remaining 11 are mostly "second level" affiliates of the CFR, or under
+the thumb of CFR members in the business world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some Advertising Council projects really are "in the public interest."
+The "Stop Accidents" campaign and the "Smokey Bear" campaign to prevent
+forest fires are among several which probably have done much good.
+
+There has never been an Advertising Council project which insinuated
+anything to remind anyone of the basic American political idea written
+into our organic documents of government--the idea that men are endowed
+by God with inalienable rights; that the greatest threat to those rights
+is the government under which men live; and that government, while
+necessary to secure the God-given blessings of liberty, must be
+carefully limited in power by an inviolable Constitution. But there have
+been many Advertising Council projects which were vehicles for the
+propaganda of international socialism.
+
+The Advertising Council has promoted Law Day, which is an annual
+occasion for inundating America with "World Peace Through World Law"
+propaganda, designed to prepare the people for giving the World Court
+jurisdiction over American affairs, as a major step toward world
+government (see _The Dan Smoot Report_, September 14, 1959, "The World
+Court").
+
+The Advertising Council has promoted the "mental health" project, which,
+superficially, appears to be an admirable effort to make the public
+aware of the truth that we have more mentally ill people than we have
+facilities for--but whose underlying, and dubious, purpose is to promote
+the passage, in all states, of "mental health" laws fabricated by
+international socialists in the World Health Organization and in the U.
+S. Public Health Service. These laws, to "facilitate access to hospital
+care" for mentally ill people, provide no new facilities, prescribe no
+better treatment, nor do anything else to relieve the suffering of sick
+people.
+
+The new "mental health" laws, which the Advertising Council is helping
+to persuade people in all states to accept, eliminate the constitutional
+safeguards of a person accused of being mentally ill, thus making it
+easier for bureaucrats, political enemies and selfish relatives to
+commit him and get him out of the way.
+
+The Advertising Council has touted ACTION--American Council to Improve
+Our Neighborhoods, Box 462, Radio City Station, New York 20, N. Y.--an
+organization for urban renewal. Of the 66 persons on the ACTION Board of
+Directors, a controlling majority are:
+
+     known members of the Council on Foreign Relations--such as Philip
+     L. Graham and Stanley Marcus;
+
+     known members of important CFR affiliates--such as, Sidney Weinberg
+     of the Business Advisory Council;
+
+     union bosses like Harry C. Bates, Ben Fischer, Joseph D. Keenan,
+     Jacob S. Potofsky, Walter Reuther;
+
+     bureaucrats in charge of various "Housing Authorities," including
+     Dr. Robert Weaver, Kennedy's present Housing Administrator whose
+     appointment was challenged in the Senate because of Dr. Weaver's
+     alleged communist front record;
+
+     "liberal" politicians dedicated to the total socialist
+     revolution--such as, Joseph S. Clark, Jr., U. S. Senator from
+     Pennsylvania;
+
+     officials of construction and real estate firms which can make
+     mammoth profits on urban renewal projects and who are also
+     "liberal" in their support of all governmental controls and
+     subsidies, the tools for converting capitalism into socialism--such
+     as, William Zeckendorf;
+
+     representatives of organizations also "liberal" in the sense
+     indicated above--such as, Philip M. Klutznick of B'nai B'rith, and
+     Mrs. Kathryn H. Stone of the League of Women Voters.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Advertising Council supports United Nations propaganda.
+
+The 1959 annual report of the United States Committee for the United
+Nations pays special tribute to the "radio-TV campaign, conducted
+through the cooperation of the Advertising Council and the National
+Association of Broadcasters." Here are some passages, from this tribute,
+which show how the Advertising Council gets one-world socialist
+propaganda into millions of American homes:
+
+     "Perry Como read the UN spot personally to his audience of
+     33,000,000."
+
+     "Jack Paar ... [showed] a filmed visit to the UN by his daughter,
+     Randy ... following a splendid statement [by Paar]. This 7-minute
+     segment of the show reached a minimum of 30,000,000 viewers."
+
+     "The campaign received tremendous recognition also on Meet the
+     Press, the Today Show, I Love Lucy, the Desilu Playhouse, and the
+     Jack Benny Show, among many others."
+
+     "Broadcast kits went out to every radio and television station in
+     the country."
+
+A recent accomplishment of the Advertising Council was its saturation
+bombing (1961) of the American public with propaganda in support of
+Kennedy's Youth Peace Corps.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 7
+
+UNITED NATIONS AND WORLD GOVERNMENT PROPAGANDA
+
+
+
+All American advocates of _supra_-national government, or world
+government, claim their principal motive is to achieve world peace. Yet,
+these are generally the same Americans whose eager interventionism
+helped push America into the two world wars of this century.
+
+The propaganda for involving America in the bloodshed and hatreds of
+Europe--in World War I and World War II--was the same as that now being
+used to push us into world government. In World War I, we rushed our
+soldiers across the wide seas to die in the cause of making the world
+safe for democracy--of eliminating evil in the world so that there would
+not be any more war! This was precisely what the world-government
+interventionists wanted us to do. The so-called American isolationists
+were _not_ pacifists who recommended refusal to take up arms in defense
+of their own country: most of them were patriots who would have been
+among the foremost to fight in defense of America. Being intelligent
+citizens of a peaceful and civilized nation, they wanted to keep it that
+way.
+
+The world-government interventionists used the extraordinary arguments
+of a man who, though living in an orderly and law-abiding neighborhood,
+says that he must go carousing around in adjoining communities and get
+involved in every street fight and barroom brawl he can find in order to
+avoid violence! Such a man not only becomes a party to lawless violence
+which he claims to deplore, but also creates hatreds and resentments
+which will ultimately bring to the sane citizens of his own peaceful
+neighborhood the evils which they had managed to keep out.
+
+This is what Woodrow Wilson's intervention in World War I did to the
+United States. It sacrificed the lives of 250,000 American men--not to
+mention the hundreds of thousands crippled and otherwise wrecked by war.
+But this sacrifice of American youth did not make the world safe for
+anything. It helped make the world a breeding place for communism,
+fascism, naziism, and other varieties of socialism; and it planted the
+seeds for a second world war more destructive than the first.
+
+But the world-government interventionists--when their bloody crusade
+proved worse than a tragic failure--did not admit error. They tried to
+place all the blame on the isolationists who had tried to keep us from
+making the ghastly mistake.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+If we had stayed out of World War I, the European powers would have
+arrived, as they have been doing for thousands of years, at some kind of
+negotiated peace which would have saved not only hundreds of thousands
+of American lives, but millions of European lives as well. By entering
+World War I, we merely converted it into total war, prolonged it, and
+made it more savage.
+
+The destruction and slaughter of World War I created power vacuums and
+imbalances and economic chaos, which inevitably led to World War II.
+
+Again, the world-government advocates, who claimed to want peace,
+insisted that we go to war. They also intensified their efforts to
+entangle America, irretrievably, in political and economic union with
+European nations so that there would never again be any _possibility_ of
+the United States staying out of the endless wars and turmoil of the old
+world.
+
+It is, perhaps, fruitless to question the motives of people leading the
+campaign to push America into world government. All organizations which
+have been active in this movement--World Fellowship, Inc., Federal
+Union, Inc., Atlantic Union Committee, United World Federalists, and so
+on--have had a sprinkling of communist-fronters among their directors
+and members. But they have also had the official support of many
+prominent and respected Americans: Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John
+Kennedy, Richard Nixon, Estes Kefauver, John Sparkman, Adlai Stevenson,
+Dean Acheson, John Foster Dulles, Christian Herter, cabinet officers;
+senators and congressmen; Supreme Court justices; prominent churchmen,
+businessmen, financiers, entertainers, judges, union officials;
+newspaper and magazine editors; famous columnists and radio-television
+commentators.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Although the cry of "peace" is the perennial clarion call of all
+world-government advocates, many of them have, in recent years, added
+the claim that their recommendations (for converting America into a
+province of world government) are means of "fighting communism." Indeed,
+some of the most vigorous advocates of one-worldism have wide
+reputations as anti-communists--Walter Judd, a Republican Congressman
+from Minnesota, for example. Even Clarence Streit (leader of the
+now-defunct Federal Union, Inc., and father of that organization's very
+active and influential tax-exempt successor, Atlantic Union Committee)
+has ugly things to say about communism.
+
+The fact is that every step the United States takes toward political and
+economic entanglements with the rest of the world is a step toward
+realization of _the_ end objective of communism: creating a one-world
+socialist political and economic system in which we will be one of the
+subjugated provinces.
+
+Because of the wealth we have created as a free and independent nation,
+we would be the most heavily taxed province in any conceivable
+supra-national government--whether in a "limited, federal union of the
+western democracies," which is what the Atlantic Union Committee people
+say they want; or in a total one-world system, which is what _all_
+advocates of international union really have as their final goal.
+
+Because of our population, however, we would have minority
+representation in any supra-national government now being planned.
+
+Americans would be subjected to laws enacted by an international
+parliament in which we would have little influence; taxing us,
+regulating our economic activities, controlling our schools, and
+dictating our social and cultural relations with each other and with the
+rest of the world.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+America was founded, populated, and developed by people seeking escape
+from oppressive governments in Europe. Now our own leaders ask us to
+give up the freedom and independence which our forebears won for us with
+blood and toil and valorous devotion to high ideals, to become subjects
+in a governmental system that would inevitably be more tyrannical than
+any which our forefathers rebelled against or any that presently exist.
+If the world government included the despotic and oligarchic and
+militaristic, and feudalistic and primitive systems of Asia, the Middle
+East, Africa, and Latin America, it would necessarily become the
+bloodiest and most oppressive tyranny the world has ever known.
+
+Nowadays, when two or more nations amalgamate their economic, political,
+and social systems they necessarily take the lowest common denominator
+of freedom rather than the highest. In fact, they must take something
+lower than the lowest: the union government will be more restrictive
+than the government of any of the nations which formed the union.
+
+This will be true of _any_ _supra_-national government that the United
+States might get into: the union will not extend American freedom to
+other nations; it will extend to all nations in the union the most
+restrictive controls of the most oppressive government which enters the
+union, and make even those controls worse than they were before the
+union was formed--because the American principle of federalism has been
+discarded by the "liberals" who manage our national affairs; and
+American federalism is the only political principle ever to exist in the
+history of the world that can make individual human freedom possible in
+a federation of states.
+
+Hard core American communists know (and some admit) that any move toward
+American membership in any kind of supra-national government is a move
+toward the Soviet objective of a one-world socialist dictatorship; but
+all other American advocates of international union claim their schemes
+are intended to repeat and extend the marvelous achievement of 13
+American states which, by forming a political union, created a free and
+powerful nation.
+
+All United States advocates of any kind of world government point to the
+founding of America: 13 sovereign states, each one proud and
+nationalistic, all with special interests that were divergent from or in
+conflict with the interests of the others; yet, they managed to
+surrender enough sovereignty to join a federal union which gave the
+united strength of all, while retaining the individuality and freedom of
+each.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The 13 American states, in forming a federal union, did not take the
+lowest common denominator of freedom; they took the highest, and
+elevated that.
+
+The American principle of federalism (indeed, the whole American
+constitutional system) grew out of the philosophical doctrine (or,
+rather, statement of faith) which Jefferson wrote into the Declaration
+of Independence:
+
+     "_...all men are ... endowed by their Creator with certain
+     inalienable rights..._"
+
+Men get their rights from God, not from government. Government, a
+man-made creature, has nothing except what it takes from God-created
+men. Government can give the people nothing that it has not first taken
+away from them. Hence, if man is to remain free, he must have a
+government which will play a very limited and negative role in his
+private affairs.
+
+The United States is the only nation, ever, whose institutions and
+organic law were founded on this principle. The United Nations'
+Declaration of Human Rights; the Constitution of the Soviet Union; and
+the written and unwritten constitutions of every other nation in the
+world are all built on a political principle exactly opposite in meaning
+to the basic principle of Americanism. That is, the Constitution of the
+Soviet Union, and of every UN agency, and of all other nations, specify
+a large number of rights and privileges which citizens should have, if
+possible, and which _government_ will grant them _if_ government can,
+and _if_ government thinks proper.
+
+Contrast this with the American Constitution and Bill of Rights which do
+not contain one statement or inference that the federal government has
+any responsibility, or power, to grant the people rights, privileges, or
+benefits of any kind. The total emphasis in these American documents is
+on telling the federal government _what it cannot do_ to and for the
+people--on ordering the federal government to stay out of the private
+affairs of citizens and to leave their God-given rights alone.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+This negative, restricted role of the federal government, and this
+assumption that God and not government is the source of man's rights
+and privileges, are clearly stated in the Preamble to our Constitution.
+The Preamble says that this Constitution is being _ordained_ and
+established, not to _grant_ liberties to the people, but to _secure_ the
+liberties which the people already had (before the government was ever
+formed) as _blessings_.
+
+The essence of the American constitutional system, which made freedom in
+a federal union possible, is clearly stated in the first sentence of the
+first Article of our Constitution and in the last Article (the Tenth
+Amendment) of our Bill of Rights.
+
+The first Article of our Constitution begins with the phrase, "All
+legislative Powers _herein_ granted...." That obviously meant the
+federal government had no powers which were not granted to it by the
+Constitution. The Tenth Amendment restates the same thing with emphasis:
+
+     "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
+     nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States
+     respectively, or to the people."
+
+Clearly and emphatically, our Constitution says that the federal
+government cannot legally do anything which is not authorized by a
+specific grant of power in the Constitution.
+
+This is the one constitutional concept that made the American
+governmental system different from all others; it is the one which left
+our people so free and unmolested by their own government that they
+converted the backward, American continent into the land of freedom, the
+most fruitful and powerful nation in history.
+
+And this was the constitutional proviso which created the American
+principle of federalism. The Constitution made no grant, or even
+inferred a grant, of power to the federal government for meddling, to
+any extent, or for any purpose whatever, in the private cultural,
+economic, social, educational, religious, or political affairs of
+individual citizens--or in the legitimate governmental activities of
+the individual states which became members of the federal union. Hence,
+states could join the federal union without sacrificing the freedom of
+their citizens.
+
+Modern "liberalism" which has been continuously in control of the
+federal government (and of most opinion-forming institutions and media
+throughout our society) since Franklin D. Roosevelt's first
+inauguration, March 4, 1933, has, by ignoring constitutional restraints,
+changed our _Federal_ government with _limited_ powers into a _Central_
+government with _limitless_ power over the individual states and their
+people.
+
+Modern "liberalism" has abandoned American constitutional government and
+replaced it with democratic centralism, which, in _fundamental theory,
+is identical_ with the democratic centralism of the Soviet Union, and of
+every other major nation existing today.
+
+It was possible to enlarge the size of the old American federal union
+without diminishing freedom for the people. When you enlarge the land
+area and population controlled by democratic centralism you must
+necessarily diminish freedom for the people, because the problems of
+centralized government increase with the size of population and area
+which it controls.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Look at what has happened to America since our _federal_ government was
+converted into a centralized absolutism. The central government in
+Washington arrogated to itself the unconstitutional power and
+responsibility of regulating the relationships between private employers
+and their employees, enacting laws which established "collective
+bargaining" as "national policy," and which, to that end, gave
+international unions a virtual monopoly over large segments of the labor
+market.
+
+It follows that a minor labor dispute between two unions on the
+waterfront of New York is no longer a concern only of the people and
+police in that neighborhood. A handful of union members who have no
+grievance whatever against their employers but who are in a
+jurisdictional struggle with another union, can shut down the greatest
+railroad systems in the world, throw thousands out of work, and paralyze
+vital transportation for business firms and millions of citizens all
+over the nation.
+
+Harry Bridges on the West Coast can order a political demonstration
+having nothing to do with "labor" matters, and paralyze the economy of
+half the nation.
+
+Imagine what it will be like if we join a world government. Then a dock
+strike in London will cripple, not just the British Isles but the whole
+world.
+
+Now, the central government in Washington sends troops into local
+communities to enforce, at bayonet point, the illegal edicts of a
+Washington judicial oligarchy concerning the operation of local schools.
+If we join world government, the edict and the troops will come
+(depending on what nations are in the international union, of course)
+from India and Japan and the Congo.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There was a time when Americans, learning of suffering and want in a
+distant land, could respond to their Christian promptings and native
+kindliness by making voluntary contributions for relief to their fellow
+human beings abroad. Our central government's foreign aid programs have
+already taken much of that freedom away from American citizens--taxing
+them so heavily for what government wants to give away, that private
+citizens can't spend their own money the way they would like to.
+
+What will it be like if we join a world government that embraces the
+real have-not nations of the earth? The impoverished subcontinent of
+India, because of population, would have more representatives in the
+international parliament than we would have. They, with the support of
+representatives from Latin America and Africa, could easily vote to lay
+a tax on "surplus" incomes for the benefit of all illiterate and hungry
+people everywhere; and outvoted Americans would be the only people in
+the world with incomes high enough to meet the international definition
+of "surplus."
+
+We read with horror of Soviet slaughter in Hungary when the Soviets
+suppress a local rebellion against their partial world-government. What
+kind of horror would we feel after we join a world government and see
+troops from Europe and Africa and the Middle East machinegunning people
+on the streets of United States cities in order to suppress a rebellion
+of young Americans who somehow heard about the magnificent
+constitutional system and glorious freedom their fathers used to have
+and who are trying to make a public demonstration of protest against the
+international tyranny being imposed upon them?
+
+A genuine world government might eliminate the armed conflict (between
+nations) which we now call war; but it would cause an endless series of
+bloody uprisings and bloody suppressions, and would cause more human
+misery than total war itself.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1936, the Communist International formally presented its three-stage
+plan for achieving world government--_Stage 1:_ socialize the economies
+of all nations, particularly the Western "capitalistic democracies"
+(most particularly, the United States); _Stage 2:_ bring about federal
+unions of various groupings of these socialized nations; _Stage 3:_
+amalgamate all of the federal unions into one world-wide union of
+socialist states. The following passage is from the official program of
+the 1936 Communist International:
+
+     "...dictatorship can be established only by a victory of
+     socialism in different countries or groups of countries, after
+     which the proletariat republics would unite on federal lines with
+     those already in existence, and this system of federal unions would
+     expand ... at length forming the World Union of Socialist Soviet
+     Republics."
+
+In 1939 (three years after this communist program was outlined) Clarence
+K. Streit (a Rhodes scholar who was foreign correspondent for _The New
+York Times_, covering League of Nations activities from 1929-1939) wrote
+_Union Now_, a book advocating a gradual approach through regional
+unions to final world union--an approach identical with that of the
+communists, except that Streit did not say his scheme was intended to
+achieve world dictatorship, and did not characterize the end result of
+his scheme as a "World Union of Socialist Soviet Republics."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1940, Clarence K. Streit (together with Percival F. Brundage, later a
+Director of the Budget for Eisenhower; and Melvin Ryder, publisher of
+the _Army Times_) formed Federal Union, Inc., to work for the goals
+outlined in Streit's book, _Union Now_, published the year before.
+
+In 1941, Streit published another book: _Union Now With Britain_. He
+claims that the union he advocated would be a step toward "formation of
+free world government." But the arguments of his book make it very clear
+that in joining a union with other nations, the United States would not
+bring to the union old American constitutional concepts of
+free-enterprise and individual freedom under limited government, but
+would rather amalgamate with the socialistic-communistic systems that
+exist in the other nations which became members of the union.
+
+The following passages are from page 192 of Streit's _Union Now With
+Britain_:
+
+     "Democrats cannot ... quarrel with Soviet Russia or any other
+     nation because of its economic collectivism, for democracy itself
+     introduced the idea of collective machinery into politics. It is a
+     profound mistake to identify democracy and Union necessarily or
+     entirely with either capitalist or socialist society, with either
+     the method of individual or collective enterprise. There is room
+     for both of these methods in democracy....
+
+     "Democracy not only allows mankind to choose freely between
+     capitalism and collectivism, but it includes marxist governments,
+     parties and press...."
+
+When the year 1941 ended, America was in World War II; and all American
+advocates of world-peace-through-world-law-and-world-government
+jubilantly struck while the iron was hot--using the hysteria and
+confusion of the early days of our involvement in the great catastrophe
+as a means of pushing us into one or another of the schemes for union
+with other nations.
+
+Clarence Streit states it this way, in his most recent book (_Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 1961):
+
+     "Japan Pearl Harbored us into the war we had sought to avoid by
+     disunion.... Now, we Americans had the white heat of war to help
+     leaders form the nuclear Atlantic Union."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On January 5, 1942 (when we had been at war less than a month), Clarence
+Streit's Federal Union, Inc., bought advertising space in major
+newspapers for a petition urging Congress to adopt a joint resolution
+favoring immediate union of the United States with several specified
+foreign nations. Such people as Harold L. Ickes (Roosevelt cabinet
+officer), Owen J. Roberts (Supreme Court Justice), and John Foster
+Dulles (later Eisenhower's Secretary of State) signed this newspaper ad
+petitioning Congress to drag America into world government. In fact,
+these notables (especially John Foster Dulles) had actually written the
+Joint Resolution which Federal Union wanted Congress to adopt.
+
+The world government resolution (urged upon Congress in January, 1942)
+provided among other things that in the federal union of nations to be
+formed, the "union" government would have the right: (1) to impose a
+common citizenship; (2) to tax citizens directly; (3) to make and
+enforce all laws; (4) to coin and borrow money; (5) to have a monopoly
+on all armed forces; and (6) to _admit new members_.
+
+The following is from a Federal Union, Inc., ad published in _The
+Washington Evening Star_, January 5, 1942, urging upon the people and
+Congress of America an immediate plunge into world government:
+
+     "....Resolved:
+
+     "That the President of the United States submit to Congress a
+     program for forming a powerful union of free peoples to win the
+     war, the peace, the future;
+
+     "That this program unite our people, on the broad lines of our
+     Constitution, with the people of Canada, the United Kingdom, Eire,
+     Australia, New Zealand, and the Union of South Africa, together
+     with such other free peoples, both in the Old World and the New as
+     may be found ready and able to unite on this federal basis....
+
+     "We gain from the fact that all the Soviet republics are already
+     united in one government, as are also all the Chinese-speaking
+     people, once so divided. Surely, we and they must agree that union
+     now of the democracies wherever possible is equally to the general
+     advantage....
+
+     "Let us begin now a world United States....
+
+     "The surest way to shorten and to win this war is also the surest
+     way to guarantee to ourselves, and our friends and foes, that this
+     war will end in a union of the free. The surest way to do all this
+     is for us to start that union now."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+World Fellowship, Inc., was also busy putting pressure on Congress in
+January, 1942. World Fellowship, Inc., is one of the oldest world
+government organizations. It was founded in 1918 as the "League of
+Neighbors."
+
+In 1924, the League of Neighbors united with the Union of East and West
+(which had been founded in India). In 1933, this combined organization
+reorganized and changed its name to World Fellowship of Faiths. In late
+1941, it changed its name again and incorporated--and has operated since
+that time as World Fellowship, Inc.
+
+Dr. Willard Uphaus, a notorious communist-fronter, has been Executive
+Director of World Fellowship, Inc., since February, 1953. Here is a
+Joint Resolution which World Fellowship, Inc., urged Congress to adopt
+on or before January 30, 1942--as a _birthday present_ to President
+Franklin D. Roosevelt.
+
+     "Now, therefore, be it
+
+     "Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
+     States of America, in Congress assembled, That the Congress of the
+     United States of America does hereby solemnly declare that all
+     peoples of the earth should now be united in a commonwealth of
+     nations to be known as the United Nations of the World, and to that
+     end it hereby gives to the President of the United States of
+     America all the needed authority and powers of every kind and
+     description, without limitations of any kind that are necessary in
+     his sole and absolute discretion to set up and create the
+     Federation of the World, a world peace government under the title
+     of the 'United Nations of the World,' including its constitution
+     and personnel and all other matters needed or appertaining thereto
+     to the end that all nations of the world may by voluntary action
+     become a part thereof under the same terms and conditions.
+
+     "There is hereby authorised to be appropriated, out of any money in
+     the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, the sum of 100 million
+     dollars or so much thereof as may be necessary, to be expended by
+     the President in his sole and absolute discretion, to effectuate
+     the purposes of this joint resolution, and in addition, the sum of
+     1 billion dollars for the immediate use of the United Nations of
+     the World under its constitution as set up and created by the
+     President of the United States of America as provided in this joint
+     resolution...."
+
+Congress rejected the world-government resolutions urged upon it in 1942
+by Federal Union, Inc., and by World Fellowship, Inc.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But the formation of the United Nations in 1945 was a tremendous step in
+the direction these two organizations were travelling. The "world peace"
+aspects of the United Nations were emphasized to enlist support of the
+American public. Few Americans noticed that the UN Charter really
+creates a worldwide social, cultural, economic, educational, and
+political alliance--and commits each member nation to a program of total
+socialism for itself and to the support of total socialism for all other
+nations.
+
+The United Nations is, to be sure, a weaker alliance than world
+government advocates want; but the UN was the starting point and
+framework for world government.
+
+The massive UN propaganda during the first few years after the formation
+of the UN (1945) was so effective in brainwashing the American people,
+that the United World Federalists, beginning with the State Assembly of
+California, managed to get 27 state legislatures to pass resolutions
+demanding that Congress call a Constitutional Convention for the purpose
+of amending our Constitution in order to "expedite and insure"
+participation of the United States in a world government. When the
+American people found out what was going on, all of these "resolutions"
+were repealed--most of them before the end of 1950.
+
+But 1949 was a great year for American world government advocates.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On April 4, 1949, Dean Acheson's "brainchild," the North Atlantic
+Treaty, was ratified by the United States. President Truman signed the
+proclamation putting NATO in force on August 24, 1949. Most Americans
+were happy with this organization. It was supposedly a military alliance
+to protect the free world against communism. But few Americans bothered
+to read the brief, 14-article treaty. If they had, Article 2 would have
+sounded rather strange and out of place in a military alliance. Here is
+Article 2 of the NATO Treaty:
+
+     "The parties will contribute toward the future development of
+     peaceful and friendly international relations by strengthening
+     their free institutions, by bringing about a better understanding
+     of the principles upon which these institutions are founded, and by
+     promoting conditions of stability and _well being_. They will seek
+     to eliminate conflict in their international economic policies and
+     will encourage economic collaboration between any or all of them."
+
+Here in this "military" treaty, which re-affirms the participants'
+"faith in the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United
+Nations," is the legal basis for a union, an Atlantic Union, a
+_supra_-national government, all under the United Nations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Immediately upon the formation of NATO, Clarence K. Streit created (in
+1949) the Atlantic Union Committee, Inc. Strait's old Federal Union was
+permitted to become virtually defunct (although it technically still
+exists, as publisher of Streit's books, and so on). Streit got federal
+tax exemption for the Atlantic Union Committee by writing into its
+charter a proviso that the organisation would not "attempt to influence
+legislation by propaganda or otherwise."
+
+Yet, the charter of AUC states its purposes as follows:
+
+     "To promote support for congressional action requesting the
+     President of the United States to invite the other democracies
+     which sponsored the North Atlantic Treaty to name delegates,
+     representing their principal political parties, to meet with
+     delegates of the United States in a federal convention to explore
+     how far their peoples, and the peoples of such other democracies as
+     the convention may invite to send delegates, can apply among them,
+     within the framework of the United Nations, the principles of free
+     federal union."
+
+An Atlantic Union Committee Resolution, providing for the calling of an
+international convention to "explore" steps toward a limited world
+government, was actually introduced in the Congress in 1949--with the
+support of a frightful number of "liberals" then in the Congress.
+
+The Resolution did not come to a vote in the 81st Congress (1949-1950).
+Estes Kefauver (Democrat, Tennessee) gravitated to the leadership in
+pushing for the Resolution in subsequent Congresses; and he had the
+support of the top leadership of both parties, Republican and Democrat,
+north and south--including people like Richard Nixon, William Fulbright,
+Lister Hill, Hubert Humphrey, Mike Mansfield, Kenneth Keating, Jacob
+Javits, Christian Herter, and so on.
+
+From 1949 to 1959, the Atlantic Union Resolution was introduced in each
+Congress--except the one Republican-controlled Congress (83rd--1953).
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1959, Atlantic Union advocates, having got nowhere in ten years of
+trying to push their Resolution through Congress, changed tactics. In
+1959, Streit's Atlantic Union Committee published a pamphlet entitled,
+_Our One Best Hope--For Us--For The United Nations--For All Mankind_,
+recommending an "action" program to "strengthen the UN." This "action"
+program asks the U.S. Congress to pass a Resolution calling for an
+international convention which would accomplish certain "fundamental
+objectives," to wit:
+
+     "That only reasonably experienced democracies be asked to
+     participate; and that the number asked to participate should be
+     small enough to enhance the chance for early agreement, yet large
+     enough to create, if united, a preponderance of power on the side
+     of freedom.
+
+     "That the delegates be officially appointed but that they be
+     uninstructed by their governments so that they shall be free to act
+     in accordance with their own individual consciences.
+
+     "That, whatever the phraseology, it should not be such as to
+     preclude any proposal which, in the wisdom of the convention, is
+     the most practical step.
+
+     "That the findings of the delegates could be only recommendations,
+     later to be accepted or rejected by their legislatures and their
+     fellow citizens."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 fully carries out the purposes
+and intent of the new Atlantic Union strategy fabricated in 1959 to
+replace the old Resolution which had failed for ten years.
+
+The roll-call vote on this law (published in the February 27, 1961,
+issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_) shows what a powerful array of United
+States Congressmen and Senators are for this step toward world
+government.
+
+The debates in House and Senate (Senate: _Congressional Record_, June
+15, 1960, pp. 11724 _ff_; House: _Congressional Record_, August 24,
+1960, pp. 16261 _ff_) show something even more significant.
+
+While denying that the NATO Citizens Commission Law had any relation to
+the old Atlantic Union Resolution which Congress had refused for ten
+years to consider, "liberals" in both Senate and House used language
+right out of the Atlantic Union Committee pamphlet of 1959 (_Our Best
+Hope ..._) to "prove" that this NATO Citizens Commission proposal was
+not dangerous: They argued, for example, that Commission members would
+be free to act in accordance with their own individual consciences; that
+the meetings of the Commission would be purely exploratory, and that
+Commission findings would be "only recommendations," not binding on the
+U.S. government.
+
+Congressional "liberals" supporting the NATO Citizens Commission also
+tried to establish the respectability of the Commission by arguing that
+it was merely being created to explore means of implementing Article 2
+of the NATO Treaty. Are these "liberal" congressmen and senators so
+ignorant that they do not know the whole Atlantic Union movement is
+built under the canopy of "implementing Article 2 of this NATO Treaty?"
+Or, are they too stupid to understand this? Or, are they so dishonest
+that they distort the facts, thinking that the public is too confused or
+ignorant to discover the truth?
+
+Although the liberals in Congress loudly denied that the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law of 1960 had anything to do with Atlantic Union, Clarence
+Streit knew better--or was more honest. As soon as the law was passed,
+Streit began a hasty revision of his old _Union Now_. Early in 1961,
+Harper & Brothers published the revision, under the title _Freedom's
+Frontier Atlantic Union Now_.
+
+In this new book, Streit expresses jubilation about the NATO Citizens
+Commission Law; and, on the second page of the first chapter, he says:
+
+     "One change in the picture, which has seemed too slight or too
+     recent to be noted yet by the general public, seems to me so
+     significant as to give in itself reason enough for new faith in
+     freedom's future, and for this new effort to advance it. On
+     September 7, 1960, President Eisenhower signed an act of Congress
+     authorizing a United States Citizens Commission on NATO to
+     organize and participate in a Convention of Citizens of North
+     Atlantic Democracies with a view to exploring fully and
+     recommending concretely how to unite their peoples better."
+
+_The Atlantic Union News_ (published by the Atlantic Union Committee,
+Inc.) in the September, 1960, issue presents an exultant article under
+the headline "AUC Victorious: Resolution Signed by President Becomes
+Public Law 86-719."
+
+The article says:
+
+     "Members of the Atlantic Union Committee could certainly be
+     forgiven if by now they had decided that the Resolution for an
+     Atlantic Exploratory Convention would never pass both Houses of
+     Congress. However, it has just done so. It was signed into law by
+     the President September 7, 1960. The incredible size of this
+     victory is hard, even for us in Washington, to comprehend...."
+
+Who actually runs Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union Committee which
+finally succeeded in ordering the Congress and the President of the
+United States to take this sinister step toward world government? The
+Council on Foreign Relations! The three top officials of the Atlantic
+Union Committee are members of the CFR: Elmo Roper, President; William
+L. Clayton, Vice President; and Lithgow Osborne, Secretary.
+
+As of December, 1960, there were 871 members of the Atlantic Union
+Committee. Of these, 107 were also members of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. The December, 1960, membership list of the AUC is in Appendix
+II of this volume. Each Council on Foreign Relations member is
+designated on that list with CFR in parentheses after his name.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The NATO Citizens Commission Law of 1960 provided that the Speaker of
+the House and the Vice President should select 20 persons to serve on
+the Commission. In March, 1961, Sam Rayburn and Lyndon Johnson appointed
+the following persons as members of the Commission:
+
+     Donald G. Agger; Will L. Clayton; Charles William Engelhard, Jr.;
+     George J. Feldman; Morris Forgash; Christian A. Herter; Dr. Francis
+     S. Hutchins; Eric Johnston; William F. Knowland; Hugh Moore; Ralph
+     D. Pittman, Ben Regan; David Rockefeller; Elmo B. Roper (Jr.); Mrs.
+     Edith S. Sampson; Adolph W. Schmidt; Oliver C. Schroeder; Burr S.
+     Swezey, Sr.; Alex Warden; and Douglas Wynn.
+
+Of the 20 members of the NATO Citizens Commission, 7 are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Clayton, Herter, Johnston, Moore,
+Rockefeller, Roper, Schmidt. Roper is President and Clayton is Vice
+President of the Atlantic Union Committee. The others are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The United World Federalists does not have as much power and influence
+as Clarence Streit's Atlantic Union, but is clearly the second most
+influential organization working for world government.
+
+The specific objective of the United World Federalists is rapid
+transformation (through expansion of the jurisdiction of the World
+Court, establishment of an international "police force," and so on) of
+the United Nations into an all-powerful world government.
+
+The aim of the UWF organization, as expressed in its own literature (the
+most revealing piece of which is a pamphlet called _Beliefs, Purposes
+and Policies_) is:
+
+     "To create a world federal government with authority to enact,
+     interpret, and enforce world law adequate to maintain peace."
+
+The world federal government would be,
+
+     "based upon the following principles and include the following
+     powers....
+
+     "Membership open to all nations without the right of secession....
+     World law should be enforceable directly upon individuals.... The
+     world government should have direct taxing power independent of
+     national taxation."
+
+The UWF scheme provides for a world police force and the prohibition of
+"possession by any nation of armaments and forces beyond an approved
+level required for internal policing."
+
+The UWF proposes to work toward its world government scheme,
+
+     "By making use of the amendment process of the United Nations to
+     transform it into such a world federal government;
+
+     "By participating in world constituent assemblies, whether of
+     private individuals, parliamentary or other groups seeking to
+     produce draft constitutions for consideration and possible adoption
+     by the United Nations or by national governments...."
+
+Norman Cousins and James P. Warburg (both prominent Council on Foreign
+Relations members) formed the United World Federalists in February,
+1947, at Ashville, North Carolina, by amalgamating three small
+organizations (World Federalists, Student Federalists, and Americans
+United For World Government).
+
+Cousins is still honorary president of UWF. Walter Reuther (a
+"second-level" affiliate of the CFR), Cousins, and Warburg actually run
+the UWF at the top. Other Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials in the UWF include Harry A. Bullis, Arthur H. Bunker, Cass
+Canfield, Mark F. Ethridge, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., Harold K.
+Guinzburg, Isador Lubin, Cord Meyer, Jr., Lewis Mumford, Harry Scherman,
+Raymond Gram Swing, Paul C. Smith, Walter Wanger, James D. Zellerbach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Institute for International Order, 11 West 42nd Street, New York 36,
+New York, is another organization working for world government. It was
+founded on November 17, 1948, at Washington, D.C., as the Association
+for Education in World Government. On May 17, 1952, it changed its name
+to Institute for International Government. On May 7, 1954, it changed
+names again, to the present Institute for International Order.
+
+The purpose of this organization has remained constant, through all the
+name changing, since it was originally founded in 1948: to strengthen
+the United Nations into a genuine world government. And it is a part of
+the interlocking apparatus which constitutes our invisible government.
+
+The Institute for International Order gets 75% of its income from
+foundations which members of the Council on Foreign Relations control;
+and the following CFR members are officers of the Institute: Earl D.
+Osborn (President), Henry B. Cabot (Vice President), Edward W. Barrett,
+Paul G. Hoffman, and Irving Salomon.
+
+In 1948, the State Department created the U.S. Committee for the UN
+(mentioned in Chapter VIII, in connection with the Advertising Council)
+as a semi-official organization to propagandize for the UN in the United
+States, with emphasis on promoting "UN Day" each year.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the U.S. Committee for the
+UN. Such persons as Stanley C. Allyn, Ralph Bunche, Gardner Cowles, H.
+J. Heinz, II, Eric Johnston, Milton Katz, Stanley Marcus, Hugh Moore,
+John Nason, Earl D. Osborn, Jack I. Straus, and Walter Wheeler, Jr.--all
+Council on Foreign Relations members--are members of the U.S. Committee
+for the United Nations.
+
+Walter Wheeler, Jr., (last name in the list above) is President of
+Pitney-Bowes, maker of postage meter machines. In 1961, Mr. Wheeler
+tried to stop all Pitney-Bowes customers from using, on their meter
+machines, the American patriotic slogan, "This is a republic, not a
+democracy: let's keep it that way." Mr. Wheeler said this slogan was
+controversial. But Mr. Wheeler supported a campaign to get the slogan of
+international socialism, _UN We Believe_, used on Pitney-Bowes postage
+meter machines--probably the most controversial slogan ever to appear in
+American advertising, as we shall see presently.
+
+The American Association for the United Nations--AAUN--is another
+tax-exempt, "semi-private" organization set up (not directly by the CFR,
+but by the State Department which the Council runs) as a propaganda
+agency for the UN. It serves as an outlet for UN pamphlets and, with
+chapters in most key cities throughout the United States, as an
+organizer of meetings, lecture-series, and other programs which
+propagandize about the ineffable goodness and greatness of the United
+Nations as the maker and keeper of world peace.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations dominates the AAUN. Some of the leading
+CFR members who run the AAUN are: Ralph J. Bunche, Cass Canfield,
+Benjamin V. Cohen, John Cowles, Clark M. Eichelberger, Ernest A. Gross,
+Paul G. Hoffman, Palmer Hoyt, Herbert Lehman, Oscar de Lima, Irving
+Salomon, James T. Shotwell, Sumner Welles, Quincy Wright.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1958, the United States Committee for the UN created an Industry
+Participation Division for the specific purpose of getting the UN emblem
+and _UN We Believe_ slogan displayed on the commercial vehicles,
+stationery, business forms, office buildings, flag poles, and
+advertising layouts of American business firms. The first major firm to
+plunge conspicuously into this pro-UN propaganda drive was United Air
+Lines.
+
+W. A. Patterson, President of United, is an official of the Committee
+For Economic Development, a major Council on Foreign Relations
+propaganda affiliate, and has served on the Business-Education Committee
+of the CED. Mr. Patterson had the _UN We Believe_ emblem painted in a
+conspicuous place on every plane in the United Air Lines fleet. There
+was a massive protest from Americans who know that the UN is part of the
+great scheme to destroy America as a free and independent republic. Mr.
+Patterson had the UN emblems removed from his planes.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1961, the American Association for the United Nations and the U. S.
+Committee for the UN (both enjoying federal tax exemption, as
+"educational" in the "public interest") created another tax-exempt
+organization to plaster the UN emblem all over the American landscape.
+
+The new organization is called UN We Believe. Here is an article from
+the May-June, 1961, issue of _Weldwood News_, a house organ of United
+States Plywood Corporation (New York 36, New York):
+
+     "A. W. (Al) Teichmeier, USP director of merchandising, is the
+     Company's closest physical link to the United Nations--he's
+     President of UN We Believe.
+
+     "UN We Believe, under joint auspices of the American Association
+     for the UN and the U. S. Committee for the UN, is a non-profit,
+     year-round program geared to convince industry, organizations and
+     individuals how important public support can mean in preserving
+     world peace.
+
+     "USP uses the seal ... (UN emblem and _UN We Believe_ slogan) on
+     its postage meters for all New York mailings. Among some other
+     active companies in the program are CIT, General Telephone, Texaco,
+     American Sugar Refining, P. Lorillard Co., and KLM Dutch Airlines."
+
+Plywood companies (small ones, producing hardwood plywood, if not big
+ones like USP) have been grievously hurt by the trade and foreign-aid
+policies which the UN, international-socialist crowd is responsible for.
+
+Lenin is said to have remarked that when it comes time for communists to
+hang all capitalists, the capitalists will bid against each other for
+contracts to sell the rope.
+
+The article from _Weldwood News_, quoted above, was quoted in the July
+17, 1961, issue of _The Dan Smoot Report_. The companies mentioned
+received some mail, criticizing them for supporting UN We Believe. The
+Texaco Company denied that it had ever been active in UN We Believe and
+said that the editor of _Weldwood News_ had apologized for the error in
+publishing the reference to Texaco and had expressed regret for "the
+embarrassment caused" Texaco.
+
+While denying support for UN We Believe, however, Mr. Augustus C. Long,
+Chairman of the Board of Texaco (and a member of the Business Advisory
+Council) gave unqualified endorsement of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. In a letter dated August 17, 1961, Mr. Long said:
+
+     "The Council on Foreign Relations is one of the most effective
+     organizations in this country devoted to spreading information on
+     international problems. The officers and directors of the Council
+     are men of reputation and stature. We believe that the Council
+     through its study groups makes an outstanding contribution to
+     public information concerning foreign policy issues."
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 8
+
+FOREIGN AID
+
+
+
+One day in the spring of 1961, a New York lawyer received a long
+distance telephone call. Concerning this call, the _New York Times_
+reported:
+
+     "'This is President Kennedy,' the telephone voice said.
+
+     "'The hell you say,' retorted the lawyer. 'I guess that makes me
+     the Prime Minister of England, but what can I do for you?'
+
+     "'Nobody's pulling your leg,' the telephone voice said. 'This is
+     President Kennedy all right. I want to talk to you about coming
+     down here to Washington to help me with this long-term foreign aid
+     legislation.'"
+
+One week later, the New York lawyer took an apartment in Washington and,
+as a member of President Kennedy's "Task Force" on foreign aid, started
+writing the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. The lawyer is Theodore
+Tannenwald, Jr., a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, who wrote
+many of the foreign aid bills which President Harry Truman presented to
+Congress and who, during the first Eisenhower term, was assistant
+director of the Mutual Security Program.
+
+After Mr. Tannenwald and his task force had finished writing the 1961
+foreign aid bill, President Kennedy appointed Tannenwald coordinator in
+charge of "presenting" the bill to committees of the House and Senate.
+Three cabinet officers and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
+took their orders from Mr. Tannenwald, who was, according to the _New
+York Times_, "the Administration's composer, orchestrator and conductor
+of the most important legislative symphony of the Congressional
+session."
+
+With admiration, the _Times_ said:
+
+     "Mr. Tannenwald has been a kind of special White House ambassador
+     to Capitol Hill. While the legislative committees struggled with
+     the controversial proposal to by-pass the appropriating process and
+     give the President authority to borrow $8,800,000,000 (8 billion,
+     800 million) for development lending in the next five years, he was
+     the man in the ante-room empowered to answer questions in the name
+     of the President."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In July, 1961, President Kennedy completed Mr. Tannenwald's foreign aid
+"orchestra." On July 10, in ceremonies at the White House, the President
+formally announced creation of the newest foreign-aid propaganda
+organization, the Citizens Committee for International Development, with
+Warren Lee Pierson as chairman. Here is the membership of the Citizens
+Committee for International Development:
+
+     _Eugenie Anderson_ (member of the Atlantic Union Committee);
+     _William Benton_ (Chairman of the Board of _Encyclopaedia
+     Britannica_; member of the Atlantic Union Committee); _Everett N.
+     Case_ (President of Colgate University); _O. Roy Chalk_ (President
+     of the District of Columbia Transit Company); _Malcolm S. Forbes_
+     (Editor and Publisher of _Forbes Magazine_); _Eleanor Clark
+     French_; _Albert M. Greenfield_ (Honorary Chairman of the Board of
+     Bankers Security Corporation, Philadelphia); _General Alfred M.
+     Gruenther_ (President of the American National Red Cross; member of
+     the Atlantic Union Committee); _Murray D. Lincoln_ (Chairman of
+     Nationwide Insurance Company); _Sol M. Linowitz_ (Chairman of Zerox
+     Corporation); _George Meany_ (President of AFL-CIO); _William S.
+     Paley_ (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting System);
+     _Warren Lee Pierson_ (Chairman of the Board, Trans-World Airways);
+     _Ross Pritchard_ (Professor of Political Science, Southwestern
+     University, Memphis); _Thomas S. Nichols_ (Chairman of the Board
+     of Olin Mathieson Chemical Corporation; member of the Atlantic
+     Union Committee); _Mrs. Mary G. Roebling_ (President Of Trenton
+     Trust Company); _David Sarnoff_ (Chairman of Radio Corporation of
+     America); _Walter Sterling Surrey_ (legal consultant, Economic
+     Cooperation Administration); _Thomas J. Watson, Jr._, (President of
+     International Business Machines Corporation); _Walter H. Wheeler,
+     Jr._, (President of Pitney-Bowes); _James D. Zellerbach_ (President
+     and Director of Crown-Zellerbach Corporation; Chairman of
+     Fibreboard Products, Inc.; member of the Atlantic Union Committee
+     and United World Federalists); _Ezra Zilkha_ (head of Zilkha &
+     Sons).
+
+Of these 22 people, 12 (including the Chairman) are members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Benton, Case, Gruenther, Paley, Pierson,
+Pritchard, Nichols, Sarnoff, Surrey, Watson, Wheeler, and Zellerbach.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Heads of the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations attended the White House
+luncheon when the Committee was formed. Vice President Johnson,
+Secretary of State Dean Rusk, and Attorney General Robert Kennedy were
+also present. The President urged each and all to get foundations,
+business firms, civic organizations, and the people generally, to put
+pressure on Congress in support of the 1961 foreign aid bill.
+
+Within a week after the July 10, White House luncheon meeting (which
+launched the CFR's foreign aid committee), the President and his
+high-level aides were talking about a grave crisis in Berlin and about
+foreign aid as _the_ essential means of "meeting" that crisis.
+
+On July 25, when congressional debates over the foreign aid bill were in
+a critical stage, President Kennedy spoke to the nation on radio and
+television, solemnly warning the people that the Berlin situation was
+dangerous.
+
+Immediate, additional support for the foreign aid bill came from the
+country's liberal and leftwing forces, who united in a passionate
+plea--urging the American people to support the President "in this grave
+hour."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On August 27, an Associated Press release announced that House Leader
+John W. McCormack (Democrat, Massachusetts), was attempting to enlist
+the cooperation of 2,400 city mayors in support of a long-range foreign
+aid bill to meet the President's demands.
+
+McCormack sent the city officials a statement of his views with a cover
+letter suggesting that the matter be brought to "the attention of
+citizens of your community through publication in your local newspaper,"
+and, further, urging their "personal endorsement of this bipartisan
+program through the medium of your local press...."
+
+State Department officials scheduled speaking tours throughout the land,
+and CFR affiliated organizations (like the Councils on World Affairs)
+started the build-up to provide audiences--all in the interest of
+"briefing" the American people on the necessity and beauties of foreign
+aid.
+
+Anyone with sense had to wonder how the giving of American tax money to
+communist governments in Europe and to socialist governments all over
+the earth could help us resist communism in Berlin. But with the top
+leaders in our society (from the President downward to officials in the
+National Council of Churches) telling us that the survival of our nation
+depended on the President's getting all the foreign aid "authorization"
+he wanted--most Americans remained silent, feeling that such
+consequential and complicated matters should be left in the hands of our
+chosen leaders.
+
+By the end of August, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 had been passed
+by both houses of Congress; and the Berlin crisis moved from front page
+lead articles in the nation's newspapers to less important columns.
+
+Thus, in 1961, as always, the foreign aid bill was a special project of
+our invisible government, the Council on Foreign Relations. And, in
+1961, as always, the great, tax-supported propaganda machine used a fear
+psychology to bludgeon the people into silence and the Congress into
+obedience.
+
+President Kennedy signed the Act as Public Law 87-195 on September 4,
+1961.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Public Law 87-195 authorized $10,253,500,000 (10 billion, 253 million,
+500 thousand) in foreign aid: $3,066,500,000 appropriated for the 1962
+fiscal year, and $7,187,000,000 Treasury borrowing authorized for the
+next five years. The law does require the President to obtain annual
+appropriations for the Treasury borrowing, but permits him to make
+commitments to lend the money to foreign countries, _before_ he obtains
+appropriations from Congress.
+
+It was widely reported in the press that Congress had denied the
+President the long-term borrowing authority he had requested; but the
+President himself was satisfied. He knew that by promising loans to
+foreign governments (that is, "committing" the funds in advance of
+congressional appropriation) he would thus force Congress (in the
+interest of showing "national unity" and of not "repudiating" our
+President) to appropriate whatever he promised.
+
+On August 29, the President said:
+
+     "The compromise ... is wholly satisfactory. It gives the United
+     States Government authority to make commitments for long-term
+     development programs with reasonable assurance that these
+     commitments will be met."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Former Vice President Richard M. Nixon (a member of the CFR) was happy
+about the 1961 foreign aid bill. On August 29, Nixon, on the ABC radio
+network, said that he favored such "long-range foreign aid planning,
+financed through multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations."
+
+Nelson A. Rockefeller, Republican Governor of New York, announced that
+he too favored "long-range foreign aid planning, financed through
+multi-year authorizations and annual appropriations"--exactly like
+Nixon.
+
+Former President Eisenhower was also happy. He, too, said he favored
+this sort of thing.
+
+Senator J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) was almost jubilant:
+he said Congress for the next five years would be under "strong
+obligation" to put up the money for whatever the President promises to
+foreign governments.
+
+All in all, it is improbable that Congress ever passed another bill more
+destructive of American constitutional principles; more harmful to our
+nation politically, economically, morally, and militarily; and more
+helpful to communism-socialism all over the earth--than the Foreign
+Assistance Act of 1961, which was, from beginning to end, a product of
+the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Our foreign aid does grievous harm to the American people by burdening
+them with excessive taxation, thus making it difficult for them to
+expand their own economy. This gives government pretext for intervening
+with more taxation and controls for domestic subsidies.
+
+Furthermore, the money that government takes away from us for foreign
+aid is used to subsidize our political enemies and economic competitors
+abroad. Note, for example, the large quantities of agricultural goods
+which we give every year to communist satellite nations, thus enabling
+communist governments to control the hungry people of those nations.
+Note that while we are giving away our agricultural surpluses to
+communist and socialist nations, we, under the 1961 foreign aid bill (as
+under previous ones), are subsidizing agricultural production in the
+underdeveloped countries.
+
+The 1961 foreign aid bill prohibited direct aid to Cuba, but authorized
+contributions to United Nations agencies, which were giving aid to Cuba.
+
+At a time when the American economy was suffering from the flight of
+American industry to foreign lands, the 1961 foreign aid bill offered
+subsidies and investment guarantees to American firms moving abroad.
+
+Our foreign aid enriches and strengthens political leaders and ruling
+oligarchies (which are often corrupt) in underdeveloped lands; and it
+does infinite harm to the people of those lands, when it inflates their
+economy and foists upon them an artificially-produced industrialism
+which they are not prepared to sustain or even understand.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The basic argument for foreign aid is that by helping the underdeveloped
+nations develop, we will keep them from falling under the dictatorship
+of communism. The argument is false and unsound, historically,
+politically, economically, and morally.
+
+The communists have never subjugated a nation by winning the loyalties
+of the oppressed and downtrodden. The communists first win the support
+of liberal-intellectuals, and then use them to subvert and pervert all
+established mores and ideals and social and political arrangements.
+
+Our foreign aid does not finance freedom in foreign lands; it finances
+socialism; and a world socialist system is what communists are trying to
+establish. As early as 1921, Joseph Stalin said that the advanced
+western nations must give economic aid to other nations in order to
+socialize their economies and prepare them for integration in the
+communist's world socialist system.
+
+Socializing the economies of all nations so that all can be merged into
+a one-world system was the objective of Colonel Edward M. House, who
+founded the Council on Foreign Relations, and has been the objective of
+the Council, and of all its associated organizations, from the
+beginning.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 9
+
+MORE OF THE INTERLOCK
+
+
+
+It is impossible in this volume to discuss all organizations interlocked
+with the Council on Foreign Relations. In previous chapters, I have
+discussed some of the most powerful agencies in the interlock. In this
+chapter, I present brief discussions of a few organizations which make
+significant contributions to the over-all program of the Council.
+
+
+INSTITUTE FOR AMERICAN STRATEGY
+
+There are some men in the Council on Foreign Relations who condemn the
+_consequences_ of the CFR's policies--but who never mention the CFR as
+responsible for those policies, and who never really suggest any change
+in the policies.
+
+Frank R. Barnett is such a man. Mr. Barnett, a member of the Council on
+Foreign Relations, is research director for the Richardson Foundation
+and also program director for the Institute for American Strategy, which
+is largely financed by the Richardson Foundation. The Institute for
+American Strategy holds two-day regional "Strategy Seminars" in cities
+throughout the United States. Participants in the seminars are carefully
+selected civic and community leaders. The announced official purpose of
+the seminars is:
+
+     "...to inform influential private American citizens of the danger
+     which confronts the United States in the realm of world politics.
+     They have been conceived as a means for arousing an informed and
+     articulate patriotism which can provide the basis for the
+     sustained and intensive effort which alone can counter the skillful
+     propaganda and ruthless conquest so successfully practiced by the
+     Soviet Union and her allies and satellites."
+
+Mr. Barnett is generally one of the featured speakers at these seminars.
+He speaks effectively, arousing his audience to an awareness of the
+Soviets as an ugly menace to freedom and decency in the world. He makes
+his audience squirm with anxiety about how America is losing the cold
+war on all fronts, and makes them burn with desire to reverse this
+trend. But when it comes to suggesting what can be done about the
+terrible situation, Mr. Barnett seems only to recommend that more and
+more people listen to more and more speakers like him in order to become
+angrier at the Soviets and more disturbed about American losses--so that
+we can continue the same policies we have, but do a better job with
+them.
+
+Mr. Barnett never criticizes the basic internationalist policy of
+entwining the affairs of America with those of other nations, because
+Mr. Barnett, like all other internationalists, takes it for granted that
+America can no longer defend herself, without "allies," whom we must buy
+with foreign aid. He does imply that our present network of permanent,
+entangling alliances is not working well; but he never hints that we
+should abandon this disastrous policy and return to the traditional
+American policy of benign neutrality and no-permanent-involvement, which
+offers the only possible hope for our peace and security. Rather, Mr.
+Barnett would just like us to conduct our internationalist policy in
+such a way as to avoid the disaster which our internationalist policy is
+building for us.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Mr. Barnett's recommendations on how to fight communism on the domestic
+front also trail off, generally, into contradictions and confusion. For
+example, in his speech to the "Strategy Seminar" arranged by the
+Institute for American Strategy and sponsored by the Fulton County
+Medical Society in Atlanta, Georgia, June, 1961, Mr. Barnett urged all
+citizens to inform themselves about the communist threat and become
+educated on its aims so that they will be capable of combatting
+communist propaganda. But, Mr. Barnett said, citizens are "silly" who
+concern themselves with trying to find communists and fellow-travelers
+in the PTA!
+
+In a speech to reserve officers at the War College in July, 1961, Mr.
+Barnett denounced "crackpots" who hunt "pinkos" in local colleges. He
+said the theory that internal subversion is the chief danger to the
+United States is fallacious--and is harmful, because it has great
+popular appeal. Belief in this theory, Mr. Barnett said, makes people
+mistakenly feel that they "don't have to think about ... strengthening
+NATO, or improving foreign aid management, or volunteering for the Peace
+Corps, or anything else that might require sacrifice."
+
+Mr. Barnett, who speaks persuasively as an expert on fighting communism,
+apparently does not know that the real work of the communist conspiracy
+is not performed by the shabby people who staff the official apparatus
+of the communist party, but is done by well-intentioned people (in the
+PTA and similar organizations) who have been brainwashed with communist
+ideas. Communists (whom Mr. Barnett hates and fears) did not do the
+tremendous job of causing the United States to abandon her traditional
+policies of freedom and independence for the internationalist policies
+which are dragging us into one-world socialism. The most distinguished
+and respected Americans of our time, in the Council on Foreign Relations
+(of which Mr. Barnett is a member) did this job.
+
+It is interesting to note that the principal book offered for sale and
+recommended for reading at Mr. Barnett's, "Strategy Seminars" is
+_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_. The first chapter in the book,
+entitled "Basic Aims of United States Foreign Policy," is a reprint of a
+Council on Foreign Relations report, compiled by a CFR meeting in 1959,
+attended by such well-known internationalist "liberals" as Frank
+Altschul, Hamilton Fish Armstrong, Adolf A. Berle, Jr., Robert Blum,
+Robert R. Bowie, John Cowles, Arthur H. Dean, Thomas K. Finletter,
+William C. Foster, W. Averell Harriman, Philip C. Jessup, Joseph E.
+Johnson, Henry R. Luce, I. I. Rabi, Herman B. Wells, Henry M. Wriston.
+
+
+COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS
+
+On December 6, 1960, President Eisenhower presented, to President-elect
+Kennedy, a report by the President's Commission on National Goals, a
+group of "distinguished" Americans whom President Eisenhower had
+appointed 11 months before to find out what America's national purpose
+should be.
+
+The national purpose of this nation _should be_ exactly what it was
+during the first 125 years of our national life: to stand as proof that
+free men can govern themselves; to blaze a trail toward freedom, a trail
+which all people, if they wish, can follow or guide themselves by,
+without any meddling from us.
+
+Hydrogen bombs and airplanes and intercontinental ballistic missiles do
+not change basic principles. The principles on which our nation was
+founded are eternal, as valid now as in the 18th century.
+
+Indeed, modern developments in science should make us cling to those
+principles. If foreign enemies can now destroy our nation by pressing a
+button, it seems obvious that our total defense effort should be devoted
+to protecting our nation against such an attack: it is suicidal for us
+to waste any of our defense effort on "economic improvement" and
+military assistance for other nations.
+
+All of this being obvious, it is also obvious that the President's
+Commission on National Goals was not really trying to discover our
+"national purpose." "National Purpose" was the label for a propaganda
+effort intended to help perpetuate governmental policies, which are
+dragging America into international socialism, regardless of who
+succeeded Eisenhower as President.
+
+The Report is actually a rehash of major provisions in the 1960 Democrat
+and Republican party platforms. More than that, it is, in several
+fundamental and specific ways, identical with the 1960 published program
+of the communist party. (For a full discussion of the President's
+Commission on National Goals, see _The Dan Smoot Report_, "Our National
+Purpose," December 12, 1960.)
+
+Who were the "distinguished" Americans whom Eisenhower appointed to draw
+this blueprint of America's National Purpose? They were:
+
+     Erwin D. Canham, Editor-in-Chief of the _Christian Science
+     Monitor_; James B. Conant, former President of Harvard; Colgate W.
+     Darden, Jr., former President of the University of Virginia and
+     former Governor of Virginia; Crawford H. Greenewalt, President of
+     E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc.; General Alfred M. Gruenther,
+     President of the American Red Cross; Learned Hand, retired judge of
+     the U.S. Court of Appeals; Clark Kerr, President of the University
+     of California; James R. Killian, Jr., Chairman of the Massachusetts
+     Institute of Technology; George Meany, President of the AFL-CIO;
+     Frank Pace, Jr., former member of Truman's cabinet; Henry M.
+     Wriston, President of American Assembly and President Emeritus of
+     Brown University.
+
+Of the 11, 7 are members of the Council on Foreign Relations--Canham,
+Conant, Gruenther, Hand, Killian, Pace, Wriston. All of the others are
+lower-level affiliates of the CFR.
+
+
+NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION
+
+The National Planning Association was established in 1934 "to bring
+together leaders from agriculture, business, labor, and the professions
+to pool their experience and foresight in developing workable plans for
+the nation's future...."
+
+The quotation is from an NPA booklet, which also says:
+
+     "Every year since the NPA was organized in 1934, its reports have
+     strongly influenced our national economy, U.S. economic policy, and
+     business decisions."
+
+Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations listed as officials
+of the National Planning Association: Frank Altschul, Laird Bell,
+Courtney C. Brown, Eric Johnston, Donald R. Murphy, Elmo Roper,
+Beardsley Ruml, Hans Christian Sonne, Lauren Soth, Wayne Chatfield
+Taylor, John Hay Whitney.
+
+The following officials of National Planning Association are generally
+second-level affiliates of the CFR--or are, at any rate, worth noting:
+Arnold Zander, International President of American Federation of State,
+County and Municipal Employees; Solomon Barkin, Director of Research for
+the Textile Workers Union of America; L. S. Buckmaster, General
+President, United Rubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of America;
+James B. Carey, Secretary-Treasurer of CIO; Albert J. Hayes,
+International President of International Association of Machinists; and
+Walter P. Reuther.
+
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION
+
+In 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union was founded by Felix
+Frankfurter, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, William Z.
+Foster, then head of the U.S. Communist Party; Elizabeth Gurley Flynn, a
+top communist party official; Dr. Harry F. Ward, of Union Theological
+Seminary, a notorious communist-fronter; and Roger Baldwin.
+
+Patrick M. Malin, a member of the CFR, has been director of the American
+Civil Liberties Union since 1952. Other CFR members who are known to be
+officials in the American Civil Liberties Union are: William Butler,
+Richard S. Childs, Norman Cousins, Palmer Hoyt, Jr., J. Robert
+Oppenheimer, Elmo Roper, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.
+
+
+NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS
+
+The late Charles Evans Hughes (a member of the CFR) and the late S.
+Parkes Cadman (former President of the Federal--now National--Council of
+Churches) founded the National Conference of Christians and Jews in
+1928.
+
+In June, 1950 (at the suggestion of Paul Hoffman) the National
+Conference of Christians and Jews founded World Brotherhood at UNESCO
+House in Paris, France. The officers of World Brotherhood were: Konrad
+Adenauer, William Benton, Arthur H. Compton, Paul Henri-Spaak, Paul G.
+Hoffman, Herbert H. Lehman, John J. McCloy, George Meany, Madame Pandit,
+Paul Reynaud, Eleanor Roosevelt, Adlai Stevenson.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In August, 1958, World Brotherhood held a seminar in Bern, Switzerland.
+All of the officers listed above attended and prepared "working papers."
+Here is a summary of conclusions reached at this World Brotherhood
+meeting, as condensed from an article by Arthur Krock, in _The New York
+Times_, November 21, 1958:
+
+     _We must recognize that the communist countries are here to stay
+     and cannot be wished away by propaganda. All is not bad in
+     communist countries. Western nations could learn from communist
+     experiments. We should study ways to make changes in both
+     systems--communist and western--in order to bring them nearer
+     together. We should try to eliminate the stereo-type attitudes
+     about, and suspicion of, communism. We must assume that the
+     communist side is not worse than, but merely different from, our
+     side._
+
+In May, 1960, World Brotherhood held a conference on "World Tensions" at
+Chicago University. Lester B. Pearson (socialist-internationalist from
+Canada) presided at the conference; and the following members of the
+Council on Foreign Relations served as officials: William Benton, Ralph
+Bunche, Marquis Childs, Harlan Cleveland, Norman Cousins, Ernest A.
+Gross, Paul G. Hoffman, and Adlai Stevenson.
+
+The National Conference of Christians and Jews-World Brotherhood 1960
+meeting on "World Tensions," at Chicago University, concluded that the
+communists are interested in more trade but not interested in political
+subversion, and recommended:
+
+(1) a three-billion-dollar-a-year increase in U. S. foreign aid to
+"poor" countries; (2) repeal of the Connally Reservation; (3) closer
+relations between the U. S. and communist countries.
+
+Adlai Stevenson told the group that Khrushchev is merely a "tough and
+realistic politician and polemicist," with whom it is possible to
+"conduct the dialogue of reason."
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In 1961, World Brotherhood, Inc., changed its name to Conference On
+World Tensions.
+
+
+AMERICAN ASSEMBLY
+
+In 1950, when President of Columbia University, General Dwight D.
+Eisenhower founded the American Assembly--sometimes calling itself the
+Arden House Group, taking this name from its headquarters and meeting
+place. The Assembly holds a series of meetings at Arden House in New
+York City about every six months, and other round-table discussions at
+varying intervals throughout the nation.
+
+The 19th meeting of the Arden House Group, which ended May 7, 1961, was
+typical of all others, in that it was planned and conducted by members
+of the Council on Foreign Relations--and concluded with recommendations
+concerning American policy, which, if followed, would best serve the
+ends of the Kremlin.
+
+This 1961 Arden House meeting dealt with the problem of disarmament.
+Henry M. Wriston (President of American Assembly and Director of the
+Council on Foreign Relations) presided over the three major discussion
+groups--each group, in turn, was under the chairmanship of a member of
+the Council: Raymond J. Sontag of the University of California; Milton
+Katz, Director of International Legal Studies at Harvard; and Dr. Philip
+E. Mosely, Director of Studies for the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+John J. McCloy (a member of the CFR) as President Kennedy's Director of
+Disarmament, sent three subordinates to participate. Two of the three
+(Edmund A. Gullion, Deputy Director of the Disarmament Administration;
+and Shepard Stone, a Ford Foundation official) are members of the CFR.
+
+Here are two major recommendations which the May, 1961, American
+Assembly meeting made:
+
+     (1) that the United States avoid weapons and measures which might
+     give "undue provocation" to the Soviets, and which might reduce the
+     likelihood of disarmament agreements;
+
+     (2) that the United States strengthen its conventional military
+     forces for participation in "limited wars" but avoid building up an
+     ordnance of nuclear weapons.
+
+We cannot match the communist nations in manpower or "conventional
+military forces" and should not try. Our only hope is to keep our
+military manpower in reserve, and uncommitted, in the United States,
+while building an overwhelming superiority in nuclear weapons. When we
+"strengthen our conventional forces for participation in limited wars,"
+we are leaving the Soviets with the initiative to say when and where
+those wars will be fought; and we are committing ourselves to fight with
+the kind of forces in which the Soviets will inevitably have
+superiority. More than that, we are consuming so much of our economic
+resources that we do not have enough left for weaponry of the kind that
+would defend our homeland.
+
+
+AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION
+
+The ADA was founded in April, 1947, at a meeting in the old Willard
+Hotel, Washington, D. C. Members of the Council on Foreign Relations
+dominated this meeting--and have dominated the ADA ever since.
+
+Here are members of the Council on Foreign Relations who are, or were,
+top officials in Americans For Democratic Action: Francis Biddle,
+Chester Bowles, Marquis Childs, Elmer Davis, William H. Davis, David
+Dubinsky, Thomas K. Finletter, John Kenneth Galbraith, Palmer Hoyt,
+Hubert H. Humphrey, Jacob K. Javits, Herbert H. Lehman, Reinhold
+Niebuhr, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.
+
+Here are some of the policies which the ADA openly and vigorously
+advocated in 1961:
+
+     Abolition of the House Committee on Un-American Activities
+
+     Congressional investigation of the John Birch Society
+
+     Total Disarmament under United Nations control
+
+     U. S. recognition of red China
+
+     Admission of red China to the United Nations, in place of
+     nationalist China
+
+     Federal aid to all public schools
+
+     Drastic overhaul of our immigration laws, to permit a more
+     "liberal" admission of immigrants
+
+     Urban renewal and planning for all cities
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Here is a good, brief characterization of the ADA, from a _Los Angeles
+Times_ editorial, September 18, 1961:
+
+     "The ADA members ... are as an organization strikingly like the
+     British Fabian Socialists.... The Fabians stood for non-Marxian
+     evolutionary socialism, to be achieved not by class war but by
+     ballot....
+
+     "ADA is not an organization for subversive violence like
+     Marxist-Lenin communism.... The socialism they want to bring about
+     would be quite as total, industrially, as that in Russia, but they
+     would accomplish it by legislation, not by shooting, and, of
+     course, by infiltrating the executive branch of the government...."
+
+
+SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC.
+
+In 1955, Bertrand Russell (British pro-communist socialist) and the late
+Albert Einstein (notorious for the number of communist fronts he
+supported) held a meeting in London (attended by communists and
+socialists from all over the world). In a fanfare of publicity, Russell
+and Einstein demanded international co-operation among atomic
+scientists.
+
+Taking his inspiration from this meeting, Cyrus Eaton (wealthy American
+industrialist, notorious for his consistent pro-communist sympathies),
+in 1956, held the first "Pugwash Conference," which was a gathering of
+pro-Soviet propagandists, called scientists, from red China, the Soviet
+Union, and Western nations.
+
+Another Pugwash Conference was held in 1957; and from these Pugwash
+Conferences, the idea for a Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., emerged.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., was founded in November, 1957, with national
+headquarters in New York City, and with Bertrand Russell of England and
+Swedish socialist Gunnar Myrdal (among others) as honorary sponsors.
+
+Officers of Sane Nuclear Policy, Inc., are largely second-level
+affiliates of the Council on Foreign Relations, with a good
+representation from the CFR itself. Here are past and present officials
+of SANE, who are also members of the Council on Foreign Relations: Harry
+A. Bullis, Henry Seidel Canby, Norman Cousins, Clark M. Eichelberger,
+Lewis Mumford, Earl D. Osborn, Elmo Roper, James T. Shotwell, James P.
+Warburg.
+
+Other national officials of SANE, who are not members of the CFR, but
+worthy of note, are: Steve Allen, Harry Belafonte, Walt Kelly, Martin
+Luther King, Linus Pauling, Norman Thomas, Bruno Walter.
+
+A typical activity of SANE was a public rally at Madison Square Garden
+in New York City on May 19, 1960, featuring speeches by Eleanor
+Roosevelt, Walter Reuther, Norman Thomas, Alf Landon, Israel Goldstein,
+and G. Mennen Williams. All speakers demanded disarmament and
+strengthening the United Nations until it becomes strong enough to
+maintain world peace.
+
+Commenting on this SANE rally at Madison Square Garden, Senator James O.
+Eastland, Chairman of the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee said (in
+a press release from his office, dated October 12, 1960):
+
+     "The communists publicized the meeting well in advance through
+     their own and sympathetic periodicals.... The affair, in Madison
+     Square Garden May 19, was sponsored by the Committee for a Sane
+     Nuclear Policy.... Chief organizer of the Garden meeting, however,
+     was one Henry H. Abrams of 11 Riverside Drive, New York, New York,
+     who was a veteran member of the communist party.... It is to the
+     credit of the officers of the organization that, when Abrams'
+     record of communist connections was brought to their attention,
+     Abrams was immediately discharged."
+
+
+FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE
+
+The Free Europe Committee, Inc., was founded in New York, primarily by
+Herbert H. Lehman (then United States Senator) in 1949. Its revenue
+comes from the big foundations (principally, Ford) and from annual
+fund-raising drives conducted in the name of Crusade for Freedom. The
+main activity of The Free Europe Committee (apart from the fund raising)
+is the running of Radio Free Europe and Free Europe Press.
+
+Every year, Crusade for Freedom (with major assistance from Washington
+officialdom) conducts a vigorous nationwide drive, pleading for "truth
+dollars" from the American people to finance the activities of Radio
+Free Europe and Free Europe Press, which are supposed to be fighting
+communism behind the iron curtain by spreading the truth about communism
+to people in the captive satellite nations.
+
+It is widely known among well-informed anti-communists, however, that
+Radio Free Europe actually helps, rather than hurts, the cause of
+international communism--particularly in the captive nations.
+
+Radio Free Europe broadcasts tell the people behind the iron curtain
+that communism is bad--as if they did not know this better than the RFE
+broadcasters do; but the broadcasts consistently support the programs,
+and present the ideology, of international socialism, always advocating
+the equivalent of a one-world socialist society as the solution to all
+problems. This is, of course, the communist solution. And it is also the
+solution desired by the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+A bill of particulars which reveals that Radio Free Europe helps rather
+than hurts communism with its so-called "anti-communist" broadcasts can
+be found in the _Congressional Record_ for June 20, 1956. An article,
+beginning on page A4908, was put in the _Record_ by former Congressman
+Albert H. Bosch, of New York. It was written by George Brada, a
+Czechoslovakian who fled his homeland after the communists had taken
+over in 1948. Brada now lives in Western Germany and is active in a
+number of anti-communist groups in Western Europe.
+
+In reality, the Free Europe Committee and its subsidiary organizations
+constitute another propaganda front for the Council on Foreign
+Relations. Here, for example, are the CFR members who are, or have been,
+top officials of Free Europe Committee, Crusade for Freedom, or Radio
+Free Europe--or all three: Adolf A. Berle, David K. E. Bruce, General
+Lucius D. Clay, Will L. Clayton, Allen W. Dulles, Dwight D. Eisenhower,
+Mark F. Ethridge, Julius Fleischmann, Henry Ford II, Walter S. Gifford,
+Joseph C. Grew, Palmer Hoyt, C. D. Jackson, Herbert H. Lehman, Henry R.
+Luce, Edward R. Murrow, Irving S. Olds, Arthur W. Page, David Sarnoff,
+Whitney H. Shepardson, George N. Shuster, Charles M. Spofford, Harold E.
+Stassen, H. Gregory Thomas, Walter H. Wheeler, Jr.
+
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations has had a strong (though, probably, not
+controlling) hand in the NAACP. Felix Frankfurter, CFR member, was an
+attorney for the NAACP for ten years. Other CFR members who are, or
+were, officials of the NAACP: Ralph Bunche, Norman Cousins, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Hammond, Herbert H. Lehman.
+
+
+AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA
+
+The American Committee on Africa is a propaganda agency which
+concentrates on condemning the apartheid policies of the government of
+the Union of South Africa--a nation of white people (practically
+encircled by millions of black savages), who feel that their racial
+policies are their only hope of avoiding total submergence and
+destruction. In addition to disseminating propaganda to create ill-will
+for South Africa among Americans, the American Committee on Africa gives
+financial assistance to agitators and revolutionaries in the Union of
+South Africa.
+
+It has, for example, given financial aid to 156 persons charged with
+treason under the laws of the Union.
+
+Here are some of the Council on Foreign Relations members who are
+officials of the American Committee on Africa: Gardner Cowles, Lewis S.
+Gannett, John Gunther, Senator Hubert H. Humphrey, Dr. Robert L.
+Johnson, Dr. Reinhold Niebuhr, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Mrs. Chester
+Bowles is also an official.
+
+
+WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN
+
+The World Population Emergency Campaign urges the United States
+government to use American tax money in an effort to solve the world
+population problem. It specifically endorses the 1959 Draper Report on
+foreign aid, which recommended that the United States appropriate money
+for a United Nations population control project.
+
+Leadership of the World Population Emergency Campaign is dominated by
+such CFR members as: Will L. Clayton, Lammot DuPont Copeland, Major
+General William H. Draper, John Nuveen. Most of the members of the
+"Campaign" also belong to the Atlantic Union Committee, or to some other
+second-level affiliate of the CFR.
+
+
+SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE
+
+The School of International Service at American University in
+Washington, D. C., initiated a new academic program to train foreign
+service officers and other officials in newly independent nations,
+commencing in September, 1961. The foreign diplomats will study courses
+on land reforms, finance, labor problems, and several courses on Soviet
+and Chinese communism. The program (under the newly created Center of
+Diplomacy and Foreign Policy) is directed by former Under Secretary of
+State Loy W. Henderson, a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+
+INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
+
+In 1919, Elihu Root and Stephen Duggan (both members of the Council on
+Foreign Relations) founded the Institute of International Education, to
+develop international understanding and goodwill through exchange of
+students, teachers, and others in the educational field.
+
+Prior to World War II, the Institute was financed by the Carnegie
+Corporation. Since the War, the federal government has contributed a
+little more than one-third of the Institute's annual income of about 1.8
+million dollars. Foundations, corporations, individuals, and colleges,
+contribute the rest.
+
+The Institute is wholly a CFR operation. Its officials are: Stanley C.
+Allyn, Edward W. Barrett, Chester Bowles, Ralph J. Bunche, William C.
+Foster, Arthur A. Houghton, Grayson L. Kirk, Edward R. Murrow, George N.
+Shuster, and James D. Zellerbach--all members of the CFR.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 10
+
+COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA
+
+
+
+In nine chapters of this Volume, I have managed to discuss only a few of
+the most powerful organizations interlocked with the Council on Foreign
+Relations, to form an amazing web which is the invisible government of
+the United States. There are scores of such organizations.
+
+I have managed to name, relatively, only a few of the influential
+individuals who are members of the Council on Foreign Relations, or of
+affiliated agencies, and who also occupy key jobs in the executive
+branch of government, including the Presidency.
+
+I have asserted that the objective of the invisible government is to
+convert America into a socialist nation and then make it a unit in a
+one-world socialist system.
+
+The managers of the combine do not admit this, of course. They are
+"liberals" who say that the old "negative" kind of government we used to
+have is inadequate for this century. The liberals' "positive" foreign
+policy is said to be necessary for "world peace" and for meeting
+"America's responsibility" in the world. Their "positive" domestic
+policies are said to be necessary for the continued improvement and
+progress of our "free-enterprise" system.
+
+But the "positive" foreign policy for peace has dragged us into so many
+international commitments (many of which are in direct conflict with
+each other: such as, our subsidizing national independence for former
+colonies of European powers, while we are also subsidizing the European
+powers trying to keep the colonies) that, if we continue in our present
+direction, we will inevitably find ourselves in perpetual war for
+perpetual peace--or we will surrender our freedom and national
+independence and become an out-voted province in a socialist one-world
+system.
+
+The liberals' "positive" domestic policies always bring the federal
+government into the role of subsidizing and controlling the economic
+activities of the people; and that is the known highway to the total,
+tyrannical socialist state.
+
+The Council on Foreign Relations is rapidly achieving its purpose. An
+obvious reason for its success: it is reaching the American public with
+its clever propaganda.
+
+However much power the CFR combine may have inside the agencies of
+government; however extensive the reach of its propaganda through
+organizations designed to "educate" the public to acceptance of CFR
+ideas--the CFR needs to reach the _mass_ audience of Americans who do
+not belong to, or attend the meetings of, or read material distributed
+by, the propaganda organizations. Council on Foreign Relations leaders
+are aware of this need, and they have met it.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+In the 1957 Annual Report of the Committee for Economic Development (a
+major propaganda arm of the CFR), Gardner Cowles, then Chairman of CED's
+Information Committee, did a bit of boasting about how successful CED
+had been in communicating its ideas to the general public. Mr. Cowles
+said:
+
+     "The value of CED's research and recommendations is directly
+     related to its ability to communicate them ... the organization's
+     role as an agency that can influence private and public economic
+     policies and decisions ... can be effective ... only to the extent
+     that CED gets its ideas across to thinking people....
+
+     "During the year [1957], the Information Division [of CED]
+     distributed 42 pamphlets having a total circulation of 545,585;
+     issued 37 press releases and texts of statements; arranged 4 press
+     conferences, 10 radio and television appearances, 12 speeches for
+     Trustees, 3 magazine articles and the publication of 3 books.... In
+     assessing the year, we are reminded again of the great debt we owe
+     the nation's editors. Their regard for the objectivity and
+     non-partisanship of CED's work is reflected in the exceptional
+     attention they give to what CED has to say. The [CED] statement,
+     'Toward a Realistic Farm Policy,' for example not only received
+     extended news treatment but was the subject of 362 editorials. The
+     circulation represented in the editorials alone totaled
+     19,336,299."
+
+Mr. Cowles was modest. He gave only a hint of the total extent to which
+the mass-communication media have become a controlled propaganda network
+for the Council on Foreign Relations and its inter-connecting agencies.
+
+I doubt that anyone really knows the full extent. My research reveals a
+few of the CFR members who have (or have had) controlling, or extremely
+influential, positions in the publishing and broadcasting industries. My
+list of _CFR members_ in this field is far from complete; and I have not
+tried to compile a list of the thousands of people who are _not_ members
+of the CFR, but who _are_ members of CED, FPA, or of some other CFR
+affiliate--and who also control important channels of public
+communications.
+
+Hence, the following list--of Council on Foreign Relations members whom
+I know to be influential in the communications industries--is intended
+to be indicative, rather than comprehensive and informative:
+
+     Herbert Agar (former Editor, _Louisville Courier-Journal_)
+
+     Hanson W. Baldwin (Military Affairs Editor, _New York Times_)
+
+     Joseph Barnes (Editor-in-Chief, Simon & Schuster, Publishers)
+
+     Elliott V. Bell (Chairman of Executive Committee, McGraw-Hill
+     Publishing Co.; Publisher and Editor of _Business Week_)
+
+     John Mason Brown (Editor, _Saturday Review of Literature_, drama
+     critic, author)
+
+     Cass Canfield (Chairman of the Editorial Board of Harper &
+     Brothers, Publishers)
+
+     Marquis Childs (author, syndicated columnist)
+
+     Norman Cousins (Editor-in-Chief, _Saturday Review of Literature_)
+
+     Gardner Cowles, quoted above from the 1957 CED Annual Report, and
+     John Cowles (They occupy controlling offices in Cowles Magazine
+     Company, which owns such publications as _Look_, _Minneapolis Star
+     and Tribune_, and _Des Moines Register and Tribune_, and which also
+     owns a broadcasting company.)
+
+     Mark Ethridge (Publisher, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Louisville
+     Times_)
+
+     George Gallup (public opinion analyst, Gallup Poll; President,
+     National Municipal League)
+
+     Philip Graham (Publisher, _Washington Post and Times Herald_)
+
+     Allen Grover (Vice President of _Time_, Inc.)
+
+     Joseph C. Harsch (of _The Christian Science Monitor_)
+
+     August Heckscher (Editor, _New York Herald Tribune_)
+
+     Palmer Hoyt (Publisher, _Denver Post_)
+
+     David Lawrence (President and Editor-in-Chief, _U. S. News and
+     World Report_)
+
+     Hal Lehrman (Editor, _New York Post_)
+
+     Irving Levine (NBC news official and commentator)
+
+     Walter Lippmann (author, syndicated columnist)
+
+     Henry R. Luce (Publisher, _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _Sports
+     Illustrated_)
+
+     Malcolm Muir (Chairman of the Board and Editor-in-Chief,
+     _Newsweek_)
+
+     William S. Paley (Chairman of the Board, Columbia Broadcasting
+     System)
+
+     Ogden Reid (former Chairman of the Board, _New York Herald
+     Tribune_)
+
+     Whitelaw Reid (former Editor-in-Chief, _New York Herald Tribune_)
+
+     James B. Reston (Editorial writer, _New York Times_)
+
+     Elmo Roper (public opinion analyst, Roper Poll)
+
+     David Sarnoff (Chairman of the Board, Radio Corporation of
+     America--NBC, RCA Victor, etc.)
+
+     Harry Scherman (founder and Chairman of the Board,
+     Book-of-the-Month Club)
+
+     William L. Shirer (author, news commentator)
+
+     Paul C. Smith (President and Editor-in-Chief, Crowell-Collier
+     Publishing Company)
+
+     Leland Stone (head of News Reporting for Radio Free Europe,
+     _Chicago Daily News_ foreign correspondent)
+
+     Robert Kenneth Straus (former research director for F. D.
+     Roosevelt's Council of Economic Advisers; owner and publisher of
+     the San Fernando, California, _Sun_; largest stockholder and member
+     of Board of Orange Coast Publishing Company, which publishes the
+     _Daily Globe-Herald_ of Costa Mesa, the _Pilot_ and other small
+     newspapers in California; member of group which owns and publishes
+     _American Heritage_ and _Horizon_ magazines; Treasurer and
+     Director of Industrial Publishing Company of Cleveland, which
+     publishes trade magazines)
+
+     Arthur Hayes Sulzberger (Chairman of the Board, _New York Times_)
+
+     C. L. Sulzberger (Editorial writer, _New York Times_)
+
+I do not mean to imply that all of these people are controlled by the
+Council on Foreign Relations, or that they uniformly support the total
+program of international socialism which the Council wants. The Council
+does not _own_ its members: it merely has varying degrees of influence
+on each.
+
+For example, former President Herbert Hoover, a member of the Council,
+has fought eloquently against many basic policies which the Council
+supports. Spruille Braden is another.
+
+Mr. Braden formerly held several important ambassadorial posts and at
+one time was Assistant Secretary of State in charge of American Republic
+Affairs. In recent years, Mr. Braden has given leadership to many
+patriotic organizations and efforts, such as For America and The John
+Birch Society; and, in testimony before various committees of Congress,
+he has given much valuable information about communist influences in the
+State Department.
+
+Mr. Braden joined the Council on Foreign Relations in the late 1920's or
+early 30's, when membership in the Council was a fashionable badge of
+respectability, helpful to the careers of young men in the foreign
+service, in the same way that membership in expensive country clubs and
+similar organizations is considered helpful to the careers of young
+business executives.
+
+Men who know Braden well say that he stayed in the Council after he came
+to realize its responsibility for the policies of disaster which our
+nation has followed in the postwar era--hoping to exert some
+pro-American influence inside the Council.
+
+It apparently was a frustrated hope. There is a story in well-informed
+New York circles about the last time the Council on Foreign Relations
+ever called on Spruille Braden to participate in an important activity.
+Braden was asked to preside over a Council on Foreign Relations meeting
+when the featured speaker was Herbert Matthews (member of the _New York
+Times_ editorial board) whose support of communist Castro in Cuba is
+notorious. It is said that the anti-communist viewpoint which Braden
+tried to inject into this meeting will rather well guarantee against his
+ever being asked to officiate at another CFR affair.
+
+Generally, however, the degree of influence which the CFR exerts upon
+its own members is very high indeed.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Apart from an occasional article or editorial which criticizes some
+aspect of, or some leader in, the socialist revolution in America; and
+despite much rhetoric in praise of "free enterprise" and "the American
+way," such publications as _Time_, _Life_, _Fortune_, _New York Times_,
+_New York Post_, _Louisville Courier-Journal_, _Washington Post and
+Times Herald_, _Saturday Review of Literature_, the _Denver Post_, _The
+Christian Science Monitor_ and _Look_ (I name only those, in the list
+above, which I, personally, have read a great deal.) have not one time
+in the past 15 years spoken editorially against any fundamentally
+important aspect of the over-all governmental policies which are
+dragging this nation into socialism and world government--at least, not
+to my knowledge.
+
+On the contrary, these publications heartily support those policies,
+criticizing them, if at all, only about some detail--or for being too
+timid, small and slow!
+
+In contrast, David Lawrence, of _U. S. News & World Report_, publishes
+fine, objective news-reporting, often featuring articles which factually
+expose the costly fallacies of governmental policy. This is especially
+true of _U. S. News & World Report_ in connection with domestic issues.
+On matters of foreign policy, David Lawrence often goes down the line
+for the internationalist policy--being convinced (as all
+internationalists seem to be) that this is the only policy possible for
+America in the "shrunken world" of the twentieth century.
+
+An intelligent man like David Lawrence--who must see the endless and
+unbroken chain of disasters which the internationalist foreign policy
+has brought to America; and who is thoroughly familiar with the proven
+record of marvelous success which our traditional policy of benign
+neutrality and no-permanent-involvement enjoyed: how can he still feel
+that we are nonetheless inescapably bound to follow the policy of
+disaster? I wish I knew.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 11
+
+INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES
+
+
+
+Members of Congress are not unaware of the far-reaching power of the
+tax-exempt private organization--the CFR; but the power of the Council
+is somewhat indicated by the fact that no committee of Congress has yet
+been powerful enough to investigate it or the foundations with which it
+has interlocking connections and from which it receives its support.
+
+On August 1, 1951, Congressman E. E. Cox (Democrat, Georgia) introduced
+a resolution in the House asking for a Committee to conduct a thorough
+investigation of tax-exempt foundations. Congressman Cox said that some
+of the great foundations,
+
+     "had operated in the field of social reform and international
+     relations (and) many have brought down on themselves harsh and just
+     condemnation."
+
+He named the Rockefeller Foundation,
+
+     "whose funds have been used to finance individuals and
+     organizations whose business it has been to get communism into the
+     private and public schools of the country, to talk down America and
+     to play up Russia."
+
+He cited the Guggenheim Foundation, whose money,
+
+     "was used to spread radicalism throughout the country to an extent
+     not excelled by any other foundation."
+
+He listed the Carnegie Corporation, The Rosenwald Fund, and other
+foundations, saying:
+
+     "There are disquieting evidences that at least a few of the
+     foundations have permitted themselves to be infiltrated by men and
+     women who are disloyal to our American way of life. They should be
+     investigated and exposed to the pitiless light of publicity, and
+     appropriate legislation should be framed to correct the present
+     situation."
+
+Congressman Cox's resolution, proposing an investigation of foundations,
+died in Committee.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On March 10, 1952, Cox introduced the same resolution again. Because he
+had mentioned foundation support for Langston Hughes, a Negro communist,
+Congressman Cox was accused of racial prejudice. Because he had
+criticized the Rosenwald Fund for making grants to known communists, he
+was called anti-semitic. But the Cox resolution was adopted in 1952; and
+the Cox committee to investigate tax-exempt foundations was set up.
+
+Congressman Cox died before the end of the year; and the final report of
+his committee (filed January 1, 1953) was a pathetic whitewash of the
+whole subject.
+
+A Republican-controlled Congress (the 83rd) came into existence in
+January, 1953.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+On April 23, 1953, the late Congressman Carroll Reece, (Republican,
+Tennessee) introduced a resolution proposing a committee to carry on the
+"unfinished business" of the defunct Cox Committee. The new committee to
+investigate tax-exempt foundations (popularly known as the Reece
+Committee) was approved by Congress on July 27, 1953. It went out of
+existence on January 3, 1955, having proven, mainly, that the mammoth
+tax-exempt foundations have such power in the White House, in Congress,
+and in the press that they are quite beyond the reach of a mere
+committee of the Congress of the United States.
+
+If you want to read this whole incredible (and rather terrifying) story,
+I suggest _Foundations_, a book written by Rene A. Wormser who was
+general counsel to the Reece Committee. His book was published in 1958
+by The Devin-Adair Company.
+
+In the final report on Tax-Exempt Foundations, which the late
+Congressman Reece made for his ill-fated Special Committee (Report
+published December 16, 1954, by the Government Printing Office), Mr.
+Reece said:
+
+     "Miss Casey's report (Hearings pp. 877, et seq.) shows clearly the
+     interlock between _The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_,
+     and some of its associated organizations, such as the _Council on
+     Foreign Relations_ and other foundations, with the State
+     Department. Indeed, these foundations and organizations would not
+     dream of denying this interlock. They proudly note it in reports.
+     They have undertaken vital research projects for the Department;
+     virtually created minor departments or groups within the Department
+     for it; supplied advisors and executives from their ranks; fed a
+     constant stream of personnel into the State Department trained by
+     themselves or under programs which they have financed; and have had
+     much to do with the formulation of foreign policy both in principle
+     and detail.
+
+     "They have, to a marked degree, acted as direct agents of the State
+     Department. And they have engaged actively, and with the
+     expenditure of enormous sums, in propagandizing ('educating'?)
+     public opinion in support of the policies which they have helped to
+     formulate....
+
+     "What we see here is a number of large foundations, primarily _The
+     Rockefeller Foundation_, _The Carnegie Corporation of New York_,
+     and the _Carnegie Endowment for International Peace_, using their
+     enormous public funds to finance a one-sided approach to foreign
+     policy and to promote it actively, among the public by propaganda,
+     and in the Government through infiltration. The power to do this
+     comes out of the power of the vast funds employed."
+
+Mr. Reece listed The Council on Foreign Relations, The Institute of
+International Education, The Foreign Policy Association, and The
+Institute of Pacific Relations, as among the interlocking organizations
+which are "agencies of these foundations," and pointed out that research
+and propaganda which does not support the "globalism" (or
+internationalism) to which all of these agencies are dedicated, receive
+little support from the tax-exempt foundations.
+
+I disagree with Mr. Reece here, only in the placing of emphasis. As I
+see it, the foundations (which do finance the vast, complex, and
+powerful interlock of organizations devoted to a socialist one-world
+system) have, nonetheless, become the "agencies" of the principal
+organization which they finance--the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The Reece Committee investigation threw some revealing light on the
+historical blackout which the Council on Foreign Relations has ordered
+and conducted.
+
+Men who run the Council do not want the policies and measures of
+Franklin D. Roosevelt to undergo the critical analysis and objective
+study which exposed the policies of Woodrow Wilson after World War I.
+The Council has decided that the official propaganda of World War II
+must be perpetuated as history and the public protected from learning
+the truth. Hence, the Council sponsors historical works which give the
+socialist-internationalist version of historical events prior to and
+during World War II, while ignoring, or debunking, revisionist studies
+which attempt to tell the truth.
+
+Here is how all of this is put in the 1946 Annual Report of the
+Rockefeller Foundation:
+
+     "The Committee on Studies of the Council on Foreign Relations is
+     concerned that the debunking journalistic campaign following World
+     War I should not be repeated and believes that the American public
+     deserves a clear competent statement of our basic aims and
+     activities during the second World War."
+
+In 1946, the Rockefeller Foundation allotted $139,000 to the cost of a
+two-volume history of World War II, written by William L. Langer, a
+member of the CFR, and S. Everett Gleason. The generous grant was
+supplemented by a gift of $10,000 from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation.
+The Langer-Gleason work was published by Harper and Brothers for the
+Council on Foreign Relations: Volume I in 1952 under the title, _The
+Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_; Volume II in 1953, under the
+title, _The Undeclared War_.
+
+The CFR's stated purpose in bringing out this work was to head off the
+revisionist historians like Charles Callan Tansill, Harry Elmer Barnes,
+Frederic R. Sanborn, George Morgenstern, Frances Neilson. The truth,
+however, is not easy to suppress. Though written by and for the CFR, to
+perpetuate that organization's version of history, the Langer-Gleason
+volumes contain a wealth of information which helps to prove the basic
+thesis of this present volume.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+One thing that the ill-fated Reece Committee found out in 1953-55, when
+trying to investigate the foundations, is that the tax-exempt
+organizations are set up, not for the purpose of doing some good in our
+society, but for the purpose of avoiding the income tax.
+
+Rene A. Wormser, in _Foundation_ says:
+
+     "The chief motivation in the creation of foundations has long
+     ceased to be pure philanthropy--it is now predominantly tax
+     avoidance.... The increasing tax burden on income and estates has
+     greatly accelerated a trend toward creation of foundations as
+     instruments for the retention of control over capital assets that
+     would otherwise be lost....
+
+     "The creation of a new foundation very often serves the purpose of
+     contributing to a favorable public opinion for the person or
+     corporation that endows it...."
+
+The tax-exempt organizations have a vested interest in the oppressive,
+inequitable, and wasteful federal-income-tax system. Tax experts have
+devised, for example, a complicated scheme by which a wealthy man can
+actually save money by giving to tax-exempt organizations.
+
+In short, many of the great philanthropies which buy fame and
+respectability for wealthy individuals, or corporations, are
+tax-avoidance schemes which, every year, add billions to the billions of
+private capital which is thus sterilized. These accumulations of
+tax-exempt billions place a heavier burden on taxpayers. Removing
+billions from taxation, the tax-exempt organizations thus obviously make
+taxpayers pay more in order to produce all that government demands.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The big tax-exempt organizations use their tax-exempt billions to buy
+prestige and power for themselves, and to bludgeon some critics into
+silence. For example, the Ford Foundation established the Fund for the
+Republic with a 15 million dollar grant in 1952--at a time when public
+awareness of the communist danger was seeping into the thinking of
+enough Americans to create a powerful anti-communist movement in this
+country.
+
+By late 1955, the Fund's activities (publicly granting awards to
+fifth-amendment communists and so on) had become so blatant that public
+indignation was rising significantly. Just at the right time, the Ford
+Foundation announced a gift of 500 million dollars to the colleges of
+America.
+
+Newspapers--also beholden in many ways to the big foundations--which
+will not publish news about the foundations' anti-American activities,
+give banner headlines to the lavish benefactions for purposes
+universally believed to be good.
+
+Where will you find a college administration that will not defend the
+Ford Foundation against all critics--if the college has just received,
+or is in line to receive, a million-dollar gift from the Foundation?
+
+How far must you search to find college professors or school teachers
+who will not defend the Foundation which gives 25 million dollars at one
+time, to raise the salaries of professors or school teachers?
+
+Where will you find a plain John Doe citizen who is not favorably
+impressed that the hospitals and colleges in his community have received
+a multi-million dollar gift from a big foundation?
+
+Every significant movement to destroy the American way of life has been
+directed and financed, in whole or in part, by tax-exempt organizations,
+which are entrenched in public opinion as benefactors of our society.
+
+Worst of all: this tremendous power and prestige are in the hands of
+what Rene Wormser calls a special elite--a group of eggheads like Robert
+Hutchins (or worse) who neither understand nor respect the
+profit-motivated economic principles and the great political ideal of
+individual-freedom-under-limited-government which made our nation great.
+
+Overlapping of personnel clearly shows a tight interlock between the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the big foundations.
+
+The following information, concerning assets and officers of
+foundations, all comes from _The Foundation Directory_, prepared by The
+Foundation Library Center and published by the Russell Sage Foundation,
+New York City, 1960.
+
+FORD FOUNDATION: Assets totaling $3,316,000,000.00 (3 billion, 316
+million) on September 30, 1959. The Trustees of the Ford Foundation are:
+Eugene R. Black (CFR); James B. Black; James F. Brownlee; John Cowles
+(CFR); Donald K. David (CFR); Mark F. Ethridge (CFR); Benson Ford; Henry
+Ford II; H. Rowan Gaither, Jr. (CFR); Laurence M. Gould (CFR); Henry T.
+Heald (CFR); Roy E. Larsen; John J. McCloy (CFR); Julius A. Stratton
+(CFR); Charles E. Wyzanski, Jr. (CFR).
+
+Note that of the 15 members of the Board of Trustees, 10 are members of
+the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR).
+
+FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, Santa Barbara, California, a subsidiary of Ford,
+had assets totaling $6,667,022.00 on September 30, 1957. Officers and
+directors: Robert Hutchins; Paul G. Hoffman (CFR); Elmo Roper (CFR);
+George N. Shuster (CFR); Harry S. Ashmore; Bruce Catton; Charles W. Cole
+(CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; William H. Joyce, Jr.; Meyer Kestnbaum (CFR);
+Msgr. Francis Lally; Herbert H. Lehman (CFR); M. Albert Linton; J.
+Howard Marshall; Jubal R. Parten; Alicia Patterson; Mrs. Eleanor B.
+Stevenson; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR).
+
+Note that 7 of the 18 are CFR members.
+
+ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 111 West 50th Street, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $647,694,858.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Dean Rusk (CFR); Barry Bingham;
+Chester Bowles (CFR); Lloyd D. Brace; Richard Bradfield (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Ralph J. Bunche (CFR); John S. Dickey (CFR); Lewis W.
+Douglas (CFR); Lee A. DuBridge; Wallace K. Harrison; Arthur A. Houghton,
+Jr. (CFR); John R. Kimberly (CFR); Robert F. Loeb; Robert A. Lovett
+(CFR); Benjamin M. McKelway; Henry Allen Moe; Henry P. Van Dusen (CFR);
+W. Barry Wood, Jr.
+
+Of the 20, 12 are CFR members.
+
+ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York 20, New York,
+had assets totaling $53,174,210.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Laurence S. Rockefeller; David Rockefeller (CFR); Detlev W.
+Bronk (CFR); Wallace K. Harrison; Abby Rockefeller Mauze; Abby M.
+O'Neill; John D. Rockefeller 3rd (CFR); Nelson A. Rockefeller (CFR);
+Winthrop Rockefeller.
+
+Of the 9, 4 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE CORPORATION OF NEW YORK, 589 Fifth Avenue, New York 17, New
+York, had assets totaling $261,244,471.00 on September 30, 1959.
+Officers and Trustees: John W. Gardner (CFR); Morris Hadley; James A.
+Perkins (CFR); Robert F. Bacher; Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); C. D. Jackson
+(CFR); Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Nicholas Kelley (CFR); Malcolm A.
+MacIntyre (CFR); Margaret Carnegie Miller; Frederick Osborn (CFR);
+Gwilym A. Price; Elihu Root, Jr. (CFR); Frederick Sheffield; Charles
+Spofford (CFR); Charles Allen Thomas.
+
+Of the 16, 10 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, United Nations Plaza & 46th
+Street, New York 17, New York, had a net worth of $22,577,134.00 on June
+30, 1958. Officers and Trustees: Joseph E. Johnson (CFR); Whitney North
+Seymour (CFR); O. Frederick Nolde; Lawrence S. Finkelstein (CFR); Arthur
+K. Watson (CFR); James M. Nicely (CFR); Dillon Anderson (CFR); Charles
+E. Beard; Robert Blum (CFR); Harvey H. Bundy (CFR); David L. Cole;
+Frederick S. Dunn (CFR); Arthur J. Goldberg; Ernest A. Gross (CFR);
+Philip C. Jessup (CFR); Milton Katz (CFR); Grayson L. Kirk (CFR); Mrs.
+Clare Boothe Luce; Charles A. Meyer (CFR); Otto L. Nelson, Jr.; Ellmore
+C. Patterson (CFR); Howard C. Petersen (CFR); Howard P. Robertson; David
+Rockefeller (CFR); W. J. Schieffelin, Jr.; George N. Shuster (CFR).
+
+Of the 26, 18 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, had assets totaling
+$20,043,859.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and Trustees: Carter Davidson
+(CFR); John W. Gardner (CFR); James A. Perkins (CFR); William F.
+Houston; Harvie Branscomb; Arthur H. Dean (CFR); Robert F. Goheen (CFR);
+Laurence M. Gould (CFR); A. Whitney Griswold (CFR); Rufus C. Harris;
+Frederick L. Hovde (CFR); Clark Kerr; Lawrence A. Kimpton; Grayson L.
+Kirk (CFR); Thomas S. Lamont (CFR); Robert A. Lovett (CFR); Howard F.
+Lowry; N. A. M. MacKenzie; Katharine E. McBride; Millicent C. McIntosh;
+John S. Millis (CFR); Franklin D. Murphy (CFR); Nathan M. Pusey (CFR);
+Herman B. Wells (CFR); Logan Wilson; O. Meredith Wilson.
+
+Of the 26, 15 are CFR members.
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 1530 "P" Street, N.W., Washington 5,
+D. C., had assets totaling $80,838,528.00 on June 30, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Caryl P. Haskins (CFR); Walter S. Gifford (CFR); Barklie McKee
+Henry; Robert Woods Bliss (CFR); James F. Bell; General Omar N. Bradley;
+Vannevar Bush; Crawford H. Greenewalt; Alfred L. Loomis (CFR); Robert A.
+Lovett (CFR); Keith S. McHugh; Margaret Carnegie Miller; Henry S. Morgan
+(CFR); Seeley G. Mudd; William I. Myers; Henning W. Prentis, Jr.; Elihu
+Root, Jr. (CFR); Henry R. Shepley; Charles P. Taft; Juan Terry Trippe
+(CFR); James N. White; Robert E. Wilson.
+
+Of the 22, 8 are CFR members.
+
+ALFRED P. SLOAN FOUNDATION, 630 Fifth Avenue, New York 20, New York, had
+assets totaling $175,533,110.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Albert Bradley (CFR); Alfred P. Sloan, Jr. (CFR); Raymond P.
+Sloan; Arnold J. Zurcher (CFR); Frank W. Abrams; Henry C. Alexander
+(CFR); Walter S. Carpenter, Jr. (CFR); General Lucius D. Clay (CFR);
+John L. Collyer (CFR); Lewis W. Douglas (CFR); Frank A. Howard;
+Devereux C. Josephs (CFR); Mervin J. Kelly (CFR); James R. Killian, Jr.
+(CFR); Laurence S. Rockefeller; George Whitney (CFR).
+
+Of the 16, 12 are CFR members.
+
+THE COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 5500 Maspeth Avenue, New York 78, New
+York, had assets totaling $119,904,614.00 on June 30, 1959. Officers and
+Trustees: Malcolm P. Aldrich; John A. Gifford; Leo D. Welch (CFR);
+George P. Berry; Roger M. Blough (CFR); Harry P. Davison (CFR); Harold
+B. Hoskins; J. Quigg Newton (CFR); William E. Stevenson (CFR); Henry C.
+Taylor.
+
+Of the 10, 6 are CFR members.
+
+TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, INC., 41 East 70th Street, New York 3, New York,
+had assets totaling $17,522,441.00 on December 31, 1958. Officers and
+Trustees: Adolf A. Berle, Jr. (CFR); Francis Biddle (CFR); August
+Heckscher (CFR); Hans Christian Sonne (CFR); Morris B. Abram; Arthur F.
+Burns (CFR); Erwin D. Canham (CFR); Evans Clark (CFR); Benjamin V. Cohen
+(CFR); Wallace K. Harrison (CFR); David E. Lilienthal (CFR); Robert S.
+Lynd; James G. McDonald (CFR); J. Robert Oppenheimer (CFR); Edmund
+Orgill; James H. Rowe, Jr.; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (CFR); Herman W.
+Steinkraus; Charles P. Taft; W. W. Waymack.
+
+Of the 20, 13 are CFR members.
+
+
+
+
+Chapter 12
+
+WHY? WHAT CAN WE DO?
+
+
+
+Claiming to believe in the high destiny of America as a world-leader,
+our invisible government urges timid policies of appeasement and
+surrender which make America a world whipping-boy rather than a world
+leader. Claiming to believe in the dignity and worth of the human
+individual, the modern liberals who run our invisible government urge an
+ever-growing welfare-state which is destroying individualism--which has
+already so weakened the American sense of personal responsibility that
+crime rates have increased 98 percent in our land during the past ten
+years.
+
+Why? Why do prominent Americans support programs which are so harmful?
+It is a difficult question to answer.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Somewhere at the top of the pyramid in the invisible government are a
+few sinister people who know exactly what they are doing: they want
+America to become part of a worldwide socialist dictatorship, under the
+control of the Kremlin.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some may actually dislike communists, but feel that one-world socialism
+is desirable and inevitable. They are working with a sense of urgency
+for a "benign" world socialist dictatorship to forestall the Kremlin
+from imposing its brand of world dictatorship by force.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Some leaders in the invisible government are brilliant and power-hungry
+men who feel that the masses are unable to govern themselves and who
+want to set up a great dictatorship which will give them power to
+arrange things for the masses.
+
+The leadership of the invisible government doubtless rests in the hands
+of a sinister or power-hungry few; but its real strength is in the
+thousands of Americans who have been drawn into the web for other
+reasons. Many, if not most, of these are status-seekers.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+When you are a rising junior executive, or a man of any age looking for
+good business and social connections, it seems good to go to a luncheon
+where you can sit at the head table and call leaders of the community by
+their first names. Most of the propaganda agencies affiliated with the
+Council on Foreign Relations provide such opportunities for members.
+
+A businessman enjoys coming home from a black-tie affair in New York or
+Washington where he and a few other "chosen" men have been given a
+"confidential, off-the-record briefing" by some high governmental
+official. The Council on Foreign Relations provides such experiences for
+officials of companies which contribute money to the CFR.
+
+This status-seeking is a way of life for thousands of American
+businessmen. Some of them would not give it up even if they knew their
+activities were supporting the socialist revolution, although at heart
+they are opposed to socialism. Most of them, however, would withdraw
+from the Foreign Policy Association, and the World Affairs Councils, and
+the Committee for Economic Development, and the American Association for
+the UN, and the National Conference of Christians and Jews, and the
+Advertising Council, and similar organizations, if they were educated to
+an understanding of what their membership in such organizations really
+means.
+
+The job of every American who knows and cares is to make sure that all
+of the people in the invisible government network know exactly what they
+are doing.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But beyond that, what can we do? What can we Americans do about the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its countless tentacles of power and
+money and influence and propaganda which are wrapped around all the
+levers of political power in Washington; which reach into the schools
+and churches and respected civic organizations of America; which control
+major media of communications; which are insinuated into controlling
+positions in the big unions; and which even have a grip on the prestige
+and money of major American corporations?
+
+It is often suggested that investigation by the FBI might be the answer.
+
+For example, after the March-April Term (1960) Grand Jury in Fulton
+County, Georgia, condemned Foreign Policy Association literature as
+"insidious and subversive" and the American Legion Post published _The
+Truth About The Foreign Policy Association_ to document the Grand Jury's
+findings (see Chapter V), supporters of the Foreign Policy Association
+denounced the legionnaires, saying, in effect, that if there were a need
+to investigate the FPA, the investigation should be done in proper,
+legal manner by trained FBI professionals and not by "vigilantes" and
+"amateurs" and "bigoted ignoramuses" on some committee of an American
+Legion Post.
+
+This is an effective propaganda technique. It gives many the idea that
+the organization under criticism has nothing to hide and is willing to
+have all its activities thoroughly investigated, if the investigation is
+conducted properly and decently.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But the fact is that the FBI has no jurisdiction to investigate the kind
+of activities engaged in by the Foreign Policy Association and its
+related and affiliated organizations. The Foreign Policy Association is
+not a _communist_ organization. If it were, it could be handled easily.
+The Attorney General and the committees of Congress could simply post it
+as a communist organization. Then, it would receive support only from
+people who are conscious instruments of the communist conspiracy; and
+there are not, relatively, very many of those in the United States.
+
+The FPA's Councils on World Affairs are supported by patriotic community
+leaders. Yet, these Councils have done more than all _communists_ have
+ever managed to do, in brainwashing the American people with propaganda
+_for_ governmental intervention in the economic affairs of the people,
+and _for_ endless permanent entanglement in the affairs of foreign
+nations--thus preparing this nation _for_ submergence in a one-world
+socialist system, which is the objective of communism.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Inasmuch as the invisible government is composed of organizations which
+enjoy the special privilege of federal tax-exemption (a privilege seldom
+given to organizations advocating return to traditional American
+policies) it is often suggested that public pressures might persuade the
+Treasury Department to withdraw the tax-exempt privilege from these
+organizations.
+
+How could the Treasury Department ever be persuaded to take action
+against the Council on Foreign Relations, when the Council controls the
+Department? Douglas Dillon, Secretary of the Treasury, is a member of
+the CFR.
+
+It is impractical to think of getting Treasury Department action against
+the CFR. Moreover, such a solution to the problem could be dangerous.
+
+A governmental agency which has limitless power to withdraw special
+tax-privileges must also have limitless power to grant special
+privileges. The Treasury Department could destroy all of the
+organizations composing the invisible government interlock by the simple
+action of withdrawing the tax-exempt privilege, thus drying up major
+sources of revenue. But the Treasury Department could then create
+another Frankenstein monster by giving tax-exemption to other
+organizations.
+
+It is often suggested that some congressional committee investigate the
+Council on Foreign Relations and the network of organizations
+interlocked with it.
+
+Yet, as we have seen, two different committees of Congress--one
+Democrat-controlled and one Republican-controlled--_have tried_ to
+investigate the big tax-exempt foundations which are interlocked with,
+and controlled by, and provide the primary source of revenue for, the
+Council on Foreign Relations and its affiliates.
+
+Both committees were gutted with ridicule and vicious denunciation, not
+just by the official communist party press, but by internationalists in
+the Congress, by spokesmen for the executive branch of government, and
+by big respected publishing and broadcasting firms which are a part of
+the controlled propaganda network of the Council on Foreign Relations.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+The invisible government is not, however, beyond the reach of the whole
+Congress, _if_ the Congress has the spur and support of an informed
+public.
+
+Our only hope lies in the Congress which _is_ responsive to public will,
+when that will is fully and insistently expressed.
+
+Every time I suggest that aroused citizens write their Congressmen and
+Senators, I get complaints from people who say they have been writing
+for years and that it does no good.
+
+Yet, remember the Connally Reservation issue in January, 1960. The
+Humphrey Resolution (to repeal the Connally Reservation and thus permit
+the World Court to assume unlimited jurisdiction over American affairs)
+was before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. The Chairman of this
+Committee was J. William Fulbright (Democrat, Arkansas) a Rhodes-scholar
+internationalist, determined to repeal the Connally Reservation. Leaders
+in Congress and in the Administration were determined to repeal the
+Connally Reservation, and so was the invisible government of the United
+States--which means that the vast thought-controlling machine of the CFR
+(radio and television networks; major newspapers and magazines; and an
+imposing array of civic, church, professional, and "educational"
+organizations) had been in high gear for many months, saturating the
+public with "world-peace-through-world-law" propaganda intended to shame
+and scare the public into accepting repeal of the Connally Reservation.
+
+But word got out, and the American public positively Stunned Congress
+with protests. Fulbright let the resolution die in committee.
+
+The expression of public will was massive and explosive in connection
+with the Connally Reservation, whereas in connection with many other
+equally important issues, the public seems indifferent. The reason is
+that the Connally Reservation is a simple issue. It is easy for a voter
+to write or wire his elected representatives saying, "Let's keep the
+Connally Reservation"; or, "If you vote for repeal of the Connally
+Reservation, I'll vote against you."
+
+What kind of wire or letter can a voter send his elected representatives
+concerning the bigger and more important issue which I have labeled
+"Invisible Government"?
+
+The ultimate solution lies in many sweeping and profound changes in the
+policies of government, which cannot be effected until a great many more
+Americans have learned a great deal more about the American
+constitutional system than they know now.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+But there is certain action which the people could demand of Congress
+immediately; and every Congressman and Senator who refuses to support
+such action could be voted out of office the next time he stands for
+re-election.
+
+     1. We should demand that Congress amend the Internal Revenue Code
+     in such a way that no agency of the executive branch of government
+     will have the power to grant federal tax-exemption. The
+     Constitution gives the power of _taxation_ only to the Congress.
+     Hence, only Congress should have the power to grant _exemption_
+     from taxation.
+
+Instead of permitting the Internal Revenue Service of the Treasury
+Department to decide whether a foundation or any other organization
+shall have federal tax-exemption, Congress should exercise this power,
+fully publicizing and frequently reviewing all grants of tax-exemption.
+
+     2. In addition to demanding that Congress take the power of
+     granting and withholding federal tax-exemption away from the
+     executive agencies, voters should demand that the House of
+     Representatives form a special committee to investigate the Council
+     on Foreign Relations and its associated foundations and other
+     organizations.
+
+The investigation should be conducted for the same purpose that the
+great McCarran investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations was
+conducted--that is, to identify the people and organizations involved
+and to provide an authentic record, of the invisible government's aims
+and programs, and personnel, for the public to see and study. Such an
+investigation, if properly conducted, would thoroughly discredit the
+invisible government in the eyes of the American people.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+There is, however, only _one sure_ and _final_ way to stop this great
+and growing evil--and that is to cut it out as if it were cancerous,
+which it is. The only way to cut it out is to eliminate the income-tax
+system which spawned it.
+
+The federal income-tax system suckles the forces which are destroying
+our free and independent republic. Abolish the system, and the sucklings
+will die of starvation.
+
+That is the ultimate remedy, but before we can compel Congress to
+provide this remedy, we must have an educated electorate. The problem of
+educating the public is great--not because of the inability of the
+people to understand, but because of the difficulty of reaching them
+with the freedom story.
+
+If the federal government, during the 1962 fiscal year, had not
+collected one penny in tax on personal incomes, the government would
+still have had more tax revenue from other sources than the _total_ of
+what Harry Truman collected in his most extravagant peacetime spending
+year. Every American, who knows that, can readily understand the
+possibility and the necessity of repealing the federal tax on personal
+incomes. But how many Americans know those simple facts? The job of
+everyone who knows and cares is to get such facts to others.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Even if we did take action to divest the Council on Foreign Relations
+and its powerful interlock of control over our government; and even if
+we did reverse the policies which are now dragging us into a one-world
+socialist dictatorship--what would we do about some of the dangerous
+messes which our policies already have us involved in? What, for
+example, could we do about Cuba? About Berlin?
+
+In some ways, the policies of our invisible government have taken us
+beyond the point of no return. Consider the problem of Cuba. Armed
+intervention in the affairs of another nation violates the principles of
+the traditional American policy of benign neutrality, to which I think
+our nation should return. Yet, our intervention in Cuban affairs (on the
+side of communism) has produced such a dangerous condition that we
+should now intervene with armed might in the interest of our own
+survival.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+For sixteen years, we have seen the disastrous fallacy of trying to
+handle the foreign affairs of our great nation through international
+agencies. This leaves us without a policy of our own, and makes it
+impossible for us to take any action in our own interest or against the
+interests of communism, because communists have more actual votes, and
+infinitely more influence, in all the international agencies than we
+have. At the same time, our enemies, the communist nations, set and
+follow their own policies, contemptuously ignoring the international
+agencies which hamstring America and bleed American taxpayers for
+subsidies to our mortal enemies.
+
+America must do two things soon if she expects to survive as a free and
+independent nation:
+
+(1) We must withdraw from membership in all international, governmental,
+or quasi-governmental, organizations--including, specifically, the World
+Court, the United Nations, and all UN specialized agencies. (2) We must
+act vigorously, unilaterally, and quickly, to protect vital American
+security interests in the Western Hemisphere--particularly in Cuba.
+
+We have already passed the time when we can act in Cuba easily and at no
+risk; but if we have any sane, manly concern for protecting the vital
+security of the American nation and the lives and property of United
+States citizens, we had better do the only thing left for us to do: send
+overwhelming American military force to take Cuba over quickly, and keep
+it under American military occupation, as beneficently as possible,
+until the Cuban people can hold free elections to select their own
+government.
+
+The other nations of the world would scream; but they would,
+nonetheless, respect us. Such action in our own interests is the only
+thing that will restore our "prestige" in the world--and restore
+American military security in the Western Hemisphere.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+What should we do about Berlin?
+
+The Berlin problem must be solved soon, because it is too effectively
+serving the purpose for which it was created in the first place: to
+justify whatever programs the various governments involved want to
+pursue.
+
+It sometimes looks as if the Kremlin and Washington officialdom are
+working hand-in-glove to deceive the people of both nations, turning the
+Berlin "crisis" on and off to cover up failures and to provide excuses
+for more adventures.
+
+Berlin will cause a world war only when the United States is willing to
+go to war with the Soviet Union to free Berlin from the trap it is in.
+If we won't defend our own vital interests against the aggressive and
+arrogant actions of communists 90 miles from our shores, what would
+prompt us to cross the ocean and defend Germans from communists?
+
+The cold fact of the matter is that we should not defend Berlin. This is
+a job for Germans, not Americans.
+
+The Germans are an able and prosperous people. They are capable of
+fighting their own war, if war is necessary to protect them from
+communism.
+
+It is inaccurate to refer to the eastern part of Germany as "communist
+Germany." That part of Germany is under communist enslavement; but the
+Germans who live there probably hate communists more than any other
+people on earth do.
+
+The uprisings of 1953, and the endless stream of refugees fleeing from
+the communist zone in Germany, are proof enough that the communists
+could not hold East Germany without the presence of Soviet troops.
+
+There is enough hunger and poverty and hatred of communism in eastern
+Germany to justify the conclusion that even Khrushchev knows he has a
+bear by the tail there. If we would do our part, Khrushchev would either
+turn loose and run; or the bear would pull loose and destroy Khrushchev.
+
+What part should we play? We should do exactly what the President and
+the State Department assure the world they will not do: we should
+present the Soviets with a _fait accompli_, and an ultimatum.
+
+We should call an immediate conference with the governments of France,
+England, and West Germany to explain that America has devoted 16 years
+and many billions of dollars to rehabilitating and defending western
+Europe; that Europe is now in many ways more soundly prosperous than we
+are; that the 180 million Americans can no longer be expected to ruin
+their own economy and neglect the defense of their own homeland for the
+purpose of assisting and defending the 225 million people of Western
+Europe; and that, therefore, we are through.
+
+We have no need, at home, for all of the vast stores of military
+equipment which we now have in Europe for the defense of Europe. What we
+do not need for the defense of our homeland, we should offer as a gift
+to West Germany, since we produced the material in the first place for
+the purpose of resisting communism, and since the West Germans are the
+only people in Western Europe who apparently want to resist it.
+
+We should give the West Germans (and the other western powers) six
+months to train whatever manpower they want for manning their own
+defenses. At the end of that time, we should pull out and devote
+ourselves to defending America.
+
+With or without the consent of France and England, we should sign a
+peace treaty with the government of Western Germany, recognizing it as
+the lawful government of all Germany and imposing no restrictions on the
+sovereignty of Germany--that is, leaving Germany free to arm as it
+pleases.
+
+Immediately following the signing of this treaty, we should announce to
+the world that, when we pull out of Europe at the end of six months, we
+expect the Soviets to pull out of Germany entirely. If, within one week
+after we effect our withdrawal, the Soviets are not out--or if they
+later come back in, against the wishes of the German nation--we should
+break off diplomatic relations with _all_ communist countries; deny all
+representatives of all communist nations access to United Nations
+headquarters which are on United States soil; and exert maximum
+pressures throughout the world to isolate all communist countries,
+economically and diplomatically, from all non-communist countries.
+
+That is an _American_ plan, which would solve the German "problem" in
+the interests of peace and freedom.
+
+       *       *       *       *       *
+
+Many Americans, who see what the solution to our grave problems ought to
+be, have lost hope that we will ever achieve such solution, because, in
+the end, the solution rests with the people.
+
+It is the people who must compel their elected representatives to make a
+thorough investigation of the Council on Foreign Relations and its
+interlock.
+
+It is the people who must compel Congress to deny administrative
+Agencies of government the unconstitutional power of granting
+tax-exemption.
+
+It is the people who must compel Congress to submit a constitutional
+amendment calling for repeal of the income tax amendment.
+
+It is the people who must compel Washington officialdom to do what is
+right and best for America in foreign affairs, especially in Cuba and
+Berlin.
+
+Many Americans are in despair because they feel that the people will
+never do these things. These pessimists seem to share the late Harry
+Hopkins' conviction that the American people are too dumb to think.
+
+I do not believe it. I subscribe to the marvelous doctrine of Thomas
+Jefferson, who said:
+
+     "I know no safe depository of the ultimate powers of society but
+     the people themselves; and if we think them not enlightened enough
+     to exercise their control with a wholesome discretion, the remedy
+     is not to take it from them, but to inform their discretion by
+     education."
+
+
+
+
+Appendix
+
+COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
+
+
+
+This roster of membership is from the 1960-61 Annual Report of the CFR.
+
+
+
+_Directors_
+
+
+Frank Altschul 1984-
+Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928-
+Elliott V. Bell 1953-
+Isaiah Bowman 1921-1950
+William A. M. Burden 1945-
+Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921-1928
+Paul D. Cravath 1921-1940
+John W. Davis 1921-1955
+Norman H. Davis 1921-1944
+Arthur H. Dean 1955-
+Harold W. Dodds 1935-1943
+Lewis W. Douglas 1940-
+Stephen P. Duggan 1921-1950
+Allen W. Dulles 1927-
+Thomas K. Finletter 1944-
+John H. Finley 1921-1929
+William C. Foster 1959-
+Leon Fraser 1936-1945
+Edwin F. Gay 1921-1945
+W. Averell Harrman 1950-1955
+Caryl P. Haskins 1961-
+David F. Houston 1921-1927
+Charles P. Howland 1929-1931
+Clarence E. Hunter 1942-1953
+Philip C. Jessup 1934-1942
+Joseph E. Johnson 1950-
+Devereux C. Josephs 1951-1958
+Otto H. Kahn 1921-1934
+Grayson L. Kirk 1950-
+R. C. Leffingwell 1927-1960
+Walter Lippman 1932-1937
+Walter H. Mallory 1945, 1951-
+George O. May 1927-1953
+John J. McCloy 1953-
+Wesley C. Mitchell 1927-1934
+Frank L. Polk 1921-1943
+Philip D. Reed 1945-
+Winfield W. Riefler 1945-1950
+David Rockefeller 1949-
+Whitney H. Shepardson 1921-
+William R. Shepherd 1921-1927
+Charles M. Spofford 1955-
+Adlai E. Stevenson 1958-
+Myron C. Taylor 1943-1959
+Paul M. Warburg 1921-1932
+Edward Warner 1940-1945
+George W. Wickersham 1921-1936
+John H. Williams 1937-
+Clarence M. Woolley 1932-1935
+Henry M. Wriston 1943-
+Owen D. Young 1927-1940
+
+
+
+_Resident Members_
+
+
+Albrecht-Carrie, Rene
+Aldrich, Winthrop W.
+Alexander, Archibald S.
+Alexander, Henry C.
+Alexander, Robert J.
+Allan, F. Aley
+Allen, Charles E.
+Allen, Philip E.
+Alley, James B.
+Allport, Alexander W.
+Alpern, Alan N.
+Altschul, Arthur G.
+Altschul, Frank
+Ames, Amyas
+Ammidon, Hoyt
+Anderson, Arthur M.
+Anderson, Harold F.
+Anderson, Robert B.
+Angell, James W.
+Armour, Norman
+Armstrong, Hamilton Fish
+Ascoli, Max
+Aubrey, Henry G.
+Ault, Bromwell
+
+Backer, George
+Baker, Edgar R.
+Baldwin, Hanson W.
+Bancroft, Harding F.
+Barber, Charles F.
+Barber, Joseph
+Barker, Robert R.
+Barkin, Solomon
+Barnes, Joseph
+Barnett, A. Doak
+Barnett, Frank R.
+Barrett, Edward W.
+Bastedo, Philip
+Baumer, William H.
+Baxter, James P., 3rd
+Beal, Gerald F.
+Beckhart, Benjamin H.
+Bedard, Pierre
+Beebe, Frederick S.
+Bell, Elliott V.
+Bennett, John C.
+Benton, William B.
+Beplat, Tristan E.
+Berle, Adolf A., Jr.
+Bessie, Simon Michael
+Bevis, Herman W.
+Bidwell, Percy W.
+Bienstock, Abraham L.
+Bingham, Jonathan B.
+Black, Peter
+Blair, Floyd G.
+Blake, Robert O.
+Blough, Roger M.
+Blough, Roy
+Blum, John A.
+Boardman, Arthur G., Jr.
+Bogdan, Norbert A.
+Bolte, Charles G.
+Bonsal, Dudley B.
+Boorman, Howard L.
+Boyd, Hugh N.
+Braden, Spruille
+Bradford, Amory H.
+Bramstedt, W. F.
+Braxton, Carter M.
+Breck, Henry C.
+Brinckeroff, Charles M.
+Brittenham, Raymond L.
+Bronk, Detlev W.
+Brown, Courtney C.
+Brown, Francis
+Brown, John Mason
+Brown, Walter L.
+Brownell, George A.
+Brownell, Lincoln C.
+Bruce, James
+Brzezinski, Zbigniew
+Bullock, Hugh
+Bunche, Ralph J.
+Bunker, Arthur H.
+Bunker, Ellsworth
+Bunnell, C. Sterling
+Burden, William A. M.
+Burgess, Carter L.
+Burkhardt, Frederick
+Burns, Arthur F.
+Bush, Donald F.
+Butler, William F.
+Buttenwieser, Benjamin J.
+
+Cain, Charles, Jr.
+Calder, Alexander, Jr.
+Calhoun, Alexander D.
+Campbell, H. Donald
+Campbell, John C.
+Canfield, Cass
+Carey, Andrew G.
+Carpenter, George W.
+Carroll, Mitchell B.
+Carson, Ralph M.
+Case, James H., Jr.
+Case, John C.
+Cattier, Jean
+Chadbourne, William M.
+Champion, George
+Chase, W. Howard
+Cheney, Ward
+Childs, Thomas W.
+Christie, Lansdell K.
+Chubb, Percy, 2nd
+Church, Edgar M.
+Clapp, Gordon R.
+Clark, Brig. Gen. Edwin N.
+Clark, James F.
+Clay, Gen. Lucius D.
+Clinchy, Everett R.
+Coffin, Edmund
+Cohen, Jerome B.
+Collado, Emilio G.
+Collings, L. V.
+Collingwood, Charles P.
+Colwell, Kent G.
+Conant, James B.
+Conant, Melvin
+Cook, Howard A.
+Coombs, Charles A.
+Cooper, Franklin S.
+Cordier, Andrew W.
+Cousins, Norman
+Cowan, L. Gray
+Cowles, Gardner
+Cox, Charles R.
+Creel, Dana S.
+Cummings, Robert L., Jr.
+Cusick, Peter
+
+Dallin, Alexander
+Danner, Arthur V.
+Darrell, Norris
+Daum, Earl C.
+Davenport, John
+Davis, Norman P.
+Davison, W. Phillips
+Dean, Arthur H.
+Debevoise, Eli Whitney
+De Lima, Oscar A.
+De Vegh, Imrie
+De Vries, Henry P.
+Dewey, Thomas E.
+D'Harnoncourt, Rene
+Diebold, William, Jr.
+Dillon, Clarence
+Dilworth, J. Richardson
+Dodge, Cleveland E.
+Donner, Frederick G.
+Donovan, Hedley
+Dorr, Goldthwaite H.
+Dorwin, Oscar John
+Douglas, Lewis W.
+Douglas, Percy L.
+Dryfoos, Orvil E.
+Dubinsky, David
+DuBois, J. Delafield
+Durdin, Tillman
+
+Eagle, Vernon A.
+Eaton, Fredrick M.
+Eberstadt, Ferdinand
+Edelman, Albert I.
+Eder, Phanor J.
+Eichelberger, Clark M.
+Elliott, L. W.
+Emmet, Christopher
+Engel, Irving M.
+Ernst, Albert E.
+Erpf, Armand G.
+Evans, Roger F.
+Eveleth, George S., Jr.
+Ewing, Sherman
+Ewing, William, Jr.
+Exter, John
+
+Fahs, Charles B.
+Field, William Osgood, Jr.
+Fischer, John S.
+Fisher, Henry J.
+Fleck, G. Peter
+Fleischmann, Manly
+Florinsky, Michael T.
+Ford, Nevil
+Forkner, Claude E.
+Forrestal, Michael V.
+Fosdick, Raymond B.
+Fox, Joseph C.
+Fox, William T. R.
+Foye, Arthur B.
+Franklin, George S., Jr.
+Franklin, John M.
+Freedman, Emanuel R.
+French, John
+Freudenthal, David M.
+Friele, Berent
+Friendly, Henry J.
+Fry, Varian
+Fuerbringer, Otto
+Fuller, C. Dale
+Fuller, Robert G.
+
+Galantiere, Lewis
+Gallatin, James P.
+Gamble, Sidney D.
+Gant, George F.
+Gardner, John W.
+Garretson, Albert H.
+Garrison, Lloyd K.
+Gaston, George A.
+Gates, Samuel E.
+Gates, Thomas S.
+Gay, Edward R.
+Geneen, Harold S.
+Gevers, Max E.
+Gibney, Frank B.
+Gideonse, Harry D.
+Gifford, Walter S.
+Gillespie, S. Hazard, Jr.
+Gilpatric, Chadbourne
+Golden, William T.
+Goldsmith, Arthur
+Goldstone, Harmon H.
+Goodrich, Leland M.
+Gordon, Albert H.
+Goss, James H.
+Grace, J. P., Jr.
+Graff, Robert D.
+Gray, William Latimer
+Gray, William Steele
+Grazier, Joseph A.
+Griffith, Thomas
+Grimm, Peter
+Grondahl, Teg C.
+Gross, Ernest A.
+Grover, Allen
+Guggenheim, Harry F.
+Gunther, John
+Gurfein, Murray I.
+
+Haight, George W.
+Hall, Perry E.
+Hamilton, Thomas J.
+Hamlin, Chauncey J.
+Hammond, Capt. Paul
+Hance, William A.
+Hanes, John W., Jr.
+Harrar, J. G.
+Harriman, E. Roland
+Hasler, Frederick E.
+Hauge, Gabriel
+Hayes, Alfred
+Hazard, John N.
+Heald, Henry T.
+Heckscher, August
+Heineman, Dannie N.
+Henderson, William
+Herod, W. Rogers
+Herring, Pendleton
+Herzog, Paul M.
+Hess, Jerome S.
+Hill, Forrest F.
+Hill, James T. Jr.
+Hill, John A.
+Hills, Robert C.
+Hirschman, Albert O.
+Hochschild, Harold K.
+Hochschild, Walter
+Hoglund, Elis S.
+Hoguet, Robert L., Jr.
+Hohenberg, John
+Holland, Henry F.
+Holland, Kenneth
+Holman, Eugene
+Holst, Willem
+Holt, L. Emmett, Jr.
+Homer, Sidney, Jr.
+Hoopes, Townsend
+Hoover, Lyman
+Horn, Garfield H.
+Horton, Philip
+Hottelet, Richard C.
+Houghton, Arthur A., Jr.
+Houston, Frank K.
+Howard, John B.
+Howe, John
+Hughes, Emmet John
+Hughes, John Chambers
+Humphreys, H. E., Jr.
+Hupper, Roscoe H.
+Hurewitz, J. C.
+Hyde, Henry B.
+Hyde, James N.
+
+Ide, John J.
+Inglis, John B.
+Irwin, John N., 2nd
+Iselin, O'Donnell
+
+Jackson, C. D.
+Jackson, William E.
+James, George F.
+Jaretzki, Alfred, Jr.
+Jay, Nelson Dean
+Jessup, Alpheus W.
+Jessup, John K.
+Johnson, Edward F.
+Johnson, Howard C.
+Johnson, Joseph E.
+Jones, David J.
+Jones, W. Alton
+Josephs, Devereux C.
+Joubert, Richard Cheney
+
+Kaminer, Peter H.
+Kane, R. Keith
+Kappel, Frederick E.
+Keezer, Dexter Merriam
+Keiser, David M.
+Kelley, Nicholas
+Kenney, F. Donald
+Kern, Harry F.
+Kettaneh, Francis A.
+Keyser, Paul V., Jr.
+Kiaer, Herman S.
+King, Frederic R.
+Kirk, Adm. Alan G.
+Kirk, Grayson L.
+Klots, Allen T.
+Knoke, L. Werner
+Knoppers, Antonie T.
+Knowles, John Ellis
+Knox, William E.
+Koenig, Robert P.
+Kohn, Hans
+Kraft, Joseph
+
+Lada-Mocarski, V.
+La Farge, Francis W.
+Lamb, Horace R.
+Lamont, Peter T.
+Lamont, Thomas S.
+Lang, Robert E.
+Larmon, Sigurd S.
+LaRoche, Chester J.
+Laukhuff, Perry
+LeBaron, Eugene
+Lee, Elliott H.
+Lehman, Herbert H.
+Lehman, Orin
+Lehman, Robert
+Lehrman, Hal
+Leich, John F.
+Leonard, James G.
+Leroy, Norbert G.
+Leslie, John C.
+Levy, Walter J.
+Lewis, Roger
+Lewisohn, Frank
+Lieberman, Henry R.
+Lightner, M. C.
+Lilienthal, David E.
+Lindquist, Warren T.
+Lissitzyn, Oliver J.
+Lockwood, John E.
+Lockwood, Mancie deF., 3rd
+Lockwood, William A.
+Lodge, Henry Cabot
+Loeb, John L.
+Logan, Sheridan A.
+Loomis, Alfred L.
+Loos, Rev. A. William
+Loucks, Harold H.
+Lounsbury, Robert H.
+Lubin, Isador
+Luce, Henry R.
+Ludt, R. E.
+Luitweiler, J. C.
+Lunning, Just
+Lyford, Joseph P.
+
+McCance, Thomas
+McCarthy, John G.
+McCloy, John J.
+McDaniel, Joseph M., Jr.
+McDonald, James G.
+McGraw, James H., Jr.
+McKeever, Porter
+McLean, Donald H., Jr.
+MacDuffie, Marshall
+MacEachron, David W.
+MacIntyre, Malcolm A.
+MacIver, Murdoch
+MacVeagh, Ewen Cameron
+Maffry, August
+Maguire, Walter N.
+Malin, Patrick Murphy
+Mallory, Walter H.
+Mark, Rev. Julius
+Markel, Lester
+Martino, Joseph A.
+Marvel, William W.
+Masten, John E.
+Mathews, Edward J.
+Mattison, Graham D.
+May, A. Wilfred
+May, Stacy
+Menke, John R.
+Merz, Charles
+Metzger, Herman A.
+Mickelson, Sig
+Midtbo, Harold
+Millar, D. G.
+Millard, Mark J.
+Miller, Edward G., Jr.
+Miller, Paul R., Jr.
+Miller, William J.
+Millis, Walter
+Mills, Bradford
+Minor, Clark H.
+Mitchell, Don G.
+Mitchell, Sidney A.
+Model, Leo
+Monaghan, Thomas E.
+Moore, Ben T.
+Moore, Edward F.
+Moore, George S.
+Moore, Maurice T.
+Moore, William T.
+Morgan, Cecil
+Morgan, D. P.
+Morgan, Henry S.
+Morris, Grinnell
+Mosely, Philip E.
+Muir, Malcolm
+Munroe, Vernon, Jr.
+Munyan, Winthrop R.
+Murdin, Forrest D.
+Murphy, Grayson M-P.
+Murphy, J. Morden
+
+Nason, John W.
+Neal, Alfred C.
+Nebolsine, George
+Nicely, James M.
+Nichols, Thomas S.
+Nichols, William I.
+Nickerson, A. L.
+Nielsen, Waldemar A.
+Nolte, Richard H.
+Northrop, Johnston F.
+Notestein, Frank W.
+Noyes, Charles Phelps
+
+Oakes, John B.
+O'Brien, Justin
+O'Connor, Roderic L.
+Ogden, Alfred
+Olds, Irving Sands
+Oppenheimer, Fritz E.
+Osborn, Earl D.
+Osborn, Frederick H.
+Osborn, William H.
+Osborne, Stanley de J.
+Ostrander, F. Taylor, Jr.
+Overby, Andrew N.
+Overton, Douglas W.
+
+Pace, Frank, Jr.
+Page, Howard W.
+Page, John H.
+Page, Robert G.
+Pagnamenta, G.
+Paley, William S.
+Parker, Philo W.
+Patterson, Ellmore C.
+Patterson, Frederick D.
+Patterson, Morehead
+Patterson, Richard C., Jr.
+Payne, Frederick B.
+Payne, Samuel B.
+Payson, Charles Shipman
+Peardon, Thomas P.
+Peffer, Nathaniel
+Pennoyer, Paul G.
+Peretz, Don
+Perkins, James A.
+Perkins, Roswell B.
+Peters, C. Brooks
+Petersen, Gustav H.
+Petschek, Stephen R.
+Phillips, Christopher H.
+Pierce, William C.
+Pierson, Warren Lee
+Pifer, Alan
+Pike, H. Harvey
+Plimpton, Francis T. P.
+Poletti, Charles
+Polk, Judd
+Poor, Henry V.
+Potter, Robert S.
+Powers, Joshua B.
+Pratt, H. Irving, Jr.
+Proudfit, Arthur T.
+
+Quigg, Philip W.
+
+Rabi, Isidor I.
+Rathbone, M. J.
+Ray, George W., Jr.
+Reber, Samuel
+Redmond, Roland L.
+Reed, Philip D.
+Reeves, Jay B. L.
+Reid, Ogden
+Reid, Whitelaw
+Rheinstein, Alfred
+Richardson, Arthur Berry
+Richardson, Dorsey
+Richardson, John R., Jr.
+Riegelman, Harold
+Ripley, Joseph P.
+Roberts, George
+Roberts, Henry L.
+Robinson, Geroid T.
+Robinson, Leland Rex
+Rockefeller, David
+Rockefeller, John D., 3rd
+Rockhill, Victor E.
+Rodriguez, Vincent A.
+Rogers, Lindsay
+Roosevelt, George Emlen
+Root, Elihu, Jr.
+Root, Oren
+Roper, Elmo
+Rosenberg, James N.
+Rosenman, Samuel I.
+Rosenstiel, Lewis
+Rosenwald, William
+Rosinski, Herbert
+Ross, Emory
+Ross, T. J.
+Rouse, Robert G.
+Royce, Alexander B.
+Ruebhausen, Oscar M.
+Rush, Kenneth
+Rustow, Dankwart A.
+
+Sachs, Alexander
+Sachs, Howard J.
+Saltzman, Charles E.
+Samuels, Nathaniel
+Sargeant, Howland H.
+Sargent, Noel
+Sarnoff, Brig. Gen. David
+Sawin, Melvin E.
+Schaffner, Joseph Halle
+Schapiro, J. Salwyn
+Scherman, Harry
+Schiff, John M.
+Schiller, A. Arthur
+Schilthuis, Willem C.
+Schmidt, Herman J.
+Schmoker, J. Benjamin
+Schwartz, Harry
+Schwarz, Frederick A. O.
+Scott, John
+Sedwitz, Walter J.
+Seligman, Eustace
+Seymour, Whitney North
+Sharp, George C.
+Sharp, James H.
+Shea, Andrew B.
+Sheffield, Frederick
+Shepard, David A.
+Shepard, Frank P.
+Shepardson, Whitney H.
+Shepherd, Howard C.
+Sherbert, Paul C.
+Sherman, Irving H.
+Shields, Murray
+Shields, W. Clifford
+Shirer, William L.
+Shute, Benjamin R.
+Siegbert, Henry
+Sims, Albert G.
+Slater, Joseph E.
+Slawson, John
+Sloan, Alfred P., Jr.
+Smith, Carleton Sprague
+Smith, David S.
+Smith, Hayden N.
+Smith, W. Mason, Jr.
+Smull, J. Barstow
+Solbert, Peter O. A.
+Sonne, H. Christian
+Soubry, E. E.
+Spaght, Monroe E.
+Spang, Kenneth M.
+Spencer, Percy C.
+Spofford, Charles M.
+Stackpole, Stephen H.
+Stebbins, James H.
+Stebbins, Richard P.
+Stern, H. Peter
+Stevenson, Adlai E.
+Stevenson, John R.
+Stewart, Robert McLean
+Stillman, Chauncey
+Stillman, Ralph S.
+Stinebower, Leroy D.
+Stoddard, George D.
+Stokes, Isaac N. P.
+Stone, Shepard
+Straka, Jerome A.
+Straus, Donald B.
+Straus, Jack I.
+Straus, Oscar S.
+Straus, Ralph I.
+Straus, R. Peter
+Strauss, Simon D.
+Strong, Benjamin
+Sulzberger, Arthur Hays
+Swatland, Donald C.
+Swingle, William S.
+Swope, Gerard, Jr.
+
+Tannenbaum, Frank
+Tannenwald, Theodore
+Thomas, H. Gregory
+Thompson, Earle S.
+Thompson, Kenneth W.
+Tibby, John
+Tinker, Edward Laroque
+Tomlinson, Roy E.
+Townsend, Edward
+Townsend, Oliver
+Traphagan, J. C.
+Travis, Martin B., Jr.
+Trippe, Juan Terry
+Truman, David B.
+Tweedy, Gordon B.
+
+Uzielli, Giorgio
+
+Van Dusen, Rev. Henry P.
+von Mehren, Robert B.
+Voorhees, Tracy S.
+
+Walker, Joseph, Jr.
+Walkowicz, T. F.
+Wallace, Schuyler C.
+Warburg, Eric M.
+Warburg, Frederick M.
+Warburg, James P.
+Ward, Thomas E.
+Warfield, Ethelbert
+Warren, John Edwin
+Wasson, Donald
+Wasson, R. Gordon
+Watson, Arthur K.
+Watson, Thomas J., Jr.
+Wauchope, Rear Adm. George
+Weaver, Sylvester L., Jr.
+Webster, Bethuel M.
+Welch, Leo D.
+Wellborn, Vice Adm. Charles, Jr.
+Wernimont, Kenneth
+Wheeler, Walter H., Jr.
+Whidden, Howard P.
+Whipple, Taggart
+Whipple, Brig. Gen. William
+White, Frank X.
+White, H. Lee
+White, Theodore H.
+Whitman, H. H.
+Whitney, John Hay
+Whitridge, Arnold
+Wight, Charles A.
+Wilkinson, Col. Lawrence
+Willcox, Westmore
+Williams, Langbourne M.
+Willits, Joseph H.
+Wilson, John D.
+Wilson, Orme
+Wilson, Philip D.
+Wingate, Henry S.
+Winslow, Richard S.
+Wood, Bryce
+Woodward, Donald B.
+Woodyatt, Philip
+Woolley, Knight
+Wright, Harry N.
+Wriston, Henry M.
+Wriston, Walter B.
+
+Yost, Charles W.
+Young, John M.
+
+Zurcher, Arnold J.
+
+
+
+_Non-Resident Members_
+
+
+Acheson, Dean
+Achilles, Theodore C.
+Adams, Roger
+Agar, Herbert
+Akers, Anthony B.
+Allen, Raymond B.
+Allyn, S. C.
+Amory, Robert, Jr.
+Anderson, Dillon
+Anderson, Vice Adm. George
+Anderson, Roger E.
+Anderson, Gen. Samuel E.
+Armstrong, John A.
+Atherton, J. Ballard
+Attwood, William
+Auld, George P.
+
+Babcock, Maj. Gen. C. Stanton
+Badeau, John S.
+Baker, George P.
+Ball, George W.
+Ballou, George T.
+Barghoorn, Frederick C.
+Barker, James M.
+Barnett, Robert W.
+Barrows, Leland
+Bartholomew, Dana T.
+Bass, Robert P., Jr.
+Bassow, Whitman
+Bateman, William H.
+Bates, Marston
+Bator, Francis M.
+Bayne, Edward Ashley
+Bechtel, S. D.
+Bell, Holley Mack
+Benda, Harry J.
+Bennett, Martin Toscan
+Bergson, Abram
+Berkner, L. V.
+Bernstein, Edward M.
+Betts, Brig. Gen. Thomas J.
+Bissell, Richard M., Jr.
+Black, Cyril E.
+Black, Col. Edwin F.
+Black, Eugene R.
+Blackie, William B.
+Bliss, C. I.
+Bliss, Robert Woods
+Bloomfield, Lincoln P.
+Blum, Robert
+Boeschenstein, Harold
+Bohlen, Charles E.
+Bonesteel, Maj. Gen. C. H. 3rd
+Boothby, Albert C.
+Borton, Hugh
+Bowie, Robert R.
+Bowles, Chester
+Braden, Thomas W.
+Bradfield, Richard
+Braisted, Paul J.
+Brett, George P., Jr.
+Brewster, Kingman, Jr.
+Briggs, Ellis O.
+Brinton, Crane
+Bristol, William M.
+Bronwell, Arthur
+Brophy, Gerald B.
+Brorby, Melvin
+Bross, John A.
+Brown, Irving
+Brown, Sevellon, 3rd
+Brown, William O.
+Bruce, David K. E.
+Brundage, Percival F.
+Bruton, Henry J.
+Bundy, Harvey H.
+Bundy, McGeorge
+Bundy, William P.
+Burgess, W. Randolph
+Byrne, James MacGregor
+Byrnes, Robert F.
+Byroade, Henry A.
+
+Cabot, John M.
+Cabot, Louis W.
+Cabot, Thomas D.
+Caldwell, Robert G.
+Calkins, Hugh
+Camp, Jack L.
+Campbell, Kenneth H.
+Canfield, Franklin O.
+Caraway, Lt. Gen. Paul W.
+Carpenter, W. Samuel, 3rd
+Carter, William D.
+Cary, William L.
+Case, Clifford P.
+Case, Everett N.
+Chapin, Selden
+Chapman, John F.
+Cheever, Daniel S.
+Cherrington, Ben M.
+Childs, Marquis
+Cisler, Walker L.
+Clark, Ralph L.
+Clayton, W. L.
+Cleveland, Harlan
+Clough, Ernest T.
+Coffey, Joseph Irving
+Cohen, Benjamin V.
+Cole, Charles W.
+Collbohm, F. R.
+Collyer, John L.
+Conlon, Richard P.
+Conrad, Brig. Gen. Bryan
+Considine, Rev. John J., M. M.
+Coons, Arthur G.
+Copeland, Lammot du Pont
+Corson, John J.
+Costello, William A.
+Cotting, Charles E.
+Cowen, Myron M.
+Cowles, John
+Crane, Winthrop Murray, 3rd
+Creighton, Albert M.
+Cross, James E.
+Crotty, Homer D.
+Crowe, Philip K.
+Culbertson, Col. William S.
+Curran, Jean A., Jr.
+Curtis, Edward P.
+
+Dangerfield, Royden
+Darlington, Charles F.
+David, Donald K.
+Davidson, Alfred E.
+Davidson, Carter
+Davies, Fred A.
+Davis, Nathanael V.
+Dean, Edgar P.
+Decker, William C.
+de Guigne, Christian, 3rd
+da Kiewiet, C. W.
+de Krafft, William
+Deming, Frederick L.
+Despres, Emile
+Deuel, Wallace R.
+Deutch, Michael J.
+Dewhurst, J. Frederic
+Dexter, Byron
+Dickey, John S.
+Dillon, C. Douglas
+Dodds, Harold Willis
+Dollard, Charles
+Donkin, McKay
+Donnell, James C., 2nd
+Donnelly, Maj. Gen. Harold C.
+Dorr, Russell H.
+Douglas, Donald W., Jr.
+Draper, William H., Jr.
+Drummond, Roscoe
+Ducas, Robert
+Duce, James Terry
+Duke, Angier Biddle
+Dulles, Allen W.
+Dunn, Frederick S.
+
+Eckstein, Alexander
+Edelstein, Julius C. C.
+Edwards, A. R.
+Edwards, William H.
+Einaudi, Mario
+Einstein, Lewis
+Eisenhower, Dwight D.
+Elliott, Byron K.
+Elliott, Randle
+Elliott, William Y.
+Elsey, George M.
+Elson, Robert T.
+Emeny, Brooks
+Emerson, E. A.
+Emerson, Rupert
+Eppert, Ray R.
+Estabrook, Robert H.
+Ethridge, Mark
+Evans, J. K.
+Everton, John Scott
+
+Fainsod, Merle
+Fairbank, John King
+Fairbanks, Douglas
+Farmer, Thomas L.
+Fay, Sidney B.
+Feely, Edward F.
+Feis, Herbert
+Ferguson, John H.
+Finkelstein, Lawrence S.
+Finlay, Luke W.
+Finletter, Thomas K.
+Firestone, Harvey S., Jr.
+Fischer, George
+Fisher, Edgar J.
+Fleischmann, Julius
+Fleming, Lamar, Jr.
+Follis, R. G.
+Ford, Guy Stanton
+Ford, Thomas K.
+Foster, Austin T.
+Foster, William C.
+Fowler, Henry H.
+Foy, Fred C.
+Frank, Isaiah
+Frank, Joseph A.
+Frankfurter, Felix
+Fredericks, J. Wayne
+Free, Lloyd A.
+Fuller, Carlton P.
+Furber, Holden
+Furniss, Edgar S., Jr.
+
+Galbraith, J. Kenneth
+Gallagher, Charles F.
+Gannett, Lewis S.
+Gardiner, Arthur Z.
+Gardner, Richard N.
+Garner, Robert L.
+Garthoff, Raymond L.
+Gaud, William S.
+Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M.
+Gaylord, Bradley
+Geier, Frederick V.
+Geier, Paul E.
+Gerhart, Lt. Gen. John K.
+Giffin, Brig. Gen. Sidney F.
+Gilbert, Carl J.
+Gilbert, H. N.
+Gilchrist, Huntington
+Gillin, John P.
+Gilpatric, Roswell L.
+Gleason, S. Everett
+Glennan, T. Keith
+Goheen, Robert F.
+Goldberg, Arthur J.
+Goodhart, Arthur L.
+Goodpaster, Maj. Gen. Andrew J.
+Goodrich, Carter
+Gordon, Lincoln
+Gornick, Alan L.
+Gorter, Wytze
+Gould, Laurence M.
+Graham, Philip L.
+Grant, James P.
+Grant, Maj. Gen. U. S., 3rd
+Gray, Gordon
+Green, Joseph C.
+Greene, A. Crawford
+Greene, James C.
+Greenewalt, Crawford H.
+Greenwood, Heman
+Griffith, William E.
+Griswold, A. Whitney
+Grove, Curtiss C.
+Gruenther, Gen. Alfred M.
+Gullion, Edmund A.
+
+Halle, Louis J., Jr.
+Hamilton, Fowler
+Hamilton, Maj. Gen. Pierpont M.
+Hammonds, Oliver W.
+Hansell, Gen. Haywood S., Jr.
+Harbison, Frederick
+Harriman, W. Averell
+Harris, Irving B.
+Harsch, Joseph. C.
+Hart, Augustin S.
+Hartley, Robert W.
+Haskell, Broderick
+Haskins, Caryl P.
+Hauck, Arthur A.
+Haviland, H. Field, Jr.
+Hayes, Samuel P.
+Hays, Brooks
+Hays, John T.
+Heffelfinger, Totton P., 2nd
+Heilperin, Michael A.
+Heintzen, Harry L.
+Heinz, H. J., 2nd
+Henderson, Loy W.
+Henkin, Louis
+Henry, David Dodds
+Herter, Christian A.
+Hill, George Watts
+Hitch, Charles J.
+Hofer, Philip
+Hoffman, Michael L.
+Hoffman, Paul G.
+Holborn, Hajo
+Holland, William L.
+Holmes, Julius C.
+Homer, Arthur B.
+Hook, George V.
+Hoover, Calvin B.
+Hoover, Herbert
+Hoover, Herbert, Jr.
+Hopkins, D. Luke
+Hopper, Bruce C.
+Hornbeck, Stanley K.
+Hoskins, Halford L.
+Hoskins, Harold B.
+Houghton, Amory
+Hovde, Frederick L.
+Hovey, Allan, Jr.
+Howard, Graeme K.
+Howe, Walter
+Hoyt, Edwin C., Jr.
+Hoyt, Palmer
+Huglin, Brig. Gen. H. C.
+Humphrey, Hubert H.
+Hunsberger, Warren S.
+Hunt, James Ramsay, Jr.
+Hunter, Clarence E.
+
+Issawi, Charles P.
+Iverson, Kenneth R.
+
+Jackson, Elmore
+Jackson, William H.
+Jaffe, Sam A.
+Jansen, Marius B.
+Javits, Jacob K.
+Jenney, John K.
+Jessup, Philip C.
+Johnson, Herschel V.
+Johnson, Lester B.
+Johnson, Robert L.
+Johnston, Henry R.
+Johnstone, W. H.
+Jones, Peter T.
+Jordan, Col, Amos A.
+Jorden, William J.
+
+Kahin, George McT.
+Kaiser, Philip M.
+Kamarck, Andrew M.
+Katz, Milton
+Katzenbach, Edward L., Jr.
+Kauffman, James Lee
+Kaufmann, William W.
+Kelso, A. Donald
+Kempner, Frederick C.
+Kennan, George F.
+Kerr, Clark
+Killian, James R., Jr.
+Kimberly, John H.
+King, James E., Jr.
+King, John A., Jr.
+Kinkaid, Adm. Thomas C.
+Kintner, Col. William R.
+Kissinger, Henry A.
+Knight, Douglas
+Knorr, Klaus
+Kohler, Foy D.
+Kohler, Walter J.
+Korbel, Josef
+Korol, Alexander G.
+Kotschnig, Walter
+
+Labouisse, Henry R.
+Ladejinsky, Wolf
+Lamson, Roy, Jr.
+Landis, James M.
+Langer, Paul F.
+Langer, William L.
+Langsam, Walter Consuelo
+Lanham, Maj. Gen. Charles T.
+Lansdale, Gen. Edward G.
+Larson, Jens Frederick
+Lasswell, Harold D.
+Latourette, Kenneth S.
+Lattimore, Owen
+Lawrence, David
+Lawrence, W. H.
+Laybourne, Lawrence E.
+Laylin, John G.
+Leddy, John M.
+Lee, Charles Henry
+Leghorn, Richard S.
+Lemnitzer, Gen. L. L.
+Leslie, Donald S.
+Lesueur, Larry
+Levine, Irving R.
+Levy, Marion J., Jr.
+Lewis, Herbert
+Lewis, Wilmarth S.
+Lichtenstein, Walter
+Lincoln, Col. G. A.
+Linder, Harold F.
+Lindley, Ernest K.
+Lindsay, Franklin A.
+Lindsay, John V.
+Lindsay, Lt. Gen. Richard C.
+Linebarger, Paul M. A.
+Lingelbach, William E.
+Lingle, Walter L., Jr.
+Lippmann, Walter
+Litchfield, Edward H.
+Little, Herbert S.
+Little, L. K.
+Lockard, Derwood W.
+Locke, Edwin A., Jr.
+Lockwood, William W.
+Lodge, George Cabot
+Loomis, Robert H.
+Lunt, Samuel D.
+Lyon, E. Wilson
+
+McCabe, Thomas B.
+McClintock, Robert M.
+McCone, John Alex
+McCormack, Maj. Gen. J., Jr.
+McCracken, Paul W.
+McCutcheon, John D.
+McDougal, Edward D., Jr.
+McDougal, Myres S.
+McFarland, Ross A.
+McGee, Gale W.
+McGhee, George C.
+McKay, Vernon
+McKittrick, Thomas H.
+McLaughlin, Donald H.
+McArthur, Douglas, 2nd
+MacChesney, A. Brunson, 3rd
+MacDonald, J. Carlisle
+MacVeagh, Lincoln
+Machold, William F.
+Maddox, William P.
+Maddux, Maj. Gen. H. R.
+Mallinson, Harry
+Mallory, George W.
+Manning, Bayless
+Marcus, Stanley
+Marshall, Charles B.
+Martin, Edwin M.
+Martin, William McC., Jr.
+Masland, John W.
+Mason, Edward S.
+Mathews, William R.
+Maximov, Andre
+May, Oliver
+Mayer, Ferdinand[B] L.
+Mayer, Gerald M.
+Meagher, Robert F.
+Meck, John F.
+Menke, John R.
+Merchant, Livingston T.
+Merillat, H. C. L.
+Merriwether, Duncan
+Metcalf, George R.
+Meyer, Charles A.
+Meyer, Clarence E.
+Meyer, Cord, Jr.
+Milbank, Robbins
+Miller, Francis P.
+Miller, William B.
+Millikan, Clark B.
+Millikan, Max F.
+Millis, John S.
+Minor, Harold B.
+Mitchell, James P.
+Moore, Hugh
+Moran, William E., Jr.
+Morgan, George A.
+Morgan, Shepard
+Morgenstern, Oskar
+Morgenthau, Hans J.
+Mott, John L.
+Mudd, Henry T.
+Munoz Marin, Luis
+Munro, Dana G.
+Munson, Henry Lee
+Murphy, Donald R.
+Murphy, Franklin D.
+Murphy, Robert
+Murrow, Edward R.
+Myers, Denys P.
+
+Nathan, Robert R.
+Nelson, Fred M.
+Neumann, Sigmund
+Newman, Richard T.
+Newton, Quigg, Jr.
+Nichols, Calvin J.
+Niebuhr, Reinhold
+Nitze, Paul H.
+Nixon, Richard M.
+Nover, Barnet
+Noyes, W. Albert, Jr.
+Nuveen, John
+
+Oakes, George W.
+Oelman, R. S.
+Oppenheimer, J. Robert
+Orchard, John E.
+Osborne, Lithgow
+Owen, Garry
+
+Paffrath, Leslie
+Palmer, Norman D.
+Pantzer, Kurt F.
+Park, Richard L.
+Parker, Barrett
+Parsons, John C.
+Patterson, Gardner
+Paul, Norman S.
+Pelzer, Karl J.
+Penfield, James K.
+Perera, Guido R.
+Perkins, Courtland D.
+Perkins, Milo
+Petersen, Howard C.
+Phillips, William
+Phleger, Herman
+Piquet, Howard S.
+Poque, L. Welch
+Polk, William R.
+Pool, Ithiel deSola
+Power, Thomas F., Jr.
+Prance, P. F. A.
+Preston, Jerome
+Price, Don K.
+Pritchard, Ross J.
+Prizer, John B.
+Prochnow, Herbert V.
+Pulling, Edward S.
+Pusey, Nathan M.
+Pye, Lucien W.
+
+Radway, Laurence I.
+Ravenholt, Albert
+Reinhardt, G. Frederick
+Reischauer, Edwin O.
+Reitzel, William
+Rennie, Wesley F.
+Reston, James B.
+Rich, John H., Jr.
+Richardson, David B.
+Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B.
+Riefler, Winfield W.
+Ries, Hans A.
+Riley, Edward C.
+Ripley, S. Dillon, 2nd.
+Rivkin, Arnold
+Robinson, Donald H.
+Rockefeller, Nelson A.
+Rogers, James Grafton
+Romualdi, Serafino
+Roosa, Robert V.
+Roosevelt, Kermit
+Roosevelt, Nicholas
+Rosengarten, Adolph G., Jr.
+Ross, Michael
+Rostow, Eugene V.
+Rostow, Walt W.
+Rusk, Dean
+Russell, Donald S.
+Ryan, John T., Jr.
+
+Salomon, Irving
+Satterthwaite, Joseph C.
+Sawyer, John E.
+Schaetzel, J. Robert
+Schelling, T. C.
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr.
+Schmidt, Adolph W.
+Schneider, Hubert A.
+Schorr, Daniel L.
+Schuyler, Gen. C. V. R.
+Schwab, William B.
+Schwebel, Stephen M.
+Scott, William Ryland
+Seymour, Charles
+Seymour, Forrest W.
+Sharp, Walter R.
+Sharpe, Henry D., Jr.
+Shaw, G. Howland
+Shearer, Warren W.
+Sheean, Vincent
+Shishkin, Boris
+Shulman, Marshall D.
+Shuster, George
+Simons, Hans
+Simpson, John L.
+Slocum, John J.
+Smith, Everett R.
+Smith, Gerard G.
+Smith, H. Alexander
+Smith, Adm. Harold Page
+Smith, Robert W.
+Smithies, Arthur
+Smyth, Henry DeW.
+Snyder, Richard C.
+Sontag, Raymond James
+Soth, Lauren K.
+Southard, Frank A., Jr.
+Spaatz, Gen. Carl
+Speers, Rev. Theodore C.
+Spencer, John H.
+Spiegel, Harold R.
+Sprague, Mansfield D.
+Sprague, Robert C.
+Sproul, Robert G.
+Sprout, Harold
+Staley, Eugene
+Stanton, Edwin F.
+Stason, E. Blythe
+Stasson, Harold E.
+Stein, Eric
+Stein, Harold
+Stephens, Claude O.
+Sterling, J. E. Wallace
+Stevenson, William E.
+Stewart, Col. George
+Stewart, Robert Burgess
+Stilwell, Col. Richard G.
+Stone, Donald C.
+Stowe, Leland
+Straton, Julius A.
+Straus, Robert Kenneth
+Strauss, Lewis L.
+Strausz-Hupe, Robert
+Strayer, Joseph R.
+Struble, Adm. A. D.
+Sulzberger, C. L.
+Sunderland, Thomas E.
+Surrey, Walter Sterling
+Sweetser, Arthur
+Swensrud, Sidney A.
+Swihart, James W.
+Symington, W. Stuart
+
+Talbot, Phillips
+Tanham, George K.
+Tapp, Jesse W.
+Taylor, George E.
+Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D.
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield
+Teller, Edward
+Templeton, Richard H.
+Tennyson, Leonard B.
+Thayer, Charles W.
+Thayer, Robert H.
+Thornburg, Max W.
+Thorp, Willard L.
+Trager, Frank N.
+Triffin, Robert
+Trowbridge, Alexander B.
+Truscott, Gen. Lucian K., Jr.
+Tuck, William Hallam
+
+Ulmer, Alfred C., Jr.
+Upgren, Arthur R.
+
+Valentine, Alan
+Van Cleve, Thomas C.
+Van Slyck, DeForest
+Van Stirum, John
+Vernon, Raymond
+Viner, Jacob
+
+Wadsworth, James J.
+Wait, Richard
+Wallich, Henry C.
+Walmsley, Walter N.
+Wanger, Walter
+Ward, Rear Adm. Chester
+Warren, Shields
+Washburn, Abbott
+Watkins, Ralph J.
+Weeks, Edward
+Wells, Herman B.
+Westmoreland, Maj. Gen. W. C.
+Westphal, Albert C. F.
+Wheeler, Oliver P.
+Whitaker, Arthur P.
+White, Gilbert F.
+White, John Campbell
+Whiteford, William K.
+Wiesner, Jerome B.
+Wilbur, Brayton
+Wilbur, C. Martin
+Wilcox, Francis O.
+Wilcox, Robert B.
+Wild, Payson S., Jr.
+Wilde, Frazar B.
+Wilds, Walter W.
+Williams, John H.
+Wilmerding, Lucius, Jr.
+Wilson, Carroll L.
+Wilson, Howard E.
+Wilson, O. Meredith
+Wimpfheimer, Jacques
+Winton, David J.
+Wisner, Frank G.
+Wohl, Elmer P.
+Wohlstetter, Albert
+Wolfers, Arnold
+Wood, Harleston R.
+Wriggins, W. Howard
+Wright, Adm. Jerauld
+Wright, Quincy
+Wright, Theodore P.
+Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr.
+
+Yntema, Theodore O.
+Young, Kenneth T.
+Young, T. Cuyler
+
+Zellerbach, J. D.
+
+
+
+
+Appendix 2
+
+ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIP ROSTER
+
+
+
+This membership list was published by the Atlantic Union Committee in
+December, 1960. "CFR" in parentheses after a name is an editorial
+indication that the person is also a member of the Council on Foreign
+Relations. No other biographical information is given for CFR members.
+The biographical information, on the AUC members who are not also CFR
+members, was taken from _Who's Who_ and/or the _American Dictionary of
+Biography_.
+
+
+Abbott, Mrs. George
+
+Abend, Hallet
+
+Achilles, Paul S., Chairman of the Board, Psychological Corporation;
+    Board member, Eastman-Kodak Company
+
+Adams, James D., Partner, McCutchen, Doyle, Brown & Enersen, Lawyers,
+    San Francisco
+
+Adams, Hon. Paul L., Attorney General, State of Michigan
+
+Agar, Herbert (CFR)
+
+Agnew, Albert C.
+
+Aiken, Hon. Paul C., former Assistant Postmaster General of the U. S.
+
+Alexander, Mrs. Sadie T. M.
+
+Allen, H. Julian, General Manager, Paris Office, Morgan Guaranty Trust
+    Company
+
+Allen, Dr. Max P.
+
+Alvord, Ellsworth C., Member, law firm of Alvord & Alvord, Washington,
+    D. C.; Board member, General Dynamics Corp., Smith-Corona, Inc.
+
+Amen, John Harlan, Associate Trial Counsel, Nurnburg War Criminals
+    Trials; Member, Amen, Weisman & Butler, New York City
+
+Amory, Copley
+
+Anderson, Don
+
+Anderson, Eugene N., Professor of History, University of Southern
+    California at Los Angeles
+
+Anderson, Mrs. Eugene
+
+Anderson, Eugenie Former Ambassador to Denmark
+
+Anderson, Maj. Gen. Frederick L. Trustee, Rand Corp.
+
+Anderson Dr. Paul R., President, Chatham College, Pittsburgh
+
+Anderson Steve
+
+Anderson, Victor E., Former Governor of Nebraska
+
+Andrews, Mark Edwin, President, Second M. E. Andrews, Ltd., Houston
+
+Andrews, Dr. Stanley, Executive Director, Kellogg Foundation
+
+Apperson John W.
+
+Armour, Norman (CFR)
+
+Armstrong, George S., President, George S. Armstrong & Co., New York
+    City, Trustee, Committee for Economic Development
+
+Armstrong, O. K., Member, Editorial Staff Reader's Digest, Former
+    Congressman; Founder, Department of Journalism, University of
+    Florida
+
+Arnold, Remmie L.
+
+Arnold, Thurman, Former U. S. Assistant Attorney General
+
+Arzt, Dr. Max, President, Jewish Theological Seminary
+
+Atherton, Warren H., Past National Commander, American Legion
+
+Aurner, Dr. Robert R., President, Aurner & Associates, Carmel,
+    California
+
+
+Babian, Haig
+
+Bache, Harold L., Sr., Senior Partner, Bache & Co., New York City
+
+Bacon, Mrs. Robert Low, Chairman, Administration Liaison Committee,
+    National Federation of Republican Women
+
+Bagwell, Dr. Paul D., Past President, U. S. Junior Chamber of Commerce
+
+Baker, Dr. Benjamin M., Jr.
+
+Baker, Mrs. Frank C.
+
+Baker, Rev. Richard, Bishop, Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina;
+    Member, General Board, National Council of Churches
+
+Balduf, Dr. Emery W.
+
+Baldwin, Henry P., Vice President, Water Power & Paper Co., Wisconsin;
+    Member, National Board, National Conference of Christians and Jews,
+    Chairman, Brotherhood Week, 1956
+
+Baldwin, Howard C., Chairman of the Board of Standard Federal Savings &
+    Loan Association, Detroit; Vice President and Trustee, The Kresge
+    Foundation, Member, Board of Publications, Methodist Church
+
+Baldwin, Hon. Raymond E., Former U. S. Senator and Governor of
+    Connecticut
+
+Ball, George (CFR)
+
+Ball, Hon, Joseph H., Former U. S. Senator from Minnesota
+
+Banning, Mrs. Margaret
+
+Barclay, Dr. Thomas Swain, Professor of Political Science, Stanford
+    University, Member, National Municipal League; Member, American
+    Delegation to Negotiate the Peace, 1919
+
+Barinowski, R. E.
+
+Barnes, Julius H. (CFR)
+
+Barrows, Mrs. Ira
+
+Bartlett, Lynn M., Superintendent of Public Schools, State of Michigan;
+    Former President, National Education Assn.
+
+Barzun, Jacques, Dean of Faculty and Provost, Columbia. University;
+    Author, Historian, Musicologist
+
+Batcheller, Hiland G., Chairman of the Board, Allegheny-Ludlum Steel
+    Corp.
+
+Bates, Dr. Rosalind Goodrich, Past President, International Federation
+    of Women Lawyers
+
+Battle, Laurie C., Former Congresswoman from Alabama
+
+Baukhage, H. R., Consulting Editor, Army Times Publishing Company; Radio
+    Commentator
+
+Bayne, The Rt. Rev. Stephen F., Jr., Executive Officer, Anglican
+    Communion
+
+Beaton, Harold D.
+
+Becker, Herman D.
+
+Becker, Ralph E., Past Chairman, Young Republican National Federation
+
+Beckett, Mrs. R. Capel
+
+Beeley, Dr. Arthur L. Dean Emeritus, School of Social Work, University
+    of Utah; Official, National Association for Mental Health
+
+Belknap, William
+
+Bell, Edgar D.
+
+Bell, Robert C., Jr.
+
+Belsheim, Dr. Edmund O., Dean, College of Law, University of Nebraska
+
+Benedict, Harry E. (CFR)
+
+Bennet, Augustus W.
+
+Bennett, Admiral Andrew C.
+
+Benson, Dr. Oscar A., President, Augustana Lutheran Church
+
+Bertholf, Dr. Lloyd M., President, Illinois Wesleyan University
+
+Biddle, George
+
+Bidgood, Dr. Lee
+
+Bingham, Alfred M.
+
+Birkhead, Kenneth M.
+
+Bishop, Robert J.
+
+Bissantz, Edgar
+
+Bixler, J. Seelye, President, Colby College, Maine; Former Dean, Harvard
+    Divinity School
+
+Blackwelder, Dr. Eliot, Professor Emeritus of Geology, Stanford
+    University
+
+Blair, Paxton, Solicitor General, State of New York
+
+Blanchard, Rt. Rev. Roger W.
+
+Blanshard, Dr. Brand, Professor of Philosophy, Yale University
+
+Blewett, Edward Y., President, Westbrook Junior College, Maine; Former
+    Dean of Liberal Arts, University of New Hampshire
+
+Bliss, Robert Woods (CFR)
+
+Boas, Dr. George, Professor of Philosophy, John Hopkins University
+
+Boekel, William A.
+
+Boggs, Dr. Marion A., Moderator, Presbyterian Church, U.S.
+
+Bohn, William E.
+
+Bonds, Dr. Alfred B., Jr., President, Baldwin-Wallace College, Ohio
+
+Borsody, Dr. Stephen
+
+Bowles, Mrs. Istvan
+
+Bowles, Chester (CFR)
+
+Boyd, Brig. Gen. Ralph G.
+
+Bradley, Rev. Preston, Founder and Pastor, People's Unitarian Church,
+    Chicago
+
+Braendel, Helmuth G.
+
+Brand, Hon. James T., Associate Justice, Oregon Supreme Court
+
+Brandt, Dr. Karl, Director, Food Research Institute, Stanford University
+
+Brannan, Charles F., Former U. S. Secretary of Agriculture
+
+Branscomb, Dr. Harvie, Chancellor, Vanderbilt University
+
+Braucher, Robert, Professor of Law, Harvard University
+
+Breckinridge, John B.
+
+Brees, Orlo M.
+
+Briefs, Dr. Goetz A., Professor of Labor Economics, Georgetown
+    University
+
+Briscoe, John D.
+
+Bronk, Dr. Detlev W. (CFR)
+
+Brooklings, Mrs. Robert S., Philanthropist
+
+Brown, John Nicholas, Former Under Secretary of Navy for Air
+
+Brown, Julius A.
+
+Brown, Mary Agnes, Member, U. S. Board of Veterans Appeals
+
+Brown, Prentiss M., Former U. S. Senator from Michigan
+
+Brown, Thomas Cook, Editor Emeritus, Buffalo Courier-Express; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Member Advisory Board, Buffalo Council
+    on World Affairs
+
+Browning, Gordon
+
+Brundage, Hon. Percival F. (CFR)
+
+Bryson, Dr. Lyman (CFR)
+
+Bullis, Harry A. (CFR)
+
+Bunker, Arthur H. (CFR)
+
+Bunker, Hon. Ellsworth (CFR)
+
+Bunting, Dr. J. Whitney, Professor of Finance, New York University;
+    Research Consultant, General Electric Company; Former President,
+    Oglethorpe University
+
+Burch, Lucius E., Jr.
+
+Burling, Edward B., Partner, Covington & Burling, Lawyers, Washington,
+    D. C.
+
+Burnett, Leo, Chairman of the Board, Leo Burnett Company; Director,
+    Advertising Council, Chicago Better Business Bureau; Trustee,
+    American Heritage Foundation
+
+Burns, Dr. Arthur F. (CFR)
+
+Burns, James MacGregor, Professor of Political Science, Williams College
+
+Burt, Katharine Newlin
+
+Burwell, W. Russell, Vice Chairman Of the Board, Clevite Corp.; Past
+    President, Cleveland Council on World Affairs
+
+
+Cabot, Henry B. (CFR)
+
+Cahn, Mrs. Moise S.
+
+Caldwell, Dr. Frank H., President, Louisville Presbyterian Seminary
+
+Caldwell, Dr. Harmon W., Chancellor, University System of Georgia
+
+Caldwell, Dr. John T., Chancellor, North Carolina State College
+
+Canaday, Ward M., President and Chairman of the Board, The Overland
+    Corp.
+
+Canfield, Cass (CFR)
+
+Cantril, Dr. Hadley, Chairman, Institute for International Social
+    Research, Princeton
+
+Capra, Frank, Motion Picture Producer
+
+Carlton, Doyle E., Former Governor of Florida
+
+Carmichael, Dr. Oliver C. (CFR)
+
+Carrington, Paul, Partner, Carrington, Johnson & Stephens, Lawyers,
+    Dallas; Past President, Dallas Council on World Affairs; National
+    Councilor, Boy Scouts of America; Trustee Southwest Legal
+    Foundation, S.M.U.
+
+Carter, Edward W., President, Broadway-Hale Stores, Inc., Los Angeles;
+    Trustee, Committee for Economic Development; Member, Board of
+    Regents, University of California
+
+Carter, Hodding, Pulitzer Prize Editor, Greenville, Mississippi
+
+Carter, John L.
+
+Cary, Sheldon
+
+Casey, Dr. Ralph D., Director Emeritus, School of Journalism, University
+    of Minnesota
+
+Catton, Bruce, Editor, American Heritage Magazine; Pulitzer Prize for
+    History, 1954
+
+Chabrak, Thomas
+
+Chadwick, Stephen F., Past National Commander, American Legion
+
+Chandler, Walter C., Former Congressman from Tennessee; Former Mayor of
+    Memphis
+
+Chenery, William L.
+
+Chipps, Roy B.
+
+Cisler, Walker L. (CFR)
+
+Clagett, J. R.
+
+Claypool, Mrs. J. Gordon
+
+Clayton, William L. (CFR)
+
+Clingman, Rt. Rev. Charles
+
+Clothier, Dr. Robert C.
+
+Clough, Dr. Shepard B., Director, Casa Italiana, Columbia University
+
+Code, Dr. Charles F., Professor of Physiology, University of Minnesota;
+    Consultant, Mayo Clinic
+
+Coe, Dr. Albert Buckner, Official, National Council of Churches;
+    Delegate to 1st and 2nd World Council of Churches
+
+Coffee, John M.
+
+Cohen, Harry, Retired Surgeon; Former Editor, _American Jewish
+    Cyclopedia_; Editor-in-Chief, _American Jews: Their Lives and
+    Achievements_
+
+Cole, Wilton D., Chairman of the Board, Crowell-Collier Publishing
+    Company
+
+Collier, W. Edwin
+
+Compton, Dr. Arthur H., Professor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Nobel Prize in Physics, 1927; Former Co-Chairman, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews; Former member, Committee for
+    Economic Development; Former General Chairman, World Brotherhood;
+    Dean Emeritus, Washington University, St. Louis
+
+Compton, Dr. Wilson, Former President, State College of Washington;
+    Chairman of the Board, Cameron Machine Co.; Director, International
+    Council of Christian Leadership
+
+Comstock, Alzada
+
+Comstock, Louis K.
+
+Cook, Lyle E.
+
+Coons, Dr. Arthur Gardiner (CFR)
+
+Corn, James F.
+
+Corsi, Edward, Former Commissioner of Immigration and Naturalization
+
+Cortney, Philip, Chairman, U. S. Council, International Chamber of
+    Commerce; President, Coty, Inc. and Coty International
+
+Cotton, Aylett B.
+
+Cowles, Gardner (CFR)
+
+Cox, C. R. (CFR)
+
+Crane, Dr. Henry Hitt, Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Crawford, Arthur L., Director, College of Mines & Minerals, University
+    of Utah
+
+Cross, Dr. George L., President, University of Oklahoma
+
+Crosswaith, Frank, Chairman, Negro Labor Committee
+
+Crouch, Harry E.
+
+Cruikshank, Nelson H., Director, Department of Social Security, AFL-CIO,
+    Member, Federal Advisory Council, Department of Labor, Member,
+    National Planning Association; Official, National Council of
+    Churches
+
+Cruse, Mrs. W. C.
+
+Cutting, Fulton (CFR)
+
+
+Dail, Charles C.
+
+Daltry, Joseph S., Director, Graduate Summer School for Teachers,
+    Wesleyan University, Connecticut
+
+Dandridge, Rt. Rev. E. P.
+
+Darden, Hon. Colgate W., Retired President, University of Virginia;
+    Former Governor of Virginia; Former Congressman from Virginia
+
+Darling, Jay N., Retired Cartoonist, _New York Herald-Tribune_; Pulitzer
+    Prize, 1923, 1942
+
+Daugherty, Paul E.
+
+Davidson, Dr. Philip G., President, University of Louisville
+
+Davies, Mrs. A. Powell
+
+Davis, Chester C., Associate Director, Ford Foundation
+
+Davis, J. Lionberger
+
+Davis, Dr. Stanton Ling
+
+Davis, William H. (CFR)
+
+Dawson, John P., Professor of Law, Harvard University; Former Professor
+    of Law, University of Michigan
+
+Day, Dean John W.
+
+Deane, Maj. Gen. John R., Former Chief, American Military Mission to
+    U.S.S.R.
+
+Debevoise, Thomas M. (CFR)
+
+Deinard, Amos S.
+
+deKiewiet, Dr. C. W. (CFR)
+
+Dempsey, James
+
+Dennis, Don
+
+De Pasquale, Judge Luigi
+
+de Spoelberch, Mrs. Eric
+
+D'Estournelles, Mrs. Julie
+
+Devers, Gen. Jacob L., Retired Commander of Sixth Army Group
+
+Dewhurst, Dr. J. Frederic (CFR)
+
+Dickason, H. L.
+
+Dickey, Dr. Frank G., President, University of Kentucky
+
+Diemer, Dr. George W.
+
+Dietz, Howard, Vice President, MGM
+
+Dimock, Edward Jordan, Federal District Judge, Southern District of New
+    York
+
+Dodge, Cleveland E. (CFR)
+
+Doman, Nicholas
+
+Donohue, F. Joseph
+
+Donovan, Dr. Herman L., President Emeritus, University of Kentucky
+
+Donovan, James G., Former Congressman from New York; Director of the
+    Federal Housing Administration, 1957-58
+
+Dorothy, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+Dorr, Dr. Harold M., Dean, State-wide Education, University of Michigan
+
+Dorr, John V. N. (CFR)
+
+Douglass, Dr. Paul F., Former President, American University
+
+Draper, Maj. Gen. William H., Jr. (CFR)
+
+Draughon, Dr. Ralph B., President, Alabama Polytechnic Institute
+    (Auburn)
+
+Dun, The Rt. Rev. Angus, Episcopal Bishop of Washington, D. C.; Former
+    official of Federal Council of Churches
+
+Dunbar, Charles E., Jr., Professor Emeritus of Law, Tulane University;
+    Vice President, National Civil Service League
+
+Duncan, Robert F.
+
+
+Earnest, Dr. G. Brooks, President, Fenn College, Cleveland; Trustee,
+    Cleveland Council on World Affairs
+
+Eastvold, Dr. Seth C., First Vice President, Evangelical Lutheran Church
+
+Eberstadt, Ferdinand (CFR)
+
+Eccles, Marriner S., Former Chairman, Board of Governors, Federal
+    Reserve System; Chairman of the Board, First Securities Corp.
+
+Edge, Nelson J., Jr.
+
+Edgren, Mrs. M. C.
+
+Edmonds, Douglas L., Former Justice, Supreme Court of California
+
+Edmunds, J. Ollie, President, John B. Stetson University, DeLand,
+    Florida
+
+Edson, Col. C. A.
+
+Edwards, Horace H., City Manager, Richmond, Virginia; Campaign Manager,
+    Roosevelt, 1936; General Director, National Democratic Campaigns
+    1940, 1944
+
+Edwards, James E., President, Prairie Farmer Publishing Co., Radio
+    Station WLS, Chicago
+
+Eichleay, John W.
+
+Elligett, Mrs. Raymond T.
+
+Elliott, Dr. William M., Jr., Pastor, Highland Presbyterian Church,
+    Dallas; former Chairman & Moderator, World Missions, Presbyterian
+    Church, U. S.
+
+Ellis, Dr. Calvert N., President, Juanita College, Pennsylvania
+
+Ellis, Clyde T.
+
+Ellis, Dr. Elmer, President, University of Missouri
+
+Elmendorf, Armin
+
+Emerson, E. A. (CFR)
+
+Emrich, The Rt. Rev. Richard S. M., Episcopal Bishop of Michigan
+
+Engel, Irving M., President, American Jewish Committee; Member, Law Firm
+    of Engel, Judge, Miller, Sterling & Reddy, New York City
+
+Erlanger, Milton S.
+
+Estwing, Ernest
+
+Ethridge, Mrs. Mark (husband in CFR)
+
+Evjue, William T., Editor, Madison, Wisconsin, _Capital-Times_
+
+
+Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Farley, Eugene Shedden, President, Wilkes College, Pennsylvania
+
+Farnsley, Charles P., Lawyer, Former Mayor of Louisville, Kentucky
+
+Feller, Karl F., President, International Union of United Brewery,
+    Flour, Cereal, Soft Drink & Distillery Workers of America; Member,
+    American Heritage Foundation
+
+Ferguson, Charles W., Senior Editor, _The Reader's Digest_
+
+Ferguson, Mrs. Walter
+
+Fischer, Louis, Author, Foreign Correspondent; Authority on the Soviet
+    Union, Spain and Mahatma Gandhi
+
+Fisher, Kenneth
+
+Fitch, H. M., Vice-president, American Air Filter Company
+
+Fitz-Hugh, Col. Alexander
+
+Flower, Henry C., Jr., Vice Chairman, J. Walter Thompson Co.
+
+Flynt, Dr. Ralph C. M., Assistant U. S. Commissioner of Education;
+    Former President, Atlantic Treaty Association
+
+Folsom, Marion B. (CFR)
+
+Forgan, J. Russell, Partner, Glore, Forgan & Co., Investments, Chicago;
+    Board member, National Distillers Products Corp., Studebaker-Packard
+    Corp., Borg-Warner Corp.
+
+Foster, Dr. Luther H., President, Tuskegee Institute
+
+Fowler, Earle B.
+
+Francis, Clarence, Former Chairman of Board, General Foods Corp.
+
+Freeman, Orville L., Secretary of Agriculture; Former Governor of
+    Minnesota
+
+Friedrich, Carl J., Eaton Professor of Government, Harvard University;
+    Author
+
+Fritchey, Clayton, Publisher, _Northern Virginia Sun_, Arlington;
+    Director, Foreign Policy Association; Deputy Chairman, National
+    Democratic Committee, 1952-61
+
+Fuller, Alfred C., Chairman of Board, Fuller Brush Company
+
+Fuller, Carlton P. (CFR)
+
+Fuller, Dr. Richard E., President, Seattle Art Museum; Research
+    Professor, University of Washington; Former Chairman, Northwest
+    Division, Institute of Pacific Relations
+
+Funk, Wilfred, Chairman, Wilfred Funk, Inc., Publishers; President, Funk
+    & Wagnalls Company, Publishers
+
+Furlong, Mrs. Margaret K.
+
+
+Gammage, Dr. Grady, President, Arizona State University; Director,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Gannon, Rev. Robert I., S. J., Former President, Fordham University
+
+Gape, Charles
+
+Garwood, W. St. John, Former Justice, Supreme Court of Texas
+
+Garwood, Mrs. W. St. John
+
+Gaston, C. Marion
+
+Gates, Hon. Artemus L. (CFR)
+
+Gavin, Lt. Gen. James M. (CFR)
+
+Gerstenfeld, Rabbi Norman, Washington (D.C.) Hebrew Congregation
+
+Gettell, Dr. Richard Glenn, President, Mt. Holyoke College
+
+Geyer, Bertram B., Retired Chairman of the Board, Geyer Advertising,
+    Inc.
+
+Gideonse, Dr. Harry D. (CFR)
+
+Gifford, Miss Chloe, Past President, General Federation of Women's
+    Clubs
+
+Giles, Dr. Philip Randall, General Superintendent, Universalist Church
+    of America
+
+Gillette, Guy M., Former Senator from Iowa
+
+Gilliam, Miss Elsie
+
+Glenn, Dr. C. Leslie, Professor, Mental Health Institute, University of
+    Michigan; Former Rector, St. John's Cathedral, Washington, D. C.;
+    Former Rector, Christ Church, Cambridge, Massachusetts
+
+Golden, Clinton S., Former Vice-President, United Steelworkers of
+    America
+
+Gorin, Louis J., Jr.
+
+Gould, Dr. Laurence M. (CFR)
+
+Grace, Miss Charity
+
+Granger, Lester, Executive Secretary, National Urban League
+
+Grew, Joseph C. (CFR)
+
+Griffith, Dr. Ernest S., Dean, School of International Service, American
+    University; Member, National Municipal League, American Association
+    of Public Administrators; Former Chairman, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews; Former member, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church; Director, Library of Congress
+    Legislative Reference Service, 1940-1958
+
+Gross, Dr. Mason W., President & Former Provost, Rutgers University
+
+Grosse, Dr. Aristid V., President, Research Institute, Temple University
+
+Grover, Allen (CFR)
+
+Gulick, Dr. Robert L., Jr.
+
+
+Hackett, Mrs. John R.
+
+Haflich, Victor
+
+Hager, Lawrence W., President, Owensboro, Kentucky _Inquirer_,
+    _Messenger_, and Broadcasting Company
+
+Hager, Dr. Walter E.
+
+Hale, Robert, Former Member of Congress from Maine
+
+Haley, Andrew G., Member Federal Communications Commission; Member,
+    Society for Comparative Legislation & International Law
+
+Hall, Dr. Clarence W., Editor, _Reader's Digest_
+
+Hall, Hon. Fred, Former Governor of Kansas
+
+Hallauer, Carl S., Chairman of the Board, Bausch & Lomb Optical Company
+
+Halverson, Rev. Dr. W. Q.
+
+Hamilton, G. E.
+
+Hamlin, Chauncey J. (CFR)
+
+Hammond, H. O.
+
+Hancher, Dr. Virgil M., President, State University of Iowa
+
+Hand, Dr. George H., Vice President, Southern Illinois University
+
+Haralson, William
+
+Harden, Dr. Edgar L., President, Northern Michigan College; Official,
+    National Education Association
+
+Hardin, Dr. Clifford M., Chancellor, University of Nebraska
+
+Hardy, Grace C., M. D.
+
+Hardy, Mrs. T. W., Sr.
+
+Hare, James M.
+
+Hargrave, Thomas J., Chairman, Eastman Kodak Company; Director,
+    Executive Committee, Westinghouse Electric Corp.
+
+Harless, Richard F.
+
+Harmer, Miss Vera
+
+Harmon, Dr. Henry Gadd, President, Drake University
+
+Harriman, E. Roland (CFR)
+
+Harriman, Lewis G., Chairman of the Board, Manufacturers & Traders Trust
+    Company; President, M&T Discount Corp,; Founder, National Better
+    Business Bureau; Member, Buffalo Council on World Affairs; Vice
+    Chairman, University of Buffalo; Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1956
+
+Harris, Duncan G., Chairman of the Board, Brown, Harris, Stevens, Inc.;
+    Director, Paramount Pictures Corp.
+
+Harris, Morgan
+
+Harris, Dr. Rufus Carrollton, President, Tulane University; Former
+    Chairman of Board, Federal Reserve Bank, Atlanta; Trustee,
+    Eisenhower Exchange Fellowships, Inc.
+
+Harrison, W. B.
+
+Hartley, Livingston
+
+Hartung, Albert F., International President, International Woodworkers
+    of America
+
+Harvill, Dr. Richard A., President, University of Arizona
+
+Hawley, James H., Jr.
+
+Hayes, A. J., President, International Association of Machinists
+
+Hayt, Miss Jessie
+
+Hazard, Leland, Former Professor of Law, Carnegie Institute of
+    Technology; Vice-President, Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co.
+
+Healy, G. W. Jr., Past President, American Society of Newspaper Editors;
+    Editor, New Orleans _Times-Picayune_; Director, The Advertising
+    Council, Inc.
+
+Heard, Gerald, Former Editor, _The Realist_, London; Former Lecturer,
+    Oxford University; Founder, Irish Agriculture Co-operative Movement;
+    Founder, English Co-operative Movement; Lecturer, New School of
+    Social Research, New York City; Lecturer, Oberlin College
+
+Heinsohn, Mrs. Robert A.
+
+Heistand, Rt. Rev. John T.
+
+Hellyer, Dr. David T.
+
+Helmer, Borden
+
+Helsley, Dr. Charles W.
+
+Henderson, Ernest, President, Sheraton Corporation of America; Director,
+    Boston World Affairs Council: Recipient, Brotherhood Citation,
+    National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1959
+
+Henry, Gerald B., Treasurer, Atlantic Union Committee
+
+Henry, Rev. Leland B.
+
+Herbert, R. Beverly
+
+Herndon, Rev. Henry
+
+Hertz, Rabbi Richard C.
+
+Hesburgh, Rev. Theodore, C. S. C., President, University of Notre Dame;
+    President, Institute of International Education; Member, Rockefeller
+    Brothers Fund special studies project; Member, Civil Rights
+    Commission of the United States
+
+Hicks, Dr. Weimer K., President, Kalamazoo College
+
+Hill, George Watts (CFR)
+
+Hill, Herbert W., Professor of History, Dartmouth College; Director, New
+    Hampshire Council on World Affairs
+
+Hillis, Fred L.
+
+Hilton, Conrad N., President, Hilton Hotels Corporation; Recipient,
+    Brotherhood Citation, National Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Hilton, Dr. James H., President, Iowa State College of A & M Arts
+
+Hines, Rt. Rev. John E., Episcopal Bishop of Texas
+
+Hinshaw, David
+
+Hobby, Mrs. Oveta Culp, Former U. S. Secretary of Health, Education &
+    Welfare; President, Editor, Publisher, Houston _Post_; Trustee,
+    American Assembly of Columbia University, Eisenhower Exchange
+    Fellowships, Inc.; Director, Committee for Economic Development;
+    Chairman of the Board, National Bank of Texas; Director, Mutual
+    Insurance Company of New York
+
+Hobson, Rt. Rev. Henry W., Episcopal Bishop of Southern Ohio
+
+Hodes, Gen. Henry I., USA, Retired, Former Commander-in-Chief, U. S.
+    Army, Europe
+
+Hook, Sidney, Professor of Philosophy, New York University; Member,
+    International Committee for Academic Freedom, John Dewey Society;
+    Author: _Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No_, _Common Sense and the Fifth
+    Amendment_, _Marx and the Marxists_
+
+Hopkins, Dr. Ernest M. (CFR)
+
+Horn, Dr. Francis H., President, University of Rhode Island; Former
+    Director, Mental Hygiene Society of Maryland
+
+Hornblow, Arthur, Jr., Motion Picture Producer, MGM
+
+Horwood, Mrs. Henry A.
+
+Hotchkis, Preston, Vice Chairman of the Board, Founders' Insurance
+    Company; Member, Business Advisory Council
+
+Houghton, Dr. Henry S.
+
+Houston, Howard E.
+
+Hovde, Dr. Frederick L. (CFR)
+
+Howard, Ernest
+
+Hoyt, Alfred O.
+
+Hoyt, Palmer (CFR)
+
+Hudson, C. B.
+
+Hudson, Edward F., Advertising Consultant, Ted Bates & Co., New York
+    City
+
+Hudson, Paul H., Retired Executive Vice President, Empire Trust Company;
+    Trustee, New York University
+
+Humbert, Dr. Russell J., President, DePauw University, Indiana; Former
+    official, Federal Council of Churches
+
+Humphrey, Wolcott J.
+
+Hunt, Dr. Charles W.
+
+Hunt, Mrs. Walter S.
+
+Hunter, Dr. Frederick
+
+Hurd, Volney, Chief, Paris Bureau, _Christian Science Monitor_
+
+Hutchinson, Martin B.
+
+
+Isaacs, Norman E., Managing Editor, Louisville _Times_, Recipient,
+    Journalism Medal, Southern Methodist University, 1955
+
+
+Jacobson, Albert H., Insurance Broker; Past President, B'nai B'rith
+
+Jacobson, Rabbi David
+
+Jameson, Miss Betty
+
+Jaszi, Dr. Oscar
+
+Jenks, Almet, Author, _The Huntsman at the Gate; The Second Chance_
+
+Jessel, George, Actor, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films Corporation
+
+Jessen, Herman F., Mink Farmer; National Democratic Committee-man from
+    Wisconsin; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Americans for
+    Democratic Action
+
+Johnson, Dr. Eldon L., President, University of New Hampshire; Member,
+    American Society of Public Administrators
+
+Johnson, Herbert F., Chairman of the Board, S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc.;
+    Trustee, Profit Sharing Research Foundation, Cornell University
+
+Johnson, Iris Beatty
+
+Johnson, Leroy, Former Congressman from California
+
+Johnson, Dr. Robert L. (CFR)
+
+Johnston, T. R.
+
+Jones, Rt. Rev. Everett H., Episcopal Bishop of West Texas
+
+Jordan, Dr. Wilbur K., President, Radcliffe College
+
+Joseph, Franz Martin
+
+
+Kallick, Sidney S., Chairman, National Board of Directors, Young
+    Democratic Clubs of America
+
+Kanzler, Ernest, Retired Chairman of the Board, Universal C. I. T.
+    Credit Corporation; Member, Business Advisory Council, Committee for
+    Economic Development
+
+Kaplan, Dr. Joseph, Chairman, U. S. National Committee for International
+    Geophysical Year; Professor of Physics, University of California;
+    Member, Administrative Board, Hebrew Union College
+
+Karelsen, Frank E., (Jr.) Partner, Karelsen & Karelsen, Lawyers, New
+    York City; Commissioner, Community Mental Health Board, New York
+    City; Member, Americans for Democratic Action; Honorary Chairman,
+    American Jewish Committee
+
+Katz, Donald L., Chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    University of Michigan
+
+Keenan, Joseph H., Chairman, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+Keith, William Scott
+
+Keller, Oliver J., President & Manager, Radio Station WTAX, Springfield,
+    Illinois
+
+Kelley, Nicholas (CFR)
+
+Kelly, Dr. Melvin J. (CFR)
+
+Kennedy, Bishop Gerald, President, Methodist Council of Bishops; Member,
+    Executive Committee, National Council of Churches
+
+Keppel, A. R., President Catawba College, Salisbury, N. C.
+
+Kerr, Dr. Clark, President, University of California
+
+Ketchum, Carlton G., President, Ketchum, Inc, Campaign Director; Member,
+    National Republican Finance Committee; Director, Association for
+    Improvement of the Poor
+
+Keyserling, Leon H., Former Chairman, President Truman's Council of
+    Economic Advisers; President, Conference on Economic Progress
+
+Kidder, George V., Dean of Liberal Arts, University of Vermont
+
+King, Glen A.
+
+Kinsolving, Rt. Rev. A. B., II, Episcopal Bishop of Arizona; Former
+    President, Arizona Council of Churches
+
+Kinsolving, Rev. Arthur Lee, Rector, St. James Episcopal Church, New
+    York City; Dean, Convocation of Manhattan; Member, Department of
+    Evangelism, National Council of Churches
+
+Kirk, Adm. Alan Goodrich (CFR)
+
+Kissinger, Dr. Henry A. (CFR)
+
+Kizer, Benjamin H., Partner, Graves, Kizer & Gaiser, Lawyers, Spokane;
+    Chairman, World Affairs Council of Inland Empire; Trustee, Institute
+    of Pacific Relations; Former President, American Society of Planning
+    Officials
+
+Klutznick, Philip M., Vice Chairman, Illinois State Housing Board;
+    Chairman of the International Council, B'nai B'rith; Member,
+    National Council, Boy Scouts of America; Member, Commission on Money
+    and Credit; Director, American Council to Improve Our Neighborhoods
+
+Knight, O. A., President, Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers International
+    Union
+
+Knutson[C], Coya, Former Congresswoman from Minnesota
+
+Koessler, Horace H.
+
+Kohn, Dr. Hans (CFR)
+
+Kolthoff, Isaac M., Chairman, Department of Chemistry, University of
+    Minnesota
+
+Kreps, Dr. Theodore J., Professor of Business Economy, Stanford
+    University
+
+Kress, Ralph H.
+
+Kretzmann, Dr. Otto P., President, Valparaiso University, Indiana
+
+Kruger, Morris
+
+
+Lamb, F. Gilbert
+
+Lamont, Austin
+
+Lancoine, Nelson, Past President, Young Democratic Clubs of America
+
+Land, Adm. Emory S., President, Air Transport Association of America
+
+Lang, Reginald D. (CFR)
+
+Langlie, Arthur B., Former Governor of Washington
+
+LaRue, D. W.
+
+Lawrence, David L., Governor of Pennsylvania
+
+Lederberg, Dr. Joshua, Nobel Prize Winner, Medicine & Physiology, 1958;
+    Professor of Genetics, Stanford University
+
+Lee, Dr. Russell V.
+
+Lehman, Hon. Herbert H. (CFR)
+
+Leibowitz, Judge Samuel S., Judge, Kings County Court, Brooklyn
+
+Lemann, Mrs. Lucy Benjamin
+
+Lerner, Abba P.
+
+Levitas, Samuel M.
+
+Lewis, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+Lewis, Rt. Rev. William F., Episcopal Bishop of Olympia
+
+Linder, Hon. Harold F. (CFR)
+
+Linen, James A., Publisher, _Time_ Magazine
+
+Linton, M. Albert, Retired Chairman of the Board, Provident Mutual Life
+    Insurance Company of Philadelphia; Member, American Friends Service
+    Committee
+
+Lipsky, Dr. George A.
+
+Litchfield, Dr. Edward H. (CFR)
+
+Little, Dr. Clarence C., Professor Emeritus, Harvard University and
+    University of Michigan
+
+Littlejohn, Edward
+
+Lockmiller, Dr. David A., President, Ohio Wesleyan University; Former
+    President, University of Chattanooga
+
+Loehr, Rev. Clement D.
+
+Loehr, Rev. Franklin D.
+
+Louchheim, Stuart F.
+
+Louis, Karl N.
+
+Loveless, Herschel C., Governor of Iowa
+
+Loynd, H. J., President, Parke, Davis & Co.
+
+Lubin, Isador (CFR)
+
+Luce, Hon. Clare Boothe, Former Ambassador to Italy; Playwright (Husband
+    in CFR)
+
+Luce, Henry III (CFR)
+
+Lucey, Most Rev. Robert E., S.T.D., Archbishop of San Antonio; Vice
+    President, Catholic Association for International Peace
+
+Lund, Dr. P. Edward
+
+Lunsford, Frank
+
+
+Mabey, Charles R., Former Governor of Utah
+
+MacLachlan, James A., Professor of Law, Harvard University
+
+Malott, Dr. Deane W., President, Cornell University
+
+Mann, Gerald C., Former Secretary of State for Texas; Former Attorney
+    General, State of Texas; Chairman of the Board, Diversa, Inc.,
+    Dallas; Secretary, Board of Trustees; Southern Methodist University
+
+Marlowe, Mark V.
+
+Marshall, Gen. George C., Former Secretary of State; Former Secretary of
+    Defense
+
+Marshall, Brig. Gen. S. L. A., Chief Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_
+
+Martie, J. E., Past National Vice Commander, American Legion
+
+Martin, Dr. B. Joseph, President, Wesleyan College, Macon, Georgia
+
+Martin, Laurance C.
+
+Marts, Dr. Arnaud C. (CFR)
+
+Mather, Dr. J. Paul, President, University of Massachusetts
+
+Mather, Wiley W.
+
+Mathews, Lt. Col. John A.
+
+Mathieu, Miss Beatrice
+
+Matthews, Allan F.
+
+McAllister, Mrs. Dorothy
+
+McAshan, Mrs. S. M.
+
+McCain, Dr. James A., President, Kansas State College; Former President,
+    Montana State University
+
+McCall, Dr. Duke, President, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
+
+McCalmont, David B.
+
+McCann, Dr. Kevin, President, Defiance College, Ohio; Special Assistant
+    and speech writer for President Eisenhower, 1955-61
+
+McCarthy, Frank, Producer, Twentieth Century-Fox Films; Former Assistant
+    Secretary of State; Secretary to General George C. Marshall,
+    1941-1945
+
+McCord, Dr. James I., President, Princeton Theological Seminary
+
+McCormick, Charles T., Distinguished Professor of Law, University of
+    Texas; Former Dean of School of Law, University of North Carolina;
+    Former Professor of Law, Northwestern University
+
+McCormick, Leo H.
+
+McCrady, Dr. Edward, President, University of the South
+
+McDonald, David J., President, United Steelworkers of America
+
+McDonald, Rt. Rev. Msgr. William J., Rector, Catholic University of
+    America.
+
+McFarland, Mrs. Cole
+
+McFee, William
+
+McIntosh, Henry T.
+
+McInturff, George L.
+
+McKee, Frederick C. (CFR)
+
+McKeldin, Theodore R., Former Governor of Maryland
+
+McKinney, Robert, Publisher & Editor, Santa Fe _New Mexican_; Former
+    Assistant Secretary of the Interior
+
+McLane, John R., Retired Chairman, New Hampshire State Board of
+    Arbitration and Conciliation; Trustee, Dartmouth College
+
+McMath, Sidney S., Former Governor of Arkansas
+
+McMullen, Mrs. Stewart Y.
+
+McNaughton, F. F.
+
+McNaughton, William F.
+
+McNichols, Stephen L. R., Governor of Colorado
+
+McQuarrie, Mrs. Irvine
+
+Means, Paul B., Chairman, Department of Religion, University of Oregon
+
+Meeman, Edward J., Editor, Memphis _Press-Scimitar_
+
+Melvin, Crandall, Partner, Melvin & Melvin, Lawyers; President,
+    Merchants National Bank & Trust Company, Syracuse; Trustee, Syracuse
+    University; Member, National Council, Boy Scouts of America
+
+Menuhin, Yehudi, Concert Violinist and Symphony Conductor
+
+Merriam, H. G.
+
+Mesta, Perle, Former Minister to Luxembourg
+
+Meyer, Maj. Gen. G. Ralph
+
+Meyner, Robert B., Governor of New Jersey
+
+Mickle, Dr. Joe J., President, Centenary College, Louisiana; Member,
+    Foreign Policy Association; Recipient, Distinguished Alumnis Award,
+    Southern Methodist University, 1953
+
+Midgley, Grant W.
+
+Miller, Dr. Arthur L., Past Moderator, United Presbyterian Church, USA;
+    member, General Board, National Council of Churches
+
+Miller, Francis P. (CFR)
+
+Miller, Harlan, Columnist, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_
+
+Miller, Perry, Professor of American Literature, Harvard University
+
+Miller, Mrs. Walter I.
+
+Milligan, Mrs. Harold, Past President, National Council of Women
+
+Millikan, Dr. Clark B. (CFR)
+
+Millikan, Dr. Max (CFR)
+
+Millis, Dr. John S. (CFR)
+
+Mitchell, Don G. (CFR)
+
+Moehlman, W. F.
+
+Moll, Dr. Lloyd A.
+
+Monroe, J. Raburn, Partner, Monroe & Lemann, Lawyers, New Orleans;
+    Regional Vice President, National Municipal Association
+
+Montgomery, Greenville D.
+
+Montgomery, Dr. John C.
+
+Montgomery, Dr. Riley B., President, College of the Bible, Lexington,
+    Kentucky; Official, National Council of Churches; Member, Fellowship
+    of Reconciliation, World Fellowship, National Education Association,
+    National Council of Churches; Former Chairman, Committee on
+    Activities, Virginia Council of Churches; Former member Executive
+    Committee, Federal Council of Churches
+
+Montgomery, Victor P.
+
+Mooney, James D. (CFR)
+
+Moor, N. R. H.
+
+Moore, Bishop Arthur J., President, Board of Missions and Church
+    Extension, Methodist Church
+
+Moore, Hugh (CFR)
+
+Moore, Rev. Philip S.
+
+Moore, Walden
+
+Morgan, Dr. Arthur E., Former President, Antioch College; Former Head,
+    TVA
+
+Morgenthau, Dr. Hans J. (CFR)
+
+Morrison, deLesseps S., U. S. Ambassador to the Organization of American
+    States; Mayor of New Orleans, 1946-1961
+
+Morse, Samuel F. B., Realtor, San Francisco
+
+Mueller, Bishop Reuben H., Vice-President, National Council of Churches;
+    President, Board of Bishops, United Brethren Church; Vice Chairman,
+    World Council of Christian Education; Official, World Council of
+    Churches
+
+Muir, Malcolm (CFR)
+
+Mullins, Dr. David W., President, University of Arkansas; Member
+    National Council, National Planning Association; Official, National
+    Education Association
+
+Murphy, Dr. Franklin D. (CFR)
+
+Mynders, Alfred D.
+
+
+Nason, Dr. John W. (CFR)
+
+Nelson, Hon. Gaylord A., Governor of Wisconsin
+
+Neuberger, Richard L., Senator from Oregon; Official, American for
+    Democratic Action
+
+Newman, Dr. James H., Executive Vice President, University of Alabama
+
+Newstetter, Wilbur I., Jr.
+
+Nichols, Rt. Rev. Shirley H., Episcopal Bishop of Kansas
+
+Nichols, Thomas S. (CFR)
+
+Noble, Rev. Charles C., Dean, Chapel of Syracuse University
+
+Noelte, Albert E.
+
+Northrop, Dr. Filmer S. C., Sterling Professor of Philosophy and Law,
+    Yale University; Author
+
+Norton, Hon. Garrison, President, Institute for Defense Analyses;
+    Assistant Secretary of the Navy, 1956-59; Assistant Secretary of
+    State, 1947-49
+
+Norton, Mrs. H. W.
+
+Norton, R. W., Jr.
+
+Nutting, Charles B., President, Action-Housing, Inc.; Former Vice
+    Chancellor, University of Pittsburgh; Former Professor of Law,
+    University of Nebraska
+
+Nuveen, John (CFR)
+
+
+Odegard, Dr. Peter, Professor of Political Science, University of
+    California; Member, Foreign Policy Association, Former Official,
+    Ford Foundation
+
+Oldham, Rt. Rev. G. Ashton
+
+O'Neal, F. Hodge, Professor of Law, Duke University
+
+Oppenheimer, Dr. J. Robert (CFR)
+
+Oppenheimer, William H., Lawyer, St. Paul, Minnesota
+
+Orgill, Hon. Edmund, Former Mayor of Memphis
+
+Orgill, Joseph, Jr.
+
+Ormond, Dr. John K., Surgeon, Pontiac, Michigan
+
+Orr, Edgar K.
+
+Osborn, Mrs. Chase S., Author, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan
+
+Osborne, Hon. Lithgow (CFR)
+
+Osgood, William B.
+
+Otenasek, Dr. Mildred
+
+Otis, Courtlandt
+
+Owens, Lee E., Official, Owens Publications, California
+
+Owens, Lee E., Jr.
+
+
+Pack, Rev. John Paul
+
+Palmer, Charles Forrest, President, Palmer, Inc., Realtor, Atlanta;
+    Official, National Planning Association; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association, American Society of Planning Officials
+
+Palmer, Miss Hazel, Past President, National Federation of Business and
+    Professional Women's Clubs
+
+Palmer, Robert C.
+
+Parker, Haven
+
+Parker, Mrs. Kay Peterson
+
+Parran, Dr. Thomas, President, Avalon Foundation; Former Surgeon
+    General, U.S.; Former Dean, Graduate School of Public Health,
+    University of Pittsburgh
+
+Parran, Mrs. Thomas
+
+Partch, Mrs. Wallace
+
+Pasqualicchio, Leonard H., President, National Council of
+    American-Italian Friendship
+
+Patten, James G., President, National Farmers' Union; President,
+    International Federation of Agricultural Producers; Trustee,
+    National Planning Association
+
+Patty, Dr. Ernest N., President, University of Alaska
+
+Pavlo, Mrs. Hattie May
+
+Pearl, Stuart D.
+
+Peattie, Donald Culross, Author, Roving Editor, _Reader's Digest_
+
+Pell, Herbert Claiborne, Former Congressman from New York; Member,
+    Advertising Council, Rhode Island Labor Department; Member, Advisory
+    Council, Yenching University, Peiping, China
+
+Pell, Rev. Walden, II
+
+Perkins, Dr. John A., President, University of Delaware; Undersecretary
+    of Health, Education & Welfare, 1957-58; Director, International
+    City Managers Association; Member, Committee for Economic
+    Development; Member National Planning Association
+
+Perkins, Ralph
+
+Phillips, Duncan, Director, Phillips Gallery, Washington, D. C.
+
+Phillips, Dr. Hubert
+
+Phillips, Dr. J. Donald, President, Hillsdale College, Michigan
+
+Phillips, William (CFR)
+
+Pillsbury, Philip W., Chairman of the Board, Pillsbury Mills, Inc.
+
+Pillsbury, Mrs. Philip W.
+
+Pines, Rabbi Jerome M.
+
+Pinkerton, Roy D., President & Editorial Director, John P. Scripps
+    Newspapers
+
+Pond, Harold S.
+
+Pool, Rev. Dr. D. deSola (CFR)
+
+Popejoy, Dr. Tom L., President, University of New Mexico
+
+Porter, Paul A., Former Chairman, Federal Communications Commission
+
+Posner, Stanley I., Professor of Business Administration, American
+    University, Washington, D. C.
+
+Prange, Charles H., President, Austenal, Inc.
+
+Price, Gwilym A., Chairman, Westinghouse Electric Corporation; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council
+
+Prickett, William, Lawyer, Wilmington, Delaware
+
+Puffer, Dr. Claude E., Vice Chancellor, University of Buffalo; Member,
+    Committee for Economic Development
+
+
+Qualls, J. Winfield
+
+Quay, Richard R.
+
+Quimby, Thomas H. E., Democratic National Committeeman for Michigan;
+    Vice President, Perry Land Company
+
+Quinn, William Francis, Governor of Hawaii
+
+
+Raasch, John E., Chairman of Board, John Wanamaker
+
+Rabb, Maxwell M., Partner, Stroock, Stroock & Lavan, New York City;
+    Secretary to the Cabinet of the U. S., 1953-58; Former Chairman,
+    Government Division, United Jewish Appeal; Consultant, Secretary of
+    the Navy, 1946; Administrative Assistant to Senator Henry Cabot
+    Lodge, 1937-43; Administrative Assistant to Senator Sinclair Weeks,
+    1944
+
+Radley, Guy R.
+
+Raines, Bishop Richard C., Indiana Area, Methodist Church
+
+Rainey, Dr. Homer P., Former President, University of Texas, Stephens
+    College, Bucknell University; Liberal-Loyalist Democratic Candidate
+    for Governor of Texas, 1946
+
+Raley, Dr. John Wesley, President, Oklahoma Baptist University
+
+Rasmuson, Elmer E., President, National Bank of Alaska
+
+Redd, Charles
+
+Reed, Alexander P., Chairman of the Board, Fidelity Trust Company,
+    Pittsburgh
+
+Reed, Dr. R. Glenn, Jr.
+
+Reese, Dr. Curtis W., Editor, _Unity_; Member, Council of Liberal
+    Churches
+
+Reeves, Dr. George N.
+
+Remsen, Gerard T.
+
+Renne, Dr. Roland R., President, Montana State College
+
+Rettaliata, Dr. John T., President, Illinois Institute of Technology
+
+Reuther, Victor G., Administrative Assistant to the President, United
+    Automobile Workers
+
+Reuther, Walter P., President, United Automobile Workers; President, CIO
+    Division, AFL-CIO; Vice President, United World Federalists
+
+Rhodes, Dr. Peyton N., President, Southwestern University, Memphis
+
+Rhyne, Charles S., Past President, American Bar Association; Member,
+    Executive Council, American Society for International Law
+
+Rice, Dr. Allan Lake
+
+Rice, Dr. Warner G., Chairman, Department of English, University of
+    Michigan
+
+Roberts, David W.
+
+Roberts, Mrs. Owen J.
+
+Robertson, Andrew W. (CFR)
+
+Robertson, Walter S., Former Assistant Secretary of State for far
+    Eastern Affairs; former delegate to U. N.
+
+Robinson, Claude W.
+
+Robinson, Miss Elizabeth
+
+Robinson, J. Ben
+
+Robinson, John Q.
+
+Robinson, Thomas L. (CFR)
+
+Roebling, Mrs. Mary G., President & Chairman of Board, Trenton Trust
+    Company
+
+Rogers, Will, Jr., Newspaper Publisher, Former Congressman
+
+Rolph, Thomas W.
+
+Roosevelt, Nicholas (CFR)
+
+Roper, Elmo (CFR)
+
+Rose, Dr. Frank A., President, University of Alabama
+
+Rosenthal, Milton F., President, Hugo Stinnes Corp.
+
+Rostow, Dr. Eugene V. (CFR)
+
+Rowland, W. T.
+
+Rudick, Harry J., Partner, Lord, Day & Lord; Professor of Law New York
+    University; Member, Committee for Economic Development, National
+    Planning Association
+
+Rust, Ben
+
+Ruthenburg, Louis, Chairman of Board, Servel, Inc.
+
+Ryder, Melvin, Publisher, Editor, President, Army Times Publishing
+    Company
+
+
+Sagendorph, Robb, Publisher, _Old Farmer's Almanack_
+
+Sandelius, Walter E.
+
+Sanders, Walter B., Chairman, Department of Architecture, University of
+    Michigan
+
+Sanford, Arthur
+
+Sayman, Mrs. Thomas
+
+Sayre, Francis B., Assistant Secretary of State, 1933-39; U. S.
+    Ambassador to the United Nations, 1947-52; Professor of Law, Harvard
+    University, 1917-34
+
+Scherman, Harry (CFR)
+
+Schiff, Mrs. Dorothy, Publisher and owner, _New York Post_
+
+Schlesinger, Dr. Arthur, Jr. (CFR)
+
+Schmidt, Adolph W. (CFR)
+
+Schmidt, John F.
+
+Schmitt, Mrs. Ralph S.
+
+Schroeder, Walter, President, Christian Schroeder & Sons Inc.,
+    Milwaukee
+
+Schroth, Thomas N., Editor & Publisher, Congressional Quarterly, Inc.
+
+Schultz, Larry H.
+
+Scullin, Richard J., Jr.
+
+Seedorf, Dr. Evelyn H.
+
+Semmes, Brig Gen. Harry H.
+
+Sengstacke, John H., Publisher, _Chicago Defender_
+
+Serpell, Mrs. John A.
+
+Shackelford, Francis, Lawyer, Atlanta; Assistant Secretary of the Army,
+    1952-53
+
+Shapiro, Ascher H., Professor of Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
+    Technology
+
+Shea, George E., Jr., Financial Editor, _Wall Street Journal_
+
+Shelton, E. G.
+
+Shepley, Dr. Ethan A. H., Chancellor, Washington University, St. Louis;
+    Board member, Southwestern Bell Telephone Company, Anheuser-Busch,
+    Inc.
+
+Sherman, Dr. Mary S.
+
+Sherwood, Carlton M., President, Pierce, Hedrick & Sherwood, Inc.;
+    Member, Executive Committee, Foundation for Integrated Education;
+    Commission member, National Council of Churches
+
+Shirpser, Mrs. Clara
+
+Shotwell, Dr. James T. (CFR)
+
+Sibley, Brig. Gen. Alden K.
+
+Sick, Emil G., Chairman of the Board, Sicks' Breweries, Ltd.; President,
+    Washmont Corp., Sicks' Breweries Enterprises, Inc.
+
+Sikes, W. E.
+
+Simons, Dolph, President, The World Company; Publisher, Editor,
+    Lawrence, Kansas _Daily Journal-World_; Director, Associated Press
+
+Simonton, Theodore E.
+
+Simpson, James A., Lawyer, Birmingham, Alabama; Former State Senator
+
+Sittler, Edward L., Jr.
+
+Skouras, Spyros P., President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.;
+    President of Skouras Lines
+
+Slee, James N.
+
+Slick, Tom, Chairman of the Board, Slick Oil Company; Board Member,
+    Slick Airways, Inc., Dresser Industries of Dallas
+
+Sloan, Rev. Harold P., Jr.
+
+Slosson, Dr. Preston W., Professor of History, University of Michigan;
+    Author
+
+Sly, Rev. Virgil A., Vice-President, National Council of Churches,
+    Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Smith, Bishop A. Frank, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, Southern
+    Methodist University, Dallas; Methodist Bishop of Houston and San
+    Antonio
+
+Smith, Maj. Gen. Edward S., Former Vice-President, Southern Bell T & T
+    Company
+
+Smith, Dr. Francis A.
+
+Smith, H. Alexander (CFR)
+
+Smith, Paul C. (CFR)
+
+Smith, Robert Jerome
+
+Smith, Russell G.
+
+Smith, Dr. Seymour A., President, Stephens College
+
+Smith, Sylvester C., Jr., Lawyer, Newark, New Jersey
+
+Snow, Miss Jessie L.
+
+Snyder, John I., Jr., Chairman of the Board, President, U. S.
+    Industries, Inc.; Formerly with Kuhn, Loeb & Co.; Trustee Committee
+    for Economic Development, National Urban League, New York University
+
+Soffel, Judge Sara M., Judge, Court of Common Pleas, Allegheny County,
+    Pennsylvania; Trustee, University of Pittsburgh; Official, National
+    Conference of Christians and Jews
+
+Sommer, Mrs. Sara
+
+Sonne, Hans Christian (CFR)
+
+Spaulding, Rev. Clarence
+
+Spaulding, Eugene R., Vice-President, _The New Yorker_
+
+Spaulding, George F.
+
+Spilsbury, Mrs. Margaret C.
+
+Spivak, Lawrence E., Producer, "Meet the Press," NBC-TV; Former Editor &
+    Publisher, _American Mercury_
+
+Sporn, Philip, President, American Electric Power Company & subsidiaries
+
+Springer, Maurice
+
+Sproul, Dr. Robert Gordon (CFR)
+
+Stafford, Mrs. Carl
+
+Standley, Rear Adm. William H. (CFR)
+
+Stanton, Dr. Frank, President, Columbia Broadcasting System; Member,
+    Business Advisory Council
+
+Starcher, Dr. George W., President, University of North Dakota
+
+Stark, George W., Arthur, Columnist, Detroit _News_
+
+Steinbicker, Dr. Paul G., Chairman, Department of Government, St. Louis
+    University
+
+Steiner, Dr. Celestin John, S. J., President, University of Detroit;
+    Member, Foreign Policy Association; Member, National Conference of
+    Christians and Jews
+
+Steinkraus, Herman W., Chairman of the Board, Bridgeport Brass Co.;
+    Former President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce; Trustee, Twentieth
+    Century Fund
+
+Steinman, Dr. David B., Bridge Engineer
+
+Stern, William
+
+Sterne, Dr. Theodore E., Simon Newcomb Professor of Astrophysics,
+    Harvard University
+
+Stevenson, Adlai (CFR)
+
+Stevenson, Dr. William E. (CFR)
+
+Steward, Roy F.
+
+Stewart, Dr. Robert B. (CFR)
+
+Stoddard, Ralph
+
+Stoke, Dr. Harold Walter, President, Queens College, Flushing, New York;
+    Former President, Louisiana State University
+
+Straus, Ralph I. (CFR)
+
+Strausz-Hupe, Dr. Robert (CFR)
+
+Streit, Clarence K., President, Federal Union, Inc.; Author
+
+Stuart, Dr. Graham H.
+
+Sturt, Dr. Daniel W.
+
+Suits, Hollis E.
+
+
+Talbott, Philip M., Past President, U. S. Chamber of Commerce
+
+Tally, Joseph, Jr., Past President, Kiwanis International
+
+Tatum, Lofton L.
+
+Tawes, J. Millard, Governor of Maryland
+
+Taylor, Dr. Edgar Curtis
+
+Taylor, James L.
+
+Taylor, Gen. Maxwell D. (CFR)
+
+Taylor, Brig. Gen. Telford, U. S. Chief of Consul, Nurnburg War
+    Criminals Trials
+
+Taylor, Dr. Theophilus Mills, Moderator, United Presbyterian Church,
+    USA; Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield (CFR)
+
+Teller, Dr. Edward (CFR)
+
+Thom, W. Taylor, Jr., Chairman Emeritus of Geological Engineering,
+    Princeton University
+
+Thomas, J. R.
+
+Thompson, Dr. Ernest Trice, Professor, Union Theological Seminary;
+    Co-Editor, Presbyterian Outlook
+
+Thompson, Kelly, President, Western Kentucky State College
+
+Tobie, Llewellyn A.
+
+Todd, Dr. G. W.
+
+Todd, George L., Vice President, Burroughs Corp.
+
+Tolan, Mrs. Thomas L.
+
+Towill, John Bell
+
+Towster, Julian
+
+Trickett, Dr. A. Stanley, Chairman, Department of History, University of
+    Omaha; Official, World Council of Churches
+
+Truman, Harry S., Former President of the United States
+
+Turner, Gardner C.
+
+Turner, Jennie M.
+
+Twiss, Rev. Malcolm N.
+
+
+Upgren, Dr. Arthur R. (CFR)
+
+Urey, Dr. Harold C., Nobel Prize Atomic Chemist; Professor of Chemistry,
+    University of California; Former Professor of Chemistry, University
+    of Chicago
+
+
+Valimont, Col. R. W.
+
+Van Doren, Mark, Pulitzer Prize Poet
+
+van Nierop, H. A.
+
+Van Zandt, J. Parker
+
+Veiller, Anthony
+
+Velte, Charles H.
+
+Vereide, Abraham, President, International Christian Leadership
+
+Vernon, Lester B.
+
+Vieg, Dr. John A.
+
+Vincent, John H.
+
+Visson, Andre
+
+
+Walker, Elmer
+
+Walker, Dr. Harold Blake, President, McCormick Theological Seminary,
+    Evanston, Illinois
+
+Walling, L. Metcalfe, Director, U. S. Operations Mission, Colombia; Vice
+    President, National Consumers League
+
+Walsh, John R.
+
+Walsh, Dr. Warren B., Chairman of the Board, Department of Russian
+    Studies, Syracuse University; Director, American Unitarian
+    Association
+
+Walton, Miss Dorothy C.
+
+Wampler, Cloud, Chairman of Board, Carrier Corporation
+
+Wanger, Walter F. (CFR)
+
+Wansker, Harry A.
+
+Warner, Dr. Sam B., Publisher, _Shore Line Times, The Clinton_
+
+Warren, Hamilton M.
+
+Warwick, Dr. Sherwood
+
+Waterman, Professor Leroy
+
+Watkins, Bishop William T., Methodist Bishop of Louisville, Kentucky
+
+Watts, Olin E., Member, Jennings, Watts, Clarke & Hamilton, Lawyers;
+    Jacksonville, Florida; Trustee, University of Florida
+
+Waymack, William Wesley, Former member, Atomic Energy Commission; Former
+    Editor, Des Moines _Register & Tribune_; Pulitzer Prize, 1937;
+    Member, National Committee, American Civil Liberties Union; Trustee,
+    Twentieth Century Fund
+
+Webb, Marshall
+
+Webb, Vanderbilt (CFR)
+
+Wedel, Mrs. Theodore O., Past President, United Church Women
+
+Weeks, Dr. I. D., President, University of South Dakota
+
+Welch, Mrs. George Patrick
+
+Wells, Dr. Herman B. (CFR)
+
+Weltner, Dr. Philip
+
+Wendover, Sanford H.
+
+West, Donald C.
+
+Weston, Eugene, Jr., Architect, Los Angeles; Member, American Society of
+    Planning Officials
+
+Weston, Rev. Robert G.
+
+Wetmore, Rev. Canon J. Stuart
+
+Whitaker, Robert B.
+
+White, Edward S.
+
+White, Dr. Lee A., Retired Editorial Writer, Detroit _News_
+
+White, William L., Publisher, Emporia, Kansas _Gazette_; Author; Member,
+    Former Director, American Civil Liberties Union
+
+White, Dr. W. R., President, Baylor University, Waco, Texas
+
+Whitman, Walter G., Chairman. Department of Chemical Engineering,
+    Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Secretary-General, United
+    Nations Conference on Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy, 1955
+
+Whitney, Edward Allen
+
+Whorf, Richard, Producer, Actor, Director, Warner Brothers; Producer,
+    CBS, Hollywood
+
+Wiesner, Dr. Jerome B. (CFR)
+
+Wigner, Dr. Eugene P., Professor, Princeton University
+
+Wilkin, Robert N.
+
+Willham, Dr. Oliver S., President, Oklahoma State University
+
+Williams, A. N., Former Chairman of Board, Westinghouse Air Brake
+    Company
+
+Williams, Dr. Clanton W., President, University of Houston
+
+Williams, Herbert H.
+
+Williams, Mrs. Lynn A., Sr.
+
+Williams, Ray G.
+
+Williams, Whiting
+
+Williamson, Alexander J.
+
+Willkie, Philip, Son of Wendell Willkie
+
+Wilson, Alfred M., Vice President, Director, Minneapolis-Honeywell
+    Regulator Company
+
+Wilson, Dr. Logan, President, University of Texas; Director, Center of
+    Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences; Former member, Fund for the
+    Republic
+
+Wilson, Dr. O. Meredith, President, University of Minnesota
+
+Wise, Watson W., Owner, W. W. Wise Drilling, Inc., Tyler, Texas; Member,
+    Executive Committee, Lone Star Steel Co.; Dallas; Special Council,
+    Schuman Plan, NATO, 1949-52; Member, National Planning Association;
+    U. S. Delegate, 13th General Assembly of the United Nations
+
+Woodring, Harry H., Former Secretary of War; Past National Commander,
+    American Legion
+
+Wright, William
+
+
+Yarnell, Rear Adm. H. E. (CFR)
+
+Young, John L., Vice-President, U. S. Steel Corporation; Chairman of the
+    Board, Dad's Root Beer Bottling Company; Member, Foreign Policy
+    Association
+
+Young, John Orr, Advertising Consultant, New York City
+
+Young, Owen D. (CFR)
+
+Youngdahl, Luther W., Judge, U. S. District Court for District of
+    Columbia; Former Governor of Minnesota; Trustee, American University
+
+
+Zanuck, Darryl F., Vice-President, Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp.
+
+Zellerbach, Harold L., Former Board Chairman, Crown Zellerbach Corp.;
+    Member, Board of Governors, Hebrew Union College; Trustee,
+    University of Pennsylvania
+
+
+
+
+INDEX
+
+
+
+This is an index to the text of this volume. Names which appear in
+Appendix I and Appendix II (membership rosters of the Council on Foreign
+Relations and of the Atlantic Union Committee) are not in this index
+unless they are mentioned in the text.
+
+
+
+A
+
+
+Abraham & Straus, 76 ff
+
+Abram, Morris B., 171
+
+Abrams, Frank W., 170
+
+Abrams, Henry H., 149
+
+Acheson, Dean, 105; 118
+
+ACTION, 101
+
+ADA, 146 ff
+
+Adams, Grantley H., 20
+
+Adenauer, Konrad, 143
+
+ADVERTISING COUNCIL, 91; 95; 97-102; 174;
+  Public Policy Committee, 99;
+  Mental Health project, 101;
+  support of UN, 102
+
+ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON POSTWAR FOREIGN POLICY, 5
+
+AFL-CIO, 56; 100; 130
+
+AFRICA, 105
+
+Agar, Herbert, 155
+
+Agger, Donald G., 123
+
+Air-Vue Products Corp., 92
+
+Alabama Power Company, 91
+
+Alanbrooke, Field-Marshal, 30
+
+ALDRICH COMMISSION, 54
+
+Aldrich, Malcolm P., 171
+
+Aldrich, Winthrop W., 84
+
+Alexander, Henry C., 170
+
+Allen, James L., 76
+
+Allen, Steve, 148
+
+Allen, William M., 84
+
+Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Co., 85
+
+Allyn, Stanley C., 85; 125; 152
+
+Altschul, Frank, 64; 140; 142
+
+Aluminum Limited, Inc., 14; 63
+
+American Airlines, 93
+
+AMERICAN ASSEMBLY, 100; 144 ff
+
+AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE UNITED NATIONS, 126 ff; 173
+
+American Can Company, 14
+
+American Central Insurance Co., 91
+
+AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, 142
+
+AMERICAN COMMITTEE ON AFRICA, 151
+
+AMERICAN COUNCIL TO IMPROVE OUR NEIGHBORHOODS (ACTION), 101
+
+American Express, 76
+
+AMERICAN FARM BUREAU FEDERATION, 56 ff
+
+AMERICAN FRIENDS SERVICE COMMITTEE, 47
+
+American Heavy Minerals Corp., 95
+
+_American Heritage_, 157
+
+AMERICAN HERITAGE FOUNDATION, 87
+
+AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, 47
+
+AMERICAN LEGION (Americanism Committee of Waldo Slaton Post 140), 36 ff;
+  46; 175
+
+American Metal Climax, Inc., 14
+
+American Mutual Liability Insurance Co., 64
+
+AMERICAN NATIONAL RED CROSS, 130
+
+AMERICAN-SCANDANAVIAN FOUNDATION, 55
+
+AMERICANS FOR DEMOCRATIC ACTION (ADA), 146 ff
+
+_American Strategy For The Nuclear Age_, 140
+
+American Sugar Refining Company, 76; 127
+
+AMERICANS UNITED FOR WORLD GOVERNMENT, 124
+
+American Tel. & Tel., 14; 89; 91
+
+American Trust Company, 86; 91
+
+"America's Most Powerful Private Club," 82
+
+Anderson, Clayton, Company, 55; 62; 91
+
+Anderson, Dillon, 169
+
+Anderson, Eugenie, 130
+
+Anderson, Marian, ii
+
+Anderson, Robert B., 85
+
+ANTI-DEFAMATION LEAGUE, 47
+
+Arabian American Oil Company, 14
+
+ARDEN HOUSE GROUP, 145
+
+AREA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, 70 ff
+
+Armco International Corp., 14
+
+Armstrong, Hamilton Fish, 4 ff; 140
+
+ARMY-McCARTHY HEARINGS, 84
+
+_Army Times_, 113
+
+Ashmore, Harry S., 168
+
+ASIA, 40; 106;
+  communist goal to enslave, 44
+
+Asiatic Petroleum Corp., 14
+
+ASSOCIATION FOR EDUCATION IN WORLD GOVERNMENT, 125
+
+Atlanta Transit Co., 86
+
+ATLANTIC EXPLORATORY CONVENTION, 122
+
+ATLANTIC UNION, 113 ff
+
+ATLANTIC UNION COMMITTEE, Inc., 105 ff; 118 ff; 130; 152;
+  membership, 202
+
+_Atlantic Union News_ (quote from), 122
+
+AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS, v
+
+AVCO Manuf. Corp., 88
+
+Avildsen, Clarence, 85
+
+
+
+B
+
+
+Babb, Jervis J., 70; 76
+
+Bacher, Robert F., 169
+
+Baldwin, Hanson W., 155
+
+Baldwin, Roger, 143
+
+Ball, George W., 11; 180
+
+Bank of America, 56; 85
+
+Bank of Manhattan Company, 64; 76
+
+Bankers Security Corporation, 130
+
+Bankers Trust Company, 14; 65; 92
+
+Barkin, Solomon, 142
+
+Barnes, Harry Elmer, 165
+
+Barnes, Joseph, 156
+
+Barnett, Frank R., 137
+
+Barrett, Edward W., 125; 152
+
+Bates, Harry C., 101
+
+Batten, William M., 85
+
+Bay Petroleum Corp., 94
+
+Beal, Gerald F., 48
+
+Beard, Charles E., 169
+
+Beaver Coal Co., 87
+
+Bechtel, S. D., 85
+
+Beise, S. Clark, 85
+
+Belafonte, Harry, 148
+
+_Beliefs, Purposes and Policies_ (quote from UWF pamphlet), 123 ff
+
+Belgian Securities Corp., 14
+
+Bell and Howell Co., 88; 92; 93
+
+Bell, Elliott V., 64; 156
+
+Bell, James F., 170
+
+Bell, Laird, 142
+
+Bendix Aviation Corp., 89
+
+Benny, Jack, 102
+
+Benton, William, affiliations: iii; 62; 64; 130; 143
+
+Berger Manufacturing Co., of Mass., 92
+
+Berle, Adolf A., Jr., affiliations: 11; 55, 140; 150; 171
+
+BERLIN, 28 ff; 132, 180
+
+Bernhard, Prince of The Netherlands, v
+
+Berry, George P., 171
+
+Bethlehem Steel Co., Inc., 14
+
+_Better Farming_, 85
+
+_Better Homes and Gardens_, 85
+
+Biddle, Francis, 146, 171
+
+"Bilderbergers," v
+
+BILL OF RIGHTS, The U. S., 108 ff
+
+Bingham, Barry, 168
+
+BIRCH (JOHN) SOCIETY, 147, 158
+
+Bixby (Fred H.) Ranch Co., 88
+
+Black, Eugene R., 168
+
+Black, James B., 55, 168
+
+Blanc, Louis, 60-61
+
+Blanding, Sarah G., 76, 99
+
+Bliss, Robert Woods, 170
+
+Bliss, Tasker H., 3
+
+Blough, Roger M., 85, 96, 171
+
+Blue Diamond Corp., 88
+
+Blum, Robert, 140; 169
+
+B'NAI B'RITH, 102
+
+Boeing Airplane Co., 84
+
+Boeschenstein, Harold, 85
+
+Bohen, Fred, 85
+
+Bohlen, Charles E., 11
+
+Book of the Month Club, Inc., 63
+
+Booz, Allen and Hamilton, 76
+
+Bosch, Albert H., 150
+
+Bowery Savings Bank, 56
+
+Bowie, Robert R., iii; 140
+
+Bowles, Chester, affiliations: 10, 146; 152; 168
+
+Bowles, Mrs. Chester, 151
+
+Bowman, Isaiah, 5
+
+Brada, George, 150
+
+Brace, Lloyd D., 168
+
+Braden Copper Co., 87
+
+Braden, Spruille, 158 ff
+
+Bradfield, Richard, 168
+
+Bradley, Albert, 170
+
+Bradley, Omar N., 170
+
+Brandt, Willy, 20
+
+Branscomb, Harvie, 170
+
+Breech, Ernest R., 85
+
+Brenton, W. Harold, 76
+
+Bridges, Harry, 111
+
+British Aluminum, Ltd., 93
+
+Bronk, Detlev W., 168, 169
+
+Brown Brothers, Harriman and Co., 14
+
+Brown, Courtney C., 142
+
+Brown, George R., 85
+
+Brown, John Mason, 156
+
+Brown & Root, Inc., 85
+
+Brownlee, James F., 76, 168
+
+Bruce, David K. E., 10, 150
+
+Brundage, Percival F., 113
+
+Brunswick Paper and Pulp Co., 89
+
+Bryant, Arthur, 30
+
+Buckmaster, L. S., 142
+
+Bullis, Harry A., 124, 148
+
+Bunche, Ralph J., affiliations: 5, 99, 125, 144; 151, 152, 168
+
+Bundy, Harvey H., 169
+
+Bundy, McGeorge, 11
+
+Bunker, Arthur H., 124
+
+Burgess, Carter L., 85
+
+Burlington Industries, Inc., 90
+
+Burns, Arthur F., 171
+
+Burroughs Corp., 92
+
+Bush, Prescott, (favoring Holmes nomination), 8-10
+
+Bush, Vannevar, 170
+
+BUSINESS ADVISORY COUNCIL (BAC), 81-96;
+  influence on gov. policy, 82;
+  influence on Army-McCarthy hearings, 83;
+  membership, 84 ff, 128;
+  tax-exempt status, 83
+
+BUSINESS COUNCIL (_see_ Business Advisory Council)
+
+BUSINESS EXECUTIVES RESEARCH COMMITTEE, 72 ff, 77 ff
+
+_Business Week_, 64
+
+Butler, William, 143
+
+Buttenwieser, Benjamin J., 49; 99
+
+
+
+C
+
+
+Cabin Crafts, Inc., 89
+
+Cabot Corporation, 14
+
+Cabot (Godfrey L.) Inc., 64
+
+Cabot, Henry B., 125
+
+Cabot, Paul C., 85
+
+Cabot, Thomas D., 64
+
+Cadman, S. Parkes, 143
+
+California Texas Oil Corp., 14
+
+Cameron Iron Works, Inc., 14
+
+Campbell Soup Co., 14; 92
+
+Canadian General Electric Co., 65
+
+Canby, Henry Seidel, 148
+
+Canfield, Cass, 124; 126; 156
+
+Canham, Erwin D., 46 ff; 141; 171
+
+Carey, Mrs. Andrew G., 48
+
+Carey, James B., 142
+
+Carmichael, James V., 86
+
+Carnahan, A. S. J., 66 ff
+
+Carnegie Corporation of New York, 21; 93; 95; 152; 161; 169
+
+CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, iii; 49: 163; 169
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF TEACHING, 170
+
+CARNEGIE FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE, 63; 88; 93
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 93
+
+CARNEGIE INSTITUTE OF WASHINGTON, 170
+
+Carpenter, Walter S., Jr., 170
+
+Carrier Corp., 64; 95
+
+Case, Everett Needham, 76; 130
+
+Casey, Joe, 7
+
+Castle & Cook, Ltd., 92
+
+Castro, Fidel, 18 ff; 62; 159
+
+Caterpillar Tractor Co., 86
+
+Catton, Bruce, 168
+
+CED (_see_: Committee for Economic Development)
+
+CENTER FOR ADVANCED STUDY IN BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES, 94
+
+CENTER OF DIPLOMACY AND FOREIGN POLICY, 152
+
+CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (powers of), 110
+
+Central Life Assurance Society, 85
+
+Central National Bank of Richmond, 93
+
+CFR (_see_: Council on Foreign Relations)
+
+Chaco Petroleum of South America, 94
+
+Chagla, M. C., 19
+
+Chalk, O. Roy, 130
+
+_Challenge To Isolationism, 1937-1940_, 165
+
+CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, THE U. S., 63
+
+Champion Paper and Fibre Co., 96
+
+Chase Manhattan Bank, The, 14; 56; 89; 92; 100
+
+Chase, Stuart, iii
+
+CHATHAM HOUSE, iv
+
+Chemstrand Corporation, 93; 95
+
+Chesebrough-Pond's Inc., 14
+
+Chicago and Northwestern Railroad, 63
+
+Chicago Bridge and Iron Co., 14
+
+_Chicago Daily News_, 157
+
+Childs, Marquis, 144; 146; 156
+
+Childs, Richard S., 143
+
+CHINA,
+  communist conquest of, 40-47;
+  employment in Red China, 54;
+  recognition of Red China, 147
+
+_Christian Science Monitor_, 46 ff; 156; 159
+
+Christiana Securities Company, 87
+
+CHRISTIANITY (American heritage of), 111
+
+Church Fire Insurance Corp., 87
+
+CHURCH PEACE UNION, iii; 49
+
+Churchill, Winston, 27
+
+Cincinnati and Suburban Bell Telephone Co., 88
+
+Cisler, Walker L., 64; 86
+
+C. I. T. Financial Corp., 89
+
+Cities Service Co., Inc., 14
+
+CITIZENS COMMITTEE FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT, 130 ff
+
+CITIZENS OF NORTH ATLANTIC DEMOCRACIES (Convention), 122
+
+CITY PLANNING, 71
+
+Clapper, Olive, 99
+
+Clark, Evans, 99; 171
+
+Clark, Joseph S., 102
+
+Clay, Lucius D., affiliations: 83; 86; 150; 170
+
+Clayton, William L., affiliations: 15; 62; 86; 122; 123
+
+Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co., 95
+
+Cleveland, Harlan, 144
+
+Cline (Robert A.) Inc., 88
+
+Cluett, Peabody and Co., Inc., 89; 96
+
+Coca-Cola Co., 93
+
+Cohen, Benjamin V., 5; 126; 171
+
+Cole, Charles W., 168
+
+Cole, David L., 169
+
+Collado, Emilio G., 65
+
+COLLEGE-COMMUNITY RESEARCH CENTERS, 72 ff
+
+COLLEGES (_see_: Universities and Colleges)
+
+Collier Carbon & Chemical Corp., 95
+
+Collyer, John L., 86; 170
+
+Columbia Broadcasting System, 94; 130
+
+COMMITTEE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (CED), 51-79; 81;
+  Annual Report (1957), 54, 64 ff, 70 ff, 77, 154, 174;
+  Area Development, 70;
+  Business-Education Committee, 76 ff, 127;
+  College-Community Research Centers, 70 ff;
+  Dallas CED Associates, 78 ff;
+  education programs, 73, 154;
+  Research and Policy Committee, 64
+
+COMMISSION ON MONEY AND CREDIT, 51-61
+
+COMMISSION ON NATIONAL GOALS, 140 ff
+
+COMMITTEES ON FOREIGN RELATIONS, 20 ff; 35
+
+COMMONWEALTH FUND OF NEW YORK, 171
+
+COMMUNICATIONS MEDIA, 153
+
+COMMUNISM (World Brotherhood's opinion of), 144
+
+COMMUNIST INTERNATIONAL (quotation of plan for World Government), 112
+
+_Communist Manifesto_, 61
+
+COMMUNIST PARTY, i; 143
+
+Como, Perry, 102
+
+Compton, Arthur H., 143
+
+Conant, James B., 76; 141
+
+CONFERENCE ON WORLD TENSIONS, 144
+
+CONGRESS, THE U. S.,
+  AUC Resolution presented to, 119;
+  CFR influence on, 35;
+  CMC recommendations to, 52 ff;
+  debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120 ff;
+  the 83rd Session, 162;
+  foreign aid appropriations, 66, 133;
+  House Rules Committee, 53;
+  investigating committees, v, 177 ff;
+  rejecting world government resolution, 115 ff
+
+_Congressional Record_,
+  debates on Holmes nomination, 9;
+  debates on NATO Citizens Commission Law, 120;
+  quoting Carnahan on Development Loan Fund, 66:
+  on Radio Free Europe, 150
+
+CONNALLY RESERVATION, iii; 144; 177 ff
+
+Connecticut General Life Insurance Co., 14; 55
+
+Conner, John T., 76
+
+Consolidated Foods Corp., 45
+
+CONSTITUTION, THE U. S., 100; 108 ff; 179;
+  Preamble, 109
+
+Continental Can Company, 14; 86; 96
+
+Continental Illinois National Bank & Trust, 88
+
+Continental Oil Co., 15
+
+Copeland, Lammot DuPont, 151
+
+Cordiner, Ralph J., 86
+
+Corette, John E., 86
+
+Corn Products Co., 15
+
+Corning Glass Works, 15
+
+COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS,
+  Annual Reports, 11, 12, 16 ff, 18, 21;
+  Corporation Service, 16 ff;
+  Financial contributors to, 14 ff, 18, 79;
+  Financial Statement, 13;
+  History of, iii ff, 1 ff;
+  Influence on:
+    Berlin zoning agreements, 32 ff;
+    communications media, 153;
+    Disarmament discussions, 145;
+    Greenland protection move, 25;
+    foreign aid, 132;
+    foreign policy, 36, 153;
+    Foundations, 162 ff;
+    National Housing Acts, 71;
+    'National Purpose,' 140;
+    Radio Free Europe, 149;
+    World War II, 24-26;
+  Interlocking organizations:
+    35-49, 57, 61 ff, 70 ff, 81 ff, 96 ff, 122, 125 ff, 131, 137 ff,
+    145 ff, 150 ff, 161 ff;
+  International affiliations, 143;
+  members in U. S. government, 10 ff;
+  membership list, 187;
+  organizations formally affiliated with, 20;
+  related foreign organizations, v;
+  summary discussion of, 173 ff;
+  tax-exempt status, 19
+
+_Council on Foreign Relations: A Record of Twenty-Five Years, 1921-1946_,
+  24
+
+COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 41 ff; 132
+
+Cousins, Norman, affiliations: ii ff; 124; 143 ff; 148; 151; 156
+
+Cowles, Gardner, affiliations: 65; 125, 151, 156;
+  quote from, 154
+
+Cowles, John, affiliations: 86; 126; 140; 156; 168
+
+Cowles Magazines, Inc., 65
+
+COX COMMITTEE, 162
+
+Cox, C. R., 86
+
+Cox, E. E., 161 ff
+
+Cravath, Swaine & Moore, 90
+
+CRIMEAN CONFERENCE, i ff
+
+_Crises of the Old Order_, 2
+
+Crowell-Collier Publishing Co., 157
+
+Crown-Zellerbach Corporation, 63
+
+CRUSADE FOR FREEDOM, 93, 149
+
+_Crusade in Europe_ (Dwight D. Eisenhower), 30
+
+CUBA, 135; 180
+
+Cummings, Nathan, 45
+
+Cummins Engine Company, 56
+
+Currie, Lauchlin, 5; 41
+
+Curtice, Harlow H., 86
+
+CZECHOSLOVAKIA, betrayal of, 29
+
+
+
+D
+
+
+DALLAS CED ASSOCIATES, 78 ff
+
+DALLAS CITIZENS COUNCIL, 78 ff
+
+DALLAS COUNCIL ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 79
+
+_Dallas Morning News_ (quote from), 77 ff
+
+Daniel, Charles E., 86
+
+DANISH FOREIGN POLICY SOCIETY, v
+
+Darden, Colgate W., Jr., 141
+
+David, Donald K., affiliations: 63; 65; 78 ff; 86; 168
+
+Davidson, Carter, 170
+
+Davies, Paul M., 86
+
+Davis, Elmer, 146
+
+Davis, Norman H., 5
+
+Davis, William H., 146
+
+Davison, Harry P., 171
+
+Dean, Arthur H., 10; 140; 170
+
+Dean, Vera Micheles, 38
+
+DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, 108
+
+Deere and Co., 88
+
+de Lima, Oscar, 126
+
+DEMOCRACY (definition by Streit), 114
+
+DEMOCRATIC CENTRALISM, 110
+
+DENMARK, German invasion of, 24 ff.
+
+Denton, Frank R., 87
+
+_Denver Post_, 159
+
+Desai, Mortarji, 20
+
+Desilu Playhouse, 102
+
+_Des Moines Register and Tribune_, 65
+
+Detroit Bank and Trust Co., 57
+
+Detroit-Edison Co., 64
+
+DEVELOPMENT LOAN FUND, 66 ff.
+
+Devin-Adair Publishing Co., 163
+
+Dewey, Thomas E., 64
+
+de Zoysa, Stanley, 20
+
+Diamond Alkali Co., 95
+
+Dickey, Charles D., 87
+
+Dickey, John S., 76; 168
+
+Diebold, Williams, Jr., 18
+
+Dillon, Douglas, 10; 176
+
+District of Columbia Transit Co., 130
+
+_Documents on American Foreign Relations_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+Dodge, Joseph M., 57
+
+Donner, Frederick, G., 87
+
+Doty, Paul M., Jr., iii
+
+Douglas, Lewis W., 168; 171
+
+Dow, Jones & Co., 85
+
+Draper, William H., 152
+
+Dresser Industries, Inc., 15; 79
+
+Dubinsky, David, 146
+
+DuBridge, Lee A., 168
+
+Duggan, Stephen, 152
+
+Dulles, Allen, 3; 10; 150;
+
+Dulles, John Foster, 3; 5; 105; 114
+
+Dunn, Frederick S., 169
+
+du Pont (E. I.) de Nemours Co., 15; 87
+
+
+
+E
+
+
+Eastland, James O. (quote from), 148
+
+Eastman Kodak, 83; 93
+
+Eaton, Cyrus, 43; 147
+
+Eaton Manufacturing Co., 91; 95
+
+Eban, Ebba, 20
+
+Eccles, Marriner S., 55
+
+ECONOMIC COLLECTIVISM, 113
+
+ECONOMIC STABILIZATION AGENCY, 63
+
+Eden, Anthony, 27
+
+Edison Electric Institute, 91
+
+Eichelberger, Clark M., 5; 126; 148
+
+Einstein, Albert, 147
+
+EISENHOWER ADMINISTRATION, 34
+
+Eisenhower, Dwight D., 6; 12; 37, 66; 105; 134; 150;
+  Army-McCarthy hearings, 84;
+  authorizing participation in CNAD, 121;
+  BAC advisors, 83;
+  founder of American Assembly, 145;
+  part in occupation of Berlin, 28 ff;
+  President's Commission on National Goals, 140
+
+EISENHOWER EXCHANGE FELLOWSHIPS, INC., 91
+
+Elliott, William Y., 87
+
+Empire Savings and Loan Association, 92
+
+_Encyclopaedia Britannica_, iii, 62; 130
+
+Engelhard, Charles William, 123
+
+ENGLAND, 183
+
+Engles, Frederick, 61
+
+Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S., 90
+
+Equitable Trust Co., of Baltimore, 91
+
+Erler, Fritz, 20
+
+Ethridge, Mark F., 124; 150; 156; 168
+
+Ethyl Corp., 15
+
+EUROPE, 183
+
+EUROPEAN ADVISORY COMMISSION, 27; 31
+
+Export-Import Bank, 55; 69
+
+
+
+F
+
+
+FABIAN SOCIALISTS, 147
+
+Fairbanks, Douglas, Jr., 124
+
+Farrell Lines, Inc., 15
+
+Fawzi, Mahmoud, 19
+
+FEDERAL AID, to schools, 147
+
+FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI), 175
+
+FEDERAL GOVERNMENT, Constitutional powers, 109
+
+FEDERAL INCOME TAX SYSTEM, 180
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE ACT, 52
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 65
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, 88; 90
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 90
+
+Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 95
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD, 55
+
+FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM, 51 ff; 63
+
+FEDERAL UNION, INC., 105; 113 ff; 118
+
+Federated Department Stores, Inc., 56
+
+FEDERATION OF WORLD GOVERNMENTS, plan for, 115 ff
+
+Feldman, George J., 123
+
+Fiberglas Canada, Ltd., 85
+
+Fibreboard Products, Inc., 63
+
+Finkelstein, Lawrence S., 169
+
+Finletter, Thomas K., 5; 10; 140; 146
+
+First National Bank of Atlanta, 89
+
+First National Bank of Boston, 94
+
+First National Bank, Chicago, 55
+
+First National Bank of Greenville, 86
+
+First National Bank of St. Louis, 95
+
+First National City Bank of New York, 15; 63
+
+First Security Corporation, 55
+
+Fischer, Ben, 101
+
+Fisher, George, iii
+
+Flanders, Ralph E., 62; 84; 87
+
+Fleischmann, Julius, 150
+
+Fleming, Lamar, Jr., 65
+
+Florida-Georgia TV Co., 89
+
+Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 143
+
+Folsom, Frank, 48
+
+Folsom, Marion B., 63; 83; 87
+
+Food Machinery & Chemical Corp., 86; 95
+
+FOR AMERICA, 158
+
+_Forbes Magazine_, 130
+
+Forbes, Malcolm S., 130
+
+Ford, Benson, 168
+
+FORD FOUNDATION, 62 ff; 77; 92; 131; 145;
+  recipients of financial aid from: 4, 51, 55, 149, 166 ff;
+  tax-exempt status, 35
+
+Ford, Henry, II, 87; 150; 168
+
+Ford Motor Company, 56; 63; 85; 87; 96;
+  International Division, 15
+
+_Foreign Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13; 16; 31
+
+FOREIGN AID, 129-136; 143;
+  1957 Bill, 66 ff;
+  failure of, 135;
+  programs, 111;
+  to underdeveloped countries, 67; 78
+
+FOREIGN ASSISTANCE ACT of 1961, 129 ff
+
+FOREIGN POLICY, U. S., 36; 43; 46; 153;
+  traditional, 1, 180
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION, 35-49; 79; 164; 175
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATIONS' COUNCILS ON WORLD AFFAIRS, 42
+
+FOREIGN POLICY ASSOCIATION-WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35-49; 81; 174
+
+_Foreign Relations of the United States:
+  Diplomatic Papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943_, 28
+
+Forgash, Morris, 128
+
+_Fortune_, 157; 159
+
+Foster Wheeler Corp, 15
+
+Foster, William C. affiliations: 65; 87; 140; 152
+
+Foster, William Z., 143
+
+_Foundations_, 162, 165
+
+_Foundation Directory_, 167
+
+FOUNDATION LIBRARY CENTER, 167
+
+Founders' Insurance Co., 88
+
+Fowler, Henry H., 55
+
+Fox, Bertrand, 57
+
+Fox, John M., 76
+
+FRANCE, 183
+
+Frankfurter, Felix, 39; 65; 142; 150
+
+Franklin, George S., Jr., 12
+
+FREEDOM, a Constitutional concept of, 109 ff
+
+_Freedom's Frontier Atlantic Union Now_, 121
+
+FREE EUROPE COMMITTEE, 149
+
+FREE EUROPE PRESS, 149
+
+Freeman, Gaylord A., Jr., 55
+
+Freeport Sulphur Co., 15; 90
+
+French, Eleanor Clark, 130
+
+Fulbright, J. William, 119; 134; 178
+
+FULTON COUNTY (Georgia) Grand Jury, 36 ff
+
+FULTON COUNTY MEDICAL SOCIETY, 139
+
+FUND FOR ADULT EDUCATION (Ford Foundation), 73
+
+FUND FOR THE REPUBLIC, 62 ff; 166 ff
+
+Funston, G. Keith, 87
+
+
+
+G
+
+
+Gaither, H. Rowan, Jr., 168
+
+Galbraith, John Kenneth, 10; 146
+
+Gallup, George, 156
+
+Gannett, Lewis S., 151
+
+Gardner, John W., 169 ff
+
+Gavin, James M., 10
+
+Gavin, Leon H., 69
+
+Geier, Frederick, V., 87
+
+General American Investors Co., 49; 64
+
+General Cigar Company, 96
+
+General Dynamics Corporation, 15
+
+General Electric Corporation,
+  directors' affiliations: 63; 65; 86; 87; 88; 90; 94; 96
+
+General Foods Corp., 92; 96
+
+General Motors, 83; 86;
+  Overseas Operations, 15
+
+General Stores Corp., 88
+
+General Telephone, 127
+
+General Telephone & Electronics Corp., 95
+
+Genesee Merchants Bank & Trust Co., 86
+
+Georgia Power Company, 89
+
+GERMANY, occupation plans for, 27 ff;
+  West Germany, 182
+
+Gerot, Paul S., 76
+
+Gifford, John A., 171
+
+Gifford, Walter S., 150; 170
+
+Gillette Company, 15; 94
+
+Gillette Safety Razor, 76
+
+Gleason, S. Everett, 165
+
+Goheen, Robert F., 170
+
+Goldberg, Arthur J., 168 ff
+
+Goldman, Sachs and Co., 81
+
+GOLD RESERVE, 52 ff
+
+Goldstein, Israel, 148
+
+Goodrich (B. F.) Company, 86; 90; 96
+
+Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co., 91; 95
+
+Gould, Laurence M., 168; 170
+
+Graham, Philip, 65; 101; 156
+
+Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co., 93
+
+Grace (W. R.) and Co., 15
+
+GRAND JURY PRESENTMENT (Fulton Co., Ga.) 36 ff; 175
+
+Gray, Elisha, II, 87
+
+GREAT DECISIONS PROGRAM, 36 ff; 42; 44 ff
+
+Greene, Fred T., 57
+
+Greenfield, Albert M., 130
+
+GREENLAND, under the Monroe Doctrine, 24 ff
+
+Greenewalt, Crawford H., 87; 141; 170
+
+Grew, Joseph C., 150
+
+Griswold, A. Whitney, 170
+
+Griswold, Erwin N., ii
+
+Gross, Ernest A., 126; 144; 169
+
+Gross, H. R., 67
+
+Grover, Allen, 156
+
+Gruenther, Alfred M., 88; 130; 141
+
+GUGGENHEIM MEMORIAL FOUNDATION, 64; 90; 161
+
+Guinzburg, Harold K., 125
+
+Gulf and South American Steam Ship Co., 95
+
+Gulf Oil Corporation, 15
+
+Gullion, Edmund A., 17; 145
+
+Gunther, John, 151
+
+
+
+H
+
+
+Hadley, Morris, 169
+
+Hall, Helen, 99
+
+Hall, Joseph B., 88
+
+Halliburton Oil Well Cementing Co., 15
+
+Hammarskjold, Dag, 18; 20
+
+Hammond, John, 151
+
+HAMPTON INSTITUTE, 64
+
+Hancock (John) Mutual Life Ins. Co., 64
+
+Hand, Learned, 141
+
+Hanna (M. A.) Company, 83; 89; 90
+
+Hanover Bank, 93
+
+Hansand Steam Ship Co., 89
+
+Hardy, Porter, Jr., 68
+
+HAROLD PRATT HOUSE, 4; 21
+
+Harper & Brothers, 121; 156; 165
+
+_Harper's Magazine_, 82
+
+Harriman, W. Averell, 10; 19; 88; 140
+
+Harris, Rufus, C., 170
+
+Harris Trust & Savings Bank, 91 ff
+
+Harrison, Wallace K., 168; 169; 171
+
+Harsch, Joseph C., 156
+
+Hart Schaffner and Marx, 63
+
+Haskins and Sells, 15
+
+Haskins, Caryl P., 169
+
+Hauge, Gabriel, ii
+
+Hawaiian Pineapple Co., 90
+
+Hayes, Albert J., 142
+
+Heald, Henry T., 168
+
+Heckscher, August, 156; 171
+
+Heinz, H. J., II, 125
+
+Heinz (H. J.) Company, 15
+
+Henderson, Loy W., 152
+
+Henri-Spaak, Paul, 143
+
+Henry, Barklie McKee, 170
+
+HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT, 99
+
+Herter, Christian A., affiliations: 3; 105; 119; 123
+
+Hewitt, William A., 88
+
+Higgins, Milton P., 88
+
+Hill, Lister, 119
+
+Hiss, Alger, iii; 5; 41; 49
+
+Hitler, Adolph, 28
+
+Hoffman, Paul G., affiliations: 62 ff; 88; 99; 125; 126; 143; 168
+
+Holmes-Casey-Klein, tanker purchases, 7
+
+Holmes, John, 88
+
+Holmes, Julius C.,
+  CFR, 10;
+  delegate UN organiz. meeting, 5;
+  violation surplus-disposal program, 6-10;
+  becomes Ambassador to Iran, 8-9
+
+Home Loan Bank of Indianapolis, 57
+
+Hoover, Herbert, 6; 158
+  Foundation, 93
+
+Hoover, Herbert, Jr., 88
+
+Hopkins, Harry, 27; 185
+
+_Horizon_, 157
+
+Hoskins, Harold B., 171
+
+Hotchkis, Preston, 88
+
+Houghton, Amory, 88
+
+Houghton, Arthur A., 152; 168
+
+HOUSE COMMITTEE ON UN-AMERICAN ACTIVITIES, 146
+
+House, Edward M.,
+  Wilson's adviser, 2 ff;
+  influence on CFR, 3 ff, 23, 39;
+  influence on domestic and foreign policy, 58 ff;
+  one-world aims, 136;
+  (_also see: The Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, and _Philip
+    Dru, Administrator_)
+
+HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES (_see:_ Congress)
+
+Houser, Theodore V., 88
+
+Houston, William F., 170
+
+Hovde, Frederick L., 170
+
+Howard, Frank A., 171
+
+Hoyt, Palmer, affiliations: 126; 143; 146; 150; 156
+
+Hughes, A. W., 89
+
+Hughes, Charles Evans, 143
+
+Hughes, Langston, 162
+
+Hughes Tool Co., 15
+
+Hull, Cordell, 5; 27; 32
+
+Humphrey, George M., 83
+
+Humphrey, Gilbert W., 89
+
+Humphrey, Hubert, 119; 146; 151
+
+HUMPHREY RESOLUTION, 177
+
+HUNGARY, 112
+
+Hutchins, Francis S., 123
+
+Hutchins, Robert, 167 ff
+
+
+
+I
+
+
+IBM World Trade Corporation, 15
+
+Ickes, Harold L., 114
+
+"I Love Lucy," 102
+
+INDIA, 44
+
+INDIAN COUNCIL OF WORLD AFFAIRS, v
+
+Industrial Publishing Co., 158
+
+Industrial Rayon Corp., 89
+
+INFORMATION AGENCY, U. S., 10
+
+Inland Steel Corp., 93
+
+INSTITUT DES RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, v
+
+INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENT, 125
+
+INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL ORDER, 125
+
+INSTITUTE OF AMERICAN STRATEGY, 137 ff
+
+INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION, 152; 164
+
+INSTITUTE OF PACIFIC RELATIONS (IPR), 39 ff; 179
+
+INTER-DEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE ON LATIN AMERICA, 11
+
+Interlake Iron Corp., 95
+
+INTERLOCKING UNTOUCHABLES, 161-171
+
+INTERNAL REVENUE CODE, 179
+
+INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, 83
+
+International Bank, 69
+
+International Business Machines Corp., 77; 100
+
+INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ADMINISTRATION, 11; 69
+
+INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CORP., 69
+
+International General Electric Co., 15
+
+International Harvester Co., 91
+
+INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND, 20; 69
+
+International Nickel Company, Inc., 15
+
+International Packer, Ltd., 94 ff
+
+International Paper Co., 85; 90
+
+International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., 15
+
+_Intimate Papers of Colonel House_, 2; 59 ff
+
+Invisible government, appeal of, 173
+
+Iowa-Des Moines National Bank, 85
+
+IPR (_see:_ Institute of Pacific Relations)
+
+Iron Ore Co. of Canada, 92
+
+Irving Trust Co., 15; 18
+
+
+
+J
+
+
+Jackson, C. D., 150; 169
+
+Jacobsson, Per, 20
+
+Javits, Jacob K., 119; 146
+
+Jefferson, Thomas, 108; 185
+
+Jessup, Philip C., 140; 169
+
+Johnson, Joseph E., affiliations: iii; 5; 49; 140; 169
+
+Johnson, Lyndon, 123; 131
+
+Johnson, Robert L., 151
+
+Johnston, Eric A., affiliations: 63; 89: 123; 125; 142
+
+JOINT COUNCIL ON ECONOMIC EDUCATION, 72 ff; 76
+
+Jones, Alfred W., 89
+
+Jones and Laughlin Steel Corp., 87
+
+Jones, Charles S., 99
+
+Josephs, Devereux C., 89; 169; 171
+
+Joyce, William H., Jr., 168
+
+Judd, Walter H., 69; 105
+
+
+
+K
+
+
+Kahn, Otto H., 2
+
+KANSAS UNIVERSITY ENDOWMENT ASSOCIATION, 87
+
+Kanzler, Ernest, 89
+
+Kappel, Frederick, 89
+
+Katz, Milton, 125; 145; 169
+
+Keating, Kenneth, 119
+
+Keenan, Joseph, D., 101
+
+Kefauver, Estes, 105; 119
+
+Kelley, Nicholas, 169
+
+Kellogg (M. W.) Co., 15; 87
+
+Kelly, Mervin J., 171
+
+Kelly, Walt, 148
+
+Kennan, George F., ii; 10; 31 ff
+
+KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, ii
+
+Kennedy, John F., 46; 51; 105; 140;
+  CFR membership, 6, 10-12;
+  1961 summit meeting, i; iii;
+  on foreign aid, 129-133
+
+Kennedy, Robert, 131
+
+Kennekott Copper Corp., 87
+
+Kern County Lend Co., 91
+
+Kerr, Clark, 141; 170
+
+Kestnbaum, Meyer, 63; 65; 168
+
+KEYSTONE ECONOMIC RESEARCH CENTER, 79
+
+Khrushchev, Nikita,
+  problems in Germany, 183;
+  Stevenson's opinion of, 144;
+  summit meeting (1961), i; iii;
+  United States tour, 37
+
+Kiano, Gikomyo W., 20
+
+Kidder, Peabody and Co., 15
+
+Killian, James R., Jr., 141; 171
+
+Kimberly, John R., 89; 168
+
+Kimpton, Lawrence A., 99; 170
+
+King, Martin Luther, 148
+
+Kirk, Grayson, 5; 152; 169; 170
+
+Klein, Stanley, 7
+
+KLM Dutch Airlines, 127
+
+Klutznick, Philip M., 55; 102
+
+Knowland, William F., 123
+
+Kollek, Theodore, 20
+
+Korneichuk, Alekesander Y., ii
+
+KOREAN WAR, 7; 40; 44
+
+KRESS (SAMUEL H.) FOUNDATION, 87
+
+Krock, Arthur,
+  quotes from, 31; 144
+
+Kroger Company, 88
+
+Kuhn, Loeb and Co., 49
+
+
+
+L
+
+
+Labor (_see_: Unions)
+
+Labouisse, Henry R., 11
+
+La France Industries, 86
+
+Lally, Francis, 168
+
+Lamont, Thomas S., 170
+
+Landon Abstract Co., 92
+
+Landon, Alf, 148
+
+Lane Company, Inc., 89
+
+Lane, E. H., 89
+
+Lane, Franklin K., 61
+
+Lange, Oscar, 20
+
+Langer, William L., 165
+
+Lanier, Joseph L., 89
+
+Larsen, Roy E., 168
+
+Larson, Arthur, iii
+
+LATIN AMERICA, 105
+
+Lattimore Owen, 5; 41
+
+LAW DAY, 100
+
+Law, Warren A., 78
+
+Lawrence, David, 156; 159
+
+Lazarus, Fred, Jr., 56
+
+LEAGUE OF NATIONS, 13; 113
+
+LEAGUE OF NATIONS COVENANT, 3
+
+LEAGUE OF NEIGHBORS, 116
+
+LEAGUE OF WOMEN VOTERS, 102
+
+LEAGUE TO ENFORCE PEACE, 2
+
+Lehman, Herbert H., affiliations: 2; 126; 143; 146; 149; 151; 168
+
+Lehrman, Hal, 156
+
+Leithead, Barry L., 89
+
+Lemnitzer, Lyman L., 10
+
+Lenin, Nikolai, 128
+
+Lever Brothers Company, 70; 76
+
+Levine, Irving, 157
+
+Lewisohn (Adolph) and Sons, 49
+
+Libbey-Owens-Ford Glass Co., 90; 93
+
+Liberia Mining Co., Ltd., 92
+
+Liberian Navigation Corp., 92
+
+_Life_, 159
+
+Lilienthal, David E., 171
+
+Lincoln, Murray D., 130
+
+Linder, Harold F., 49
+
+Linowitz, Sol M., 130
+
+Linton, M. Albert, 168
+
+Lippmann, Walter, 3; 157
+
+Lockheed Aircraft Corp., 86
+
+Loeb (Carl M.), Rhoades and Co., 15
+
+Loeb, Robert F., 168
+
+Long, Augustus C., 90; 128
+
+_Look_, 65; 159
+
+Loomis, Alfred L., 170
+
+Loos, A. William, iii; 49
+
+Lorillard (P.) Company, 127
+
+_Los Angeles Times_, 147
+
+_Louisville Courier-Journal_, 155; 156; 159
+
+_Louisville Times_, 156
+
+Lourie, Donold B., 90
+
+Love, George H., 90
+
+Love, James Spencer, 90
+
+Lovett, Robert A., 168; 170
+
+Lowry, Howard F., 170
+
+Lubin, Isador, 56; 125
+
+Luce, Clare Boothe, 169
+
+Luce, Henry R., 140; 150; 157
+
+Lummus Company, 15
+
+Lykes Brothers Steam Ship Co., Inc., 95
+
+Lynd, Robert S., 171
+
+Lyon, A. E., 99
+
+
+
+Mc
+
+
+McAfee, James W., 91
+
+McAshan, S. Maurice, 91
+
+McBride, Katharine E., 170
+
+McCabe, Thomas B., 63; 65; 91
+
+McCaffrey, John L., 91
+
+McCARRAN COMMITTEE, 179
+
+McCarran, Pat, Committee investigation, 40 ff
+
+McCarthy, Joseph R., 83 ff
+
+McCloy, John J., affiliations: 5; 10; 19; 99; 143; 145; 168
+
+McCollum, Leonard F., 91
+
+McCormack, Charles P., 91
+
+McCormack, John W., 132
+
+McDonald, James G., 171
+
+McElroy, Neil H., 91
+
+McFadden, Louis T., 39
+
+McGhee, George C., 11; 79
+
+McGowin, Earl M., 91
+
+McGraw-Hill Publishing Co., Inc., 64
+
+McGraw, James H., Jr., 91
+
+McHugh, Keith S., 170
+
+McIntosh, Millicent C., 170
+
+McKee, Paul B., 91
+
+McKelway, Benjamin M., 168
+
+McKesson & Robbins, Inc., 96
+
+McWilliams, John P., 91
+
+
+
+M
+
+
+MacIntyre, Malcolm A., 169
+
+MacKenzie, N.A.M., 170
+
+MacNichol, George P., Jr., 90
+
+Macy (R. H.) & Co., 63; 76
+
+MACY FOUNDATION, 90
+
+Maffry, August, 18
+
+Magill, Roswell F., 90
+
+Malin, Patrick M., 143
+
+Mallon, Neil, 79
+
+Mallory, Walter H., 4; 12 ff
+
+Malott, Deane W., 90
+
+Mansfield, Mike, 119
+
+Manufacturers and Merchants Indemnity Co., 88
+
+Manufacturers Trust Co., iii; 93; 95
+
+Marburg, Louis, 2
+
+Marcus, Stanley, 70; 76 ff; 101; 125
+
+Maria Luisa Ore Co., 92
+
+Marshall, J. Howard, 168
+
+Marx, Karl, 61
+
+Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Co., 91
+
+Mathieson (Olin) Chemical Corp., 15; 65; 131
+
+Matson Assurance Co., 92
+
+Matson Navigation Co., 92
+
+Matthews, Herbert L., 19; 159
+
+Mauze, Abby Rockefeller, 169
+
+Mboya, Tom, 20
+
+Mead Corp., 89
+
+Mead, Margaret, iii
+
+Meany, George, 130; 141; 143
+
+"Meet the Press," 102
+
+Mellon National Bank & Trust Co., 87; 90; 93
+
+Merchant, Livingston T., 10
+
+Merck & Co., Inc., 15; 76; 87; 92
+
+Meredith Publishing Co., 85
+
+Meredith Radio & Television Stations, 85
+
+MERRILL CENTER FOR ECONOMICS, 56
+
+MERRILL FOUNDATION, 51; 63
+
+Metropolitan Coach Lines, 88
+
+METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT, 71; 78
+
+Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 65; 87; 89
+
+MEXICAN WAR (1846-1848), 1
+
+Meyer, Charles A., 169
+
+Meyer, Cord, 125
+
+Meyer, Eugene, 100
+
+Midwest Gas Transmission Co., 94
+
+Midwest Stock Exchange, 91
+
+Mikoyan, Anastas I., 18; 19
+
+Miller, J. Erwin, 56
+
+Miller, Margaret Carnegie, 169 ff
+
+Mills, John S., 170
+
+_Minneapolis Star and Tribune_, 156
+
+Minute Maid Corporation, 76
+
+Mitchell, Don G., 65
+
+Mobil International Oil Co., 15
+
+Model, Roland and Stone, 15
+
+Moe, Henry Allen, 168
+
+Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 27
+
+MONROE DOCTRINE, 24; 26
+
+Monsanto Chemical Co., 93; 95
+
+Montana Power Co., 86
+
+Montgomery, George G., 91
+
+Moore, Hugh, 123; 125
+
+Morgan Guaranty Trust Co., 87
+
+Morgan, Henry S., 170
+
+Morgan (J. P.) and Company, 86
+
+Morgenstern, George, 165
+
+Morgenthau, Henry, 2
+
+Mortgage Investments Co., 92
+
+Mortimer, Charles G., 92
+
+MOSCOW CONFERENCE (1943), 27; 32
+
+Mosely, Philip E.,
+  affiliations: 5; 145;
+  at Moscow conference (1943), 27;
+  quoted on Berlin zoning, 31 ff;
+  quoted on Soviet-American relations conference, i ff
+
+MOTION PICTURE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA, 63
+
+Mudd, Seeley G., 170
+
+Muir, Malcolm, 157
+
+Multer, Abraham, 52
+
+Mumford, Lewis, 125; 148
+
+MUNICIPAL PLANNING, 70
+
+Murphy, Donald R., 142
+
+Murphy, Franklin D., 170
+
+Murphy, William B., 92
+
+Murrow, Edward R., 10; 150; 152
+
+Mutual Life Insurance Co., of N. Y., 90; 94
+
+Myers, William I., 100; 170
+
+Myrdal, Gunnar, 148
+
+
+
+N
+
+
+NAACP, 150
+
+Nason, John W., 48; 125
+
+Nathan, Robert R., 56
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP), 150
+
+NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BROADCASTERS, 102
+
+National Bank of Commerce, Houston, 95
+
+National Cash Register Co., 15
+
+National City Bank of Cleveland, 89; 91
+
+National Bank of Detroit, 86
+
+National City Bank of N. Y., 92
+
+NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF CHRISTIANS AND JEWS, 143; 173
+
+NATIONAL COUNCIL OF CHURCHES, 39; 47; 132; 143
+
+National Dairy Products Corp., 86; 96
+
+National Distillers Products Corp., 85 ff
+
+NATIONAL HOUSING ACTS (1949 through 1957), 71
+
+National Lead Company, Inc., 15
+
+NATIONAL MUNICIPAL LEAGUE, 156
+
+NATIONAL PLANNING ASSOCIATION, 55; 64; 142
+
+National Steel Corporation, 90
+
+National Trust and Savings Assoc., 85
+
+National Union Fire Insurance Co., 87; 93
+
+National Union Indemnity Co., 87
+
+Nationwide Insurance Co., 130
+
+NATO CITIZENS COMMISSION LAW, 120
+
+Neal, Alfred C., 65
+
+Neilson, Frances, 165
+
+Neiman-Marcus Company, 70; 76
+
+Nelson, Otto L., Jr., 169
+
+_Newsweek_, 157
+
+Newton, Henry C., 171
+
+_New York Herald-Tribune_, 93; 156; 157
+
+New York Life Insurance Co., 64; 87; 94
+
+_New York Post_, 156; 159
+
+New York Stock Exchange, 96
+
+_New York Times_, 15; 19; 99; 113; 155; 157 ff;
+  quote from: 31; 129 ff; 143
+
+Nicely, James M., 169
+
+Nichols, Thomas S., 131
+
+Niebuhr, Reinhold, 146; 151
+
+Nielsen, Aksel, 92
+
+Nikezic, Marko, 20
+
+NINTH ARMY, U. S., 28 ff
+
+Nitze, Paul H., 11
+
+Nixon, Richard, 105; 119; 133
+
+NIZHNYAYA OREANDA (Crimea), i
+
+Nkrumah, Kwame, 19
+
+Nolde, O. Frederick, 169
+
+Norfolk and Western Railway, 93
+
+Norgren (C. A.) Co., 92
+
+North American Company, 91
+
+NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO), 11; 118
+
+Northern Trust Co., 90
+
+Northwest Bancorporation, 56; 77; 85
+
+Northwestern Bell Telephone Co., 85
+
+Nuveen, John, 152
+
+
+
+O
+
+
+Oceanic Steam Ship Co., 92
+
+O'Hara, Barratt, 69
+
+Ohio Oil Company, Inc., 15
+
+Olds, Irving S., 150
+
+O'Leary, Timothy F., 48
+
+O'Neill, Abby M., 169
+
+OOSTERBECK, The Netherlands, v
+
+Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 143; 171
+
+ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT, 11
+
+Orgill, Edmund, 171
+
+Osborn, Earl D., 125; 148
+
+Osborn, Frederick, 169
+
+Osborne, Lithgow, 122
+
+Otis Elevator Co., 15
+
+_Our One Best Hope_ (AUC Pamphlet), 119 ff
+
+_Our Sunday Visitor_, 48
+
+Overland Corporation, 94
+
+Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 15; 85; 90; 94
+
+
+
+P
+
+
+Paar, Jack, 102
+
+Pace, Frank, Jr., 141
+
+Pacific Gas and Electric Co., 55
+
+Pacific Lumber Co., 92
+
+Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 88; 92
+
+Pacific National Bank of Seattle, 84
+
+Pacific Power & Light Co., 91
+
+Pacific School of Religion, 86
+
+Pacific Telephone & Telegraph Co., 88
+
+Page, Arthur W., 150
+
+Paley, William S., 130; 157
+
+Pan American Airways, 15; 85
+
+Pandit, Vijaya L., 143
+
+Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Co., 87
+
+PARENT-TEACHERS ASSOCIATION, 139
+
+PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 3
+
+Parten, Jubal R., 168
+
+Pasvolsky, Leo, 5
+
+Patterson, Alicia, 168
+
+Patterson, Ellmore C., 169
+
+Patterson, W. A., 76; 127
+
+Patton, George, 29
+
+Patton, Thomas F., 92
+
+Pauling, Linus, 148
+
+PEACE CORPS, 139
+
+PEARL HARBOR, 23; 114
+
+Pearson, Lester B., 144
+
+PEIPING, 45
+
+Pendleton, Morris B., 76
+
+Penney (J. C.) Company, 85; 89
+
+Percy, Charles H., 92
+
+Perkins, James A., 169 ff
+
+Petersen, Howard C., 65 ff; 169
+
+Petersen, Theodore S., 92
+
+Petro-Texas Chemical Corp., 94
+
+Pfizer International, Inc., 15
+
+Philadelphia Trust Co., 65
+
+_Philip Dru: Administrator_, 59 ff
+
+Pierson, Warren Lee, 130
+
+Pilcher, John L., 68
+
+Pillsbury Mills, 76
+
+Pitney Bowes, Inc., 48; 90
+
+Pittman, Ralph D., 123
+
+Pittsburgh-Consolidation Coal Co., 90
+
+PLYWOOD INDUSTRY, 128
+
+POLISH PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC, 20
+
+_Political Handbook of the World_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+Potofsky, Jacob S., 101
+
+Prentis, Henning W., Jr., 170
+
+Price, Gwilym A., 92; 169
+
+Pritchard, Ross, 130
+
+Proctor & Gamble Co., 91
+
+PUBLIC LAW 86-719, 122
+
+PUBLIC LAW, 87-195,188
+
+PUBLIC LIBRARY COMMITTEE, 99
+
+PUGWASH CONFERENCE, 147 ff
+
+Pullman, Inc., 87; 90
+
+Pure Oil Co., 90
+
+Pusey, Nathan M., 170
+
+
+
+Q
+
+
+Quaker Oats Co., 88; 90
+
+Queeny, Edgar Monsanto, 93
+
+
+
+R
+
+
+Rabi, I. I., 140
+
+Radio Corp. of America, 15; 48; 131
+
+RADIO FREE EUROPE, 149; 157
+
+RAILWAY LABOR EXECUTIVES ASSOCIATION, 99
+
+RAND Corporation, 16; 94
+
+Randall, Clarence B., 93
+
+Rayburn, Sam, 123
+
+Reece, Carroll, 162 ff
+
+REECE COMMITTEE, 165
+
+Reed, Philip D., 65; 93
+
+Reed, Stanley, 65
+
+Regan, Ben, 123
+
+Reid, Ogden, 157
+
+Reid, Whitelaw, 157
+
+Reinhardt, G. Frederick, 10
+
+Reischauer, Edwin O., 10
+
+Repplier, Theodore S., 98
+
+Republic Steel Corp., 92
+
+Reston, James B., 157
+
+Reuther, Walter, 101; 124; 142; 148
+
+Reynaud, Paul, 143
+
+Reynolds, Lloyd, iii
+
+Reynolds Metals Co., 93
+
+Reynolds, Richard S., Jr., 93
+
+RICHARDSON FOUNDATION, 137
+
+Richfield Oil Corp., 99
+
+Riefler, Winfield, W., 93
+
+Rieve, Emil, 56
+
+Rivington Carpets, Ltd., 89
+
+Roberts, Owen J., 114
+
+Robertshaw-Fulton Controls Co., 93
+
+Robertson, Howard P., 169
+
+Robinson, William E., 93
+
+ROCKEFELLER BROTHERS FUND, 169
+
+Rockefeller, David, 56; 123; 169
+
+ROCKEFELLER FOUNDATION, 4; 35; 39; 70; 131; 161; 164; 168
+
+Rockefeller, John D., 3rd., 168 ff
+
+Rockefeller, Laurence S., 169; 171
+
+Rockefeller, Nelson A., 5; 134; 169
+
+Rockefeller, Winthrop, 169
+
+Roebling, Mary G., 131
+
+_Role of Private Enterprise in the Economic Development of
+  Underdeveloped Nations_ (Dallas CED (pamphlet)), 79
+
+Roosevelt, Eleanor, 143; 148
+
+Roosevelt, Franklin D., 41; 55; 82; 110;
+  at Tehran Conference, 27;
+  at Yalta Conference, 30;
+  ideas on Berlin zoning, 31 ff;
+  policies of, 164;
+  1940 campaign, 23 ff
+
+Root, Elihu, Jr., 152; 169; 170
+
+Roper, Daniel C., 81 ff
+
+Roper, Elmo, affiliations: 100; 122; 123; 142; 143; 148; 157; 168
+
+ROSENWALD FUND, 161 ff
+
+Rostow, Walt W., ii
+
+Rothschild, Walter, 76
+
+Rowe, James H., Jr., 171
+
+Rowen, Hobart, 82
+
+ROYAL INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS IN ENGLAND (Chatham House), iv
+
+Ruml, Beadsley, 57; 65; 70; 142
+
+Rusk, Dean, 10; 131; 168
+
+Rusk, Howard A., 100
+
+Russell, Bertrand, 147
+
+Russell, Donald J., 93
+
+Ruttenberg, Stanley H., 56
+
+Ryder, Melvin, 113
+
+
+
+S
+
+
+SAGE (RUSSELL) FOUNDATION, 167
+
+St. Louis-Southwestern Railroad, 93
+
+St. Louis Union Trust Co., 91; 95
+
+Salomon, Irving, 125; 126
+
+Sampson, Edith S., 123
+
+Sanborn, Frederic R., 165
+
+SANE NUCLEAR POLICY, INC., 147 ff
+
+_San Francisco Examiner_, 51
+
+San Jacinto Petroleum Corp., 16
+
+Sarnoff, David, 131; 150; 157
+
+_Saturday Review_, ii; 98; 156; 159
+
+Saunders, Stuart T., 93
+
+Sawyer, Charles, 56
+
+Scherman, Harry, 63; 66; 125; 157
+
+Schieffelin, W. J., Jr., 169
+
+Schiff, Jacob, 2
+
+Schiff, Mortimer, 2
+
+Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., affiliations: 2; 10; 143; 146; 151; 171
+
+Schmidt, Adolph W., 123
+
+Schnitzler, William F., 56
+
+SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL SERVICE, 152
+
+Schroeder (J. Henry) Banking Corp., 16; 48
+
+Schroeder, Oliver C., 123
+
+Schwulst, Earl B., 56
+
+Scott Paper Company, 63
+
+Scripto, Inc., 86
+
+Scudder, Stevens & Clark, 94
+
+Seaboard Construction Co., 89
+
+Sea Island Company, 89
+
+Sears, Roebuck & Co., 88
+
+Selective Insurance Co., 88
+
+Seligman, Eustace, 48
+
+SENATE, THE U. S.,
+  debates on NATO Citizens
+  Commission Law, 120 ff;
+  Foreign Relations Committee, 178;
+  Internal Security Subcommittee, 40
+  refuses U. S. membership in world federation, 3;
+  rejects first Holmes nomination, 8
+
+Seymour, Whitney North, 169
+
+Shamrock Oil & Gas Corp., 87
+
+Shapiro, Eli, 57
+
+Sharp, Walter R., 5
+
+Sheffield, Frederick, 169
+
+Shepardson, Whitney H., 150
+
+Shepley, Henry R., 170
+
+Sheraton Corp. of America, 94
+
+Shirer, William L., 157
+
+Shishkin, Boris, 100
+
+Shotwell, James T., 5; 126; 148
+
+Shuman, Charles B., 56-58
+
+Shuster, George N., 100; 150; 152; 168; 169
+
+Sicedison S. P. A. of Italy, 93
+
+Siegbert, Henry, 49
+
+Simon & Schuster, 156
+
+Sinclair Oil Corp., 16
+
+Singer Manufacturing Co., 16
+
+Slaton, Waldo M. (_see:_ American Legion)
+
+SLOAN (ALFRED P.) FOUNDATION, 165; 170
+
+Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 170
+
+Sloan, Raymond P., 170
+
+Smith (A. O.) Corporation, 94
+
+Smith, Blackwell, 94
+
+Smith, Lloyd B., 94
+
+Smith, Paul C., 125; 157
+
+Smith (W. T.) Lumber Co., 91
+
+_Smoot Report_ (references to) 53; 57-58; 71; 72; 101; 120; 128; 141
+
+Snyder, John W., 94
+
+SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM, 54
+
+SOCIETE GENERALE DE BELGIQUE, v
+
+Sohn, Louis B., iii
+
+Sonne, Hans Christian, 55; 142; 171
+
+Sontag, Raymond J., 145
+
+Soth, Lauren, 142
+
+Soubry, Emile E., 48
+
+Southern Company, 86
+
+Southern Company of New York, 91
+
+Southern Pacific Co., 93; 95
+
+SOVIET UNION, 61; 184;
+  at Crimean Conference, i ff;
+  Constitution of, 52, 108;
+  democratic centralism in, 110;
+  espionage, 4-5;
+  occupation of Berlin, 29;
+  post-war strengthening of, 26 ff;
+  propaganda in U. S., 41
+
+Spang, Joseph P., Jr., 94
+
+SPANISH AMERICAN WAR, 1
+
+Sparkman, John, 105
+
+SPECIAL UNITED NATIONS FUND FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (SUNFED), 62
+
+Spofford, Charles M., 150; 169
+
+_Sports Illustrated_, 157
+
+Sprague Electric Co., 16
+
+Staley, A. E., Jr., 94
+
+Stalin, Joseph, 27 ff; 30; 135
+
+Standard Oil Company of Calif., 16; 92
+
+Standard Oil Company of N. J., 16; 49; 65
+
+Standard Oil Company of Ohio, 92
+
+Standard-Vacuum Oil Co., 16
+
+STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 86; 93
+
+Stanton, Frank, 94
+
+Stassen, Harold E., 150
+
+STATE DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 126; 132; 183;
+  CFR influence in, 4-5, 8, 10, 42, 163;
+  Division of Special Research, 4;
+  Office of International Security Affairs, 64;
+  Policy Planning Staff, iii
+
+State Street Investment Corp., 85
+
+State Street Research & Management Co., 85
+
+Stauffer Chemical Co., 16
+
+Steinkraus, Herman W., 171
+
+Stettinius, Edward R., 5; 7
+
+Stevens (J. P.) and Co., 83; 86; 94
+
+Stevens, Robert T., 83 ff; 94
+
+Stevenson, Adlai, 5; 10; 105; 143 ff
+
+Stevenson, Mrs. Eleanor B., 168
+
+Stevenson, William E., 171
+
+Stires, Hardwick, 94
+
+Stone, Mrs. Kathryn H., 102
+
+Stone, Leland, 157
+
+Stone, Shepard, 145
+
+Stratton, Julius A., 168
+
+Straus, Jack I., 125
+
+Straus, Robert Kenneth, 157
+
+Strauss, Lewis L., 94
+
+Streit, Clarence K., 105; 113; 118; 123
+
+Studebaker Corporation, 62
+
+STUDENT FEDERALISTS, 124
+
+Sullivan and Cromwell, 48
+
+Sulzberger, Arthur Hayes, 158
+
+Sulzberger, C. L., 158
+
+SUNFED, 62
+
+SUPREME COURT, THE U. S., 72
+
+SURPLUS-DISPOSAL PROGRAM, 7
+
+Surrey, Walter Sterling, 131
+
+Swezey, Burr S., Sr., 123
+
+Swift and Company, 88; 95
+
+Swindell-Dressler Corporation, 87
+
+Swing, Raymond Gram, 125
+
+Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., 65
+
+Symington, Wayne Corporation, 16
+
+Symonds, H. Gardiner, 94
+
+
+
+T
+
+
+Taft, Charles P., 170 ff
+
+Talbott Corporation, 89
+
+Tampa Electric Co., 86
+
+TANGIER, 8
+
+Tankore Corp., 92
+
+Tannenwald, Theodore Jr., 129
+
+Tansill, Charles Callan, 165
+
+Tapp, Jesse W., 56
+
+TARIFF-AND-TRADE PROPOSALS, 18
+
+TAXATION,
+  presidential power in, 52
+
+TAX-EXEMPT FOUNDATIONS REPORT, 161 ff
+
+Taylor, Henry C., 171
+
+Taylor, Reese H., 95
+
+Taylor, Thomas A., 95
+
+Taylor, Wayne Chatfield, 66; 142
+
+TEHRAN CONFERENCE, 27 ff; 30 ff
+
+Teichmeier, A. W., 127
+
+Tennessee-Argentina, 94
+
+Tennessee de Ecuador, S. A., 94
+
+Tennessee Gas & Transmission Co., 94
+
+Tennessee-Venezuela S. A., 94
+
+Texaco, Inc., 16; 89; 127
+
+Texas and New Orleans Railroad Co., 93
+
+Texas Eastern Transmission Corp., 85
+
+Texas Gulf Sulphur Co., 16
+
+Texas Instruments, Inc., 16
+
+TEXTILE WORKERS UNION (AFL-CIO), 56
+
+Textron, Inc., 86
+
+Thomas, Charles Allen, 95; 169
+
+Thomas, H. Gregory, 150
+
+Thomas, Norman, 3; 148
+
+Thompson Industries, Inc., 89
+
+Thomson, John Cameron, 56; 77
+
+Thorp, Willard L., 56 ff
+
+TIBET, 45
+
+Tidewater Oil Co., 16
+
+_Time_, 16; 156; 159
+
+Title Guaranty Co., 92
+
+"Today Show," 102
+
+Toledo Trust Co., 85
+
+Trailmobile, Inc., 87
+
+Transcontinental & Western Air, Inc., 85
+
+Trans-World Airways, 130
+
+TREASURY DEPARTMENT, THE U. S., 41; 67
+
+Trenton Trust Co., 131
+
+Triffin, Robert, 17
+
+Trippe, Juan T., 95; 170
+
+_Triumph in the West_, 30
+
+Truman, Harry S., 12; 105; 118; 180
+
+Trust Company of Georgia, 86
+
+_Truth About the Foreign Policy Association_, 37 ff; 175
+
+Turman, Solon B., 95
+
+TWENTIETH CENTURY FUND, 55; 171
+
+
+
+U
+
+
+_Undeclared War_, (Langer-Gleason), 165
+
+UNESCO HOUSE, 143
+
+Union Carbide & Carbon Corp., 90 ff
+
+Union Commerce Bank, 92
+
+Union Drawn Steel Co., 92
+
+Union Electric Company of Mo., 91; 93
+
+_Union Now_ (Streit), 113; 121
+
+_Union Now With Britain_ (Streit), 113
+
+UNION OF EAST AND WEST, 116
+
+UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA, 151
+
+Union Oil Co., of Calif., 95
+
+Union Tank Car Co., 16
+
+UNIONS, 56; 100; 110 ff; 130; 142
+
+United Air Lines, 76; 92; 127
+
+United American Life Insurance Co., 92
+
+UNITED NATIONS,
+  ADA support of, 147;
+  Advertising Council support of, 102;
+  Aid to Cuba, 135;
+  _American_ Association for, 126;
+  CFR support of, 22;
+  Charter, creating socialistic alliance, 117;
+  Declaration of Human Rights, 108;
+  discussed at Soviet-American conference, ii;
+  discussed in AUC purpose, 119;
+  Economic and Social Council, 56;
+  IIO support of, 125;
+  Korean War, 40;
+  organizational meeting, 5;
+  population control, 151;
+  SANE support of, 148;
+  seating Red China, 47;
+  step toward world government, 103 ff; 116 ff;
+  SUNFED, 62;
+  _UN We Believe_, 126 ff;
+  U. S. Committee for, 125 ff;
+  U. S. withdrawal, 181;
+  UWF plans for, 124
+
+UNITED NATIONS OF THE WORLD, plan for, 116
+
+UNITED STATES COMMITTEE FOR THE UN, 125 ff
+
+UNITED STATES COMMUNIST PARTY, 143
+
+United States Foil Co., 93
+
+UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT,
+  sovereignty of, 107 ff;
+  traditional foreign policy, 1, 26
+
+_United States in World Affairs_ (CFR publication), 13
+
+United States Lines Co., 16
+
+United States Manganese Co., 95
+
+United States Plywood Corp., 127
+
+United States Steel Corp., 16; 94
+
+UNITED WORLD FEDERALISTS, 105; 117 ff; 123 ff
+
+Universal C. I. T. Credit Corp., 89
+
+UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES
+  Allegheny College, 93
+  American University, 152
+  Amherst College, 56
+  Clemson College, 86
+  Colgate University, 76; 130
+  Cornell University, 64; 90; 95; 100
+  Dartmouth College, ii; 76
+  Davidson College, 90
+  Duke University, World Rule of Law Center, iii
+  Harvard University, ii; 63; 76; 86; 90
+  Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, iii
+  Harvard University, Graduate
+  School of Business Admin., 57
+  Harvard University, International Legal Studies, 145
+  Hunter College, 100
+  Massachusetts Institute of Technology, iii; 57; 64: 88; 95; 141
+  Millikin University, 94
+  New York University, 93
+  New York University, Bellevue Medical Center, 100
+  Northwestern University, 88
+  Ohio State University, 92
+  Pacific School of Religion, 86
+  Pennsylvania State University, 87
+  Princeton University, 90
+  Radcliff College, 64
+  Rice University, 85
+  Rutgers University, 56
+  San Jose State College, 86
+  Southern Methodist University, 77 ff
+  Southwestern University, 130
+  Stanford University, 86; 92 ff; 95
+  Temple University, 65
+  Trinity College of Connecticut, 87
+  Union Theological Seminary, 92; 143
+  University of California, 141; 145
+  University of Chicago, 62; 91; 92; 93; 99; 144
+  University of Kansas, 87; 90
+  University of Maryland, 91
+  University of North Carolina, 90
+  University of Notre Dame, 91
+  University of Pittsburgh, 90; 93
+  University of Southern California, 95
+  University of Virginia, 141
+  Vassar College, 76
+  Virginia Theological Seminary, 87
+  Williams College, 88
+  Yale University, iii; 17
+
+Uphaus, Willard, 116
+
+URBAN RENEWAL, 71 ff; 101 ff; 147
+
+Urquidi, Victor, 20
+
+_U. S. News and World Report_, 156
+
+
+
+V
+
+
+Van Dusen, Henry P., 168
+
+Van Raalte Company, Inc., 96
+
+Virden, John C., 95
+
+Vitro Corporation, 95
+
+
+
+W
+
+
+Walter, Bruno, 148
+
+Wanger, Walter, 125
+
+WAR ADVERTISING COUNCIL, (_see_: Advertising Council)
+
+Warburg, Felix, 2
+
+Warburg, James P., 124; 148
+
+Warburg, Paul, 2; 39
+
+Ward, Harry F., 143
+
+Ward, J. Carlton, Jr., 95
+
+Warden, Alex, 123
+
+_Washington Evening Star_, 115
+
+Washington, George,
+  Farewell Address, 1
+
+_Washington Post and Times Herald_, 65; 100; 156; 159
+
+Watson, Arthur K., 169
+
+Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 77; 96; 100; 131
+
+Waymack, W. W., 171
+
+Weaver, Robert, 101
+
+Wedron Silica Co., 95
+
+Wemberg, Sidney J., 81 ff; 95 ff; 101
+
+Welch, Leo D., 171
+
+_Weldwood News_, 127
+
+Welles, Sumner, 5; 126
+
+Wellington Sears Co., 89
+
+Wells Fargo Bank and Union Trust Co., 63
+
+Wells, Herman B., 140; 170
+
+Western Air Express, 85
+
+Westinghouse Electric Corp., 87 ff; 92; 95
+
+West Point Manufacturing Co., 89
+
+Wheeler, Walter H., Jr., 48; 96; 125 ff; 131; 150
+
+Whirlpool Corp., 87
+
+White, Harry Dexter, 41
+
+White, James N., 170
+
+White, Weld and Co., 16
+
+Whitney, George, 171
+
+Whitney, John Hay, 96; 142
+
+Wilde, Frazar B., 55; 64
+
+Williams, G. Mennen, 148
+
+Williams, Langbourne M., 96
+
+Willkie, Wendell, 64
+
+Wilson, Charles E., 83
+
+Wilson, Logan, 170
+
+Wilson, O. Meredith, 170
+
+Wilson, Robert E., 170
+
+Wilson, Woodrow, 2 ff; 23; 58; 61; 104; 164
+
+WILSON (WOODROW) FOUNDATION, 64
+
+Winant, John G., 31-32
+
+Wood, W. Barry, Jr., 168
+
+WORLD AFFAIRS CENTER, 35 ff; 42 ff
+
+WORLD AFFAIRS COUNCILS, 35 ff; 174; 176
+
+WORLD BANK, 69
+
+WORLD BROTHERHOOD, 143 ff
+
+WORLD COURT, iii; 100; 177 ff; 181
+
+WORLD FEDERALISTS, 124
+
+WORLD FELLOWSHIP, INC., 105; 116
+
+WORLD FELLOWSHIP OF FAITHS, 116
+
+WORLD GOVERNMENT, support for, 2 ff; 103 ff; 111 ff; 124; 173 ff
+
+WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, 101
+
+WORLD-PEACE-THROUGH-WORLD-LAW, 112 ff; 124
+
+WORLD POPULATION EMERGENCY CAMPAIGN, 151
+
+WORLD REHABILITATION FUND, 93
+
+WORLD RULE OF LAW CENTER, iii
+
+WORLD UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS, 113
+
+WORLD WAR I, 2; 103 ff; 164
+
+WORLD WAR II, 23 ff; 40; 57; 82; 103 ff; 114; 164
+
+Wormser, Rene A., 162-167
+
+Wright, Quincy, 126
+
+Wriston, Henry M., 9 ff; 100; 140; 141; 145
+
+"Wristonized," (Foreign Service), 10
+
+Wyandotte Chemicals Corporation, 16; 90
+
+Wynn, Douglas, 123
+
+Wyzanski, Charles E., Jr., 168
+
+
+
+Y
+
+
+YALTA CONFERENCE, 30
+
+Yntema, Theodore O., 56; 66
+
+Youngstown Steel Door Co., 91; 95
+
+YOUTH PEACE CORPS, 102
+
+
+
+Z
+
+
+Zander, Arnold, 142
+
+Zeckendorf, William, 102
+
+Zellerbach, James D., 63; 125; 131; 152
+
+Zerox Corporation, 130
+
+Zilkha, Ezra, 131
+
+Zurcher, Arnold J., 170
+
+
+
+
+TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES
+
+
+
+In addition to the following specific changes, several punctuation
+changes were made for consistency within the text.
+
+[A] "Khruschchev" changed to "Khrushchev".
+
+[B] "Fedinand" changed to "Ferdinand".
+
+[C] "Kntuson" changed to "Knutson".
+
+[D] "611" changed to "161".
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Invisible Government, by Dan Smoot
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