initial commit of ebook 20218HEADmain

7 files changed, 15492 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6833f05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+* text=auto
+*.txt text
+*.md text
diff --git a/20218-8.txt b/20218-8.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8144ccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20218-8.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7738 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Incas, by Pedro Sarmiento de
+Gamboa, Edited by Sir Clements Markham, Translated by Sir Clements Markham
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: History of the Incas
+
+
+Author: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
+
+Editor: Sir Clements Markham
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2006  [eBook #20218]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE INCAS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Chuck Greif, R. Cedron, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at DP Europe (http://dp.rastko.net/)
+
+
+
+Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_ COAT OF ARMS OF KING PHILIP
+II., _From the Sarmiento MS., 1572, Göttingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE INCAS
+
+by
+
+PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA
+
+Translated and Edited with Notes and an Introduction
+by Sir Clements Markham, K.C.B. President of the Hakluyt Society.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Cambridge: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. MDCCCCVII. Cambridge:
+Printed by John Clay, M.A. at the University Press.
+
+
+
+
+COUNCIL OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
+
+
+SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S., _President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL, _Vice-President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD AMHERST OF HACKNEY, _Vice-President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD BELHAVEN AND STENTON.
+
+THOMAS B. BOWRING.
+
+COLONEL GEORGE EARL CHURCH.
+
+SIR WILLIAM MARTIN CONWAY, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+THE REV. CANON JOHN NEALE DALTON, C.M.G., C.V.O.
+
+GEORGE WILLIAM FORREST, C.I.E.
+
+WILLIAM FOSTER, B.A.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE TAUBMIN GOLDIE, K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
+  _Pres. R.G.S._
+
+ALBERT GRAY, K.C.
+
+EDWARD HEAWOOD, M.A.
+
+COLONEL SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., C.B., R.E.
+
+JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D.
+
+ADMIRAL SIR ALBERT HASTINGS MARKHAM, K.C.B.
+
+ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM RICHARDS, G.C.B.
+
+ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIR EDWARD HONART SEYMOUR, G.C.B., O.M.
+
+LIEUT.-COL. SIR RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, BART., C.L.E.
+
+ROLAND VENABLES VERNON, B.A.
+
+BASIL HARRINGTON SOULSBY, B.A., F.S.A., _Honorary Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Dedicatory letter to King Philip II
+
+     I. Division of the history
+
+    II. The ancient division of the land
+
+   III. Description of the ancient Atlantic Island
+
+    IV. First inhabitants of the world and principally of
+          the Atlantic Island
+
+     V. Inhabitants of the Atlantic Island
+
+    VI. The fable of the origin of these barbarous Indians
+          of Peru, according to their blind opinions
+
+   VII. Fable of the second age, and creation of the
+          barbarous Indians according to their account
+
+  VIII. The ancient _Behetrias_ of these kingdoms of
+          Peru and their provinces
+
+    IX. The first settlers in the valley of Cuzco
+
+     X. How the Incas began to tyrannize over the lands
+          and inheritances
+
+    XI. The fable of the origin of the Incas of Cuzco
+
+   XII. The road which these companies of the Incas took
+          to the valley of Cuzco, and of the fables which
+          are mixed with their history
+
+   XIV. Entry of the Incas into the valley of Cuzco, and
+          the fables they relate concerning it
+
+   XIV. The difference between Manco Ccapac and the
+          Alcabisas, respecting the arable land
+
+    XV. Commences the life of Sinchi Rocca, the second Inca
+
+   XVI. The life of Lloqui Yupanqui, the third Inca
+
+  XVII. The life of Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca
+
+ XVIII. The life of Ccapac Yupanqui, the fifth Inca
+
+   XIX. The life of Inca Rocca, the sixth Inca
+
+    XX. The life of Titu Cusi Hualpa, vulgarly called
+          Yahuar-huaccac
+
+   XXI. What happened after the Ayarmarcas had stolen
+          Titu Cusi Hualpa
+
+   XXII. How it became known that Yahuar-huaccac was alive
+
+  XXIII. Yahuar-huaccac Inca Yupanqui commences his reign alone,
+           after the death of his father
+
+   XXIV. Life of Viracocha, the eighth Inca
+
+    XXV. The provinces and towns conquered by the eighth Inca
+           Viracocha
+
+   XXVI. Life of Inca Yupanqui or Pachacuti, the ninth Inca
+
+  XXVII. Coming of the Chancas against Cuzco
+
+ XXVIII. The second victory of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
+           over the Chancas
+
+   XXIX. The Inca Yupanqui assumes the sovereignty and takes
+           the fringe, without the consent of his father
+
+    XXX. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui rebuilds the city of Cuzco
+
+   XXXI. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui rebuilds the House of the Sun
+           and establishes new idols in it
+
+  XXXII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui depopulates two leagues of
+           country near Cuzco
+
+ XXXIII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui kills his elder brother
+           named Inca Urco
+
+  XXXIV. The nations which Pachacuti Inca subjugated and the
+           towns he took; and first of Tocay Ccapac, Sinchi of
+           the Ayamarcas, and the destruction of the Cuyos
+
+   XXXV. The other nations conquered by Inca Yupanqui, either
+           in person or through his brother Inca Rocca
+
+  XXXVI. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui endows the House of the Sun
+           with great wealth
+
+ XXXVII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui conquers the province
+           of Colla-suyu
+
+XXXVIII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui sends an army to conquer
+           the province of Chinchay-suyu
+
+  XXXIX. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui plants _mitimaes_ in all
+           the lands he had conquered
+
+     XL. The Collas, sons of Chuchi Ccapac, rebel against
+           Inca Yupanqui to obtain their freedom
+
+    XLI. Amaru Tupac Inca and Apu Paucar Usnu continue the
+           conquest of the Collao and again subdue the Collas
+
+   XLII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui nominates his son Tupac Inca
+           Yupanqui as his successor
+
+  XLIII. How Pachacuti armed his son Tupac Inca
+
+   XLIV. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui sends his son Tupac Inca
+           Yupanqui to conquer Chinchay-suyu
+
+    XLV. How Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui visited the provinces
+           conquered for him by his captains
+
+   XLVI. Tupac Inca Yupanqui sets out, a second time, by
+           order of his father, to conquer what remained
+           unsubdued in Chinchay-suyu
+
+  XLVII. Death of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
+
+ XLVIII. The life of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca
+
+   XLIX. Tupac Inca Yupanqui conquers the province of the Antis
+
+      L. Tupac Inca Yupanqui goes to subdue and pacify the Collas
+
+     LI. Tupac Inca makes the _Yanaconas_
+
+    LII. Tupac Inca Yupanqui orders a second visitation of the
+           land, and does other things
+
+   LIII. Tupac Inca makes the fortress of Cuzco
+
+    LIV. Death of Tupac Inca Yupanqui
+
+     LV. The life of Huayna Ccapac, eleventh Inca
+
+    LVI. They give the fringe of Inca to Huayna Ccapac, the
+           eleventh Inca
+
+   LVII. The first acts of Huayna Ccapac after he became Inca
+
+  LVIII. Huayna Ccapac conquers Chachapoyas
+
+    LIX. Huayna Ccapac makes a visitation of the whole empire
+           from Quito to Chile
+
+     LX. Huayna Ccapac makes war on the Quitos, Pastos,
+           Carangues, Cayambis, Huancavilcas
+
+    LXI. The Chirihuanas come to make war in Peru against
+           those conquered by the Incas
+
+   LXII. What Huayna Ccapac did after the-said wars
+
+  LXIII. The life of Huascar, the last Inca, and of Atahualpa
+
+   LXIV. Huascar Inca marches in person to fight Chalco
+           Chima and Quiz-quiz, the captains of Atahualpa
+
+    LXV. The battle between the armies of Huascar and
+           Atahualpa. Huascar made prisoner
+
+   LXVI. What Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz did concerning
+           Huascar and those of his side in words
+
+   LXVII. The cruelties that Atahualpa ordered to be
+            perpetrated on the prisoners and conquered
+            of Huascar's party
+
+  LXVIII. News of the Spaniards comes to Atahualpa
+
+    LXIX. The Spaniards come to Caxamarca and seize
+            Atahualpa, who orders Huascar to be killed.
+            Atahualpa also dies
+
+     LXX. It is noteworthy how these Incas were tyrants
+            against themselves, besides being so against
+            the natives of the land
+
+    LXXI. Summary computation of the period that the
+            Incas of Peru lasted
+
+Certificate of the proofs and verification of this history
+
+          *          *          *          *          *
+
+Account of the Province of Vilcapampa and a narrative of
+    the execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru, by Captain
+    Baltasar de Ocampo
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+1. Map of Central Peru. 1907. By Graham Mackay, R.G.S
+
+Six Facsimiles (reduced) from the Sarmiento MS., 1572
+    (Göttingen University Library):
+
+2. _a_. Arms of Philip II of Spain. Coloured
+
+3. _b_. Last page of Sarmiento's introductory Letter
+    to Philip II, with his autograph
+
+4. _c_. Arms of Philip II. fol. 1
+
+5. _d_. Title of the Sarmiento MS. fol. 2
+
+6. _e_. Arms of Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of
+    Peru, 1569--1581. fol. 132
+
+7. _f_. Signatures of the attesting witnesses, 1572. fol. 138
+
+8. Portrait of the Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, at Lima.
+     From a sketch by Sir Clements Markham in 1853
+
+9. Group of Incas, in ceremonial dresses, from figures in the
+     pictures in the Church of Santa Ana, Cuzco, A.D. 1570.
+     From a sketch by Sir Clements Markham in 1853
+
+10. Portraits of the Incas. Facsimile of the Title-page of the
+    Fifth Decade of Antonio de Herrera's _Historia General de
+    los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme
+    del Mar Oceano_, Madrid, 1615. fol. From the Rev. C.M.
+    Cracherode's copy in the British Museum
+
+11. Capture of Atahualpa, and Siege of Cuzco. From the
+      Title-page of the Sixth Decade of Antonio de Herrera
+
+12. Map of Vilca-Pampa. 1907. By Graham Mackay, R.G.S
+
+Plates 2--7 have been reproduced from the negatives, kindly lent
+for the purpose by Professor Dr Richard Pietschmann, Director of
+the Göttingen University Library.
+
+[Illustration: 1907. Series II. Vol. XXII.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth.
+PORTRAITS OF THE INCAS. From the Rev. C.M. Cracherode's copy in the
+British Museum.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The publication of the text of the Sarmiento manuscript in the Library
+of Göttingen University, has enabled the Council to present the members
+of the Hakluyt Society with the most authentic narrative of events
+connected with the history of the Incas of Peru.
+
+The history of this manuscript, and of the documents which accompanied
+it, is very interesting. The Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, who
+governed Peru from 1569 to 1581, caused them to be prepared for the
+information of Philip II. Four cloths were sent to the King from Cuzco,
+and a history of the Incas written by Captain Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+On three cloths were figures of the Incas with their wives, on
+medallions, with their _Ayllus_ and a genealogical tree. Historical
+events in each reign were depicted on the borders. The fable of
+Tampu-tocco was shown on the first cloth, and also the fables touching
+the creations of Viracocha, which formed the foundation for the whole
+history. On the fourth cloth there was a map of Peru, the compass lines
+for the positions of towns being drawn by Sarmiento.
+
+The Viceroy also caused reports to be made to him, to prove that the
+Incas were usurpers. There were thirteen reports from Cuzco, Guamanga,
+Xauxa, Yucay, and other places, forming a folio of 213 leaves, preserved
+in the _Archivo de Indias_[1]. At Cuzco all the Inca descendants were
+called upon to give evidence respecting the history of Peru under their
+ancestors. They all swore that they would give truthful testimony. The
+compilation of the history was then entrusted to Captain Pedro Sarmiento
+de Gamboa, the cosmographer of Peru. When it was completed the book was
+read to the Inca witnesses, chapter by chapter, in their own language.
+They discussed each chapter, and suggested some corrections and
+alterations which were adopted. It was then submitted to the Viceroy,
+who caused the documents to be attested by the principal Spaniards
+settled at Cuzco, who had been present at the conquest, or had taken a
+leading part in the subsequent administration. These were Dr Loarte, the
+licentiate Polo de Ondegardo[2], Alonso de Mena[3], Mancio Serra de
+Leguisano[4], Pero Alonso Carrasco, and Juan de Pancorvo[5], in whose
+house the Viceroy resided while he was at Cuzco. Mancio Serra de
+Leguisano married Beatriz Ñusta, an Inca princess, daughter of Huayna
+Ccapac. The Viceroy then made some final interpolations to vilify the
+Incas, which would not have been approved by some of those who had
+attested, certainly not by Polo de Ondegardo or Leguisano.
+
+[Note 1: Printed in the same volume with Montesinos, and edited by
+Jimenes de la Espada, _Informaciones acerca del señorio y gobierno de
+los Ingas hechas por mandado de Don Francisco de Toledo,_ 1570--72.]
+
+[Note 2: The accomplished lawyer, author, and statesman.]
+
+[Note 3: One of the first conquerors. His house at Cuzco was in the
+square of our Lady, near that of Garcilasso de la Vega.]
+
+[Note 4: A generous defender of the cause of the Indians.]
+
+[Note 5: One of the first conquerors. He occupied a house near the
+square, with his friend and comrade Alonso de Marchena.]
+
+Sarmiento mentions in his history of the Incas that it was intended to
+be the Second Part of his work. There were to be three Parts. The First,
+on the geography of Peru, was not sent because it was not finished. The
+Third Part was to have been a narrative of the conquest.
+
+The four cloths, and the other documents, were taken to Spain, for
+presentation to the King, by a servant of the Viceroy named Geronimo
+Pacheco, with a covering letter dated at Yucay on March 1st, 1572.
+
+Of all these precious documents the most important was the history of
+the Incas by Sarmiento, and it has fortunately been preserved. The
+King's copy found its way into the famous library of Abraham Gronovius,
+which was sold in 1785, and thence into the library of the University of
+Göttingen, where it remained, unprinted and unedited, for 120 years. But
+in August, 1906, the learned librarian, Dr Richard Pietschmann published
+the text at Berlin, very carefully edited and annotated with a valuable
+introduction. The Council of the Hakluyt Society is thus enabled to
+present an English translation to its members very soon after the first
+publication of the text. It is a complement of the other writings of the
+great navigator, which were translated and edited for the Hakluyt
+Society in 1895.
+
+The manuscript consists of eight leaves of introduction and 138 of text.
+The dedicatory letter to the King is signed by Sarmiento on March 4th,
+1572. The binding was of red silk, under which there is another binding
+of green leather. The first page is occupied by a coloured shield of the
+royal arms, with a signature _el Capitã Sarmi de Gãboa_. On the second
+page is the title, surrounded by an ornamental border. The manuscript is
+in a very clear hand, and at the end are the arms of Toledo (_chequy
+azure and argent_) with the date Cuzco, 29 Feb., 1572. There is also the
+signature of the Secretary, Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel[6].
+
+[Note 6: Alvaro Ruiz and his brother Captain Francisco Ruiz were the
+sons of Francisco Santiago Rodriguez de los Rios by Inez de Navamuel.
+Both used their mother's name of Navamuel as their surname; and both
+were born at Aquilar del Campo. Alonso Ruiz de Navamuel was Secretary to
+the governments of five successive Viceroys. He wrote a _Relacion de las
+cosas mas notables que hiza en el Peru, siendo Virev Don Francisco de
+Toledo, 20 Dec. 1578_. He died in the year 1613. The descendants of his
+son Juan de los Rios formed the _mayorazgos_ of Rios and Cavallero.
+
+By his wife Angela Ortiz de Arbildo y Berriz, a Biscayan, he had a
+daughter Inez married to her cousin Geronimo Aliaga, a son of the
+Secretary's brother Captain Francisco Ruiz de Navamuel, the
+_encomendero_ of Caracoto in the Collao, by Juana, daughter of Captain
+Geronimo de Aliaga. His marriage, at which the Viceroy Toledo was
+present, took place on November 23rd, 1578. From the marriage of the
+younger Geronimo de Aliaga with Inez Navamuel, descend the Aliagas,
+Counts of Luringancho in Peru.]
+
+The history of the Incas by Sarmiento is, without any doubt, the most
+authentic and reliable that has yet appeared. For it was compiled from
+the carefully attested evidence of the Incas themselves, taken under
+official sanction. Each sovereign Inca formed an _ayllu_ or "gens" of
+his descendants, who preserved the memory of his deeds in _quipus_,
+songs, and traditions handed down and learnt by heart. There were many
+descendants of each of these _ayllus_ living near Cuzco in 1572, and the
+leading members were examined on oath; so that Sarmiento had
+opportunities of obtaining accurate information which no other writer
+possessed. For the correct versions of the early traditions, and for
+historical facts and the chronological order of events, Sarmiento is the
+best authority.
+
+But no one can supersede the honest and impartial old soldier, Pedro de
+Cieza de Leon, as regards the charm of his style and the confidence to
+be placed in his opinions; nor the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega as regards
+his reminiscences and his fascinating love for his people. Molina and
+Yamqui Pachacuti give much fuller details respecting the ceremonial
+festivals and religious beliefs. Polo de Ondegardo and Santillana supply
+much fuller and more reliable information respecting the laws and
+administration of the Incas. It is in the historical narrative and the
+correct order of events that Sarmiento, owing to his exceptional means
+of collecting accurate information, excels all other writers.
+
+There is one serious blemish. Sarmiento's book was written, not only or
+mainly to supply interesting information, but with an object. Bishop Las
+Casas had made Europe ring with the cruelties of the Spaniards in the
+Indies, and with the injustice and iniquity of their conquests. Don
+Francisco de Toledo used this narrative for the purpose of making a
+feeble reply to the good bishop. Under his instructions Sarmiento stated
+the Viceroy's argument, which was that the King of Spain was the
+rightful sovereign of Peru because the Incas had usurped their power by
+conquest and had been guilty of acts of cruelty. Hence the constant
+repetition of such phrases as "cruel tyranny" and "usurping tyrant"; and
+the numerous interpolations of the Viceroy himself are so obvious that I
+have put them in italics within brackets. He goes back as far as the
+first Inca to make out the usurpation, and he is always harping on
+illegitimacy. If we go back as far as Sancho IV the title of Philip II
+to Spain was voided by the grossest usurpation, while we need only go
+back to Henry II to see how Philip's title was vitiated by illegitimacy.
+As for cruelty, it would be a strange plea from the sovereign by whose
+orders the Netherlands were devastated, the Moors of Granada almost
+annihilated, and under whose rule the Inquisition was in full swing. It
+is the old story of preaching without practice, as Dr Newman once
+observed in quoting what James I said to George Heriot:
+
+     "O Geordie, jingling Geordie, it was grand to hear Baby Charles
+     laying down the guilt of dissimulation, and Steenie lecturing on
+     the turpitude of incontinence."
+
+It is right to say that Philip never seems to have endorsed the argument
+of his Viceroy, while his father prohibited the circulation of a book by
+Dr Sepulveda which contained a similar argument; nor was the work of
+Sarmiento published.
+
+Barring this blemish, the history of the Incas, written by order of the
+Viceroy Toledo, is a most valuable addition to the authorities who have
+given us authentic accounts of Andean civilization; for we may have
+every confidence in the care and accuracy of Sarmiento as regards his
+collection and statement of historical facts, provided that we always
+keep in mind the bias, and the orders he was under, to seek support for
+the Viceroy's untenable argument.
+
+I have given all I have been able to find respecting the life of
+Sarmiento in the introduction to my edition of the voyages of that
+celebrated navigator.
+
+But the administration of the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, from 1569
+to 1581, forms a landmark in the history of Peru, and seems to call for
+some notice in this place. He found the country in an unsettled state,
+with the administrative system entirely out of gear. Though no longer
+young he entered upon the gigantic task of establishing an orderly
+government, and resolved to visit personally every part of the vast
+territory under his rule. This stupendous undertaking occupied him for
+five years. He was accompanied by ecclesiastics, by men well versed in
+the language of the Incas and in their administrative policy, and by his
+secretary and aide-de-camp. These were the Bishop of Popayan, Augustin
+de la Coruña, the Augustine friars Juan Vivero and Francisco del Corral,
+the Jesuit and well-known author, Joseph de Acosta, the Inquisitor Pedro
+Ordoñez Flores, his brother, the Viceroy's chaplain and confessor, the
+learned lawyer Juan Matienzo, whose work is frequently quoted by
+Solorzano[7], the licentiate Polo de Ondegardo, who had been some years
+in the country and had acquired an intimate knowledge of the laws of the
+Incas, the secretary Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel, and as aide-de-camp his
+young nephew, Geronimo de Figueroa, son of his brother Juan, the
+Ambassador at Rome[8].
+
+[Note 7: In his _Politica Indiana_. There are two manuscripts of
+Juan Matienzo de Peralta at the British Museum, _Govierno del Peru_ and
+_Relacion del libro intitulado Govierno del Peru_, apparently one work
+in two parts. _Add. MSS_. 5469, in Gayangos Catalogue, vol. II. p. 470.]
+
+[Note 8: Some sons took the father's surname, others that of the
+mother. The Viceroy had the name of his father, Francisco Alvarez de
+Toledo, the third Count of Oropesa, while his brother Juan had the
+surname of Figueroa, being that of his mother.]
+
+Toledo was endowed with indefatigable zeal for the public service, great
+energy, and extraordinary powers of application. He took the opinions of
+others, weighed them carefully, and considered long before he adopted
+any course. But he was narrow-minded and obstinate, and when he had once
+determined on a measure nothing could alter him. His ability is
+undoubted, and his appointment, at this particular juncture, is a proof
+of Philip's sagacity.
+
+The Viceroy's intercourse with Polo de Ondegardo informed him respecting
+the administrative system of the Incas, so admirably adapted to the
+genius of the people, and he had the wisdom to see that there was much
+to learn from it. His policy was to collect the people, who, to a great
+extent, were scattered over the country and hiding from the Spaniards,
+in villages placed near the centres of their cultivated or pasture
+lands. He fixed the numbers in each village at 400 to 500, with a priest
+and Alcalde. He also ordered the boundaries of all the parishes to be
+settled. Spanish Corregidors were to take the places of the _Tucuyricoc_
+or governors of Inca times, and each village had an elected Alcalde
+approved by the Corregidor. Under him there were to be two overseers, a
+_Pichca pachaca_ over 500, and a _Pachaca_ as assistant. Another
+important measure was the settlement of the tribute. The name "tribute"
+was unfortunate. The system was that of the Incas, and the same which
+prevailed throughout the east. The government was the landlord, and the
+so-called "tribute" was rent. The Incas took two-thirds for the state
+and for religion, and set apart one-third for the cultivators. Toledo
+did much the same, assessing, according to the nature of the soil, the
+crops, and other local circumstances. For the formation of villages and
+the assessment of the tribute he promulgated a whole code of ordinances,
+many of them intended to prevent local oppression in various forms.
+
+The Viceroy next took up the questions of the position of _yana-cunas_
+or domestic servants, and of forced service. Both these institutions
+existed in Incarial times. All that was needed were moderate laws for
+the protection of servants and conscripts, and the enforcement of such
+laws. Toledo allowed a seventh of the adult male population in each
+village to be made liable for service in mines or factories, fixed the
+distance they could be taken from their homes, and made rules for their
+proper treatment. It is true that the _mita_, as it was called, was
+afterwards an instrument of cruel oppression, that rules were
+disregarded, and that it depopulated the country. But this was not the
+fault of Toledo.
+
+The Viceroy gave much attention to the mining industry, promoted the
+introduction of the use of mercury in the extraction of silver, and
+founded the town of Huancavelica near the quick-silver mine. His
+personality pervaded every department of the state, and his _tasas_ or
+ordinances fill a large volume. He was a prolific legislator and a great
+statesman.
+
+His worst mistake was the policy he adopted with regard to the family of
+the Incas. He desired to establish the position of the King of Spain
+without a rival. He, therefore, sought to malign the preceding dynasty,
+persecuted the descendants of the Incas, and committed one act of cruel
+injustice.
+
+When Atahualpa put his half-brother Huascar, the last reigning Inca, to
+death, there remained three surviving sons of their father the great
+Inca Huayna Ccapac, named Manco, Paullu, and Titu Atauchi, and several
+daughters. After his occupation of Cuzco, Pizarro acknowledged Manco
+Inca as the legitimate successor of his brother Huascar, and he was
+publicly crowned, receiving all the insignia on March 24th, 1534. He
+escaped from the Spaniards and besieged them in Cuzco at the head of a
+large army. Forced to raise the siege he established his head-quarters
+at Ollantay-tampu, where he repulsed an attack led by Hernando Pizarro.
+He was, however, defeated by Orgoñiez, the lieutenant of Almagro, and
+took refuge in the mountainous province of Vilcapampa on the left bank
+of the Vilcamayu. From thence he made constant attacks on the Spaniards,
+maintaining his independence in this small remnant of his dominions.
+Some of the partisans of Almagro took refuge with him, and he was
+accidentally killed by one of them in 1544, after a not inglorious reign
+of ten years.
+
+He left two legitimate sons, named Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru, by his
+wife and niece the Princess Ataria Cusi Huarcay, daughter of his
+ill-fated brother Huascar. This marriage was legalized by a bull of Pope
+Paul III in the time of the Viceroy Marquis of Cañete, 1555--1561. He
+had also an illegitimate son named Cusi Titu Yupanqui, and a daughter
+named Maria Tupac Usca, married to Don Pedro Ortiz de Orue, one of the
+first conquerors[9].
+
+[Note 9: Diego Ortiz de Orue was born in the village of Getafe, near
+Madrid. He went out to Peru in 1559, and at once began to study the
+Quichua language. He was _encomendero_ of Maras, a village overlooking
+the valley of Yucay. By the Inca princess he had a daughter named
+Catalina married to Don Luis Justiniani of Seville, descended from the
+Genoese family. Their son Luis was the grandfather of Dr Justo Pastor
+Justiniani who married Manuela Cataño, descended from Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. Their son Don Pablo Justiniani was Cura of Laris until his
+death in 1858, and was a great depository of Inca lore. He had a very
+early copy of the Inca drama of Ollanta.]
+
+Sayri Tupac succeeded as fourteenth Inca of Peru. On the arrival of the
+Marquis of Cañete as Viceroy in 1555, he caused overtures to be made to
+Sayri Tupac through his aunts, who were living at Cuzco with their
+Spanish husbands, Juan Sierra de Leguisano and Diego Hernandez. It was
+finally arranged that the Inca should receive 17000 _castellanos_ of
+rent and the valley of Yucay. On October 7th, 1557, Sayri Tupac left
+Vilcapampa with 300 followers, reaching Andahuaylas on November 5th. He
+entered Lima on January 6th, 1558, was cordially greeted by the Viceroy
+and received investiture, assuming the names of Manco Ccapac Pachacuti
+Yupanqui. He went to live in the lovely vale of Yucay. He had been
+baptized with the name of Diego, but he did not long survive, dying at
+Yucay in 1560. His daughter Clara Beatriz married Don Martin Garcia
+Loyola. Their daughter Lorenza was created Marchioness of Oropesa and
+Yucay, with remainder to descendants of her great uncle Tupac Amaru. She
+was the wife of Juan Henriquez de Borja, grandson of the Duke of Gandia.
+
+On the death of Sayri Tupac, his illegitimate brother, Cusi Titu
+Yupanqui assumed sovereignty, owing to the youth of the legitimate
+brother Tupac Amaru, both remaining in Vilcapampa.
+
+Paullu Tupac Yupanqui, the next brother of Manco Inca, was baptized with
+the name of Cristóval. He accompanied Almagro in his expedition to
+Chile, and was with young Almagro at the battle of Chupas. Eventually he
+was allowed to fix his residence on the Colcampata of Cuzco, at the foot
+of the fortress, and by the side of the church of San Cristóval. From
+the terrace of the Colcampata there is a glorious view with the snowy
+peak of Vilcañota in the far distance. Paullu died in May, 1549, and was
+succeeded on the Colcampata by his son Carlos Inca. He had two other
+sons named Felipe and Bartolomé. From the latter was descended the late
+Archdeacon of Cuzco, Dr Justo Salmaraura Inca.
+
+Titu Atauchi, the youngest son of Huayna Ccapac, had a son Alonso.
+
+The princesses, daughters of Huayna Ccapac and sisters of Manco and
+Paullu, were Beatriz Ñusta, married first to Martin de Mustincia, and
+secondly to Diego Hernandez of Talavera; Leonor Ñusta, the wife of Juan
+de Balsa, who was killed at the battle of Chupas on the side of young
+Almagro, secondly of Francisco de Villacastin: Francisca Ñusta, niece of
+Huayna Ccapac, married to Juan de Collantes, and was great-grandmother
+of Bishop Piedrahita, the historian of Nueva Granada: another Beatriz
+Ñusta married Mancio Sierra de Leguisano, the generous defender of the
+natives; and Inez Ñusta married first Francisco Pizarro and had a
+daughter Francisca, who has descendants, and secondly to Francisco
+Ampuero. Angelina, daughter of Atahualpa, was married to Juan de
+Betanzos, the author and Quichua scholar. The brother of Huayna Ccapac,
+named Hualpa Tupac Yupanqui, had a daughter, Isabel Ñusta Yupanqui, the
+wife of Garcilasso de la Vega, and mother of the Inca Garcilasso de la
+Vega[10], the historian, author of the _Comentarios Reales_.
+
+[Note 10: The Inca Garcilasso was a third cousin of the regicide
+Viceroy Toledo. Their great grandfathers were brothers.]
+
+This then was the position of the Inca family when the Viceroy,
+Francisco de Toledo, came to Cuzco in 1571. Cusi Titu Yupanqui and Tupac
+Amaru, sons of the Inca Manco were in the mountains of Vilcapampa, the
+former maintaining his independence. Carlos Inca, son of Paullu, was
+baptized, and living on the Colcampata at Cuzco with his wife Maria de
+Esquivel. Seven Inca princesses had married Spaniards, most of them
+living at Cuzco with their husbands and children.
+
+The events, connected with the Inca family, which followed on the
+arrival of the Viceroy Toledo at Cuzco, will be found fully described in
+this volume. It need only be stated here that the inexorable tyrant,
+having got the innocent young prince Tupac Amaru into his power,
+resolved to put him to death. The native population was overwhelmed with
+grief. The Spaniards were horrified. They entreated that the lad might
+be sent to Spain to be judged by the King. The heads of religious orders
+and other ecclesiastics went down on their knees. Nothing could move the
+obstinate narrow-minded Viceroy. The deed was done.
+
+When too late Toledo seems to have had some misgivings. The judicial
+murder took place in December, 1571. The history of the Incas was
+finished in March, 1572. Yet there is no mention of the death of Tupac
+Amaru. For all that appears he might have been still in Vilcapampa.
+Nevertheless the tidings reached Philip II, and the Viceroy's conduct
+was not approved.
+
+There was astonishing audacity on the part of Toledo, in basing
+arguments on the alleged cruelty and tyranny of the Incas, when the man
+was actually red-handed with the blood of an innocent youth, and engaged
+in the tyrannical persecution of his relations and the hideous torture
+of his followers. His arguments made no impression on the mind of Philip
+II. The King even showed some favour to the children of Tupac Amaru by
+putting them in the succession to the Marquisate of Oropesa. In the Inca
+pedigrees Toledo is called "el execrable regicidio." When he presented
+himself on his return from Peru the King angrily exclaimed: "Go away to
+your house; for I sent you to serve kings; and you went to kill
+kings[11]."
+
+[Note 11: "Idos a vuestra casa, que yo os envie a servir reyes; y
+vos fuiste a matar reyes."]
+
+All his faithful services as a legislator and a statesman could not
+atone for this cruel judicial murder in the eyes of his sovereign. He
+went back to his house a disgraced and broken-hearted man, and died soon
+afterwards.
+
+The history of the Incas by Sarmiento is followed, in this volume, by a
+narrative of the execution of Tupac Amaru and of the events leading to
+it, by an eye-witness, the Captain Baltasar de Ocampo. It has been
+translated from a manuscript in the British Museum.
+
+The narrative of Ocampo, written many years after the event, is
+addressed to the Viceroy Marquis of Montes Claros. Its main object was
+to give an account of the province of Vilcapampa, and to obtain some
+favours for the Spanish settlers there.
+
+Vilcapampa is a region of very special historical and geographical
+interest, and it is one of which very little is known. It is a
+mountainous tract of country, containing the lofty range of Vilcacunca
+and several fertile valleys, between the rivers Apurimac and Vilcamayu,
+to the north of Cuzco. The mountains rise abruptly from the valley of
+the Vilcamayu below Ollantay-tampu, where the bridge of Chuqui-chaca
+opened upon paths leading up into a land of enchantment. No more lovely
+mountain scenery can be found on this earth. When Manco Inca escaped
+from the Spaniards he took refuge in Vilcapampa, and established his
+court and government there. The Sun temple, the convent of virgins, and
+the other institutions of the Incas at Cuzco, were transferred to this
+mountain fastness. Even handsome edifices were erected. Here the Incas
+continued to maintain their independence for 35 years.
+
+Ocampo opens his story with a very interesting account of the baptism of
+Melchior Carlos, son of Carlos Inca, who had become a Christian, and
+lived in the palace on the Colcampata at Cuzco. He then describes the
+events which culminated in the capture, of the Inca Tupac Amaru, and
+gives a pathetic and touching account of the judicial murder of that
+ill-fated young prince. Ocampo was an actor in these events and an
+eye-witness. The rest of his narrative consists of reminiscences of
+occurrences in Vilcapampa after it was occupied by the Spaniards. He
+owned property there, and was a settler holding official posts. He tells
+of the wealth and munificence of a neighbour. He gives the history of an
+expedition into the forests to the northward, which will form material
+for the history of these expeditions when it is written. He tells the
+story of an insurrection among the negro labourers, and complains of the
+spiritual destitution of his adopted land. He finally returns to Cuzco
+and gives an account of a very magnificent pageant and tilting match.
+But this story should have preceded the mournful narrative of the fate
+of Tupac Amaru; for the event took place at the time of the baptism of
+Melchior Carlos, and before the Viceroy Toledo became a regicide.
+Ocampo's story is that of an honest old soldier, inclined to be
+garrulous, but an eye-witness of some most interesting events in the
+history of Peru.
+
+I think it is an appropriate sequel to the history by Sarmiento, because
+it supplies material for judging whether the usurpation and tyranny were
+on the side of the Incas or of their accuser.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of_ PAGE II OF THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572.
+_From the original, Göttingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+SECOND PART
+
+OF THE
+
+GENERAL HISTORY
+
+CALLED
+
+"INDICA"
+
+WHICH WAS COMPOSED
+
+BY
+
+THE CAPTAIN PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA
+
+BY ORDER OF
+
+THE MOST EXCELLENT LORD DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO VICEROY GOVERNOR AND
+CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF THE KINGDOMS OF PERU AND MAYOR-DOMO OF THE ROYAL
+HOUSEHOLD OF CASTILLE
+
+1572
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of_ PAGE I OF THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572.
+_From the original, Göttingen University Library_.
+_Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth_.]
+
+
+
+
+TO HIS SACRED CÆSARIAN MAJESTY THE KING, DON FELIPE, OUR LORD.
+
+
+Among the excellencies, O sovereign and catholic Philip, that are the
+glorious decorations of princes, placing them on the highest pinnacle of
+estimation, are, according to the father of Latin eloquence, generosity,
+kindness, and liberality. And as the Roman Consuls held this to be the
+principal praise of their glory, they had this title curiously
+sculptured in marble on the Quirinal and in the forum of Trajan---"Most
+powerful gift in a Prince is liberality[12]." For this kings who desired
+much to be held dear by their own people and to be feared by strangers,
+were incited to acquire the name of liberal. Hence that royal sentence
+became immortal "It is right for kings to give." As this was a quality
+much valued among the Greeks, the wise Ulysses, conversing with
+Antinous[13], King of the Phæacians, said---"You are something like a
+king, for you know how to give, better than others." Hence it is certain
+that liberality is a good and necessary quality of kings.
+
+[Note 12: "Primum signum nobilitatis est liberalitas."]
+
+[Note 13: Alcinous.]
+
+I do not pretend on this ground, most liberal monarch, to insinuate to
+your Majesty the most open frankness, for it would be very culpable on
+my part to venture to suggest a thing which, to your Majesty, is so
+natural that you would be unable to live without it. Nor will it happen
+to so high minded and liberal a lord and king, what befell the Emperor
+Titus who, remembering once, during supper time, that he had allowed one
+day to pass without doing some good, gave utterance to this laudable
+animadversion of himself. "O friends! I have lost a day[14]." For not
+only does your Majesty not miss a day, but not even an hour, without
+obliging all kinds of people with benefits and most gracious liberality.
+The whole people, with one voice, says to your Majesty what Virgil sang
+to Octavianus Augustus:
+
+    "Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacula mane,
+     Divisum imperium cum Jove Cæsar habet."
+
+[Note 14: "Amici! diem perdidi." Suetonius.]
+
+But what I desire to say is that for a king who complies so well with
+the obligation of liberality, and who gives so much, it is necessary
+that he should possess much; for nothing is so suitable for a prince as
+possessions and riches for his gifts and liberalities, as Tully says, as
+well as to acquire glory. For it is certain, as we read in Sallust that
+"in a vast empire there is great glory[15]"; and in how much it is
+greater, in so much it treats of great things. Hence the glory of a king
+consists in his possessing many vassals, and the abatement of his glory
+is caused by the diminution of the number of his subjects.
+
+[Note 15: Proem of Catiline.]
+
+Of this glory, most Christian king, God Almighty gives you so large a
+share in this life that all the enemies of the holy catholic church of
+Christ our Lord tremble at your exalted name; whence you most justly
+deserve to be named the strength of the church. As the treasure which
+God granted that your ancestors should spend, with such holy
+magnanimity, on worthy and holy deeds, in the extirpation of heretics,
+in driving the accursed Saracens out of Spain, in building churches,
+hospitals and monasteries, and in an infinite number of other works of
+charity and justice, with the zeal of zealous fathers of their country,
+not only entitled them to the most holy title of catholics, but the most
+merciful and almighty God, whom they served with all their hearts, saw
+fit to commence repayment with temporal goods, in the present age. It is
+certain that "He who grants celestial rewards does not take away
+temporal blessings[16]," so that they earned more than the mercies they
+received. This was the grant to them of the evangelical office, choosing
+them from among all the kings of this world as the evangelizers of his
+divine word in the most remote and unknown lands of those blind and
+barbarous gentiles. We now call those lands the Indies of Castille,
+because through the ministry of that kingdom they will be put in the way
+of salvation, God himself being the true pilot. He made clear and easy
+the dark and fearful Atlantic sea which had been an awful portent to the
+most ancient Argives, Athenians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, and what is
+more to the proud Hercules, who, having come to Cadiz from the east, and
+seen the wide Atlantic sea, he thought this was the end of the world and
+that there was no more land. So he set up his columns with this
+inscription "Ultra Gades nil" or "Beyond Cadiz there is nothing." But as
+human knowledge is ignorance in the sight of God, and the force of the
+world but weakness in his presence, it was very easy, with the power of
+the Almighty and of your grandparents, to break and scatter the mists
+and difficulties of the enchanted ocean. Laughing with good reason at
+Alcides and his inscription, they discovered the Indies which were very
+populous in souls to whom the road to heaven could be shown. The Indies
+are also most abundant in all kinds of inestimable treasures, with which
+the heavy expenses were repaid to them, and yet remained the richest
+princes in the world, and thus continued to exercise their holy and
+Christian liberality until death. By reason of this most famous
+navigation, and new and marvellous discovery, they amended the
+inscription on the columns of Hercules, substituting "Plus ultra" for
+"Ultra Gades nil"; the meaning was, and with much truth, that further on
+there are many lands. So this inscription, "Plus ultra," remained on the
+blazon of the arms and insignia of the Indies of Castille.
+
+[Note 16: From the poem of Coelius Sedulius, a Christian poet who
+flourished about A.D. 450. The passage is--"Hostis Herodes impie
+Christum venire quod timeo? Non eripit mortalia qui regna dat
+coelestia." (Note by Dr Peitschmann.)]
+
+As there are few who are not afflicted by the accursed hunger for gold,
+and as good successes are food for an enemy, the devil moved the bosoms
+of some powerful princes with the desire to take part in this great
+business. Alexander VI, the Vicar of Jesus Christ, considering that this
+might give rise to impediments in preaching the holy evangel to the
+barbarous idolaters, besides other evils which might be caused, desired
+of his own proper motion, without any petition from the catholic kings,
+by authority of Almighty God, to give, and he gave and conceded for
+ever, the islands and main lands which were then discovered and which
+might hereafter be discovered within the limits and demarcation of 180°
+of longitude, which is half the world, with all the dominions, rights,
+jurisdictions and belongings, prohibiting the navigation and trading in
+those lands from whatever cause, to the other princes, kings, and
+emperors from the year 1493, to prevent many inconveniences.
+
+But as the devil saw that this door was shut, which he had begun to open
+to introduce by it dissensions and disturbances, he tried to make war by
+means of the very soldiers who resisted him, who were the same
+preachers. They began to make a difficulty about the right and title
+which the kings of Castille had over these lands. As your invincible
+father was very jealous in matters touching his conscience, he ordered
+this point to be examined, as closely as possible, by very learned
+doctors who, according to the report which was given out, were indirect
+and doubtful in their conclusions. They gave it as their opinion that
+these Incas, who ruled in these kingdoms of Peru, were and are the true
+and natural lords of that land. This gave a handle to foreigners, as
+well catholics as heretics and other infidels, for throwing doubt on the
+right which the kings of Spain claim and have claimed to the Indies.
+Owing to this the Emperor Don Carlos of glorious memory was on the point
+of abandoning them, which was what the enemy of the faith of Christ
+wanted, that he might regain the possession of the souls which he had
+kept in blindness for so many ages.
+
+All this arose owing to want of curiosity on the part of the governors
+in those lands, at that time, who did not use the diligence necessary
+for ascertaining the truth, and also owing to certain reports of the
+Bishop of Chiapa who was moved to passion against certain conquerors in
+his bishoprick with whom he had persistent disputes, as I knew when I
+passed through Chiapa and Guatemala[17]. Though his zeal appears holy
+and estimable, he said things on the right to this country gained by the
+conquerors of it, which differ from the evidence and judicial proofs
+which have been seen and taken down by us, and from what we who have
+travelled over the Indies enquiring about these things, leisurely and
+without war, know to be the facts[18].
+
+[Note 17: See the introduction to my _Voyages of Sarmiento_ p. x.]
+
+[Note 18: Sarmiento here refers to the efforts of Las Casas to
+protect the natives from the tyranny and cruelties of the Spanish
+settlers. He appears to have been in Guatemala when Las Casas arrived to
+take up his appointment as Bishop of Chiapas, and encountered hostility
+and obstruction from certain "conquistadores de su obispado," as
+Sarmiento calls them. On his return to Spain, the good Las Casas found
+that a certain Dr Sepulveda had written a treatise maintaining the right
+of Spain to subdue the natives by war. Las Casas put forward his
+_Historia Apologetica_ in reply. A Junta of theologians was convoked at
+Valladolid in 1550, before which Sepulveda attacked and Las Casas
+defended the cause of the natives. Mr. Helps (_Spanish conquest in
+America_, vol. iv. Book xx. ch. 2) has given a lucid account of the
+controversy. Sarmiento is quite wrong in saying that Las Casas was
+ignorant of the history of Peru. The portion of his _Historia
+Apologetica_ relating to Peru, entitled _De las antiguas gentes del
+Peru_, has been edited and published by Don Marcos Jimenez de la Espada
+in the "Coleccion de libros Españoles raros ó curiosos" (1892). It shows
+that Las Casas knew the works of Xeres, Astete, Cieza de Leon, Molina,
+and probably others; and that he had a remarkably accurate knowledge of
+Peruvian history.]
+
+This chaos and confusion of ignorance on the subject being so spread
+over the world and rooted in the opinions of the best informed literary
+men in Christendom, God put it into the heart of your Majesty to send
+Don Francisco de Toledo, Mayor-domo of your royal household, as Viceroy
+of these kingdoms[19]. When he arrived, he found many things to do, and
+many things to amend. Without resting after the dangers and long voyages
+in two seas which he had suffered, he put the needful order into all the
+things undertook new and greater labours, such as no former viceroys or
+governors had undertaken or even thought of. His determination was to
+travel over this most rugged country himself, to make a general
+visitation of it, during which, though it is not finished, it is certain
+that he has remedied many and very great faults and abuses in the
+teaching and ministry of the Christian doctrine, giving holy and wise
+advice to its ministers that they should perform their offices as
+becomes the service of God, and the discharge of your royal conscience,
+reducing the people to congregations of villages formed on suitable and
+healthy sites which had formerly been on crags and rocks where they were
+neither taught nor received spiritual instruction. In such places they
+lived and died like wild savages, worshipping idols as in the time of
+their Inca tyrants and of their blind heathenism. Orders were given to
+stop their public drinking bouts, their concubinage and worship of their
+idols and devils, emancipating and freeing them from the tyrannies, of
+their _curacas_, and finally giving them a rational life, which was
+before that of brutes in their manner of loading them as such.
+
+[Note 19: Don Francisco de Toledo was Viceroy of Peru, from Nov.
+16th, 1569, to Sept. 28th, 1581, and in some respects a remarkable man.
+He was a younger son of the third Count of Oropesa who had a common
+ancestor with the Dukes of Alva. His mother was Maria de Figueroa
+daughter of the Count of Feria. Through her he was directly descended
+from the first Duke of Alva. He was a first cousin of that Duke of Feria
+who made a love match with Jane Dormer, the friend and playmate of our
+Edward VI. Moreover Don Francisco was a third cousin of Charles V. Their
+great grandmothers were sisters, daughters of Fadrique Henriquez, the
+Admiral of Castille.
+
+This Viceroy was advanced in years. He held the appointment of a
+Mayor-domo at the court of Philip II, and another brother Juan was
+Ambassador at Rome. The Viceroy Toledo came to Peru with the
+Inquisition, which proved as great a nuisance to him as it was a
+paralyzing source of terror to his people. He was a man of extraordinary
+energy and resolution, and was devoted heart and soul to the public
+service. Sarmiento does not speak too highly of his devotion to duty in
+undertaking a personal visit to every part of his government. He was a
+most prolific legislator, founding his rules, to some extent, on the
+laws of the Incas. He was shrewd but narrow minded and heartless; and
+his judicial murder of the young Inca, Tupac Amaru, has cast an
+indelible stain on his memory.
+
+Such a man could have no chance in an attack on the sound arguments of
+Las Casas.
+
+There is a picture which depicts the outward appearance of the Viceroy
+Toledo. A tall man with round stooping shoulders, in a suit of black
+velvet with the green cross of Alcantara embroidered on his cloak. A
+gloomy sallow face, with aquiline nose, high forehead and piercing black
+eyes too close together. The face is shaded by a high beaver hat, while
+one hand holds a sword, and the other rests on a table.]
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_
+COAT OF ARMS OF DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO, VICEROY OF PERU, 1569--1581.
+_From the Sarmiento MS. 1572, Göttingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+The work done by your Viceroy is such that the Indians are regenerated,
+and they call him loudly their protector and guardian, and your Majesty
+who sent him, they call their father. So widely has the news spread of
+the benefits he has conferred and is still conferring, that the wild
+warlike Indians in many contiguous provinces, holding themselves to be
+secure under his word and safe conduct, have come to see and communicate
+with him, and have promised obedience spontaneously to your Majesty.
+This has happened in the Andes of Xauxa, near Pilcocanti, and among the
+Mañaries and Chunchos to the east of Cuzco. These were sent back to
+their homes, grateful and attached to your royal service, with the
+presents he gave them and the memory of their reception.
+
+[Illustration: DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO, Viceroy of Peru, A.D. 1569-1581.
+After the portrait at Lima, from a sketch by Sir Clements Markham, 1853.]
+
+Among Christians, it is not right to take anything without a good title,
+yet that which your Majesty has to these parts, though more holy and
+more honourable than that which any other kings in the world have for
+any of their possessions, has suffered detriment, as I said before, in
+the consciences of many learned men and others, for want of correct
+information. The Viceroy proposes to do your Majesty a most signal
+service in this matter, besides the performance of all the other duties
+of which he has charge. This is to give a secure and quiet harbour to
+your royal conscience against the tempests raised even by your own
+natural subjects, theologians and other literary men, who have expressed
+serious opinions on the subject, based on incorrect information.
+Accordingly, in his general visitation, which he is making personally
+throughout the kingdom, he has verified from the root and established by
+a host of witnesses examined with the greatest diligence and care, taken
+from among the principal old men of the greatest ability and authority
+in the kingdom, and even those who pretend to have an interest in it
+from being relations and descendants of the Incas, the terrible,
+inveterate and horrible tyranny of the Incas, being the tyrants who
+ruled in these kingdoms of Peru, and the _curacas_ who governed the
+districts. This will undeceive all those in the world who think that the
+Incas were legitimate sovereigns, and that the _curacas_ were natural
+lords of the land. In order that your Majesty may, with the least
+trouble and the most pleasure, be informed, and the rest, who are of a
+contrary opinion, be undeceived, I was ordered by the Viceroy Don
+Francisco de Toledo, whom I follow and serve in this general visitation,
+to take this business in hand, and write a history of the deeds of the
+twelve Incas of this land, and of the origin of the people, continuing
+the narrative to the end. This I have done with all the research and
+diligence that was required, as your Majesty will see in the course of
+the perusal and by the ratification of witnesses. It will certify to the
+truth of the worst and most inhuman tyranny of these Incas and of their
+_curacas_ who are not and never were original lords of the soil, but
+were placed there by Tupac Inca Yupanqui, [_the greatest, the most
+atrocious and harmful tyrant of them all_]. The _curacas_ were and still
+are great tyrants appointed by other great and violent tyrants, as will
+clearly and certainly appear in the history; so that the tyranny is
+proved, as well as that the Incas were strangers in Cuzco, and that they
+had seized the valley of Cuzco, and all the rest of their territory from
+Quito to Chile by force of arms, making themselves Incas without the
+consent or election of the natives.
+
+Besides this, there are their tyrannical laws and customs. [_It will be
+understood that your Majesty has a specially true and holy title to
+these kingdoms of Peru, because your Majesty and your most sacred
+ancestors stopped the sacrifices of innocent men, the eating of human
+flesh, the accursed sin, the promiscuous concubinage with sisters and
+mothers, the abominable use of beasts, and their wicked and accursed
+customs[20].]_ For from each one God demands an account of his
+neighbour, and this duty specially appertains to princes, and above all
+to your Majesty. Only for this may war be made and prosecuted by the
+right to put a stop to the deeds of tyrants. Even if they had been true
+and natural lords of the soil, it would be lawful to remove them and
+introduce a new government, because man may rightly be punished for
+these sins against nature, though the native community has not been
+opposed to such practices nor desires to be avenged, as innocent, by the
+Spaniards. For in this case they have no right to deliver themselves and
+their children over to death, and they should be forced to observe
+natural laws, as we are taught by the Archbishop of Florence, Innocent,
+supported by Fray, Francisco de Victoria in his work on the title to the
+Indies. So that by this title alone, without counting many others, your
+Majesty has the most sufficient and legitimate right to the Indies,
+better than any other prince in the world has to any lordship whatever.
+For, whether more or less concealed or made known, in all the lands that
+have been discovered in the two seas of your Majesty, north and south,
+this general breaking of the law of nature has been found.
+
+[Note 20: For a contradiction of these slanders by an impartial
+witness see Cieza de Leon, ii. p. 78.]
+
+By this same title your Majesty may also, without scruple, order the
+conquest of those islands of the archipelago of "Nombre de Jesus,"
+vulgarly but incorrectly called the Solomon Isles, of which I gave
+notice and personally discovered in the year 1567; although it was for
+the General Alvaro de Mendaña; and many others which are in the same
+South Sea[21]. I offer myself to your Majesty to discover and settle
+these islands, which will make known and facilitate all the commercial
+navigation, with the favour of God, by shorter routes. I offer much,
+well do I see it, but I trust in almighty God with whose favour, I
+believe I can do what I say in your royal service. The talent which God
+has given me leads me to aspire to the accomplishment of these
+achievements, and does not demand of me a strict account, and I believe
+that I shall comply with what will be required, for never did I so wish
+to achieve anything. Your Majesty sees and does not lose what other
+kings desire and hold by good fortune. This makes me speak so freely of
+my desire to die in your service in which I have laboured since my
+childhood, and under what circumstances others may say.
+
+[Note 21: See my introduction to the _Voyages of Sarmiento_, pp.
+xiii--xvii.]
+
+Believing that, in writing this present history, I have not done a less
+but a greater service than all the rest, I obeyed your Viceroy who made
+me undertake it. Your Majesty will read it many times because, besides
+that the reading of it is pleasant, your Majesty will take a great
+interest in the matters of conscience and of administration of which it
+treats. I call this the Second Part, because it is to be preceded by the
+geographical description of all these lands, which will form the First
+Part. This will result in great clearness for the comprehension of the
+establishment of governments, bishopricks, new settlements, and of
+discoveries, and will obviate the inconveniences formerly caused by the
+want of such knowledge. Although the First Part ought to precede this
+one in time, it is not sent to your Majesty because it is not finished,
+a great part of it being derived from information collected during the
+general visitation. Suffice that it will be best in quality, though not
+in time. After this Second Part will be sent a Third Part on the times
+of the evangel. All this I have to finish by order of the Viceroy Don
+Francisco de Toledo. May your Majesty receive my work with the greatest
+and most favourable attention, as treating of things that will be of
+service to God and to your Majesty and of great profit to my nation; and
+may our Lord preserve the sacred catholic and royal person of your
+Majesty, for the repair and increase of the catholic Church of Jesus
+Christ.
+
+From Cuzco. _The 4th of March_, 1572.
+
+    Your catholic royal Majesty
+from the least vassal of your Majesty
+            The Captain
+    Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile_ (_reduced_) _of the last page of_ SARMIENTO'S
+INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO KING PHILIP II, 1572. _From the original MS.,
+Göttingen University Library. Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt
+Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+DIVISION OF THE HISTORY.
+
+
+This general history of which I took charge by order of Don Francisco de
+Toledo, Viceroy of these kingdoms of Peru, will be divided into three
+Parts. The First will be the natural history of these lands, being a
+particular description of them. It will contain accounts of the
+marvellous works of nature, and other things of great profit and
+interest. I am now finishing it, that it may be sent to your Majesty
+after this, though it ought to have come before it. The Second and Third
+Parts treat of the people of these kingdoms and of their deeds in the
+following order. In the Second Part, which is the present one, the most
+ancient and first peoplers of this land will be discussed in general,
+and then, descending to particulars, I shall describe [_the terrible and
+inveterate tyranny of_] the Ccapac Incas of these kingdoms, down to the
+end and death of Huascar, the last of the Incas. The Third and Last Part
+will treat of the times of the Spaniards, and of their notable deeds in
+the discovery and settlement of this kingdom and others adjoining it,
+with the captains, governors, and viceroys who have ruled here, down to
+the present year 1572.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+THE ANCIENT DIVISION OF THE LAND.
+
+
+When historians wish to write, in an orderly way, of the world or some
+part of it, they generally first describe the situation containing it,
+which is the land, before they deal with what it contains, which is the
+population, to avoid the former in the historical part. If this is so in
+ancient and well known works, it is still more desirable that in
+treating of new and strange lands, like these, of such vast extent, a
+task which I have undertaken, the same order should be preserved. This
+will not only supply interesting information but also, which is more to
+be desired, it will be useful for navigation and new discoveries, by
+which God our Lord may be served, the territories of the crown of Spain
+extended, and Spaniards enriched and respected. As I have not yet
+finished the particular description of this land, which will contain
+everything relating to geography and the works of nature minutely dealt
+with, in this volume I shall only offer a general summary, following the
+most ancient authors, to recall the remains of those lands which are now
+held to be new and previously unknown, and of their inhabitants.
+
+The land, which we read of as having existed in the first and second age
+of the world, was divided into five parts. The three continents, of
+which geographers usually write, Asia, Africa, and Europe, are divided
+by the river Tanais, the river Nile, and the Mediterranean Sea, which
+Pomponius calls "our" sea. Asia is divided from Europe by the river
+Tanais[22], now called Silin, and from Africa by the Nile, though
+Ptolemy divides it by the Red Sea and isthmus of the desert of Arabia
+Deserta. Africa is divided from Europe by "our" sea, commencing at the
+strait of Gibraltar and ending with the Lake of Meotis. The other two
+parts are thus divided. One was called, and still ought to be called,
+Catigara[23] in the Indian Sea, a very extensive land now distinct from
+Asia. Ptolemy describes it as being, in his time and in the time of
+Alexander the Great, joined on to Asia in the direction of Malacca. I
+shall treat of this in its place, for it contains many and very precious
+secrets, and an infinity of souls, to whom the King our Lord may
+announce the holy catholic faith that they may be saved, for this is the
+object of his Majesty in these new lands of barbarous idolatry. The
+fifth part is or was called the Atlantic Island, as famous as extensive,
+and which exceeded all the others, each one by itself, and even some
+joined together. The inhabitants of it and their description will be
+treated of, because this is the land, or at least part of it, of these
+western Indies of Castille.
+
+[Note 22: The Don.]
+
+[Note 23: Marinus of Tyre, quoted by Ptolemy, gave an enormous
+extension to eastern Asia, and placed the region he called Catigara far
+to the S.E. of it. Catigara was described by Marinus of Tyre as an
+emporium and important place of trade. It is not mentioned in the
+Periplus of the Erythræan Sea.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE ANCIENT ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+The cosmographers do not write of this ancient Atlantic Island because
+there was no memory, when they wrote, of its very rich commercial
+prosperity in the second, and perhaps in the first age. But from what
+the divine Plato tells us and from the vestiges we see which agree with
+what we read, we can not only say where it was and where parts of it
+were, as seen in our time, but we can describe it almost exactly, its
+grandeur and position. This is the truth, and the same Plato affirms it
+as true, in the Timæus, where he gives its truthful and marvellous
+history.
+
+We will speak first of its situation, and then of its inhabitants. It is
+desirable that the reader should give his attention because, although it
+is very ancient history, it is so new to the ordinary teaching of
+cosmography that it may cause such surprise as to raise doubts of the
+story, whence may arise a want of appreciation.
+
+From the words which Plato refers to Solon, the wisest of the seven of
+Greece, and which Solon had heard with attention from the most learned
+Egyptian priest in the city called Delta, we learn that this Atlantic
+Island was larger than Asia and Africa together, and that the eastern
+end of this immense island was near the strait which we now call of
+Gibraltar. In front of the mouth of the said strait, the island had a
+port with a narrow entrance; and Plato says that the island was truly
+continental. From it there was a passage by the sea, which surrounded
+it, to many other neighbouring islands, and to the main land of Europe
+and Africa. In this island there were kings of great and admirable power
+who ruled over that and many adjacent islands as well as the greater
+part of Europe and Africa, up to the confines of Egypt, of which I shall
+treat presently. The extent of the island was from the south, where were
+the highest mountains, to the north. The mountains exceeded in extent
+any that now exist, as well in their forests, as in height, and in
+beauty. These are the words of Plato in describing the situation of this
+most richly endowed and delightful Atlantic Island. It now remains for
+me to do my duty, which is to explain what has been said more clearly
+and from it to deduce the situation of the island.
+
+From what Plato says that this island had a port near the mouth of the
+strait of the pillars of Hercules, that it was larger than Asia and
+Africa together, and that it extended to the south, I gather three
+things clearly towards the understanding of all that invites attention.
+The first is that the Atlantic Island began less than two leagues from
+the mouth of the strait, if more it was only a little more. The coast of
+the island then turned north close to that of Spain, and was joined to
+the island of Cadiz or Gadiz, or Caliz, as it is now called. I affirm
+this for two reasons, one by authority and the other by conjectural
+demonstration. The authority is that Plato in his Critias, telling how
+Neptune distributed the sovereignty of the island among his ten sons,
+said that the second son was called in the mother tongue "Gadirum,"
+which in Greek we call "Eumelo." To this son he gave the extreme parts
+of the island near the columns of Hercules, and from his name the place
+was called Gadiricum which is Caliz. By demonstration we see, and I have
+seen with my own eyes, more than a league out at sea and in the
+neighbourhood of the island of Caliz, under the water, the remains of
+very large edifices of a cement which is almost imperishable[24], an
+evident sign that this island was once much larger, which corroborates
+the narrative of Critias in Plato. The second point is that the Atlantic
+Island was larger than Asia and Africa. From this I deduce its size,
+which is incredible or at least immense. It would give the island 2300
+leagues of longitude, that is from east to west. For Asia has 1500
+leagues in a straight line from Malacca which is on its eastern front,
+to the boundary of Egypt; and Africa has 800 leagues from Egypt to the
+end of the Atlantic mountains or "Montes Claros" facing the Canary
+Islands; which together make 2300 leagues of longitude. If the island
+was larger it would be more in circuit. Round the coast it would have
+7100 leagues, for Asia is 5300 and Africa 2700 leagues in circuit, a
+little more or less, which together makes 7100 leagues, and it is even
+said that it was more.
+
+[Note 24: Dr Peitschmann quotes from Juan Bautista Suarez de
+Salazar, _Grandezas y antigüedades de la isla y ciudad de Cadiz_ (Cadiz,
+1610)---"That which all those who traverse the sea affirm was that to
+the south, the water being clear, there is seen beneath it at a distance
+of a league, ruins of edifices which are good evidence that the ocean
+has gained upon the land in this part." He refers also to a more recent
+history of Cadiz and its province by Adolfo de Castro (1858), and to the
+five first books of the _General Chronicle of Spain_ of Florian de
+Ocampo, 1552 (lib. ii. cap. II).]
+
+Having considered the measurement of its great size we come to the third
+point, which is the true position over which this great island extended.
+Plato says that the position of the island extended to the south;
+opposite to the north. From this we should understand that, the front
+conterminous with Spain from the strait of Gibraltar to Cadiz thence
+extended westward, making a curve along the coast of Barbary or Africa,
+but very close to it, between west and south, which is what sailors call
+south-west. For if it was opposite to north, which is between east and
+north, called north-east, it must necessarily have its direction in the
+said south-west, west-south-west, or south-south-west. It would include
+and incorporate the Canary Islands which, according to this calculation,
+would be part of it, and from thence the land trended south-west. As
+regards the south, it would extend rather more to the south and
+south-south-west, finally following the route by which we go when we
+sail from Spain to the Indies, forming a continent or main land with
+these western Indies of Castille, joining on to them by the parts
+stretching south-west, and west-south-west, a little more or less from
+the Canaries. Thus there was sea on one side and on the other of this
+land, that is on the north and south, and the Indies united with it, and
+they were all one. The proof of this is that if the Atlantic Island had
+2300 leagues of longitude, and the distance of Cadiz to the mouth of the
+river Marañon or Orellana and Trinidad, on the coast of Brazil, is, not
+more than 1000, 900, or 1100 leagues, being the part where this land
+joined to America, it clearly appears that, to complete the complement
+of 2300 leagues, we have to include in the computation all the rest of
+the land from the mouth of the Marañon and Brazil to the South Sea,
+which is what they now call America. Following this course it would come
+to Coquimbo. Counting what is still wanting, this would be much less
+than 2300 leagues. Measuring the circumference, the island was more than
+7100 leagues round, because that is about the circumference of Asia and
+Africa by their coasts. If this land is joined to the other, which in
+fact it was in conformity with the description, it would have a much
+greater circuit, for even now these parts of the western Indies,
+measured by compass, and latitude, have more than 7100 leagues.
+
+From all this it may be inferred that the Indies of Castille formed a
+continent with the Atlantic Island, and consequently that the same
+Atlantic Island, which extended from Cadiz over the sea we traverse to
+the Indies, and which all cosmographers call the Atlantic Ocean because
+the Atlantic Island was in it, over which we now navigate, was land in
+ancient times. Finally we shall relate the sequel, first giving an
+account of the sphere at that time and of the inhabitants.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+FIRST INHABITANTS OF THE WORLD AND PRINCIPALLY OF THE ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+Having described the four parts of the world, for of Catigara, which is
+the fifth, we shall not speak except in its place which the ancients
+assigned to it, it will be right to come to the races which peopled
+them. All of which I have to treat has to be personal and heathen
+history. The chief value and perfection of history consists in its
+accuracy, thoroughly sifting each event, verifying the times and periods
+of what happened so that no doubt may remain of what passed. It is in
+this way that I desire to write the truth in so far as my ability
+enables me to do so respecting a thing so ancient as the first peopling
+of these new lands. I wish, for the better illustration of the present
+history, to precede it with the foundations that cannot be denied,
+counting the time in conformity with the chronology of the Hebrews in
+the days before our Saviour Jesus Christ, and the times after his most
+holy nativity according to the counting used by our mother the holy
+church, not making account of the calculations of Chaldean or Egyptian
+interpreters.
+
+Thus, passing over the first age from Adam to the Deluge, which covers
+1656 years, we will begin from the second age, which is that of the
+patriarch Noah, second universal father of mortals. The divine
+scriptures show us that eight persons were saved from the flood, in the
+ark. Noah and his wife Terra or Vesta, named from the first fire lighted
+by crystal for the first sacrifice as Berosus would have; and his three
+sons to wit, Cam and his wife Cataflua, Sem and his wife Prusia or
+Persia, Japhet and his wife Fun a, as we read in the register of the
+chronicles. The names of some of these people remain, and to this day we
+can see clearly whence they were derived, as the Hebrews from Heber, the
+Assyrians from Amur, but most of them have been so changed that human
+intelligence is insufficient to investigate by this way. Besides the
+three sons, Noah had others after the flood.
+
+The descendants of these men having multiplied and become very numerous,
+Noah divided the world among his first sons that they might people it,
+and then embarked on the Euxine Sea as we gather from Xenophon. The
+giant Noah then navigated along the Mediterranean Sea, as Filon says and
+Annius repeats, dividing the whole land among his sons. He gave it in
+charge to Sem to people Asia from the Nile to the eastern Indies, with
+some of the sons he got after the flood. To Cam he gave Africa from the
+Rinocoruras to the straits of Gibraltar with some more of the sons.
+Europe was chosen for Japhet to people with the rest of the sons
+begotten after the flood, who were all the sons of Tuscan, whence
+descend the Tadescos, Alemanes, and the nations adjacent to them.
+
+In this voyage Noah founded some towns and colonies on the shores of the
+Mediterranean Sea, and remained in them for ten years, until 112 years
+after the universal deluge. He ordered his daughter Araxa to remain in
+Armenia where the ark rested, with her husband and children, to people
+that country. Then he, with the rest of his companions, went to
+Mesopotamia and settled. There Nembrot was raised up for king, of the
+descendants of Cam. This Nembrot, says Berosus, built Babylon 130 years
+after the flood. The sons of Sem elected for their king, Jektan, son of
+Heber. Those of Japhet chose Fenec for their king, called Assenes by
+Moses. There were 300,000 men under him only 310 years after the deluge.
+Each king, with his companions, set out to people the part of the world
+chosen for them by the patriarch Noah. It is to be noted that, although
+Noah divided the parts of the world among his three sons and their
+descendants, many of them did not keep to the boundaries. For some of
+one lineage settled on the lands of another brother. Nembrot, being of
+the line of Cam, remained in the parts of Sem, and many others were
+mixed together in the same way.
+
+Thus the three parts of the world were peopled by these and their
+descendants, of whom I do not propose to treat in detail, for our plan
+is to proceed in our narrative until we come to the inhabitants of the
+Atlantic Island, the subject of this history. This was so near Spain
+that, according to the common fame, Caliz used to be so close to the
+main land in the direction of the port of Santa Maria, that a plank
+would serve as a bridge to pass from the island to Spain. So that no one
+can doubt that the inhabitants of Spain, Jubal and his descendants,
+peopled that land, as well as the inhabitants of Africa which was also
+near. Hence it was called the Atlantic Island from having been peopled
+by Atlas, the giant and very wise astrologer who first settled
+Mauritania now called Barbary, as Godefridus and all the chronicles
+teach us. This Atlas was the son of Japhet by the nymph Asia, and
+grandson of Noah. For this there is no authority except the above,
+corroborated by the divine Plato as I began by explaining, and it will
+be necessary to seek his help to give the reader such evidence as merits
+belief respecting the inhabitants of this Atlantic Island.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+INHABITANTS OF THE ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+We have indicated the situation of the Atlantic Island and those who, in
+conformity with the general peopling of the world, were probably its
+first inhabitants, namely the early Spaniards and the first Mauritanian
+vassals of the King Atlas. This wonderful history was almost forgotten
+in ancient times, Plato alone having preserved it, as has already been
+related in its place, and which should again be consulted for what
+remains. Plato, in Critias, says that to Neptune's share came the
+Atlantic Island, and that he had ten sons. He divided the whole island
+amongst them, which before and in his time was called the empire of the
+floating islands, as Volaterranius tells us. It was divided by Neptune
+into ten regions or kingdoms. The chief one, called Venus, he gave to
+his eldest son named Atlantis, and appointed him sovereign of the whole
+island; which consequently took the name of Atlantica, and the sea
+Atlantic, a name which it retains to this day. The second son, named
+Gadirun, received the part which lies nearest to Spain and which is now
+Caliz. To the third son Neptune gave a share. His name was Amferes, the
+fourth's Eutoctenes, the seventh's Alusipo, the eighth's Mestores, the
+ninth's Azaen, the tenth's Diaprepem. These and their descendants
+reigned for many ages, holding the lordships, by the sea, of many other
+islands, which could not have been other than Hayti, which we call Santo
+Domingo, Cuba and others, also peopled by emigrants from the Atlantic
+Island. They also held sway over Africa as far as Egypt, and over Europe
+to Tirrenia and Italy.
+
+The lineage of Atlas extended in a grand succession of generations, and
+his kingdom was ruled in succession by the firstborns. They possessed
+such a copious supply of riches that none of the natives had seen it
+all, and that no new comers could realise it. This land abounded in all
+that is necessary for sustaining human life, pasture, timber, drugs,
+metals, wild beasts and birds, domestic animals including a great number
+of elephants, most fragrant perfumes, liquors, flowers, fruits, wine,
+and all the vegetables used for food, many dates, and other things for
+presents. That island produced all things in great profusion. In ancient
+times it was sacred, beautiful, admirable and fertile, as well as of
+vast extent. In it were extensive kingdoms, sumptuous temples, palaces
+calling forth great admiration, as is seen from the relation of Plato
+respecting the metropolis of the island which exceeded Babylon, Troy, or
+Rome, with all their rich buildings, curious and well-constructed forts,
+and even the seven wonders of the world concerning which the ancients
+sing so much. In the chief city of this empire there was a port to which
+so many ships and merchants resorted from all parts, that owing to the
+vast concourse a great and continual noise caused the residents to be
+thunderstruck. The number of these Atlantics ready for war was so great
+that in the capital city alone they had an ordinary garrison of 60,000
+soldiers, always distributed among farms, each farm measuring 100
+furlongs. The rest inhabited the woods and other places, and were
+innumerable. They took to war 10,000 two-horse chariots each containing
+eight armed men, with six slingers and stone throwers on either side.
+For the sea they had 200,000 boats with four men in each, making 800,000
+men for the sea-service alone. This was quite necessary owing to the
+great number of subject nations which had to be governed and kept in
+obedience.
+
+The rest which Plato relates on this subject will be discussed in the
+sequel, for I now proceed to our principal point, which is to establish
+the conclusion that as these people carried their banners and trophies
+into Europe and Africa which are not contiguous, they must have overrun
+the Indies of Castille and peopled them, being part of the same main
+land. They used much policy in their rule. But at the end of many ages,
+by divine permission, and perhaps owing to their sins, it happened that
+a great and continuous earthquake, with an unceasing deluge, perpetual
+by day and night, opened the earth and swallowed up those warlike and
+ambitious Atlantic men. The Atlantic Island remained absorbed beneath
+that great sea, which from that cause continued to be unnavigable owing
+to the mud of the absorbed island in solution, a wonderful thing.
+
+This special flood may be added to the five floods recorded by the
+ancients. These are the general one of Moses, the second in Egypt of
+which Xenophon makes mention, the third flood in Achaia of Greece in the
+time of Ogyges Atticus, described by Isidore as happening in the days of
+Jacob, the fourth in Thessaly in the time of Deucalion and Pyrrha, in
+the days of Moses according to Isidore, in 782 as given by Juan Annius.
+The fifth flood is mentioned by Xenophon as happening in Egypt in the
+time of Proteus. The sixth was this which destroyed so great a part of
+the Atlantic Island and sufficed so to separate the part that was left
+unsubmerged, that all mortals in Asia, Africa and Europe believed that
+all were drowned. Thus was lost the intercourse and commerce of the
+people of these parts with those of Europe and Africa, in such sort that
+all memory of them would have been lost, if it had not been for the
+Egyptians, preservers of the most ancient deeds of men and of nature.
+The destruction of the Atlantic Island, over at least 1000 leagues of
+longitude, was in the time when Aod[25] governed the people of Israel,
+1320 years before Christ and 2162 years after the Creation, according to
+the Hebrews. I deduce this calculation from what Plato relates of the
+conversation between Solon and the Egyptian priest. For, according to
+all the chronicles, Solon lived in the time of Tarquinius Priscus the
+King of Rome, Josiah being King of Israel at Jerusalem, before Christ
+610 years. From this period until the time when the Atlantics had put a
+blockade over the Athenians 9000 lunar years had passed which, referred
+to solar years, make 869. All added together make the total given above.
+Very soon afterwards the deluge must have come, as it is said to have
+been in the time of Aod[25] or 748 years after the general deluge of
+Noah. This being so it is to be noted that the isle of Caliz, the
+Canaries, the Salvages, and Trinidad must have been parts of the
+absorbed land.
+
+[Note 25: Ehud.]
+
+It may be assumed that these very numerous nations of Atlantis were
+sufficient to people those other lands of the Western Indies of
+Castille. Other nations also came to them, and peopled some provinces
+after the above destruction. Strabo and Solinus say that Ulysses, after
+the fall of Troy, navigated westward to Lusitania, founded Lisbon, and,
+after it had been built, desired to try his fortune on the Atlantic
+Ocean by the way we now go to the Indies. He disappeared, and it was
+never afterwards known what had become of him. This is stated by Pero
+Anton Beuter, a noble Valencian historian and, as he mentions, this was
+the opinion of Dante Aligheri, the illustrious Florentine poet. Assuming
+this to be correct we may follow Ulysses from island to island until he
+came to Yucatan and Campeachy, part of the territory of New Spain. For
+those of that land have the Grecian bearing and dress of the nation of
+Ulysses, they have many Grecian words, and use Grecian letters. Of this
+I have myself seen many signs and proofs. Their name for God is "Teos"
+which is Greek, and even throughout New Spain they use the word "Teos"
+for God. I have also to say that in passing that way, I found that they
+anciently preserved an anchor of a ship, venerating it as an idol, and
+had a certain genesis in Greek, which should not be dismissed as absurd
+at first sight. Indeed there are a sufficient number of indications to
+support my conjecture concerning Ulysses. From thence all those
+provinces of Mexico, Tabasco, Xalisco, and to the north the Capotecas,
+Chiapas, Guatemalas, Honduras, Lasandones, Nicaraguas, Tlaguzgalpas, as
+far as Nicoya, Costa Rica, and Veragua.
+
+Moreover Esdras recounts that those nations which went from Persia by
+the river Euphrates came to a land never before inhabited by the human
+race. Going down this river there was no way but by the Indian Sea to
+reach a land where there was no habitation. This could only have been
+Catigara, placed in 90° S. by Ptolemy, and according to the navigators
+sent by Alexander the Great, 40 days of navigation from Asia. This is
+the land which the describers of maps call the unknown land of the
+south, whence it is possible to go on settling people as far as the
+Strait of Magellan to the west of Catigara, and the Javas, New Guinea,
+and the islands of the archipelago of Nombre de Jesus which I, our Lord
+permitting, discovered in the South Sea in the year 1568, the
+unconquered Felipe II reigning as King of Spain and its dependencies by
+the demarcation of 180° of longitude.
+
+It may thus be deduced that New Spain and its provinces were peopled by
+the Greeks, those of Catigara by the Jews, and those of the rich and
+most powerful kingdoms of Peru and adjacent provinces by the Atlantics
+who were descended from the primeval Mesopotamians and Chaldæans,
+peoplers of the world.
+
+These, and other points with them, which cannot be discussed with
+brevity, are true historical reasons, of a quality worthy of belief,
+such as men of reason and letters may adopt respecting the peopling of
+these lands. When we come to consider attentively what these barbarians
+of Peru relate of their origin and of the tyrannical rule of the Incas
+Ccapacs, and the fables and extravagances they recount, the truth may be
+distinguished from what is false, and how in some of their fables they
+allude to true facts which are admitted and held by us as such.
+Therefore the reader should peruse with attention and read the most
+strange and racy history of barbarians that has, until now, been read of
+any political nation in the world.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+THE FABLE OF THE ORIGIN OF THESE BARBAROUS INDIANS OF PERU, ACCORDING TO
+THEIR BLIND OPINIONS.
+
+
+As these barbarous nations of Indians were always without letters, they
+had not the means of preserving the monuments and memorials of their
+times, and those of their predecessors with accuracy and method. As the
+devil, who is always striving to injure the human race, found these
+unfortunates to be easy of belief and timid in obedience, he introduced
+many illusions, lies and frauds, giving them to understand that he had
+created them from the first, and afterwards, owing to their sins and
+evil deeds, he had destroyed them with a flood, again creating them and
+giving them food and the way to preserve it. By chance they formerly had
+some notice, passed down to them from mouth to mouth, which had reached
+them from their ancestors, respecting the truth of what happened in
+former times. Mixing this with the stories told them by the devil, and
+with other things which they changed, invented, or added, which may
+happen in all nations, they made up a pleasing salad, and in some things
+worthy of the attention of the curious who are accustomed to consider
+and discuss human ideas.
+
+One thing must be noted among many others. It is that the stories which
+are here treated as fables, which they are, are held by the natives to
+be as true as we hold the articles of our faith, and as such they affirm
+and confirm them with unanimity, and swear by them. There are a few,
+however, who by the mercy of God are opening their eyes and beginning to
+see what is true and what is false respecting those things. But we have
+to write down what they say and not what we think about it in this part.
+We shall hear what they hold respecting their first age, [_and
+afterwards we shall come to the inveterate and cruel tyranny of the Inca
+tyrants who oppressed these kingdoms of Peru for so long. All this is
+done by order of the most excellent Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of
+these kingdoms_]. I have collected the information with much diligence
+so that this history can rest on attested proofs from the general
+testimony of the whole kingdom, old and young, Incas and tributary
+Indians.
+
+The natives of this land affirm that in the beginning, and before this
+world was created, there was a being called Viracocha. He created a dark
+world without sun, moon or stars. Owing to this creation he was named
+Viracocha Pachayachachi, which means "Creator of all things[26]."
+
+[Note 26: Uiracocha (Viracocha) was the Creator. Garcilasso de la
+Vega pointed out the mistake of supposing that the word signified "foam
+of the sea" (ii. p. 16). He believed it to be a name, the derivation of
+which he did not attempt to explain. Blas Valera (i. p. 243) said the
+meaning was the "will and power of God"; not that this is the
+signification of the word, but by reason of the godlike qualities
+attributed to Him who was known by it. Cieza de Leon says that
+Tici-Uiracocha was God, Creator of heaven and earth: Acosta that to
+Tici-Uiracocha they assigned the chief power and command over all
+things; Montesinos that Illa-tici-Uiracocha was the name of the creator
+of the world; Molina that Tecsi-Uiracocha was the Creator and
+incomprehensible God; the anonymous Jesuit that Uiracocha meant the
+great God of "Pirua"; Betanzos that the Creator was Con-Tici-Uiracocha.
+
+According to Montesinos and the anonymous Jesuit _Uira_ or _Vira_ is a
+corruption of _Pirua_ meaning a depository. The first meaning of _Cocha_
+is a lake, but here it is held to signify profundity, abyss, space. The
+"Dweller in Space." _Ticci_ or _Tici_ is base or foundation, hence the
+founder. _Illa_ means light. The anonymous Jesuit gives the meaning
+"Eternal Light" to _Illa-Ticci_. The word _Con_, given by Betanzos and
+Garcia, has no known meaning.
+
+Pachacamac and Pachayachachi are attributes of the deity. _Pacha_ means
+time or place, also the universe. _Camac_ is the Ruler, _Yachachi_ the
+Teacher. "The Ruler and Teacher of the Universe."
+
+The meaning and significance of the word _Uiracocha_ has been very fully
+discussed by Señor Don Leonardo Villar of Cuzco in a paper entitled
+_Lexicologia Keshua Uiracocha_ (Lima, 1887).]
+
+And when he had created the world he formed a race of giants of
+disproportioned greatness painted and sculptured, to see whether it
+would be well to make real men of that size. He then created men in his
+likeness as they are now; and they lived in darkness.
+
+Viracocha ordered these people that they should live without
+quarrelling, and that they should know and serve him. He gave them a
+certain precept which they were to observe on pain of being confounded
+if they should break it. They kept this precept for some time, but it is
+not mentioned what it was. But as there arose among them the vices of
+pride and covetousness, they transgressed the precept of Viracocha
+Pachayachachi and falling, through this sin, under his indignation, he
+confounded and cursed them. Then some were turned into stones, others
+into other things, some were swallowed up by the earth, others by the
+sea, and over all there came a general flood which they call _uñu
+pachacuti_, which means "water that overturns the land." They say that
+it rained 60 days and nights, that it drowned all created things, and
+that there alone remained some vestiges of those who were turned into
+stones, as a memorial of the event, and as an example to posterity, in
+the edifices of Pucara, which are 60 leagues from Cuzco.
+
+Some of the nations, besides the Cuzcos, also say that a few were saved
+from this flood to leave descendants for a future age. Each nation has
+its special fable which is told by its people, of how their first
+ancestors were saved from the waters of the deluge. That the ideas they
+had in their blindness may be understood, I will insert only one, told
+by the nation of the Cañaris, a land of Quito and Tumibamba, 400 leagues
+from Cuzco and more.
+
+They say that in the time of the deluge called _uñu pachacuti_ there was
+a mountain named Guasano in the province of Quito and near a town called
+Tumipampa. The natives still point it out. Up this mountain went two of
+the Cañaris named Ataorupagui and Cusicayo. As the waters increased the
+mountain kept rising and keeping above them in such a way that it was
+never covered by the waters of the flood. In this way the two Cañaris
+escaped. These two, who were brothers, when the waters abated after the
+flood, began to sow. One day when they had been at work, on returning to
+their hut, they found in it some small loaves of bread, and a jar of
+chicha, which is the beverage used in this country in place of wine,
+made of boiled maize. They did not know who had brought it, but they
+gave thanks to the Creator, eating and drinking of that provision. Next
+day the same thing happened. As they marvelled at this mystery, they
+were anxious to find out who brought the meals. So one day they hid
+themselves, to spy out the bringers of their food. While they were
+watching they saw two Cañari women preparing the victuals and putting
+them in the accustomed place. When about to depart the men tried to
+seize them, but they evaded their would-be captors and escaped. The
+Cañaris, seeing the mistake they had made in molesting those who had
+done them so much good, became sad and prayed to Viracocha for pardon
+for their sins, entreating him to let the women come back and give them
+the accustomed meals. The Creator granted their petition. The women came
+back and said to the Cañaris--"The Creator has thought it well that we
+should return to you, lest you should die of hunger." They brought them
+food. Then there was friendship between the women and the Cañari
+brothers, and one of the Cañari brothers had connexion with one of the
+women. Then, as the elder brother was drowned in a lake which was near,
+the survivor married one of the women, and had the other as a concubine.
+By them he had ten sons who formed two lineages of five each, and
+increasing in numbers they called one Hanansaya which is the same as to
+say the upper party, and the other Hurinsaya, or the lower party. From
+these all the Cañaris that now exist are descended[27].
+
+[Note 27: The same story of the origin of the Cañaris is told by
+Molina, p. 8. But the mountain is called Huaca-yuan; and instead of
+women the beings who brought the food were macaws. Molina tells another
+story received from the people of Ancas-mayu. Both seem to have been
+obtained by asking leading questions about a deluge.]
+
+In the same way the other nations have fables of how some of their
+people were saved from whom they trace their origin and descent. But the
+Incas and most of those of Cuzco, those among them who are believed to
+know most, do not say that anyone escaped from the flood, but that
+Viracocha began to create men afresh, as will be related further on. One
+thing is believed among all the nations of these parts, for they all
+speak generally and as well known of the general flood which they call
+_uñu pachacuti_. From this we may clearly understand that if, in these
+parts they have a tradition of the great flood, this great mass of the
+floating islands which they afterwards called the Atlanticas, and now
+the Indies of Castille or America must have begun to receive a
+population immediately after the flood, although, by their account, the
+details are different from those which the true Scriptures teach us.
+This must have been done by divine Providence, through the first people
+coming over the land of the Atlantic Island, which was joined to this,
+as has been already said. For as the natives, though barbarous, give
+reasons for their very ancient settlement, by recording the flood, there
+is no necessity for setting aside the Scriptures by quoting authorities
+to establish this origin. We now come to those who relate the events of
+the second age after the flood, which is the subject of the next
+chapter.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+FABLE OF THE SECOND AGE, AND CREATION OF THE BARBAROUS INDIANS ACCORDING
+TO THEIR ACCOUNT.
+
+
+It is related that everything was destroyed in the flood called _uñu
+pachacuti_[28]. It must now be known that Viracocha Pachayachachi, when
+he destroyed that land as has been already recounted, preserved three
+men, one of them named Taguapaca, that they might serve and help him in
+the creation of new people who had to be made in the second age after
+the deluge, which was done in this manner. The flood being passed and
+the land dry, Viracocha determined to people it a second time, and, to
+make it more perfect, he decided upon creating luminaries to give it
+light. With this object he went, with his servants, to a great lake in
+the Collao, in which there is an island called Titicaca, the meaning
+being "the rock of lead," of which we shall treat in the first part.
+Viracocha went to this island, and presently ordered that the sun, moon,
+and stars should come forth, and be set in the heavens to give light to
+the world, and it was so. They say that the moon was created brighter
+than the sun, which made the sun jealous at the time when they rose into
+the sky. So the sun threw over the moon's face a handful of ashes, which
+gave it the shaded colour it now presents. This frontier lake of
+Chucuito, in the territory of the Collao, is 57 leagues to the south of
+Cuzco. Viracocha gave various orders to his servants, but Taguapaca
+disobeyed the commands of Viracocha. So Viracocha was enraged against
+Taguapaca, and ordered the other two servants to take him, tie him hands
+and feet, and launch him in a _balsa_ on the lake. This was done.
+Taguapaca was blaspheming against Viracocha for the way he was treated,
+and threatening that he would return and take vengeance, when he was
+carried by the water down the drain of the same lake, and was not seen
+again for a long time. This done, Viracocha made a sacred idol in that
+place, as a place for worship and as a sign of what he had there
+created[29].
+
+[Note 28: _Uñu pachacuti_ would mean the world (_pacha_) overturned
+(_cuti_) by water (_uñu_). Probably a word coined by the priests, after
+putting leading questions about a universal deluge.]
+
+[Note 29: This servant of Uiracocha is also mentioned by Cieza de
+Leon and Yamqui Pachacuti. Cieza appears to consider that Tuapaca was
+merely the name of Uiracocha in the Collao. Yamqui Pachacuti gives the
+names Tarapaca and Tonapa and connects them with Uiracocha. But he also
+uses the word Pachacca, a servant. These names are clearly the same as
+the Tahuapaca of Sarmiento. _Tahua_ means four, but Sarmiento gives
+three as the number of these servants of Uiracocha. The meaning of
+_paca_ is anything secret or mysterious, from _pacani_ to hide. The
+names represent an ancient myth of some kind, but it is not possible, at
+this distance of time, to ascertain more than the names. Tonapa looks
+like a slip of the pen, and is probably Tarapa for Tarapaca. Don Samuel
+A. Lapone Quevedo published a mythological essay entitled _El Culto de
+Tonapa_ with reference to the notice in the work of Yamqui Pachacuti;
+but he is given to speculations about phallic and solar worship, and to
+the arbitrary alteration of letters to fit into his theories.]
+
+Leaving the island, he passed by the lake to the main land, taking with
+him the two servants who survived. He went to a place now called
+Tiahuanacu in the province of Colla-suyu, and in this place he
+sculptured and designed on a great piece of stone, all the nations that
+he intended to create. This done, he ordered his two servants to charge
+their memories with the names of all tribes that he had depicted, and of
+the valleys and provinces where they were to come forth, which were
+those of the whole land. He ordered that each one should go by a
+different road, naming the tribes, and ordering them all to go forth and
+people the country. His servants, obeying the command of Viracocha, set
+out on their journey and work. One went by the mountain range or chain
+which they call the heights over the plains on the South Sea. The other
+went by the heights which overlook the wonderful mountain ranges which
+we call the Andes, situated to the east of the said sea. By these roads
+they went, saying with a loud voice "Oh you tribes and nations, hear and
+obey the order of Ticci Viracocha Pachayachachi, which commands you to
+go forth, and multiply and settle the land." Viracocha himself did the
+same along the road between those taken by his two servants, naming all
+the tribes and places by which he passed. At the sound of his voice
+every place obeyed, and people came forth, some from lakes, others from
+fountains, valleys, caves, trees, rocks and hills, spreading over the
+land and multiplying to form the nations which are to-day in Peru.
+
+Others affirm that this creation of Viracocha was made from the Titicaca
+site where, having originally formed some shapes of large strong men[30]
+which seemed to him out of proportion, he made them again of his stature
+which was, as they say, the average height of men, and being made he
+gave them life. Thence they set out to people the land. As they spoke
+one language previous to starting, they built those edifices, the ruins
+of which may still be seen, before they set out. This was for the
+residence of Viracocha, their maker. After departing they varied their
+languages, noting the cries of wild beasts, insomuch that, coming across
+each other afterwards, those could not understand who had before been
+relations and neighbours.
+
+[Note 30: Jayaneo. This was the name given to giants in the books of
+chivalry. See _Don Quijote_, i. cap. 5, p. 43.]
+
+Whether it was in one way or the other, all agree that Viracocha was the
+creator of these people. They have the tradition that he was a man of
+medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured
+round the waist, and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands.
+
+Besides this they tell of a strange event; how that Viracocha, after he
+had created all people, went on his road and came to a place where many
+men of his creation had congregated. This place is now called Cacha.
+When Viracocha arrived there, the inhabitants were estranged owing to
+his dress and bearing. They murmured at it and proposed to kill him from
+a hill that was near. They took their weapons there, and gathered
+together with evil intentions against Viracocha. He, falling on his
+knees on some plain ground, with his hands clasped, fire from above came
+down upon those on the hill, and covered all the place, burning up the
+earth and stones like straw. Those bad men were terrified at the fearful
+fire. They came down from the hill, and sought pardon from Viracocha for
+their sin. Viracocha was moved by compassion. He went to the flames and
+put them out with his staff. But the hill remained quite parched up, the
+stones being rendered so light by the burning that a very large stone
+which could not have been carried on a cart, could be raised easily by
+one man. This may be seen at this day, and it is a wonderful sight to
+behold this hill, which is a quarter of a league in extent, all burnt
+up. It is in the Collao[31].
+
+[Note 31: Not in the Collaos but in the valley of the Vilcamayu.
+Afterwards a very remarkable temple was built there, described by
+Squier.]
+
+After this Viracocha continued his journey and arrived at a place called
+Urcos, 6 leagues to the south of Cuzco. Remaining there some days he was
+well served by the natives of that neighbourhood. At the time of his
+departure, he made them a celebrated _huaca_ or statue, for them to
+offer gifts to and worship; to which statue the Incas, in after times,
+offered many rich gifts of gold and other metals, and above all a golden
+bench. When the Spaniards entered Cuzco they found it, and appropriated
+it to themselves. It was worth $17,000. The Marquis Don Francisco
+Pizarro took it himself, as the share of the General.
+
+Returning to the subject of the fable, Viracocha continued his journey,
+working his miracles and instructing his created beings. In this way he
+reached the territory on the equinoctial line, where are now Puerto
+Viejo and Manta. Here he was joined by his servants. Intending to leave
+the land of Peru, he made a speech to those he had created, apprising
+them of the things that would happen. He told them that people would
+come, who would say that they were Viracocha their creator, and that
+they were not to believe them; but that in the time to come he would
+send his messengers who would protect and teach them. Having said this
+he went to sea with his two servants, and went travelling over the water
+as if it was land, without sinking. For they appeared like foam over the
+water and the people, therefore, gave them the name of Viracocha which
+is the same as to say the grease or foam of the sea[32]. At the end of
+some years after Viracocha departed, they say that Taguapaca, who
+Viracocha ordered to be thrown into the lake of Titicaca in the Collao,
+as has already been related, came back and began, with others, to preach
+that he was Viracocha. Although at first the people were doubtful, they
+finally saw that it was false, and ridiculed them[33].
+
+[Note 32: A mistake. See Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. p. 66.]
+
+[Note 33: This story is told in a somewhat different form by Yamqui
+Pachacuti, p. 72.]
+
+This absurd fable of their creation is held by these barbarians and they
+affirm and believe it as if they had really seen it to happen and come
+to pass[34].
+
+[Note 34: The tradition of the exercise of his creative powers by
+Viracocha at lake Titicaca, is derived from the more ancient people who
+were the builders of Tiahuanacu. Besides Sarmiento, the authors who give
+this Titicaca Myth are Garcilasso de la Vega, Cieza de Leon, Molina,
+Betanzos, Yamqui Pachacuti, Polo de Ondegardo, and the anonymous Jesuit.
+Acosta, Montesinos, Balboa and Santillana are silent respecting it.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+THE ANCIENT _BEHETRIAS_[35] OF THESE KINGDOMS OF PERU AND THEIR
+PROVINCES.
+
+
+It is important to note that these barbarians could tell nothing more
+respecting what happened from the second creation by Viracocha down to
+the time of the Incas. But it may be assumed that, although the land was
+peopled and full of inhabitants before the Incas, it had no regular
+government, nor did it have natural lords elected by common consent to
+govern and rule, and who were respected by the people, so that they were
+obeyed and received tribute. On the contrary all the people were
+scattered and disorganized, living in complete liberty, and each man
+being sole lord of his house and estate. In each tribe there were two
+divisions. One was called Hanansaya, which means the upper division, and
+the other Hurinsaya, which is the lower division, a custom which
+continues to this day. These divisions do not mean anything more than a
+way to count each other, for their satisfaction, though afterwards it
+served a more useful purpose, as will be seen in its place.
+
+[Note 35: _Behetria_. A condition of perfect equality without any
+distinction of rank. Freedom from the subjection of any lord.]
+
+As there were dissensions among them, a certain kind of militia was
+organized for defence, in the following way. When it became known to the
+people of one district that some from other parts were coming to make
+war, they chose one who was a native, or he might be a stranger, who was
+known to be a valiant warrior. Often such a man offered himself to aid
+and to fight for them against their enemies. Such a man was followed and
+his orders were obeyed during the war. When the war was over he became a
+private man as he had been before, like the rest of the people, nor did
+they pay him tribute either before or afterwards, nor any manner of tax
+whatever. To such a man they gave and still give the name of _Sinchi_
+which means valiant. They call such men "Sinchi-cuna" which means
+"valiant now" as who should say--"now during the time the war lasts you
+shall be our valiant man, and afterwards no ": or another meaning would
+be simply "valiant men," for "cuna" is an adverb of time, and also
+denotes the plural[36]. In whichever meaning, it is very applicable to
+these temporary captains in the days of _behetrias_ and general liberty.
+So that from the general flood of which they have a tradition to the
+time when the Incas began to reign, which was 3519 years, all the
+natives of these kingdoms lived on their properties without
+acknowledging either a natural or an elected lord. They succeeded in
+preserving, as it is said, a simple state of liberty, living in huts or
+caves or humble little houses. This name of "Sinchi" for those who held
+sway only during war, lasted throughout the land until the time of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca, who instituted "Curacas" and other
+officials in the order which will be fully described in the life of that
+Inca. Even at the present time they continue this use and custom in the
+provinces of Chile and in other parts of the forests of Peru to the east
+of Quito and Chachapoyas, where they only obey a chief during war time,
+not any special one, but he who is known to be most valiant,
+enterprising and daring in the wars. The reader should note that all the
+land was private property with reference to any dominion of chiefs, yet
+they had natural chiefs with special rights in each province, as for
+instance among the natives of the valley of Cuzco and in other parts, as
+we shall relate of each part in its place.
+
+[Note 36: Cinchicona. _Sinchi_ means strong. _Cuna_ is the plural
+particle. _Sinchi_ was the name for a chief or leader. I have not met
+with _cuna_ as an adverb of time and meaning "now." No such meaning is
+given in the _Grammar_ of Domingo de Santo Tomas, which was published in
+1560, twelve years before Sarmiento wrote.]
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+THE FIRST SETTLERS IN THE VALLEY OF CUZCO.
+
+
+I have explained how the people of these lands preserved their
+inheritances and lived on them in ancient times, and that their proper
+and natural countries were known. There were many of these which I shall
+notice in their places, treating specially at present of the original
+settlers of the valley where stands the present city of Cuzco. For from
+there we have to trace the origin of the tyranny of the Incas, who
+always had their chief seat in the valley of Cuzco.
+
+Before all things it must be understood that the valley of Cuzco is in
+130° 15' from the equator on the side of the south pole[37]. In this
+valley, owing to its being fertile for cultivation, there were three
+tribes settled from most ancient times, the first called Sauaseras, the
+second Antasayas, the third Huallas. They settled near each other,
+although their lands for sowing were distinct, which is the property
+they valued most in those days and even now. These natives of the valley
+lived there in peace for many years, cultivating their farms.
+
+[Note 37: 13° 31'. He is 16 miles out in his latitude.]
+
+Some time before the arrival of the Incas, three Sinchis, strangers to
+this valley, the first named Alcabisa[38], the second Copalimayta, and
+the third Culunchima, collected certain companies and came to the valley
+of Cuzco, where, by consent of the natives, they settled and became
+brothers and companions of the original inhabitants. So they lived for a
+long time. There was concord between these six tribes, three native and
+three immigrant. They relate that the immigrants came out to where the
+Incas then resided, as we shall relate presently, and called them
+relations. This is an important point with reference to what happened
+afterwards.
+
+[Note 38: The Alcabisas, as original inhabitants of the Cuzco
+valley, are mentioned by Cieza de Leon (ii. p. 105) who calls them
+Alcaviquiza. Betanzos has Alcaviya, and Balboa Allcay-villcas. Cieza
+describes the victory over them by Mayta Ccapac. Yamqui Pachacuti gives
+Allcayviesas, Cullinchinas, and Cayancachis as the names of the tribes
+who originally inhabited the Cuzco valley. Cayancachi is a southern
+suburb of Cuzco outside the Huatanay river.]
+
+Before entering upon the history of the Incas I wish to make known or,
+speaking more accurately, to answer a difficulty which may occur to
+those who have not been in these parts. Some may say that this history
+cannot be accepted as authentic being taken from the narratives of these
+barbarians, because, having no letters, they could not preserve such
+details as they give from so remote an antiquity. The answer is that, to
+supply the want of letters, these barbarians had a curious invention
+which was very good and accurate. This was that from one to the other,
+from fathers to sons, they handed down past events, repeating the story
+of them many times, just as lessons are repeated from a professor's
+chair, making the hearers say these historical lessons over and over
+again until they were fixed in the memory. Thus each one of the
+descendants continued to communicate the annals in the order described
+with a view to preserve their histories and deeds, their ancient
+traditions, the numbers of their tribes, towns, provinces, their days,
+months and years, their battles, deaths, destructions, fortresses and
+"Sinchis." Finally they recorded, and they still record, the most
+notable things which consist in their numbers (or statistics), on
+certain cords called _quipu_, which is the same as to say reasoner or
+accountant. On these cords they make certain knots by which, and by
+differences of colour, they distinguish and record each thing as by
+letters. It is a thing to be admired to see what details may be recorded
+on these cords, for which there are masters like our writing
+masters[39].
+
+[Note 39: The system of recording by _quipus_ is described by
+Garcilasso de la Vega, i. pp. 150 and 191, also ii. p. 117 and more
+fully at ii. pp. 121--125. Cieza de Leon mentions the _quipu_ system in
+his first part (see i. p. 291 and note) and in the second part (ii. pp.
+33--35, 53, 57, 61,165). At p. 32 the method of preserving the memory of
+former events is described very much as in the text. See also Molina,
+pp. 10, 169. Molina also describes the boards on which historical events
+were painted, p. 4. They were, he says, kept in a temple near Cuzco,
+called Poquen-cancha. See also Cieza de Leon (second part), p. 28.]
+
+Besides this they had, and still have, special historians in these
+nations, an hereditary office descending from father to son. The
+collection of these annals is due to the great diligence of Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui, the ninth Inca, who sent out a general summons to all the
+old historians in all the provinces he had subjugated, and even to many
+others throughout those kingdoms. He had them in Cuzco for a long time,
+examining them concerning their antiquities, origin, and the most
+notable events in their history. These were painted on great boards, and
+deposited in the temple of the Sun, in a great hall. There such boards,
+adorned with gold, were kept as in our libraries, and learned persons
+were appointed, who were well versed in the art of understanding and
+declaring their contents. No one was allowed to enter where these boards
+were kept, except the Inca and the historians, without a special order
+of the Inca.
+
+In this way they took care to have all their past history investigated,
+and to have records respecting all kinds of people, so that at this day
+the Indians generally know and agree respecting details and important
+events, though, in some things, they hold different opinions on special
+points. By examining the oldest and most prudent among them, in all
+ranks of life, who had most credit, I collected and compiled the present
+history, referring the sayings and declarations of one party to their
+antagonists of another party, for they are divided into parties, and
+seeking from each one a memorial of its lineage and of that of the
+opposing party. These memorials, which are all in my possession, were
+compared and corrected, and ultimately verified in public, in presence
+of representatives of all the parties and lineages, under oaths in
+presence of a judge, and with expert and very faithful interpreters also
+on oath, and I thus finished what is now written. Such great diligence
+has been observed, because a thing which is the foundation of the true
+completion of such a great work as the establishment of the tyranny of
+the cruel Incas of this land will make all the nations of the world
+understand the judicial and more than legitimate right that the King of
+Castille has to these Indies and to other lands adjacent, especially to
+these kingdoms of Peru. As all the histories of past events have been
+verified by proof, which in this case has been done so carefully and
+faithfully by order and owing to the industry of the most excellent
+Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, no one can doubt that everything in
+this volume is most sufficiently established and verified without any
+room being left for reply or contradiction. I have been desirous of
+making this digression because, in writing the history, I have heard
+that many entertain the doubts I have above referred to, and it seemed
+well to satisfy them once for all.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+HOW THE INCAS BEGAN TO TYRANNIZE OVER THE LANDS AND INHERITANCES.
+
+
+Having explained that, in ancient times, all this land was owned by the
+people, it is necessary to state how the Incas began their tyranny.
+Although the tribes all lived in simple liberty without recognising any
+lord, there were always some ambitious men among them, aspiring for
+mastery. They committed violence among their countrymen and among
+strangers to subject them and bring them to obedience under their
+command, so that they might serve them and pay tribute. Thus bands of
+men belonging to one region went to others to make war and to rob and
+kill, usurping the lands of others.
+
+As these movements took place in many parts by many tribes, each one
+trying to subjugate his neighbour, it happened that 6 leagues from the
+valley of Cuzco, at a place called Paccari-tampu, there were four men
+with their four sisters, of fierce courage and evil intentions, although
+with lofty aims. These, being more able than the others, understood the
+pusillanimity of the natives of those districts and the ease with which
+they could be made to believe anything that was propounded with
+authority or with any force. So they conceived among themselves the idea
+of being able to subjugate many lands by force and deception. Thus all
+the eight brethren, four men and four women, consulted together how they
+could tyrannize over other tribes beyond the place where they lived, and
+they proposed to do this by violence. Considering that most of the
+natives were ignorant and could easily be made to believe what was said
+to them, particularly if they were addressed with some roughness, rigour
+and authority, against which they could make neither reply nor
+resistance, because they are timid by nature, they sent abroad certain
+fables respecting their origin, that they might be respected and feared.
+They said that they were the sons of Viracocha Pachayachachi, the
+Creator, and that they had come forth out of certain windows to rule the
+rest of the people. As they were fierce, they made the people believe
+and fear them, and hold them to be more than men, even worshipping them
+as gods. Thus they introduced the religion that suited them. The order
+of the fable they told of their origin was as follows.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+THE FABLE OF THE ORIGIN OF THE INCAS OF CUZCO.
+
+
+All the native Indians of this land relate and affirm that the Incas
+Ccapac originated in this way. Six leagues S.S.W. of Cuzco by the road
+which the Incas made, there is a place called Paccari-tampu, which means
+"the house of production[40]" at which there is a hill called
+Tampu-tocco, meaning "the house of windows." It is certain that in this
+hill there are three windows, one called "Maras-tocco," the other
+"Sutic-tocco," while that which is in the middle, between these two, was
+known as "Ccapac-tocco," which means "the rich window," because they say
+that it was ornamented with gold and other treasures. From the window
+called "Maras-tocco" came forth, without parentage, a tribe of Indians
+called Maras. There are still some of them in Cuzco. From the
+"Sutic-tocco" came Indians called Tampus, who settled round the same
+hill, and there are also men of this lineage still in Cuzco. From the
+chief window of "Ccapac-tocco," came four men and four women, called
+brethren. These knew no father nor mother, beyond the story they told
+that they were created and came out of the said window by order of Ticci
+Viracocha, and they declared that Viracocha created them to be lords.
+For this reason they took the name of Inca, which is the same as lord.
+They took "Ccapac" as an additional name because they came out of the
+window "Ccapac-tocco," which means "rich," although afterwards they used
+this term to denote the chief lord over many.
+
+[Note 40: Correctly "the tavern of the dawn."]
+
+The names of the eight brethren were as follows: The eldest of the men,
+and the one with the most authority was named MANCO CCAPAC, the second
+AYAR AUCA, the third AYAR CACHI, the fourth AYAR UCHU. Of the women the
+eldest was called MAMA OCCLO, the second MAMA HUACO, the third MAMA
+IPACURA, or, as others say, MAMA CURA, the fourth MAMA RAUA.
+
+The eight brethren, called Incas, said--"We are born strong and wise,
+and with the people who will here join us, we shall be powerful. We will
+go forth from this place to seek fertile lands and when we find them we
+will subjugate the people and take the lands, making war on all those
+who do not receive us as their lords," This, as they relate, was said by
+Mama Huaco, one of the women, who was fierce and cruel. Manco Ccapac,
+her brother, was also cruel and atrocious. This being agreed upon
+between the eight, they began to move the people who lived near the
+hill, putting it to them that their reward would be to become rich and
+to receive the lands and estates of those who were conquered and
+subjugated. For these objects they moved ten tribes or _ayllus_, which
+means among these barbarians "lineages" or "parties"; the names of which
+are as follows:
+
+I. CHAUIN CUZCO AYLLU of the lineage of AYAR CACHI, of which there are
+still some in Cuzco, the chiefs being MARTIN CHUCUMBI, and DON DIEGO
+HUAMAN PAOCAR.
+
+II. ARAYRACA AYLLU CUZCO-CALLAN. At present there are of this ayllu JUAN
+PIZARRO YUPANQUI, DON FRANCISCO QUISPI, ALONSO TARMA YUPANQUI of the
+lineage of AYAR UCHU.
+
+III. TARPUNTAY AYLLU. Of this there are now some in Cuzco.
+
+IV. HUACAYTAQUI AYLLU. Some still living in Cuzco.
+
+V. SAÑOC AYLLU. Some still in Cuzco.
+
+The above five lineages are HANAN-CUZCO, which means the party of Upper
+Cuzco.
+
+VI. SUTIC-TOCCO AYLLU is the lineage which came out of one of the
+windows called "SUTIC-TOCCO," as has been before explained. Of these
+there are still some in Cuzco, the chiefs being DON FRANCISCO AVCA MICHO
+AVRI SUTIC, and DON ALONSO HUALPA.
+
+VII. MARAS AYLLU. These are of the men who came forth from the window
+"MARAS-TOCCO." There are some of these now in Cuzco, the chiefs being
+DON ALONSO LLAMA OCA, and DON GONZALO AMPURA LLAMA OCA.
+
+VIII. CUYCUSA AYLLU. Of these there are still some in Cuzco, the chief
+being CRISTOVAL ACLLARI.
+
+IX. MASCA AYLLU. Of this there is in Cuzco--JUAN QUISPI.
+
+X. ORO AYLLU. Of this lineage is DON PEDRO YUCAY.
+
+I say that all these _ayllus_ have preserved their records in such a way
+that the memory of them has not been lost. There are more of them than
+are given above, for I only insert the chiefs who are the protectors and
+heads of the lineages, under whose guidance they are preserved. Each
+chief has the duty and obligation to protect the rest, and to know the
+history of his ancestors. Although I say that these live in Cuzco, the
+truth is that they are in a suburb of the city which the Indians call
+Cayocache and which is known to us as Belem, from the church of that
+parish which is that of our Lady of Belem.
+
+Returning to our subject, all these followers above mentioned marched
+with Manco Ccapac and the other brethren to seek for land [_and to
+tyrannize over those who did no harm to them, nor gave them any excuse
+for war, and without any right or title beyond what has been stated_].
+To be prepared for war they chose for their leaders Manco Ccapac and
+Mama Huaco, and with this arrangement the companies of the hill of
+Tampu-tocco set out, to put their design into execution.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+THE ROAD WHICH THESE COMPANIES OF THE INCAS TOOK TO THE VALLEY OF CUZCO,
+AND OF THE FABLES WHICH ARE MIXED WITH THEIR HISTORY.
+
+
+The Incas and the rest of the companies or _ayllus_ set out from their
+homes at Tampu-tocco, taking with them their property and arms, in
+sufficient numbers to form a good squadron, having for their chiefs the
+said Manco Ccapac and Mama Huaco. Manco Ccapac took with him a bird like
+a falcon, called _indi_[41], which they all worshipped and feared as a
+sacred, or, as some say, an enchanted thing, for they thought that this
+bird made Manco Ccapac their lord and obliged the people to follow him.
+It was thus that Manco Ccapac gave them to understand, and it was
+carried in _vahidos_[42], always kept in a covered hamper of straw, like
+a box, with much care. He left it as an heirloom to his son, and the
+Incas had it down to the time of Inca Yupanqui. In his hand he carried
+with him a staff of gold, to test the lands which they would come to.
+
+[Note 41: This bird called _indi_, the familiar spirit of Manco
+Ccapac, is not mentioned by any other author. There is more about it in
+the life of Mayta Ccapac, the great-grandson of Manco Ccapac. The word
+seems to be the same as _Ynti_ the Sun-God.]
+
+[Note 42: _Vahido_ means giddiness, vertigo.]
+
+Marching together they came to a place called Huana-cancha, four leagues
+from the valley of Cuzco, where they remained for some time, sowing and
+seeking for fertile land. Here Manco Ccapac had connexion with his
+sister Mama Occlo, and she became pregnant by him. As this place did not
+appear able to sustain them, being barren, they advanced to another
+place called Tampu-quiro, where Mama Occlo begot a son named Sinchi
+Rocca. Having celebrated the natal feasts of the infant, they set out in
+search of fertile land, and came to another place called Pallata, which
+is almost contiguous to Tampu-quiro, and there they remained for some
+years.
+
+Not content with this land, they came to another called Hays-quisro, a
+quarter of a league further on. Here they consulted together over what
+ought to be done respecting their journey, and over the best way of
+getting rid of Ayar Cachi, one of the four brothers. Ayar Cachi was
+fierce and strong, and very dexterous with the sling. He committed great
+cruelties and was oppressive both among the natives of the places they
+passed, and among his own people. The other brothers were afraid that
+the conduct of Ayar Cachi would cause their companies to disband and
+desert, and that they would be left alone. As Manco Ccapac was prudent,
+he concurred with the opinion of the others that they should secure
+their object by deceit. They called Ayar Cachi and said to him,
+"Brother! Know that in Ccapac-tocco we have forgotten the golden vases
+called _tupac-cusi_[43], and certain seeds, and the _napa_[44], which is
+our principal ensign of sovereignty." The _napa_ is a sheep of the
+country, the colour white, with a red body cloth, on the top ear-rings
+of gold, and on the breast a plate with red badges such as was worn by
+rich Incas when they went abroad; carried in front of all on a pole with
+a cross of plumes of feathers. This was called _suntur-paucar_[45]. They
+said that it would be for the good of all, if he would go back and fetch
+them. When Ayar Cachi refused to return, his sister Mama Huaco, raising
+her foot, rebuked him with furious words, saying, "How is it that there
+should be such cowardice in so strong a youth as you are? Get ready for
+the journey, and do not fail to go to Tampu-tocco, and do what you are
+ordered." Ayar Cachi was shamed by these words. He obeyed and started to
+carry out his orders. They gave him, as a companion, one of those who
+had come with them, named Tampu-chacay, to whom they gave secret orders
+to kill Ayar Cachi at Tampu-tocco, and not to return with him. With
+these orders they both arrived at Tampu-tocco. They had scarcely arrived
+when Ayar Cachi entered through the window Ccapac-tocco, to get the
+things for which he had been sent. He was no sooner inside than
+Tampu-chacay, with great celerity, put a rock against the opening of the
+window and sat upon it, that Ayar Cachi might remain inside and die
+there. When Ayar Cachi turned to the opening and found it closed he
+understood the treason of which the traitor Tampu-chacay had been
+guilty, and determined to get out if it was possible, to take vengeance.
+To force an opening he used such force and shouted so loud that he made
+the mountain tremble. With a loud voice he spoke these words to
+Tampu-chacay, "Thou traitor! thou who hast done me so much harm,
+thinkest thou to convey the news of my mortal imprisonment? That shall
+never happen. For thy treason thou shalt remain outside, turned into a
+stone." So it was done, and to this day they show the stone on one side
+of the window Ccapac-tocco. Turn we now to the seven brethren who had
+remained at Hays-quisro. The death of Ayar Cachi being known, they were
+very sorry for what they had done, for, as he was valiant, they
+regretted much to be without him when the time came to make war on any
+one. So they mourned for him. This Ayar Cachi was so dexterous with a
+sling and so strong that with each shot he pulled down a mountain and
+filled up a ravine. They say that the ravines, which we now see on their
+line of march, were made by Ayar Cachi in hurling stones.
+
+[Note 43: _Tupac-cusi_, meaning golden vases, does not occur
+elsewhere. It may be a mis-print for _tupac-ccuri, tupac_ meaning
+anything royal and ccuri gold.]
+
+[Note 44: _Napa_ was the name of a sacred figure of a llama, one of
+the insignia of royalty. See Molina, pp. 19, 39, 47. The verb _napani_
+is to salute, _napay_, salutation. _Raymi-napa_ was the flock dedicated
+for sacrifice.]
+
+[Note 45: _Suntur-paucar_ was the head-dress of the Inca. See
+Balboa, p. 20. Literally the "brilliant circle." See also Molina, pp. 6,
+17, 39, 42, 44, and Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 14, 106, 120.]
+
+The seven Incas and their companions left this place, and came to
+another called Quirirmanta at the foot of a hill which was afterwards
+called Huanacauri. In this place they consulted together how they should
+divide the duties of the enterprise amongst themselves, so that there
+should be distinctions between them. They agreed that as Manco Ccapac
+had had a child by his sister, they should be married and have children
+to continue the lineage, and that he should be the leader. Ayar Uchu was
+to remain as a _huaca_ for the sake of religion. Ayar Auca, from the
+position they should select, was to take possession of the land set
+apart for him to people.
+
+Leaving this place they came to a hill at a distance of two leagues, a
+little more or less, from Cuzco. Ascending the hill they saw a rainbow,
+which the natives call _huanacauri_. Holding it to be a fortunate sign,
+Manco Ccapac said: "Take this for a sign that the world will not be
+destroyed by water. We shall arrive and from hence we shall select where
+we shall found our city." Then, first casting lots, they saw that the
+signs were good for doing so, and for exploring the land from that point
+and becoming lords of it. Before they got to the height where the
+rainbow was, they saw a _huaca_ which was a place of worship in human
+shape, near the rainbow. They determined among themselves to seize it
+and take it away from there. Ayar Uchu offered himself to go to it, for
+they said that he was very like it. When Ayar Uchu came to the statue or
+_huaca_, with great courage he sat upon it, asking it what it did there.
+At these words the _huaca_ turned its head to see who spoke, but, owing
+to the weight upon it, it could not see. Presently, when Ayar Uchu
+wanted to get off he was not able, for he found that the soles of his
+feet were fastened to the shoulders of the _huaca_. The six brethren,
+seeing that he was a prisoner, came to succour him. But Ayar Uchu,
+finding himself thus transformed, and that his brethren could not
+release him, said to them--"O Brothers, an evil work you have wrought
+for me. It was for your sakes that I came where I must remain for ever,
+apart from your company. Go! go! happy brethren, I announce to you that
+you will be great lords. I, therefore, pray that in recognition of the
+desire I have always had to please you, you will honour and venerate me
+in all your festivals and ceremonies, and that I shall be the first to
+whom you make offerings. For I remain here for your sakes. When you
+celebrate the _huarachico_ (which is the arming of the sons as knights)
+you shall adore me as their father, for I shall remain here for ever."
+Manco Ccapac answered that he would do so, for that it was his will and
+that it should be so ordered. Ayar Uchu promised for the youths that he
+would bestow on them the gifts of valour, nobility, and knighthood, and
+with these last words he remained, turned into stone. They constituted
+him the _huaca_ of the Incas, giving it the name of Ayar Uchu
+Huanacauri.[46] And so it always was, until the arrival of the
+Spaniards, the most venerated _huaca_, and the one that received the
+most offerings of any in the kingdom. Here the Incas went to arm the
+young knights until about twenty years ago, when the Christians
+abolished this ceremony. It was religiously done, because there were
+many abuses and idolatrous practices, offensive and contrary to the
+ordinances of God our Lord.
+
+[Note 46: Huanacauri was a very sacred _huaca_ of the Peruvians.
+Cieza de Leon tells much the same story as Sarmiento, ii. pp. 17, 18,
+19, 22, 89, 101, 107, 111. Garcilasso de la Vega mentions Huanacauri
+four times, i. pp. 65, 66, and ii. pp. 169, 230, as a place held in
+great veneration. It is frequently mentioned by Molina. The word is
+given by Yamqui Pachacuti as Huayna-captiy. _Huayna_ means a youth,
+_captiy_ is the subjunctive of the verb _cani_, I am. The word appears
+to have reference to the arming of youths, and the ordeals they went
+through, which took place annually at this place.]
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+ENTRY OF THE INCAS INTO THE VALLEY OF CUZCO, AND THE FABLES THEY RELATE
+CONCERNING IT.
+
+
+The six brethren were sad at the loss of Ayar Uchu, and at the loss of
+Ayar Cachi; and, owing to the death of Ayar Cachi, those of the lineage
+of the Incas, from that time to this day, always fear to go to
+Tampu-tocco, lest they should have to remain there like Ayar Cachi.
+
+They went down to the foot of the hill, whence they began their entry
+into the valley of Cuzco, arriving at a place called Matahua, where they
+stopped and built huts, intending to remain there some time. Here they
+armed as knight the son of Manco Ccapac and of Mama Occlo, named Sinchi
+Rocca, and they bored his ears, a ceremony which is called _huarachico_,
+being the insignia of his knighthood and nobility, like the custom known
+among ourselves. On this occasion they indulged in great rejoicings,
+drinking for many days, and at intervals mourning for the loss of their
+brother Ayar Uchu. It was here that they invented the mourning sound for
+the dead, like the cooing of a dove. Then they performed the dance
+called _Ccapac Raymi_, a ceremony of the royal or great lords. It is
+danced, in long purple robes, at the ceremonies they call
+_quicochico_[47], which is when girls come to maturity, and the
+_huarachico_[48], when they bore the ears of the Incas, and the
+_rutuchico_[49] when the Inca's hair is cut the first time, and the
+_ayuscay_[50], which is when a child is born, and they drink
+continuously for four or five days.
+
+[Note 47: Quicu-chicuy was the ceremony when girls attained puberty.
+The customs, on this occasion, are described by Molina, p. 53. See also
+Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 80, and the anonymous Jesuit, p. 181.]
+
+[Note 48: Huarachicu was the great festival when the youths went
+through their ordeals, and were admitted to manhood and to bear arms.
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives the word as "Huaracu"; and fully describes
+the ordeals and the ceremonies, ii. pp. 161--178. See also Molina, pp.
+34 and 41--46, and Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 80.]
+
+[Note 49: Rutuchicu is the ceremony when a child reaches the age of
+one year, from _rutuni_, to cut or shear. It receives the name which it
+retains until the Huarachicu if a boy, and until the Quicu-chicuy if a
+girl. They then receive the names they retain until death. At the
+Rutuchicu the child was shorn. Molina, p. 53.]
+
+[Note 50: Molina says that Ayuscay was the ceremony when the woman
+conceives. Molina, p. 53.]
+
+After this they were in Matahua for two years, waiting to pass on to the
+upper valley to seek good and fertile land. Mama Huaco, who was very
+strong and dexterous, took two wands of gold and hurled them towards the
+north. One fell, at two shots of an arquebus, into a ploughed field
+called Colcapampa and did not drive in well, the soil being loose and
+not terraced. By this they knew that the soil was not fertile. The other
+went further, to near Cuzco, and fixed well in the territory called
+Huanay-pata, where they knew the land to be fertile. Others say that
+this proof was made by Manco Ccapac with the staff of gold which he
+carried himself, and that thus they knew of the fertility of the land,
+when the staff sunk in the land called Huanay-pata, two shots of an
+arquebus from Cuzco. They knew the crust of the soil to be rich and
+close, so that it could only be broken by using much force.
+
+Let it be by one way or the other, for all agree that they went trying
+the land with a pole or staff until they arrived at this Huanay-pata,
+when they were satisfied. They were sure of its fertility, because after
+sowing perpetually, it always yielded abundantly, giving more the more
+it was sown. They determined to usurp that land by force, in spite of
+the natural owners, and to do with it as they chose. So they returned to
+Matahua.
+
+From that place Manco Ccapac saw a heap of stones near the site of the
+present monastery of Santo Domingo at Cuzco. Pointing it out to his
+brother Ayar Auca, he said, "Brother! you remember how it was arranged
+between us, that you should go to take possession of the land where we
+are to settle. Well! look at that stone." Pointing out the stone he
+continued, "Go thither flying," for they say that Ayar Auca had
+developed some wings, "and seating yourself there, take possession of
+land seen from that heap of stones. We will presently come to settle and
+reside." When Ayar Auca heard the words of his brother, he opened his
+wings and flew to that place which Manco Ccapac had pointed out. Seating
+himself there, he was presently turned into stone, and was made the
+stone of possession. In the ancient language of this valley the heap was
+called _cozco_, whence that site has had the name of Cuzco to this
+day[51]. From this circumstance the Incas had a proverb which said,
+"Ayar Auca cuzco huanca," or, "Ayar Auca a heap of marble." Others say
+that Manco Ccapac gave the name of Cuzco because he wept in that place
+where he buried his brother Ayar Cachi. Owing to his sorrow and to the
+fertility he gave that name which in the ancient language of that time
+signified sad as well as fertile. The first version must be the correct
+one because Ayar Cachi was not buried at Cuzco, having died at
+Ccapac-tocco as has been narrated before. And this is generally affirmed
+by Incas and natives.
+
+[Note 51: _Cuzco_ means a clod, or hard unirrigated land. _Cuzquini_
+is to break clods of earth, or to level. Montesinos derives the name of
+the city from the verb "to level," or from the heaps of clods, of earth
+called _cuzco_. Cusquic-Raymi is the month of June.]
+
+Five brethren only remaining, namely Manco Ccapac, and the four sisters,
+and Manco Ccapac being the only surviving brother out of four, they
+presently resolved to advance to where Ayar Auca had taken possession.
+Manco Ccapac first gave to his son Sinchi Rocca a wife named Mama Cuca,
+of the lineage of Sañu, daughter of a Sinchi named Sitic-huaman, by whom
+he afterwards had a son named Sapaca. He also instituted the sacrifice
+called _capa cocha_[52], which is the immolation of two male and two
+female infants before the idol Huanacauri, at the time when the Incas
+were armed as knights. These things being arranged, he ordered the
+companies to follow him to the place where Ayar Auca was.
+
+[Note 52: Ccapac-cocha. The weight of evidence is, on the whole, in
+favour of this sacrifice of two infants having taken place at the
+Huarachicu, Cieza de Leon, in remarking that the Spaniards falsely
+imputed crimes to the Indians to justify their ill-treatment, says that
+the practice of human sacrifice was exaggerated, ii. pp. 79, 80. See
+also Molina, pp-54, 57. Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 86.]
+
+Arriving on the land of Huanay-pata, which is near where now stands the
+_Arco de la plata_ leading to the Charcas road, he found settled there a
+nation of Indians named Huallas, already mentioned. Manco Ccapac and
+Mama Occlo began to settle and to take possession of the land and water,
+against the will of the Huallas. On this business they did many violent
+and unjust things. As the Huallas attempted to defend their lives and
+properties, many cruelties were committed by Manco Ccapac and Mama
+Occlo. They relate that Mama Occlo was so fierce that, having killed one
+of the Hualla Indians, she cut him up, took out the inside, carried the
+heart and lungs in her mouth, and with an _ayuinto_, which is a stone
+fastened to a rope, in her hand, she attacked the Huallas with
+diabolical resolution. When the Huallas beheld this horrible and inhuman
+spectacle, they feared that the same thing would be done to them, being
+simple and timid, and they fled and abandoned their rights. Mama Occlo
+reflecting on her cruelty, and fearing that for it they would be branded
+as tyrants, resolved not to spare any Huallas, believing that the affair
+would thus be forgotten. So they killed all they could lay their hands
+upon, dragging infants from their mothers' wombs, that no memory might
+be left of these miserable Huallas.
+
+Having done this Manco Ccapac advanced, and came within a mile of Cuzco
+to the S.E., where a Sinchi named Copalimayta came out to oppose him. We
+have mentioned this chief before and that, although he was a late comer,
+he settled with the consent of the natives of the valley, and had been
+incorporated in the nation of Sauaseray Panaca, natives of the site of
+Santo Domingo at Cuzco. Having seen the strangers invading their lands
+and tyrannizing over them, and knowing the cruelties inflicted on the
+Huallas, they had chosen Copalimayta as their Sinchi. He came forth to
+resist the invasion, saying that the strangers should not enter his
+lands or those of the natives. His resistance was such that Manco Ccapac
+and his companions were obliged to turn their backs. They returned to
+Huanay-pata, the land they had usurped from the Huallas. From the sowing
+they had made they derived a fine crop of maize, and for this reason
+they gave the place a name which means something precious[53].
+
+[Note 53: The origin of the Inca dynasty derived from Manco Ccapac
+and his brethren issuing from the window at Paccari-tampu may be called
+the Paccari-tampu myth. It was universally received and believed.
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives the meanings of the names of the brothers.
+Ayar Cachi means salt or instruction in rational life, Ayar Uchu is
+pepper, meaning the delight experienced from such teaching, and Ayar
+Sauca means pleasure, or the joy they afterwards experienced from it.
+Balboa gives an account of the death of Ayar Cachi, but calls him Ayar
+Auca. He also describes the turning into stone at Huanacauri. Betanzos
+tells much the same story as Sarmiento; as do Cieza de Leon and
+Montesinos, with some slight differences. Yamqui Pachacuti gives the
+names of the brothers, but only relates the Huanacauri part of the
+story. Montesinos and Garcilasso de la Vega call one of the brothers
+Ayar Sauca. Sarmiento, Betanzos and Balboa call him Ayar Auca. All agree
+in the names of the other brothers.]
+
+After some months they returned to the attack on the natives of the
+valley, to tyrannize over them. They assaulted the settlement of the
+Sauaseras, and were so rapid in their attack that they captured
+Copalimayta, slaughtering many of the Sauaseras with great cruelty.
+Copalimayta, finding himself a prisoner and fearing death, fled out of
+desperation, leaving his estates, and was never seen again after he
+escaped. Mama Huaco and Manco Ccapac usurped his houses, lands and
+people. In this way MANCO CCAPAC, MAMA HUACO, SINCHI ROCCA, and MANCO
+SAPACA settled on the site between the two rivers, and erected the House
+of the Sun, which they called YNTI-CANCHA. They divided all that
+position, from Santo Domingo to the junction of the rivers into four
+neighbourhoods or quarters which they call _cancha_. They called one
+QUINTI-CANCHA, the second CHUMPI-CANCHA, the third SAYRI-CANCHA, and the
+fourth YARAMPUY-CANCHA. They divided the sites among themselves, and
+thus the city was peopled, and, from the heap of stones of Ayar Auca it
+was called CUZCO[54].
+
+[Note 54: Garcilasso de la Vega gives the most detailed description
+of the city of Cuzco and its suburbs, ii. p. 235, but he does not
+mention these four divisions. The space from Santo Domingo to the
+junction of the rivers only covers a few acres; and was devoted to the
+gardens of the Sun.]
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANCO CCAPAC AND THE ALCABISAS, RESPECTING THE
+ARABLE LAND.
+
+
+It has been said that one of the natural tribes of this valley of Cuzco
+was the Alcabisas. At the time when Manco Ccapac settled at Ynti-cancha
+and seized the goods of the Sauaseras and Huallas, the Alcabisas were
+settled half an arquebus shot from Ynti-canchi, towards the part where
+Santa Clara now stands. Manco Ccapac had a plan to spread out his forces
+that his tyrannical intentions might not be impeded, so he sent his
+people, as if loosely and idly, making free with the land. He took the
+lands without distinction, to support his companies. As he had taken
+those of the Huallas and Sauaseras, he wished also to take those of the
+Alcabisas. As these Alcabisas had given up some, Manco Ccapac wished and
+intended to take all or nearly all. When the Alcabisas saw that the new
+comers even entered their houses, they said: "These are men who are
+bellicose and unreasonable! they take our lands! Let us set up landmarks
+on the fields they have left to us." This they did, but Mama Huaco said
+to Manco Ccapac, "let us take all the water from the Alcabisas, and then
+they will be obliged to give us the rest of their land." This was done
+and they took away the water. Over this there were disputes; but as the
+followers of Manco Ccapac were more and more masterful, they forced the
+Alcabisas to give up their lands which they wanted, and to serve them as
+their lords, although the Alcabisas never voluntarily served Manco
+Ccapac nor looked upon him as their lord. On the contrary they always
+went about saying with loud voices-to those of Manco Ccapac--"Away!
+away! out of our territory." For this Manco Ccapac was more hard upon
+them, and oppressed them tyrannically.
+
+Besides the Alcabisas there were other tribes, as we have mentioned
+before. These Manco Ccapac and Mama Huaco totally destroyed, and more
+especially one which lived near Ynti-cancha, in the nearest land, called
+Humanamean, between Ynti-cancha and Cayocachi[55], where there also
+lived another native Sinchi named Culunchima. Manco Ccapac entered the
+houses and lands of all the natives, especially of the Alcabisas,
+condemned their Sinchi to perpetual imprisonment, sending the others to
+banishment in Cayocachi, and forcing them to pay tribute. But they were
+always trying to free themselves from the tyranny, as the Alcabisas did
+later[56].
+
+[Note 55: Garcilasso de la Vega describes Cayau-cachi as a small
+village of about 300 inhabitants in his time. It was about 1000 paces
+west of the nearest house of the city in 1560; but he had been told
+that, at the time of his writing in 1602, the houses had been extended
+so as to include it.]
+
+[Note 56: Cieza de Leon and Balboa corroborate the story of
+Sarmiento that the Alcabisas (Cieza calls them Alcaviquizas, Balboa has
+Allcay-villcas) were hostile to the Incas, Cieza, ii. p. 105, Balboa, p.
+25. Yamqui Pachacuti mentions them as Allcayviesas, p. 76.]
+
+Having completed the yoke over the natives, their goods and persons,
+Manco Ccapac was now very old. Feeling the approach of death, and
+fearing that in leaving the sovereignty to his son, Sinchi Rocca, he and
+his successors might not be able to retain it owing to the bad things he
+had done and to the tyranny he had established, he ordered that the ten
+lineages or companies that had come with him from Tampu-tocco should
+form themselves into a garrison or guard, to be always on the watch over
+the persons of his son and of his other descendants to keep them safe.
+They were to elect the successor when he had been nominated by his
+father, or succeeded on the death of his father. For he would not trust
+the natives to nominate or elect, knowing the evil he had done, and the
+force he had used towards them. Manco Ccapac being now on the point of
+death, he left the bird _indi_ enclosed in its cage, the
+_tupac-yauri_[57] or sceptre, the _napa_ and the _suntur-paucar_ the
+insignia of a prince, [_though tyrant_,] to his son Sinchi Rocca that he
+might take his place, [_and this without the consent or election of any
+of the natives_].
+
+[Note 57: _Tupac-yauri_ The sceptre of the sovereign. Molina, pp.
+25, 40, 41. Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 92.]
+
+Thus died Manco Ccapac, according to the accounts of those of his
+_ayllu_ or lineage, at the age of 144 years, which were divided in the
+following manner. When he set out from Paccari-tampu or Tampu-tocco he
+was 36 years of age. From that time until he arrived at the valley of
+Cuzco, during which interval he was seeking for fertile lands, there
+were eight years. For in one place he stayed one, in another two years,
+in others more or less until he reached Cuzco, where he lived all the
+rest of the time, which was 100 years, as _Ccapac_ or supreme and rich
+sovereign.
+
+They say that he was a man of good stature, thin, rustic, cruel though
+frank, and that in dying he was converted into a stone of a height of a
+vara and a half. The stone was preserved with much veneration in the
+Ynti-cancha until the year 1559 when, the licentiate Polo Ondegardo
+being Corregidor of Cuzco, found it and took it away from where it was
+adored and venerated by all the Incas, in the village of Bimbilla near
+Cuzco.
+
+From this Manco Ccapac were originated the ten ayllus mentioned above.
+From his time began the idols _huauquis_, which was an idol or demon
+chosen by each Inca for his companion and oracle which gave him
+answers[58]. That of Manco Ccapac was the bird _indi_ already mentioned.
+This Manco Ccapac ordered, for the preservation of his memory, the
+following: His eldest son by his legitimate wife, who was his sister,
+was to succeed to the sovereignty. If there was a second son his duty
+was to be to help all the other children and relations. They were to
+recognize him as the head in all their necessities, and he was to take
+charge of their interests, and for this duty estates were set aside.
+This party or lineage was called _ayllu_ If there was no second son, or
+if there was one who was incapable, the duty was to be passed on to the
+nearest and ablest relation. And that those to come might have a
+precedent or example, Manco Ccapac made the first _ayllu_ and called it
+_Chima Panaca Ayllu_, which means the lineage descending from Chima,
+because the first to whom he left his _ayllu_ or lineage in charge was
+named _Chima_, and _Panaca_ means "to descend." It is to be noted that
+the members of this _ayllu_ always adored the statue of Manco Ccapac,
+and not those of the other Incas, but the _ayllus_ of the other Incas
+always worshipped that statue and the others also. It is not known what
+was done with the body, for there was only the statue. They carried it
+in their wars, thinking that it secured the victories they won. They
+also took it to Huanacauri, when they celebrated the _huarachicos_ of
+the Incas. Huayna Ccapac took it with him to Quito and Cayambis, and
+afterwards it was brought back to Cuzco with the dead body of that Inca.
+There are still those of this _ayllu_ in Cuzco who preserve the memory
+of the deeds of Manco Ccapac. The principal heads of the _ayllu_ are now
+Don Diego Chaco, and Don Juan Huarhua Chima. They are Hurin-cuzcos.
+Manco Ccapac died in the year 665 of the nativity of Christ our Lord,
+Loyba the Goth reigning in Spain, Constantine IV being Emperor. He lived
+in the Ynti-cancha, House of the Sun.
+
+[Note 58: Sarmiento says that every sovereign Inca had a familiar
+demon or idol which he called _guauqui_, and that the _guauqui_ of Manco
+Ccapac was the _indi_ or bird already mentioned. This is corroborated by
+Polo de Ondegardo. The word seems to be the same as _Huauqui_, a
+brother.]
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+COMMENCES THE LIFE OF SINCHI ROCCA, THE SECOND INCA.
+
+
+It has been said that Manco Ccapac, the first Inca, who tyrannized over
+the natives of the valley of Cuzco, only subjugated the Huallas,
+Alcabisas, Sauaseras, Culunchima, Copalimayta and the others mentioned
+above, who were all within the circuit of what is now the city of Cuzco.
+
+To this Manco Ccapac succeeded his son Sinchi Rocca, son also of Mama
+Occlo, his mother and aunt[59]. He succeeded by nomination of his
+father, under the care of the _ayllus_ who then all lived together, but
+not by election of the people, they were all either in flight,
+prisoners, wounded or banished, and were all his mortal enemies owing to
+the cruelties and robberies exercised upon them by his father Manco
+Ccapac. Sinchi Rocca was not a warlike person, and no feats of arms are
+recorded of him, nor did he sally forth from Cuzco, either himself or by
+his captains[60]. He added nothing to what his father had subjugated,
+only holding by his _ayllus_ those whom his father had crushed. He had
+for a wife Mama Cuca of the town of Saño by whom he had a son named
+Lloqui Yupanqui. Lloqui means left-handed, because he was so. He left
+his _ayllu_ called _Raura Panaca Ayllu_ of the Hurin-cuzco side. There
+are some of this _ayllu_ living, the chiefs being Don Alonso Puscon and
+Don Diego Quispi. These have the duty of knowing and maintaining the
+things and memories of Sinchi Rocca. He lived in Ynti-cancha, the House
+of the Sun, and all his years were 127. He succeeded when 108, and
+reigned 19 years. He died in the year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus
+Christ 675, Wamba being King of Spain, Leo IV Emperor, and Donus Pope.
+He left an idol of stone shaped like a fish called _Huanachiri Amaru_,
+which during life was his idol or _guauqui_. Polo, being Corregidor of
+Cuzco, found this idol, with the body of Sinchi Rocca, in the village of
+Bimbilla, among some bars of copper. The idol had attendants and
+cultivated lands for its service.
+
+[Note 59: All the authorities concur that Sinchi Rocca was the
+second sovereign of the Inca dynasty, except Montesinos, who makes him
+the first and calls him Inca Rocca. Acosta has Inguarroca, and Betanzos
+Chincheroca.]
+
+[Note 60: Cieza de Leon and Garcilasso de la Vega also say that
+Sinchi Rocca waged no wars. The latter tells us that, by peaceful means,
+he extended his dominions over the Canchis, as far as Chuncara.]
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+THE LIFE OF LLOQUI YUPANQUI, THE THIRD INCA.
+
+
+On the death of Sinchi Rocca the Incaship was occupied by Lloqui
+Yupanqui, son of Sinchi Rocca by Mama Cuca his wife. It is to be noted
+that, although Manco Ccapac had ordered that the eldest son should
+succeed, this Inca broke the rule of his grandfather, for he had an
+elder brother named Manco Sapaca[61], as it is said, who did not
+consent, and the Indians do not declare whether he was nominated by his
+father. From this I think that Lloqui Yupanqui was not nominated, but
+Manco Sapaca as the eldest, for so little regard for the natives or
+their approval was shown. This being so, it was tyranny against the
+natives and infidelity to relations with connivance of the _ayllus_
+legionaries; and with the Inca's favour they could do what they liked,
+by supporting him. So Lloqui Yupanqui lived in Ynti-cancha like his
+father[62]. He never left Cuzco on a warlike expedition nor performed
+any memorable deed, but merely lived like his father, having
+communication with some provinces and chiefs. These were Huaman Samo,
+chief of Huaro, Pachaculla Viracocha, the Ayamarcas of Tampu-cunca, and
+the Quilliscachis[63].
+
+[Note 61: Manco Sapaca, the eldest son of Sinchi Rocca, is also
+mentioned by Balboa, pp. 14, 20, 22.]
+
+[Note 62: All the authorities concur in making Lloqui Yupanqui the
+third Inca, except Acosta, who has Iaguarhuaque. Herrera spells it Lloki
+Yupanqui, Fernandez has Lloccuco Panque, merely corrupt spellings. Cieza
+de Leon also represents this reign to have been peaceful, but Garcilasso
+de la Vega makes Lloqui Yupanqui conquer the Collao.]
+
+[Note 63: Huaro or Guaro is a village south of Cuzco in the valley
+of the Vilcamayu (Balboa, p. 110). Huaman Samo was the chief of Huaro.
+Balboa mentions Pachachalla Viracocha as a chief of great prudence and
+ability who submitted to Lloqui Yupanqui, pp. 21, 22. The Ayamarcas
+formed a powerful tribe about 12 miles south of Cuzco. The Quilliscachis
+formed one of the original tribes in the valley of Cuzco (Yamqui
+Pachacuti, p. 110). Tampu-cunca only occurs here.]
+
+One day Lloqui Yupanqui being very sad and afflicted, the Sun appeared
+to him in the form of a person and consoled him by saying---"Do not be
+sorrowful, Lloqui Yupanqui, for from you shall descend great Lords,"
+also, that he might hold it for certain that he would have male issue.
+For Lloqui Yupanqui was then very old, and neither had a son nor
+expected to have one. This having been made known, and what the Sun had
+announced to Lloqui Yupanqui having been published to the people, his
+relations determined to seek a wife for him. His brother Manco Sapaca,
+understanding the fraternal disposition, sought for a woman who was
+suitable for it. He found her in a town called Oma, two leagues from
+Cuzco, asked for her from her guardians, and, with their consent,
+brought her to Cuzco. She was then married to Lloqui Yupanqui. Her name
+was Mama Cava, and by her the Inca had a son named Mayta Ccapac.
+
+This Lloqui did nothing worthy of remembrance. He carried with him an
+idol, which was his _guauqui_ called _Apu Mayta_. His _ayllu_ is _Avayni
+Panaca Ayllu_, because the first who had the charge of this _ayllu_ was
+named Avayni. This Inca lived and died in Ynti-cancha. He was 132 years
+of age, having succeeded at the age of 21, so that he was sovereign or
+"ccapac" for 111 years. He died in 786, Alfonso el Casto being King of
+Spain and Leo IV Supreme Pontiff. Some of this _ayllu_ still live at
+Cuzco. The chiefs are Putisuc Titu Avcaylli, Titu Rimachi, Don Felipe
+Titu Cunti Mayta, Don Agustin Cunti Mayta, Juan Bautista Quispi Cunti
+Mayta. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate Polo found the body of this
+Inca with the rest.
+
+
+
+
+XVII.
+
+THE LIFE OF MAYTA CCAPAC, THE FOURTH INCA[64].
+
+[Note 64: All authorities agree that Mayta Ccapac was the fourth
+Inca, except Acosta and Betanzos. Acosta has Viracocha. Betanzos places
+Mayta Ccapac after Ccapac Yupanqui, whom other authorities make his son.
+His reign was peaceful except that he encountered and finally vanquished
+the Alcabisas. But Garcilasso de la Vega makes him the conqueror of the
+region south of lake Titicaca, as well as provinces to the westward,
+including the settlement of Arequipa. All this is doubtless a mistake on
+the part of Garcilasso.]
+
+
+Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca, son of Lloqui Yupanqui and his wife Mama
+Cava, is to those Indians what Hercules is to us, as regards his birth
+and acts, for they relate strange things of him. At the very first the
+Indians of his lineage, and all the others in general, say that his
+father, when he was begotten, was so old and weak that every one
+believed he was useless, so that they thought the conception was a
+miracle. The second wonder was that his mother bore him three months
+after conception, and that he was born strong and with teeth. All affirm
+this, and that he grew at such a rate that in one year he had as much
+strength and was as big as a boy of eight years or more. At two years he
+fought with very big boys, knocked them about and hurt them seriously.
+This all looks as if it might be counted with the other fables, but I
+write what the natives believe respecting their ancestors, and they hold
+this to be so true that they would kill anyone who asserted the
+contrary.
+
+They say of this Mayta that when he was of very tender years, he was
+playing with some boys of the Alcabisas and Culunchimas, natives of
+Cuzco, when he hurt many of them and killed some. And one day, drinking
+or taking water from a fountain, he broke the leg of the son of a Sinchi
+of the Alcabisas, and hunted the rest until they shut themselves up in
+their houses, where the Alcabisas lived without injuring the Incas.
+
+But now the Alcabisas, unable to endure longer the naughtiness of Mayta
+Ccapac, which he practised under the protection of Lloqui Yupanqui, and
+the _ayllus_ who watched over him, determined to regain their liberty
+and to venture their lives for it. So they selected ten resolute Indians
+to go to the House of the Sun where Lloqui Yupanqui and his son Mayta
+Ccapac lived, and enter it with the intention of killing them. At the
+time Mayta Ccapac was in the court yard of the house, playing at ball
+with some other boys. When he saw enemies entering the house with arms,
+he threw one of the balls he was playing with, and killed one. He did
+the same to another, and, attacking the rest, they all fled. Though the
+rest escaped, they had received many wounds, and in this state they went
+back to their Sinchis of Calunchima and Alcabasa.
+
+The Chiefs, considering the harm Mayta Ccapac had done to the natives
+when a child, feared that when he was grown up he would destroy them
+all, and for this reason they resolved to die for their liberty. All the
+inhabitants of the valley of Cuzco, that had been spared by Manco
+Ccapac, united to make war on the Incas. This very seriously alarmed
+Lloqui Yupanqui. He thought he was lost, and reprehended his son Mayta
+Ccapac, saying, "Son! why hast thou been so harmful to the natives of
+this valley, so that in my old age I shall die at the hands of our
+enemies?" As the _ayllus_, who were in garrison with the Incas, rejoiced
+more in rapine and disturbances than in quiet, they took the part of
+Mayta Ccapac and told the old Inca to hold his peace, leaving the matter
+to his son, so Lloqui Yupanqui took no further steps in reprehending
+Mayta Ccapac. The Alcabisas and Culunchimas assembled their forces and
+Mayta Ccapac marshalled his _ayllus_. There was a battle between the two
+armies and although it was doubtful for some time, both sides fighting
+desperately for victory, the Alcabisas and Calunchimas were finally
+defeated by the troops of Mayta Ccapac.
+
+But not for this did the Alcabisas give up the attempt to free
+themselves and avenge their wrongs. Again they challenged Mayta Ccapac
+to battle, which he accepted. As they advanced they say that such a hail
+storm fell over the Alcabisas that they were defeated a third time, and
+entirely broken up. Mayta Ccapac imprisoned their Sinchi for the
+remainder of his life.
+
+Mayta Ccapac married Mama Tacucaray, native of the town of Tacucaray,
+and by her he had a legitimate son named Ccapac Yupanqui, besides four
+others named Tarco Huaman, Apu Cunti Mayta, Queco Avcaylli, and Rocca
+Yupanqui.
+
+This Mayta Ccapac was warlike, and the Inca who first distinguished
+himself in arms after the time of Mama Huaco and Manco Ccapac. They
+relate of him that he dared to open the hamper containing the bird
+_indi_. This bird, brought by Manco Ccapac from Tampu-tocco, had been
+inherited by his successors, the predecessors of Mayta Ccapac, who had
+always kept it shut up in a hamper or box of straw, such was the fear
+they had of it. But Mayta Ccapac was bolder than any of them. Desirous
+of seeing what his predecessors had guarded so carefully, he opened the
+hamper, saw the bird _indi_ and had some conversation with it. They say
+that it gave him oracles, and that after the interview with the bird he
+was wiser, and knew better what he should do, and what would happen.
+
+With all this he did not go forth from the valley of Cuzco, although
+chiefs from some distant nations came to visit him. He lived in
+Ynti-cancha, the House of the Sun. He left a lineage called _Usca Mayta
+Panaca Ayllu_, and some members of it are still living in Cuzco. The
+heads are named Don Juan Tambo Usca Mayta, and Don Baltasar Quiso Mayta.
+They are Hurin-cuzcos. Mayta Ccapac died at the age of 112 years, in the
+year 890 of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ. The Licentiate Polo
+found his body and idol _guauqui_ with the rest.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+THE LIFE OF CCAPAC YUPANQUI, THE FIFTH INCA[65].
+
+[Note 65: All authorities are agreed that Ccapac Yupanqui was the
+fifth Inca, except Betanzos, who puts him in his father's place.
+Garcilasso attributes extensive conquests to him, both to south and
+west.]
+
+
+At the time of his death, Mayta Ccapac named Ccapac Yupanqui as his
+successor, his son by his wife Mama Tacucaray. This Ccapac Yupanqui, as
+soon as he succeeded to the Incaship, made his brothers swear allegiance
+to him, and that they desired that he should be Ccapac. They complied
+from fear, for he was proud and cruel. At first he lived very quietly in
+the Ynti-cancha. It is to be noted that although Ccapac Yupanqui
+succeeded his father, he was not the eldest son. Cunti Mayta, who was
+older, had an ugly face. His father had, therefore, disinherited him and
+named Ccapac Yupanqui as successor to the sovereignty, and Cunti Mayta
+as high priest. For this reason Ccapac Yupanqui was not the legitimate
+heir, although he tyrannically forced his brothers to swear allegiance
+to him.
+
+This Inca, it is said, was the first to make conquests beyond the valley
+of Cuzco. He forcibly subjugated the people of Cuyumarca and Ancasmarca,
+four leagues from Cuzco. A wealthy Sinchi of Ayamarca, from fear,
+presented his daughter, named Ccuri-hilpay to the Inca. Others say that
+she was a native of Cuzco. The Inca received her as his wife, and had a
+son by her named Inca Rocca, besides five other sons by various women.
+These sons were named Apu Calla, Humpi, Apu Saca, Apu Chima-chaui, and
+Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando[66]. Apu Saca had a son named Apu Mayta, a very
+valiant and famous captain, who greatly distinguished himself in the
+time of Inca Rocca and Viracocha Inca, in company with Vicaquirau,
+another esteemed captain. Besides these Ccapac Yupanqui had another son
+named Apu Urco Huaranca[67]. This Ccapac Yupanqui lived 104 years, and
+was Ccapac for 89 years. He succeeded at the age of 15, and died in the
+year 980 of the nativity of our redeemer Jesus Christ. His _ayllu_ or
+lineage was and is called _Apu Mayta Panaca Ayllu_. Several of this
+lineage are now living, the principal heads being four in number,
+namely, Don Cristobal Cusi-hualpa, Don Antonio Piçuy, Don Francisco
+Cocasaca, and Don Alonso Rupaca. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate
+Polo found the idol or _guaoqui_ of this Inca with the body. They were
+hidden with the rest, to conceal the idolatrous ceremonies of heathen
+times.
+
+[Note 66: _Calla_ means a distaff. _Humpi_ means perspiration.
+_Saca_ is a game bird, also a comet. Chima-chaui is a proper name with
+no meaning. The name of the fifth son is rather unmanageable.
+Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando. _Uchun-cuna_ would mean the Peruvian pepper
+with the plural particle. _Ascalla_ would be a small potato. _Rando_ is
+a corrupt form of _runtu_, an egg. This little Inca seems to have done
+the marketing.]
+
+[Note 67: _Urco_, the male gender. _Huaranca_, a thousand.]
+
+
+
+
+XIX.
+
+THE LIFE OF INCA ROCCA, THE SIXTH INCA[68].
+
+
+When Ccapac Yupanqui died, Inca Rocca, his son by his wife Ccuri-hilpay,
+succeeded by nomination of his father and the guardian _ayllus_. This
+Inca Rocca showed force and valour at the beginning of his Incaship, for
+he conquered the territories of Muyna[69] and Pinahua with great
+violence and cruelty. They are rather more than four leagues to the
+south-south-east of Cuzco. He killed their Sinchis Muyna Pancu, and
+Huaman-tupac, though some say that Huaman-tupac fled and was never more
+seen. He did this by the help of Apu Mayta his nephew, and grandson of
+Ccapac Yupanqui. He also conquered Caytomarca, four leagues from Cuzco.
+He discovered the waters of Hurin-chacan and those of Hanan-chacan,
+which is as much as to say the upper and lower waters of Cuzco, and led
+them in conduits; so that to this day they irrigate fields; and his sons
+and descendants have benefited by them to this day.
+
+[Note 68: All authorities are agreed respecting Inca Rocca as the
+sixth Inca. Garcilasso makes him extend the Inca dominion beyond the
+Apurimac, and into the country of the Chancos.]
+
+[Note 69: Muyna is a district with a lake, 14 miles S.S.W. of Cuzco.
+Pinahua is mentioned by Garcilasso as a chief to the westward, i. p.
+71.]
+
+Inca Rocca gave himself up to pleasures and banquets, preferring to live
+in idleness. He loved his children to that extent, that for them he
+forgot duties to his people and even to his own person. He married a
+great lady of the town of Pata-huayllacan, daughter of the Sinchi of
+that territory, named Soma Inca. Her name was Mama Micay. From this
+marriage came the wars between Tocay Ccapac and the Cuzcos as we shall
+presently relate. By this wife Inca Rocca had a son named Titu Cusi
+Hualpa[70], and by another name Yahuar-huaccac, and besides this eldest
+legitimate son he had four other famous sons named Inca Paucar, Huaman
+Taysi Inca, and Vicaquirau Inca[70]. The latter was a great warrior,
+companion in arms with Apu Mayta. These two captains won great victories
+and subdued many provinces for Viracocha Inca and Inca Yupanqui. They
+were the founders of the great power to which the Incas afterwards
+attained.
+
+[Note 70: _Titu_ means august or magnanimous. _Cusi_ joyful.
+_Hualpa_ a game bird. _Paucar_ means beautiful or bright coloured.
+_Huaman_ a falcon. _Vica_ may be _nilca_ sacred. _Quirau_ a cradle.]
+
+As the events which happened in the reign of Inca Rocca touching the
+Ayamarcas will be narrated in the life of his son, we will not say more
+of this Inca, except that, while his ancestors had always lived in the
+lower part of Cuzco, and were therefore called Hurin-cuzcos, he ordered
+that those who sprang from him should form another party, and be called
+Hanan-cuzcos, which means the Cuzcos of the upper part. So that from
+this Inca began the party of upper or Hanan-cuzcos, for presently he and
+his successors left their residence at the House of the Sun, and
+established themselves away from it, building palaces where they lived,
+in the upper part of the town. It is to be noted that each Inca had a
+special palace in which he lived, the son not wishing to reside in the
+palace where his father had lived. It was left in the same state as it
+was in when the father died, with servants, relations, _ayllus_ or heirs
+that they might maintain it, and keep the edifices in repair. The Incas
+and their _ayllus_ were, and still are Hanan-cuzco; although afterwards,
+in the time of Pachacuti, these _ayllus_ were reformed by him. Some say
+that then were established the two parties which have been so celebrated
+in these parts.
+
+Inca Rocca named his son Vicaquirao as the head of his lineage, and it
+is still called after him the _Vicaquirao Panaca Ayllu_. There are now
+some of this lineage living in Cuzco, the principal heads who protect
+and maintain it being the following: Don Francisco Huaman Rimachi
+Hachacoma, and Don Antonio Huaman Mayta. They are Hanan-cuzcos. Inca
+Rocca lived 103 years, and died in the year 1088 of the nativity of our
+Lord. The Licentiate Polo found his body in the town called Rarapa, kept
+there with much care and veneration according to their rites.
+
+
+
+
+XX.
+
+THE LIFE OF TITU CUSI HUALPA, VULGARLY CALLED YAHUAR-HUACCAC.
+
+
+Titu Cusi Hualpa Inca, eldest son of Inca Rocca and his wife Mama Micay,
+had a strange adventure in his childhood[71]. These natives therefore
+relate his life from his childhood, and in the course of it they tell
+some things of his father, and of some who were strangers in Cuzco, as
+follows. It has been related how the Inca Rocca married Mama Micay by
+the rites of their religion. But it must be understood that those of
+Huayllacan had already promised to give Mama Micay, who was their
+countrywoman and very beautiful, in marriage to Tocay Ccapac, Sinchi of
+the Ayamarcas their neighbours. When the Ayamarcas[72] saw that the
+Huayllacans had broken their word, they were furious and declared war,
+considering them as enemies. War was carried on, the Huayllacans
+defending themselves and also attacking the Ayamarcas, both sides
+committing cruelties, inflicting deaths and losses, and causing great
+injury to each other. While this war was being waged, Mama Micay gave
+birth to her son Titu Cusi Hualpa. The war continued for some years
+after his birth, when both sides saw that they were destroying each
+other, and agreed to come to terms, to avoid further injury. The
+Ayamarcas, who were the most powerful, requested those of Huayllacan to
+deliver the child Titu Cusi Hualpa into their hands, to do what they
+liked with him. On this condition they would desist from further
+hostilities, but if it was not complied with, they announced that they
+would continue a mortal war to the end. The Huayllacans, fearing this,
+and knowing their inability for further resistance, accepted the
+condition, although they were uncles and relations of the child. In
+order to comply it was necessary for them to deceive the Inca. There
+was, in the town of Paulo, a brother of Inca Rocca and uncle of Titu
+Cusi Hualpa named Inca Paucar. He went or sent messengers to ask Inca
+Rocca to think well of sending his nephew Titu Cusi Hualpa to his town
+of Paulo in order that, while still a child, he might learn to know and
+care for his relations on his mother's side, while they wanted to make
+him the heir of their estates. Believing in these words the Inca Rocca
+consented that his son should be taken to Paulo, or the town of
+Micocancha. As soon as they had the child in their town the Huayllacans
+made great feasts in honour of Titu Cusi Hualpa, who was then eight
+years old, a little more or less. His father had sent some Incas to
+guard him. When the festivities were over, the Huayllacans sent to give
+notice to the Ayamarcas that, while they were occupied in ploughing
+certain lands which they call _chacaras_, they might come down on the
+town and carry off the child, doing with him what they chose, in
+accordance with the agreement. The Ayamarcas, being informed, came at
+the time and to the place notified and, finding the child Titu Cusi
+Hualpa alone, they carried it off.
+
+[Note 71: The very interesting story of the kidnapping of the heir
+of Inca Rocca, is well told by Sarmiento.]
+
+[Note 72: The Ayarmarcas seem to have occupied the country about 15
+miles S.S.W. of Cuzco, near Muyna. The word Ayar is the same as that in
+the names of the brethren of Manco Ccapac. But others omit the r, and
+make it Ayamarca, Cieza de Leon, pp. 114, 115, Garcilasso, i. p. 80,
+Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 90. The month of October was called Ayamarca-Raymi.
+Molina says that it was because the Ayamarca tribe celebrated the feast
+of Huarachicu in that month.]
+
+Others say that this treason was carried out in another way. While the
+uncle was giving the child many presents, his cousins, the sons of Inca
+Paucar, became jealous and treated with Tocay Ccapac to deliver the
+child into his hands. Owing to this notice Tocay Ccapac came. Inca
+Paucar had gone out to deliver to his nephew a certain estate and a
+flock of llamas. Tocay Ccapac, the enemy of Inca Rocca was told by those
+who had charge of the boy. He who carried him fled, and the boy was
+seized and carried off by Tocay Ccapac.
+
+Be it the one way or the other, the result was that the Ayamarcas took
+Titu Cusi Hualpa from the custody of Inca Paucar in the town of Paulo,
+while Inca Paucar and the Huayllacans sent the news to Inca Rocca by one
+party, and with another took up arms against the Ayamarcas.
+
+
+
+
+XXI.
+
+WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE AYAMARCAS HAD STOLEN TITU CUSI HUALPA.
+
+
+When the Ayamarcas and their Sinchi Tocay Ccapac stole the son of Inca
+Rocca, they marched off with him. The Huayllacans of Paulopampa, under
+their Sinchi Paucar Inca, marched in pursuit, coming up to them at a
+place called Amaro, on the territory of the Ayamarcas. There was an
+encounter between them, one side to recover the child, and the other to
+keep their capture. But Paucar was only making a demonstration so as to
+have an excuse ready. Consequently the Ayamarcas were victorious, while
+the Huayllacans broke and fled. It is said that in this encounter, and
+when the child was stolen, all the _orejones_ who had come as a guard
+from Cuzco, were slain. The Ayamarcas then took the child to the chief
+place of their province called Ahuayro-cancha.
+
+Many say that Tocay Ccapac was not personally in this raid but that he
+sent his Ayamarcas, who, when they arrived at Ahuayro-cancha, presented
+the child Titu Cusi Hualpa to him, saying, "Look here, Tocay Ccapac, at
+the prisoner we have brought you." The Sinchi received his prize with
+great satisfaction, asking in a loud voice if this was the child of Mama
+Micay, who ought to have been his wife. Titu Cusi Hualpa, though but a
+child, replied boldly that he was the son of Mama Micay and of the Inca
+Rocca. Tocay was indignant when he had heard those words, and ordered
+those who brought the child as a prisoner to take him out and kill him.
+The boy, when he heard such a sentence passed upon him, was so filled
+with sadness and fright, that he began to weep from fear of death. He
+began to shed tears of blood and with indignation beyond his years, in
+the form of a malediction he said to Tocay and the Ayamarcas, "I tell
+you that as sure as you murder me there will come such a curse on you
+and your descendants that you will all come to an end, without any
+memory being left of your nation."
+
+The Ayamarcas and Tocay attentively considered this curse of the child
+together with the tears of blood. They thought there was some great
+mystery that so young a child should utter such weighty words, and that
+the fear of death should make such an impression on him that he should
+shed tears of blood. They were in suspense divining what it portended,
+whether that the child would become a great man. They revoked the
+sentence of death, calling the child _Yahuar-huaccac_, which means
+"weeper of blood," in allusion to what had taken place.
+
+But although they did not wish to kill him then and with their own
+hands, they ordered that he should lead such a life as that he would die
+of hunger. Before this they all said to the child that he should turn
+his face to Cuzco and weep over it, because those curses he had
+pronounced, would fall on the inhabitants of Cuzco, and so it happened.
+
+This done they delivered him to the most valiant Indians, and ordered
+them to take him to certain farms where flocks were kept, giving him to
+eat by rule, and so sparingly that he would be consumed with hunger
+before he died. He was there for a year without leaving the place, so
+that they did not know at Cuzco, or anywhere else, whether he was dead
+or alive. During this time Inca Rocca, being without certain knowledge
+of his son, did not wish to make war on the Ayamarcas because, if he was
+alive, they might kill him. So he did no more than prepare his men of
+war and keep ready, while he enquired for his son in all the ways that
+were possible.
+
+
+
+
+XXII.
+
+HOW IT BECAME KNOWN THAT YAHUAR-HUACCAC WAS ALIVE.
+
+
+As the child Yahuar-huaccac was a year among the shepherds without
+leaving their huts, which served as a prison, no one knew where he was,
+because he could not come forth, being well watched by the shepherds and
+other guards. But it so happened that there was a woman in the place
+called Chimpu Orma, native of the town of Anta, three leagues from
+Cuzco. She was a concubine of the Sinchi Tocay Ccapac, and for this
+reason she had leave to walk about and go into all parts as she pleased.
+She was the daughter of the Sinchi of Anta, and having given an account
+of the treatment of the child to her father, brothers, and relations,
+she persuaded them to help in his liberation. They came on a certain day
+and, with the pass given them by Chimpu Orma, the father and relations
+arranged the escape of Yahuar-huaccac. They stationed themselves behind
+a hill. Yahuar-huaccac was to run in a race with some other boys, to see
+which could get to the top of the hill first. When the prince reached
+the top, the men of Anta, who were hidden there, took him in their arms
+and ran swiftly with him to Anta. When the other boys saw this they
+quickly gave notice to the valiant guards, who ran after the men of
+Anta. They overtook them at the lake of Huaypon, where there was a
+fierce battle. Finally the Ayamarcas got the worst of it, for they were
+nearly all killed or wounded. The men of Anta continued their journey to
+their town, where they gave many presents to Yahuar-huaccac and much
+service, having freed him from the mortal imprisonment in which Tocay
+Ccapac held him. In this town of Anta the boy remained a year, being
+served with much love, but so secretly that his father Inca Rocca did
+not know that he had escaped, during all that time. At the end of a year
+those of Anta agreed to send messengers to Inca Rocca to let him know of
+the safety of his son and heir, because they desired to know and serve
+him. The messengers went to Inca Rocca and, having delivered their
+message, received the reply that the Inca only knew that the Ayamarcas
+had stolen his son. They were asked about it again and again, and at
+last Inca Rocca came down from his throne and closely examined the
+messengers, that they might tell him more, for not without cause had he
+asked them so often. The messengers, being so persistently questioned by
+Inca Rocca, related what had passed, and that his son was free in Anta,
+served and regaled by the chief who had liberated him. Inca Rocca
+rejoiced, promised favours, and dismissed the messengers with thanks.
+Inca Rocca then celebrated the event with feasts and rejoicings.
+
+But not feeling quite certain of the truth of what he had been told, he
+sent a poor man seeking charity to make enquiries at Anta, whether it
+was all true. The poor man went, ascertained that the child was
+certainly liberated, and returned with the news to Inca Rocca; which
+gave rise to further rejoicings in Cuzco. Presently the Inca sent many
+principal people of Cuzco with presents of gold, silver, and cloth to
+the Antas, asking them to receive them and to send back his son. The
+Antas replied that they did not want his presents which they returned,
+that they cared more that Yahuar-huaccac should remain with them, that
+they might serve him and his father also, for they felt much love for
+the boy. Yet if Inca Rocca wanted his son, he should be returned on
+condition that, from that time forwards, the Antas should be called
+relations of the _orejones_. When Inca Rocca was made acquainted with
+the condition, he went to Anta and conceded what they asked for, to the
+Sinchi and his people. For this reason the Antas were called relations
+of the Cuzcos from that time.
+
+Inca Rocca brought his son Yahuar-huaccac to Cuzco and nominated him
+successor to the Incaship, the _ayllus_ and _orejones_ receiving him as
+such. At the end of two years Inca Rocca died, and Yahuar-huaccac, whose
+former name was Titu Cusi Hualpa, remained sole Inca. Before Inca Rocca
+died he made friends with Tocay Ccapac, through the mediation of Mama
+Chicya, daughter of Tocay Ccapac, who married Yahuar-huaccac, and Inca
+Rocca gave his daughter Ccuri-Occllo in marriage to Tocay Ccapac.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+YAHUAR-HUACCAC INCA YUPANQUI COMMENCES HIS REIGN ALONE, AFTER THE DEATH
+OF HIS FATHER[73].
+
+
+When Yahuar-huaccac found himself in possession of the sole sovereignty,
+he remembered the treason with which he had been betrayed by the
+Huayllacans who sold him and delivered him up to his enemies the
+Ayamarcas; and he proposed to inflict an exemplary punishment on them.
+When the Huayllacans knew this, they humbled themselves before
+Yahuar-huaccac, entreating him to forgive the evil deeds they had
+committed against him. Yahuar-huaccac, taking into consideration that
+they were relations, forgave them. Then he sent a force, under the
+command of his brother Vicaquirau, against Mohina and Pinahua, four
+leagues from Cuzco, who subdued these places. He committed great
+cruelties, for no other reason than that they did not come to obey his
+will. This would be about 23 years after the time when he rested in
+Cuzco. Some years afterwards the town of Mollaca, near Cuzco, was
+conquered and subjugated by force of arms.
+
+[Note 73: _Yahuar_ means blood. _Huaccani_ to weep. Yahuar-huaccac
+succeeded to Inca Rocca according to Garcilasso de la Vega, Montesinos,
+Betanzos, Balboa, Yamqui Pachacuti and Sarmiento. Cieza de Leon and
+Herrera have Inca Yupanqui. Garcilasso makes this Inca banish his son
+Viracocha, who returns in consequence of a dream, and defeats the
+Chancas. This all seems to be a mistake. It was Viracocha who fled, and
+his son Inca Yupanqui, surnamed Pachacuti, who defeated the Chancas and
+dethroned his father.]
+
+Yahuar-huaccac had, by his wife Mama Chicya, three legitimate sons. The
+eldest was Paucar Ayllu. The second, Pahuac Hualpa Mayta[74], was chosen
+to succeed his father, though he was not the eldest. The third was named
+Viracocha, who was afterwards Inca through the death of his brother.
+Besides these he had three other illegitimate sons named Vicchu Tupac
+because he subdued the town of Vicchu, Marca-yutu, and Rocca Inca. As
+the Huayllacans wanted Marca-yutu to succeed Yahuar-huaccac, because he
+was their relation, they determined to kill Pahuac Hualpa Mayta, who was
+nominated to succeed. With this object they asked his father to let him
+go to Paulo. Forgetting their former treason, he sent the child to its
+grandfather Soma Inca with forty _orejones_ of the _ayllus_ of Cuzco as
+his guard. When he came to their town they killed him, for which the
+Inca, his father, inflicted a great punishment on the Huayllacans,
+killing some and banishing others until very few were left.
+
+[Note 74: Or Pahuac Mayta Inca (Garcilasso de la Vega, i. p. 23) so
+named from his swiftness. _Pahuani_, to run.]
+
+The Inca then went to the conquest of Pillauya, three leagues from Cuzco
+in the valley of Pisac, and to Choyca, an adjacent place, and to Yuco.
+After that he oppressed by force and with cruelties, the towns of
+Chillincay, Taocamarca, and the Caviñas, making them pay tribute. The
+Inca conquered ten places himself or through his son and captains. Some
+attribute all the conquests to his son Viracocha.
+
+This Inca was a man of gentle disposition and very handsome face. He
+lived 115 years. He succeeded his father at the age of 19, and was
+sovereign for 96 years. He left an _ayllu_ named _Aucaylli Panaca_, and
+some are still living at Cuzco. The principal chiefs who maintain it are
+Don Juan Concha Yupanqui, Don Martin Titu Yupanqui, and Don Gonzalo
+Paucar Aucaylli. They are Hanan-cuzcos. The body of this Inca has not
+been discovered[75]. It is believed that those of the town of Paulo have
+it, with the Inca's _guauqui_.
+
+[Note 75: In the margin of the MS., "The witnesses said that they
+believed that the licentiate Polo found it." Navamuel.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+LIFE OF VIRACOCHA THE EIGHTH INCA[76].
+
+[Note 76: All authorities agree respecting Viracocha as the eighth
+Inca.]
+
+
+As the Huayllacans murdered Pahuac Hualpa Mayta who should have
+succeeded his father Yahuar-huaccac, the second son Viracocha Inca was
+nominated for the succession, whose name when a child was Hatun Tupac
+Inca, younger legitimate son of Yahuar-huaccac and Mama Chicya. He was
+married to Mama Runtucaya, a native of Anta. Once when this Hatun Tupac
+Inca was in Urcos, a town which is a little more than five leagues
+S.S.E. of Cuzco, where there was a sumptuous _huaca_ in honour of Ticci
+Viracocha, the deity appeared to him in the night. Next morning he
+assembled his _orejones_, among them his tutor Hualpa Rimachi, and told
+them how Viracocha had appeared to him that night, and had announced
+great good fortune to him and his descendants. In congratulating him
+Hualpa Rimachi saluted him, "O Viracocha Inca." The rest followed his
+example and celebrated this name, and the Inca retained it all the rest
+of his life. Others say that he took this name, because, when he was
+armed as a knight and had his ears bored, he took Ticci Viracocha as the
+godfather of his knighthood. Be it as it may, all that is certain is
+that when a child, before he succeeded his father, he was named Hatun
+Tupac Inca, and afterwards, for the rest of his life, Viracocha Inca.
+
+After he saw the apparition in Urcos, the Inca came to Cuzco, and
+conceived the plan of conquering and tyrannizing over all the country
+that surrounds Cuzco. For it is to be understood that, although his
+father and grandfather had conquered and robbed in these directions, as
+their only object was rapine and bloodshed, they did not place garrisons
+in the places they subdued, so that when the Inca, who had conquered
+these people, died, they rose in arms and regained their liberty. This
+is the reason that we repeat several times that a place was conquered,
+for it was by different Incas. For instance Mohina and Pinahua, although
+first overrun by Inca Rocca, were also invaded by Yahuar-huaccac, and
+then by Viracocha and his son Inca Yupanqui. Each town fought so hard
+for its liberty, both under their Sinchis and without them, that one
+succeeded in subjugating one and another defeated another. This was
+especially the case in the time of the Incas. Even in Cuzco itself those
+of one suburb, called Carmenca, made war on another suburb called
+Cayocachi. So it is to be understood that, in the time of the seven
+Incas preceding Viracocha, although owing to the power they possessed in
+the _ayllus_, they terrorized those of Cuzco and the immediate
+neighbourhood, the subjection only lasted while the lance was over the
+vanquished, and that the moment they had a chance they took up arms for
+their liberty. They did this at great risk to themselves, and sustained
+much loss of life, even those in Cuzco itself, until the time of
+Viracocha Inca.
+
+This Inca had resolved to subjugate all the tribes he possibly could by
+force and cruelty. He selected as his captains two valiant _orejones_
+the one named Apu Mayta and the other Vicaquirau, of the lineage of Inca
+Rocca. With these captains, who were cruel and impious, he began to
+subjugate, before all things, the inhabitants of Cuzco who were not
+Incas _orejones_, practising on them great cruelties and putting many to
+death. At this time many towns and provinces were up in arms. Those in
+the neighbourhood of Cuzco had risen to defend themselves from the
+_orejones_ Incas of Cuzco who had made war to tyrannize over them.
+Others were in arms with the same motives as the Incas, which was to
+subdue them if their forces would suffice. Thus it was that though many
+Sinchis were elected, their proceedings were confused and without
+concert, so that each force was small, and they were all weak and
+without help from each other. This being known to Viracocha, it
+encouraged him to commence his policy of conquest beyond Cuzco.
+
+Before coming to treat of the nations which Viracocha Inca conquered, we
+will tell of the sons he had. By Mama Runtucaya, his legitimate wife, he
+had four sons, the first and eldest Inca Rocca, the second Tupac
+Yupanqui, the third Inca Yupanqui, and the fourth Ccapac Yupanqui. By
+another beautiful Indian named Ccuri-chulpa, of the Ayavilla nation in
+the valley of Cuzco he also had two sons, the one named Inca Urco, the
+other Inca Socso. The descendants of Inca Urco, however, say that he was
+legitimate, but all the rest say that he was a bastard[77].
+
+[Note 77: Urco is made by Cieza de Leon to succeed, and to have been
+dethroned by Inca Yupanqui owing to his flight from the Chancas. Yamqui
+Pachacuti records the death of Urco. Herrera, Fernandez, Yamqui
+Pachacuti also make Urco succeed Viracocha.]
+
+
+
+
+XXV.
+
+THE PROVINCES AND TOWNS CONQUERED BY THE EIGHTH INCA VIRACOCHA.
+
+
+Viracocha, having named Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his captains, and
+mustered his forces, gave orders that they should advance to make
+conquests beyond the valley of Cuzco. They went to Pacaycacha, in the
+valley of Pisac, three leagues and a half from Cuzco. And because the
+besieged did not submit at once they assaulted the town, killing the
+inhabitants and their Sinchi named Acamaqui. Next the Inca marched
+against the towns of Mohina, Pinahua, Casacancha, and Runtucancha, five
+short leagues from Cuzco. They had made themselves free, although
+Yahuar-huaccac had sacked their towns. The captains of Viracocha
+attacked and killed most of the natives, and their Sinchis named Muyna
+Pancu and Huaman Tupac. The people of Mohina and Pinahua suffered from
+this war and subsequent cruelties because they said that they were free,
+and would not serve nor be vassals to the Incas.
+
+At this time the eldest son, Inca Rocca, was grown up and showed signs
+of being a courageous man. Viracocha, therefore, made him
+captain-general with Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his colleagues. They
+also took with them Inca Yupanqui, who also gave hopes owing to the
+valour he had shown in the flower of his youth. With these captains the
+conquests were continued. Huaypar-marca was taken, the Ayamarcas were
+subdued, and Tocay Ccapac and Chihuay Ccapac, who had their seats near
+Cuzco, were slain. The Incas next subjugated Mollaca and ruined the town
+of Cayto, four leagues from Cuzco, killing its Sinchi named Ccapac Chani
+They assaulted the towns of Socma and Chiraques, killing their Sinchis
+named Puma Lloqui and Illacumbi, who were very warlike chiefs in that
+time, who had most valorously resisted the attacks of former Incas, that
+they might not come from Cuzco to subdue them. The Inca captains also
+conquered Calca and Caquia Xaquixahuana, three leagues from Cuzco, and
+the towns of Collocte and Camal. They subdued the people between Cuzco
+and Quiquisana with the surrounding country, the Papris and other
+neighbouring places; all within seven or eight leagues round Cuzco. [_In
+these conquests they committed very great cruelties, robberies, put many
+to death and destroyed towns, burning and desolating along the road
+without leaving memory of anything_.]
+
+As Viracocha was now very old, he nominated as his successor his bastard
+son Inca Urco, without regard to the order of succession, because he was
+very fond of his mother. This Inca was bold, proud, and despised others,
+so that he aroused the indignation of the warriors, more especially of
+the legitimate sons, Inca Rocca, who was the eldest, and of the valiant
+captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau. These took order to prevent this
+succession to the Incaship, preferring one of the other brothers, the
+best conditioned, who would treat them well and honourably as they
+deserved. They secretly set their eyes on the third of the legitimate
+sons named Cusi, afterwards called Inca Yupanqui, because they believed
+that he was mild and affable, and, besides these qualities, he showed
+signs of high spirit and lofty ideas. Apu Mayta was more in favour of
+this plan than the others, as he desired to have some one to shield him
+from the fury of Viracocha Inca. Mayta thought that the Inca would kill
+him because he had seduced a woman named Cacchon Chicya, who was a wife
+of Viracocha. Apu Mayta had spoken of his plan and of his devotion to
+Cusi, to his colleague Vicaquirau. While they were consulting how it
+should be managed, the Chancas of Andahuaylas, thirty leagues from
+Cuzco, marched upon that city, as will be narrated in the life of Inca
+Yupanqui. Inca Viracocha, from fear of them, fled from Cuzco, and went
+to a place called Caquia Xaquixahuana, where he shut himself up, being
+afraid of the Chancas. Here he died after some years, deprived of Cuzco
+of which his son Cusi had possession for several years before his
+father's death. Viracocha Inca was he who had made the most extensive
+conquests beyond Cuzco and, as we may say, he tyrannized anew even as
+regards Cuzco, as has been said above.
+
+Viracocha lived 119 years, succeeding at the age of 18. He was Ccapac
+101 years. He named the _ayllu_, which he left for the continuance of
+his lineage, _Socso Panaca Ayllu_, and some are still living at Cuzco,
+the heads being Amaru Titu, Don Francisco Chalco Yupanqui, Don Francisco
+Anti Hualpa. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+This Inca was industrious, and inventor of cloths and embroidered work
+called in their language _Viracocha-tocapu_, and amongst us _brocade_.
+He was rich [_for he robbed much_] and had vases of gold and silver. He
+was buried in Caquia Xaquixahuana and Gonzalo Pizarro, having heard that
+there was treasure with the body, discovered it and a large sum of gold.
+He burnt the body, and the natives collected the ashes and hid them in a
+vase. This, with the Inca's _guauqui_, called _Inca Amaru_, was found by
+the Licentiate Polo, when he was Corregidor of Cuzco.
+
+
+
+
+XXVI.
+
+THE LIFE OF INCA YUPANQUI OR PACHACUTI[78], THE NINTH INCA.
+
+[Note 78: Inca Yupanqui surnamed Pachacuti was the ninth Inca. All
+the authorities agree that he dethroned either his father Viracocha, or
+his half brother Urco, after his victory over the Chancas, and that he
+had a long and glorious reign.]
+
+
+It is related, in the life of Inca Viracocha, that he had four
+legitimate sons. Of these the third named Cusi, and as surname Inca
+Yupanqui, was raised to the Incaship by the famous captains Apu Mayta
+and Vicaquirau, and by the rest of the legitimate sons, and against the
+will of his father. In the course of their intrigues to carry this into
+effect, the times gave them the opportunity which they could not
+otherwise have found, in the march of the Chancas upon Cuzco. It
+happened in this way.
+
+Thirty leagues to the west of Cuzco there is a province called
+Andahuaylas, the names of the natives of it being Chancas. In this
+province there were two Sinchis, [_robbers and cruel tyrants_] named
+Uscovilca and Ancovilca who, coming on an expedition from near Huamanca
+with some companies of robbers, had settled in the valley of
+Andahuaylas, and had there formed a state. They were brothers. Uscovilca
+being the elder and principal one, instituted a tribe which he called
+Hanan-chancas or upper Chancas. Ancovilca formed another tribe called
+Hurin-chancas or lower Chancas. These chiefs, after death, were
+embalmed, and because they were feared for their cruelties in life, were
+kept by their people. The Hanan-chancas carried the statue of Uscovilca
+with them, in their raids and wars. Although they had other Sinchis,
+they always attributed their success to the statue of Uscovilca, which
+they called Ancoallo.
+
+The tribes and companies of Uscovilca had multiplied prodigiously in the
+time of Viracocha. It seemed to them that they were so powerful that no
+one could equal them, so they resolved to march from Andahuaylas and
+conquer Cuzco. With this object they elected two Sinchis, one named
+Asto-huaraca, and the other Tomay-huaraca, one of the tribe of
+Hanan-chanca, the other of Hurin-chanca. These were to lead them in
+their enterprise. The Chancas and their Sinchis were proud and insolent.
+Setting out from Andahuaylas they marched on the way to Cuzco until they
+reached a place called Ichu-pampa, five leagues west of that city, where
+they halted for some days, terrifying the neighbourhood and preparing
+for an advance.
+
+The news spread terror among the _orejones_ of Cuzco, for they doubted
+the powers of Inca Viracocha, who was now very old and weak. Thinking
+that the position of Cuzco was insecure, Viracocha called a Council of
+his sons and captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau. These captains said to
+him--"Inca Viracocha! we have understood what you have proposed to us
+touching this matter, and how you ought to meet the difficulty. After
+careful consideration it appears to us that as you are old and infirm
+owing to what you have undergone in former wars, it will not be well
+that you should attempt so great a business, dangerous and with victory
+doubtful, such as that which now presents itself before your eyes. The
+wisest counsel respecting the course you should adopt is that you should
+leave Cuzco, and proceed to the place of Chita, and thence to Caquia
+Xaquixahuana, which is a strong fort, whence you may treat for an
+agreement with the Chancas." They gave this advice to Viracocha to get
+him out of Cuzco and give them a good opportunity to put their designs
+into execution, which were to raise Cusi Inca Yupanqui to the throne. In
+whatever manner it was done, it is certain that this advice was taken by
+the Inca Viracocha. He determined to leave Cuzco and proceed to Chita,
+in accordance with their proposal. But when Cusi Inca Yupanqui found
+that his father was determined to leave Cuzco, they say that he thus
+addressed him, "How father can it fit into your heart to accept such
+infamous advice as to leave Cuzco, city of the Sun and of Viracocha,
+whose name you have taken, whose promise you hold that you shall be a
+great lord, you and your descendants." Though a boy, he said this with
+the animated daring of a man high in honour. The father answered that he
+was a boy and that he spoke like one, in talking without consideration,
+and that such words were of no value. Inca Yupanqui replied that he
+would remain where they would be remembered, that he would not leave
+Cuzco nor abandon the House of the Sun. They say that all this was
+planned by the said captains of Viracocha, Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau, to
+throw those off their guard who might conceive suspicion respecting the
+remaining of Inca Yupanqui in Cuzco. So Viracocha left Cuzco and went to
+Chita, taking with him his two illegitimate sons Inca Urco and Inca
+Socso. His son Inca Yupanqui remained at Cuzco, resolved to defend the
+city or die in its defence. Seven chiefs remained with him; Inca Rocca
+his elder and legitimate brother, Apu Mayta, Vicaquirau, Quillis-cacha,
+Urco Huaranca, Chima Chaui Pata Yupanqui, Viracocha Inca Paucar, and
+Mircoy-mana the tutor of Inca Yupanqui.
+
+
+
+
+XXVII
+
+COMING OF THE CHANCAS AGAINST CUZCO.
+
+
+At the time when Inca Viracocha left Cuzco, Asto-huaraca and
+Tomay-huaraca set out for Ichu-pampa, first making sacrifices and
+blowing out the lungs of an animal, which they call _calpa_. This they
+did not well understand, from what happened afterwards. Marching on
+towards Cuzco, they arrived at a place called Conchacalla, where they
+took a prisoner. From him they learnt what was happening at Cuzco, and
+he offered to guide them there secretly. Thus he conducted them half
+way. But then his conscience cried out to him touching the evil he was
+doing. So he fled to Cuzco, and gave the news that the Chancas were
+resolutely advancing. The news of this Indian, who was a Quillis-cachi
+of Cuzco, made Viracocha hasten his flight to Chita, whither the Chancas
+sent their messengers summoning him to surrender, and threatening war if
+he refused. Others say that these were not messengers but scouts and
+that Inca Viracocha, knowing this, told them that he knew they were
+spies of the Chancas, that he did not want to kill them, but that they
+might return and tell their people that if they wanted anything he was
+there. So they departed and at the mouth of a channel of water some of
+them fell and were killed. At this the Chancas were much annoyed. They
+said that the messengers had been ordered to go to Inca Viracocha, and
+that they were killed by his captain Quequo Mayta.
+
+While this was proceeding with the messengers of the Chancas, the Chanca
+army was coming nearer to Cuzco. Inca Yupanqui made great praying to
+Viracocha and to the Sun to protect the city. One day he was at
+Susurpuquio in great affliction, thinking over the best plan for
+opposing his enemies, when there appeared a person in the air like the
+Sun, consoling him and animating him for the battle. This being held up
+to him a mirror in which the provinces he would subdue were shown, and
+told him that he would be greater than any of his ancestors: he was to
+have no doubt, but to return to the city, because he would conquer the
+Chancas who were marching on Cuzco. With these words the vision animated
+Inca Yupanqui. He took the mirror, which he carried with him ever
+afterwards, in peace or war, and returned to the city, where he began to
+encourage those he had left there, and some who came from afar[79]. The
+latter came to look on, not daring to declare for either party, fearing
+the rage of the conqueror if they should join the conquered side. Inca
+Yupanqui, though only a lad of 20 or 22 years, provided for everything
+as one who was about to fight for his life.
+
+[Note 79: Susurpuquio seems to have been a fountain or spring on the
+road to Xaquixahuana. Molina relates the story of the vision somewhat
+differently, p. 12. Mrs. Zelia Nuttall thinks that the description of
+the vision bears such a very strong resemblance to a bas relief found in
+Guatemala that they must have a common origin.]
+
+While the Inca Yupanqui was thus engaged the Chancas had been marching,
+and reached a place very near Cuzco called Cusi-pampa, there being
+nothing between it and Cuzco but a low hill. Here the Quillis-cachi was
+encountered again. He said that he had been to spy, and that he rejoiced
+to meet them. This deceiver went from one side to the other, always
+keeping friends with both, to secure the favour of the side which
+eventually conquered. The Chancas resumed the march, expecting that
+there would be no defence. But the Quillis-cachi, mourning over the
+destruction of his country, disappeared from among the Chancas and went
+to Cuzco to give the alarm. "To arms! to arms!" he shouted, "Inca
+Yupanqui. The Chancas are upon you."
+
+At these words the Inca, who was not off his guard, mustered and got his
+troops in order, but he found very few willing to go forth with him to
+oppose the enemy, almost all took to the hills to watch the event. With
+those who were willing to follow, though few in number, chiefly the men
+of the seven Sinchis, brothers and captains, named above, he formed a
+small force and came forth to receive the enemy who advanced in fury and
+without order. The opposing forces advanced towards each other, the
+Chancas attacking the city in four directions. The Inca Yupanqui sent
+all the succour he could to the assailed points, while he and his
+friends advanced towards the statue and standard of Uscovilca, with
+Asto-huaraca and Tomay-huaraca defending them. Here there was a bloody
+and desperate battle, one side striving to enter the city, and the other
+opposing its advance. Those who entered by a suburb called
+Chocos-chacona were valiantly repulsed by the inhabitants. They say that
+a woman named Chañan-ccuri-coca here fought like a man, and so valiantly
+opposed the Chancas that they were obliged to retire. This was the cause
+that all the Chancas who saw it were dismayed. The Inca Yupanqui
+meanwhile was so quick and dexterous with his weapon, that those who
+carried the statue of Uscovilca became alarmed, and their fear was
+increased when they saw great numbers of men coming down from the hills.
+They say that these were sent by Viracocha, the creator, as succour for
+the Inca. The Chancas began to give way, leaving the statue of
+Uscovilca, and they say even that of Ancovilca. Attacking on two sides,
+Inca Rocca, Apu Mayta, and Vicaquirau made great havock among the
+Chancas. Seeing that their only safety was in flight, they turned their
+backs, and their quickness in running exceeded their fierceness in
+advancing. The men of Cuzco continued the pursuit, killing and wounding,
+for more than two leagues, when they desisted. The Chancas returned to
+Ichu-pampa, and the _orejones_ to Cuzco, having won a great victory and
+taken a vast amount of plunder which remained in their hands. The Cuzcos
+rejoiced at this victory won with so little expectation or hope. They
+honoured Inca Yupanqui with many epithets, especially calling him
+PACHACUTI, which means "over-turner of the earth," alluding to the land
+and farms which they looked upon as lost by the coming of the Chancas.
+For he had made them free and safe again. From that time he was called
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
+
+As soon as the victory was secure, Inca Yupanqui did not wish to enjoy
+the triumph although many tried to persuade him. He wished to give his
+father the glory of such a great victory. So he collected the most
+precious spoils, and took them to his father who was in Chita, with a
+principal _orejon_ named Quillis-cachi Urco Huaranca. By him he sent to
+ask his father to enjoy that triumph and tread on those spoils of the
+enemy, a custom they have as a sign of victory. When Quillis-cachi Urco
+Huaranca arrived before Viracocha Inca, he placed those spoils of the
+Chancas at his feet with great reverence, saying, "Inca Viracocha! thy
+son Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, to whom the Sun has given such a great
+victory, vanquishing the powerful Chancas, sends me to salute you, and
+says that, as a good and humble son he wishes you to triumph over your
+victory and to tread upon these spoils of your enemies, conquered by
+your hands." Inca Viracocha did not wish to tread on them, but said that
+his son Inca Urco should do so, as he was to succeed to the Incaship.
+Hearing this the messenger rose and gave utterance to furious words,
+saying that he did not come for cowards to triumph by the deeds of
+Pachacuti. He added that if Viracocha did not wish to receive this
+recognition from so valiant a son, it would be better that Pachachuti
+should enjoy the glory for which he had worked. With this he returned to
+Cuzco, and told Pachacuti what had happened with his father.
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII.
+
+THE SECOND VICTORY OF PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI OVER THE CHANCAS.
+
+
+While Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was sending the spoil to his father, the
+Chancas were recruiting and assembling more men at Ichu-pampa, whence
+they marched on Cuzco the first time. The Sinchis Tomay-huaraca and
+Asto-huaraca began to boast, declaring that they would return to Cuzco
+and leave nothing undestroyed. This news came to Pachacuti Inca
+Yupanqui. He received it with courage and, assembling his men, he
+marched in search of the Chancas. When they heard that the Incas were
+coming, they resolved to march out and encounter them, but the advance
+of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was so rapid that he found the Chancas still
+at Ichu-pampa.
+
+As soon as the two forces came in sight of each other, Asto-huaraca,
+full of arrogance, sent to Inca Yupanqui to tell him that he could see
+the power of the Chancas and the position they now held. They were not
+like him coming from the poverty stricken Cuzco, and if he did not
+repent the past and become a tributary and vassal to the Chancas;
+Asto-huaraca would dye his lance in an Inca's blood. But Inca Yupanqui
+was not terrified by the embassy. He answered in this way to the
+messenger. "Go back brother and say to Asto-huaraca, your Sinchi, that
+Inca Yupanqui is a child of the Sun and guardian of Cuzco, the city of
+Ticci Viracocha Pachayachachi, by whose order I am here guarding it. For
+this city is not mine but his; and if your Sinchi should wish to own
+obedience to Ticci Viracocha, or to me in His name, he will be
+honourably received. If your Sinchi should see things in another light,
+show him that I am here with our friends, and if he should conquer us he
+can call himself Lord and Inca. But let him understand that no more time
+can be wasted in demands and replies. God (Ticci Viracocha) will give
+the victory to whom he pleases."
+
+With this reply the Chancas felt that they had profited little by their
+boasting. They ran to their arms because they saw Pachacuti closely
+following the bearer of his reply. The two armies approached each other
+in Ichu-pampa, encountered, and mixed together, the Chancas thrusting
+with long lances, the Incas using slings, clubs, axes and arrows, each
+one defending himself and attacking his adversary. The battle raged for
+a long time, without advantage on either side. At last Pachacuti made a
+way to where Asto-huaraca was fighting, attacked him and delivered a
+blow with his hatchet which cut off the Chanca's head. Tomay-huaraca was
+already killed. The Inca caused the heads of these two captains to be
+set on the points of lances, and raised on high to be seen by their
+followers. The Chancas, on seeing the heads, despaired of victory
+without leaders. They gave up the contest and sought safety in flight.
+Inca Yupanqui and his army followed in pursuit, wounding and killing
+until there was nothing more to do.
+
+This great victory yielded such rich and plentiful spoils, that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui proposed to go to where his father was, report
+to him the story of the battle and the victory, and to offer him
+obedience that he might triumph as if the victory was his own. Loaded
+with spoil and Chanca prisoners he went to visit his father. Some say
+that it was at a place called Caquia Xaquixahuana, four leagues from
+Cuzco, others that it was at Marco, three leagues from Cuzco. Wherever
+it was, there was a great ceremony, presents being given, called
+_muchanaco_[80]. When Pachacuti had given his father a full report, he
+ordered the spoils of the enemy to be placed at his feet, and asked his
+father to tread on them and triumph over the victory. But Viracocha
+Inca, still intent upon having Inca Urco for his successor, desired that
+the honour offered to him should be enjoyed by his favourite son. He,
+therefore, did not wish to accept the honours for himself. Yet not
+wishing to offend the Inca Yupanqui Pachacuti on such a crucial point,
+he said that he would tread on the spoils and prisoners, and did so. He
+excused himself from going to triumph at Cuzco owing to his great age,
+which made him prefer to rest at Caquia Xaquixahuana.
+
+[Note 80: _Muchani_, I worship. _Nacu_ is a particle giving a
+reciprocal or mutual meaning, "joint worship."]
+
+With this reply Pachacuti departed for Cuzco with a great following of
+people and riches. The Inca Urco also came to accompany him, and on the
+road there was a quarrel in the rear guard between the men of Urco and
+those of Pachacuti. Others say that it was an ambush laid for his
+brother by Urco and that they fought. The Inca Pachacuti took no notice
+of it, and continued his journey to Cuzco, where he was received with
+much applause and in triumph. Soon afterwards, as one who thought of
+assuming authority over the whole land and taking away esteem from his
+father, as he presently did, he began to distribute the spoils, and
+confer many favours with gifts and speeches. With the fame of these
+grand doings, people came to Cuzco from all directions and many of those
+who were at Caquia Xaquixahuana left it and came to the new Inca at
+Cuzco.
+
+
+
+
+XXIX.
+
+THE INCA YUPANQUI ASSUMES THE SOVEREIGNTY AND TAKES THE FRINGE, WITHOUT
+THE CONSENT OF HIS FATHER.
+
+
+When the Inca Yupanqui found himself so strong and that he had been
+joined by so many people, he determined not to wait for the nomination
+of his father, much less for his death, before he rose with the people
+of Cuzco with the further intention of obtaining the assent of those
+without. With this object he caused a grand sacrifice to be offered to
+the Sun in the Inti-cancha or House of the Sun, and then went to ask the
+image of the Sun who should be Inca. The oracle of the devil, or perhaps
+some Indian who was behind to give the answer, replied that Inca
+Yupanqui Pachacuti was chosen and should be Inca. On this answer being
+given, all who were present at the sacrifice, prostrated themselves
+before Pachacuti, crying out "Ccapac Inca Intip Churin," which means
+"Sovereign Lord Child of the Sun."
+
+Presently they prepared a very rich fringe of gold and emeralds
+wherewith to crown him. Next day they took Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui to
+the House of the Sun, and when they came to the image of the Sun, which
+was of gold and the size of a man, they found it with the fringe, as if
+offering it of its own will. First making his sacrifices, according to
+their custom, he came to the image, and the High Priest called out in
+his language "Intip Apu," which means "Governor of things pertaining to
+the Sun." With much ceremony and great reverence the fringe was taken
+from the image and placed, with much pomp, on the forehead of Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui. Then all called his name and hailed him "Intip Churin
+Inca Pachacuti," or "Child of the Sun Lord, over-turner of the earth."
+From that time he was called Pachacuti besides his first name which was
+Inca Yupanqui. Then the Inca presented many gifts and celebrated the
+event with feasts. [_He was sovereign Inca without the consent of his
+father or of the people, but by those he had gained over to his side by
+gifts_.]
+
+
+
+
+XXX.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI REBUILDS THE CITY OF CUZCO.
+
+
+As soon as the festivities were over, the Inca laid out the city of
+Cuzco on a better plan; and formed the principal streets as they were
+when the Spaniards came. He divided the land for communal, public, and
+private edifices, causing them to be built with very excellent masonry.
+It is such that we who have seen it, and know that they did not possess
+instruments of iron or steel to work with, are struck with admiration on
+beholding the equality and precision with which the stones are laid, as
+well as the closeness of the points of junction. With the rough stones
+it is even more interesting to examine the work and its composition. As
+the sight alone satisfies the curious, I will not waste time in a more
+detailed description.
+
+Besides this, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, considering the small extent of
+land round Cuzco suited for cultivation, supplied by art what was
+wanting in nature. Along the skirts of the hills near villages, and also
+in other parts, he constructed very long terraces of 200 paces more or
+less, and 20 to 30 wide, faced with masonry, and filled with earth, much
+of it brought from a distance. We call these terraces _andenes_, the
+native name being _sucres_. He ordered that they should be sown, and in
+this way he made a vast increase in the cultivated land, and in
+provision for sustaining the companies and garrisons.
+
+In order that the precise time of sowing and harvesting might be known,
+and that nothing might be lost, the Inca caused four poles to be set up
+on a high mountain to the east of Cuzco, about two _varas_ apart, on the
+heads of which there were holes, by which the sun entered, in the manner
+of a watch or astrolabe. Observing where the sun struck the ground
+through these holes, at the time of sowing and harvest, marks were made
+on the ground. Other poles were set up in the part corresponding to the
+west of Cuzco, for the time of harvesting the maize. Having fixed the
+positions exactly by these poles, they built columns of stone for
+perpetuity in their places, of the height of the poles and with holes in
+like places. All round it was ordered that the ground should be paved;
+and on the stones certain lines were drawn, conforming to the movements
+of the sun entering through the holes in the columns. Thus the whole
+became an instrument serving for an annual time-piece, by which the
+times of sowing and harvesting were regulated. Persons were appointed to
+observe these watches, and to notify to the people the times they
+indicated[81].
+
+[Note 81: The pillars at Cuzco to determine the time of the
+solstices were called _Sucanca_. The two pillars denoting the beginning
+of winter, whence the year was measured, were called _Pucuy Sucanca_.
+Those notifying the beginning of spring were _Chirao Sucanca_. _Suca_
+means a ridge or furrow and _sucani_ to make ridges: hence _sucanca_,
+the alternate light and shadow, appearing like furrows. Acosta says
+there was a pillar for each month. Garcilasso de la Vega tells us that
+there were eight on the east, and eight on the west side of Cuzco (i. p.
+177) in double rows, four and four, two small between two high ones, 20
+feet apart. Cieza de Leon says that they were in the Carmenca suburb (i.
+p. 325).
+
+To ascertain the time of the equinoxes there was a stone column in the
+open space before the temple of the Sun in the centre of a large circle.
+This was the _Inti-huatana_. A line was drawn across from east to west
+and they watched when the shadow of the pillar was on the line from
+sunrise to sunset and there was no shadow at noon. There is another
+_Inti-huatana_ at Pisac, and another at Hatun-colla. _Inti_, the Sun
+God, _huatani_, to seize, to tie round, _Inti-huatana_, a sun circle.]
+
+Besides this, as he was curious about the things of antiquity, and
+wished to perpetuate his name, the Inca went personally to the hill of
+Tampu-tocco or Paccari-tampu, names for the same thing, and entered the
+cave whence it is held for certain that Manco Ccapac and his brethren
+came when they marched to Cuzco for the first time, as has already been
+narrated. After he had made a thorough inspection, he venerated the
+locality and showed his feeling by festivals and sacrifices. He placed
+doors of gold on the window Ccapac-tocco, and ordered that from that
+time forward the locality should be venerated by all, making it a prayer
+place and _huaca_, whither to go to pray for oracles and to sacrifice.
+
+Having done this the Inca returned to Cuzco. He ordered the year to be
+divided into twelve months, almost like our year. I say almost, because
+there is some difference, though slight, as will be explained in its
+place.
+
+He called a general assembly of the oldest and wisest men of Cuzco and
+other parts, who with much diligence scrutinized and examined the
+histories and antiquities of the land, principally of the Incas and
+their forefathers. He ordered the events to be painted and preserved in
+order, as I explained when I spoke of the method adopted in preparing
+this history.
+
+
+
+
+XXXI.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI REBUILDS THE HOUSE OF THE SUN AND ESTABLISHES
+NEW IDOLS IN IT.
+
+
+Having adorned the city of Cuzco with edifices, streets, and the other
+things that have been mentioned, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui reflected that
+since the time of Manco Ccapac, none of his predecessors had done
+anything for the House of the Sun. He, therefore, resolved to enrich it
+with more oracles and edifices to appal ignorant people and produce
+astonishment, that they might help in the conquest of the whole land
+which he intended to subdue, and in fact he commenced and achieved the
+subjugation of a large portion of it He disinterred the bodies of the
+seven deceased Incas, from Manco Ccapac to Yahuar-huaccac, which were
+all in the House of the Sun, enriching them with masks, head-dresses
+called _chuco_, medals, bracelets, sceptres called _yauri_ or
+_champi_[82], and other ornaments of gold. He then placed them, in the
+order of their seniority, on a bench with a back, richly adorned with
+gold, and ordered great festivals to be celebrated with representations
+of the lives of each Inca. These festivals, which are called
+_purucaya_[83], were continued for more than four months. Great and
+sumptuous sacrifices were made to each Inca, at the conclusion of the
+representation of his acts and life. This gave them such authority that
+it made all strangers adore them, and worship them as gods. These
+strangers, when they beheld such majesty, humbled themselves, and put up
+their hands to worship or _mucha_ as they say. The corpses were held in
+great respect and veneration until the Spaniards came to this land of
+Peru.
+
+[Note 82: _Champi_ means a one-handed battle axe (Garcilasso de la
+Vega, I. lib. ix. cap. 31). Novices received it at the festival of
+Huarachicu, with the word _Auccacunapac_, for traitors.]
+
+[Note 83: According to Mossi _puruccayan_ was the general mourning
+on the death of the Inca.]
+
+Besides these corpses, Pachacuti made two images of gold. He called one
+of them Viracocha Pachayachachi. It represented the creator, and was
+placed on the right of the image of the Sun. The other was called
+_Chuqui ylla_, representing lightning, placed on the left of the Sun.
+This image was most highly venerated by all. Inca Yupanqui adopted this
+idol for his _guauqui_[84], because he said that it had appeared and
+spoken in a desert place and had given him a serpent with two heads, to
+carry about with him always, saying that while he had it with him,
+nothing sinister could happen in his affairs. To these idols the Inca
+gave the use of lands, flocks, and servants, especially of certain women
+who lived in the same House of the Sun, in the manner of nuns. These all
+came as virgins but few remained without having had connexion with the
+Inca. At least he was so vicious in this respect, that he had access to
+all whose looks gave him pleasure, and had many sons.
+
+[Note 84: _Huauqui_, brother.]
+
+Besides this House, there were some _huacas_ in the surrounding country.
+These were that of Huanacauri, and others called Anahuarqui, Yauira,
+Cinga, Picol, Pachatopan[85] [_to many they made the accursed
+sacrifices, which they called_ Ccapac Cocha, _burying children, aged 5
+or 6, alive as offerings to the devil, with many offerings of vases of
+gold and silver_].
+
+[Note 85: Anahuarqui was the name of the wife of Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. Yauira may be for Yauirca, a fabulous creature described by
+Yamqui Pachacuti. Cinga and Picol do not occur elsewhere. Pachatopan is
+no doubt _Pacha tupac_, beautiful land.]
+
+The Inca, they relate, also caused to be made a great woollen chain of
+many colours, garnished with gold plates, and two red fringes at the
+end. It was 150 fathoms in length, more or less. This was used in their
+public festivals, of which there were four principal ones in the year.
+The first was called RAYMI or CCAPAC RAYMI, which was when they opened
+the ears of knights at a ceremony called _huarachico_. The second was
+called SITUA resembling our lights of St John[86]. They all ran at
+midnight with torches to bathe, saying that they were thus left clean of
+all diseases. The third was called YNTI RAYMI, being the feast of the
+Sun, known as _aymuray_. In these feasts they took the chain out of the
+House of the Sun and all the principal Indians, very richly dressed,
+came with it, in order, singing, from the House of the Sun to the Great
+Square which they encircled with the chain. This was called _moroy
+urco_[87].
+
+[Note 86: The months and the festivals which took place in each
+month are given by several authorities. The most correct are those of
+Polo de Ondegardo and Calancha who agree throughout. Calancha gives the
+months as received by the first Council of Lima.
+
+22 June--22 July.   INTIP RAYMI (_Sun Festival_).
+22 July--22 Aug.    CHAHUAR HUARQUIZ--Ploughing month.
+22 Aug.--22 Sept.   YAPAQUIZ (SITUA _or Moon Festival_)--Sowing month.
+22 Sept.--22 Oct.   CCOYA RAYMI---Expiatory feast. Molina a month behind.
+22 Oct.--22 Nov.    UMA RAYMI--Month of brewing chicha.
+22 Nov.--22 Dec.    AYAMARCA--Commemoration of the dead.
+22 Dec.--22 Jan.    CCAPAC RAYMI (HUARACHICU _festival_).
+22 Jan.--22 Feb.    CAMAY--Month of exercises.
+22 Feb.--22 March.  HATUN POCCOY (great ripening).
+22 March--22 April. PACHA POCCOY (MOSOC NINA _festival_).
+22 April--22 May.   AYRIHUA (Harvest).
+22 May--22 June.    AYMURAY (Harvest home).]
+
+[Note 87: The great chain, used at festivals, is called by Sarmiento
+Muru-urco. See also Molina. _Muru_ means a coloured spot, or a thing of
+variegated colours. Molina says that it was the house where the chain
+was kept that was called Muru-urco, as well as the cable. _Huasca_ is
+another name for a cable (See G. de la Vega, ii. p, 422).]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI DEPOPULATES TWO LEAGUES OF COUNTRY NEAR CUZCO.
+
+
+After Pachacuti had done what has been described in the city, he turned
+his attention to the people. Seeing that there were not sufficient lands
+for sowing, so as to sustain them, he went round the city at a distance
+of four leagues from it, considering the valleys, situation, and
+villages. He depopulated all that were within two leagues of the city.
+The lands of depopulated villages were given to the city and its
+inhabitants, and the deprived people were settled in other parts. The
+citizens of Cuzco were well satisfied with the arrangement, for they
+were given what cost little, and thus he made friends by presents taken
+from others, and took as his own the valley of Tambo [_which was not
+his_].
+
+The news of the enlargement of this city went far and wide, and reached
+the ears of Viracocha Inca, retired in Caquia Xaquixahuana[88]. He was
+moved to go and see Cuzco. The Inca Yupanqui went for him, and brought
+him to Cuzco with much rejoicing. He went to the House of the Sun,
+worshipped at Huanacauri and saw all the improvements that had been
+made. Having seen everything he returned to his place at Caquia
+Xaquixahuana, where he resided until his death, never again visiting
+Cuzco, nor seeing his son Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
+
+[Note 88: This great plain to the north-west of Cuzco, called
+Xaquixahuana, and Sacsahuana, is now known as Surita. Most of the early
+writers call it Sacsahuana. Sarmiento always places the word Caquia
+before the name. _Capuchini_ is to provide, _capuchic_ a purveyor. Hence
+_Capuquey_ means "my goods," abbreviated to _Caguey_, "my property." The
+meaning is "my estate of Xaquixahuana."]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI KILLS HIS ELDER BROTHER NAMED INCA URCO.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui found himself so powerful with the companies he
+had got together by liberal presents to all, that he proposed to
+subjugate by their means all the territories he could reach. For this he
+mustered all the troops that were in Cuzco, and provided them with arms,
+and all that was necessary for war. Affairs being in this state
+Pachacuti heard that his brother Urco was in a valley called Yucay, four
+leagues from Cuzco, and that he had assembled some people. Fearing that
+the movement was intended against him the Inca marched there with his
+army. His brother Inca Rocca went with him, who had the reputation of
+being a great necromancer. Arriving at a place called Paca in the said
+valley, the Inca went out against his brother Urco, and there was a
+battle between them. Inca Rocca hurled a stone which hit Urco on the
+throat. The blow was so great that Urco fell into the river flowing down
+the ravine where they were fighting. Urco exerted himself and fled,
+swimming down the river, with his axe in his hand. In this way he
+reached a rock called Chupellusca, a league below Tampu, where his
+brothers overtook him and killed him.
+
+From thence the Inca Pachacuti Yupanqui, with his brother Inca Rocca
+marched with their troops to Caquia Xaquixahuana to see his father who
+refused ever to speak with or see him, owing to the rage he felt at the
+death of Inca Urco. But Inca Rocca went in, where Viracocha was and
+said, "Father! it is not reasonable that you should grieve so much at
+the death of Urco, for I killed him in self defence, he having come to
+kill me. You are not to be so heavy at the death of one, when you have
+so many sons. Think no more of it, for my brother Pachacuti Yupanqui is
+to be Inca, and I hold that you should favour him and be as a father to
+him." Seeing the resolution of his son Inca Rocca, Viracocha did not
+dare to reply or to contradict him. He dismissed him by saying that that
+was what he wished, and that he would be guided by him in everything.
+With this the Inca Yupanqui and his brother Inca Rocca returned to
+Cuzco, and entered the city triumphing over the past victories and over
+this one.
+
+The triumph was after this manner. The warriors marched in order, in
+their companies, dressed in the best manner possible, with songs and
+dances, and the captives, their eyes on the ground, dressed in long
+robes with many tassels. They entered by the streets of the city, which
+were very well adorned to receive them. They went on, enacting their
+battles and victories, on account of which they triumphed. On reaching
+the House of the Sun, the spoils and prisoners were thrown on the
+ground, and the Inca walked over them, trampling on them and saying--"I
+tread on my enemies." The prisoners were silent without raising their
+eyes. This order was used in all their triumphs. At the end of a short
+time Inca Viracocha died of grief at the death of Inca Urco, deprived
+and despoiled of all honour and property. They buried his body in Caquia
+Xaquixahuana.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV.
+
+THE NATIONS WHICH PACHACUTI INCA SUBJUGATED AND THE TOWNS HE TOOK: AND
+FIRST OF TOCAY CCAPAC, SINCHI OF THE AYAMARCAS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF
+THE CUYOS.
+
+
+Near Cuzco there is a nation of Indians called Ayamarcas who had a proud
+and wealthy Sinchi named Tocay Ccapac. Neither he nor his people wished
+to come and do reverence to the Inca. On the contrary, he mustered his
+forces to attack the Inca if his country was invaded. This being known
+to Inca Yupanqui, he assembled his _ayllus_ and other troops. He formed
+them into two parties, afterwards called Hanan-cuzcos and Hurin-cuzcos,
+forming them into a corps, that united no one might be able to prevail
+against them. This done he consulted over what should be undertaken. It
+was resolved that all should unite for the conquest of all neighbouring
+nations. Those who would not submit were to be utterly destroyed; and
+first Tocay Ccapac, chief of the Ayamarcas, was to be dealt with, being
+powerful and not having come to do homage at Cuzco. Having united his
+forces, the Inca marched against the Ayamarcas and their Sinchi, and
+there was a battle at Huanancancha. Inca Yupanqui was victorious,
+assaulting the villages and killing nearly all the Ayamarcas. He took
+Tocay Ccapac as a prisoner to Cuzco, where he remained in prison until
+his death.
+
+After this Inca Yupanqui took to wife a native of Choco named Mama
+Anahuarqui. For greater pleasure and enjoyment, away from business, he
+went to the town of the Cuyos, chief place of the province of Cuyo-suyu.
+Being one day at a great entertainment, a potter, servant of the Sinchi,
+without apparent reason, threw a stone or, as some say, one of the jars
+which they call _ulti_, at the Inca's head and wounded him. The
+delinquent, who was a stranger to the district, was seized and tortured
+to confess who had ordered him to do it. He stated that all the Sinchis
+of Cuyo-suyu, who were Cuyo Ccapac, Ayan-quilalama, and Apu Cunaraqui,
+had conspired to kill the Inca and rebel. This was false, for it had
+been extorted from fear of the torture or, as some say, he said it
+because he belonged to a hostile tribe and wished to do them harm. But
+the Inca, having heard what the potter said, ordered all the Sinchis to
+be killed with great cruelty. After their deaths he slaughtered the
+people, leaving none alive except some children and old women. Thus was
+that nation destroyed, and its towns are desolate to this day.
+
+
+
+
+XXXV.
+
+THE OTHER NATIONS CONQUERED BY INCA YUPANQUI, EITHER IN PERSON OR
+THROUGH HIS BROTHER INCA ROCCA.
+
+
+Inca Yupanqui and his brother Inca Rocca, who was very cruel, had
+determined to oppress and subdue all the nations who wished to be
+independent and would not submit to them. They knew that there were two
+Sinchis in a town called Ollantay-tampu, six leagues from Cuzco, the one
+named Paucar-Ancho and the other Tocori Tupac, who ruled over the
+Ollantay-tampus, but would not come to do homage, nor did their people
+wish to do so. The Inca marched against them with a large army and gave
+them battle. Inca Rocca was severely wounded, but at last the
+Ollantay-tampus were conquered. [_All were killed, the place was
+destroyed so that no memory was left of it_][89] and the Inca returned
+to Cuzco.
+
+[Note 89: This is untrue. The splendid ruins remain to this day. The
+place was long held against the Spaniards by Inca Manco.]
+
+There was another Sinchi named Illacumpi, chief of two towns four
+leagues from Cuzco, called Cugma and Huata. Inca Yupanqui and Inca Rocca
+sent to him to do homage, but he replied that he was as good as they
+were and free, and that if they wanted anything, they must get it with
+their lances. For this answer the Inca made war upon the said Sinchi. He
+united his forces with those of two other Sinchis, his companions, named
+Paucar Tupac and Puma Lloqui, and went forth to fight the Inca. But they
+were defeated and killed, with nearly all their people. The Inca
+desolated that town with fire and sword, and with very great cruelty. He
+then returned to Cuzco and triumphed for that victory.
+
+The Inca received information, after this, that there was a town called
+Huancara, 11 leagues from Cuzco, ruled by Sinchis named Ascascahuana and
+Urcu-cuna. So a message was sent to them, calling upon them to give
+reverence and obedience to the Inca and to pay tribute. They replied
+that they were not women to come and serve, that they were in their
+native place, and that if any one came to seek them they would defend
+themselves. Moved to anger by this reply, Inca Yupanqui and Inca Rocca
+made war, killed the Sinchis and most of their people and brought the
+rest prisoners to Cuzco, to force them into obedience.
+
+Next they marched to another town called Toguaro, six leagues from
+Huancara, killing the Sinchi, named Alca-parihuana, and all the people,
+not sparing any but the children, that they might grow and repeople that
+land. With similar cruelties in all the towns, the Inca reduced to pay
+tribute the Cotabambas, Cotaneras, Umasayus, and Aymaracs, being the
+principal provinces of Cunti-suyu.
+
+The Inca then attacked the province of the Soras, 40 leagues from Cuzco.
+The natives came forth to resist, asking why the invaders sought their
+lands, telling them to depart or they would be driven out by force. Over
+this question there was a battle, and two towns of the Soras were
+subdued at that time, the one called Chalco, the other Soras. The Sinchi
+of Chalco was named Chalco-pusaycu, that of Soras Huacralla. They were
+taken prisoners to Cuzco, and there was a triumph over them.
+
+There was another place called Acos, 10 or 11 leagues from Cuzco. The
+two Sinchis of it were named Ocacique and Utu-huasi. These were strongly
+opposed to the demands of the Inca and made a very strenuous resistance.
+The Inca marched against them with a great army. But he met with serious
+difficulty in this conquest, for the Acos defended themselves most
+bravely and wounded Pachacuti on the head with a stone. He would not
+desist, but it was not until after a long time that they were conquered.
+He killed nearly all the natives of Acos, and those who were pardoned
+and survived after that cruel slaughter, were banished to the
+neighbourhood of Huamanca, to a place now called Acos[90].
+
+[Note 90: Acobamba, the present capital of the province of
+Angaraes.]
+
+In all these campaigns which have been described, Inca Rocca was the
+companion in arms, and participator in the triumphs of Inca Yupanqui. It
+is to be noted that in all the subdued provinces chiefs were placed,
+superseding or killing the native Sinchis. Those who were appointed,
+acted as guards or captains of the conquered places, holding office in
+the Inca's name and during his pleasure. In this way the conquered
+provinces were oppressed and tyrannized over by the yoke of servitude. A
+superior was appointed over all the others who were nominated to each
+town, as general or governor. In their language this officer was called
+Tucuyrico[91], which means "he who knows and oversees all."
+
+[Note 91: _Tucuyricuc_, he who sees all. _Tucuy_ means all. _Ricini_
+to see. Garcilasso de la Vega, I. lib. ii. cap. 14. Balboa, p. 115.
+Montesinos, p. 55. Santillana, p. 17.]
+
+Thus in the first campaign undertaken by Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, after
+the defeat of the Chancas, he subdued the country as far as the Soras,
+40 leagues to the west of Cuzco. The other nations, and some in
+Cunti-suyu, from fear at seeing the cruelties committed on the
+conquered, came in to submit, to avoid destruction. [_But they ever
+submitted against their wills_.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI ENDOWS THE HOUSE OF THE SUN WITH GREAT WEALTH.
+
+
+After Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui had conquered the lands and nations
+mentioned above, and had triumphed over them, he came to visit the House
+of the Sun and the Mama-cunas or nuns who were there. He assisted one
+day, to see how the Mama-cunas served the dinner of the Sun. This was to
+offer much richly cooked food to the image or idol of the Sun, and then
+to put it into a great fire on an altar. The same order was taken with
+the liquor. The chief of the Mama-cunas saluted the Sun with a small
+vase, and the rest was thrown on the fire. Besides this many jars full
+of that liquor were poured into a trough which had a drain, all being
+offerings to the Sun. This service was performed with vessels of clay.
+As Pachacuti considered that the material of the vases was too poor, he
+presented very complete sets of vases of gold and silver for all the
+service that was necessary. To adorn the house more richly he caused a
+plate of fine gold to be made, two _palmas_ broad and the length of the
+court-yard. He ordered this to be nailed high up on the wall in the
+manner of a cornice, passing all round the court-yard. This border or
+cornice of gold remained there down to the time of the Spaniards.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI CONQUERS THE PROVINCE OF COLLA-SUYU.
+
+
+To the south of Cuzco there was a province called Colla-suyu or Collao,
+consisting of plain country, which was very populous. At the time that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was at Cuzco after having conquered the
+provinces already mentioned, the Sinchi of Collao was named Chuchi
+Ccapac or Colla Ccapac, which is all one. This Chuchi Ccapac increased
+so much in power and wealth among those nations of Colla-suyu, that he
+was respected by all the Collas, who called him Inca Ccapac.
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui determined to conquer him from a motive of
+jealousy, together with all the provinces of the Collao. With this
+object he assembled his army and marched on the route to the Collao in
+order to attack Chuchi Ccapac who waited for him at Hatun-Colla, a town
+of the Collao where he resided, 40 leagues from Cuzco, without having
+taken further notice of the coming nor of the forces of Inca Yupanqui.
+When he came near to Hatun Colla, the Inca sent a message to Chuchi
+Colla, requesting him to serve and obey him or else to prepare for
+battle, when they would try their fortunes. This message caused much
+heaviness to Chuchi Colla, but he replied proudly that he waited for the
+Inca to come and do homage to him like the other nations that had been
+conquered by him, and that if the Inca did not choose to do so, he would
+prepare his head, with which he intended to drink in his triumph after
+the victory which he would win if they should come to a battle.
+
+After this reply Inca Yupanqui ordered his army to approach that of
+Chuchi Ccapac the next day, which was drawn up ready to fight. Soon
+after they came in sight, the two forces attacked each other, and the
+battle continued for a long time without either side gaining any
+advantage. Inca Yupanqui, who was very dexterous in fighting, was
+assisting in every part, giving orders, combating, and animating his
+troops. Seeing that the Collas resisted so resolutely, and stood so
+firmly in the battle, he turned his face to his men saying in a loud
+voice: "O Incas of Cuzco! conquerors of all the land! Are you not
+ashamed that people so inferior to you, and unequal in weapons, should
+be equal to you and resist for so long a time?" With this he returned to
+the fight, and the troops, touched by this rebuke, pressed upon their
+enemies in such sort that they were broken and defeated. Inca Yupanqui,
+being an experienced warrior, knew that the completion of the victory
+consisted in the capture of Chuchi Ccapac. Although he was fighting, he
+looked out for his enemy in all directions and, seeing him in the midst
+of his people, the Inca attacked them at the head of his guards, took
+him prisoner, and delivered him to a soldier with orders to take him to
+the camp and keep him safe. The Inca and his army then completed the
+victory and engaged in the pursuit, until all the Sinchis and captains
+that could be found were captured. Pachacuti went to Hatun-colla, the
+residence and seat of government of Chuchi Ccapac, where he remained
+until all the provinces which obeyed Chuchi Ccapac, were reduced to
+obedience, and brought many rich presents of gold, silver, cloths, and
+other precious things.
+
+Leaving a garrison and a governor in the Collao to rule in his name, the
+Inca returned to Cuzco, taking Chuchi Ccapac as a prisoner with the
+others. He entered Cuzco, where a solemn triumph was prepared. Chuchi
+Colla and the other Colla prisoners were placed before the Inca's litter
+dressed in long robes covered with tassels in derision and that they
+might be known. Having arrived at the House of the Sun, the captives and
+spoils were offered to the image of the Sun, and the Inca, or the priest
+for him, trod on all the spoils and captives that Pachacuti had taken in
+the Collao, which was great honour to the Inca. When the triumph was
+over, to give it a good finish, the Inca caused the head of Chuchi
+Ccapac to be cut off, and put in the house called _Llasa-huasi_[92],
+with those of the other Sinchis he had killed. He caused the other
+Sinchis and captains of Chuchi Ccapac to be given to the wild beasts,
+kept shut up for the purpose, in a house called _Samca-huasi_[93].
+
+[Note 92: Llasa-huasi. _Llasa_ means weight, from _llasani_ to
+weigh. _Huasi_ a house.]
+
+[Note 93: Samgaguacy. This should be _Samca-huasi_, a prison for
+grave offences. Serpents and toads were put into the prison with the
+delinquents. Mossi, p. 233.]
+
+In these conquests Pachacuti was very cruel to the vanquished, and
+people were so terrified at the cruelties that they submitted and obeyed
+from fear of being made food for wild beasts, or burnt, or otherwise
+cruelly tormented rather than resist in arms. It was thus with the
+people of Cunti-suyu who, seeing the cruelty and power of Inca Yupanqui,
+humiliated themselves and promised obedience. It was for the cause and
+reason stated, and because they were threatened with destruction if they
+did not come to serve and obey.
+
+Chuchi Ccapac had subjugated a region more than 160 leagues from north
+to south, over which he was Sinchi or, as he called himself, Ccapac or
+Colla-Ccapac, from within 20 leagues of Cuzco as far as the Chichas,
+with all the bounds of Arequipa and the sea-coast to Atacama, and the
+forests of the Musus. For at this time, seeing the violence and power
+with which the Inca of Cuzco came down upon those who opposed him,
+without pardoning anyone, many Sinchis followed his example, and wanted
+to do the same in other parts, where each one lived, so that all was
+confusion and tyranny in this kingdom, no one being secure of his own
+property. We shall relate in their places, as the occasion offers, the
+stories of the Sinchis, tyrants, besides those of the Incas who, from
+the time of Inca Yupanqui, began to get provinces into their power, and
+tyrannize over the inhabitants.
+
+Inca Yupanqui, as has already been narrated, had given the House of the
+Sun all things necessary for its services, besides which, after he came
+from Colla-suyu, he presented many things brought from there for the
+image of the Sun, and for the mummies of his ancestors which were kept
+in the House of the Sun. He also gave them servants and lands. He
+ordered that the _huacas_ of Cuzco should be adopted and venerated in
+all the conquered provinces, ordaining new ceremonies for their worship
+and abolishing the ancient rites. He charged his eldest legitimate son,
+named Amaru Tupac Inca, with the duty of abolishing the _huacas_ which
+were not held to be legitimate, and to see that the others were
+maintained and received the sacrifices ordered by the Inca. Huayna
+Yamqui Yupanqui, another son of Inca Yupanqui, was associated with the
+heir in this duty.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI SENDS AN ARMY TO CONQUER THE PROVINCE OF
+CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui returned from the conquest of Colla-suyu
+and the neighbouring provinces, as has been narrated in the preceding
+chapter, he was well stricken in years, though not tired of wars, nor
+was his thirst for dominion satisfied. Owing to his age he chose to
+remain at Cuzco, as the seat of his government, to establish the lands
+he had subdued, in the way which he well knew how to establish. In order
+to lose no time in extending his conquests, he assembled his people,
+from among whom he chose 70,000 provided with arms and all things
+necessary for a military campaign. He nominated his brother, Ccapac
+Yupanqui, to be Captain-General, giving him for colleagues another of
+his brothers named Huayna Yupanqui, and one of his sons named Apu Yamqui
+Yupanqui. Among the other special captains in this army was one named
+Anco Ayllo of the Chanca nation, who had remained a prisoner in Cuzco
+from the time that the Inca conquered the Chanca's at Cuzco and at
+Ichu-pampa. He had ever since been sad and brooding, thinking of a way
+of escape. But he dissimulated so well that the Inca treated him as a
+brother and trusted him. Hence the Inca nominated him as commander of
+all the Chancas in the army. For to each nation the Inca gave a captain
+from among their own people, because he would understand how to rule
+them and they would obey him better. This Anco Ayllo, seeing there was
+an opportunity for fulfilling his desire, showed satisfaction at
+receiving this commission from the Inca, and promised to do valuable
+service, as he knew those nations whose conquest was about to be
+undertaken. When the army was ready to march, the Inca gave the
+Captain-General his own arms of gold, and to the other captains he gave
+arms with which to enter the battles. He made a speech to them,
+exhorting them to achieve success, showing them the honourable reward
+they would obtain, and the favours he, as a friend, would show them, if
+they served in that war. He gave special orders to Ccapac Yupanqui that
+he should advance with his conquering army as far as a province called
+Yana-mayu, the boundary of the nation of the Hatun-huayllas, and that
+there he should set up the Inca's boundary pillars, and he was on no
+account to advance further. He was to conquer up to that point and then
+return to Cuzco, leaving sufficient garrisons in the subjugated lands.
+He was also to establish posts at every half league, which they call
+_chasquis_, by means of which the Inca would be daily informed of what
+had happened and was being done[94].
+
+[Note 94: For accounts of the _chasquis_ or Inca couriers see
+Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. pp. 49, 60, 119, 120, 121. Balboa, p. 248.
+Polo de Ondegardo, p. 169.]
+
+Ccapac Yupanqui set out from Cuzco with these orders, and desolated all
+the provinces which did not submit. On arriving at a fortress called
+Urco-collac, near Parcos, in the country of Huamanca, he met with
+valorous resistance from the inhabitants. Finally he conquered them. In
+the battle the Chancas distinguished themselves so that they gained more
+honour than the Cuzcos _orejones_ and the other nations.
+
+This news came to the Inca, who was much annoyed that the Chancas should
+have distinguished themselves more, and had gained more honour than the
+Incas. He imagined that it would make them proud, so he proposed to have
+them killed. He sent a messenger ordering Ccapac Yupanqui to lay a plan
+for killing all the Chancas in the best way he could devise, and if he
+did not kill them, the Inca would kill him. The runner of the Inca
+reached Ccapac Yupanqui with this order, but it could not be kept a
+secret. It became known to a wife of Ccapac Yupanqui, who was a sister
+of Anco Ayllo, the captain of the Chancas. This woman told her brother,
+who always longed for his liberty, and now was urgently minded to save
+his life. He secretly addressed his Chanca soldiers, putting before them
+the cruel order of the Inca, and the acquisition of their liberty if
+they would follow him. They all agreed to his proposal. When they came
+to Huarac-tambo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Huanuco, all the
+Chancas fled with their captain Anco Ayllo, and besides the Chancas
+other tribes followed this chief. Passing by the province of Huayllas
+they pillaged it, and, continuing their route in flight from the Incas,
+they agreed to seek a rugged and mountainous land where the Incas, even
+if they sought them, would not be able to find them. So they entered the
+forests between Chachapoyas and Huanuco, and went on to the province of
+Ruparupa. These are the people who are settled on the river Pacay and,
+according to the received report, thence to the eastward by the river
+called Cocama which falls into the great river Marañon. They were met
+with by the captain Gomez d'Arias, who entered by Huanuco, in the time
+of the Marquis of Cañete, in the year 1556. Though Ccapac Yupanqui went
+in chase of the Chancas, they were so rapid in their flight that he was
+unable to overtake them[95].
+
+[Note 95: Garcilasso de la Vega also gives an account of the flight
+of the Chancas under Anco-ayllu or Hanco-hualla, ii. pp. 82, 329.]
+
+In going after them Ccapac Yupanqui went as far as Caxamarca, beyond the
+line he was ordered not to pass by the Inca. Although he had the order
+in his mind, yet when he saw that province of Caxamarca, how populous it
+was and rich in gold and silver, by reason of the great Sinchi, named
+Gusmanco Ccapac, who ruled there and was a great tyrant, having robbed
+many provinces round Caxamarca, Ccapac Yupanqui resolved to conquer it,
+although he had no commission from his brother for undertaking such an
+enterprise. On commencing to enter the land of Caxamarca, it became
+known to Gusmanco Ccapac. That chief summoned his people, and called
+upon another Sinchi, his tributary, named Chimu Ccapac, chief of the
+territory where now stands the city of Truxillo on the coast of Peru.
+Their combined forces marched against Ccapac Yupanqui, who by a certain
+ambush, and other stratagems, defeated, routed and captured the two
+Sinchis Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac, taking vast treasure of gold,
+silver and other precious things, such as gems, and coloured shells,
+which these natives value more than silver or gold.
+
+Ccapac Yupanqui collected all the treasure in the square of Caxamarca,
+where he then was; and when he saw such immense wealth he became proud
+and vainglorious, saying that he had gained and acquired more than his
+brother the Inca. His arrogance and boasting came to the ears of his
+sovereign, who, although he felt it deeply and desired an opportunity to
+kill him, dissimulated for a time and waited until the return to Cuzco.
+Inca Yupanqui feared that his brother would rebel, and for this reason
+he appeared to be pleased before the envoys sent by Ccapac Yupanqui. He
+sent them back with orders that Ccapac Yupanqui should return to Cuzco
+with the treasure that had been taken in the war, as well as the
+principal men of the subdued provinces, and the sons of Gusmanco Ccapac
+and Chimu Ccapac. The great chiefs themselves were to remain, in their
+territories with a sufficient garrison to keep those lands obedient to
+the Inca. On receiving this order Ccapac Yupanqui set out for Cuzco with
+all the treasure, and marched to the capital full of pride and
+arrogance. Inca Yupanqui, who himself subdued so many lands and gained
+so much honour, became jealous, as some say afraid, and sought excuses
+for killing his brother. When he knew that Ccapac Yupanqui had reached
+Limatambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, he ordered his lieutenant-governor
+named Inca Capon, to go there and cut off the head of Ccapac Yupanqui.
+The reasons given were that he had allowed Anco Ayllo to escape, and had
+gone beyond the line prescribed. The governor went and, in obedience to
+his orders, he killed the Inca's two brothers Ccapac Yupanqui and Huayna
+Yupanqui. The Inca ordered the rest to enter Cuzco, triumphing over
+their victories. This was done, the Inca treading on the spoils, and
+granting rewards. They say that he regretted that his brother had gained
+so much honour, and that he wished that he had sent his son who was to
+be his successor, named Tupac Inca Yupanqui, that he might have enjoyed
+such honour, and that this jealousy led him to kill his brother.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI PLANTS _MITIMAES_ IN ALL THE LANDS HE HAD
+CONQUERED.
+
+
+As all the conquests made by this Inca were attended with such violence
+and cruelties, with such spoliation and force, and the people who became
+his subjects by acquisition, or to speak more correctly by rapine, were
+numerous, they obeyed so long as they felt the force compelling them,
+and, as soon as they were a little free from that fear, they presently
+rebelled and resumed their liberty. Then the Inca was obliged to conquer
+them again. Turning many things in his mind, and seeking for remedies,
+how he could settle once for all the numerous provinces he had
+conquered, at last he hit upon a plan which, although adapted to the
+object he sought to attain, and coloured with some appearance of
+generosity, was really the worst tyranny he perpetrated. He ordered
+visitors to go through all the subdued provinces, with orders to measure
+and survey them, and to bring him models of the natural features in
+clay. This was done. The models and reports were brought before the
+Inca. He examined them and considered the mountainous fastnesses and the
+plains. He ordered the visitors to look well to what he would do. He
+then began to demolish the fastnesses and to have their inhabitants
+moved to plain country, and those of the plains were moved to
+mountainous regions, so far from each other, and each so far from their
+native country, that they could not return to it. Next the Inca ordered
+the visitors to go and do with the people what they had seen him do with
+the models. They went and did so.
+
+He gave orders to others to go to the same districts, and, jointly with
+the _tucuricos_, to take some young men, with their wives, from each
+district. This was done and they were brought to Cuzco from all the
+provinces, from one 30, from another 100, more or less according to the
+population of each district. These selected people were presented before
+the Inca, who ordered that they should be taken to people various parts.
+Those of Chinchay-suyu were sent to Anti-suyu, those of Cunti-suyu to
+Colla-suyu, so far from their native country that they could not
+communicate with their relations or countrymen. He ordered that they
+should be settled in valleys similar to those in their native land, and
+that they should have seeds from those lands that they might be
+preserved and not perish, giving them land to sow without stint, and
+removing the natives.
+
+The Incas called these colonists _mitimaes_[96], which means
+"transported" or "moved," He ordered them to learn the language of the
+country to which they were removed, but not to forget the general
+language, which was the Quichua, and which he had ordered that all his
+subjects in all the conquered provinces must learn and know. With it
+conversation and business could be carried on, for it was the clearest
+and richest of the dialects. The Inca gave the colonists authority and
+power to enter the houses of the natives at all hours, night or day, to
+see what they said, did or arranged, with orders to report all to the
+nearest governor, so that it might be known if anything was plotted
+against the government of the Inca, who, knowing the evil he had done,
+feared all in general, and knew that no one served him voluntarily, but
+only by force. Besides this the Inca put garrisons into all the
+fortresses of importance, composed of natives of Cuzco or the
+neighbourhood, which garrisons were called _michecrima_[97].
+
+[Note 96: The system of _mitimaes_ was a very important part of the
+Inca polity. It is frequently referred to by Cieza de Leon, and
+described by Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. p. 215. See also Balboa, pp. 28,
+114,143,249. Molina, pp. 4, 22, 23. Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 95, 97, Polo
+de Ondegardo, p. 161.]
+
+[Note 97: _Michec_ a shepherd, hence a governor. _Rimay_ to speak.]
+
+
+
+
+XL.
+
+THE COLLAS, SONS OF CHUCHI CCAPAC, REBEL AGAINST INCA YUPANQUI TO OBTAIN
+THEIR FREEDOM.
+
+
+After Inca Yupanqui had celebrated the triumphs and festivities
+consequent on the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, and arranged the system of
+_mitimaes_, he dismissed the troops. He himself went to Yucay, where he
+built the edifices, the ruins of which may still be seen. These being
+finished, he went down the valley of Yucay to a place which is now
+called Tambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, where he erected some
+magnificent buildings. The sons of Chuchi Ccapac, the great Sinchi of
+the Collao, had to labour as captives at the masonry and other work.
+Their father, as has already been narrated, was conquered in the Collao
+and killed by the Inca. These sons of Chuchi Ccapac, feeling that they
+were being vilely treated, and remembering that they were the sons of so
+great a man as their father, also seeing that the Inca had disbanded his
+army, agreed to risk their lives in obtaining their freedom. One night
+they fled, with all the people who were there, and made such speed that,
+although the Inca sent after them, they could not be overtaken. Along
+the route they took, they kept raising the inhabitants against the Inca.
+Much persuasion was not needed, because, as they were obeying by force,
+they only sought the first opportunity to rise. On this favourable
+chance, many nations readily rebelled, even those who were very near
+Cuzco, but principally the Collao and all its provinces.
+
+The Inca, seeing this, ordered a great army to be assembled, and sought
+the favour of auxiliaries from Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac. He
+collected a great number of men, made sacrifices _calpa_[98], and buried
+some children alive, which is called _capa cocha_, to induce their idols
+to favour them in that war. All being ready, the Inca nominated two of
+his sons as captains of the army, valorous men, named the one Tupac Ayar
+Manco, the other Apu Paucar Usnu. The Inca left Cuzco with more than
+200,000 warriors, and marched against the sons of Chuchi Ccapac, who
+also had a great power of men and arms, and were anxious to meet the
+Incas and fight for their lives against the men of Cuzco.
+
+[Note 98: _Calpa_ means force, vigour; also an army.]
+
+As both were seeking each other, they soon met, and joined in a stubborn
+and bloody battle, in which there was great slaughter, because one side
+fought for life and liberty and the other for honour. As those of Cuzco
+were better disciplined and drilled, and more numerous than their
+adversaries, they had the advantage. But the Collas preferred to die
+fighting rather than to become captives to one so cruel and inhuman as
+the Inca. So they opposed themselves to the arms of the _orejones_, who,
+with great cruelties, killed as many of the Collas as opposed their
+advance. The sons of the Inca did great things in the battle, with their
+own hands, on that day.
+
+The Collas were defeated, most of them being killed or taken prisoners.
+Those who fled were followed to a place called Lampa. There the wounded
+were cared for, and the squadrons refreshed. The Inca ordered his two
+sons, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to press onward, conquering
+the country as far as the Chichas, where they were to set up their
+cairns and return. The Inca then returned to Cuzco, for a triumph over
+the victory he had gained.
+
+The Inca arrived at Cuzco, triumphed and celebrated the victory with
+festivities. And because he found that a son had been born to him, he
+raised him before the Sun, offered him, and gave him the name of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui. In his name he offered treasures of gold and silver to
+the Sun, and to the other oracles and _huacas_, and also made the
+sacrifice of _capa cocha_. Besides this he made the most solemn and
+costly festivals that had ever been known, throughout the land. This was
+done because Inca Yupanqui wished that this Tupac Inca should succeed
+him, although he had other older and legitimate sons by his wife and
+sister Mama Anahuarqui. For, although the custom of these tyrants was
+that the eldest legitimate son should succeed, it was seldom observed,
+the Inca preferring the one he liked best, or whose mother he loved
+most, or he who was the ablest among the brothers.
+
+
+
+
+XLI.
+
+AMARU TUPAC INCA AND APU PAUCAR USNU CONTINUE THE CONQUEST OF THE COLLAO
+AND AGAIN SUBDUE THE COLLAS.
+
+
+As soon as the Inca returned to Cuzco, leaving his two sons Tupac Amaru
+and Apu Paucar Usnu[99] in the Callao, those captains set out from
+Lampa, advancing to Hatun-Colla, where they knew that the Collas had
+rallied their troops to fight the Cuzcos once more, and that they had
+raised one of the sons of Chuchi Ccapac to be Inca. The Incas came to
+the place where the Collas were awaiting them in arms. They met and
+fought valorously, many being killed on both sides. At the end of the
+battle the Collas were defeated and their new Inca was taken prisoner.
+Thus for a third time were the Collas conquered by the Cuzcos. By order
+of the Inca, his sons, generals of the war, left the new Inca of the
+Collas at Hatun-Colla, as a prisoner well guarded and re-captured. The
+other captains went on, continuing their conquests, as the Inca had
+ordered, to the confines of Charcas and the Chichas.
+
+[Note 99: Tupac Amaru. _Tupac_ means royal, and _amaru_ a serpent.
+_Apu_ a chief, _paucar_ beautiful and _usnu_ a judgment seat.]
+
+While his sons prosecuted the war, Pachacuti their father, finished the
+edifices at Tambo, and constructed the ponds and pleasure houses of
+Yucay. He erected, on a hill near Cuzco, called Patallata, some
+sumptuous houses, and many others in the neighbourhood of the capital.
+He also made many channels of water both for use and for pleasure; and
+ordered all the governors of provinces who were under his sway, to build
+pleasure houses on the most convenient sites, ready for him when he
+should visit their commands.
+
+While Inca Yupanqui proceeded with these measures, his sons had
+completed the conquest of the Collao. When they arrived in the vicinity
+of Charcas, the natives of Paria, Tapacari, Cochabambas, Poconas and
+Charcas retreated to the country of the Chichas and Chuyes, in order to
+make a combined resistance to the Incas, who arrived where their
+adversaries were assembled, awaiting the attack. The Inca army was in
+three divisions. A squadron of 5000 men went by the mountains, another
+of 20,000 by the side of the sea, and the rest by the direct road. They
+arrived at the strong position held by the Charcas and their allies, and
+fought with them. The Incas were victorious, and took great spoils of
+silver extracted by those natives from the mines of Porco. It is to be
+noted that nothing was ever known of the 5000 _orejones_ who entered by
+the mountains or what became of them. Leaving all these provinces
+conquered, and subdued, Amaru Tupac Inca and Apu Paucar Usnu returned to
+Cuzco where they triumphed over their victories, Pachacuti granting them
+many favours, and rejoicing with many festivals and sacrifices to idols.
+
+
+
+
+XLII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI NOMINATES HIS SON TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI AS HIS
+SUCCESSOR.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was now very old; and he determined to nominate
+a successor to take his place after his death. He called together the
+Incas his relations, of the _ayllus_ of Hanan-cuzco and Hurin-cuzco and
+said, "My friends and relations! I am now, as you see, very old, and I
+desire to leave you, when my days are over, one who will govern and
+defend you from your enemies. Some propose that I should name Amaru
+Tupac Inca, but it does not appear to me that he has the qualifications
+to govern so great a lordship as that which I have acquired. I,
+therefore, desire to nominate another with whom you will be more
+content." The relations, in their reply, gave thanks to the Inca, and
+declared that they would derive great benefit from his nomination. He
+then said that he named his son Tupac Inca, and ordered him to come
+forth from the house. He had been there for 15 or 16 years to be brought
+up, without any one seeing him except very rarely and as a great favour.
+He was now shown to the people, and the Inca presently ordered a fringe
+of gold to be placed in the hand of the image of the Sun, with the
+head-dress called _pillaca-llaytu_[100]. After Tupac Inca had made his
+obeisance to his father, the Inca and the rest rose and went before the
+image of the Sun where they made their sacrifices and offered _capa
+cocha_ to that deity. Then they offered the new Inca Tupac Yupanqui,
+beseeching the Sun to protect and foster him, and to make him so that
+all should hold and judge him to be a child of the Sun and father of his
+people. This done the oldest and principal _orejones_ took Tupac Inca to
+the Sun, and the priests took the fringe from the hands of the image,
+which they call _mascapaycha_, and placed it over the head of Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui until it rested on his forehead. He was declared Inca Ccapac
+and seated in front of the Sun on a seat of gold, called _duho_[101],
+garnished with emeralds and other precious stones. Seated there, they
+clothed him in the _ccapac hongo_[102], placed the _suntur paucar_ in
+his hand, gave him the other insignia of Inca, and the priests raised
+him on their shoulders. When these ceremonies were completed, Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui ordered that his son Tupac Inca should remain shut up in
+the House of the Sun, performing the fasts which it is the custom to go
+through before receiving the order of chivalry; which ceremony consisted
+in opening the ears. The Inca ordered that what had been done should not
+be made public until he gave the command to publish it.
+
+[Note 100: _Pillaca-llatu_ is a cloth or cloak woven of two colours,
+black and brown.]
+
+[Note 101: This word is corrupt. _Tiana_ is the word for a seat.]
+
+[Note 102: Ccapac uncu. The word _uncu_ means a tunic.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIII.
+
+HOW PACHACUTI ARMED HIS SON TUPAC INCA.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui found happiness in leaving memory of himself.
+With this object he did extraordinary things as compared with those of
+his ancestors, in building edifices, celebrating triumphs, not allowing
+himself to be seen except as a great favour shown to the people, for as
+such it was considered, on the day that he appeared. Then he ordered
+that no one should come to behold him without worshipping and bringing
+something in his hand to offer him. This custom was continued by all his
+descendants, and was observed inviolably. [_Thus, from the time of this
+Pachacuti began an unheard of and inhuman tyranny in addition to the
+tyrannies of his ancestors._] As he was now old and desirous of
+perpetuating his name, it appeared to him that he would obtain his
+desire by giving authority to his son and successor named Tupac Inca. So
+the boy was brought up, confined in the House of the Sun for more than
+16 years, seeing no one but his tutors and masters until he was brought
+and presented to the Sun, to be nominated as has already been explained.
+To invest him at the _huarachico_ the Inca ordered a new way of giving
+the order of chivalry. For this he built round the city four other
+houses for prayer to the Sun, with much apparatus of gold idols,
+_huacas_ and service, for his son to perambulate these stations after he
+had been armed as a knight.
+
+Affairs being in this state, there came to the Inca Pachacuti, his son
+Amaru Tupac Inca, who had been named by his father as his successor some
+years before, because he was the eldest legitimate son. He said, "Father
+Inca! I understand that you have a son in the House of the Sun whom you
+have ordered to be successor after your own days. Order that he may be
+show to me." The Inca, looking upon this as boldness on the part of
+Amaru Tupac, replied, "It is true, and I desire you and your wife shall
+be his vassals, and that you shall serve and obey him as your Lord and
+Inca." Amaru replied that he wished to do so, and that for this reason,
+he desired to see him and offer sacrifice to him, and that orders should
+be given to take him where his brother was. The Inca gave permission for
+this, Amaru Tupac Inca taking what was necessary for the ceremony, and
+being brought to where Tupac Inca was fasting. When Amaru saw him in
+such majesty of wealth and surroundings, he fell on his face to the
+earth, adoring, offering sacrifices and obedience. On learning that it
+was his brother, Tupac Inca raised him and saluted him in the face.
+
+Presently Inca Yupanqui caused the necessary preparations to be made for
+investing his son with the order of chivalry. When all was ready, the
+Inca, accompanied by all his principal relations and courtiers, went to
+the House of the Sun, where they brought out Tupac Inca with great
+solemnity and pomp. For they carried with him all the idols of the Sun,
+Vircocha, the other _huacas, moro-urco_. All being placed in order with
+such pomp as had never been seen before, they all went to the great
+square of the city, in the centre of which a bonfire was made. All
+relations and friends then killed many animals, offering them as
+sacrifices by throwing them into the flames. They worshipped the heir,
+offering him rich gifts, the first that brought a gift being his father.
+Following the example all the rest adored, seeing that his father had
+shown him reverence. Thus did the _orejones_ Incas and all the rest who
+were present, seeing that for this they had been called and invited, to
+bring their gifts and offer them to their new Inca.
+
+[Illustration: GROUP OF INCAS, in ceremonial dresses, from the pictures
+in the Church of Santa Ana, Cuzco A.D. 1570. From a sketch by Sir
+Clements Markham, 1853.]
+
+This being done, the festival called _Ccapac Raymi_ was commenced, being
+the feast of kings, and consequently the most solemn festival kept by
+these people. When the ceremonies had been performed, they bored the
+ears of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, which is their mode of investiture into the
+order of chivalry and nobility. He was then taken to the stations of the
+Houses of the Sun, giving him the weapons and other insignia of war.
+This being finished his father the Inca Yupanqui gave him, for his wife,
+one of his sisters named Mama Ocllo, who was a very beautiful woman with
+much ability and wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+XLIV.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI SENDS HIS SON TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI TO CONQUER
+CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+The Inca Yupanqui desired that his son should be employed on some
+service that would bring him fame, as soon as he had been proclaimed his
+successor, and armed as a knight. He had information that Chinchay-suyu
+was a region where name and treasure might be acquired, especially from
+a Sinchi named Chuqui-Sota in Chachapoyas. He, therefore, ordered all
+preparations to be made for the conquest of Chinchay-suyu. He gave the
+prince for his tutors, captains, and captains-general of his army, two
+of his brothers, the one named Auqui Yupanqui and the other Tilca
+Yupanqui. The army being assembled and the preparations made, they set
+out from Cuzco.
+
+Tupac went in such pomp and majesty that, where he passed, no one dared
+to look him in the face, in such veneration was he held. The people left
+the roads along which he had to pass and, ascending the hills on either
+side, worshipped and adored. They pulled out their eyebrows and
+eyelashes, and blowing on them, they made offering to the Inca. Others
+offered handfuls of a very precious herb called _coca_. When he arrived
+at the villages, he put on the dress and head-gear of that district, for
+all were different in their dress and head-gear as they are now. For
+Inca Yupanqui, so as to know each nation he had conquered, ordered that
+each one should have a special dress and head-gear, which they call
+_pillu_, _llaytu_ and _chuco_, different one from the other, so as to be
+easily distinguished and recognized. Seating himself, Tupac Inca made a
+solemn sacrifice of animals and birds, burning them in a fire which was
+kindled in his presence; and in this way they worshipped the sun, which
+they believed to be God.
+
+In this manner Tupac Inca began to repeat the conquests and tyranny of
+all his ancestors and his father. For, although many nations were
+conquered by his father, almost all were again with arms in their hands
+to regain their liberty, and the rest to defend themselves. As Tupac
+Inca advanced with such power, force and pride, he not only claimed the
+subjection of the people, but also usurped the veneration they gave to
+their gods or devils, for truly he and his father made them worship all
+with more veneration than the Sun.
+
+Tupac Inca finally marched out of Cuzco and began to proceed with
+measures for subduing the people in the near vicinity. In the province
+of the Quichuas[103] he conquered and occupied the fortresses of Tohara,
+Cayara, and Curamba, and in the province of Angaraes the fortresses of
+Urco-colla and Huaylla-pucara, taking its Sinchi named Chuquis Huaman
+prisoner. In the province of Xauxa he took Sisiquilla Pucara, and in the
+province of Huayllas the fortresses of Chuncu-marca and Pillahua-marca.
+In Chachapoyas the fortress of Piajajalca fell before him, and he took
+prisoner a very rich chief named Chuqui Sota. He conquered the province
+of the Paltas, and the valleys of Pacasmayu and Chimu, which is now
+Truxillo. He destroyed it as Chimu Ccapac had been subdued before. He
+also conquered the province of the Cañaris, and those who resisted were
+totally destroyed. The Cañaris submitted from fear, and he took their
+Sinchis, named Pisar Ccapac, Cañar Ccapac and Chica Ccapac, and built an
+impregnable fortress there called Quinchi-caxa.
+
+[Note 103: The province of the Quichuas was in the valley of the
+Pachachaca, above Abancay.]
+
+Tupac Inca Yupanqui then returned to Cuzco with much treasure and many
+prisoners. He was well received by his father with a most sumptuous
+triumph, and with the applause of all the _orejones_ of Cuzco. They had
+many feasts and sacrifices, and to please the people they celebrated the
+festival called Inti Raymi with feasts and dances, a time of great
+rejoicing. The Inca granted many favours for the sake of his son Tupac
+Inca, that he might have the support of his subjects, which was what he
+desired. For as he was very old and unable to move about, feeling the
+approach of death, his aim was to leave his son in the possession of the
+confidence of his army.
+
+
+
+
+XLV.
+
+HOW PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI VISITED THE PROVINCES CONQUERED FOR HIM BY
+HIS CAPTAINS.
+
+
+It has been related how the Inca Yupanqui placed garrisons of Cuzco
+soldiers, and a governor called _tucuyrico_ in all the provinces he
+conquered and oppressed. It must be known that owing to his absorbing
+occupations in conquering other provinces, training warriors, and
+placing his son in command for the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, he had not
+been able to put his final intentions and will into execution, which was
+to make those he oppressed submissive subjects and tributaries. Seeing
+that the people were in greater fear at beholding the valour of Tupac
+Inca, he determined to have a visitation of the land, and nominated 16
+visitors, four for each of the four _suyus_ or divisions of the empire,
+which are _Cunti-suyu_ from Cuzco south and west as far as the South
+Sea, _Chinchay-suyu_ from Cuzco to the north and west, _Anti-suyu_ from
+Cuzco to the east, and _Colla-suyu_ from Cuzco to the south, south-west,
+and south-east.
+
+These visitors each went to the part to which he was appointed, and
+inspected, before all things, the work of the _tucuyricos_ and the
+methods of their government. They caused irrigating channels to be
+constructed for the crops, broke up land where this had been neglected,
+built _andenes_ or cultivated terraces, and took up pastures for the
+Sun, the Inca, and Cuzco. Above all they imposed very heavy tribute on
+all the produce, [_so that they all went about to rob and desolate
+property and persons_]. The visitations occupied two years. When they
+were completed the visitors returned to Cuzco, bringing with them
+certain cloths descriptive of the provinces they had visited. They
+reported fully to the Inca all that they had found and done.
+
+Besides these, the Inca also despatched other _orejones_ as overseers to
+make roads and hospices on the routes of the Inca, ready for the use of
+his soldiers. These overseers set out, and made roads, now called "of
+the Inca," over the mountains and along the sea coast. Those on the sea
+coast are all provided, at the sides, with high walls of _adobe_,
+wherever it was possible to build them, except in the deserts where
+there are no building materials. These roads go from Quito to Chile, and
+into the forests of the Andes. Although the Inca did not complete all,
+suffice it that he made a great part of the roads, which were finished
+by his sons and grandsons.
+
+
+
+
+XLVI.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI SETS OUT, A SECOND TIME, BY ORDER OF HIS FATHER, TO
+CONQUER WHAT REMAINED UNSUBDUED IN CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui knew from the report made by his son when he
+returned from the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, that there were other great
+and rich nations and provinces beyond the furthest point reached by
+Tupac Inca. That no place might be left to conquer, the Inca ordered his
+son to return with a view to the subjugation of the parts of Quito. He
+assembled the troops and gave his son the same two brothers as his
+colleagues, Tilca Yupanqui and Anqui Yupanqui, who had gone with him on
+the former expedition. [_Tupac inflicted unheard of cruelties and deaths
+on those who defended themselves and did not wish to give him
+obedience_.]
+
+In this way he arrived at Tumipampa, within the territory of Quito,
+whose Sinchi, named Pisar Ccapac, was confederated with Pilla-huaso,
+Sinchi of the provinces and site of Quito. These two chiefs had a great
+army and were determined to fight Tupac Inca for their country and
+lives. Tupac sent messengers to them, demanding that they should lay
+down their arms and give him obedience. They replied that they were in
+their own native country, that they were free, and did not wish to serve
+any one nor be tributaries.
+
+Tupac and his colleagues rejoiced at this answer, because their wish was
+to find a pretext to encounter them with blows and to rob them, which
+was the principal object of the war. They say that the Inca army
+numbered more than 250,000 experienced soldiers. Tupac ordered them to
+march against the men of Quito and the Cañaris. They encountered each
+other, both sides fighting with resolution and skill. The victory was
+for a long time doubtful because the Quitos and Cañaris pressed
+stubbornly against their enemies. When the Inca saw this he got out of
+the litter in which he travelled, animated his people, and made signs
+for the 50,000 men who were kept in reserve for the last necessity. When
+these fresh troops appeared the Quitos and Cañaris were defeated and
+fled, the pursuit being continued with much bloodshed and cruelty, the
+victors shouting, "Ccapac Inca Yupanqui! Cuzco! Cuzco!" All the chiefs
+were killed. They captured Pilla-huaso in the vanguard. No quarter was
+given, in order to strike terror into those who heard of it.
+
+Thence Inca Tupac marched to the place where now stands the city of San
+Francisco de Quito, where they halted to cure the wounded and give much
+needed rest to the others. So this great province remained subject, and
+Tupac sent a report of his proceedings to his father. Pachacuti rejoiced
+at the success of his son, and celebrated many festivals and sacrifices
+on receiving the tidings.
+
+After Tupac Inca had rested at Cuzco, re-organized his army, and cured
+the wounded he went to Tumipampa, where his wife and sister bore him a
+son, to whom he gave the name of Titu Cusi Hualpa, afterwards known as
+Huayna Ccapac. After the Inca Tupac had rejoiced and celebrated the
+birthday festivals, although the four years were passed that his father
+had given him to complete the conquests, he heard that there was a great
+nation towards the South Sea, composed of Indians called Huancavelicas.
+So he determined to go down to conquer. At the head of the mountains
+above them he built the fortress of Huachalla, and then went down
+against the Huancavelicas. Tupac divided his army into three parts, and
+took one by the most rugged mountains, making war on the Huancavelica
+mountaineers. He penetrated so far into the mountains that for a long
+time nothing was known of him, whether he was dead or alive. He
+conquered the Huancavelicas although they were very warlike, fighting on
+land and at sea in _balsas_, from Tumbez to Huañapi, Huamo, Manta,
+Turuca and Quisin.
+
+Marching and conquering on the coast of Manta, and the island of Puna,
+and Tumbez, there arrived at Tumbez some merchants who had come by sea
+from the west, navigating in _balsas_ with sails. They gave information
+of the land whence they came, which consisted of some islands called
+Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, where there were many people and much gold.
+Tupac Inca was a man of lofty and ambitious ideas, and was not satisfied
+with the regions he had already conquered. So he determined to challenge
+a happy fortune, and see if it would favour him by sea. Yet he did not
+lightly believe the navigating merchants, for such men, being great
+talkers, ought not to be credited too readily. In order to obtain fuller
+information, and as it was not a business of which news could easily be
+got, he called a man, who accompanied him in his conquests, named
+Antarqui who, they all declare, was a great necromancer and could even
+fly through the air. Tupac Inca asked him whether what the merchant
+mariners said was true. Antarqui answered, after having thought the
+matter well out, that what they said was true, and that he would go
+there first. They say that he accomplished this by his arts, traversed
+the route, saw the islands, their people and riches, and, returning,
+gave certain information of all to Tupac Inca.
+
+The Inca, having this certainty, determined to go there. He caused an
+immense number of _balsas_ to be constructed, in which he embarked more
+than 20,000 chosen men; taking with him as captains Huaman Achachi,
+Cunti Yupanqui, Quihual Tupac (all Hanan-cuzcos), Yancan Mayta, Quisu
+Mayta, Cachimapaca Macus Yupanqui, Llimpita Usca Mayta (Hurin-cuzcos);
+his brother Tilca Yupanqui being general of the whole fleet. Apu
+Yupanqui was left in command of the army which remained on land.
+
+Tupac Inca navigated and sailed on until he discovered the islands of
+Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, and returned, bringing back with him black
+people, gold, a chair of brass, and a skin and jaw bone of a horse.
+These trophies were preserved in the fortress of Cuzco until the
+Spaniards came. An Inca now living had charge of this skin and jaw bone
+of a horse. He gave this account, and the rest who were present
+corroborated it. His name is Urco Huaranca. I am particular about this
+because to those who know anything of the Indies it will appear a
+strange thing and difficult to believe. The duration of this expedition
+undertaken by Tupac Inca was nine months, others say a year, and, as he
+was so long absent, every one believed he was dead. But to deceive them
+and make them think that news of Tupac Inca had come, Apu Yupanqui, his
+general of the land army, made rejoicings. This was afterwards commented
+upon to his disadvantage, and it was said that he rejoiced because he
+was pleased that Tupac Inca Yupanqui did not appear. It cost him his
+life.
+
+These are the islands which I discovered in the South Sea on the 30th of
+November, 1567, 200 and more leagues to the westward, being the great
+discovery of which I gave notice to the Licentiate Governor Castro. But
+Alvaro de Mendaña, General of the Fleet, did not wish to occupy
+them[104].
+
+[Note 104: This story of the navigation of Tupac Inca to the islands
+of Ninachumbi and Avachumbi or Hahua chumpi is told by Balboa as well as
+by Sarmiento. They were no doubt two of the Galapagos Islands. _Nina
+chumpi_ means fire island, and _Hahua chumpi_ outer island. See my
+introduction to the _Voyages of Sarmiento_, p. xiii; and _Las Islas de
+Galapagos_ by Marco Jimenes de la Espada.]
+
+After Tupac Inca disembarked from the discovery of the islands, he
+proceeded to Tumipampa, to visit his wife and son and to hurry
+preparations for the return to Cuzco to see his father, who was reported
+to be ill. On the way back he sent troops along the coast to Truxillo,
+then called Chimu, where they found immense wealth of gold and silver
+worked into wands, and into beams of the house of Chimu Ccapac, with all
+which they joined the main army at Caxamarca. Thence Tupac Inca took the
+route to Cuzco, where he arrived after an absence of six years since he
+set out on this campaign.
+
+Tupac Inca Yupanqui entered Cuzco with the greatest, the richest, and
+the most solemny triumph with which any Inca had ever reached the House
+of the Sun, bringing with him people of many different races, strange
+animals, innumerable quantities of riches. But behold the evil condition
+of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui and his avarice, for though Tupac Inca was
+his son whose promotion he had procured, he felt such jealousy that his
+son should have gained such honour and fame in those conquests, that he
+publicly showed annoyance that it was not himself who triumphed, and
+that all was not due to him. So he determined to kill his sons Tilca
+Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui who had gone with Tupac Inca, their crime
+being that they had disobeyed his orders by delaying longer than the
+time he had fixed, and that they had taken his son to such a distance
+that he thought he would never return to Cuzco. They say that he killed
+them, though some say that he only killed Tilca Yupanqui. At this Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui felt much aggrieved, that his father should have slain one
+who had worked so well for him. The death was concealed by many feasts
+in honour of the victories of Tupac Inca, which were continued for a
+year.
+
+
+
+
+XLVII.
+
+DEATH OF PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui derived much comfort from his grandson, the son
+of Tupac Inca. He always had the child with him, and caused him to be
+brought up and cherished in his residence and dormitory. He would not
+let him out of his sight.
+
+Being in the highest prosperity and sovereignty of his life, he fell ill
+of a grave infirmity, and, feeling that he was at the point of death, he
+sent for all his sons who were then in the city. In their presence he
+first divided all his jewels and contents of his wardrobe. Next he made
+them plough furrows in token that they were vassals of their brother,
+and that they had to eat by the sweat of their hands. He also gave them
+arms in token that they were to fight for their brother. He then
+dismissed them.
+
+He next sent for the Incas _orejones_ of Cuzco, his relations, and for
+Tupac Inca his son to whom he spoke, with a few words, in this
+manner:--"Son! you now see how many great nations I leave to you, and
+you know what labour they have cost me. Mind that you are the man to
+keep and augment them. No one must raise his two eyes against you and
+live, even if he be your own brother. I leave you these our relations
+that they may be your councillors. Care for them and they shall serve
+you. When I am dead, take care of my body, and put it in my houses at
+Patallacta. Have my golden image in the House of the Sun, and make my
+subjects, in all the provinces, offer up solemn sacrifice, after which
+keep the feast of _purucaya_, that I may go to rest with my father the
+Sun." Having finished his speech they say that he began to sing in a low
+and sad voice with words of his own language. They are in Castilian as
+follows:
+
+    "I was born as a flower of the field,
+    As a flower I was cherished in my youth,
+    I came to my full age, I grew old,
+    Now I am withered and die."
+
+Having uttered these words, he laid his head upon a pillow and expired,
+giving his soul to the devil, having lived 125 years. For he succeeded,
+or rather he took the Incaship into his hands when he was 22, and he was
+sovereign 103 years.
+
+He had four legitimate sons by his wife Mama Anahuarqui, and he had 100
+sons and 50 daughters who were bastards. Being numerous they were called
+_Hatun-ayllu_, which means a "great lineage." By another name this
+lineage is called _Inaca Panaca Ayllu_. Those who sustain this lineage
+at the present time are Don Diego Cayo, Don Felipa Inguil, Don Juan
+Quispi Cusi, Don Francisco Chaco Rimachi, and Don Juan Illac. They live
+in Cuzco and are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+Pachacuti was a man of good stature, robust, fierce, haughty, insatiably
+bent on tyrannizing over all the world, [_and cruel above measure. All
+the ordinances he made for the people were directed to tyranny and his
+own interests_]. His conduct was infamous for he often took some widow
+as a wife and if she had a daughter that he liked, he also took the
+daughter for wife or concubine. If there was some gallant and handsome
+youth in the town who was esteemed for something, he presently made some
+of his servants make friends with him, get him into the country, and
+kill him the best way they could. He took all his sisters as concubines,
+saying they could not have a better husband than their brother.
+
+This Inca died in the year 1191. He conquered more than 300 leagues, 40
+more or less in person accompanied by his legitimate brothers, the
+captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirao, the rest by Amaru Tupac Inca his
+eldest son, Ccapac Yupanqui his brother, and Tupac Inca his son and
+successor, with other captains, his brothers and sons.
+
+This Inca arranged the parties and lineages of Cuzco in the order that
+they now are. The Licentiate Polo found the body of Pachacuti in
+Tococachi, where now is the parish of San Blas of the city of Cuzco,
+well preserved and guarded. He sent it to Lima by order of the Viceroy
+of this kingdom, the Marquis of Cañete. The _guauqui_ or idol of this
+Inca was called _Inti Illapa_. It was of gold and very large, and was
+brought to Caxamarca in pieces. The Licentiate Polo found that this
+_guauqui_ or idol had a house, estate, servants and women.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII.
+
+THE LIFE OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI[105], THE TENTH INCA.
+
+[Note 105: All authorities agree that Tupac Inca Yupanqui was the
+successor of Pachacuti except Betanzos, Santillana and Garcilasso de la
+Vega. Betanzos has a Yamqui Yupanqui. Garcilasso gives the reign of
+another Inca named Inca Yupanqui between Pachacuti and Tupac Inca. He
+was ignorant of the fact that Pachacuti and Inca Yupanqui were the same
+person. Santillana follows Garcilasso but calls Pachacuti's other self
+Ccapac Yupanqui.]
+
+
+When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui died, two _orejones_ were deputed to watch
+the body, and to allow no one to enter or go out to spread the news of
+his death, until orders had been given. The other Incas and _orejones_
+went with Tupac Inca to the House of the Sun and then ordered the twelve
+captains of the _ayllus_ of the Inca's guard to come. They came with
+2200 men of the guard, under their command, fully armed, and surrounded
+the Yupanqui with the fringe, and gave him the other insignia of
+sovereignty, as he had now inherited and succeeded his father. Taking
+him in the midst of themselves, and of the guards, they escorted him to
+the great square, where he was seated, in majesty, on a superb throne.
+All the people of the city were then ordered to come and make obeisance
+to the Inca on pain of death.
+
+Those who had come with the Inca, went to their houses to fetch presents
+to show reverence and do homage to the new Inca. He remained with his
+guards only, until they returned with presents, doing homage and
+adoring. The rest of the people did the same, and sacrifices were
+offered. [_It is to be noted that only those of Cuzco did this, and if
+any others were present who did so, they must have been forced or
+frightened by the armed men and the proclamation_.]
+
+This having been done, they approached the Inca and said, "O Sovereign
+Inca! O Father! now take rest." At these words Tupac Inca showed much
+sadness and covered his head with his mantle, which they call
+_llacolla_, a square cloak. He next went, with all his company, to the
+place where the body of his father was laid, and there he put on
+mourning. All things were then arranged for the obsequies, and Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui did everything that his father had ordered at the point of
+death, touching the treatment of his body and other things.
+
+
+
+
+XLIX.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI CONQUERS THE PROVINCE OF THE ANTIS.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui being dead, and Tupac Inca ruling alone, he
+caused all the Sinchis and principal men of the conquered provinces to
+be summoned. Those came who feared the fury of the Inca, and with them
+the Indians of the province of Anti-suyu, who are the dwellers in the
+forests to the eastward of Cuzco, who had been conquered in the time of
+Pachacuti his father.
+
+Tupac Inca ordered them all to do homage, adore, and offer sacrifices.
+The Antis were ordered to bring from their country several loads of
+lances of palm wood for the service of the House of the Sun. The Antis,
+who did not serve voluntarily, looked upon this demand as a mark of
+servitude. They fled from Cuzco, returned to their country, and raised
+the land of the Antis in the name of freedom.
+
+Tupac Inca was indignant, and raised a powerful army which he divided
+into three parts. He led the first in person, entering the Anti-suyu by
+Ahua-tona. The second was entrusted to a captain named Uturuncu Achachi,
+who entered Anti-suyu by a town they call Amaru. The third, under a
+captain named Chalco Yupanqui, advanced by way of Pilcopata. All these
+routes were near each other, and the three divisions formed a junction
+three leagues within the forest, at a place called Opatari, whence they
+commenced operations against the settlements of the Antis. The
+inhabitants of this region were Antis, called Opataris, and were the
+first to be conquered. Chalco Yupanqui carried an image of the Sun.
+
+The forests were very dense and full of evil places; so that they could
+not force their way through, nor did they know what direction to take in
+order to reach the settlements of the natives, which were well concealed
+in the thick vegetation. To find them the explorers climbed up the
+highest trees, and pointed out the places where they could see smoke
+rising. So they worked away at road making through the undergrowth until
+they lost that sign of inhabitants and found another. In this way the
+Inca made a road where it seemed impossible to make one.
+
+The Sinchi of the greater part of these provinces of the Antis was
+Condin Savana, of whom they say that he was a great wizard and
+enchanter, and they had the belief, and even now they affirm that he
+could turn himself into different shapes.
+
+Tupac Inca and his captains penetrated into this region of the Antis,
+which consists of the most terrible and fearful forests, with many
+rivers, where they endured immense toil, and the people who came from
+Peru suffered from the change of climate, for Peru is cold and dry,
+while the forests of Anti-suyu are warm and humid. The soldiers of Tupac
+Inca became sick, and many died. Tupac Inca himself, with a third of his
+men who came with him to conquer, were lost in the forests, and wandered
+for a long time, without knowing whether to go in one direction or
+another until he fell in with Uturuncu Achachi who put him on the route.
+
+On this occasion Tupac Inca and his captains conquered four great
+tribes. The first was that of the Indians called Opataris. The next was
+the Mano-suyu. The third tribe was called Mañaris or Yanasimis, which
+means those of the black mouth: and the province of Rio, and the
+province of the Chunchos. They went over much ground in descending the
+river Tono, and penetrated as far as the Chiponauas. The Inca sent
+another great captain, named Apu Ccuri-machi, by the route which they
+now call of Camata. This route was in the direction of the rising of the
+sun, and he advanced until he came to the river of which reports have
+but now been received, called Paytiti, where he set up the frontier
+pillars of Inca Tupac. During the campaign against these nations, Tupac
+Inca took prisoners the following Sinchis: Vinchincayua, Cantahuancuru,
+Nutan-huari[106].
+
+[Note 106: This expedition of Tupac Inca Yupanqui into the montaña
+of Paucartambo, and down the River Tono is important. Garcilasso de la
+Vega describes it in chapters xiii., xiv., xv. and xvi. of Book vii. He
+says that five rivers unite to form the great Amaru-mayu or Serpent
+River, which he was inclined to think was a tributary of the Rio de la
+Plata. He describes fierce battles with the Chunchos, who were reduced
+to obedience. After descending the River Tono, Garcilasso says that the
+Incas eventually reached the country of the Musus (Moxos) and opened
+friendly relations with them. Many Incas settled in the country of the
+Musus. Garcilasso then gives some account of Spanish expeditions into
+the montaña, led by Diego Aleman, Gomez de Tordoya, and Juan Alvarez
+Maldonado.
+
+The account in the text agrees, in the main, with that of Garcilasso de
+la Vega. Sarmiento gives the names of four Indian tribes who were
+encountered, besides the Chunchos.]
+
+During the campaign an Indian of the Collas, named Coaquiri, fled from
+his company, reached the Collao, and spread the report that Tupac Inca
+was dead. He said that there was no longer an Inca, that they should all
+rise and that he would be their leader. Presently he took the name of
+Pachacuti, the Collas rose, and chose him as their captain. This news
+reached Tupac Inca in Anti-suyu where he was in the career of conquest.
+He resolved to march against the Collas and punish them. He left the
+forests, leaving Uturuncu Achachi to complete the conquest, with orders
+to return into Peru when that service was completed, but not to enter
+Cuzco triumphing until the Inca should come.
+
+
+
+
+L.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI GOES TO SUBDUE AND PACIFY THE COLLAS.
+
+
+As the Collas were one of those nations which most desired their
+freedom, they entered upon attempts to obtain it whenever a chance
+offered, as has already been explained. Tupac Inca Yupanqui resolved to
+crush them once for all. Having returned from the Antis, he increased
+his army and nominated as captains Larico, the son of his cousin Ccapac
+Yupanqui, his brother Chachi, Cunti Yupanqui, and Quihual Tupac. With
+this army he advanced to the Collao. The Collas had constructed four
+strong places at Llallaua, Asillo, Arapa, and Pucara. The Inca captured
+the chiefs and the leader of all, who was Chuca-chucay Pachacuti
+Coaquiri, he who, as we have said, fled from Anti-suyu. Afterwards these
+were the drummers[107] of Inca Tupac. Finally, owing to the great
+diligence of Inca Tupac, although the war occupied some years, the Incas
+conquered and subdued all [_perpetrating great cruelties on them_].
+
+Following up his victories, in pursuit of the vanquished, he got so far
+from Cuzco that he found himself in Charcas. So he determined to advance
+further, subduing every nation of which he received notice. He
+eventually prosecuted his conquests so far that he entered Chile, where
+he defeated the great Sinchi Michimalongo, and Tangalongo, Sinchi of the
+Chilians as far as the river Maule. He came to Coquimbo in Chile and to
+the banks of the Maule, where he set up his frontier columns, or as
+others say a wall, to show the end of his conquests. From this campaign
+he returned with great riches in gold, having discovered many mines of
+gold and silver. He then returned to Cuzco.
+
+These spoils were joined with those of Uturuncu Achachi, who had
+returned from the forests of the Antis after a campaign of three years.
+He was at Paucar-tampu, awaiting the return of his brother, who entered
+Cuzco with a very great triumph. They made great feasts to commemorate
+the conquests, presenting gifts and granting many favours to the
+soldiers who had served with the Inca in these campaigns. As the
+provinces of the Chumpi-vilicas saw the power and greatness of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui they came to submit with the rest of Cunti-suyu.
+
+[Note 107: _i.e._ their skins were made into drums.]
+
+Besides this the Inca went to Chachapoyas, and crushed those who had
+been suspected, visiting many provinces on the road.
+
+On his return to Cuzco he made certain ordinances, as well for peace as
+for war time. He increased the _mitimaes_ which his father had
+instituted, as has been explained in the account of his life, giving
+more privileges and liberty. Besides, he caused a general visitation to
+be made of all the land from Quito to Chile, registering the whole
+population for more than a thousand leagues; and imposed a tribute [_so
+heavy that no one could be owner of a_ mazorca _of maize, which is their
+bread for food, nor of a pair of_ usutas, _which are their shoes, nor
+marry, nor do a single thing without special licence from Tupac Inca.
+Such was the tyranny and oppression to which he subjected them_]. He
+placed over the _tucuricos_ a class of officers called _Michu_[108] to
+collect the taxes and tributes.
+
+[Note 108: _Michu_ should be _Michec_ a shepherd, also a governor.
+_Michisca_ the governed.]
+
+Tupac Inca saw that in the districts and provinces the Sinchis claimed
+to inherit by descent. He resolved to abolish this rule, and to put them
+all under his feet, both great and small. He, therefore, deposed the
+existing Sinchis, and introduced a class of ruler at his own will, who
+were selected in the following way. He appointed a ruler who should have
+charge of 10,000 men, and called him _huanu_, which means that number.
+He appointed another ruler over 1000, and called him _huaranca_, which
+is 1000. The next had charge of 500, called _pichca-pachaca_, or 500. To
+another called _pachac_ he gave charge of 100, and to another he gave
+charge of 10 men, called _chunca curaca_. All these had also the title
+of _Curaca_, which means "principal" or "superior," over the number of
+men of whom they had charge. These appointments depended solely on the
+will of the Inca, who appointed and dismissed them as he pleased,
+without considering inheritance, or succession. From that time forward
+they were called _Curacas_, which is the proper name of the chiefs of
+this land, and not _Caciques_, which is the term used by the vulgar
+among the Spaniards. That name of _Cacique_ belongs to the islands of
+Santo Domingo and Cuba. From this place we will drop the name of
+_Sinchi_ and only use that of _Curaca_.
+
+
+
+
+LI.
+
+TUPAC INCA MAKES THE YANACONAS.
+
+
+Among the brothers of the Inca there was one named Tupac Ccapac, a
+principal man, to whom Tupac Inca had given many servants to work on his
+farms, and serve on his estates. It is to be understood that Tupac Inca
+made his brother visitor-general of the whole empire that had been
+conquered up to that time. Tupac Ccapac, in making the visitation, came
+to the place where his brother had given him those servants. Under
+colour of this grant, he took those and also many more, saying that all
+were his _yana-cunas_[109], which is the name they give to their
+servants. He persuaded them to rebel against his brother, saying that if
+they would help him he would show them great favours. He then marched to
+Cuzco, very rich and powerful, where he gave indications of his
+intentions.
+
+[Note 109: Garcilasso de la Vega says that the meaning of _Yanacona_
+is "a man who is under the obligation to perform the duties of a
+servant." Balboa, p. 129, tells the same story of the origin of the
+_Yanaconas_ as in the text. The amnesty was granted on the banks of the
+river Yana-yacu, and here they were called Yana-yacu-cuna, corrupted
+into Yana-cona. The Spaniards adopted the word for all Indians in
+domestic service, as distinguished from _mitayos_ or forced labourers.]
+
+He intended his schemes to be kept secret, but Tupac Inca was informed
+of them and came to Cuzco. He had been away at the ceremony of arming
+one of his sons named Ayar Manco. Having convinced himself that his
+information was correct, he killed Tupac Ccapac with all his councillors
+and supporters. Finding that many tribes had been left out of the
+visitation by him, for this attempt, Tupac Inca went in person from
+Cuzco, to investigate the matter and finish the visitation.
+
+While doing this the Inca came to a place called Yana-yacu, which means
+"black water" because a stream of a very dark colour flows down that
+valley, and for that reason they call the river and valley Yana-yacu. Up
+to this point he had been inflicting very cruel punishment without
+pardoning any one who was found guilty either in word or deed. In this
+valley of Yana-yacu his sister and wife, Mama Ocllo, asked him not to
+continue such cruelties, which were more butchery and inhumanity than
+punishment, and not to kill any more but to pardon them, asking for them
+as her servants. In consequence of this intercession, the Inca ceased
+the slaughter, and said that he would grant a general pardon. As the
+pardon was proclaimed in Yana-yacu, he ordered that all the pardoned
+should be called Yana-yacus. They were known as not being allowed to
+enter in the number of servants of the House of the Sun, nor those of
+the visitation. So they remained under the Curacas. This affair being
+finished, the visitation made by Tupac Ccapac was considered to be of no
+effect. So the Inca returned to Cuzco with the intention of ordering
+another visitation to be made afresh.
+
+
+
+
+LII.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI ORDERS A SECOND VISITATION OF THE LAND, AND DOES
+OTHER THINGS.
+
+
+As the visitation entrusted to Tupac Ccapac was not to his liking, the
+Inca revoked it, and nominated another brother named Apu Achachi to be
+visitor-general. The Inca ordered him not to include the Yana-yacus in
+the visitation, because they were unworthy to enter into the number of
+the rest, owing to what they had done, Apu Achachi set out and made his
+general visitation, reducing many of the Indians to live in villages and
+houses who had previously lived in caves and hills and on the banks of
+rivers, each one by himself. He sent those in strong fastnesses into
+plains, that they might have no site for a fortress, on the strength of
+which they might rebel. He reduced them into provinces, giving them
+their Curacas in the order already described. He did not make the son of
+the deceased a Curaca, but the man who had most ability and aptitude for
+the service. If the appointment did not please the Inca he, without more
+ado, dismissed him and appointed another, so that no Curaca, high or
+low, felt secure in his appointment. To these Curacas were given
+servants, women and estates, submitting an account of them, for, though
+they were Curacas, they could not take a thing of their own authority,
+without express leave from the Inca.
+
+In each province all those of the province made a great sowing of every
+kind of edible vegetable for the Inca, his overseers coming to the
+harvest. Above all there was a _Tucurico Apu_, who was the
+governor-lieutenant of the Inca in that province. It is true that the
+first Inca who obliged the Indians of this land to pay tribute of
+everything, and in quantity, was Inca Yupanqui. But Tupac Inca imposed
+rules and fixed the tribute they must pay, and divided it according to
+what each province was to contribute as well for the general tax as
+those for _Huacas_, and Houses of the Sun. [_In this way the people were
+so loaded with tributes and taxes, that they had to work perpetually
+night and day to pay them, and even then they could not comply, and had
+no time for sufficient labour to suffice for their own maintenance_.]
+
+Tupac Inca divided the estates throughout the whole empire, according to
+the measure which they call _tupu_.
+
+He divided the months of the year, with reference to labour in the
+fields, as follows. Three months in the year were allotted to the
+Indians for the work of their own fields, and the rest must be given up
+to the work of the Sun, of _huacas_, and of the Inca. In the three
+months that were given to themselves, one was for ploughing and sowing,
+one for reaping, and another in the summer for festivals, and for make
+and mend clothes days. The rest of their time was demanded for the
+service of the Sun and the Incas.
+
+This Inca ordered that there should be merchants who might profit by
+their industry in this manner. When any merchant brought gold, silver,
+precious stones, or other valuable things for sale, they were to be
+asked where they got them, and in this way they gave information
+respecting the mines and places whence the valuables had been taken.
+Thus a very great many mines of gold and silver, and of very fine
+colours, were discovered.
+
+This Inca had two Governors-General in the whole empire, called Suyuyoc
+Apu[110]; one resided at Xauxa and the other at Tiahuanacu in
+Colla-suyu.
+
+[Note 110: _Suyu_ a great division of the empire, or a province.
+_Yoc_ a terminal particle denoting possession or office.]
+
+Tupac Inca ordered the seclusion of certain women in the manner of our
+professed nuns, maidens of 12 years and upwards, who were called
+_acllas_[111]. From thence they were taken to be given in marriage to
+the _Tucurico Apu_, or by order of the Inca who, when any captain
+returned with victory, distributed the _acllas_ to captains, soldiers
+and other servants who had pleased him, as gracious gifts which were
+highly valued. As they took out some, they were replaced by others, for
+there must always be the number first ordained by the Inca. If any man
+takes one out, or is caught inside with one they are both hanged, tied
+together.
+
+[Note 111: _Aclla_ means chosen, selected.]
+
+This Inca made many ordinances, in his tyrannical mode of government,
+which will be given in a special volume.
+
+
+
+
+LIII.
+
+TUPAC INCA MAKES THE FORTRESS OF CUZCO.
+
+
+After Tupac Inca Yupanqui had visited all the empire and had come to
+Cuzco where he was served and adored, being for the time idle, he
+remembered that his father Pachacuti had called the city of Cuzco the
+lion city. He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which
+flow through it[112], that the body was the great square and the houses
+round it, and that the head was wanting. It would be for some son of his
+to put it on. The Inca discussed this question with the _orejones_, who
+said that the best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to
+the north of the city.
+
+[Note 112: This district of Cuzco has always been called _Pumap
+chupan_ or tail of the puma.]
+
+This being settled, the Inca sent to all the provinces, to order the
+tucuricos to supply a large number of people for the work of the
+fortress. Having come, the workmen were divided into parties, each one
+having its duties and officers. Thus some brought stones, others worked
+them, others placed them. The diligence was such that in a few years,
+the great fortress of Cuzco was built, sumptuous, exceedingly strong, of
+rough stone, a thing most admirable to look upon. The buildings within
+it were of small worked stone, so beautiful that, if it had not been
+seen, it would not be believed how strong and beautiful it was. What
+makes it still more worthy of admiration is that they did not possess
+tools to work the stone, but could only work with other stones. This
+fortress was intact until the time of the differences between Pizarro
+and Almagro, after which they began to dismantle it, to build with its
+stones the houses of Spaniards in Cuzco, which are at the foot of the
+fortress. Great regret is felt by those who see the ruins. When it was
+finished, the Inca made many store houses round Cuzco for provisions and
+clothing, against times of necessity and of war; which was a measure of
+great importance[113].
+
+[Note 113: This fortress of Cuzco, on the Sacsahuaman Hill, was well
+described by Cieza de Leon and in greater detail by Garcilasso de la
+Vega, ii. pp. 305--318. Both ascribe it to Inca Yupanqui or his son
+Tupac Inca, as does Sarmiento. The extensive edifices, built of masonry
+of his period, were no doubt the work of Tupac Inca who thus got credit
+for the whole. These later edifices were pulled down by the Spaniards,
+for material for building their houses in the city. But the wonderful
+cyclopean work that remains is certainly of much more ancient date, and
+must be assigned, like Tiahuanacu, to the far distant age of the
+monolithic empire.]
+
+
+
+
+LIV.
+
+DEATH OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI.
+
+
+Having visited and divided the lands, and built the fortress of Cuzco,
+besides edifices and houses without number, Tupac Inca Yupanqui went to
+Chinchero[114], a town near Cuzco, where he had very rich things for his
+recreation; and there he ordered extensive gardens to be constructed to
+supply his household. When the work was completed he fell ill of a grave
+infirmity, and did not wish to be visited by anyone. But as he became
+worse and felt the approach of death, he sent for the _orejones_ of
+Cuzco, his relations, and when they had assembled in his presence he
+said: "My relations and friends! I would have you to know that the Sun
+my Father desires to take me to himself, and I wish to go and rest with
+him. I have called you to let you know who it is that I desire to
+succeed me as lord and sovereign, and who is to rule and govern you."
+They answered that they grieved much at his illness, that as the Sun his
+father had so willed it so must it be, that his will must be done, and
+they besought the Inca to nominate him who was to be sovereign in his
+place. Tupac Inca then replied: "I nominate for my successor my son Titu
+Cusi Hualpa, son of my sister and wife, Mama Ocllo." For this they
+offered many thanks, and afterwards the Inca sank down on his pillow and
+died, having lived 85 years.
+
+[Note 114: Chinchero is a village near Cuzco, on the heights
+overlooking the lovely valley of Yucay, with magnificent mountains in
+the background. The remains of the Inca palace are still standing, not
+unlike those on the Colcampata at Cuzco.]
+
+Tupac Inca succeeded his father at the age of 18 years. He had two
+legitimate sons, 60 bastards, and 30 daughters. Some say that at the
+time of his death, or a short time before, he had nominated one of his
+illegitimate sons to succeed him named Ccapac Huari, son of a concubine
+whose name was Chuqui Ocllo.
+
+He left a lineage or _ayllu_ called _Ccapac Ayllu_, whose heads, who
+sustain it and are now living, are Don Andres Tupac Yupanqui, Don
+Cristobal Pisac Tupac, Don Garcia Vilcas, Don Felipe Tupac Yupanqui, Don
+Garcia Azache, and Don Garcia Pilco. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+The deceased Inca was frank, merciful in peace, cruel in war and
+punishments, a friend to the poor, a great man of indefatigable industry
+and a notable builder. [_He was the greatest tyrant of all the Incas_.]
+He died in the year 1528. Chalco Chima burnt his body in 1533, when he
+captured Huascar, as will be related in its place. The ashes, with his
+idol or _guauqui_ called _Cusi-churi_, were found in Calis-puquiu where
+the Indians had concealed it, and offered to it many sacrifices.
+
+
+
+
+LV.
+
+THE LIFE OF HUAYNA CCAPAC, ELEVENTH INCA[115].
+
+[Note 115: All authorities agree that Huayna Ccapac was the son and
+successor of Tupac Inca.]
+
+
+As soon as Tupac Inca was dead, the _orejones_, who were with him at the
+time of his death, proceeded to Cuzco for the customary ceremonies.
+These were to raise the Inca his successor before the death of his
+father had become known to him, and to follow the same order as in the
+case of the death of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui. As the wives and sons of
+Tupac Inca also went to Cuzco, the matter could not be kept secret. A
+woman who had been a concubine of the late Inca, named Ccuri Ocllo, a
+kins-woman of Ccapac Huari, as soon as she arrived at Cuzco, spoke to
+her relations and to Ccapac Huari in these words. "Sirs and relations!
+Know that Tupac Inca is dead and that, when in health, he had named
+Ccapac Huari for his successor, but at the end, being on the point of
+death, he said that Titu Cusi Hualpa, son of Mama Ocllo, should succeed
+him. You ought not to consent to this. Rather call together all your
+relations and friends, and raise Ccapac Huari, your elder brother, son
+of Chuqui Ocllo, to be Inca." This seemed well to all the relations of
+Ccapac Huari, and they sent to assemble all the other relations on his
+behalf.
+
+While this was proceeding, the _orejones_ of Cuzco, knowing nothing of
+it, were arranging how to give the fringe to Titu Cusi Hualpa. The plot
+of the party of Ccapac Huari became known to the late Inca's brother,
+Huaman Achachi. He assembled some friends, made them arm themselves, and
+they went to where Titu Cusi Hualpa was retired and concealed. They then
+proceeded to where the friends of Ccapac Huari had assembled, and killed
+many of them, including Ccapac Huari himself. Others say that they did
+not kill Ccapac Huari at that time, but only took him. His mother Chuqui
+Ocllo was taken and, being a rebel as well as a witch who had killed her
+lord Tupac Inca, she was put to death. Ccapac Huari was banished to
+Chinchero, where he was given a maintenance, but he was never allowed to
+enter Cuzco again until his death. They also killed the woman Ccuri
+Ocllo, who had advised the raising of Ccapac Huari to the Incaship.
+
+
+
+
+LVI.
+
+THEY GIVE THE FRINGE OF INCA TO HUAYNA CCAPAC, THE ELEVENTH INCA.
+
+
+The city of Cuzco being pacified, Huaman Achachi went to Quispicancha,
+three leagues from Cuzco, where Titu Cusi Hualpa was concealed, and
+brought his nephew to Cuzco, to the House of the Sun. After the
+sacrifices and accustomed ceremonies, the image of the Sun delivered the
+fringe to Titu Cusi Hualpa.
+
+This being done, and the new Inca having been invested with all the
+insignia of Ccapac, and placed in a rich litter, they bore him to the
+_huaca_ Huanacauri, where he offered a sacrifice. The _orejones_
+returned to Cuzco by the route taken by Manco Ccapac.
+
+Arrived at the first square, called Rimac-pampa, the accession was
+announced to the people, and they were ordered to come and do homage to
+the new Inca. When they all assembled, and saw how young he was, never
+having seen him before, they all raised their voices and called him
+_Huayna Ccapac_ which means "the boy chief" or "the boy sovereign." For
+this reason he was called Huayna Ccapac from that time, and the name
+Titu Cusi Hualpa was no longer used. They celebrated festivals, armed
+him as a knight, adored, and presented many gifts---as was customary.
+
+
+
+
+LVII.
+
+THE FIRST ACTS OF HUAYNA CCAPAC AFTER HE BECAME INCA.
+
+
+As Huayna Ccapac was very young when he succeeded, they appointed a
+tutor and coadjutor for him named Hualpaya, a son of Ccapac Yupanqui,
+brother of Inca Yupanqui. This prince made a plot to raise himself to
+the Incaship, but it became known to Huaman Achachi, then Governor of
+Chinchay-suyu. At the time he was in Cuzco, and he and his people killed
+Hualpaya and others who were culpable.
+
+Huaman Achachi assumed the government, but always had as a councillor
+his own brother Auqui Tupac Inca. In course of time Huayna Ccapac went
+to the House of the Sun, held a visitation, took account of the
+officials, and provided what was necessary for the service, and for that
+of the _Mama-cunas_. He took the chief custodianship of the Sun from him
+who then held it, and assumed the office himself with the title of
+"Shepherd of the Sun." He next visited the other _huacas_ and oracles,
+and their estates. He also inspected the buildings of the city of Cuzco
+and the houses of the _orejones_.
+
+Huayna Ccapac ordered the body of his father Tupac Inca to be embalmed.
+After the sacrifices, the mourning, and other ceremonies, he placed the
+body in the late Inca's residence which was prepared for it, and gave
+his servants all that was necessary for their maintenance and services.
+The same Huayna Ccapac mourned for his father and for his mother who
+died nearly at the same time.
+
+
+
+
+LVIII.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC CONQUERS CHACHAPOYAS.
+
+
+After Huayna Ccapac had given orders respecting the things mentioned in
+the last chapter, it was reported to him that there were certain tribes
+near the territory of the Chachapoyas which might be conquered, and that
+on the way he might subdue the Chachapoyas who had rebelled. He gave
+orders to his _orejones_ and assembled a large army. He set out from
+Cuzco, having first offered sacrifices and observed the _calpa_[116]. On
+the route he took, he reformed many things. Arriving at the land of the
+Chachapoyas, they, with other neighbouring tribes, put themselves in a
+posture of defence. They were eventually vanquished and treated with
+great severity. The Inca then returned to Cuzco and triumphed at the
+victory gained over the Chachapoyas and other nations.
+
+[Note 116: _Calpa_ means force, power. _Calpay_ work. _Calparicu_
+"one who gives strength," used for a wizard. The Calpa was a ceremony
+connected with divination.]
+
+While he was absent on this campaign, he left as Governor of Cuzco one
+of his illegitimate brothers named Sinchi Rocca, an eminent architect.
+He built all the edifices at Yucay, and the houses of the Inca at Casana
+in the city of Cuzco. He afterwards built other edifices round Cuzco for
+Huayna Ccapac, on sites which appeared most convenient.
+
+
+
+
+LIX.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC MAKES A VISITATION OF THE WHOLE EMPIRE FROM QUITO TO
+CHILE.
+
+
+Huayna Ccapac having rested in Cuzco for a long time and, wishing to
+undertake something, considered that it was a long time since he had
+visited the empire. He determined that there should be a visitation, and
+named his uncle Huaman Achachi to conduct it in Chinchay-suyu as far as
+Quito, he himself undertaking the region of Colla-suyu.
+
+Each one set out, Huayna Ccapac, in person, taking the route to the
+Collao, where he examined into the government of his _tucuricos_,
+placing and dismissing governors and Curacas, opening lands and making
+bridges and irrigating channels. Constructing these works he arrived at
+Charcas and went thence to Chile, which his father had conquered, where
+he dismissed the governor, and appointed two native Curacas named
+Michimalongo and Antalongo, who had been vanquished by his father.
+Having renewed the garrison, he came to Coquimbo and Copiapo, also
+visiting Atacama and Arequipa. He next went to Anti-suyu and Alayda, by
+way of Collao and Charcas. He entered the valley of Cochabamba, and
+there made provinces of _mitimaes_ in all parts, because the natives
+were few, and there was space for all, the land being fertile. Thence he
+went to Pocona to give orders on that frontier against the Chirihuanas,
+and to repair a fortress which had been built by his father.
+
+While engaged on these measures, he received news that the provinces of
+Quito, Cayambis, Carangues, Pastos, and Huancavilcas had rebelled. He,
+therefore, hurried his return and came to Tiahuanacu, where he prepared
+for war against the Quitos and Cayambis, and gave orders how the
+Urus[117] were to live, granting them localities in which each tribe of
+them was to fish in the lake. He visited the Temple of the Sun and the
+_huaca_ of Ticci Viracocha on the island of Titicaca, and sent orders
+that all those provinces should send troops to go to that war which he
+had proclaimed.
+
+[Note 117: The Urus are a tribe of fishermen, with a peculiar
+language, living among the reed beds in the S.W. part of Lake Titicaca.]
+
+
+
+
+LX.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC MAKES WAR ON THE QUITOS, PASTOS, CARANGUES, CAYAMBIS,
+HUANCAVILCAS.
+
+
+Knowing that the Pastos, Quitos, Carangues, Cayambis and Huancavilcas
+had rebelled, killed the _tucuricos_, and strengthened their positions
+with strong forces, Huayna Ccapac, with great rapidity, collected a
+great army from all the districts of the four _suyus_. He nominated
+Michi of the Hurin-cuzcos, and Auqui Tupac of the Hanan-cuzcos as
+captains, and left his uncle Huaman Achachi as governor of Cuzco. Others
+say that he left Apu Hilaquito and Auqui Tupac Inca in Cuzco, with his
+son who was to succeed named Tupac Cusi Hualpa Inti Illapa, and with him
+another of his sons named Titu Atanchi, who remained to perform the
+fasts before knighthood. It is to be noted that Huayna Ccapac was
+married, in conformity with custom and with the prescribed ceremonies to
+Cusi Rimay Coya, by whom he had no male child. He, therefore, took his
+sister Araua Ocllo to wife, by whom he had a son Tupac Cusi Hualpa,
+vulgarly called Huascar. Preparing for the campaign he ordered that
+Atahualpa and Ninan Cuyoche, his illegitimate sons, now grown men,
+should go with him. His other sons, also illegitimate, named Manco Inca
+and Paulu Tupac, were to remain with Huascar.
+
+These arrangements having been made, the Inca set out for Quito. On the
+way he came to Tumipampa where he had himself been born. Here he erected
+great edifices where he placed, with great solemnity, the caul in which
+he was born. Marching onwards and reaching the boundary of the region
+where the Quitos were in arms, he marshalled his squadrons, and
+presently resolved to conquer the Pastos. For this service he selected
+two captains of the Collao, one named Mollo Cavana, the other Mollo
+Pucara, and two others of Cunti-suyu named Apu Cautar Canana and Cunti
+Mollo, under whose command he placed many men of their nations, and 2000
+_orejones_ as guards, under Auqui Tupac Inca, brother of Huayna Ccapac
+and Acollo Tupac of the lineage of Viracocha. They marched to the
+country of the Pastos who fell back on their chief place, leaving their
+old people, women and children, with a few men, that the enemy might
+think there was no one else. The Incas easily conquered these and,
+thinking that was all, they gave themselves up to idleness and pleasure.
+One night, when they were engaged in a great rejoicing, eating and
+drinking freely, without sentries, the Pastos attacked them, and there
+was a great slaughter, especially among the Collas. Those who escaped,
+fled until they came to the main army of the Incas which was following
+them. They say that Atahualpa and Ninan Cuyoche brought up assistance,
+and that, with the confidence thus gained, Huayna Ccapac ordered the war
+to be waged most cruelly. So they entered the country of the Pastos a
+second time, burning and destroying the inhabited places and killing all
+the people great and small, men and women, young and old. That province
+having been subdued, a governor was appointed to it.
+
+Huayna Ccapac then returned to Tumipampa, where he rested some days,
+before moving his camp for the conquest of the Carangues, a very warlike
+nation. In this campaign he subdued the Macas to the confines of the
+Cañaris, those of Quisna, of Ancamarca, the province of Puruvay, the
+Indians of Nolitria, and other neighbouring nations.
+
+Thence he went down to Tumbez, a seaport, and then came to the
+fortresses of Carangui and Cochisque. In commencing to subdue those of
+Cochisque he met with a stubborn resistance by valiant men, and many
+were killed on both sides. At length the place was taken, and the men
+who escaped were received in the fortress of Carangui. The Incas decided
+that the country surrounding this fortress should first be subdued. They
+desolated the country as far as Ancas-mayu and Otabalo, those who
+escaped from the fury of the Incas taking refuge in the fortress. Huayna
+Ccapac attacked it with his whole force, but was repulsed by the
+garrison with much slaughter, and the _orejones_ were forced to fly,
+defeated by the Cayambis, the Inca himself being thrown down. He would
+have been killed if a thousand of his guard had not come up with their
+captains Cusi Tupac Yupanqui and Huayna Achachi, to rescue and raise
+him. The sight of this animated the _orejones_. All turned to defend
+their Inca, and pressed on with such vigour that the Cayambis were
+driven back into their fortress. The Inca army, in one encounter and the
+other, suffered heavy loss.
+
+Huayna Ccapac, on this account, returned to Tumipampa, where he
+recruited his army, preparing to resume the attack on the Cayambis. At
+this time some _orejones_ deserted the Inca, leaving him to go back to
+Cuzco. Huayna Ccapac satisfied the rest by gifts of clothes, provisions,
+and other things, and he formed an efficient army.
+
+It was reported that the Cayambis had sallied from their fortress and
+had defeated a detachment of the Inca army, killing many, and the rest
+escaping by flight. This caused great sorrow to the Inca, who sent his
+brother Auqui Toma, with an army composed of all nations, against the
+Cayambis of the fortress. Auqui Toma went, attacked the fortress,
+captured four lines of defence and the outer wall, which was composed of
+five. But at the entrance the Cayambis killed Auqui Toma, captain of the
+Cuzcos, who had fought most valorously. This attack and defence was so
+obstinate and long continued that an immense number of men fell, and the
+survivors had nowhere to fight except upon heaps of dead men. The desire
+of both sides to conquer or die was so strong that they gave up their
+lances and arrows and took to their fists. At last, when they saw that
+their captain was killed, the Incas began to retreat towards a river,
+into which they went without any care for saving their lives. The river
+was in flood and a great number of men were drowned. This was a heavy
+loss for the cause of Huayna Ccapac. Those who escaped from drowning and
+from the hands of the enemy, sent the news to the Inca from the other
+side of the river. Huayna Ccapac received the news of this reverse with
+heavier grief than ever, for he dearly loved his brother Auqui Toma, who
+had been killed with so many men who were the pick of the army.
+
+Huayna Ccapac was a brave man, and was not dismayed. On the contrary it
+raised his spirit and he resolved to be avenged. He again got ready his
+forces and marched in person against the fortress of the Cayambis. He
+formed the army in three divisions. He sent Michi with a third of the
+army to pass on one side of the fortress without being seen. This
+detachment consisted of Cuzco _orejones_, and men of Chinchay-suyu. They
+were to advance five marches beyond the fortress and, at a fixed time,
+return towards it, desolating and destroying. The Inca, with the rest of
+his army marched direct to the attack of the fortress, and began to
+fight with great fury. This continued some days, during which the Inca
+lost some men. While the battle was proceeding, Michi and those of
+Chinchay-suyu turned, desolating and destroying everything in the land
+of the Cayambis. They were so furious that they did not leave anything
+standing, making the very earth to tremble. When Huayna Ccapac knew that
+his detachment was near the fortress, he feigned a flight. The Cayambis,
+not aware of what was happening in their rear, came out of the fortress
+in pursuit of the Inca. When the Cayambis were at some distance from
+their stronghold, the Chinchay-suyus, commanded by Michi, came in sight.
+These met with no resistance in the fortress as the Cayambis were
+outside, following Huayna Ccapac. They easily entered it and set it on
+fire in several parts, killing or capturing all who were inside.
+
+The Cayambis were, by this time, fighting with the army of Huayna
+Ccapac. When they saw their fortress on fire they lost hope and fled
+from the battle field towards a lake which was near, thinking that they
+could save themselves by hiding among the beds of reeds. But Huayna
+Ccapac followed them with great rapidity. In order that none might
+escape he gave instructions that the lake should be surrounded. In that
+lake, and the swamps on its borders, the troops of Huayna Ccapac, he
+fighting most furiously in person, made such havock and slaughter, that
+the lake was coloured with the blood of the dead Cayambis. From that
+time forward the lake has been called _Yahuar-cocha_, which means the
+"lake of blood," from the quantity that was there shed.
+
+It is to be noted that in the middle of this lake there was an islet
+with two willow trees, up which some Cayambis climbed, and among them
+their two chiefs named Pinto and Canto, most valiant Indians. The troops
+of Huayna Ccapac pelted them with stones and captured Canto, but Pinto
+escaped with a thousand brave Cañaris.
+
+The Cayambis being conquered, the Cuzcos began to select those who would
+look best in the triumphal entry into Cuzco. But they, thinking that
+they were being selected to be killed, preferred rather to die like men
+than to be tied up like women. So they turned and began to fight. Huayna
+Ccapac saw this and ordered them all to be killed.
+
+The Inca placed a garrison in the fortress, and sent a captain with a
+detachment in pursuit of Pinto who, in his flight, was doing much
+mischief. They followed until Pinto went into forests, with other
+fugitives, escaping for a time. After Huayna Ccapac had rested for some
+days at Tumipampa, he got information where Pinto was in the forests,
+and surrounded them, closing up all entrances and exits. Hunger then
+obliged him, and those who were with him, to surrender. This Pinto was
+very brave and he had such hatred against Huayna Ccapac that even, after
+his capture, when the Inca had presented him with gifts and treated him
+kindly, he never could see his face. So he died out of his mind, and
+Huayna Ccapac ordered a drum to be made of his skin. The drum was sent
+to Cuzco, and so this war came to an end. It was at Cuzco in the _taqui_
+or dance in honour of the Sun.
+
+
+
+
+LXI.
+
+THE CHIRIHUANAS COME TO MAKE WAR IN PERU AGAINST THOSE CONQUERED BY THE
+INCAS.
+
+
+While Huayna Ccapac was occupied with this war of the Cayambis, the
+Chirihuanas, who form a nation of the forests, naked and eaters of human
+flesh, for which they have a public slaughter house, uniting, and,
+coming forth from their dense forests, entered the territory of Charcas,
+which had been conquered by the Incas of Peru. They attacked the
+fortress of Cuzco-tuyo, where the Inca had a large frontier garrison to
+defend the country against them. Their assault being sudden they entered
+the fortress, massacred the garrison, and committed great havock,
+robberies and murders among the surrounding inhabitants.
+
+The news reached Huayna Ccapac at Quito, and he received it with much
+heaviness. He sent a captain, named Yasca, to Cuzco to collect troops,
+and with them to march against the Chirihuanas. This captain set out for
+Cuzco, taking with him the _huaca_ "Cataquilla[118]" of Caxamarca and
+Huamachuco, and "Curichaculla" of the Chachapoyas; and the _huacas_
+"Tomayrica and Chinchay-cocha," with many people, the attendants of the
+_huacas_. He arrived at Cuzco where he was very well received by the
+Governors, Apu Hilaquito and Auqui Tupac Inca. Having collected his
+troops he left Cuzco for Charcas. On the road he enlisted many men of
+the Collao. With these he came up with the Chirihuanas and made cruel
+war upon them. He captured some to send to Huayna Ccapac at Quito, that
+the Inca might see what these strange men were like. The captain Yasca
+rebuilt the fortress and, placing in it the necessary garrison, he
+returned to Cuzco, dismissed his men, and each one returned to his own
+land.
+
+[Note 118: It was the policy of the Incas that the idols and
+_huacas_ of conquered nations should be sent to Cuzco and deposited
+there. Catiquilla was an idol of the Caxamarca and Huamachuco people.
+Arriaga calls it Apu-cati-quilla. _Apu_ the great or chief, _catic_
+follower, _quilla_ the moon. Apu-cati-quilla appears to have been a moon
+god. The other _huacas_ are local deities, all sent to Cuzco. Catiquilla
+had been kept as an oracle in the village of Tauca in Conchucos
+(Calancha, p. 471). _Cati-quilla_ would mean "following moon." (See also
+_Extirpation de la idolatria del Peru_, Joseph de Arriaga. Lima, 1627.)]
+
+
+
+
+LXII.
+
+WHAT HUAYNA CCAPAC DID AFTER THE SAID WARS.
+
+
+As soon as Huayna Ccapac had despatched the captain against the
+Chirihuanas, he set out from Tumipampa to organize the nations he had
+conquered, including Quito, Pasto, and Huancavilcas. He came to the
+river called Ancas-mayu, between Pasto and Quito, where he set up his
+boundary pillars at the limit of the country he had conquered. As a
+token of grandeur and as a memorial he placed certain golden staves in
+the pillars. He then followed the course of the river in search of the
+sea, seeking for people to conquer, for he had information that in that
+direction the country was well peopled.
+
+On this road the army of the Inca was in great peril, suffering from
+scarcity of water, for the troops had to cross extensive tracts of sand.
+One day, at dawn, the Inca army found itself surrounded by an immense
+crowd of people, not knowing who they were. In fear of the unknown
+enemy, the troops began to retreat towards the Inca. Just as they were
+preparing for flight a boy came to Huayna Ccapac, and said: "My Lord!
+fear not, those are the people for whom we are in search. Let us attack
+them." This appeared to the Inca to be good advice and he ordered an
+impetuous attack to be made, promising that whatever any man took should
+be his. The _orejones_ delivered such an assault on those who surrounded
+them that, in a short time, the circle was broken. The enemy was routed,
+and the fugitives made for their habitations, which were on the sea
+coast towards Coaques, where the Incas captured an immense quantity of
+rich spoils, emeralds, turquoises, and great store of very fine _mollo_,
+a substance formed in sea shells, more valued amongst them than gold or
+silver.
+
+Here the Inca received a message from the Sinchi or Curaca of the island
+of Puna with a rich present, inviting him to come to his island to
+receive his service. Huayna Ccapac did so. Thence he went to
+Huancavilca, where he joined the reserves who had been left there. News
+came to him that a great pestilence was raging at Cuzco of which the
+governors Apu Hilaquito his uncle, and Auqui Tupac Inca his brother had
+died, also his sister Mama Cuca, and many other relations. To establish
+order among the conquered nations, the Inca went to Quito, intending to
+proceed from thence to Cuzco to rest.
+
+On reaching Quito the Inca was taken ill with a fever, though others say
+it was small-pox or measles. He felt the disease to be mortal and sent
+for the _orejones_ his relations, who asked him to name his successor.
+His reply was that his son Ninan Cuyoche was to succeed, if the augury
+of the _calpa_ gave signs that such succession would be auspicious, if
+not his son Huascar was to succeed.
+
+Orders were given to proceed with the ceremony of the _calpa_, and Cusi
+Tupac Yupanqui, named by the Inca to be chief steward of the Sun, came
+to perform it. By the first _calpa_ it was found that the succession of
+Ninan Cuyoche would not be auspicious. Then they opened another lamb and
+took out the lungs, examining certain veins. The result was that the
+signs respecting Huascar were also inauspicious. Returning to the Inca,
+that he might name some one else, they found that he was dead. While the
+_orejones_ stood in suspense about the succession, Cusi Tupac Yupanqui
+said: "Take care of the body, for I go to Tumipampa to give the fringe
+to Ninan Cuyoche." But when he arrived at Tumipampa he found that Ninan
+Cuyoche was also dead of the small-pox pestilence[119].
+
+[Note 119: Ninan Cuyoche is said by Cobos to have been legitimate, a
+son of the first wife Cusi Rimay Huaco, who is said by Sarmiento and
+others not to have borne a male heir.]
+
+Seeing this Cusi Tupac Yupanqui said to Araua Ocllo--"Be not sad, O
+Coya! go quickly to Cuzco, and say to your son Huascar that his father
+named him to be Inca when his own days were over." He appointed two
+_orejones_ to accompany her, with orders to say to the Incas of Cuzco
+that they were to give the fringe to Huascar. Cusi Tupac added that he
+would make necessary arrangements and would presently follow them with
+the body of Huayna Ccapac, to enter Cuzco with it in triumph, the order
+of which had been ordained by the Inca on the point of death, on a
+staff.
+
+Huayna Ccapac died at Quito at the age of 80 years. He left more than 50
+sons. He succeeded at the age of 20, and reigned 60 years. He was
+valiant though cruel.
+
+He left a lineage or _ayllu_ called _Tumipampa Ayllu_. At present the
+heads of it, now living, are Don Diego Viracocha Inca, Don Garcia Inguil
+Tupac, and Gonzalo Sayri. To this _ayllu_ are joined the sons of Paulu
+Tupac, son of Huayna Ccapac. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+Huayna Ccapac died in the year 1524 of the nativity of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, the invincible Emperor Charles V of glorious memory being King
+of Spain, father of your Majesty, and the Pope was Paul III.
+
+The body of Huayna Ccapac was found by the Licentiate Polo in a house
+where it was kept concealed, in the city of Cuzco. It was guarded by two
+of his servants named Hualpa Titu and Sumac Yupanqui. His idol or
+_guauqui_ was called _Huaraqui Inca_. It was a great image of gold,
+which has not been found up to the present time.
+
+
+
+
+LXIII
+
+THE LIFE OF HUASCAR, THE LAST INCA, AND OF ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+Huayna Ccapac being dead, and the news having reached Cuzco, they raised
+Titu Cusi Hualpa Inti Illapa, called Huascar, to be Inca. He was called
+Huascar because he was born in a town called Huascar-quihuar, four and a
+half leagues from Cuzco. Those who remained at Tumipampa embalmed the
+body of Huayna Ccapac, and collected the spoils and captives taken in
+his wars, for a triumphal entry into the capital.
+
+It is to be noted that Atahualpa, bastard son of Huayna Ccapac by Tocto
+Coca, his cousin, of the lineage of Inca Yupanqui, had been taken to
+that war by his father to prove him. He first went against the Pastos,
+and came back a fugitive, for which his father rated him severely. Owing
+to this Atahualpa did not appear among the troops, and he spoke to the
+Inca _orejones_ of Cuzco in this manner. "My Lords! you know that I am a
+son of Huayna Ccapac and that my father took me with him, to prove me in
+the war. Owing to the disaster with the Pastos, my father insulted me in
+such a way that I could not appear among the troops, still less at Cuzco
+among my relations who thought that my father would leave me well, but I
+am left poor and dishonoured. For this reason I have determined to
+remain here where my father died, and not to live among those who will
+be pleased to see me poor and out of favour. This being so you need not
+wait for me." He then embraced them all and took leave of them. They
+departed with tears and grief, leaving Atahualpa at Tumipampa[120].
+
+[Note 120: Atahualpa is said by Sarmiento and Yamqui Pachacuti to
+have been an illegitimate son of Huayna Ccapac by Tocto Coca his cousin,
+of the ayllu of Pachacuti. Cieza de Leon says that he was a son by a
+woman of Quilaco named Tupac Palla. Gomara, who is followed by Velasco,
+says that Atahualpa was the son of a princess of Quito. As Huayna Ccapac
+only set out for the Quito campaign twelve years before his death, and
+Atahualpa was then grown up, his mother cannot have been a woman of
+Quito. I, therefore, have no doubt that Sarmiento is right.]
+
+The _orejones_ brought the body of Huayna Ccapac to Cuzco, entering with
+great triumph, and his obsequies were performed like those of his
+ancestors. This being done, Huascar presented gold and other presents,
+as well as wives who had been kept closely confined in the house of the
+_acllas_ during the time of his father. Huascar built edifices where he
+was born, and in Cuzco he erected the houses of Amaru-cancha, where is
+now the monastery of the "Name of Jesus," and others on the Colcampata,
+where Don Carlos lives, the son of Paulo.
+
+After that he summoned Cusi Tupac Yupanqui, and the other principal
+_orejones_ who had come with the body of his father, and who were of the
+lineage of Inca Yupanqui and therefore relations of the mother of
+Atahualpa. He asked them why they had not brought Atahualpa with them,
+saying that doubtless they had left him there, that he might rebel at
+Quito, and that when he did so, they would kill their Inca at Cuzco. The
+_orejones_, who had been warned of this suspicion, answered that they
+knew nothing except that Atahualpa remained at Quito, as he had stated
+publicly, that he might not be poor and despised among his relations in
+Cuzco. Huascar, not believing what they said, put them to the torture,
+but he extracted nothing further from them. Huascar considered the harm
+that these _orejones_ had done, and that he never could be good friends
+with them or be able to trust them, so he caused them to be put to
+death. This gave rise to great lamentation in Cuzco and hatred of
+Huascar among the Hanan-cuzcos, to which party the deceased belonged.
+Seeing this Huascar publicly said that he divorced and separated himself
+from relationship with the lineages of the Hanan-cuzcos because they
+were for Atahualpa who was a traitor, not having come to Cuzco to do
+homage. Then he declared war with Atahualpa and assembled troops to send
+against him. Meanwhile Atahualpa sent his messengers to Huascar with
+presents, saying that he was his vassal, and as such he desired to know
+how he could serve the Inca. Huascar rejected the messages and presents
+of Atahualpa and they even say that he killed the messengers. Others say
+that he cut their noses and their clothing down to their waists, and
+sent them back insulted.
+
+While this was taking place at Cuzco the Huancavilcas rebelled.
+Atahualpa assembled a great army, nominating as captains--Chalco Chima,
+Quiz-quiz, Incura Hualpa, Rumi-ñaui, Yupanqui, Urco-huaranca and Uña
+Chullo. They marched against the Huancavilcas, conquered them, and
+inflicted severe punishment. Returning to Quito, Atahualpa sent a report
+to Huascar of what had taken place. At this time Atahualpa received news
+of what Huascar had done to his messengers, and of the death of the
+_orejones_; also that Huascar was preparing to make war on him, that he
+had separated himself from the Hanan-cuzcos, and that he had proclaimed
+him, Atahualpa, a traitor, which they call _aucca_. Atahualpa, seeing
+the evil designs entertained by his brother against him, and that he
+must prepare to defend himself, took counsel with his captains. They
+were of one accord that he should not take the field until he had
+assembled more men, and collected as large an army as possible, because
+negotiations should be commenced when he was ready for battle.
+
+At this time an Orejon named Hancu and another named Atoc came to
+Tumipampa to offer sacrifices before the image of Huayna Ccapac, by
+order of Huascar. They took the wives of Huayna Ccapac and the insignia
+of Inca without communication with Atahualpa. For this Atahualpa seized
+them and, being put to the torture, they confessed what orders Huascar
+had given them, and that an army was being sent against Atahualpa. They
+were ordered to be killed, and drums to be made of their skins. Then
+Atahualpa sent scouts along the road to Cuzco, to see what forces were
+being sent against him by his brother. The scouts came in sight of the
+army of Huascar and brought back the news.
+
+Atahualpa then marched out of Quito to meet his enemies. The two armies
+encountered each other at Riopampa where they fought a stubborn and
+bloody battle, but Atahualpa was victorious. The dead were so numerous
+that he ordered a heap to be made of their bones, as a memorial. Even
+now, at this day, the plain may be seen, covered with the bones of those
+who were slain in that battle.
+
+At this time Huascar had sent troops to conquer the nations of
+Pumacocha, to the east of the Pacamoros, led by Tampu Usca Mayta and by
+Titu Atauchi, the brother of Huascar. When the news came of this defeat
+at Riopampa, Huascar got together another larger army, and named as
+captains Atoc, Huaychac, Hanco, and Huanca Auqui. This Huanca Auqui had
+been unfortunate and lost many men in his campaign with the Pacamoros.
+His brother, the Inca Huascar, to insult him, sent him gifts suited to a
+woman, ridiculing him. This made Huanca Auqui determine to do something
+worthy of a man. He marched to Tumipampa, where the army of Atahualpa
+was encamped to rest after the battle. Finding it without watchfulness,
+he attacked and surprised the enemy, committing much slaughter.
+
+Atahualpa received the news at Quito, and was much grieved that his
+brother Huanca Auqui should have made this attack, for at other times
+when he could have hit him, he had let him go, because he was his
+brother. He now gave orders to Quiz-quiz and Chalco Chima to advance in
+pursuit of Huanca Auqui. They overtook him at Cusi-pampa, where they
+fought and Huanca Auqui was defeated, with great loss on both sides.
+Huanca Auqui fled, those of Atahualpa following in pursuit as far as
+Caxamarca, where Huanca Auqui met a large reinforcement sent by Huascar
+in support. Huanca Auqui ordered them to march against Chalco Chima and
+Quiz-quiz while he remained at Caxamarca. The troops sent by Huanca
+Auqui were Chachapoyas and many others, the whole numbering 10,000. They
+met the enemy and fought near Caxamarca. But the Chachapoyas were
+defeated and no more than 3000 escaped. Huanca Auqui then fled towards
+Cuzco, followed by the army of Atahualpa.
+
+In the province of Bombon[121], Huanca Auqui found a good army composed
+of all nations, which Huascar had sent to await his enemies there, who
+were coming in pursuit. Those of Atahualpa arrived and a battle was
+fought for two days without either party gaining an advantage. But on
+the third day Huanca Auqui was vanquished by Quiz-quiz and Chalco Chima.
+
+[Note 121: Correctly Pumpu.]
+
+Huanca Auqui escaped from the rout and came to Xauxa, where he found a
+further reinforcement of many Indians, Soras, Chancas, Ayamarcas, and
+Yanyos, sent by his brother. With these he left Xauxa and encountered
+the pursuing enemy at a place called Yanamarca. Here a battle was fought
+not less stubbornly than the former one. Finally, as fortune was against
+Huanca Auqui, he was again defeated by Chalco Chima, the adventurous
+captain of the army of Atahualpa.
+
+The greater part of the forces of Huanca Auqui was killed. He himself
+fled, never stopping until he reached Paucaray. Here he found a good
+company of _orejones_ of Cuzco, under a captain named Mayta Yupanqui
+who, on the part of Huascar, rebuked Huanca Auqui, asking how it was
+possible for him to have lost so many battles and so many men, unless he
+was secretly in concert with Chalco Chima. He answered that the
+accusation was not true, that he could not have done more; and he told
+Mayta Yupanqui to go against their enemy, and see what power he brought.
+He said that Atahualpa was determined to advance if they could not
+hinder his captains. Then Mayta Yupanqui went on to encounter Chalco
+Chima, and met him at the bridge of Anco-yacu where there were many
+skirmishes, but finally the _orejones_ were defeated[122].
+
+[Note 122: This campaign is also fully described by Balboa, and in
+some detail by Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 113--116.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIV.
+
+HUASCAR INCA MARCHES IN PERSON TO FIGHT CHALCO CHIMA AND QUIZ-QUIZ, THE
+CAPTAINS OF ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+As the fortune of Huascar and his captains, especially of Huanca Auqui,
+was so inferior to that of Atahualpa and his adventurous and dexterous
+captains Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, one side meeting with nothing that
+did not favour them, the other side with nothing that was not against
+them, such terrible fear took possession of Huanca Auqui and the other
+Inca captains after the battle of Anco-yacu bridge, that they fled
+without stopping to Vilcas, 20 and more leagues from Anco-yacu, on the
+road to Cuzco.
+
+Over the satisfaction that the captains of Atahualpa felt at the glory
+of so many victories that they had won, there came the news sent by
+Atahualpa that he had come in person to Caxamarca and Huamachuco, that
+he had been received as Inca by all the nations he had passed, and that
+he had assumed the fringe and the _Ccapac-uncu_. He was now called Inca
+of all the land, and it was declared that there was no other Inca but
+him. He ordered his captains to march onwards conquering, until they
+encountered Huascar. They were to give him battle, conquer him like the
+rest, and if possible take him prisoner. Atahualpa was so elated by his
+victories, and assumed such majesty, that he did not cease to talk of
+his successes, and no one dared to raise his eyes before him. For those
+who had business with him he appointed a lieutenant called "Inca Apu,"
+which means "the Inca's lord," who was to take his place by the Inca
+when he was seated. Those who had business transacted it with him,
+entering with a load on their backs, and their eyes on the ground, and
+thus they spoke of their business with the _Apu_. He then reported to
+Atahualpa, who decided what was to be done. Atahualpa was very cruel, he
+killed right and left, destroyed, burnt, and desolated whatever opposed
+him. From Quito to Huamachuco he perpetrated the greatest cruelties,
+robberies, outrages, and tyrannies that had ever been done in that land.
+
+When Atahualpa arrived at Huamachuco, two principal lords of his house
+came to offer sacrifice to the _huaca_ of Huamachuco for the success
+that had attended their cause. These _orejones_ went, made the
+sacrifice, and consulted the oracle. They received an answer that
+Atahualpa would have an unfortunate end, because he was such a cruel
+tyrant and shedder of so much human blood. They delivered this reply of
+the devil to Atahualpa. It enraged him against the oracle, so he called
+out his guards and went to where the _huaca_ was kept. Having surrounded
+the place, he took a halberd of gold in his hand, and was accompanied by
+the two officers of his household who had made the sacrifice. When he
+came to where the idol was, an old man aged a hundred years came out,
+clothed in a dress reaching down to the ground, very woolly and covered
+with sea shells. He was the priest of the oracle who had made the reply.
+When Atahualpa knew who he was, he raised the halberd and gave him a
+blow which cut off his head. Atahualpa then entered the house of the
+idol, and cut off its head also with many blows, though it was made of
+stone. He then ordered the old man's body, the idol, and its house to be
+burnt, and the cinders to be scattered in the air. He then levelled the
+hill, though it was very large, where that oracle, idol or _huaca_ of
+the devil stood.
+
+All this being made known to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, they celebrated
+festivals and rejoicings, and then resumed their march towards Cuzco.
+Huascar received reports of all that had happened, and mourned over the
+great number of men he had lost. He clearly saw that there only remained
+the remedy of going forth in person to try his fortune, which had
+hitherto been so adverse. In preparation he kept some fasts--for these
+gentiles also have a certain kind of fasting, made many sacrifices to
+the idols and oracles of Cuzco, and sought for replies. All answered
+that the event would be adverse to him. On hearing this he consulted his
+diviners and wizards, called by them _umu_, who, to please him, gave him
+hope of a fortunate ending. He got together a powerful army, and sent
+out scouts to discover the position of the enemy. The hostile army was
+reported to be at a place, 14 leagues from Cuzco, called Curahuasi[123].
+They found there Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, and reported that they had
+left the main road to Cuzco, and had taken that of Cotabamba, which is
+on the right, coming from Caxamarca or Lima to Cuzco. This route was
+taken to avoid the bad road and dangerous pass by the Apurimac bridge.
+
+Huascar divided his army into three divisions. One consisted of the men
+of Cunti-suyu, Charcas, Colla-suyu, Chuys, and Chile under the command
+of a captain named Arampa Yupanqui. His orders were to advance over
+Cotabamba towards another neighbouring province of the Omasayos, to
+harass the enemy on the side of the river of Cotabamba and the Apurimac
+bridge. The survivors of the former battles, under Huanca Auqui, Ahua
+Panti, and Pacta Mayta, were to attack the enemy on one flank, and to
+march into Cotabamba. Huascar in person commanded a third division. Thus
+all the forces of both Huascar and Atahualpa were in Cotabamba.
+
+[Note 123: Curahuasi is near the bridge over the Apurimac.]
+
+Arampa Yupanqui got news that the forces of Atahualpa were passing
+through a small valley or ravine which leads from Huanacu-pampa. He
+marched to oppose them, and fought with a strong squadron of the troops
+under Chalco Chima. He advanced resolutely to the encounter, and slew
+many of the enemy, including one of their captains named Tomay Rima.
+This gave Huascar great satisfaction and he said laughingly to the
+_orejones_--"The Collas have won this victory. Behold the obligation we
+have to imitate our ancestors." Presently the captains-general of his
+army, who were Titu Atauchi, Tupac Atao his brother, Nano, Urco Huaranca
+and others, marshalled the army to fight those of Atahualpa with their
+whole force. The armies confronted each other and attacked with skill
+and in good order.
+
+The battle lasted from morning nearly until sunset, many being slain on
+both sides, though the troops of Huascar did not suffer so much as those
+of Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. The latter seeing their danger, many of
+them retreated to a large grassy plateau which was near, in
+Huanacu-pampa. Huascar, who saw this, set fire to the grass and burnt a
+great part of Atahualpa's forces.
+
+Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz then retreated to the other side of the river
+Cotabamba. Huascar, satisfied with what he had done, did not follow up
+his advantages, but enjoyed the victory which fortune had placed in his
+hands. For this he took a higher position. Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz,
+who were experienced in such manoeuvres, seeing that they were not
+followed, decided to rest their troops, and on another day to attack
+those who believed themselves to be conquerors. They sent spies to the
+camp of Huascar, and found from them that Huascar would send a certain
+division of his troops to take Atahualpa's captains, without their being
+able to escape.
+
+
+
+
+LXV.
+
+THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE ARMIES OF HUASCAR AND ATAHUALPA HUASCAR MADE
+PRISONER.
+
+
+When the morning of the next day arrived Huascar determined to finish
+off the army of his brother at one blow. He ordered Tupac Atao to go
+down the ravine with a squadron, discover the position of the enemy, and
+report what he had seen. Tupac Atao received this order and entered the
+ravine in great silence, looking from side to side. But the spies of
+Chalco Chima saw everything without being seen themselves and gave
+notice to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. Chalco Chima then divided his men
+into two parts and stationed them at the sides of the road where the
+_orejones_ would pass. When Tupac Atao came onwards, they attacked him
+to such purpose that scarcely any one escaped, Tupac Atao himself was
+taken, badly wounded, by whom Chalco Chima was informed that Huascar
+would follow him with only a squadron of 5000 men, while the rest of his
+army remained in Huanacu-pampa.
+
+Chalco Chima sent this information to Quiz-quiz, who was at a little
+distance, that they might unite forces. He told him that Tupac Atao was
+taken, that Huascar was expected with a small force, and that Quiz-quiz
+was wanted that both might take this enemy on the flanks. This was done.
+They divided their forces, placing them on both sides as in the attack
+on Tupac Atao. A short time after they entered the ravine, Huascar and
+his men came upon the dead bodies of the men of Tupac Atao who, being
+known to Huascar he wished to turn back, understanding that they were
+all dead and that there must have been some ambush. But it was too late,
+for he was surrounded by his enemies. Then he was attacked by the troops
+of Chalco Chima. When he tried to fly from those who fell upon his rear,
+he fell into the hands of Quiz-quiz who was waiting for him lower down.
+Those of Chalco Chima and those of Quiz-quiz fought with great ferocity,
+sparing none, and killing them all. Chalco Chima, searching for Huascar,
+saw him in his litter and seized him by the hands, and pulled him out of
+his litter. Thus was taken prisoner the unfortunate Huascar Inca,
+twelfth and last tyrant of the Inca Sovereigns of Peru, falling into the
+power of another greater and more cruel tyrant than himself, his people
+defeated, killed, and scattered.
+
+Placing Huascar in safe durance with a sufficient guard, Chalco Chima
+went on in the Inca's litter and detached 5000 of his men to advance
+towards the other troops remaining on the plain of Huanacu-pampa. He
+ordered that all the rest should follow Quiz-quiz, and that when he let
+fall the screen, they should attack. He executed this stratagem because
+his enemies thought that he was Huascar returning victorious, so they
+waited. He advanced and arrived where the troops of Huascar were waiting
+for their lord, who, when they saw him, still thought that it was
+Huascar bringing his enemies as prisoners. When Chalco Chima was quite
+near, he let loose a prisoner who had been wounded, who went to the Inca
+troops. He told them what had happened, that it was Chalco Chima, and
+that he could kill them all by this stratagem. When this was known, and
+that Chalco Chima would presently order them to be attacked with his
+whole force, for he had let the screen fall, which was to be the sign,
+the Inca troops gave way and took to flight, which was what Chalco Chima
+intended. The troops of Atahualpa pursued, wounding and killing with
+excessive cruelty and ferocity, continuing the slaughter, with unheard
+of havock, as far as the bridge of Cotabamba. As the bridge was narrow
+and all could not cross it, many jumped into the water from fear of
+their ferocious pursuers, and were drowned. The troops of Atahualpa
+crossed the river, continuing the pursuit and rejoicing in their
+victory. During the pursuit they captured Titu Atauchi, the brother of
+Huascar. Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz arrived at some houses called
+Quiuipay, about half a league from Cuzco, where they placed Huascar as a
+prisoner with a sufficient guard. Here they encamped and established
+their head-quarters.
+
+The soldiers of Chalco Chima went to get a view of Cuzco from the hill
+of Yauina overlooking the city, where they heard the mourning and
+lamentation of the inhabitants, and returned to inform Chalco Chima and
+Quiz-quiz. Those captains sent a messenger to Cuzco to tell the
+inhabitants not to mourn, for that there was nothing to fear, it being
+well known that this was a war between two brothers for the
+gratification of their own passions. If any of them had helped Huascar
+they had not committed a crime, for they were bound to serve their Inca;
+and if there was any fault he would remit and pardon it, in the name of
+the great Lord Atahualpa. Presently he would order them all to come out
+and do reverence to the statue of Atahualpa, called _Ticci Ccapac_ which
+means "Lord of the World."
+
+The people of Cuzco consulted together, and resolved to come forth and
+obey the commands of Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. They came according to
+their _ayllus_ and, on arriving at Quiuipay, they seated themselves in
+that order. Presently the troops of Atahualpa, fully armed, surrounded
+all those who had come from Cuzco. They took Huanca Auqui, Ahua Panti,
+and Paucar Usna, who had led the army against them in the battle at
+Tumipampa. Then they took Apu Chalco Yupanqui and Rupaca, Priests of the
+Sun, because these had given the fringe to Huascar. These being
+prisoners Quiz-quiz rose and said--"Now you know of the battles you have
+fought with me on the road, and the trouble you have caused me. You
+always raised Huascar to be Inca, who was not the heir. You treated
+evilly the Inca Atahualpa whom the Sun guards, and for these things you
+deserve death. But using you with humanity, I pardon you in the name of
+my Lord Atahualpa, whom may the Sun prosper."
+
+But that they might not be without any punishment, he ordered them to be
+given some blows with a great stone on the shoulders, and he killed the
+most culpable. Then he ordered that all should be tied by the knees,
+with their faces towards Caxamarca or Huamachuco where Atahualpa was,
+and he made them pull out their eyelashes and eyebrows as an offering to
+the new Inca. All the _orejones_, inhabitants of Cuzco, did this from
+fear, saying in a loud voice, "Long live! Live for many years Atahualpa
+our Inca, may our father the Sun increase his life!"
+
+Araua Ocllo, the mother of Huascar, and his wife Chucuy Huypa, were
+there, and were dishonoured and abused by Quiz-quiz. In a loud voice the
+mother of Huascar said to her son, who was a prisoner, "O unfortunate!
+thy cruelties and evil deeds have brought you to this state. Did I not
+tell you not to be so cruel, and not to kill nor ill-treat the
+messengers of your brother Atahualpa." Having said these words she came
+to him, and gave him a blow in the face.
+
+Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz then sent a messenger to Atahualpa, letting
+him know all that had happened, and that they had made prisoners of
+Huascar and many others, and asking for further orders.
+
+
+
+
+LXVI.
+
+WHAT CHALCO CHIMA AND QUIZ-QUIZ DID CONCERNING HUASCAR AND THOSE OF HIS
+SIDE IN WORDS.
+
+
+After Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz had sent off the messengers to
+Atahualpa, they caused the prisoners to be brought before them, and in
+the presence of all, and of the mother and wife of Huascar, they
+declared, addressing themselves to the mother of Huascar, that she was
+the concubine and not the wife of Huayna Ccapac, and that, being his
+concubine, she had borne Huascar, also that she was a vile woman and not
+a Coya. The troops of Atahualpa raised a shout of derision, and some
+said to the _orejones_, pointing their fingers at Huascar--"Look there
+at your lord! who said that in the battle he would turn fire and water
+against his enemies?" Huascar was then tied hand and foot on a bed of
+ropes of straws. The _orejones_, from shame, lowered their heads.
+Presently Quiz-quiz asked Huascar, "Who of these made you lord, there
+being others better and more valiant than you, who might have been
+chosen?" Araua Ocllo, speaking to her son, said, "You deserve all this
+my son as I told you, and all comes from the cruelty with which you
+treated your own relations." Huascar replied, "Mother! there is now no
+remedy, leave us," and he addressed himself to the priest Chalco
+Yupanqui, saying--"Speak and answer the question asked by Quiz-quiz."
+The priest said to Quiz-quiz, "I raised him to be lord and Inca by
+command of his father Huayna Ccapac, and because he was son of a Coya"
+(which is what we should call Infanta). Then Chalco Chima was indignant,
+and called the priest a deceiver and a liar. Huascar answered to
+Quiz-quiz, "Leave off these arguments. This is a question between me and
+my brother, and not between the parties of Hanan-cuzco and Hurin-cuzco.
+We will investigate it, and you have no business to meddle between us on
+this point."
+
+Enraged at the answer Chalco Chima ordered Huascar to be taken back to
+prison, and said to the Incas, to re-assure them, that they could now go
+back to the city as they were pardoned. The _orejones_ returned,
+invoking Viracocha in loud voices with these words--"O Creator! thou who
+givest life and favour to the Incas where art thou now? Why dost thou
+allow such persecution to come upon us? Wherefore didst thou exalt us,
+if we are to come to such an end?" Saying these words they beat their
+cloaks in token of the curse that had come upon them all.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII.
+
+THE CRUELTIES THAT ATAHUALPA ORDERED TO BE PERPETRATED ON THE PRISONERS
+AND CONQUERED OF HUASCAR'S PARTY.
+
+
+When Atahualpa knew what had happened, from the messengers of Chalco
+Chima and Quiz-quiz, he ordered one of his relations named Cusi Yupanqui
+to go to Cuzco, and not to leave a relation or friend of Huascar alive.
+This Cusi Yupanqui arrived at Cuzco, and Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz
+delivered the prisoners to him. He made inquiries touching all that
+Atahualpa had ordered. He then caused poles to be fixed on both sides of
+the road, extending not more than a quarter of a league along the way to
+Xaquixahuana. Next he brought out of the prison all the wives of
+Huascar, including those pregnant or lately delivered. He ordered them
+to be hung to these poles with their children, and he ordered the
+pregnant to be cut open, and the stillborn to be hung with them. Then he
+caused the sons of Huascar to be brought out and hung to the poles.
+
+Among the sons of Huayna Ccapac who were prisoners there was one named
+Paullu Tupac. When they were going to kill him, he protested saying, it
+was unreasonable that he should be killed, because he had previously
+been imprisoned by Huascar; and on this ground he was released and
+escaped death. Yet the reason that he was imprisoned by Huascar was
+because he had been found with one of the Inca's wives. He was only
+given very little to eat, the intention being that he should die in
+prison. The woman with whom he was taken was buried alive. The wars
+coming on he escaped, and what has been related took place.
+
+After this the lords and ladies of Cuzco who were found to have been
+friends of Huascar were seized and hanged on the poles. Then there was
+an examination of all the houses of deceased Incas, to see which had
+been on the side of Huascar, and against Atahualpa. They found that the
+house of Tupac Inca Yupanqui had sided with Huascar. Cusi Yupanqui
+committed the punishment of the house to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz.
+They seized the steward of the house, and the mummy of Tupac Inca, and
+those of his family and hung them all, and they burnt the body of Tupac
+Inca outside the town and reduced it to ashes. And to destroy the house
+completely, they killed many _mama cunas_ and servants, so that none
+were left of that house except a few of no account. Besides this they
+ordered all the Chachapoyas and Cañaris to be killed, and their Curaca
+named Ulco Colla, who they said had rebelled against the two brothers.
+
+All these murders and cruelties were perpetrated in the presence of
+Huascar to torment him. They murdered over 80 sons and daughters of
+Huascar, and what he felt most cruelly was the murder, before his eyes,
+of one of his sisters named Coya Miro, who had a son of Huascar in her
+arms, and another in her womb; and another very beautiful sister named
+Chimbo Cisa. Breaking his heart at the sight of such cruelty and grief
+which he was powerless to prevent, he cried, with a sigh, "Oh
+Pachayachachi Viracocha, thou who showed favour to me for so short a
+time, and honoured me and gave me life, dost thou see that I am treated
+in this way, and seest thou in thy presence what I, in mine, have seen
+and see."
+
+Some of the concubines of Huascar escaped from this cruelty and
+calamity, because they had neither borne a child nor were pregnant, and
+because they were beautiful. They say that they were kept to be taken to
+Atahualpa. Among those who escaped were Doña Elvira Chonay, daughter of
+Cañar Ccapac, Doña Beatriz Carnamaruay, daughter of the Curaca of
+Chinchay-cocha, Doña Juana Tocto, Doña Catalina Usica, wife, that was,
+of Don Paullu Tupac, and mother of Don Carlos, who are living now. In
+this way the line and lineage of the unfortunate tyrant Huascar, the
+last of the Incas, was completely annihilated.
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII.
+
+NEWS OF THE SPANIARDS COMES TO ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+Atahualpa was at Huamachuco celebrating great festivals for his
+victories, and he wished to proceed to Cuzco and assume the fringe in
+the House of the Sun, where all former Incas had received it When he was
+about to set out there came to him two Tallanas Indians, sent by the
+Curacas of Payta and Tumbez, to report to him that there had arrived by
+sea, which they call _cocha_, a people with different clothing, and with
+beards, and that they brought animals like large sheep. The chief of
+them was believed to be Viracocha, which means the god of these people,
+and he brought with him many Viracochas, which is as much as to say
+"gods." They said this of the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro, who had
+arrived with 180 men and some horses which they called sheep. As the
+account in detail is left for the history of the Spaniards, which will
+form the Third Part to come after this, I will only here speak briefly
+of what passed between the Spaniards and Atahualpa.
+
+When this became known to Atahualpa he rejoiced greatly, believing it to
+be the Viracocha coming, as he had promised when he departed, and as is
+recounted in the beginning of this history. Atahualpa gave thanks that
+he should have come in his time, and he sent back the messengers with
+thanks to the Curacas for sending the news, and ordering them to keep
+him informed of what might happen. He resolved not to go to Cuzco until
+he had seen what this arrival was, and what the Viracochas intended to
+do. He sent orders to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz to lose no time in
+bringing Huascar to Caxamarca, where he would go to await their arrival,
+for he had received news that certain Viracochas had arrived by sea, and
+he wished to be there to see what they were like.
+
+As no further news came, because the Spaniards were forming a station at
+Tangarara, Atahualpa became careless and believed that they had gone.
+For, at another time, when he was marching with his father, in the wars
+of Quito, news came to Huayna Ccapac that the Viracocha had arrived on
+the coast near Tumbez, and then they had gone away. This was when Don
+Francisco Pizarro came on the first discovery, and returned to Spain for
+a concession, as will be explained in its place.
+
+
+
+
+LXIX.
+
+THE SPANIARDS COME TO CAXAMARCA AND SEIZE ATAHUALPA, WHO ORDERS HUASCAR
+TO BE KILLED. ATAHUALPA ALSO DIES.
+
+
+As the subject of which this chapter treats belongs to the Third Part
+(the history of the Spaniards), I shall here only give a summary of what
+happened to Atahualpa. Although Atahualpa was careless about the
+Spaniards they did not miss a point, and when they heard where Atahualpa
+was, they left Tangarara and arrived at Caxamarca. When Atahualpa knew
+that the Viracochas were near, he left Caxamarca and went to some baths
+at a distance of half a league that he might, from there, take the
+course which seemed best. As he found that they were not gods as he had
+been made to think at first, he prepared his warriors to resist the
+Spaniards. Finally he was taken prisoner by Don Francisco Pizarro, the
+Friar, Vicente Valverde, having first made a certain demand, in the
+square of Caxamarca.
+
+Don Francisco Pizarro knew of the disputes there had been between
+Atahualpa and Huascar, and that Huascar was a prisoner in the hands of
+the captains of Atahualpa, and he urged Atahualpa to have his brother
+brought as quickly as possible. Huascar was being brought to Caxamarca
+by Atahualpa's order, as has already been said. Chalco Chima obeying
+this order, set out with Huascar and the captains and relations who had
+escaped the butchery of Cusi Yupanqui. Atahualpa asked Don Francisco
+Pizarro why he wanted to see his brother. Pizarro replied that he had
+been informed that Huascar was the elder and principal Lord of that land
+and for that reason he wished to see him, and he desired that he should
+come. Atahualpa feared that if Huascar came alive, the Governor Don
+Francisco Pizarro would be informed of what had taken place, that
+Huascar would be made Lord, and that he would lose his state. Being
+sagacious, he agreed to comply with Pizarro's demand, but sent off a
+messenger to the captain who was bringing Huascar, with an order to kill
+him and all the prisoners. The messenger started and found Huascar at
+Antamarca, near Yana-mayu. He gave his message to the captain of the
+guard who was bringing Huascar as a prisoner.
+
+Directly the captain heard the order of Atahualpa he complied with it.
+He killed Huascar, cut the body up, and threw it into the river
+Yana-mayu. He also killed the rest of the brothers, relations, and
+captains who were with him as prisoners, in the year 1533. Huascar had
+lived 40 years. He succeeded his father at the age of 31 and reigned for
+9 years. His wife was Chucuy Huypa by whom he had no male child. He left
+no lineage or _ayllu_, and of those who are now living, one only, named
+Don Alonso Titu Atauchi is a nephew of Huascar, son of Titu Atauchi who
+was murdered with Huascar. He alone sustains the name of the lineage of
+Huascar called the _Huascar Ayllu_. In this river of Yana-mayu Atahualpa
+had fixed his boundary pillars when he first rebelled, saying that from
+thence to Chile should be for his brother Huascar, and from the
+Yana-mayu onwards should be his. Thus with the death of Huascar there
+was an end to all the Incas of Peru and all their line and descent which
+they held to be legitimate, without leaving man or woman who could have
+a claim on this country, supposing them to have been natural and
+legitimate lords of it, in conformity with their own customs and
+tyrannical laws.
+
+For this murder of Huascar, and for other good and sufficient causes,
+the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro afterwards put Atahualpa to death. He
+was a tyrant against the natives of this country and against his brother
+Huascar. He had lived 36 years. He was not Inca of Peru, but a tyrant.
+He was prudent, sagacious, and valiant, as I shall relate in the Third
+Part, being events which belong to the deeds of the Spaniards. It
+suffices to close this Second Part by completing the history of the
+deeds of the 12 Inca tyrants who reigned in this kingdom of Peru from
+Manco Ccapac the first to Huascar the twelfth and last tyrant.
+
+
+
+
+LXX.
+
+IT IS NOTEWORTHY HOW THESE INCAS WERE TYRANTS AGAINST THEMSELVES,
+BESIDES BEING SO AGAINST THE NATIVES OF THE LAND.
+
+
+It is a thing worthy to be noted [_for the fact that besides being a
+thing certain and evident the general tyranny of these cruel and
+tyrannical Incas of Peru against the natives of the land, may be easily
+gathered from history_], and any one who reads and considers with
+attention the order and mode of their procedure will see, that their
+violent Incaship was established without the will and election of the
+natives who always rose with arms in their hands on each occasion that
+offered for rising against their Inca tyrants who oppressed them, to get
+back their liberty. Each one of the Incas not only followed the tyranny
+of his father, but also began afresh the same tyranny by force, with
+deaths, robberies and rapine. Hence none of them could pretend, in good
+faith, to give a beginning to time of prescription, nor did any of them
+hold in peaceful possession, there being always some one to dispute and
+take up arms against them and their tyranny. Moreover, and this is above
+all to be noted, to understand the worst aims of these tyrants and their
+horrid avarice and oppression, they were not satisfied with being evil
+tyrants to the natives, but also to their own proper sons, brothers and
+relations, in defiance of their own laws and statutes, they were the
+worst and most pertinacious tyrants with an unheard-of inhumanity. For
+it was enacted among themselves and by their customs and laws that the
+eldest legitimate son should succeed, yet almost always they broke the
+law, as appears by the Incas who are here referred to.
+
+[Illustration: _Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald
+Macbeth._ CAPTURE OF ATAHUALPA, AND SIEGE OF CUZCO, ETC.
+_From the Rev. C.M. Cracherode's copy in the British Museum._]
+
+Before all things Manco Ccapac, the first tyrant, coming from
+Tampu-tocco, was inhuman in the case of his brother Ayar Cachi, sending
+him to Tampu-tocco cunningly with orders for Tampu-chacay to kill him
+out of envy, because he was the bravest, and might for that reason be
+the most esteemed. When he arrived at the valley of Cuzco he not only
+tyrannized over the natives, but also over Copalimayta and Columchima
+who, though they had been received as natives of that valley were his
+relations, for they were _orejones_. Then Sinchi Rocca, the second Inca,
+having an older legitimate son named Manco Sapaca who, according to the
+law he and his father had made, was entitled to the succession, deprived
+him and nominated Lloqui Yupanqui the second son for his successor.
+Likewise Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca, named for his successor Ccapac
+Yupanqui, though he had an older legitimate son named Cunti Mayta, whom
+he disinherited. Viracocha, the eighth Inca, although he had an older
+legitimate son named Inca Rocca, did not name him as his successor, nor
+any of his legitimate sons, but a bastard named Inca Urco. This did not
+come about, Inca Urco did not enjoy the succession, nor did the eldest
+legitimate son, for there was a new tyranny. For Inca Yupanqui deprived
+both the one and the other, besides despoiling his father of his honours
+and estate. The same Inca Yupanqui, having an elder legitimate son named
+Amaru Tupac Inca, did not name him, but a young son, Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. The same Tupac Inca, being of the same condition as his
+father, having Huayna Ccapac as the eldest legitimate son, named Ccapac
+Huari as his successor, although the relations of Huayna Ccapac would
+not allow it, and rose in his favour. If Ccapac Huari was legitimate, as
+his relations affirm, the evil deed must be fixed on Huayna Ccapac, who
+deprived his brother Ccapac Huari, and killed his mother and all his
+relations, making them infamous as traitors, that is supposing he was
+legitimate. Huayna Ccapac, though he named Ninan Cuyoche, he was not the
+eldest, and owing to this the succession remained unsettled, and caused
+the differences between Huascar and Atahualpa, whence proceeded the
+greatest and most unnatural tyrannies. Turning their arms against their
+own entrails, robbing, and with inhuman intestine wars they came to a
+final end. Thus as they commenced by their own authority, so they
+destroyed all by their own proper hands.
+
+It may be that Almighty God permits that one shall be the executioner of
+the other for his evil deeds, that both may give place to his most holy
+gospel which, by the hands of the Spaniards, and by order of the most
+happy, catholic, and unconquered Emperor and King of Spain, Charles V of
+glorious memory, father of your Majesty, was sent to these blind and
+barbarous gentiles. Yet against the force and power of the Incas on foot
+and united, it appeared that it would be impossible for human force to
+do what a few Spaniards did, numbering only 180, who at first entered
+with the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro.
+
+It is well established that it is a thing false and without reason, and
+which ought not to be said, that there is now, in these kingdoms, any
+person of the lineage of the Incas who can pretend to a right of
+succession to the Incaship of this kingdom of Peru, nor to be natural or
+legitimate lords. For no one is left who, in conformity with their laws,
+is able to say that he is the heir, in whole or in part of this land.
+Only two sons of Huayna Ccapac escaped the cruelty of Atahualpa. They
+were Paullu Tupac, afterwards called Don Cristóval Paullu, and Manco
+Inca. They were bastards, which is well known among them. And these, if
+any honour or estate had belonged to them or their children, your
+Majesty would have granted more than they had, their brothers retaining
+their estate and power. For they would merely have been their
+tributaries and servants. These were the lowest of all, for their
+lineage was on the side of their mothers which is what these people look
+at, in a question of birth[124].
+
+[Note 124: These statements about the illegitimacy of Manco and
+Paullu Inca are made to support the Viceroy's argument and have no
+foundation in fact. The two princes were legitimate; their mother being
+a princess of the blood.]
+
+And Manco Inca had been a traitor to your Majesty and was a fugitive in
+the Andes where he died or was killed. Your Majesty caused his son to be
+brought out, in peace, from those savage wilds. He was named Don Diego
+Sayri Tupac. He became a Christian, and provision was made for him, his
+sons and descendants. Sayri Tupac died as a Christian, and he who is now
+in the Andes in rebellion, named Titu Cusi Yupanqui, is not a legitimate
+son of Manco Inca, but a bastard and apostate. They hold that another
+son is legitimate who is with the same Titu, named Tupac Amaru, but he
+is incapable and the Indians called him _uti_. Neither one nor the other
+are heirs of the land, because their father was not legitimate.
+
+Your Majesty honoured Don Cristóval Paullu with titles and granted him a
+good _repartimiento_ of Indians, on which he principally lived. Now it
+is possessed by his son Don Carlos. Paullu left two legitimate sons who
+are now alive, named Don Carlos and Don Felipe. Besides these he left
+many illegitimate sons. Thus the known grandsons of Huayna Ccapac, who
+are now alive and admitted to be so, are those above mentioned. Besides
+these there are Don Alonso Titu Atauchi, son of Titu Atauchi, and other
+bastards, but neither one nor the other has any right to be called a
+natural lord of the land.
+
+For the above reasons it will be right to say to those whose duty it may
+be to decide, that on such clear evidence is based the most just and
+legitimate title that your Majesty and your successors have to these
+parts of the Indies, proved by the actual facts that are here written,
+more especially as regards these kingdoms of Peru without a point to
+raise against the said titles by which the crown of Spain holds them.
+Respecting which your Viceroy of these kingdoms, Don Francisco Toledo,
+has been a careful and most curious enquirer, as zealous for the
+clearing of the conscience of your Majesty, and for the salvation of
+your soul, as he has shown and now shows himself in the general
+visitation which he is making by order of your Majesty, in his own
+person, not avoiding the very great labours and dangers which he is
+suffering in these journeys, so long as they result in so great a
+service to God and your Majesty.
+
+
+
+
+LXXI.
+
+SUMMARY COMPUTATION OF THE PERIOD THAT THE INCAS OF PERU LASTED.
+
+
+The terrible and inveterate tyranny of the Incas Ccapac of Peru, which
+had its seat in the city of Cuzco, commenced in the year 565 of our
+Christian redemption, Justin II being Emperor, Loyva son of Athanagild
+the Goth being King of Spain, and John III Supreme Pontiff. It ended in
+1533, Charles V being the most meritorious Emperor and most Christian
+King of Spain and its dependencies, patron of the church and right arm
+of Christendom, assuredly worthy of such a son as your Majesty whom may
+God our Lord take by the hand as is necessary for the Holy Christian
+church. Paul III was then Pope. The whole period from Manco Ccapac to
+the death of Huascar was 968 years.
+
+It is not to be wondered at that these Incas lived for so long a time,
+for in that age nature was stronger and more robust than in these days.
+Besides men did not then marry until they were past thirty. They thus
+reached such an age with force and substance whole and undiminished. For
+these reasons they lived much longer than is the case now. Besides the
+country where they lived has a healthy climate and uncorrupted air. The
+land is cleared, dry, without lakes, morasses, or forests with dense
+vegetation. These qualities all conduce to health, and therefore to the
+long life of the inhabitants whom may God our Lord lead into his holy
+faith, for the salvation of their souls. Amen[125].
+
+    Maxima Tolleti Proregis gloria creuit
+    Dum regni tenebras, lucida cura, fugat.
+    Ite procul scioli, vobis non locus in istis!
+    Rex Indos noster nam tenet innocue.
+
+[Note 125: Cieza de Leon and other authorities adopt a more moderate
+chronology.]
+
+
+
+
+CERTIFICATE OF THE PROOFS AND VERIFICATION OF THIS HISTORY.
+
+
+In the city of Cuzco, on the 29th day of February, 1572, before the very
+excellent Lord Don Francisco de Toledo, Mayor-domo to His Majesty, and
+his Viceroy, Governor, and Captain-General of these kingdoms and
+provinces of Peru, President of the Royal Audience and Chancellory that
+resides in the city of the Kings, and before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+his Secretary and of the Government and General Visitation of these
+kingdoms, the Captain Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa presented a petition of
+the following tenor:
+
+Most Excellent Lord,
+
+I, the Captain Pedro Sarmiento, Cosmographer-General of these kingdoms
+of Peru, report that by order of your Excellency I have collected and
+reduced to a history the general chronicle of the origin and descent of
+the Incas, of the particular deeds which each one did in his time and in
+the part he ruled, how each one of them was obeyed, of the tyranny with
+which, from the time of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca, they
+oppressed and subjugated these kingdoms of Peru until by order of the
+Emperor Charles V of glorious memory, Don Francisco Pizarro came to
+conquer them. I have drawn up this history from the information and
+investigations which, by order of your Excellency, were collected and
+made in the valley of Xauxa, in the city of Guamanga, and in other parts
+where your Excellency was conducting your visitation, but principally in
+this city of Cuzco where the Incas had their continual residence, where
+there is more evidence of their acts, where the _mitimaes_ of all the
+provinces gathered together by order of the said Incas, and where there
+is true memory of their _ayllus_. In order that this history may have
+more authority, I pray that you will see, correct, and give it your
+authority, so that, wherever it may be seen, it may have entire faith
+and credit.
+
+Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+
+Having been seen by his Excellency he said that it may be known if the
+said history was in conformity with the information and evidence, which
+has been taken from the Indians and other persons of this city and in
+other parts, and he ordered that Doctor Loarte, Alcalde of the court of
+his Majesty should cause to appear before him the principal and most
+intelligent Indians of the twelve _ayllus_ or lineages of the twelve
+Incas and other persons who may be summoned, and being assembled before
+me, the present Secretary, the said history shall be read and declared
+to them by an interpreter in the language of the said Indians, that each
+one may understand and discuss it among themselves, whether it is
+conformable to the truth as they know it. If there is anything to
+correct or amend, or which may appear to be contrary to what they know,
+it is to be corrected or amended. So I provide and sign
+
+Don Francisco de Toledo
+Before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel.
+
+Afterwards, on the abovesaid day, month, and year the illustrious Doctor
+Gabriel de Loarte, in compliance with the order of his Excellency and in
+presence of me the said Secretary, caused to appear before him the
+Indians of the names, ages and _ayllus_ as follows:
+
+       _Ayllu of Manco Ccapac._
+
+                              Aged
+Sebastian Ylluc                30
+Francisco Paucar Chima         30
+
+       _Ayllu of Sinchi Rocca._
+
+Diego Cayo Hualpa              70
+Don Alonso Puzcon              40
+
+       _Ayllu of Lloqui Yupanqui._
+Hernando Hualpa                70
+Don Garcia Ancuy               45
+Miguel Rimachi Mayta           30
+
+       _Ayllu of Mayta Ccapac._
+Don Juan Tampu Usca Mayta      60
+Don Felipe Usca Mayta          70
+Francisco Usca Mayta           30
+
+       _Ayllu of Ccapac Yupanqui._
+
+                              Aged
+Don Francisco Copca Mayta      70
+Don Juan Quispi Mayta          30
+Don Juan Apu Mayta             30
+
+       _Ayllu of Inca Rocca._
+Don Pedro Hachacona            53
+Don Diego Mayta                40
+
+       _Ayllu of Yahuar-huaccac._
+Juan Yupanqui                  60
+Martin Rimachi                 26
+
+       _Ayllu of Viracocha._
+Don Francisco Anti-hualpa      89
+Martin Quichua Sucsu           64
+Don Francisco Chalco Yupanqui  45
+
+       _Ayllu of Pachacuti._
+Don Diego Cayo                 68
+Don Juan Hualpa Yupanqui       75
+Don Domingo Pascac             90
+Don Juan Quispi Cusi           45
+Don Francisco Chanca Rimachi   40
+Don Francisco Cota Yupanqui    40
+Don Gonzalo Huacanhui          60
+Don Francisco Quichua          68
+
+       _Ayllu of Tupac Inca._
+Don Cristóval Pisac Tupac      50
+Don Andres Tupac Yupanqui      40
+Don Garcia Pilco Tupac         40
+Don Juan Cozco                 40
+
+      _Ayllu of Huayna Ccapac._
+Don Francisco Sayri            28
+Don Francisco Ninan Coro       24
+Don Garcia Rimac Tupac         34
+
+       _Ayllu of Huascar._
+                              Aged
+Don Alonso Titu Atauchi        40
+
+       _Besides these Ayllus._
+Don Garcia Paucar Sucsu        34
+Don Carlos Ayallilla           50
+Don Juan Apanca                80
+Don Garcia Apu Rinti           70
+Don Diego Viracocha Inca       34
+Don Gonzalo Tupac              30
+
+These being together in presence of his Excellency, the said Alcalde of
+the court, by the words of Gonzalo Gomez Ximenes, interpreter to his
+Excellency, in the general language of the Indians, said:--"His
+Excellency, desiring to verify and put in writing and to record the
+origin of the Incas, your ancestors, their descent and their deeds, what
+each one did in his time, and in what parts each one was obeyed, which
+of them was the first to go forth from Cuzco to subdue other lands, and
+how Tupac Inca Yupanqui and afterwards Huayna Ccapac and Huascar, his
+son and grandson became lords of all Peru by force of arms; and to
+establish this with more authenticity, he has ordered that information
+and other proofs should be supplied in this city and other parts, and
+that the said information and proofs should be, by Captain Pedro
+Sarmiento to whom they were delivered, digested into a true history and
+chronicle. The said Pedro Sarmiento has now made it and presented it to
+his Excellency, to ascertain whether it is truthfully written in
+conformity with the sayings and declarations which were made by some
+Indians of the said _ayllus_. His Excellency is informed that the
+_ayllus_ and descendants of the twelve Incas have preserved among
+themselves the memory of the deeds of their ancestors, and are those who
+best know whether the said chronicle is correct or defective, he has
+therefore caused you to assemble here, that it may be read in your
+presence and understood. You, among yourselves, will discuss what will
+be read and declared in the said language, and see if it agrees with the
+truth as you know it, and that you may feel a stronger obligation to say
+what you know, it is ordered that you take an oath."
+
+The said Indians replied that they had understood why they had been sent
+for, and what it was that was required. They then swore, in the said
+language, by God our Lord, and by the sign of the cross, that they would
+tell the truth concerning what they knew of that history. The oaths
+being taken the reading was commenced in sum and substance. There was
+read on that and following days from their fable of the creation to the
+end of the history of the Incas. As it was read, so it was interpreted
+into their language, chapter by chapter. And over each chapter the
+Indians discussed and conferred among themselves in the said language.
+All were agreed in confirming and declaring through the interpreter,
+that the said history was good and true, and in agreement with what they
+knew and had heard their fathers and ancestors say, as it had been told
+to them. For, as they have no writing like the Spaniards, they conserve
+ancient traditions among themselves by passing them from tongue to
+tongue, and age to age. They heard their fathers and ancestors say that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, the ninth Inca, had verified the history of the
+former Incas who were before him, and painted their deeds on boards,
+whence also they had been able to learn the sayings of their fathers,
+and had passed them on to their children. They only amended some names
+of persons and places and made other slight corrections, which the said
+Alcalde ordered to be inserted as the Indians had spoken, and this was
+done. After the said corrections all the Indians, with one accord, said
+that the history was good and true, in conformity with what they knew
+and had heard from their ancestors, for they had conferred and discussed
+among themselves, verifying from beginning to end. They expressed their
+belief that no other history that might be written could be so authentic
+and true as this one, because none could have so diligent an
+examination, from those who are able to state the truth. The said
+Alcalde signed
+
+The Doctor Loarte
+Gonzalo Gomez Ximenes
+Before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel.
+
+After the above, in the said city of Cuzco, on the 2nd of March of the
+same year, his Excellency having seen the declaration of the Indians and
+the affidavits that were made on them, said that he ordered and orders
+that, with the corrections the said Indians stated should be made, the
+history should be sent to his Majesty, signed and authenticated by me
+the said Secretary. It was approved and signed by the said Doctor
+Gabriel de Loarte who was present at the verification with the Indians,
+and then taken and signed
+
+Don Francisco de Toledo
+Before Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+
+I the said Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel, Secretary to his Excellency, of the
+Government, and to the general visitation of these kingdoms, notary to
+his Majesty, certify that the said testimony and verification was taken
+before me, and is taken from the original which remains in my
+possession, and that the said Alcalde, the Doctor Loarte, who signed,
+said that he placed and interposed upon it his authority and judicial
+decree, that it may be valued and accepted within his jurisdiction and
+beyond it. I here made my sign in testimony of the truth
+
+Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_ SIGNATURES OF THE ATTESTING
+WITNESSES TO THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572. _From the original, Göttingen
+University Library. Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by
+Donald Macbeth_.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE INCAS***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 20218-8.txt or 20218-8.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/2/1/20218
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/20218-8.zip b/20218-8.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9085e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20218-8.zip
diff --git a/20218.txt b/20218.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49bd6e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20218.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,7738 @@
+The Project Gutenberg eBook, History of the Incas, by Pedro Sarmiento de
+Gamboa, Edited by Sir Clements Markham, Translated by Sir Clements Markham
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+
+
+
+Title: History of the Incas
+
+
+Author: Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa
+
+Editor: Sir Clements Markham
+
+Release Date: December 29, 2006  [eBook #20218]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII)
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE INCAS***
+
+
+E-text prepared by Chuck Greif, R. Cedron, and the Project Gutenberg
+Online Distributed Proofreading Team at DP Europe (http://dp.rastko.net/)
+
+
+
+Works Issued by the Hakluyt Society
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_ COAT OF ARMS OF KING PHILIP
+II., _From the Sarmiento MS., 1572, Goettingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE INCAS
+
+by
+
+PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA
+
+Translated and Edited with Notes and an Introduction
+by Sir Clements Markham, K.C.B. President of the Hakluyt Society.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Cambridge: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. MDCCCCVII. Cambridge:
+Printed by John Clay, M.A. at the University Press.
+
+
+
+
+COUNCIL OF THE HAKLUYT SOCIETY.
+
+
+SIR CLEMENTS MARKHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S., _President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF LIVERPOOL, _Vice-President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD AMHERST OF HACKNEY, _Vice-President_.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. THE LORD BELHAVEN AND STENTON.
+
+THOMAS B. BOWRING.
+
+COLONEL GEORGE EARL CHURCH.
+
+SIR WILLIAM MARTIN CONWAY, M.A., F.S.A.
+
+THE REV. CANON JOHN NEALE DALTON, C.M.G., C.V.O.
+
+GEORGE WILLIAM FORREST, C.I.E.
+
+WILLIAM FOSTER, B.A.
+
+THE RIGHT HON. SIR GEORGE TAUBMIN GOLDIE, K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S.,
+  _Pres. R.G.S._
+
+ALBERT GRAY, K.C.
+
+EDWARD HEAWOOD, M.A.
+
+COLONEL SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., C.B., R.E.
+
+JOHN SCOTT KELTIE, LL.D.
+
+ADMIRAL SIR ALBERT HASTINGS MARKHAM, K.C.B.
+
+ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM RICHARDS, G.C.B.
+
+ADMIRAL OF THE FLEET SIR EDWARD HONART SEYMOUR, G.C.B., O.M.
+
+LIEUT.-COL. SIR RICHARD CARNAC TEMPLE, BART., C.L.E.
+
+ROLAND VENABLES VERNON, B.A.
+
+BASIL HARRINGTON SOULSBY, B.A., F.S.A., _Honorary Secretary_.
+
+
+
+
+TABLE OF CONTENTS.
+
+
+Introduction
+
+Dedicatory letter to King Philip II
+
+     I. Division of the history
+
+    II. The ancient division of the land
+
+   III. Description of the ancient Atlantic Island
+
+    IV. First inhabitants of the world and principally of
+          the Atlantic Island
+
+     V. Inhabitants of the Atlantic Island
+
+    VI. The fable of the origin of these barbarous Indians
+          of Peru, according to their blind opinions
+
+   VII. Fable of the second age, and creation of the
+          barbarous Indians according to their account
+
+  VIII. The ancient _Behetrias_ of these kingdoms of
+          Peru and their provinces
+
+    IX. The first settlers in the valley of Cuzco
+
+     X. How the Incas began to tyrannize over the lands
+          and inheritances
+
+    XI. The fable of the origin of the Incas of Cuzco
+
+   XII. The road which these companies of the Incas took
+          to the valley of Cuzco, and of the fables which
+          are mixed with their history
+
+   XIV. Entry of the Incas into the valley of Cuzco, and
+          the fables they relate concerning it
+
+   XIV. The difference between Manco Ccapac and the
+          Alcabisas, respecting the arable land
+
+    XV. Commences the life of Sinchi Rocca, the second Inca
+
+   XVI. The life of Lloqui Yupanqui, the third Inca
+
+  XVII. The life of Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca
+
+ XVIII. The life of Ccapac Yupanqui, the fifth Inca
+
+   XIX. The life of Inca Rocca, the sixth Inca
+
+    XX. The life of Titu Cusi Hualpa, vulgarly called
+          Yahuar-huaccac
+
+   XXI. What happened after the Ayarmarcas had stolen
+          Titu Cusi Hualpa
+
+   XXII. How it became known that Yahuar-huaccac was alive
+
+  XXIII. Yahuar-huaccac Inca Yupanqui commences his reign alone,
+           after the death of his father
+
+   XXIV. Life of Viracocha, the eighth Inca
+
+    XXV. The provinces and towns conquered by the eighth Inca
+           Viracocha
+
+   XXVI. Life of Inca Yupanqui or Pachacuti, the ninth Inca
+
+  XXVII. Coming of the Chancas against Cuzco
+
+ XXVIII. The second victory of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
+           over the Chancas
+
+   XXIX. The Inca Yupanqui assumes the sovereignty and takes
+           the fringe, without the consent of his father
+
+    XXX. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui rebuilds the city of Cuzco
+
+   XXXI. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui rebuilds the House of the Sun
+           and establishes new idols in it
+
+  XXXII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui depopulates two leagues of
+           country near Cuzco
+
+ XXXIII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui kills his elder brother
+           named Inca Urco
+
+  XXXIV. The nations which Pachacuti Inca subjugated and the
+           towns he took; and first of Tocay Ccapac, Sinchi of
+           the Ayamarcas, and the destruction of the Cuyos
+
+   XXXV. The other nations conquered by Inca Yupanqui, either
+           in person or through his brother Inca Rocca
+
+  XXXVI. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui endows the House of the Sun
+           with great wealth
+
+ XXXVII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui conquers the province
+           of Colla-suyu
+
+XXXVIII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui sends an army to conquer
+           the province of Chinchay-suyu
+
+  XXXIX. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui plants _mitimaes_ in all
+           the lands he had conquered
+
+     XL. The Collas, sons of Chuchi Ccapac, rebel against
+           Inca Yupanqui to obtain their freedom
+
+    XLI. Amaru Tupac Inca and Apu Paucar Usnu continue the
+           conquest of the Collao and again subdue the Collas
+
+   XLII. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui nominates his son Tupac Inca
+           Yupanqui as his successor
+
+  XLIII. How Pachacuti armed his son Tupac Inca
+
+   XLIV. Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui sends his son Tupac Inca
+           Yupanqui to conquer Chinchay-suyu
+
+    XLV. How Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui visited the provinces
+           conquered for him by his captains
+
+   XLVI. Tupac Inca Yupanqui sets out, a second time, by
+           order of his father, to conquer what remained
+           unsubdued in Chinchay-suyu
+
+  XLVII. Death of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
+
+ XLVIII. The life of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca
+
+   XLIX. Tupac Inca Yupanqui conquers the province of the Antis
+
+      L. Tupac Inca Yupanqui goes to subdue and pacify the Collas
+
+     LI. Tupac Inca makes the _Yanaconas_
+
+    LII. Tupac Inca Yupanqui orders a second visitation of the
+           land, and does other things
+
+   LIII. Tupac Inca makes the fortress of Cuzco
+
+    LIV. Death of Tupac Inca Yupanqui
+
+     LV. The life of Huayna Ccapac, eleventh Inca
+
+    LVI. They give the fringe of Inca to Huayna Ccapac, the
+           eleventh Inca
+
+   LVII. The first acts of Huayna Ccapac after he became Inca
+
+  LVIII. Huayna Ccapac conquers Chachapoyas
+
+    LIX. Huayna Ccapac makes a visitation of the whole empire
+           from Quito to Chile
+
+     LX. Huayna Ccapac makes war on the Quitos, Pastos,
+           Carangues, Cayambis, Huancavilcas
+
+    LXI. The Chirihuanas come to make war in Peru against
+           those conquered by the Incas
+
+   LXII. What Huayna Ccapac did after the-said wars
+
+  LXIII. The life of Huascar, the last Inca, and of Atahualpa
+
+   LXIV. Huascar Inca marches in person to fight Chalco
+           Chima and Quiz-quiz, the captains of Atahualpa
+
+    LXV. The battle between the armies of Huascar and
+           Atahualpa. Huascar made prisoner
+
+   LXVI. What Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz did concerning
+           Huascar and those of his side in words
+
+   LXVII. The cruelties that Atahualpa ordered to be
+            perpetrated on the prisoners and conquered
+            of Huascar's party
+
+  LXVIII. News of the Spaniards comes to Atahualpa
+
+    LXIX. The Spaniards come to Caxamarca and seize
+            Atahualpa, who orders Huascar to be killed.
+            Atahualpa also dies
+
+     LXX. It is noteworthy how these Incas were tyrants
+            against themselves, besides being so against
+            the natives of the land
+
+    LXXI. Summary computation of the period that the
+            Incas of Peru lasted
+
+Certificate of the proofs and verification of this history
+
+          *          *          *          *          *
+
+Account of the Province of Vilcapampa and a narrative of
+    the execution of the Inca Tupac Amaru, by Captain
+    Baltasar de Ocampo
+
+
+
+LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
+
+
+1. Map of Central Peru. 1907. By Graham Mackay, R.G.S
+
+Six Facsimiles (reduced) from the Sarmiento MS., 1572
+    (Goettingen University Library):
+
+2. _a_. Arms of Philip II of Spain. Coloured
+
+3. _b_. Last page of Sarmiento's introductory Letter
+    to Philip II, with his autograph
+
+4. _c_. Arms of Philip II. fol. 1
+
+5. _d_. Title of the Sarmiento MS. fol. 2
+
+6. _e_. Arms of Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of
+    Peru, 1569--1581. fol. 132
+
+7. _f_. Signatures of the attesting witnesses, 1572. fol. 138
+
+8. Portrait of the Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, at Lima.
+     From a sketch by Sir Clements Markham in 1853
+
+9. Group of Incas, in ceremonial dresses, from figures in the
+     pictures in the Church of Santa Ana, Cuzco, A.D. 1570.
+     From a sketch by Sir Clements Markham in 1853
+
+10. Portraits of the Incas. Facsimile of the Title-page of the
+    Fifth Decade of Antonio de Herrera's _Historia General de
+    los Hechos de los Castellanos en las Islas y Tierra Firme
+    del Mar Oceano_, Madrid, 1615. fol. From the Rev. C.M.
+    Cracherode's copy in the British Museum
+
+11. Capture of Atahualpa, and Siege of Cuzco. From the
+      Title-page of the Sixth Decade of Antonio de Herrera
+
+12. Map of Vilca-Pampa. 1907. By Graham Mackay, R.G.S
+
+Plates 2--7 have been reproduced from the negatives, kindly lent
+for the purpose by Professor Dr Richard Pietschmann, Director of
+the Goettingen University Library.
+
+[Illustration: 1907. Series II. Vol. XXII.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth.
+PORTRAITS OF THE INCAS. From the Rev. C.M. Cracherode's copy in the
+British Museum.]
+
+
+
+
+INTRODUCTION.
+
+
+The publication of the text of the Sarmiento manuscript in the Library
+of Goettingen University, has enabled the Council to present the members
+of the Hakluyt Society with the most authentic narrative of events
+connected with the history of the Incas of Peru.
+
+The history of this manuscript, and of the documents which accompanied
+it, is very interesting. The Viceroy, Don Francisco de Toledo, who
+governed Peru from 1569 to 1581, caused them to be prepared for the
+information of Philip II. Four cloths were sent to the King from Cuzco,
+and a history of the Incas written by Captain Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+On three cloths were figures of the Incas with their wives, on
+medallions, with their _Ayllus_ and a genealogical tree. Historical
+events in each reign were depicted on the borders. The fable of
+Tampu-tocco was shown on the first cloth, and also the fables touching
+the creations of Viracocha, which formed the foundation for the whole
+history. On the fourth cloth there was a map of Peru, the compass lines
+for the positions of towns being drawn by Sarmiento.
+
+The Viceroy also caused reports to be made to him, to prove that the
+Incas were usurpers. There were thirteen reports from Cuzco, Guamanga,
+Xauxa, Yucay, and other places, forming a folio of 213 leaves, preserved
+in the _Archivo de Indias_[1]. At Cuzco all the Inca descendants were
+called upon to give evidence respecting the history of Peru under their
+ancestors. They all swore that they would give truthful testimony. The
+compilation of the history was then entrusted to Captain Pedro Sarmiento
+de Gamboa, the cosmographer of Peru. When it was completed the book was
+read to the Inca witnesses, chapter by chapter, in their own language.
+They discussed each chapter, and suggested some corrections and
+alterations which were adopted. It was then submitted to the Viceroy,
+who caused the documents to be attested by the principal Spaniards
+settled at Cuzco, who had been present at the conquest, or had taken a
+leading part in the subsequent administration. These were Dr Loarte, the
+licentiate Polo de Ondegardo[2], Alonso de Mena[3], Mancio Serra de
+Leguisano[4], Pero Alonso Carrasco, and Juan de Pancorvo[5], in whose
+house the Viceroy resided while he was at Cuzco. Mancio Serra de
+Leguisano married Beatriz Nusta, an Inca princess, daughter of Huayna
+Ccapac. The Viceroy then made some final interpolations to vilify the
+Incas, which would not have been approved by some of those who had
+attested, certainly not by Polo de Ondegardo or Leguisano.
+
+[Note 1: Printed in the same volume with Montesinos, and edited by
+Jimenes de la Espada, _Informaciones acerca del senorio y gobierno de
+los Ingas hechas por mandado de Don Francisco de Toledo,_ 1570--72.]
+
+[Note 2: The accomplished lawyer, author, and statesman.]
+
+[Note 3: One of the first conquerors. His house at Cuzco was in the
+square of our Lady, near that of Garcilasso de la Vega.]
+
+[Note 4: A generous defender of the cause of the Indians.]
+
+[Note 5: One of the first conquerors. He occupied a house near the
+square, with his friend and comrade Alonso de Marchena.]
+
+Sarmiento mentions in his history of the Incas that it was intended to
+be the Second Part of his work. There were to be three Parts. The First,
+on the geography of Peru, was not sent because it was not finished. The
+Third Part was to have been a narrative of the conquest.
+
+The four cloths, and the other documents, were taken to Spain, for
+presentation to the King, by a servant of the Viceroy named Geronimo
+Pacheco, with a covering letter dated at Yucay on March 1st, 1572.
+
+Of all these precious documents the most important was the history of
+the Incas by Sarmiento, and it has fortunately been preserved. The
+King's copy found its way into the famous library of Abraham Gronovius,
+which was sold in 1785, and thence into the library of the University of
+Goettingen, where it remained, unprinted and unedited, for 120 years. But
+in August, 1906, the learned librarian, Dr Richard Pietschmann published
+the text at Berlin, very carefully edited and annotated with a valuable
+introduction. The Council of the Hakluyt Society is thus enabled to
+present an English translation to its members very soon after the first
+publication of the text. It is a complement of the other writings of the
+great navigator, which were translated and edited for the Hakluyt
+Society in 1895.
+
+The manuscript consists of eight leaves of introduction and 138 of text.
+The dedicatory letter to the King is signed by Sarmiento on March 4th,
+1572. The binding was of red silk, under which there is another binding
+of green leather. The first page is occupied by a coloured shield of the
+royal arms, with a signature _el Capita Sarmi de Gaboa_. On the second
+page is the title, surrounded by an ornamental border. The manuscript is
+in a very clear hand, and at the end are the arms of Toledo (_chequy
+azure and argent_) with the date Cuzco, 29 Feb., 1572. There is also the
+signature of the Secretary, Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel[6].
+
+[Note 6: Alvaro Ruiz and his brother Captain Francisco Ruiz were the
+sons of Francisco Santiago Rodriguez de los Rios by Inez de Navamuel.
+Both used their mother's name of Navamuel as their surname; and both
+were born at Aquilar del Campo. Alonso Ruiz de Navamuel was Secretary to
+the governments of five successive Viceroys. He wrote a _Relacion de las
+cosas mas notables que hiza en el Peru, siendo Virev Don Francisco de
+Toledo, 20 Dec. 1578_. He died in the year 1613. The descendants of his
+son Juan de los Rios formed the _mayorazgos_ of Rios and Cavallero.
+
+By his wife Angela Ortiz de Arbildo y Berriz, a Biscayan, he had a
+daughter Inez married to her cousin Geronimo Aliaga, a son of the
+Secretary's brother Captain Francisco Ruiz de Navamuel, the
+_encomendero_ of Caracoto in the Collao, by Juana, daughter of Captain
+Geronimo de Aliaga. His marriage, at which the Viceroy Toledo was
+present, took place on November 23rd, 1578. From the marriage of the
+younger Geronimo de Aliaga with Inez Navamuel, descend the Aliagas,
+Counts of Luringancho in Peru.]
+
+The history of the Incas by Sarmiento is, without any doubt, the most
+authentic and reliable that has yet appeared. For it was compiled from
+the carefully attested evidence of the Incas themselves, taken under
+official sanction. Each sovereign Inca formed an _ayllu_ or "gens" of
+his descendants, who preserved the memory of his deeds in _quipus_,
+songs, and traditions handed down and learnt by heart. There were many
+descendants of each of these _ayllus_ living near Cuzco in 1572, and the
+leading members were examined on oath; so that Sarmiento had
+opportunities of obtaining accurate information which no other writer
+possessed. For the correct versions of the early traditions, and for
+historical facts and the chronological order of events, Sarmiento is the
+best authority.
+
+But no one can supersede the honest and impartial old soldier, Pedro de
+Cieza de Leon, as regards the charm of his style and the confidence to
+be placed in his opinions; nor the Inca Garcilasso de la Vega as regards
+his reminiscences and his fascinating love for his people. Molina and
+Yamqui Pachacuti give much fuller details respecting the ceremonial
+festivals and religious beliefs. Polo de Ondegardo and Santillana supply
+much fuller and more reliable information respecting the laws and
+administration of the Incas. It is in the historical narrative and the
+correct order of events that Sarmiento, owing to his exceptional means
+of collecting accurate information, excels all other writers.
+
+There is one serious blemish. Sarmiento's book was written, not only or
+mainly to supply interesting information, but with an object. Bishop Las
+Casas had made Europe ring with the cruelties of the Spaniards in the
+Indies, and with the injustice and iniquity of their conquests. Don
+Francisco de Toledo used this narrative for the purpose of making a
+feeble reply to the good bishop. Under his instructions Sarmiento stated
+the Viceroy's argument, which was that the King of Spain was the
+rightful sovereign of Peru because the Incas had usurped their power by
+conquest and had been guilty of acts of cruelty. Hence the constant
+repetition of such phrases as "cruel tyranny" and "usurping tyrant"; and
+the numerous interpolations of the Viceroy himself are so obvious that I
+have put them in italics within brackets. He goes back as far as the
+first Inca to make out the usurpation, and he is always harping on
+illegitimacy. If we go back as far as Sancho IV the title of Philip II
+to Spain was voided by the grossest usurpation, while we need only go
+back to Henry II to see how Philip's title was vitiated by illegitimacy.
+As for cruelty, it would be a strange plea from the sovereign by whose
+orders the Netherlands were devastated, the Moors of Granada almost
+annihilated, and under whose rule the Inquisition was in full swing. It
+is the old story of preaching without practice, as Dr Newman once
+observed in quoting what James I said to George Heriot:
+
+     "O Geordie, jingling Geordie, it was grand to hear Baby Charles
+     laying down the guilt of dissimulation, and Steenie lecturing on
+     the turpitude of incontinence."
+
+It is right to say that Philip never seems to have endorsed the argument
+of his Viceroy, while his father prohibited the circulation of a book by
+Dr Sepulveda which contained a similar argument; nor was the work of
+Sarmiento published.
+
+Barring this blemish, the history of the Incas, written by order of the
+Viceroy Toledo, is a most valuable addition to the authorities who have
+given us authentic accounts of Andean civilization; for we may have
+every confidence in the care and accuracy of Sarmiento as regards his
+collection and statement of historical facts, provided that we always
+keep in mind the bias, and the orders he was under, to seek support for
+the Viceroy's untenable argument.
+
+I have given all I have been able to find respecting the life of
+Sarmiento in the introduction to my edition of the voyages of that
+celebrated navigator.
+
+But the administration of the Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, from 1569
+to 1581, forms a landmark in the history of Peru, and seems to call for
+some notice in this place. He found the country in an unsettled state,
+with the administrative system entirely out of gear. Though no longer
+young he entered upon the gigantic task of establishing an orderly
+government, and resolved to visit personally every part of the vast
+territory under his rule. This stupendous undertaking occupied him for
+five years. He was accompanied by ecclesiastics, by men well versed in
+the language of the Incas and in their administrative policy, and by his
+secretary and aide-de-camp. These were the Bishop of Popayan, Augustin
+de la Coruna, the Augustine friars Juan Vivero and Francisco del Corral,
+the Jesuit and well-known author, Joseph de Acosta, the Inquisitor Pedro
+Ordonez Flores, his brother, the Viceroy's chaplain and confessor, the
+learned lawyer Juan Matienzo, whose work is frequently quoted by
+Solorzano[7], the licentiate Polo de Ondegardo, who had been some years
+in the country and had acquired an intimate knowledge of the laws of the
+Incas, the secretary Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel, and as aide-de-camp his
+young nephew, Geronimo de Figueroa, son of his brother Juan, the
+Ambassador at Rome[8].
+
+[Note 7: In his _Politica Indiana_. There are two manuscripts of
+Juan Matienzo de Peralta at the British Museum, _Govierno del Peru_ and
+_Relacion del libro intitulado Govierno del Peru_, apparently one work
+in two parts. _Add. MSS_. 5469, in Gayangos Catalogue, vol. II. p. 470.]
+
+[Note 8: Some sons took the father's surname, others that of the
+mother. The Viceroy had the name of his father, Francisco Alvarez de
+Toledo, the third Count of Oropesa, while his brother Juan had the
+surname of Figueroa, being that of his mother.]
+
+Toledo was endowed with indefatigable zeal for the public service, great
+energy, and extraordinary powers of application. He took the opinions of
+others, weighed them carefully, and considered long before he adopted
+any course. But he was narrow-minded and obstinate, and when he had once
+determined on a measure nothing could alter him. His ability is
+undoubted, and his appointment, at this particular juncture, is a proof
+of Philip's sagacity.
+
+The Viceroy's intercourse with Polo de Ondegardo informed him respecting
+the administrative system of the Incas, so admirably adapted to the
+genius of the people, and he had the wisdom to see that there was much
+to learn from it. His policy was to collect the people, who, to a great
+extent, were scattered over the country and hiding from the Spaniards,
+in villages placed near the centres of their cultivated or pasture
+lands. He fixed the numbers in each village at 400 to 500, with a priest
+and Alcalde. He also ordered the boundaries of all the parishes to be
+settled. Spanish Corregidors were to take the places of the _Tucuyricoc_
+or governors of Inca times, and each village had an elected Alcalde
+approved by the Corregidor. Under him there were to be two overseers, a
+_Pichca pachaca_ over 500, and a _Pachaca_ as assistant. Another
+important measure was the settlement of the tribute. The name "tribute"
+was unfortunate. The system was that of the Incas, and the same which
+prevailed throughout the east. The government was the landlord, and the
+so-called "tribute" was rent. The Incas took two-thirds for the state
+and for religion, and set apart one-third for the cultivators. Toledo
+did much the same, assessing, according to the nature of the soil, the
+crops, and other local circumstances. For the formation of villages and
+the assessment of the tribute he promulgated a whole code of ordinances,
+many of them intended to prevent local oppression in various forms.
+
+The Viceroy next took up the questions of the position of _yana-cunas_
+or domestic servants, and of forced service. Both these institutions
+existed in Incarial times. All that was needed were moderate laws for
+the protection of servants and conscripts, and the enforcement of such
+laws. Toledo allowed a seventh of the adult male population in each
+village to be made liable for service in mines or factories, fixed the
+distance they could be taken from their homes, and made rules for their
+proper treatment. It is true that the _mita_, as it was called, was
+afterwards an instrument of cruel oppression, that rules were
+disregarded, and that it depopulated the country. But this was not the
+fault of Toledo.
+
+The Viceroy gave much attention to the mining industry, promoted the
+introduction of the use of mercury in the extraction of silver, and
+founded the town of Huancavelica near the quick-silver mine. His
+personality pervaded every department of the state, and his _tasas_ or
+ordinances fill a large volume. He was a prolific legislator and a great
+statesman.
+
+His worst mistake was the policy he adopted with regard to the family of
+the Incas. He desired to establish the position of the King of Spain
+without a rival. He, therefore, sought to malign the preceding dynasty,
+persecuted the descendants of the Incas, and committed one act of cruel
+injustice.
+
+When Atahualpa put his half-brother Huascar, the last reigning Inca, to
+death, there remained three surviving sons of their father the great
+Inca Huayna Ccapac, named Manco, Paullu, and Titu Atauchi, and several
+daughters. After his occupation of Cuzco, Pizarro acknowledged Manco
+Inca as the legitimate successor of his brother Huascar, and he was
+publicly crowned, receiving all the insignia on March 24th, 1534. He
+escaped from the Spaniards and besieged them in Cuzco at the head of a
+large army. Forced to raise the siege he established his head-quarters
+at Ollantay-tampu, where he repulsed an attack led by Hernando Pizarro.
+He was, however, defeated by Orgoniez, the lieutenant of Almagro, and
+took refuge in the mountainous province of Vilcapampa on the left bank
+of the Vilcamayu. From thence he made constant attacks on the Spaniards,
+maintaining his independence in this small remnant of his dominions.
+Some of the partisans of Almagro took refuge with him, and he was
+accidentally killed by one of them in 1544, after a not inglorious reign
+of ten years.
+
+He left two legitimate sons, named Sayri Tupac and Tupac Amaru, by his
+wife and niece the Princess Ataria Cusi Huarcay, daughter of his
+ill-fated brother Huascar. This marriage was legalized by a bull of Pope
+Paul III in the time of the Viceroy Marquis of Canete, 1555--1561. He
+had also an illegitimate son named Cusi Titu Yupanqui, and a daughter
+named Maria Tupac Usca, married to Don Pedro Ortiz de Orue, one of the
+first conquerors[9].
+
+[Note 9: Diego Ortiz de Orue was born in the village of Getafe, near
+Madrid. He went out to Peru in 1559, and at once began to study the
+Quichua language. He was _encomendero_ of Maras, a village overlooking
+the valley of Yucay. By the Inca princess he had a daughter named
+Catalina married to Don Luis Justiniani of Seville, descended from the
+Genoese family. Their son Luis was the grandfather of Dr Justo Pastor
+Justiniani who married Manuela Catano, descended from Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. Their son Don Pablo Justiniani was Cura of Laris until his
+death in 1858, and was a great depository of Inca lore. He had a very
+early copy of the Inca drama of Ollanta.]
+
+Sayri Tupac succeeded as fourteenth Inca of Peru. On the arrival of the
+Marquis of Canete as Viceroy in 1555, he caused overtures to be made to
+Sayri Tupac through his aunts, who were living at Cuzco with their
+Spanish husbands, Juan Sierra de Leguisano and Diego Hernandez. It was
+finally arranged that the Inca should receive 17000 _castellanos_ of
+rent and the valley of Yucay. On October 7th, 1557, Sayri Tupac left
+Vilcapampa with 300 followers, reaching Andahuaylas on November 5th. He
+entered Lima on January 6th, 1558, was cordially greeted by the Viceroy
+and received investiture, assuming the names of Manco Ccapac Pachacuti
+Yupanqui. He went to live in the lovely vale of Yucay. He had been
+baptized with the name of Diego, but he did not long survive, dying at
+Yucay in 1560. His daughter Clara Beatriz married Don Martin Garcia
+Loyola. Their daughter Lorenza was created Marchioness of Oropesa and
+Yucay, with remainder to descendants of her great uncle Tupac Amaru. She
+was the wife of Juan Henriquez de Borja, grandson of the Duke of Gandia.
+
+On the death of Sayri Tupac, his illegitimate brother, Cusi Titu
+Yupanqui assumed sovereignty, owing to the youth of the legitimate
+brother Tupac Amaru, both remaining in Vilcapampa.
+
+Paullu Tupac Yupanqui, the next brother of Manco Inca, was baptized with
+the name of Cristoval. He accompanied Almagro in his expedition to
+Chile, and was with young Almagro at the battle of Chupas. Eventually he
+was allowed to fix his residence on the Colcampata of Cuzco, at the foot
+of the fortress, and by the side of the church of San Cristoval. From
+the terrace of the Colcampata there is a glorious view with the snowy
+peak of Vilcanota in the far distance. Paullu died in May, 1549, and was
+succeeded on the Colcampata by his son Carlos Inca. He had two other
+sons named Felipe and Bartolome. From the latter was descended the late
+Archdeacon of Cuzco, Dr Justo Salmaraura Inca.
+
+Titu Atauchi, the youngest son of Huayna Ccapac, had a son Alonso.
+
+The princesses, daughters of Huayna Ccapac and sisters of Manco and
+Paullu, were Beatriz Nusta, married first to Martin de Mustincia, and
+secondly to Diego Hernandez of Talavera; Leonor Nusta, the wife of Juan
+de Balsa, who was killed at the battle of Chupas on the side of young
+Almagro, secondly of Francisco de Villacastin: Francisca Nusta, niece of
+Huayna Ccapac, married to Juan de Collantes, and was great-grandmother
+of Bishop Piedrahita, the historian of Nueva Granada: another Beatriz
+Nusta married Mancio Sierra de Leguisano, the generous defender of the
+natives; and Inez Nusta married first Francisco Pizarro and had a
+daughter Francisca, who has descendants, and secondly to Francisco
+Ampuero. Angelina, daughter of Atahualpa, was married to Juan de
+Betanzos, the author and Quichua scholar. The brother of Huayna Ccapac,
+named Hualpa Tupac Yupanqui, had a daughter, Isabel Nusta Yupanqui, the
+wife of Garcilasso de la Vega, and mother of the Inca Garcilasso de la
+Vega[10], the historian, author of the _Comentarios Reales_.
+
+[Note 10: The Inca Garcilasso was a third cousin of the regicide
+Viceroy Toledo. Their great grandfathers were brothers.]
+
+This then was the position of the Inca family when the Viceroy,
+Francisco de Toledo, came to Cuzco in 1571. Cusi Titu Yupanqui and Tupac
+Amaru, sons of the Inca Manco were in the mountains of Vilcapampa, the
+former maintaining his independence. Carlos Inca, son of Paullu, was
+baptized, and living on the Colcampata at Cuzco with his wife Maria de
+Esquivel. Seven Inca princesses had married Spaniards, most of them
+living at Cuzco with their husbands and children.
+
+The events, connected with the Inca family, which followed on the
+arrival of the Viceroy Toledo at Cuzco, will be found fully described in
+this volume. It need only be stated here that the inexorable tyrant,
+having got the innocent young prince Tupac Amaru into his power,
+resolved to put him to death. The native population was overwhelmed with
+grief. The Spaniards were horrified. They entreated that the lad might
+be sent to Spain to be judged by the King. The heads of religious orders
+and other ecclesiastics went down on their knees. Nothing could move the
+obstinate narrow-minded Viceroy. The deed was done.
+
+When too late Toledo seems to have had some misgivings. The judicial
+murder took place in December, 1571. The history of the Incas was
+finished in March, 1572. Yet there is no mention of the death of Tupac
+Amaru. For all that appears he might have been still in Vilcapampa.
+Nevertheless the tidings reached Philip II, and the Viceroy's conduct
+was not approved.
+
+There was astonishing audacity on the part of Toledo, in basing
+arguments on the alleged cruelty and tyranny of the Incas, when the man
+was actually red-handed with the blood of an innocent youth, and engaged
+in the tyrannical persecution of his relations and the hideous torture
+of his followers. His arguments made no impression on the mind of Philip
+II. The King even showed some favour to the children of Tupac Amaru by
+putting them in the succession to the Marquisate of Oropesa. In the Inca
+pedigrees Toledo is called "el execrable regicidio." When he presented
+himself on his return from Peru the King angrily exclaimed: "Go away to
+your house; for I sent you to serve kings; and you went to kill
+kings[11]."
+
+[Note 11: "Idos a vuestra casa, que yo os envie a servir reyes; y
+vos fuiste a matar reyes."]
+
+All his faithful services as a legislator and a statesman could not
+atone for this cruel judicial murder in the eyes of his sovereign. He
+went back to his house a disgraced and broken-hearted man, and died soon
+afterwards.
+
+The history of the Incas by Sarmiento is followed, in this volume, by a
+narrative of the execution of Tupac Amaru and of the events leading to
+it, by an eye-witness, the Captain Baltasar de Ocampo. It has been
+translated from a manuscript in the British Museum.
+
+The narrative of Ocampo, written many years after the event, is
+addressed to the Viceroy Marquis of Montes Claros. Its main object was
+to give an account of the province of Vilcapampa, and to obtain some
+favours for the Spanish settlers there.
+
+Vilcapampa is a region of very special historical and geographical
+interest, and it is one of which very little is known. It is a
+mountainous tract of country, containing the lofty range of Vilcacunca
+and several fertile valleys, between the rivers Apurimac and Vilcamayu,
+to the north of Cuzco. The mountains rise abruptly from the valley of
+the Vilcamayu below Ollantay-tampu, where the bridge of Chuqui-chaca
+opened upon paths leading up into a land of enchantment. No more lovely
+mountain scenery can be found on this earth. When Manco Inca escaped
+from the Spaniards he took refuge in Vilcapampa, and established his
+court and government there. The Sun temple, the convent of virgins, and
+the other institutions of the Incas at Cuzco, were transferred to this
+mountain fastness. Even handsome edifices were erected. Here the Incas
+continued to maintain their independence for 35 years.
+
+Ocampo opens his story with a very interesting account of the baptism of
+Melchior Carlos, son of Carlos Inca, who had become a Christian, and
+lived in the palace on the Colcampata at Cuzco. He then describes the
+events which culminated in the capture, of the Inca Tupac Amaru, and
+gives a pathetic and touching account of the judicial murder of that
+ill-fated young prince. Ocampo was an actor in these events and an
+eye-witness. The rest of his narrative consists of reminiscences of
+occurrences in Vilcapampa after it was occupied by the Spaniards. He
+owned property there, and was a settler holding official posts. He tells
+of the wealth and munificence of a neighbour. He gives the history of an
+expedition into the forests to the northward, which will form material
+for the history of these expeditions when it is written. He tells the
+story of an insurrection among the negro labourers, and complains of the
+spiritual destitution of his adopted land. He finally returns to Cuzco
+and gives an account of a very magnificent pageant and tilting match.
+But this story should have preceded the mournful narrative of the fate
+of Tupac Amaru; for the event took place at the time of the baptism of
+Melchior Carlos, and before the Viceroy Toledo became a regicide.
+Ocampo's story is that of an honest old soldier, inclined to be
+garrulous, but an eye-witness of some most interesting events in the
+history of Peru.
+
+I think it is an appropriate sequel to the history by Sarmiento, because
+it supplies material for judging whether the usurpation and tyranny were
+on the side of the Incas or of their accuser.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of_ PAGE II OF THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572.
+_From the original, Goettingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+
+THE
+
+SECOND PART
+
+OF THE
+
+GENERAL HISTORY
+
+CALLED
+
+"INDICA"
+
+WHICH WAS COMPOSED
+
+BY
+
+THE CAPTAIN PEDRO SARMIENTO DE GAMBOA
+
+BY ORDER OF
+
+THE MOST EXCELLENT LORD DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO VICEROY GOVERNOR AND
+CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF THE KINGDOMS OF PERU AND MAYOR-DOMO OF THE ROYAL
+HOUSEHOLD OF CASTILLE
+
+1572
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of_ PAGE I OF THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572.
+_From the original, Goettingen University Library_.
+_Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth_.]
+
+
+
+
+TO HIS SACRED CAESARIAN MAJESTY THE KING, DON FELIPE, OUR LORD.
+
+
+Among the excellencies, O sovereign and catholic Philip, that are the
+glorious decorations of princes, placing them on the highest pinnacle of
+estimation, are, according to the father of Latin eloquence, generosity,
+kindness, and liberality. And as the Roman Consuls held this to be the
+principal praise of their glory, they had this title curiously
+sculptured in marble on the Quirinal and in the forum of Trajan---"Most
+powerful gift in a Prince is liberality[12]." For this kings who desired
+much to be held dear by their own people and to be feared by strangers,
+were incited to acquire the name of liberal. Hence that royal sentence
+became immortal "It is right for kings to give." As this was a quality
+much valued among the Greeks, the wise Ulysses, conversing with
+Antinous[13], King of the Phaeacians, said---"You are something like a
+king, for you know how to give, better than others." Hence it is certain
+that liberality is a good and necessary quality of kings.
+
+[Note 12: "Primum signum nobilitatis est liberalitas."]
+
+[Note 13: Alcinous.]
+
+I do not pretend on this ground, most liberal monarch, to insinuate to
+your Majesty the most open frankness, for it would be very culpable on
+my part to venture to suggest a thing which, to your Majesty, is so
+natural that you would be unable to live without it. Nor will it happen
+to so high minded and liberal a lord and king, what befell the Emperor
+Titus who, remembering once, during supper time, that he had allowed one
+day to pass without doing some good, gave utterance to this laudable
+animadversion of himself. "O friends! I have lost a day[14]." For not
+only does your Majesty not miss a day, but not even an hour, without
+obliging all kinds of people with benefits and most gracious liberality.
+The whole people, with one voice, says to your Majesty what Virgil sang
+to Octavianus Augustus:
+
+    "Nocte pluit tota, redeunt spectacula mane,
+     Divisum imperium cum Jove Caesar habet."
+
+[Note 14: "Amici! diem perdidi." Suetonius.]
+
+But what I desire to say is that for a king who complies so well with
+the obligation of liberality, and who gives so much, it is necessary
+that he should possess much; for nothing is so suitable for a prince as
+possessions and riches for his gifts and liberalities, as Tully says, as
+well as to acquire glory. For it is certain, as we read in Sallust that
+"in a vast empire there is great glory[15]"; and in how much it is
+greater, in so much it treats of great things. Hence the glory of a king
+consists in his possessing many vassals, and the abatement of his glory
+is caused by the diminution of the number of his subjects.
+
+[Note 15: Proem of Catiline.]
+
+Of this glory, most Christian king, God Almighty gives you so large a
+share in this life that all the enemies of the holy catholic church of
+Christ our Lord tremble at your exalted name; whence you most justly
+deserve to be named the strength of the church. As the treasure which
+God granted that your ancestors should spend, with such holy
+magnanimity, on worthy and holy deeds, in the extirpation of heretics,
+in driving the accursed Saracens out of Spain, in building churches,
+hospitals and monasteries, and in an infinite number of other works of
+charity and justice, with the zeal of zealous fathers of their country,
+not only entitled them to the most holy title of catholics, but the most
+merciful and almighty God, whom they served with all their hearts, saw
+fit to commence repayment with temporal goods, in the present age. It is
+certain that "He who grants celestial rewards does not take away
+temporal blessings[16]," so that they earned more than the mercies they
+received. This was the grant to them of the evangelical office, choosing
+them from among all the kings of this world as the evangelizers of his
+divine word in the most remote and unknown lands of those blind and
+barbarous gentiles. We now call those lands the Indies of Castille,
+because through the ministry of that kingdom they will be put in the way
+of salvation, God himself being the true pilot. He made clear and easy
+the dark and fearful Atlantic sea which had been an awful portent to the
+most ancient Argives, Athenians, Egyptians, and Phoenicians, and what is
+more to the proud Hercules, who, having come to Cadiz from the east, and
+seen the wide Atlantic sea, he thought this was the end of the world and
+that there was no more land. So he set up his columns with this
+inscription "Ultra Gades nil" or "Beyond Cadiz there is nothing." But as
+human knowledge is ignorance in the sight of God, and the force of the
+world but weakness in his presence, it was very easy, with the power of
+the Almighty and of your grandparents, to break and scatter the mists
+and difficulties of the enchanted ocean. Laughing with good reason at
+Alcides and his inscription, they discovered the Indies which were very
+populous in souls to whom the road to heaven could be shown. The Indies
+are also most abundant in all kinds of inestimable treasures, with which
+the heavy expenses were repaid to them, and yet remained the richest
+princes in the world, and thus continued to exercise their holy and
+Christian liberality until death. By reason of this most famous
+navigation, and new and marvellous discovery, they amended the
+inscription on the columns of Hercules, substituting "Plus ultra" for
+"Ultra Gades nil"; the meaning was, and with much truth, that further on
+there are many lands. So this inscription, "Plus ultra," remained on the
+blazon of the arms and insignia of the Indies of Castille.
+
+[Note 16: From the poem of Coelius Sedulius, a Christian poet who
+flourished about A.D. 450. The passage is--"Hostis Herodes impie
+Christum venire quod timeo? Non eripit mortalia qui regna dat
+coelestia." (Note by Dr Peitschmann.)]
+
+As there are few who are not afflicted by the accursed hunger for gold,
+and as good successes are food for an enemy, the devil moved the bosoms
+of some powerful princes with the desire to take part in this great
+business. Alexander VI, the Vicar of Jesus Christ, considering that this
+might give rise to impediments in preaching the holy evangel to the
+barbarous idolaters, besides other evils which might be caused, desired
+of his own proper motion, without any petition from the catholic kings,
+by authority of Almighty God, to give, and he gave and conceded for
+ever, the islands and main lands which were then discovered and which
+might hereafter be discovered within the limits and demarcation of 180 deg.
+of longitude, which is half the world, with all the dominions, rights,
+jurisdictions and belongings, prohibiting the navigation and trading in
+those lands from whatever cause, to the other princes, kings, and
+emperors from the year 1493, to prevent many inconveniences.
+
+But as the devil saw that this door was shut, which he had begun to open
+to introduce by it dissensions and disturbances, he tried to make war by
+means of the very soldiers who resisted him, who were the same
+preachers. They began to make a difficulty about the right and title
+which the kings of Castille had over these lands. As your invincible
+father was very jealous in matters touching his conscience, he ordered
+this point to be examined, as closely as possible, by very learned
+doctors who, according to the report which was given out, were indirect
+and doubtful in their conclusions. They gave it as their opinion that
+these Incas, who ruled in these kingdoms of Peru, were and are the true
+and natural lords of that land. This gave a handle to foreigners, as
+well catholics as heretics and other infidels, for throwing doubt on the
+right which the kings of Spain claim and have claimed to the Indies.
+Owing to this the Emperor Don Carlos of glorious memory was on the point
+of abandoning them, which was what the enemy of the faith of Christ
+wanted, that he might regain the possession of the souls which he had
+kept in blindness for so many ages.
+
+All this arose owing to want of curiosity on the part of the governors
+in those lands, at that time, who did not use the diligence necessary
+for ascertaining the truth, and also owing to certain reports of the
+Bishop of Chiapa who was moved to passion against certain conquerors in
+his bishoprick with whom he had persistent disputes, as I knew when I
+passed through Chiapa and Guatemala[17]. Though his zeal appears holy
+and estimable, he said things on the right to this country gained by the
+conquerors of it, which differ from the evidence and judicial proofs
+which have been seen and taken down by us, and from what we who have
+travelled over the Indies enquiring about these things, leisurely and
+without war, know to be the facts[18].
+
+[Note 17: See the introduction to my _Voyages of Sarmiento_ p. x.]
+
+[Note 18: Sarmiento here refers to the efforts of Las Casas to
+protect the natives from the tyranny and cruelties of the Spanish
+settlers. He appears to have been in Guatemala when Las Casas arrived to
+take up his appointment as Bishop of Chiapas, and encountered hostility
+and obstruction from certain "conquistadores de su obispado," as
+Sarmiento calls them. On his return to Spain, the good Las Casas found
+that a certain Dr Sepulveda had written a treatise maintaining the right
+of Spain to subdue the natives by war. Las Casas put forward his
+_Historia Apologetica_ in reply. A Junta of theologians was convoked at
+Valladolid in 1550, before which Sepulveda attacked and Las Casas
+defended the cause of the natives. Mr. Helps (_Spanish conquest in
+America_, vol. iv. Book xx. ch. 2) has given a lucid account of the
+controversy. Sarmiento is quite wrong in saying that Las Casas was
+ignorant of the history of Peru. The portion of his _Historia
+Apologetica_ relating to Peru, entitled _De las antiguas gentes del
+Peru_, has been edited and published by Don Marcos Jimenez de la Espada
+in the "Coleccion de libros Espanoles raros o curiosos" (1892). It shows
+that Las Casas knew the works of Xeres, Astete, Cieza de Leon, Molina,
+and probably others; and that he had a remarkably accurate knowledge of
+Peruvian history.]
+
+This chaos and confusion of ignorance on the subject being so spread
+over the world and rooted in the opinions of the best informed literary
+men in Christendom, God put it into the heart of your Majesty to send
+Don Francisco de Toledo, Mayor-domo of your royal household, as Viceroy
+of these kingdoms[19]. When he arrived, he found many things to do, and
+many things to amend. Without resting after the dangers and long voyages
+in two seas which he had suffered, he put the needful order into all the
+things undertook new and greater labours, such as no former viceroys or
+governors had undertaken or even thought of. His determination was to
+travel over this most rugged country himself, to make a general
+visitation of it, during which, though it is not finished, it is certain
+that he has remedied many and very great faults and abuses in the
+teaching and ministry of the Christian doctrine, giving holy and wise
+advice to its ministers that they should perform their offices as
+becomes the service of God, and the discharge of your royal conscience,
+reducing the people to congregations of villages formed on suitable and
+healthy sites which had formerly been on crags and rocks where they were
+neither taught nor received spiritual instruction. In such places they
+lived and died like wild savages, worshipping idols as in the time of
+their Inca tyrants and of their blind heathenism. Orders were given to
+stop their public drinking bouts, their concubinage and worship of their
+idols and devils, emancipating and freeing them from the tyrannies, of
+their _curacas_, and finally giving them a rational life, which was
+before that of brutes in their manner of loading them as such.
+
+[Note 19: Don Francisco de Toledo was Viceroy of Peru, from Nov.
+16th, 1569, to Sept. 28th, 1581, and in some respects a remarkable man.
+He was a younger son of the third Count of Oropesa who had a common
+ancestor with the Dukes of Alva. His mother was Maria de Figueroa
+daughter of the Count of Feria. Through her he was directly descended
+from the first Duke of Alva. He was a first cousin of that Duke of Feria
+who made a love match with Jane Dormer, the friend and playmate of our
+Edward VI. Moreover Don Francisco was a third cousin of Charles V. Their
+great grandmothers were sisters, daughters of Fadrique Henriquez, the
+Admiral of Castille.
+
+This Viceroy was advanced in years. He held the appointment of a
+Mayor-domo at the court of Philip II, and another brother Juan was
+Ambassador at Rome. The Viceroy Toledo came to Peru with the
+Inquisition, which proved as great a nuisance to him as it was a
+paralyzing source of terror to his people. He was a man of extraordinary
+energy and resolution, and was devoted heart and soul to the public
+service. Sarmiento does not speak too highly of his devotion to duty in
+undertaking a personal visit to every part of his government. He was a
+most prolific legislator, founding his rules, to some extent, on the
+laws of the Incas. He was shrewd but narrow minded and heartless; and
+his judicial murder of the young Inca, Tupac Amaru, has cast an
+indelible stain on his memory.
+
+Such a man could have no chance in an attack on the sound arguments of
+Las Casas.
+
+There is a picture which depicts the outward appearance of the Viceroy
+Toledo. A tall man with round stooping shoulders, in a suit of black
+velvet with the green cross of Alcantara embroidered on his cloak. A
+gloomy sallow face, with aquiline nose, high forehead and piercing black
+eyes too close together. The face is shaded by a high beaver hat, while
+one hand holds a sword, and the other rests on a table.]
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_
+COAT OF ARMS OF DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO, VICEROY OF PERU, 1569--1581.
+_From the Sarmiento MS. 1572, Goettingen University Library.
+Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+The work done by your Viceroy is such that the Indians are regenerated,
+and they call him loudly their protector and guardian, and your Majesty
+who sent him, they call their father. So widely has the news spread of
+the benefits he has conferred and is still conferring, that the wild
+warlike Indians in many contiguous provinces, holding themselves to be
+secure under his word and safe conduct, have come to see and communicate
+with him, and have promised obedience spontaneously to your Majesty.
+This has happened in the Andes of Xauxa, near Pilcocanti, and among the
+Manaries and Chunchos to the east of Cuzco. These were sent back to
+their homes, grateful and attached to your royal service, with the
+presents he gave them and the memory of their reception.
+
+[Illustration: DON FRANCISCO DE TOLEDO, Viceroy of Peru, A.D. 1569-1581.
+After the portrait at Lima, from a sketch by Sir Clements Markham, 1853.]
+
+Among Christians, it is not right to take anything without a good title,
+yet that which your Majesty has to these parts, though more holy and
+more honourable than that which any other kings in the world have for
+any of their possessions, has suffered detriment, as I said before, in
+the consciences of many learned men and others, for want of correct
+information. The Viceroy proposes to do your Majesty a most signal
+service in this matter, besides the performance of all the other duties
+of which he has charge. This is to give a secure and quiet harbour to
+your royal conscience against the tempests raised even by your own
+natural subjects, theologians and other literary men, who have expressed
+serious opinions on the subject, based on incorrect information.
+Accordingly, in his general visitation, which he is making personally
+throughout the kingdom, he has verified from the root and established by
+a host of witnesses examined with the greatest diligence and care, taken
+from among the principal old men of the greatest ability and authority
+in the kingdom, and even those who pretend to have an interest in it
+from being relations and descendants of the Incas, the terrible,
+inveterate and horrible tyranny of the Incas, being the tyrants who
+ruled in these kingdoms of Peru, and the _curacas_ who governed the
+districts. This will undeceive all those in the world who think that the
+Incas were legitimate sovereigns, and that the _curacas_ were natural
+lords of the land. In order that your Majesty may, with the least
+trouble and the most pleasure, be informed, and the rest, who are of a
+contrary opinion, be undeceived, I was ordered by the Viceroy Don
+Francisco de Toledo, whom I follow and serve in this general visitation,
+to take this business in hand, and write a history of the deeds of the
+twelve Incas of this land, and of the origin of the people, continuing
+the narrative to the end. This I have done with all the research and
+diligence that was required, as your Majesty will see in the course of
+the perusal and by the ratification of witnesses. It will certify to the
+truth of the worst and most inhuman tyranny of these Incas and of their
+_curacas_ who are not and never were original lords of the soil, but
+were placed there by Tupac Inca Yupanqui, [_the greatest, the most
+atrocious and harmful tyrant of them all_]. The _curacas_ were and still
+are great tyrants appointed by other great and violent tyrants, as will
+clearly and certainly appear in the history; so that the tyranny is
+proved, as well as that the Incas were strangers in Cuzco, and that they
+had seized the valley of Cuzco, and all the rest of their territory from
+Quito to Chile by force of arms, making themselves Incas without the
+consent or election of the natives.
+
+Besides this, there are their tyrannical laws and customs. [_It will be
+understood that your Majesty has a specially true and holy title to
+these kingdoms of Peru, because your Majesty and your most sacred
+ancestors stopped the sacrifices of innocent men, the eating of human
+flesh, the accursed sin, the promiscuous concubinage with sisters and
+mothers, the abominable use of beasts, and their wicked and accursed
+customs[20].]_ For from each one God demands an account of his
+neighbour, and this duty specially appertains to princes, and above all
+to your Majesty. Only for this may war be made and prosecuted by the
+right to put a stop to the deeds of tyrants. Even if they had been true
+and natural lords of the soil, it would be lawful to remove them and
+introduce a new government, because man may rightly be punished for
+these sins against nature, though the native community has not been
+opposed to such practices nor desires to be avenged, as innocent, by the
+Spaniards. For in this case they have no right to deliver themselves and
+their children over to death, and they should be forced to observe
+natural laws, as we are taught by the Archbishop of Florence, Innocent,
+supported by Fray, Francisco de Victoria in his work on the title to the
+Indies. So that by this title alone, without counting many others, your
+Majesty has the most sufficient and legitimate right to the Indies,
+better than any other prince in the world has to any lordship whatever.
+For, whether more or less concealed or made known, in all the lands that
+have been discovered in the two seas of your Majesty, north and south,
+this general breaking of the law of nature has been found.
+
+[Note 20: For a contradiction of these slanders by an impartial
+witness see Cieza de Leon, ii. p. 78.]
+
+By this same title your Majesty may also, without scruple, order the
+conquest of those islands of the archipelago of "Nombre de Jesus,"
+vulgarly but incorrectly called the Solomon Isles, of which I gave
+notice and personally discovered in the year 1567; although it was for
+the General Alvaro de Mendana; and many others which are in the same
+South Sea[21]. I offer myself to your Majesty to discover and settle
+these islands, which will make known and facilitate all the commercial
+navigation, with the favour of God, by shorter routes. I offer much,
+well do I see it, but I trust in almighty God with whose favour, I
+believe I can do what I say in your royal service. The talent which God
+has given me leads me to aspire to the accomplishment of these
+achievements, and does not demand of me a strict account, and I believe
+that I shall comply with what will be required, for never did I so wish
+to achieve anything. Your Majesty sees and does not lose what other
+kings desire and hold by good fortune. This makes me speak so freely of
+my desire to die in your service in which I have laboured since my
+childhood, and under what circumstances others may say.
+
+[Note 21: See my introduction to the _Voyages of Sarmiento_, pp.
+xiii--xvii.]
+
+Believing that, in writing this present history, I have not done a less
+but a greater service than all the rest, I obeyed your Viceroy who made
+me undertake it. Your Majesty will read it many times because, besides
+that the reading of it is pleasant, your Majesty will take a great
+interest in the matters of conscience and of administration of which it
+treats. I call this the Second Part, because it is to be preceded by the
+geographical description of all these lands, which will form the First
+Part. This will result in great clearness for the comprehension of the
+establishment of governments, bishopricks, new settlements, and of
+discoveries, and will obviate the inconveniences formerly caused by the
+want of such knowledge. Although the First Part ought to precede this
+one in time, it is not sent to your Majesty because it is not finished,
+a great part of it being derived from information collected during the
+general visitation. Suffice that it will be best in quality, though not
+in time. After this Second Part will be sent a Third Part on the times
+of the evangel. All this I have to finish by order of the Viceroy Don
+Francisco de Toledo. May your Majesty receive my work with the greatest
+and most favourable attention, as treating of things that will be of
+service to God and to your Majesty and of great profit to my nation; and
+may our Lord preserve the sacred catholic and royal person of your
+Majesty, for the repair and increase of the catholic Church of Jesus
+Christ.
+
+From Cuzco. _The 4th of March_, 1572.
+
+    Your catholic royal Majesty
+from the least vassal of your Majesty
+            The Captain
+    Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile_ (_reduced_) _of the last page of_ SARMIENTO'S
+INTRODUCTORY LETTER TO KING PHILIP II, 1572. _From the original MS.,
+Goettingen University Library. Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt
+Society by Donald Macbeth._]
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+DIVISION OF THE HISTORY.
+
+
+This general history of which I took charge by order of Don Francisco de
+Toledo, Viceroy of these kingdoms of Peru, will be divided into three
+Parts. The First will be the natural history of these lands, being a
+particular description of them. It will contain accounts of the
+marvellous works of nature, and other things of great profit and
+interest. I am now finishing it, that it may be sent to your Majesty
+after this, though it ought to have come before it. The Second and Third
+Parts treat of the people of these kingdoms and of their deeds in the
+following order. In the Second Part, which is the present one, the most
+ancient and first peoplers of this land will be discussed in general,
+and then, descending to particulars, I shall describe [_the terrible and
+inveterate tyranny of_] the Ccapac Incas of these kingdoms, down to the
+end and death of Huascar, the last of the Incas. The Third and Last Part
+will treat of the times of the Spaniards, and of their notable deeds in
+the discovery and settlement of this kingdom and others adjoining it,
+with the captains, governors, and viceroys who have ruled here, down to
+the present year 1572.
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+THE ANCIENT DIVISION OF THE LAND.
+
+
+When historians wish to write, in an orderly way, of the world or some
+part of it, they generally first describe the situation containing it,
+which is the land, before they deal with what it contains, which is the
+population, to avoid the former in the historical part. If this is so in
+ancient and well known works, it is still more desirable that in
+treating of new and strange lands, like these, of such vast extent, a
+task which I have undertaken, the same order should be preserved. This
+will not only supply interesting information but also, which is more to
+be desired, it will be useful for navigation and new discoveries, by
+which God our Lord may be served, the territories of the crown of Spain
+extended, and Spaniards enriched and respected. As I have not yet
+finished the particular description of this land, which will contain
+everything relating to geography and the works of nature minutely dealt
+with, in this volume I shall only offer a general summary, following the
+most ancient authors, to recall the remains of those lands which are now
+held to be new and previously unknown, and of their inhabitants.
+
+The land, which we read of as having existed in the first and second age
+of the world, was divided into five parts. The three continents, of
+which geographers usually write, Asia, Africa, and Europe, are divided
+by the river Tanais, the river Nile, and the Mediterranean Sea, which
+Pomponius calls "our" sea. Asia is divided from Europe by the river
+Tanais[22], now called Silin, and from Africa by the Nile, though
+Ptolemy divides it by the Red Sea and isthmus of the desert of Arabia
+Deserta. Africa is divided from Europe by "our" sea, commencing at the
+strait of Gibraltar and ending with the Lake of Meotis. The other two
+parts are thus divided. One was called, and still ought to be called,
+Catigara[23] in the Indian Sea, a very extensive land now distinct from
+Asia. Ptolemy describes it as being, in his time and in the time of
+Alexander the Great, joined on to Asia in the direction of Malacca. I
+shall treat of this in its place, for it contains many and very precious
+secrets, and an infinity of souls, to whom the King our Lord may
+announce the holy catholic faith that they may be saved, for this is the
+object of his Majesty in these new lands of barbarous idolatry. The
+fifth part is or was called the Atlantic Island, as famous as extensive,
+and which exceeded all the others, each one by itself, and even some
+joined together. The inhabitants of it and their description will be
+treated of, because this is the land, or at least part of it, of these
+western Indies of Castille.
+
+[Note 22: The Don.]
+
+[Note 23: Marinus of Tyre, quoted by Ptolemy, gave an enormous
+extension to eastern Asia, and placed the region he called Catigara far
+to the S.E. of it. Catigara was described by Marinus of Tyre as an
+emporium and important place of trade. It is not mentioned in the
+Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.]
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE ANCIENT ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+The cosmographers do not write of this ancient Atlantic Island because
+there was no memory, when they wrote, of its very rich commercial
+prosperity in the second, and perhaps in the first age. But from what
+the divine Plato tells us and from the vestiges we see which agree with
+what we read, we can not only say where it was and where parts of it
+were, as seen in our time, but we can describe it almost exactly, its
+grandeur and position. This is the truth, and the same Plato affirms it
+as true, in the Timaeus, where he gives its truthful and marvellous
+history.
+
+We will speak first of its situation, and then of its inhabitants. It is
+desirable that the reader should give his attention because, although it
+is very ancient history, it is so new to the ordinary teaching of
+cosmography that it may cause such surprise as to raise doubts of the
+story, whence may arise a want of appreciation.
+
+From the words which Plato refers to Solon, the wisest of the seven of
+Greece, and which Solon had heard with attention from the most learned
+Egyptian priest in the city called Delta, we learn that this Atlantic
+Island was larger than Asia and Africa together, and that the eastern
+end of this immense island was near the strait which we now call of
+Gibraltar. In front of the mouth of the said strait, the island had a
+port with a narrow entrance; and Plato says that the island was truly
+continental. From it there was a passage by the sea, which surrounded
+it, to many other neighbouring islands, and to the main land of Europe
+and Africa. In this island there were kings of great and admirable power
+who ruled over that and many adjacent islands as well as the greater
+part of Europe and Africa, up to the confines of Egypt, of which I shall
+treat presently. The extent of the island was from the south, where were
+the highest mountains, to the north. The mountains exceeded in extent
+any that now exist, as well in their forests, as in height, and in
+beauty. These are the words of Plato in describing the situation of this
+most richly endowed and delightful Atlantic Island. It now remains for
+me to do my duty, which is to explain what has been said more clearly
+and from it to deduce the situation of the island.
+
+From what Plato says that this island had a port near the mouth of the
+strait of the pillars of Hercules, that it was larger than Asia and
+Africa together, and that it extended to the south, I gather three
+things clearly towards the understanding of all that invites attention.
+The first is that the Atlantic Island began less than two leagues from
+the mouth of the strait, if more it was only a little more. The coast of
+the island then turned north close to that of Spain, and was joined to
+the island of Cadiz or Gadiz, or Caliz, as it is now called. I affirm
+this for two reasons, one by authority and the other by conjectural
+demonstration. The authority is that Plato in his Critias, telling how
+Neptune distributed the sovereignty of the island among his ten sons,
+said that the second son was called in the mother tongue "Gadirum,"
+which in Greek we call "Eumelo." To this son he gave the extreme parts
+of the island near the columns of Hercules, and from his name the place
+was called Gadiricum which is Caliz. By demonstration we see, and I have
+seen with my own eyes, more than a league out at sea and in the
+neighbourhood of the island of Caliz, under the water, the remains of
+very large edifices of a cement which is almost imperishable[24], an
+evident sign that this island was once much larger, which corroborates
+the narrative of Critias in Plato. The second point is that the Atlantic
+Island was larger than Asia and Africa. From this I deduce its size,
+which is incredible or at least immense. It would give the island 2300
+leagues of longitude, that is from east to west. For Asia has 1500
+leagues in a straight line from Malacca which is on its eastern front,
+to the boundary of Egypt; and Africa has 800 leagues from Egypt to the
+end of the Atlantic mountains or "Montes Claros" facing the Canary
+Islands; which together make 2300 leagues of longitude. If the island
+was larger it would be more in circuit. Round the coast it would have
+7100 leagues, for Asia is 5300 and Africa 2700 leagues in circuit, a
+little more or less, which together makes 7100 leagues, and it is even
+said that it was more.
+
+[Note 24: Dr Peitschmann quotes from Juan Bautista Suarez de
+Salazar, _Grandezas y antigueedades de la isla y ciudad de Cadiz_ (Cadiz,
+1610)---"That which all those who traverse the sea affirm was that to
+the south, the water being clear, there is seen beneath it at a distance
+of a league, ruins of edifices which are good evidence that the ocean
+has gained upon the land in this part." He refers also to a more recent
+history of Cadiz and its province by Adolfo de Castro (1858), and to the
+five first books of the _General Chronicle of Spain_ of Florian de
+Ocampo, 1552 (lib. ii. cap. II).]
+
+Having considered the measurement of its great size we come to the third
+point, which is the true position over which this great island extended.
+Plato says that the position of the island extended to the south;
+opposite to the north. From this we should understand that, the front
+conterminous with Spain from the strait of Gibraltar to Cadiz thence
+extended westward, making a curve along the coast of Barbary or Africa,
+but very close to it, between west and south, which is what sailors call
+south-west. For if it was opposite to north, which is between east and
+north, called north-east, it must necessarily have its direction in the
+said south-west, west-south-west, or south-south-west. It would include
+and incorporate the Canary Islands which, according to this calculation,
+would be part of it, and from thence the land trended south-west. As
+regards the south, it would extend rather more to the south and
+south-south-west, finally following the route by which we go when we
+sail from Spain to the Indies, forming a continent or main land with
+these western Indies of Castille, joining on to them by the parts
+stretching south-west, and west-south-west, a little more or less from
+the Canaries. Thus there was sea on one side and on the other of this
+land, that is on the north and south, and the Indies united with it, and
+they were all one. The proof of this is that if the Atlantic Island had
+2300 leagues of longitude, and the distance of Cadiz to the mouth of the
+river Maranon or Orellana and Trinidad, on the coast of Brazil, is, not
+more than 1000, 900, or 1100 leagues, being the part where this land
+joined to America, it clearly appears that, to complete the complement
+of 2300 leagues, we have to include in the computation all the rest of
+the land from the mouth of the Maranon and Brazil to the South Sea,
+which is what they now call America. Following this course it would come
+to Coquimbo. Counting what is still wanting, this would be much less
+than 2300 leagues. Measuring the circumference, the island was more than
+7100 leagues round, because that is about the circumference of Asia and
+Africa by their coasts. If this land is joined to the other, which in
+fact it was in conformity with the description, it would have a much
+greater circuit, for even now these parts of the western Indies,
+measured by compass, and latitude, have more than 7100 leagues.
+
+From all this it may be inferred that the Indies of Castille formed a
+continent with the Atlantic Island, and consequently that the same
+Atlantic Island, which extended from Cadiz over the sea we traverse to
+the Indies, and which all cosmographers call the Atlantic Ocean because
+the Atlantic Island was in it, over which we now navigate, was land in
+ancient times. Finally we shall relate the sequel, first giving an
+account of the sphere at that time and of the inhabitants.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+FIRST INHABITANTS OF THE WORLD AND PRINCIPALLY OF THE ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+Having described the four parts of the world, for of Catigara, which is
+the fifth, we shall not speak except in its place which the ancients
+assigned to it, it will be right to come to the races which peopled
+them. All of which I have to treat has to be personal and heathen
+history. The chief value and perfection of history consists in its
+accuracy, thoroughly sifting each event, verifying the times and periods
+of what happened so that no doubt may remain of what passed. It is in
+this way that I desire to write the truth in so far as my ability
+enables me to do so respecting a thing so ancient as the first peopling
+of these new lands. I wish, for the better illustration of the present
+history, to precede it with the foundations that cannot be denied,
+counting the time in conformity with the chronology of the Hebrews in
+the days before our Saviour Jesus Christ, and the times after his most
+holy nativity according to the counting used by our mother the holy
+church, not making account of the calculations of Chaldean or Egyptian
+interpreters.
+
+Thus, passing over the first age from Adam to the Deluge, which covers
+1656 years, we will begin from the second age, which is that of the
+patriarch Noah, second universal father of mortals. The divine
+scriptures show us that eight persons were saved from the flood, in the
+ark. Noah and his wife Terra or Vesta, named from the first fire lighted
+by crystal for the first sacrifice as Berosus would have; and his three
+sons to wit, Cam and his wife Cataflua, Sem and his wife Prusia or
+Persia, Japhet and his wife Fun a, as we read in the register of the
+chronicles. The names of some of these people remain, and to this day we
+can see clearly whence they were derived, as the Hebrews from Heber, the
+Assyrians from Amur, but most of them have been so changed that human
+intelligence is insufficient to investigate by this way. Besides the
+three sons, Noah had others after the flood.
+
+The descendants of these men having multiplied and become very numerous,
+Noah divided the world among his first sons that they might people it,
+and then embarked on the Euxine Sea as we gather from Xenophon. The
+giant Noah then navigated along the Mediterranean Sea, as Filon says and
+Annius repeats, dividing the whole land among his sons. He gave it in
+charge to Sem to people Asia from the Nile to the eastern Indies, with
+some of the sons he got after the flood. To Cam he gave Africa from the
+Rinocoruras to the straits of Gibraltar with some more of the sons.
+Europe was chosen for Japhet to people with the rest of the sons
+begotten after the flood, who were all the sons of Tuscan, whence
+descend the Tadescos, Alemanes, and the nations adjacent to them.
+
+In this voyage Noah founded some towns and colonies on the shores of the
+Mediterranean Sea, and remained in them for ten years, until 112 years
+after the universal deluge. He ordered his daughter Araxa to remain in
+Armenia where the ark rested, with her husband and children, to people
+that country. Then he, with the rest of his companions, went to
+Mesopotamia and settled. There Nembrot was raised up for king, of the
+descendants of Cam. This Nembrot, says Berosus, built Babylon 130 years
+after the flood. The sons of Sem elected for their king, Jektan, son of
+Heber. Those of Japhet chose Fenec for their king, called Assenes by
+Moses. There were 300,000 men under him only 310 years after the deluge.
+Each king, with his companions, set out to people the part of the world
+chosen for them by the patriarch Noah. It is to be noted that, although
+Noah divided the parts of the world among his three sons and their
+descendants, many of them did not keep to the boundaries. For some of
+one lineage settled on the lands of another brother. Nembrot, being of
+the line of Cam, remained in the parts of Sem, and many others were
+mixed together in the same way.
+
+Thus the three parts of the world were peopled by these and their
+descendants, of whom I do not propose to treat in detail, for our plan
+is to proceed in our narrative until we come to the inhabitants of the
+Atlantic Island, the subject of this history. This was so near Spain
+that, according to the common fame, Caliz used to be so close to the
+main land in the direction of the port of Santa Maria, that a plank
+would serve as a bridge to pass from the island to Spain. So that no one
+can doubt that the inhabitants of Spain, Jubal and his descendants,
+peopled that land, as well as the inhabitants of Africa which was also
+near. Hence it was called the Atlantic Island from having been peopled
+by Atlas, the giant and very wise astrologer who first settled
+Mauritania now called Barbary, as Godefridus and all the chronicles
+teach us. This Atlas was the son of Japhet by the nymph Asia, and
+grandson of Noah. For this there is no authority except the above,
+corroborated by the divine Plato as I began by explaining, and it will
+be necessary to seek his help to give the reader such evidence as merits
+belief respecting the inhabitants of this Atlantic Island.
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+INHABITANTS OF THE ATLANTIC ISLAND.
+
+
+We have indicated the situation of the Atlantic Island and those who, in
+conformity with the general peopling of the world, were probably its
+first inhabitants, namely the early Spaniards and the first Mauritanian
+vassals of the King Atlas. This wonderful history was almost forgotten
+in ancient times, Plato alone having preserved it, as has already been
+related in its place, and which should again be consulted for what
+remains. Plato, in Critias, says that to Neptune's share came the
+Atlantic Island, and that he had ten sons. He divided the whole island
+amongst them, which before and in his time was called the empire of the
+floating islands, as Volaterranius tells us. It was divided by Neptune
+into ten regions or kingdoms. The chief one, called Venus, he gave to
+his eldest son named Atlantis, and appointed him sovereign of the whole
+island; which consequently took the name of Atlantica, and the sea
+Atlantic, a name which it retains to this day. The second son, named
+Gadirun, received the part which lies nearest to Spain and which is now
+Caliz. To the third son Neptune gave a share. His name was Amferes, the
+fourth's Eutoctenes, the seventh's Alusipo, the eighth's Mestores, the
+ninth's Azaen, the tenth's Diaprepem. These and their descendants
+reigned for many ages, holding the lordships, by the sea, of many other
+islands, which could not have been other than Hayti, which we call Santo
+Domingo, Cuba and others, also peopled by emigrants from the Atlantic
+Island. They also held sway over Africa as far as Egypt, and over Europe
+to Tirrenia and Italy.
+
+The lineage of Atlas extended in a grand succession of generations, and
+his kingdom was ruled in succession by the firstborns. They possessed
+such a copious supply of riches that none of the natives had seen it
+all, and that no new comers could realise it. This land abounded in all
+that is necessary for sustaining human life, pasture, timber, drugs,
+metals, wild beasts and birds, domestic animals including a great number
+of elephants, most fragrant perfumes, liquors, flowers, fruits, wine,
+and all the vegetables used for food, many dates, and other things for
+presents. That island produced all things in great profusion. In ancient
+times it was sacred, beautiful, admirable and fertile, as well as of
+vast extent. In it were extensive kingdoms, sumptuous temples, palaces
+calling forth great admiration, as is seen from the relation of Plato
+respecting the metropolis of the island which exceeded Babylon, Troy, or
+Rome, with all their rich buildings, curious and well-constructed forts,
+and even the seven wonders of the world concerning which the ancients
+sing so much. In the chief city of this empire there was a port to which
+so many ships and merchants resorted from all parts, that owing to the
+vast concourse a great and continual noise caused the residents to be
+thunderstruck. The number of these Atlantics ready for war was so great
+that in the capital city alone they had an ordinary garrison of 60,000
+soldiers, always distributed among farms, each farm measuring 100
+furlongs. The rest inhabited the woods and other places, and were
+innumerable. They took to war 10,000 two-horse chariots each containing
+eight armed men, with six slingers and stone throwers on either side.
+For the sea they had 200,000 boats with four men in each, making 800,000
+men for the sea-service alone. This was quite necessary owing to the
+great number of subject nations which had to be governed and kept in
+obedience.
+
+The rest which Plato relates on this subject will be discussed in the
+sequel, for I now proceed to our principal point, which is to establish
+the conclusion that as these people carried their banners and trophies
+into Europe and Africa which are not contiguous, they must have overrun
+the Indies of Castille and peopled them, being part of the same main
+land. They used much policy in their rule. But at the end of many ages,
+by divine permission, and perhaps owing to their sins, it happened that
+a great and continuous earthquake, with an unceasing deluge, perpetual
+by day and night, opened the earth and swallowed up those warlike and
+ambitious Atlantic men. The Atlantic Island remained absorbed beneath
+that great sea, which from that cause continued to be unnavigable owing
+to the mud of the absorbed island in solution, a wonderful thing.
+
+This special flood may be added to the five floods recorded by the
+ancients. These are the general one of Moses, the second in Egypt of
+which Xenophon makes mention, the third flood in Achaia of Greece in the
+time of Ogyges Atticus, described by Isidore as happening in the days of
+Jacob, the fourth in Thessaly in the time of Deucalion and Pyrrha, in
+the days of Moses according to Isidore, in 782 as given by Juan Annius.
+The fifth flood is mentioned by Xenophon as happening in Egypt in the
+time of Proteus. The sixth was this which destroyed so great a part of
+the Atlantic Island and sufficed so to separate the part that was left
+unsubmerged, that all mortals in Asia, Africa and Europe believed that
+all were drowned. Thus was lost the intercourse and commerce of the
+people of these parts with those of Europe and Africa, in such sort that
+all memory of them would have been lost, if it had not been for the
+Egyptians, preservers of the most ancient deeds of men and of nature.
+The destruction of the Atlantic Island, over at least 1000 leagues of
+longitude, was in the time when Aod[25] governed the people of Israel,
+1320 years before Christ and 2162 years after the Creation, according to
+the Hebrews. I deduce this calculation from what Plato relates of the
+conversation between Solon and the Egyptian priest. For, according to
+all the chronicles, Solon lived in the time of Tarquinius Priscus the
+King of Rome, Josiah being King of Israel at Jerusalem, before Christ
+610 years. From this period until the time when the Atlantics had put a
+blockade over the Athenians 9000 lunar years had passed which, referred
+to solar years, make 869. All added together make the total given above.
+Very soon afterwards the deluge must have come, as it is said to have
+been in the time of Aod[25] or 748 years after the general deluge of
+Noah. This being so it is to be noted that the isle of Caliz, the
+Canaries, the Salvages, and Trinidad must have been parts of the
+absorbed land.
+
+[Note 25: Ehud.]
+
+It may be assumed that these very numerous nations of Atlantis were
+sufficient to people those other lands of the Western Indies of
+Castille. Other nations also came to them, and peopled some provinces
+after the above destruction. Strabo and Solinus say that Ulysses, after
+the fall of Troy, navigated westward to Lusitania, founded Lisbon, and,
+after it had been built, desired to try his fortune on the Atlantic
+Ocean by the way we now go to the Indies. He disappeared, and it was
+never afterwards known what had become of him. This is stated by Pero
+Anton Beuter, a noble Valencian historian and, as he mentions, this was
+the opinion of Dante Aligheri, the illustrious Florentine poet. Assuming
+this to be correct we may follow Ulysses from island to island until he
+came to Yucatan and Campeachy, part of the territory of New Spain. For
+those of that land have the Grecian bearing and dress of the nation of
+Ulysses, they have many Grecian words, and use Grecian letters. Of this
+I have myself seen many signs and proofs. Their name for God is "Teos"
+which is Greek, and even throughout New Spain they use the word "Teos"
+for God. I have also to say that in passing that way, I found that they
+anciently preserved an anchor of a ship, venerating it as an idol, and
+had a certain genesis in Greek, which should not be dismissed as absurd
+at first sight. Indeed there are a sufficient number of indications to
+support my conjecture concerning Ulysses. From thence all those
+provinces of Mexico, Tabasco, Xalisco, and to the north the Capotecas,
+Chiapas, Guatemalas, Honduras, Lasandones, Nicaraguas, Tlaguzgalpas, as
+far as Nicoya, Costa Rica, and Veragua.
+
+Moreover Esdras recounts that those nations which went from Persia by
+the river Euphrates came to a land never before inhabited by the human
+race. Going down this river there was no way but by the Indian Sea to
+reach a land where there was no habitation. This could only have been
+Catigara, placed in 90 deg. S. by Ptolemy, and according to the navigators
+sent by Alexander the Great, 40 days of navigation from Asia. This is
+the land which the describers of maps call the unknown land of the
+south, whence it is possible to go on settling people as far as the
+Strait of Magellan to the west of Catigara, and the Javas, New Guinea,
+and the islands of the archipelago of Nombre de Jesus which I, our Lord
+permitting, discovered in the South Sea in the year 1568, the
+unconquered Felipe II reigning as King of Spain and its dependencies by
+the demarcation of 180 deg. of longitude.
+
+It may thus be deduced that New Spain and its provinces were peopled by
+the Greeks, those of Catigara by the Jews, and those of the rich and
+most powerful kingdoms of Peru and adjacent provinces by the Atlantics
+who were descended from the primeval Mesopotamians and Chaldaeans,
+peoplers of the world.
+
+These, and other points with them, which cannot be discussed with
+brevity, are true historical reasons, of a quality worthy of belief,
+such as men of reason and letters may adopt respecting the peopling of
+these lands. When we come to consider attentively what these barbarians
+of Peru relate of their origin and of the tyrannical rule of the Incas
+Ccapacs, and the fables and extravagances they recount, the truth may be
+distinguished from what is false, and how in some of their fables they
+allude to true facts which are admitted and held by us as such.
+Therefore the reader should peruse with attention and read the most
+strange and racy history of barbarians that has, until now, been read of
+any political nation in the world.
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+THE FABLE OF THE ORIGIN OF THESE BARBAROUS INDIANS OF PERU, ACCORDING TO
+THEIR BLIND OPINIONS.
+
+
+As these barbarous nations of Indians were always without letters, they
+had not the means of preserving the monuments and memorials of their
+times, and those of their predecessors with accuracy and method. As the
+devil, who is always striving to injure the human race, found these
+unfortunates to be easy of belief and timid in obedience, he introduced
+many illusions, lies and frauds, giving them to understand that he had
+created them from the first, and afterwards, owing to their sins and
+evil deeds, he had destroyed them with a flood, again creating them and
+giving them food and the way to preserve it. By chance they formerly had
+some notice, passed down to them from mouth to mouth, which had reached
+them from their ancestors, respecting the truth of what happened in
+former times. Mixing this with the stories told them by the devil, and
+with other things which they changed, invented, or added, which may
+happen in all nations, they made up a pleasing salad, and in some things
+worthy of the attention of the curious who are accustomed to consider
+and discuss human ideas.
+
+One thing must be noted among many others. It is that the stories which
+are here treated as fables, which they are, are held by the natives to
+be as true as we hold the articles of our faith, and as such they affirm
+and confirm them with unanimity, and swear by them. There are a few,
+however, who by the mercy of God are opening their eyes and beginning to
+see what is true and what is false respecting those things. But we have
+to write down what they say and not what we think about it in this part.
+We shall hear what they hold respecting their first age, [_and
+afterwards we shall come to the inveterate and cruel tyranny of the Inca
+tyrants who oppressed these kingdoms of Peru for so long. All this is
+done by order of the most excellent Don Francisco de Toledo, Viceroy of
+these kingdoms_]. I have collected the information with much diligence
+so that this history can rest on attested proofs from the general
+testimony of the whole kingdom, old and young, Incas and tributary
+Indians.
+
+The natives of this land affirm that in the beginning, and before this
+world was created, there was a being called Viracocha. He created a dark
+world without sun, moon or stars. Owing to this creation he was named
+Viracocha Pachayachachi, which means "Creator of all things[26]."
+
+[Note 26: Uiracocha (Viracocha) was the Creator. Garcilasso de la
+Vega pointed out the mistake of supposing that the word signified "foam
+of the sea" (ii. p. 16). He believed it to be a name, the derivation of
+which he did not attempt to explain. Blas Valera (i. p. 243) said the
+meaning was the "will and power of God"; not that this is the
+signification of the word, but by reason of the godlike qualities
+attributed to Him who was known by it. Cieza de Leon says that
+Tici-Uiracocha was God, Creator of heaven and earth: Acosta that to
+Tici-Uiracocha they assigned the chief power and command over all
+things; Montesinos that Illa-tici-Uiracocha was the name of the creator
+of the world; Molina that Tecsi-Uiracocha was the Creator and
+incomprehensible God; the anonymous Jesuit that Uiracocha meant the
+great God of "Pirua"; Betanzos that the Creator was Con-Tici-Uiracocha.
+
+According to Montesinos and the anonymous Jesuit _Uira_ or _Vira_ is a
+corruption of _Pirua_ meaning a depository. The first meaning of _Cocha_
+is a lake, but here it is held to signify profundity, abyss, space. The
+"Dweller in Space." _Ticci_ or _Tici_ is base or foundation, hence the
+founder. _Illa_ means light. The anonymous Jesuit gives the meaning
+"Eternal Light" to _Illa-Ticci_. The word _Con_, given by Betanzos and
+Garcia, has no known meaning.
+
+Pachacamac and Pachayachachi are attributes of the deity. _Pacha_ means
+time or place, also the universe. _Camac_ is the Ruler, _Yachachi_ the
+Teacher. "The Ruler and Teacher of the Universe."
+
+The meaning and significance of the word _Uiracocha_ has been very fully
+discussed by Senor Don Leonardo Villar of Cuzco in a paper entitled
+_Lexicologia Keshua Uiracocha_ (Lima, 1887).]
+
+And when he had created the world he formed a race of giants of
+disproportioned greatness painted and sculptured, to see whether it
+would be well to make real men of that size. He then created men in his
+likeness as they are now; and they lived in darkness.
+
+Viracocha ordered these people that they should live without
+quarrelling, and that they should know and serve him. He gave them a
+certain precept which they were to observe on pain of being confounded
+if they should break it. They kept this precept for some time, but it is
+not mentioned what it was. But as there arose among them the vices of
+pride and covetousness, they transgressed the precept of Viracocha
+Pachayachachi and falling, through this sin, under his indignation, he
+confounded and cursed them. Then some were turned into stones, others
+into other things, some were swallowed up by the earth, others by the
+sea, and over all there came a general flood which they call _unu
+pachacuti_, which means "water that overturns the land." They say that
+it rained 60 days and nights, that it drowned all created things, and
+that there alone remained some vestiges of those who were turned into
+stones, as a memorial of the event, and as an example to posterity, in
+the edifices of Pucara, which are 60 leagues from Cuzco.
+
+Some of the nations, besides the Cuzcos, also say that a few were saved
+from this flood to leave descendants for a future age. Each nation has
+its special fable which is told by its people, of how their first
+ancestors were saved from the waters of the deluge. That the ideas they
+had in their blindness may be understood, I will insert only one, told
+by the nation of the Canaris, a land of Quito and Tumibamba, 400 leagues
+from Cuzco and more.
+
+They say that in the time of the deluge called _unu pachacuti_ there was
+a mountain named Guasano in the province of Quito and near a town called
+Tumipampa. The natives still point it out. Up this mountain went two of
+the Canaris named Ataorupagui and Cusicayo. As the waters increased the
+mountain kept rising and keeping above them in such a way that it was
+never covered by the waters of the flood. In this way the two Canaris
+escaped. These two, who were brothers, when the waters abated after the
+flood, began to sow. One day when they had been at work, on returning to
+their hut, they found in it some small loaves of bread, and a jar of
+chicha, which is the beverage used in this country in place of wine,
+made of boiled maize. They did not know who had brought it, but they
+gave thanks to the Creator, eating and drinking of that provision. Next
+day the same thing happened. As they marvelled at this mystery, they
+were anxious to find out who brought the meals. So one day they hid
+themselves, to spy out the bringers of their food. While they were
+watching they saw two Canari women preparing the victuals and putting
+them in the accustomed place. When about to depart the men tried to
+seize them, but they evaded their would-be captors and escaped. The
+Canaris, seeing the mistake they had made in molesting those who had
+done them so much good, became sad and prayed to Viracocha for pardon
+for their sins, entreating him to let the women come back and give them
+the accustomed meals. The Creator granted their petition. The women came
+back and said to the Canaris--"The Creator has thought it well that we
+should return to you, lest you should die of hunger." They brought them
+food. Then there was friendship between the women and the Canari
+brothers, and one of the Canari brothers had connexion with one of the
+women. Then, as the elder brother was drowned in a lake which was near,
+the survivor married one of the women, and had the other as a concubine.
+By them he had ten sons who formed two lineages of five each, and
+increasing in numbers they called one Hanansaya which is the same as to
+say the upper party, and the other Hurinsaya, or the lower party. From
+these all the Canaris that now exist are descended[27].
+
+[Note 27: The same story of the origin of the Canaris is told by
+Molina, p. 8. But the mountain is called Huaca-yuan; and instead of
+women the beings who brought the food were macaws. Molina tells another
+story received from the people of Ancas-mayu. Both seem to have been
+obtained by asking leading questions about a deluge.]
+
+In the same way the other nations have fables of how some of their
+people were saved from whom they trace their origin and descent. But the
+Incas and most of those of Cuzco, those among them who are believed to
+know most, do not say that anyone escaped from the flood, but that
+Viracocha began to create men afresh, as will be related further on. One
+thing is believed among all the nations of these parts, for they all
+speak generally and as well known of the general flood which they call
+_unu pachacuti_. From this we may clearly understand that if, in these
+parts they have a tradition of the great flood, this great mass of the
+floating islands which they afterwards called the Atlanticas, and now
+the Indies of Castille or America must have begun to receive a
+population immediately after the flood, although, by their account, the
+details are different from those which the true Scriptures teach us.
+This must have been done by divine Providence, through the first people
+coming over the land of the Atlantic Island, which was joined to this,
+as has been already said. For as the natives, though barbarous, give
+reasons for their very ancient settlement, by recording the flood, there
+is no necessity for setting aside the Scriptures by quoting authorities
+to establish this origin. We now come to those who relate the events of
+the second age after the flood, which is the subject of the next
+chapter.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+FABLE OF THE SECOND AGE, AND CREATION OF THE BARBAROUS INDIANS ACCORDING
+TO THEIR ACCOUNT.
+
+
+It is related that everything was destroyed in the flood called _unu
+pachacuti_[28]. It must now be known that Viracocha Pachayachachi, when
+he destroyed that land as has been already recounted, preserved three
+men, one of them named Taguapaca, that they might serve and help him in
+the creation of new people who had to be made in the second age after
+the deluge, which was done in this manner. The flood being passed and
+the land dry, Viracocha determined to people it a second time, and, to
+make it more perfect, he decided upon creating luminaries to give it
+light. With this object he went, with his servants, to a great lake in
+the Collao, in which there is an island called Titicaca, the meaning
+being "the rock of lead," of which we shall treat in the first part.
+Viracocha went to this island, and presently ordered that the sun, moon,
+and stars should come forth, and be set in the heavens to give light to
+the world, and it was so. They say that the moon was created brighter
+than the sun, which made the sun jealous at the time when they rose into
+the sky. So the sun threw over the moon's face a handful of ashes, which
+gave it the shaded colour it now presents. This frontier lake of
+Chucuito, in the territory of the Collao, is 57 leagues to the south of
+Cuzco. Viracocha gave various orders to his servants, but Taguapaca
+disobeyed the commands of Viracocha. So Viracocha was enraged against
+Taguapaca, and ordered the other two servants to take him, tie him hands
+and feet, and launch him in a _balsa_ on the lake. This was done.
+Taguapaca was blaspheming against Viracocha for the way he was treated,
+and threatening that he would return and take vengeance, when he was
+carried by the water down the drain of the same lake, and was not seen
+again for a long time. This done, Viracocha made a sacred idol in that
+place, as a place for worship and as a sign of what he had there
+created[29].
+
+[Note 28: _Unu pachacuti_ would mean the world (_pacha_) overturned
+(_cuti_) by water (_unu_). Probably a word coined by the priests, after
+putting leading questions about a universal deluge.]
+
+[Note 29: This servant of Uiracocha is also mentioned by Cieza de
+Leon and Yamqui Pachacuti. Cieza appears to consider that Tuapaca was
+merely the name of Uiracocha in the Collao. Yamqui Pachacuti gives the
+names Tarapaca and Tonapa and connects them with Uiracocha. But he also
+uses the word Pachacca, a servant. These names are clearly the same as
+the Tahuapaca of Sarmiento. _Tahua_ means four, but Sarmiento gives
+three as the number of these servants of Uiracocha. The meaning of
+_paca_ is anything secret or mysterious, from _pacani_ to hide. The
+names represent an ancient myth of some kind, but it is not possible, at
+this distance of time, to ascertain more than the names. Tonapa looks
+like a slip of the pen, and is probably Tarapa for Tarapaca. Don Samuel
+A. Lapone Quevedo published a mythological essay entitled _El Culto de
+Tonapa_ with reference to the notice in the work of Yamqui Pachacuti;
+but he is given to speculations about phallic and solar worship, and to
+the arbitrary alteration of letters to fit into his theories.]
+
+Leaving the island, he passed by the lake to the main land, taking with
+him the two servants who survived. He went to a place now called
+Tiahuanacu in the province of Colla-suyu, and in this place he
+sculptured and designed on a great piece of stone, all the nations that
+he intended to create. This done, he ordered his two servants to charge
+their memories with the names of all tribes that he had depicted, and of
+the valleys and provinces where they were to come forth, which were
+those of the whole land. He ordered that each one should go by a
+different road, naming the tribes, and ordering them all to go forth and
+people the country. His servants, obeying the command of Viracocha, set
+out on their journey and work. One went by the mountain range or chain
+which they call the heights over the plains on the South Sea. The other
+went by the heights which overlook the wonderful mountain ranges which
+we call the Andes, situated to the east of the said sea. By these roads
+they went, saying with a loud voice "Oh you tribes and nations, hear and
+obey the order of Ticci Viracocha Pachayachachi, which commands you to
+go forth, and multiply and settle the land." Viracocha himself did the
+same along the road between those taken by his two servants, naming all
+the tribes and places by which he passed. At the sound of his voice
+every place obeyed, and people came forth, some from lakes, others from
+fountains, valleys, caves, trees, rocks and hills, spreading over the
+land and multiplying to form the nations which are to-day in Peru.
+
+Others affirm that this creation of Viracocha was made from the Titicaca
+site where, having originally formed some shapes of large strong men[30]
+which seemed to him out of proportion, he made them again of his stature
+which was, as they say, the average height of men, and being made he
+gave them life. Thence they set out to people the land. As they spoke
+one language previous to starting, they built those edifices, the ruins
+of which may still be seen, before they set out. This was for the
+residence of Viracocha, their maker. After departing they varied their
+languages, noting the cries of wild beasts, insomuch that, coming across
+each other afterwards, those could not understand who had before been
+relations and neighbours.
+
+[Note 30: Jayaneo. This was the name given to giants in the books of
+chivalry. See _Don Quijote_, i. cap. 5, p. 43.]
+
+Whether it was in one way or the other, all agree that Viracocha was the
+creator of these people. They have the tradition that he was a man of
+medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured
+round the waist, and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands.
+
+Besides this they tell of a strange event; how that Viracocha, after he
+had created all people, went on his road and came to a place where many
+men of his creation had congregated. This place is now called Cacha.
+When Viracocha arrived there, the inhabitants were estranged owing to
+his dress and bearing. They murmured at it and proposed to kill him from
+a hill that was near. They took their weapons there, and gathered
+together with evil intentions against Viracocha. He, falling on his
+knees on some plain ground, with his hands clasped, fire from above came
+down upon those on the hill, and covered all the place, burning up the
+earth and stones like straw. Those bad men were terrified at the fearful
+fire. They came down from the hill, and sought pardon from Viracocha for
+their sin. Viracocha was moved by compassion. He went to the flames and
+put them out with his staff. But the hill remained quite parched up, the
+stones being rendered so light by the burning that a very large stone
+which could not have been carried on a cart, could be raised easily by
+one man. This may be seen at this day, and it is a wonderful sight to
+behold this hill, which is a quarter of a league in extent, all burnt
+up. It is in the Collao[31].
+
+[Note 31: Not in the Collaos but in the valley of the Vilcamayu.
+Afterwards a very remarkable temple was built there, described by
+Squier.]
+
+After this Viracocha continued his journey and arrived at a place called
+Urcos, 6 leagues to the south of Cuzco. Remaining there some days he was
+well served by the natives of that neighbourhood. At the time of his
+departure, he made them a celebrated _huaca_ or statue, for them to
+offer gifts to and worship; to which statue the Incas, in after times,
+offered many rich gifts of gold and other metals, and above all a golden
+bench. When the Spaniards entered Cuzco they found it, and appropriated
+it to themselves. It was worth $17,000. The Marquis Don Francisco
+Pizarro took it himself, as the share of the General.
+
+Returning to the subject of the fable, Viracocha continued his journey,
+working his miracles and instructing his created beings. In this way he
+reached the territory on the equinoctial line, where are now Puerto
+Viejo and Manta. Here he was joined by his servants. Intending to leave
+the land of Peru, he made a speech to those he had created, apprising
+them of the things that would happen. He told them that people would
+come, who would say that they were Viracocha their creator, and that
+they were not to believe them; but that in the time to come he would
+send his messengers who would protect and teach them. Having said this
+he went to sea with his two servants, and went travelling over the water
+as if it was land, without sinking. For they appeared like foam over the
+water and the people, therefore, gave them the name of Viracocha which
+is the same as to say the grease or foam of the sea[32]. At the end of
+some years after Viracocha departed, they say that Taguapaca, who
+Viracocha ordered to be thrown into the lake of Titicaca in the Collao,
+as has already been related, came back and began, with others, to preach
+that he was Viracocha. Although at first the people were doubtful, they
+finally saw that it was false, and ridiculed them[33].
+
+[Note 32: A mistake. See Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. p. 66.]
+
+[Note 33: This story is told in a somewhat different form by Yamqui
+Pachacuti, p. 72.]
+
+This absurd fable of their creation is held by these barbarians and they
+affirm and believe it as if they had really seen it to happen and come
+to pass[34].
+
+[Note 34: The tradition of the exercise of his creative powers by
+Viracocha at lake Titicaca, is derived from the more ancient people who
+were the builders of Tiahuanacu. Besides Sarmiento, the authors who give
+this Titicaca Myth are Garcilasso de la Vega, Cieza de Leon, Molina,
+Betanzos, Yamqui Pachacuti, Polo de Ondegardo, and the anonymous Jesuit.
+Acosta, Montesinos, Balboa and Santillana are silent respecting it.]
+
+
+
+
+VIII.
+
+THE ANCIENT _BEHETRIAS_[35] OF THESE KINGDOMS OF PERU AND THEIR
+PROVINCES.
+
+
+It is important to note that these barbarians could tell nothing more
+respecting what happened from the second creation by Viracocha down to
+the time of the Incas. But it may be assumed that, although the land was
+peopled and full of inhabitants before the Incas, it had no regular
+government, nor did it have natural lords elected by common consent to
+govern and rule, and who were respected by the people, so that they were
+obeyed and received tribute. On the contrary all the people were
+scattered and disorganized, living in complete liberty, and each man
+being sole lord of his house and estate. In each tribe there were two
+divisions. One was called Hanansaya, which means the upper division, and
+the other Hurinsaya, which is the lower division, a custom which
+continues to this day. These divisions do not mean anything more than a
+way to count each other, for their satisfaction, though afterwards it
+served a more useful purpose, as will be seen in its place.
+
+[Note 35: _Behetria_. A condition of perfect equality without any
+distinction of rank. Freedom from the subjection of any lord.]
+
+As there were dissensions among them, a certain kind of militia was
+organized for defence, in the following way. When it became known to the
+people of one district that some from other parts were coming to make
+war, they chose one who was a native, or he might be a stranger, who was
+known to be a valiant warrior. Often such a man offered himself to aid
+and to fight for them against their enemies. Such a man was followed and
+his orders were obeyed during the war. When the war was over he became a
+private man as he had been before, like the rest of the people, nor did
+they pay him tribute either before or afterwards, nor any manner of tax
+whatever. To such a man they gave and still give the name of _Sinchi_
+which means valiant. They call such men "Sinchi-cuna" which means
+"valiant now" as who should say--"now during the time the war lasts you
+shall be our valiant man, and afterwards no ": or another meaning would
+be simply "valiant men," for "cuna" is an adverb of time, and also
+denotes the plural[36]. In whichever meaning, it is very applicable to
+these temporary captains in the days of _behetrias_ and general liberty.
+So that from the general flood of which they have a tradition to the
+time when the Incas began to reign, which was 3519 years, all the
+natives of these kingdoms lived on their properties without
+acknowledging either a natural or an elected lord. They succeeded in
+preserving, as it is said, a simple state of liberty, living in huts or
+caves or humble little houses. This name of "Sinchi" for those who held
+sway only during war, lasted throughout the land until the time of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca, who instituted "Curacas" and other
+officials in the order which will be fully described in the life of that
+Inca. Even at the present time they continue this use and custom in the
+provinces of Chile and in other parts of the forests of Peru to the east
+of Quito and Chachapoyas, where they only obey a chief during war time,
+not any special one, but he who is known to be most valiant,
+enterprising and daring in the wars. The reader should note that all the
+land was private property with reference to any dominion of chiefs, yet
+they had natural chiefs with special rights in each province, as for
+instance among the natives of the valley of Cuzco and in other parts, as
+we shall relate of each part in its place.
+
+[Note 36: Cinchicona. _Sinchi_ means strong. _Cuna_ is the plural
+particle. _Sinchi_ was the name for a chief or leader. I have not met
+with _cuna_ as an adverb of time and meaning "now." No such meaning is
+given in the _Grammar_ of Domingo de Santo Tomas, which was published in
+1560, twelve years before Sarmiento wrote.]
+
+
+
+
+IX.
+
+THE FIRST SETTLERS IN THE VALLEY OF CUZCO.
+
+
+I have explained how the people of these lands preserved their
+inheritances and lived on them in ancient times, and that their proper
+and natural countries were known. There were many of these which I shall
+notice in their places, treating specially at present of the original
+settlers of the valley where stands the present city of Cuzco. For from
+there we have to trace the origin of the tyranny of the Incas, who
+always had their chief seat in the valley of Cuzco.
+
+Before all things it must be understood that the valley of Cuzco is in
+130 deg. 15' from the equator on the side of the south pole[37]. In this
+valley, owing to its being fertile for cultivation, there were three
+tribes settled from most ancient times, the first called Sauaseras, the
+second Antasayas, the third Huallas. They settled near each other,
+although their lands for sowing were distinct, which is the property
+they valued most in those days and even now. These natives of the valley
+lived there in peace for many years, cultivating their farms.
+
+[Note 37: 13 deg. 31'. He is 16 miles out in his latitude.]
+
+Some time before the arrival of the Incas, three Sinchis, strangers to
+this valley, the first named Alcabisa[38], the second Copalimayta, and
+the third Culunchima, collected certain companies and came to the valley
+of Cuzco, where, by consent of the natives, they settled and became
+brothers and companions of the original inhabitants. So they lived for a
+long time. There was concord between these six tribes, three native and
+three immigrant. They relate that the immigrants came out to where the
+Incas then resided, as we shall relate presently, and called them
+relations. This is an important point with reference to what happened
+afterwards.
+
+[Note 38: The Alcabisas, as original inhabitants of the Cuzco
+valley, are mentioned by Cieza de Leon (ii. p. 105) who calls them
+Alcaviquiza. Betanzos has Alcaviya, and Balboa Allcay-villcas. Cieza
+describes the victory over them by Mayta Ccapac. Yamqui Pachacuti gives
+Allcayviesas, Cullinchinas, and Cayancachis as the names of the tribes
+who originally inhabited the Cuzco valley. Cayancachi is a southern
+suburb of Cuzco outside the Huatanay river.]
+
+Before entering upon the history of the Incas I wish to make known or,
+speaking more accurately, to answer a difficulty which may occur to
+those who have not been in these parts. Some may say that this history
+cannot be accepted as authentic being taken from the narratives of these
+barbarians, because, having no letters, they could not preserve such
+details as they give from so remote an antiquity. The answer is that, to
+supply the want of letters, these barbarians had a curious invention
+which was very good and accurate. This was that from one to the other,
+from fathers to sons, they handed down past events, repeating the story
+of them many times, just as lessons are repeated from a professor's
+chair, making the hearers say these historical lessons over and over
+again until they were fixed in the memory. Thus each one of the
+descendants continued to communicate the annals in the order described
+with a view to preserve their histories and deeds, their ancient
+traditions, the numbers of their tribes, towns, provinces, their days,
+months and years, their battles, deaths, destructions, fortresses and
+"Sinchis." Finally they recorded, and they still record, the most
+notable things which consist in their numbers (or statistics), on
+certain cords called _quipu_, which is the same as to say reasoner or
+accountant. On these cords they make certain knots by which, and by
+differences of colour, they distinguish and record each thing as by
+letters. It is a thing to be admired to see what details may be recorded
+on these cords, for which there are masters like our writing
+masters[39].
+
+[Note 39: The system of recording by _quipus_ is described by
+Garcilasso de la Vega, i. pp. 150 and 191, also ii. p. 117 and more
+fully at ii. pp. 121--125. Cieza de Leon mentions the _quipu_ system in
+his first part (see i. p. 291 and note) and in the second part (ii. pp.
+33--35, 53, 57, 61,165). At p. 32 the method of preserving the memory of
+former events is described very much as in the text. See also Molina,
+pp. 10, 169. Molina also describes the boards on which historical events
+were painted, p. 4. They were, he says, kept in a temple near Cuzco,
+called Poquen-cancha. See also Cieza de Leon (second part), p. 28.]
+
+Besides this they had, and still have, special historians in these
+nations, an hereditary office descending from father to son. The
+collection of these annals is due to the great diligence of Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui, the ninth Inca, who sent out a general summons to all the
+old historians in all the provinces he had subjugated, and even to many
+others throughout those kingdoms. He had them in Cuzco for a long time,
+examining them concerning their antiquities, origin, and the most
+notable events in their history. These were painted on great boards, and
+deposited in the temple of the Sun, in a great hall. There such boards,
+adorned with gold, were kept as in our libraries, and learned persons
+were appointed, who were well versed in the art of understanding and
+declaring their contents. No one was allowed to enter where these boards
+were kept, except the Inca and the historians, without a special order
+of the Inca.
+
+In this way they took care to have all their past history investigated,
+and to have records respecting all kinds of people, so that at this day
+the Indians generally know and agree respecting details and important
+events, though, in some things, they hold different opinions on special
+points. By examining the oldest and most prudent among them, in all
+ranks of life, who had most credit, I collected and compiled the present
+history, referring the sayings and declarations of one party to their
+antagonists of another party, for they are divided into parties, and
+seeking from each one a memorial of its lineage and of that of the
+opposing party. These memorials, which are all in my possession, were
+compared and corrected, and ultimately verified in public, in presence
+of representatives of all the parties and lineages, under oaths in
+presence of a judge, and with expert and very faithful interpreters also
+on oath, and I thus finished what is now written. Such great diligence
+has been observed, because a thing which is the foundation of the true
+completion of such a great work as the establishment of the tyranny of
+the cruel Incas of this land will make all the nations of the world
+understand the judicial and more than legitimate right that the King of
+Castille has to these Indies and to other lands adjacent, especially to
+these kingdoms of Peru. As all the histories of past events have been
+verified by proof, which in this case has been done so carefully and
+faithfully by order and owing to the industry of the most excellent
+Viceroy Don Francisco de Toledo, no one can doubt that everything in
+this volume is most sufficiently established and verified without any
+room being left for reply or contradiction. I have been desirous of
+making this digression because, in writing the history, I have heard
+that many entertain the doubts I have above referred to, and it seemed
+well to satisfy them once for all.
+
+
+
+
+X.
+
+HOW THE INCAS BEGAN TO TYRANNIZE OVER THE LANDS AND INHERITANCES.
+
+
+Having explained that, in ancient times, all this land was owned by the
+people, it is necessary to state how the Incas began their tyranny.
+Although the tribes all lived in simple liberty without recognising any
+lord, there were always some ambitious men among them, aspiring for
+mastery. They committed violence among their countrymen and among
+strangers to subject them and bring them to obedience under their
+command, so that they might serve them and pay tribute. Thus bands of
+men belonging to one region went to others to make war and to rob and
+kill, usurping the lands of others.
+
+As these movements took place in many parts by many tribes, each one
+trying to subjugate his neighbour, it happened that 6 leagues from the
+valley of Cuzco, at a place called Paccari-tampu, there were four men
+with their four sisters, of fierce courage and evil intentions, although
+with lofty aims. These, being more able than the others, understood the
+pusillanimity of the natives of those districts and the ease with which
+they could be made to believe anything that was propounded with
+authority or with any force. So they conceived among themselves the idea
+of being able to subjugate many lands by force and deception. Thus all
+the eight brethren, four men and four women, consulted together how they
+could tyrannize over other tribes beyond the place where they lived, and
+they proposed to do this by violence. Considering that most of the
+natives were ignorant and could easily be made to believe what was said
+to them, particularly if they were addressed with some roughness, rigour
+and authority, against which they could make neither reply nor
+resistance, because they are timid by nature, they sent abroad certain
+fables respecting their origin, that they might be respected and feared.
+They said that they were the sons of Viracocha Pachayachachi, the
+Creator, and that they had come forth out of certain windows to rule the
+rest of the people. As they were fierce, they made the people believe
+and fear them, and hold them to be more than men, even worshipping them
+as gods. Thus they introduced the religion that suited them. The order
+of the fable they told of their origin was as follows.
+
+
+
+
+XI.
+
+THE FABLE OF THE ORIGIN OF THE INCAS OF CUZCO.
+
+
+All the native Indians of this land relate and affirm that the Incas
+Ccapac originated in this way. Six leagues S.S.W. of Cuzco by the road
+which the Incas made, there is a place called Paccari-tampu, which means
+"the house of production[40]" at which there is a hill called
+Tampu-tocco, meaning "the house of windows." It is certain that in this
+hill there are three windows, one called "Maras-tocco," the other
+"Sutic-tocco," while that which is in the middle, between these two, was
+known as "Ccapac-tocco," which means "the rich window," because they say
+that it was ornamented with gold and other treasures. From the window
+called "Maras-tocco" came forth, without parentage, a tribe of Indians
+called Maras. There are still some of them in Cuzco. From the
+"Sutic-tocco" came Indians called Tampus, who settled round the same
+hill, and there are also men of this lineage still in Cuzco. From the
+chief window of "Ccapac-tocco," came four men and four women, called
+brethren. These knew no father nor mother, beyond the story they told
+that they were created and came out of the said window by order of Ticci
+Viracocha, and they declared that Viracocha created them to be lords.
+For this reason they took the name of Inca, which is the same as lord.
+They took "Ccapac" as an additional name because they came out of the
+window "Ccapac-tocco," which means "rich," although afterwards they used
+this term to denote the chief lord over many.
+
+[Note 40: Correctly "the tavern of the dawn."]
+
+The names of the eight brethren were as follows: The eldest of the men,
+and the one with the most authority was named MANCO CCAPAC, the second
+AYAR AUCA, the third AYAR CACHI, the fourth AYAR UCHU. Of the women the
+eldest was called MAMA OCCLO, the second MAMA HUACO, the third MAMA
+IPACURA, or, as others say, MAMA CURA, the fourth MAMA RAUA.
+
+The eight brethren, called Incas, said--"We are born strong and wise,
+and with the people who will here join us, we shall be powerful. We will
+go forth from this place to seek fertile lands and when we find them we
+will subjugate the people and take the lands, making war on all those
+who do not receive us as their lords," This, as they relate, was said by
+Mama Huaco, one of the women, who was fierce and cruel. Manco Ccapac,
+her brother, was also cruel and atrocious. This being agreed upon
+between the eight, they began to move the people who lived near the
+hill, putting it to them that their reward would be to become rich and
+to receive the lands and estates of those who were conquered and
+subjugated. For these objects they moved ten tribes or _ayllus_, which
+means among these barbarians "lineages" or "parties"; the names of which
+are as follows:
+
+I. CHAUIN CUZCO AYLLU of the lineage of AYAR CACHI, of which there are
+still some in Cuzco, the chiefs being MARTIN CHUCUMBI, and DON DIEGO
+HUAMAN PAOCAR.
+
+II. ARAYRACA AYLLU CUZCO-CALLAN. At present there are of this ayllu JUAN
+PIZARRO YUPANQUI, DON FRANCISCO QUISPI, ALONSO TARMA YUPANQUI of the
+lineage of AYAR UCHU.
+
+III. TARPUNTAY AYLLU. Of this there are now some in Cuzco.
+
+IV. HUACAYTAQUI AYLLU. Some still living in Cuzco.
+
+V. SANOC AYLLU. Some still in Cuzco.
+
+The above five lineages are HANAN-CUZCO, which means the party of Upper
+Cuzco.
+
+VI. SUTIC-TOCCO AYLLU is the lineage which came out of one of the
+windows called "SUTIC-TOCCO," as has been before explained. Of these
+there are still some in Cuzco, the chiefs being DON FRANCISCO AVCA MICHO
+AVRI SUTIC, and DON ALONSO HUALPA.
+
+VII. MARAS AYLLU. These are of the men who came forth from the window
+"MARAS-TOCCO." There are some of these now in Cuzco, the chiefs being
+DON ALONSO LLAMA OCA, and DON GONZALO AMPURA LLAMA OCA.
+
+VIII. CUYCUSA AYLLU. Of these there are still some in Cuzco, the chief
+being CRISTOVAL ACLLARI.
+
+IX. MASCA AYLLU. Of this there is in Cuzco--JUAN QUISPI.
+
+X. ORO AYLLU. Of this lineage is DON PEDRO YUCAY.
+
+I say that all these _ayllus_ have preserved their records in such a way
+that the memory of them has not been lost. There are more of them than
+are given above, for I only insert the chiefs who are the protectors and
+heads of the lineages, under whose guidance they are preserved. Each
+chief has the duty and obligation to protect the rest, and to know the
+history of his ancestors. Although I say that these live in Cuzco, the
+truth is that they are in a suburb of the city which the Indians call
+Cayocache and which is known to us as Belem, from the church of that
+parish which is that of our Lady of Belem.
+
+Returning to our subject, all these followers above mentioned marched
+with Manco Ccapac and the other brethren to seek for land [_and to
+tyrannize over those who did no harm to them, nor gave them any excuse
+for war, and without any right or title beyond what has been stated_].
+To be prepared for war they chose for their leaders Manco Ccapac and
+Mama Huaco, and with this arrangement the companies of the hill of
+Tampu-tocco set out, to put their design into execution.
+
+
+
+
+XII.
+
+THE ROAD WHICH THESE COMPANIES OF THE INCAS TOOK TO THE VALLEY OF CUZCO,
+AND OF THE FABLES WHICH ARE MIXED WITH THEIR HISTORY.
+
+
+The Incas and the rest of the companies or _ayllus_ set out from their
+homes at Tampu-tocco, taking with them their property and arms, in
+sufficient numbers to form a good squadron, having for their chiefs the
+said Manco Ccapac and Mama Huaco. Manco Ccapac took with him a bird like
+a falcon, called _indi_[41], which they all worshipped and feared as a
+sacred, or, as some say, an enchanted thing, for they thought that this
+bird made Manco Ccapac their lord and obliged the people to follow him.
+It was thus that Manco Ccapac gave them to understand, and it was
+carried in _vahidos_[42], always kept in a covered hamper of straw, like
+a box, with much care. He left it as an heirloom to his son, and the
+Incas had it down to the time of Inca Yupanqui. In his hand he carried
+with him a staff of gold, to test the lands which they would come to.
+
+[Note 41: This bird called _indi_, the familiar spirit of Manco
+Ccapac, is not mentioned by any other author. There is more about it in
+the life of Mayta Ccapac, the great-grandson of Manco Ccapac. The word
+seems to be the same as _Ynti_ the Sun-God.]
+
+[Note 42: _Vahido_ means giddiness, vertigo.]
+
+Marching together they came to a place called Huana-cancha, four leagues
+from the valley of Cuzco, where they remained for some time, sowing and
+seeking for fertile land. Here Manco Ccapac had connexion with his
+sister Mama Occlo, and she became pregnant by him. As this place did not
+appear able to sustain them, being barren, they advanced to another
+place called Tampu-quiro, where Mama Occlo begot a son named Sinchi
+Rocca. Having celebrated the natal feasts of the infant, they set out in
+search of fertile land, and came to another place called Pallata, which
+is almost contiguous to Tampu-quiro, and there they remained for some
+years.
+
+Not content with this land, they came to another called Hays-quisro, a
+quarter of a league further on. Here they consulted together over what
+ought to be done respecting their journey, and over the best way of
+getting rid of Ayar Cachi, one of the four brothers. Ayar Cachi was
+fierce and strong, and very dexterous with the sling. He committed great
+cruelties and was oppressive both among the natives of the places they
+passed, and among his own people. The other brothers were afraid that
+the conduct of Ayar Cachi would cause their companies to disband and
+desert, and that they would be left alone. As Manco Ccapac was prudent,
+he concurred with the opinion of the others that they should secure
+their object by deceit. They called Ayar Cachi and said to him,
+"Brother! Know that in Ccapac-tocco we have forgotten the golden vases
+called _tupac-cusi_[43], and certain seeds, and the _napa_[44], which is
+our principal ensign of sovereignty." The _napa_ is a sheep of the
+country, the colour white, with a red body cloth, on the top ear-rings
+of gold, and on the breast a plate with red badges such as was worn by
+rich Incas when they went abroad; carried in front of all on a pole with
+a cross of plumes of feathers. This was called _suntur-paucar_[45]. They
+said that it would be for the good of all, if he would go back and fetch
+them. When Ayar Cachi refused to return, his sister Mama Huaco, raising
+her foot, rebuked him with furious words, saying, "How is it that there
+should be such cowardice in so strong a youth as you are? Get ready for
+the journey, and do not fail to go to Tampu-tocco, and do what you are
+ordered." Ayar Cachi was shamed by these words. He obeyed and started to
+carry out his orders. They gave him, as a companion, one of those who
+had come with them, named Tampu-chacay, to whom they gave secret orders
+to kill Ayar Cachi at Tampu-tocco, and not to return with him. With
+these orders they both arrived at Tampu-tocco. They had scarcely arrived
+when Ayar Cachi entered through the window Ccapac-tocco, to get the
+things for which he had been sent. He was no sooner inside than
+Tampu-chacay, with great celerity, put a rock against the opening of the
+window and sat upon it, that Ayar Cachi might remain inside and die
+there. When Ayar Cachi turned to the opening and found it closed he
+understood the treason of which the traitor Tampu-chacay had been
+guilty, and determined to get out if it was possible, to take vengeance.
+To force an opening he used such force and shouted so loud that he made
+the mountain tremble. With a loud voice he spoke these words to
+Tampu-chacay, "Thou traitor! thou who hast done me so much harm,
+thinkest thou to convey the news of my mortal imprisonment? That shall
+never happen. For thy treason thou shalt remain outside, turned into a
+stone." So it was done, and to this day they show the stone on one side
+of the window Ccapac-tocco. Turn we now to the seven brethren who had
+remained at Hays-quisro. The death of Ayar Cachi being known, they were
+very sorry for what they had done, for, as he was valiant, they
+regretted much to be without him when the time came to make war on any
+one. So they mourned for him. This Ayar Cachi was so dexterous with a
+sling and so strong that with each shot he pulled down a mountain and
+filled up a ravine. They say that the ravines, which we now see on their
+line of march, were made by Ayar Cachi in hurling stones.
+
+[Note 43: _Tupac-cusi_, meaning golden vases, does not occur
+elsewhere. It may be a mis-print for _tupac-ccuri, tupac_ meaning
+anything royal and ccuri gold.]
+
+[Note 44: _Napa_ was the name of a sacred figure of a llama, one of
+the insignia of royalty. See Molina, pp. 19, 39, 47. The verb _napani_
+is to salute, _napay_, salutation. _Raymi-napa_ was the flock dedicated
+for sacrifice.]
+
+[Note 45: _Suntur-paucar_ was the head-dress of the Inca. See
+Balboa, p. 20. Literally the "brilliant circle." See also Molina, pp. 6,
+17, 39, 42, 44, and Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 14, 106, 120.]
+
+The seven Incas and their companions left this place, and came to
+another called Quirirmanta at the foot of a hill which was afterwards
+called Huanacauri. In this place they consulted together how they should
+divide the duties of the enterprise amongst themselves, so that there
+should be distinctions between them. They agreed that as Manco Ccapac
+had had a child by his sister, they should be married and have children
+to continue the lineage, and that he should be the leader. Ayar Uchu was
+to remain as a _huaca_ for the sake of religion. Ayar Auca, from the
+position they should select, was to take possession of the land set
+apart for him to people.
+
+Leaving this place they came to a hill at a distance of two leagues, a
+little more or less, from Cuzco. Ascending the hill they saw a rainbow,
+which the natives call _huanacauri_. Holding it to be a fortunate sign,
+Manco Ccapac said: "Take this for a sign that the world will not be
+destroyed by water. We shall arrive and from hence we shall select where
+we shall found our city." Then, first casting lots, they saw that the
+signs were good for doing so, and for exploring the land from that point
+and becoming lords of it. Before they got to the height where the
+rainbow was, they saw a _huaca_ which was a place of worship in human
+shape, near the rainbow. They determined among themselves to seize it
+and take it away from there. Ayar Uchu offered himself to go to it, for
+they said that he was very like it. When Ayar Uchu came to the statue or
+_huaca_, with great courage he sat upon it, asking it what it did there.
+At these words the _huaca_ turned its head to see who spoke, but, owing
+to the weight upon it, it could not see. Presently, when Ayar Uchu
+wanted to get off he was not able, for he found that the soles of his
+feet were fastened to the shoulders of the _huaca_. The six brethren,
+seeing that he was a prisoner, came to succour him. But Ayar Uchu,
+finding himself thus transformed, and that his brethren could not
+release him, said to them--"O Brothers, an evil work you have wrought
+for me. It was for your sakes that I came where I must remain for ever,
+apart from your company. Go! go! happy brethren, I announce to you that
+you will be great lords. I, therefore, pray that in recognition of the
+desire I have always had to please you, you will honour and venerate me
+in all your festivals and ceremonies, and that I shall be the first to
+whom you make offerings. For I remain here for your sakes. When you
+celebrate the _huarachico_ (which is the arming of the sons as knights)
+you shall adore me as their father, for I shall remain here for ever."
+Manco Ccapac answered that he would do so, for that it was his will and
+that it should be so ordered. Ayar Uchu promised for the youths that he
+would bestow on them the gifts of valour, nobility, and knighthood, and
+with these last words he remained, turned into stone. They constituted
+him the _huaca_ of the Incas, giving it the name of Ayar Uchu
+Huanacauri.[46] And so it always was, until the arrival of the
+Spaniards, the most venerated _huaca_, and the one that received the
+most offerings of any in the kingdom. Here the Incas went to arm the
+young knights until about twenty years ago, when the Christians
+abolished this ceremony. It was religiously done, because there were
+many abuses and idolatrous practices, offensive and contrary to the
+ordinances of God our Lord.
+
+[Note 46: Huanacauri was a very sacred _huaca_ of the Peruvians.
+Cieza de Leon tells much the same story as Sarmiento, ii. pp. 17, 18,
+19, 22, 89, 101, 107, 111. Garcilasso de la Vega mentions Huanacauri
+four times, i. pp. 65, 66, and ii. pp. 169, 230, as a place held in
+great veneration. It is frequently mentioned by Molina. The word is
+given by Yamqui Pachacuti as Huayna-captiy. _Huayna_ means a youth,
+_captiy_ is the subjunctive of the verb _cani_, I am. The word appears
+to have reference to the arming of youths, and the ordeals they went
+through, which took place annually at this place.]
+
+
+
+
+XIII.
+
+ENTRY OF THE INCAS INTO THE VALLEY OF CUZCO, AND THE FABLES THEY RELATE
+CONCERNING IT.
+
+
+The six brethren were sad at the loss of Ayar Uchu, and at the loss of
+Ayar Cachi; and, owing to the death of Ayar Cachi, those of the lineage
+of the Incas, from that time to this day, always fear to go to
+Tampu-tocco, lest they should have to remain there like Ayar Cachi.
+
+They went down to the foot of the hill, whence they began their entry
+into the valley of Cuzco, arriving at a place called Matahua, where they
+stopped and built huts, intending to remain there some time. Here they
+armed as knight the son of Manco Ccapac and of Mama Occlo, named Sinchi
+Rocca, and they bored his ears, a ceremony which is called _huarachico_,
+being the insignia of his knighthood and nobility, like the custom known
+among ourselves. On this occasion they indulged in great rejoicings,
+drinking for many days, and at intervals mourning for the loss of their
+brother Ayar Uchu. It was here that they invented the mourning sound for
+the dead, like the cooing of a dove. Then they performed the dance
+called _Ccapac Raymi_, a ceremony of the royal or great lords. It is
+danced, in long purple robes, at the ceremonies they call
+_quicochico_[47], which is when girls come to maturity, and the
+_huarachico_[48], when they bore the ears of the Incas, and the
+_rutuchico_[49] when the Inca's hair is cut the first time, and the
+_ayuscay_[50], which is when a child is born, and they drink
+continuously for four or five days.
+
+[Note 47: Quicu-chicuy was the ceremony when girls attained puberty.
+The customs, on this occasion, are described by Molina, p. 53. See also
+Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 80, and the anonymous Jesuit, p. 181.]
+
+[Note 48: Huarachicu was the great festival when the youths went
+through their ordeals, and were admitted to manhood and to bear arms.
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives the word as "Huaracu"; and fully describes
+the ordeals and the ceremonies, ii. pp. 161--178. See also Molina, pp.
+34 and 41--46, and Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 80.]
+
+[Note 49: Rutuchicu is the ceremony when a child reaches the age of
+one year, from _rutuni_, to cut or shear. It receives the name which it
+retains until the Huarachicu if a boy, and until the Quicu-chicuy if a
+girl. They then receive the names they retain until death. At the
+Rutuchicu the child was shorn. Molina, p. 53.]
+
+[Note 50: Molina says that Ayuscay was the ceremony when the woman
+conceives. Molina, p. 53.]
+
+After this they were in Matahua for two years, waiting to pass on to the
+upper valley to seek good and fertile land. Mama Huaco, who was very
+strong and dexterous, took two wands of gold and hurled them towards the
+north. One fell, at two shots of an arquebus, into a ploughed field
+called Colcapampa and did not drive in well, the soil being loose and
+not terraced. By this they knew that the soil was not fertile. The other
+went further, to near Cuzco, and fixed well in the territory called
+Huanay-pata, where they knew the land to be fertile. Others say that
+this proof was made by Manco Ccapac with the staff of gold which he
+carried himself, and that thus they knew of the fertility of the land,
+when the staff sunk in the land called Huanay-pata, two shots of an
+arquebus from Cuzco. They knew the crust of the soil to be rich and
+close, so that it could only be broken by using much force.
+
+Let it be by one way or the other, for all agree that they went trying
+the land with a pole or staff until they arrived at this Huanay-pata,
+when they were satisfied. They were sure of its fertility, because after
+sowing perpetually, it always yielded abundantly, giving more the more
+it was sown. They determined to usurp that land by force, in spite of
+the natural owners, and to do with it as they chose. So they returned to
+Matahua.
+
+From that place Manco Ccapac saw a heap of stones near the site of the
+present monastery of Santo Domingo at Cuzco. Pointing it out to his
+brother Ayar Auca, he said, "Brother! you remember how it was arranged
+between us, that you should go to take possession of the land where we
+are to settle. Well! look at that stone." Pointing out the stone he
+continued, "Go thither flying," for they say that Ayar Auca had
+developed some wings, "and seating yourself there, take possession of
+land seen from that heap of stones. We will presently come to settle and
+reside." When Ayar Auca heard the words of his brother, he opened his
+wings and flew to that place which Manco Ccapac had pointed out. Seating
+himself there, he was presently turned into stone, and was made the
+stone of possession. In the ancient language of this valley the heap was
+called _cozco_, whence that site has had the name of Cuzco to this
+day[51]. From this circumstance the Incas had a proverb which said,
+"Ayar Auca cuzco huanca," or, "Ayar Auca a heap of marble." Others say
+that Manco Ccapac gave the name of Cuzco because he wept in that place
+where he buried his brother Ayar Cachi. Owing to his sorrow and to the
+fertility he gave that name which in the ancient language of that time
+signified sad as well as fertile. The first version must be the correct
+one because Ayar Cachi was not buried at Cuzco, having died at
+Ccapac-tocco as has been narrated before. And this is generally affirmed
+by Incas and natives.
+
+[Note 51: _Cuzco_ means a clod, or hard unirrigated land. _Cuzquini_
+is to break clods of earth, or to level. Montesinos derives the name of
+the city from the verb "to level," or from the heaps of clods, of earth
+called _cuzco_. Cusquic-Raymi is the month of June.]
+
+Five brethren only remaining, namely Manco Ccapac, and the four sisters,
+and Manco Ccapac being the only surviving brother out of four, they
+presently resolved to advance to where Ayar Auca had taken possession.
+Manco Ccapac first gave to his son Sinchi Rocca a wife named Mama Cuca,
+of the lineage of Sanu, daughter of a Sinchi named Sitic-huaman, by whom
+he afterwards had a son named Sapaca. He also instituted the sacrifice
+called _capa cocha_[52], which is the immolation of two male and two
+female infants before the idol Huanacauri, at the time when the Incas
+were armed as knights. These things being arranged, he ordered the
+companies to follow him to the place where Ayar Auca was.
+
+[Note 52: Ccapac-cocha. The weight of evidence is, on the whole, in
+favour of this sacrifice of two infants having taken place at the
+Huarachicu, Cieza de Leon, in remarking that the Spaniards falsely
+imputed crimes to the Indians to justify their ill-treatment, says that
+the practice of human sacrifice was exaggerated, ii. pp. 79, 80. See
+also Molina, pp-54, 57. Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 86.]
+
+Arriving on the land of Huanay-pata, which is near where now stands the
+_Arco de la plata_ leading to the Charcas road, he found settled there a
+nation of Indians named Huallas, already mentioned. Manco Ccapac and
+Mama Occlo began to settle and to take possession of the land and water,
+against the will of the Huallas. On this business they did many violent
+and unjust things. As the Huallas attempted to defend their lives and
+properties, many cruelties were committed by Manco Ccapac and Mama
+Occlo. They relate that Mama Occlo was so fierce that, having killed one
+of the Hualla Indians, she cut him up, took out the inside, carried the
+heart and lungs in her mouth, and with an _ayuinto_, which is a stone
+fastened to a rope, in her hand, she attacked the Huallas with
+diabolical resolution. When the Huallas beheld this horrible and inhuman
+spectacle, they feared that the same thing would be done to them, being
+simple and timid, and they fled and abandoned their rights. Mama Occlo
+reflecting on her cruelty, and fearing that for it they would be branded
+as tyrants, resolved not to spare any Huallas, believing that the affair
+would thus be forgotten. So they killed all they could lay their hands
+upon, dragging infants from their mothers' wombs, that no memory might
+be left of these miserable Huallas.
+
+Having done this Manco Ccapac advanced, and came within a mile of Cuzco
+to the S.E., where a Sinchi named Copalimayta came out to oppose him. We
+have mentioned this chief before and that, although he was a late comer,
+he settled with the consent of the natives of the valley, and had been
+incorporated in the nation of Sauaseray Panaca, natives of the site of
+Santo Domingo at Cuzco. Having seen the strangers invading their lands
+and tyrannizing over them, and knowing the cruelties inflicted on the
+Huallas, they had chosen Copalimayta as their Sinchi. He came forth to
+resist the invasion, saying that the strangers should not enter his
+lands or those of the natives. His resistance was such that Manco Ccapac
+and his companions were obliged to turn their backs. They returned to
+Huanay-pata, the land they had usurped from the Huallas. From the sowing
+they had made they derived a fine crop of maize, and for this reason
+they gave the place a name which means something precious[53].
+
+[Note 53: The origin of the Inca dynasty derived from Manco Ccapac
+and his brethren issuing from the window at Paccari-tampu may be called
+the Paccari-tampu myth. It was universally received and believed.
+Garcilasso de la Vega gives the meanings of the names of the brothers.
+Ayar Cachi means salt or instruction in rational life, Ayar Uchu is
+pepper, meaning the delight experienced from such teaching, and Ayar
+Sauca means pleasure, or the joy they afterwards experienced from it.
+Balboa gives an account of the death of Ayar Cachi, but calls him Ayar
+Auca. He also describes the turning into stone at Huanacauri. Betanzos
+tells much the same story as Sarmiento; as do Cieza de Leon and
+Montesinos, with some slight differences. Yamqui Pachacuti gives the
+names of the brothers, but only relates the Huanacauri part of the
+story. Montesinos and Garcilasso de la Vega call one of the brothers
+Ayar Sauca. Sarmiento, Betanzos and Balboa call him Ayar Auca. All agree
+in the names of the other brothers.]
+
+After some months they returned to the attack on the natives of the
+valley, to tyrannize over them. They assaulted the settlement of the
+Sauaseras, and were so rapid in their attack that they captured
+Copalimayta, slaughtering many of the Sauaseras with great cruelty.
+Copalimayta, finding himself a prisoner and fearing death, fled out of
+desperation, leaving his estates, and was never seen again after he
+escaped. Mama Huaco and Manco Ccapac usurped his houses, lands and
+people. In this way MANCO CCAPAC, MAMA HUACO, SINCHI ROCCA, and MANCO
+SAPACA settled on the site between the two rivers, and erected the House
+of the Sun, which they called YNTI-CANCHA. They divided all that
+position, from Santo Domingo to the junction of the rivers into four
+neighbourhoods or quarters which they call _cancha_. They called one
+QUINTI-CANCHA, the second CHUMPI-CANCHA, the third SAYRI-CANCHA, and the
+fourth YARAMPUY-CANCHA. They divided the sites among themselves, and
+thus the city was peopled, and, from the heap of stones of Ayar Auca it
+was called CUZCO[54].
+
+[Note 54: Garcilasso de la Vega gives the most detailed description
+of the city of Cuzco and its suburbs, ii. p. 235, but he does not
+mention these four divisions. The space from Santo Domingo to the
+junction of the rivers only covers a few acres; and was devoted to the
+gardens of the Sun.]
+
+
+
+
+XIV.
+
+THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANCO CCAPAC AND THE ALCABISAS, RESPECTING THE
+ARABLE LAND.
+
+
+It has been said that one of the natural tribes of this valley of Cuzco
+was the Alcabisas. At the time when Manco Ccapac settled at Ynti-cancha
+and seized the goods of the Sauaseras and Huallas, the Alcabisas were
+settled half an arquebus shot from Ynti-canchi, towards the part where
+Santa Clara now stands. Manco Ccapac had a plan to spread out his forces
+that his tyrannical intentions might not be impeded, so he sent his
+people, as if loosely and idly, making free with the land. He took the
+lands without distinction, to support his companies. As he had taken
+those of the Huallas and Sauaseras, he wished also to take those of the
+Alcabisas. As these Alcabisas had given up some, Manco Ccapac wished and
+intended to take all or nearly all. When the Alcabisas saw that the new
+comers even entered their houses, they said: "These are men who are
+bellicose and unreasonable! they take our lands! Let us set up landmarks
+on the fields they have left to us." This they did, but Mama Huaco said
+to Manco Ccapac, "let us take all the water from the Alcabisas, and then
+they will be obliged to give us the rest of their land." This was done
+and they took away the water. Over this there were disputes; but as the
+followers of Manco Ccapac were more and more masterful, they forced the
+Alcabisas to give up their lands which they wanted, and to serve them as
+their lords, although the Alcabisas never voluntarily served Manco
+Ccapac nor looked upon him as their lord. On the contrary they always
+went about saying with loud voices-to those of Manco Ccapac--"Away!
+away! out of our territory." For this Manco Ccapac was more hard upon
+them, and oppressed them tyrannically.
+
+Besides the Alcabisas there were other tribes, as we have mentioned
+before. These Manco Ccapac and Mama Huaco totally destroyed, and more
+especially one which lived near Ynti-cancha, in the nearest land, called
+Humanamean, between Ynti-cancha and Cayocachi[55], where there also
+lived another native Sinchi named Culunchima. Manco Ccapac entered the
+houses and lands of all the natives, especially of the Alcabisas,
+condemned their Sinchi to perpetual imprisonment, sending the others to
+banishment in Cayocachi, and forcing them to pay tribute. But they were
+always trying to free themselves from the tyranny, as the Alcabisas did
+later[56].
+
+[Note 55: Garcilasso de la Vega describes Cayau-cachi as a small
+village of about 300 inhabitants in his time. It was about 1000 paces
+west of the nearest house of the city in 1560; but he had been told
+that, at the time of his writing in 1602, the houses had been extended
+so as to include it.]
+
+[Note 56: Cieza de Leon and Balboa corroborate the story of
+Sarmiento that the Alcabisas (Cieza calls them Alcaviquizas, Balboa has
+Allcay-villcas) were hostile to the Incas, Cieza, ii. p. 105, Balboa, p.
+25. Yamqui Pachacuti mentions them as Allcayviesas, p. 76.]
+
+Having completed the yoke over the natives, their goods and persons,
+Manco Ccapac was now very old. Feeling the approach of death, and
+fearing that in leaving the sovereignty to his son, Sinchi Rocca, he and
+his successors might not be able to retain it owing to the bad things he
+had done and to the tyranny he had established, he ordered that the ten
+lineages or companies that had come with him from Tampu-tocco should
+form themselves into a garrison or guard, to be always on the watch over
+the persons of his son and of his other descendants to keep them safe.
+They were to elect the successor when he had been nominated by his
+father, or succeeded on the death of his father. For he would not trust
+the natives to nominate or elect, knowing the evil he had done, and the
+force he had used towards them. Manco Ccapac being now on the point of
+death, he left the bird _indi_ enclosed in its cage, the
+_tupac-yauri_[57] or sceptre, the _napa_ and the _suntur-paucar_ the
+insignia of a prince, [_though tyrant_,] to his son Sinchi Rocca that he
+might take his place, [_and this without the consent or election of any
+of the natives_].
+
+[Note 57: _Tupac-yauri_ The sceptre of the sovereign. Molina, pp.
+25, 40, 41. Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 92.]
+
+Thus died Manco Ccapac, according to the accounts of those of his
+_ayllu_ or lineage, at the age of 144 years, which were divided in the
+following manner. When he set out from Paccari-tampu or Tampu-tocco he
+was 36 years of age. From that time until he arrived at the valley of
+Cuzco, during which interval he was seeking for fertile lands, there
+were eight years. For in one place he stayed one, in another two years,
+in others more or less until he reached Cuzco, where he lived all the
+rest of the time, which was 100 years, as _Ccapac_ or supreme and rich
+sovereign.
+
+They say that he was a man of good stature, thin, rustic, cruel though
+frank, and that in dying he was converted into a stone of a height of a
+vara and a half. The stone was preserved with much veneration in the
+Ynti-cancha until the year 1559 when, the licentiate Polo Ondegardo
+being Corregidor of Cuzco, found it and took it away from where it was
+adored and venerated by all the Incas, in the village of Bimbilla near
+Cuzco.
+
+From this Manco Ccapac were originated the ten ayllus mentioned above.
+From his time began the idols _huauquis_, which was an idol or demon
+chosen by each Inca for his companion and oracle which gave him
+answers[58]. That of Manco Ccapac was the bird _indi_ already mentioned.
+This Manco Ccapac ordered, for the preservation of his memory, the
+following: His eldest son by his legitimate wife, who was his sister,
+was to succeed to the sovereignty. If there was a second son his duty
+was to be to help all the other children and relations. They were to
+recognize him as the head in all their necessities, and he was to take
+charge of their interests, and for this duty estates were set aside.
+This party or lineage was called _ayllu_ If there was no second son, or
+if there was one who was incapable, the duty was to be passed on to the
+nearest and ablest relation. And that those to come might have a
+precedent or example, Manco Ccapac made the first _ayllu_ and called it
+_Chima Panaca Ayllu_, which means the lineage descending from Chima,
+because the first to whom he left his _ayllu_ or lineage in charge was
+named _Chima_, and _Panaca_ means "to descend." It is to be noted that
+the members of this _ayllu_ always adored the statue of Manco Ccapac,
+and not those of the other Incas, but the _ayllus_ of the other Incas
+always worshipped that statue and the others also. It is not known what
+was done with the body, for there was only the statue. They carried it
+in their wars, thinking that it secured the victories they won. They
+also took it to Huanacauri, when they celebrated the _huarachicos_ of
+the Incas. Huayna Ccapac took it with him to Quito and Cayambis, and
+afterwards it was brought back to Cuzco with the dead body of that Inca.
+There are still those of this _ayllu_ in Cuzco who preserve the memory
+of the deeds of Manco Ccapac. The principal heads of the _ayllu_ are now
+Don Diego Chaco, and Don Juan Huarhua Chima. They are Hurin-cuzcos.
+Manco Ccapac died in the year 665 of the nativity of Christ our Lord,
+Loyba the Goth reigning in Spain, Constantine IV being Emperor. He lived
+in the Ynti-cancha, House of the Sun.
+
+[Note 58: Sarmiento says that every sovereign Inca had a familiar
+demon or idol which he called _guauqui_, and that the _guauqui_ of Manco
+Ccapac was the _indi_ or bird already mentioned. This is corroborated by
+Polo de Ondegardo. The word seems to be the same as _Huauqui_, a
+brother.]
+
+
+
+
+XV.
+
+COMMENCES THE LIFE OF SINCHI ROCCA, THE SECOND INCA.
+
+
+It has been said that Manco Ccapac, the first Inca, who tyrannized over
+the natives of the valley of Cuzco, only subjugated the Huallas,
+Alcabisas, Sauaseras, Culunchima, Copalimayta and the others mentioned
+above, who were all within the circuit of what is now the city of Cuzco.
+
+To this Manco Ccapac succeeded his son Sinchi Rocca, son also of Mama
+Occlo, his mother and aunt[59]. He succeeded by nomination of his
+father, under the care of the _ayllus_ who then all lived together, but
+not by election of the people, they were all either in flight,
+prisoners, wounded or banished, and were all his mortal enemies owing to
+the cruelties and robberies exercised upon them by his father Manco
+Ccapac. Sinchi Rocca was not a warlike person, and no feats of arms are
+recorded of him, nor did he sally forth from Cuzco, either himself or by
+his captains[60]. He added nothing to what his father had subjugated,
+only holding by his _ayllus_ those whom his father had crushed. He had
+for a wife Mama Cuca of the town of Sano by whom he had a son named
+Lloqui Yupanqui. Lloqui means left-handed, because he was so. He left
+his _ayllu_ called _Raura Panaca Ayllu_ of the Hurin-cuzco side. There
+are some of this _ayllu_ living, the chiefs being Don Alonso Puscon and
+Don Diego Quispi. These have the duty of knowing and maintaining the
+things and memories of Sinchi Rocca. He lived in Ynti-cancha, the House
+of the Sun, and all his years were 127. He succeeded when 108, and
+reigned 19 years. He died in the year of the nativity of our Lord Jesus
+Christ 675, Wamba being King of Spain, Leo IV Emperor, and Donus Pope.
+He left an idol of stone shaped like a fish called _Huanachiri Amaru_,
+which during life was his idol or _guauqui_. Polo, being Corregidor of
+Cuzco, found this idol, with the body of Sinchi Rocca, in the village of
+Bimbilla, among some bars of copper. The idol had attendants and
+cultivated lands for its service.
+
+[Note 59: All the authorities concur that Sinchi Rocca was the
+second sovereign of the Inca dynasty, except Montesinos, who makes him
+the first and calls him Inca Rocca. Acosta has Inguarroca, and Betanzos
+Chincheroca.]
+
+[Note 60: Cieza de Leon and Garcilasso de la Vega also say that
+Sinchi Rocca waged no wars. The latter tells us that, by peaceful means,
+he extended his dominions over the Canchis, as far as Chuncara.]
+
+
+
+
+XVI.
+
+THE LIFE OF LLOQUI YUPANQUI, THE THIRD INCA.
+
+
+On the death of Sinchi Rocca the Incaship was occupied by Lloqui
+Yupanqui, son of Sinchi Rocca by Mama Cuca his wife. It is to be noted
+that, although Manco Ccapac had ordered that the eldest son should
+succeed, this Inca broke the rule of his grandfather, for he had an
+elder brother named Manco Sapaca[61], as it is said, who did not
+consent, and the Indians do not declare whether he was nominated by his
+father. From this I think that Lloqui Yupanqui was not nominated, but
+Manco Sapaca as the eldest, for so little regard for the natives or
+their approval was shown. This being so, it was tyranny against the
+natives and infidelity to relations with connivance of the _ayllus_
+legionaries; and with the Inca's favour they could do what they liked,
+by supporting him. So Lloqui Yupanqui lived in Ynti-cancha like his
+father[62]. He never left Cuzco on a warlike expedition nor performed
+any memorable deed, but merely lived like his father, having
+communication with some provinces and chiefs. These were Huaman Samo,
+chief of Huaro, Pachaculla Viracocha, the Ayamarcas of Tampu-cunca, and
+the Quilliscachis[63].
+
+[Note 61: Manco Sapaca, the eldest son of Sinchi Rocca, is also
+mentioned by Balboa, pp. 14, 20, 22.]
+
+[Note 62: All the authorities concur in making Lloqui Yupanqui the
+third Inca, except Acosta, who has Iaguarhuaque. Herrera spells it Lloki
+Yupanqui, Fernandez has Lloccuco Panque, merely corrupt spellings. Cieza
+de Leon also represents this reign to have been peaceful, but Garcilasso
+de la Vega makes Lloqui Yupanqui conquer the Collao.]
+
+[Note 63: Huaro or Guaro is a village south of Cuzco in the valley
+of the Vilcamayu (Balboa, p. 110). Huaman Samo was the chief of Huaro.
+Balboa mentions Pachachalla Viracocha as a chief of great prudence and
+ability who submitted to Lloqui Yupanqui, pp. 21, 22. The Ayamarcas
+formed a powerful tribe about 12 miles south of Cuzco. The Quilliscachis
+formed one of the original tribes in the valley of Cuzco (Yamqui
+Pachacuti, p. 110). Tampu-cunca only occurs here.]
+
+One day Lloqui Yupanqui being very sad and afflicted, the Sun appeared
+to him in the form of a person and consoled him by saying---"Do not be
+sorrowful, Lloqui Yupanqui, for from you shall descend great Lords,"
+also, that he might hold it for certain that he would have male issue.
+For Lloqui Yupanqui was then very old, and neither had a son nor
+expected to have one. This having been made known, and what the Sun had
+announced to Lloqui Yupanqui having been published to the people, his
+relations determined to seek a wife for him. His brother Manco Sapaca,
+understanding the fraternal disposition, sought for a woman who was
+suitable for it. He found her in a town called Oma, two leagues from
+Cuzco, asked for her from her guardians, and, with their consent,
+brought her to Cuzco. She was then married to Lloqui Yupanqui. Her name
+was Mama Cava, and by her the Inca had a son named Mayta Ccapac.
+
+This Lloqui did nothing worthy of remembrance. He carried with him an
+idol, which was his _guauqui_ called _Apu Mayta_. His _ayllu_ is _Avayni
+Panaca Ayllu_, because the first who had the charge of this _ayllu_ was
+named Avayni. This Inca lived and died in Ynti-cancha. He was 132 years
+of age, having succeeded at the age of 21, so that he was sovereign or
+"ccapac" for 111 years. He died in 786, Alfonso el Casto being King of
+Spain and Leo IV Supreme Pontiff. Some of this _ayllu_ still live at
+Cuzco. The chiefs are Putisuc Titu Avcaylli, Titu Rimachi, Don Felipe
+Titu Cunti Mayta, Don Agustin Cunti Mayta, Juan Bautista Quispi Cunti
+Mayta. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate Polo found the body of this
+Inca with the rest.
+
+
+
+
+XVII.
+
+THE LIFE OF MAYTA CCAPAC, THE FOURTH INCA[64].
+
+[Note 64: All authorities agree that Mayta Ccapac was the fourth
+Inca, except Acosta and Betanzos. Acosta has Viracocha. Betanzos places
+Mayta Ccapac after Ccapac Yupanqui, whom other authorities make his son.
+His reign was peaceful except that he encountered and finally vanquished
+the Alcabisas. But Garcilasso de la Vega makes him the conqueror of the
+region south of lake Titicaca, as well as provinces to the westward,
+including the settlement of Arequipa. All this is doubtless a mistake on
+the part of Garcilasso.]
+
+
+Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca, son of Lloqui Yupanqui and his wife Mama
+Cava, is to those Indians what Hercules is to us, as regards his birth
+and acts, for they relate strange things of him. At the very first the
+Indians of his lineage, and all the others in general, say that his
+father, when he was begotten, was so old and weak that every one
+believed he was useless, so that they thought the conception was a
+miracle. The second wonder was that his mother bore him three months
+after conception, and that he was born strong and with teeth. All affirm
+this, and that he grew at such a rate that in one year he had as much
+strength and was as big as a boy of eight years or more. At two years he
+fought with very big boys, knocked them about and hurt them seriously.
+This all looks as if it might be counted with the other fables, but I
+write what the natives believe respecting their ancestors, and they hold
+this to be so true that they would kill anyone who asserted the
+contrary.
+
+They say of this Mayta that when he was of very tender years, he was
+playing with some boys of the Alcabisas and Culunchimas, natives of
+Cuzco, when he hurt many of them and killed some. And one day, drinking
+or taking water from a fountain, he broke the leg of the son of a Sinchi
+of the Alcabisas, and hunted the rest until they shut themselves up in
+their houses, where the Alcabisas lived without injuring the Incas.
+
+But now the Alcabisas, unable to endure longer the naughtiness of Mayta
+Ccapac, which he practised under the protection of Lloqui Yupanqui, and
+the _ayllus_ who watched over him, determined to regain their liberty
+and to venture their lives for it. So they selected ten resolute Indians
+to go to the House of the Sun where Lloqui Yupanqui and his son Mayta
+Ccapac lived, and enter it with the intention of killing them. At the
+time Mayta Ccapac was in the court yard of the house, playing at ball
+with some other boys. When he saw enemies entering the house with arms,
+he threw one of the balls he was playing with, and killed one. He did
+the same to another, and, attacking the rest, they all fled. Though the
+rest escaped, they had received many wounds, and in this state they went
+back to their Sinchis of Calunchima and Alcabasa.
+
+The Chiefs, considering the harm Mayta Ccapac had done to the natives
+when a child, feared that when he was grown up he would destroy them
+all, and for this reason they resolved to die for their liberty. All the
+inhabitants of the valley of Cuzco, that had been spared by Manco
+Ccapac, united to make war on the Incas. This very seriously alarmed
+Lloqui Yupanqui. He thought he was lost, and reprehended his son Mayta
+Ccapac, saying, "Son! why hast thou been so harmful to the natives of
+this valley, so that in my old age I shall die at the hands of our
+enemies?" As the _ayllus_, who were in garrison with the Incas, rejoiced
+more in rapine and disturbances than in quiet, they took the part of
+Mayta Ccapac and told the old Inca to hold his peace, leaving the matter
+to his son, so Lloqui Yupanqui took no further steps in reprehending
+Mayta Ccapac. The Alcabisas and Culunchimas assembled their forces and
+Mayta Ccapac marshalled his _ayllus_. There was a battle between the two
+armies and although it was doubtful for some time, both sides fighting
+desperately for victory, the Alcabisas and Calunchimas were finally
+defeated by the troops of Mayta Ccapac.
+
+But not for this did the Alcabisas give up the attempt to free
+themselves and avenge their wrongs. Again they challenged Mayta Ccapac
+to battle, which he accepted. As they advanced they say that such a hail
+storm fell over the Alcabisas that they were defeated a third time, and
+entirely broken up. Mayta Ccapac imprisoned their Sinchi for the
+remainder of his life.
+
+Mayta Ccapac married Mama Tacucaray, native of the town of Tacucaray,
+and by her he had a legitimate son named Ccapac Yupanqui, besides four
+others named Tarco Huaman, Apu Cunti Mayta, Queco Avcaylli, and Rocca
+Yupanqui.
+
+This Mayta Ccapac was warlike, and the Inca who first distinguished
+himself in arms after the time of Mama Huaco and Manco Ccapac. They
+relate of him that he dared to open the hamper containing the bird
+_indi_. This bird, brought by Manco Ccapac from Tampu-tocco, had been
+inherited by his successors, the predecessors of Mayta Ccapac, who had
+always kept it shut up in a hamper or box of straw, such was the fear
+they had of it. But Mayta Ccapac was bolder than any of them. Desirous
+of seeing what his predecessors had guarded so carefully, he opened the
+hamper, saw the bird _indi_ and had some conversation with it. They say
+that it gave him oracles, and that after the interview with the bird he
+was wiser, and knew better what he should do, and what would happen.
+
+With all this he did not go forth from the valley of Cuzco, although
+chiefs from some distant nations came to visit him. He lived in
+Ynti-cancha, the House of the Sun. He left a lineage called _Usca Mayta
+Panaca Ayllu_, and some members of it are still living in Cuzco. The
+heads are named Don Juan Tambo Usca Mayta, and Don Baltasar Quiso Mayta.
+They are Hurin-cuzcos. Mayta Ccapac died at the age of 112 years, in the
+year 890 of the nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ. The Licentiate Polo
+found his body and idol _guauqui_ with the rest.
+
+
+
+
+XVIII.
+
+THE LIFE OF CCAPAC YUPANQUI, THE FIFTH INCA[65].
+
+[Note 65: All authorities are agreed that Ccapac Yupanqui was the
+fifth Inca, except Betanzos, who puts him in his father's place.
+Garcilasso attributes extensive conquests to him, both to south and
+west.]
+
+
+At the time of his death, Mayta Ccapac named Ccapac Yupanqui as his
+successor, his son by his wife Mama Tacucaray. This Ccapac Yupanqui, as
+soon as he succeeded to the Incaship, made his brothers swear allegiance
+to him, and that they desired that he should be Ccapac. They complied
+from fear, for he was proud and cruel. At first he lived very quietly in
+the Ynti-cancha. It is to be noted that although Ccapac Yupanqui
+succeeded his father, he was not the eldest son. Cunti Mayta, who was
+older, had an ugly face. His father had, therefore, disinherited him and
+named Ccapac Yupanqui as successor to the sovereignty, and Cunti Mayta
+as high priest. For this reason Ccapac Yupanqui was not the legitimate
+heir, although he tyrannically forced his brothers to swear allegiance
+to him.
+
+This Inca, it is said, was the first to make conquests beyond the valley
+of Cuzco. He forcibly subjugated the people of Cuyumarca and Ancasmarca,
+four leagues from Cuzco. A wealthy Sinchi of Ayamarca, from fear,
+presented his daughter, named Ccuri-hilpay to the Inca. Others say that
+she was a native of Cuzco. The Inca received her as his wife, and had a
+son by her named Inca Rocca, besides five other sons by various women.
+These sons were named Apu Calla, Humpi, Apu Saca, Apu Chima-chaui, and
+Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando[66]. Apu Saca had a son named Apu Mayta, a very
+valiant and famous captain, who greatly distinguished himself in the
+time of Inca Rocca and Viracocha Inca, in company with Vicaquirau,
+another esteemed captain. Besides these Ccapac Yupanqui had another son
+named Apu Urco Huaranca[67]. This Ccapac Yupanqui lived 104 years, and
+was Ccapac for 89 years. He succeeded at the age of 15, and died in the
+year 980 of the nativity of our redeemer Jesus Christ. His _ayllu_ or
+lineage was and is called _Apu Mayta Panaca Ayllu_. Several of this
+lineage are now living, the principal heads being four in number,
+namely, Don Cristobal Cusi-hualpa, Don Antonio Picuy, Don Francisco
+Cocasaca, and Don Alonso Rupaca. They are Hurin-cuzcos. The Licentiate
+Polo found the idol or _guaoqui_ of this Inca with the body. They were
+hidden with the rest, to conceal the idolatrous ceremonies of heathen
+times.
+
+[Note 66: _Calla_ means a distaff. _Humpi_ means perspiration.
+_Saca_ is a game bird, also a comet. Chima-chaui is a proper name with
+no meaning. The name of the fifth son is rather unmanageable.
+Uchun-cuna-ascalla-rando. _Uchun-cuna_ would mean the Peruvian pepper
+with the plural particle. _Ascalla_ would be a small potato. _Rando_ is
+a corrupt form of _runtu_, an egg. This little Inca seems to have done
+the marketing.]
+
+[Note 67: _Urco_, the male gender. _Huaranca_, a thousand.]
+
+
+
+
+XIX.
+
+THE LIFE OF INCA ROCCA, THE SIXTH INCA[68].
+
+
+When Ccapac Yupanqui died, Inca Rocca, his son by his wife Ccuri-hilpay,
+succeeded by nomination of his father and the guardian _ayllus_. This
+Inca Rocca showed force and valour at the beginning of his Incaship, for
+he conquered the territories of Muyna[69] and Pinahua with great
+violence and cruelty. They are rather more than four leagues to the
+south-south-east of Cuzco. He killed their Sinchis Muyna Pancu, and
+Huaman-tupac, though some say that Huaman-tupac fled and was never more
+seen. He did this by the help of Apu Mayta his nephew, and grandson of
+Ccapac Yupanqui. He also conquered Caytomarca, four leagues from Cuzco.
+He discovered the waters of Hurin-chacan and those of Hanan-chacan,
+which is as much as to say the upper and lower waters of Cuzco, and led
+them in conduits; so that to this day they irrigate fields; and his sons
+and descendants have benefited by them to this day.
+
+[Note 68: All authorities are agreed respecting Inca Rocca as the
+sixth Inca. Garcilasso makes him extend the Inca dominion beyond the
+Apurimac, and into the country of the Chancos.]
+
+[Note 69: Muyna is a district with a lake, 14 miles S.S.W. of Cuzco.
+Pinahua is mentioned by Garcilasso as a chief to the westward, i. p.
+71.]
+
+Inca Rocca gave himself up to pleasures and banquets, preferring to live
+in idleness. He loved his children to that extent, that for them he
+forgot duties to his people and even to his own person. He married a
+great lady of the town of Pata-huayllacan, daughter of the Sinchi of
+that territory, named Soma Inca. Her name was Mama Micay. From this
+marriage came the wars between Tocay Ccapac and the Cuzcos as we shall
+presently relate. By this wife Inca Rocca had a son named Titu Cusi
+Hualpa[70], and by another name Yahuar-huaccac, and besides this eldest
+legitimate son he had four other famous sons named Inca Paucar, Huaman
+Taysi Inca, and Vicaquirau Inca[70]. The latter was a great warrior,
+companion in arms with Apu Mayta. These two captains won great victories
+and subdued many provinces for Viracocha Inca and Inca Yupanqui. They
+were the founders of the great power to which the Incas afterwards
+attained.
+
+[Note 70: _Titu_ means august or magnanimous. _Cusi_ joyful.
+_Hualpa_ a game bird. _Paucar_ means beautiful or bright coloured.
+_Huaman_ a falcon. _Vica_ may be _nilca_ sacred. _Quirau_ a cradle.]
+
+As the events which happened in the reign of Inca Rocca touching the
+Ayamarcas will be narrated in the life of his son, we will not say more
+of this Inca, except that, while his ancestors had always lived in the
+lower part of Cuzco, and were therefore called Hurin-cuzcos, he ordered
+that those who sprang from him should form another party, and be called
+Hanan-cuzcos, which means the Cuzcos of the upper part. So that from
+this Inca began the party of upper or Hanan-cuzcos, for presently he and
+his successors left their residence at the House of the Sun, and
+established themselves away from it, building palaces where they lived,
+in the upper part of the town. It is to be noted that each Inca had a
+special palace in which he lived, the son not wishing to reside in the
+palace where his father had lived. It was left in the same state as it
+was in when the father died, with servants, relations, _ayllus_ or heirs
+that they might maintain it, and keep the edifices in repair. The Incas
+and their _ayllus_ were, and still are Hanan-cuzco; although afterwards,
+in the time of Pachacuti, these _ayllus_ were reformed by him. Some say
+that then were established the two parties which have been so celebrated
+in these parts.
+
+Inca Rocca named his son Vicaquirao as the head of his lineage, and it
+is still called after him the _Vicaquirao Panaca Ayllu_. There are now
+some of this lineage living in Cuzco, the principal heads who protect
+and maintain it being the following: Don Francisco Huaman Rimachi
+Hachacoma, and Don Antonio Huaman Mayta. They are Hanan-cuzcos. Inca
+Rocca lived 103 years, and died in the year 1088 of the nativity of our
+Lord. The Licentiate Polo found his body in the town called Rarapa, kept
+there with much care and veneration according to their rites.
+
+
+
+
+XX.
+
+THE LIFE OF TITU CUSI HUALPA, VULGARLY CALLED YAHUAR-HUACCAC.
+
+
+Titu Cusi Hualpa Inca, eldest son of Inca Rocca and his wife Mama Micay,
+had a strange adventure in his childhood[71]. These natives therefore
+relate his life from his childhood, and in the course of it they tell
+some things of his father, and of some who were strangers in Cuzco, as
+follows. It has been related how the Inca Rocca married Mama Micay by
+the rites of their religion. But it must be understood that those of
+Huayllacan had already promised to give Mama Micay, who was their
+countrywoman and very beautiful, in marriage to Tocay Ccapac, Sinchi of
+the Ayamarcas their neighbours. When the Ayamarcas[72] saw that the
+Huayllacans had broken their word, they were furious and declared war,
+considering them as enemies. War was carried on, the Huayllacans
+defending themselves and also attacking the Ayamarcas, both sides
+committing cruelties, inflicting deaths and losses, and causing great
+injury to each other. While this war was being waged, Mama Micay gave
+birth to her son Titu Cusi Hualpa. The war continued for some years
+after his birth, when both sides saw that they were destroying each
+other, and agreed to come to terms, to avoid further injury. The
+Ayamarcas, who were the most powerful, requested those of Huayllacan to
+deliver the child Titu Cusi Hualpa into their hands, to do what they
+liked with him. On this condition they would desist from further
+hostilities, but if it was not complied with, they announced that they
+would continue a mortal war to the end. The Huayllacans, fearing this,
+and knowing their inability for further resistance, accepted the
+condition, although they were uncles and relations of the child. In
+order to comply it was necessary for them to deceive the Inca. There
+was, in the town of Paulo, a brother of Inca Rocca and uncle of Titu
+Cusi Hualpa named Inca Paucar. He went or sent messengers to ask Inca
+Rocca to think well of sending his nephew Titu Cusi Hualpa to his town
+of Paulo in order that, while still a child, he might learn to know and
+care for his relations on his mother's side, while they wanted to make
+him the heir of their estates. Believing in these words the Inca Rocca
+consented that his son should be taken to Paulo, or the town of
+Micocancha. As soon as they had the child in their town the Huayllacans
+made great feasts in honour of Titu Cusi Hualpa, who was then eight
+years old, a little more or less. His father had sent some Incas to
+guard him. When the festivities were over, the Huayllacans sent to give
+notice to the Ayamarcas that, while they were occupied in ploughing
+certain lands which they call _chacaras_, they might come down on the
+town and carry off the child, doing with him what they chose, in
+accordance with the agreement. The Ayamarcas, being informed, came at
+the time and to the place notified and, finding the child Titu Cusi
+Hualpa alone, they carried it off.
+
+[Note 71: The very interesting story of the kidnapping of the heir
+of Inca Rocca, is well told by Sarmiento.]
+
+[Note 72: The Ayarmarcas seem to have occupied the country about 15
+miles S.S.W. of Cuzco, near Muyna. The word Ayar is the same as that in
+the names of the brethren of Manco Ccapac. But others omit the r, and
+make it Ayamarca, Cieza de Leon, pp. 114, 115, Garcilasso, i. p. 80,
+Yamqui Pachacuti, p. 90. The month of October was called Ayamarca-Raymi.
+Molina says that it was because the Ayamarca tribe celebrated the feast
+of Huarachicu in that month.]
+
+Others say that this treason was carried out in another way. While the
+uncle was giving the child many presents, his cousins, the sons of Inca
+Paucar, became jealous and treated with Tocay Ccapac to deliver the
+child into his hands. Owing to this notice Tocay Ccapac came. Inca
+Paucar had gone out to deliver to his nephew a certain estate and a
+flock of llamas. Tocay Ccapac, the enemy of Inca Rocca was told by those
+who had charge of the boy. He who carried him fled, and the boy was
+seized and carried off by Tocay Ccapac.
+
+Be it the one way or the other, the result was that the Ayamarcas took
+Titu Cusi Hualpa from the custody of Inca Paucar in the town of Paulo,
+while Inca Paucar and the Huayllacans sent the news to Inca Rocca by one
+party, and with another took up arms against the Ayamarcas.
+
+
+
+
+XXI.
+
+WHAT HAPPENED AFTER THE AYAMARCAS HAD STOLEN TITU CUSI HUALPA.
+
+
+When the Ayamarcas and their Sinchi Tocay Ccapac stole the son of Inca
+Rocca, they marched off with him. The Huayllacans of Paulopampa, under
+their Sinchi Paucar Inca, marched in pursuit, coming up to them at a
+place called Amaro, on the territory of the Ayamarcas. There was an
+encounter between them, one side to recover the child, and the other to
+keep their capture. But Paucar was only making a demonstration so as to
+have an excuse ready. Consequently the Ayamarcas were victorious, while
+the Huayllacans broke and fled. It is said that in this encounter, and
+when the child was stolen, all the _orejones_ who had come as a guard
+from Cuzco, were slain. The Ayamarcas then took the child to the chief
+place of their province called Ahuayro-cancha.
+
+Many say that Tocay Ccapac was not personally in this raid but that he
+sent his Ayamarcas, who, when they arrived at Ahuayro-cancha, presented
+the child Titu Cusi Hualpa to him, saying, "Look here, Tocay Ccapac, at
+the prisoner we have brought you." The Sinchi received his prize with
+great satisfaction, asking in a loud voice if this was the child of Mama
+Micay, who ought to have been his wife. Titu Cusi Hualpa, though but a
+child, replied boldly that he was the son of Mama Micay and of the Inca
+Rocca. Tocay was indignant when he had heard those words, and ordered
+those who brought the child as a prisoner to take him out and kill him.
+The boy, when he heard such a sentence passed upon him, was so filled
+with sadness and fright, that he began to weep from fear of death. He
+began to shed tears of blood and with indignation beyond his years, in
+the form of a malediction he said to Tocay and the Ayamarcas, "I tell
+you that as sure as you murder me there will come such a curse on you
+and your descendants that you will all come to an end, without any
+memory being left of your nation."
+
+The Ayamarcas and Tocay attentively considered this curse of the child
+together with the tears of blood. They thought there was some great
+mystery that so young a child should utter such weighty words, and that
+the fear of death should make such an impression on him that he should
+shed tears of blood. They were in suspense divining what it portended,
+whether that the child would become a great man. They revoked the
+sentence of death, calling the child _Yahuar-huaccac_, which means
+"weeper of blood," in allusion to what had taken place.
+
+But although they did not wish to kill him then and with their own
+hands, they ordered that he should lead such a life as that he would die
+of hunger. Before this they all said to the child that he should turn
+his face to Cuzco and weep over it, because those curses he had
+pronounced, would fall on the inhabitants of Cuzco, and so it happened.
+
+This done they delivered him to the most valiant Indians, and ordered
+them to take him to certain farms where flocks were kept, giving him to
+eat by rule, and so sparingly that he would be consumed with hunger
+before he died. He was there for a year without leaving the place, so
+that they did not know at Cuzco, or anywhere else, whether he was dead
+or alive. During this time Inca Rocca, being without certain knowledge
+of his son, did not wish to make war on the Ayamarcas because, if he was
+alive, they might kill him. So he did no more than prepare his men of
+war and keep ready, while he enquired for his son in all the ways that
+were possible.
+
+
+
+
+XXII.
+
+HOW IT BECAME KNOWN THAT YAHUAR-HUACCAC WAS ALIVE.
+
+
+As the child Yahuar-huaccac was a year among the shepherds without
+leaving their huts, which served as a prison, no one knew where he was,
+because he could not come forth, being well watched by the shepherds and
+other guards. But it so happened that there was a woman in the place
+called Chimpu Orma, native of the town of Anta, three leagues from
+Cuzco. She was a concubine of the Sinchi Tocay Ccapac, and for this
+reason she had leave to walk about and go into all parts as she pleased.
+She was the daughter of the Sinchi of Anta, and having given an account
+of the treatment of the child to her father, brothers, and relations,
+she persuaded them to help in his liberation. They came on a certain day
+and, with the pass given them by Chimpu Orma, the father and relations
+arranged the escape of Yahuar-huaccac. They stationed themselves behind
+a hill. Yahuar-huaccac was to run in a race with some other boys, to see
+which could get to the top of the hill first. When the prince reached
+the top, the men of Anta, who were hidden there, took him in their arms
+and ran swiftly with him to Anta. When the other boys saw this they
+quickly gave notice to the valiant guards, who ran after the men of
+Anta. They overtook them at the lake of Huaypon, where there was a
+fierce battle. Finally the Ayamarcas got the worst of it, for they were
+nearly all killed or wounded. The men of Anta continued their journey to
+their town, where they gave many presents to Yahuar-huaccac and much
+service, having freed him from the mortal imprisonment in which Tocay
+Ccapac held him. In this town of Anta the boy remained a year, being
+served with much love, but so secretly that his father Inca Rocca did
+not know that he had escaped, during all that time. At the end of a year
+those of Anta agreed to send messengers to Inca Rocca to let him know of
+the safety of his son and heir, because they desired to know and serve
+him. The messengers went to Inca Rocca and, having delivered their
+message, received the reply that the Inca only knew that the Ayamarcas
+had stolen his son. They were asked about it again and again, and at
+last Inca Rocca came down from his throne and closely examined the
+messengers, that they might tell him more, for not without cause had he
+asked them so often. The messengers, being so persistently questioned by
+Inca Rocca, related what had passed, and that his son was free in Anta,
+served and regaled by the chief who had liberated him. Inca Rocca
+rejoiced, promised favours, and dismissed the messengers with thanks.
+Inca Rocca then celebrated the event with feasts and rejoicings.
+
+But not feeling quite certain of the truth of what he had been told, he
+sent a poor man seeking charity to make enquiries at Anta, whether it
+was all true. The poor man went, ascertained that the child was
+certainly liberated, and returned with the news to Inca Rocca; which
+gave rise to further rejoicings in Cuzco. Presently the Inca sent many
+principal people of Cuzco with presents of gold, silver, and cloth to
+the Antas, asking them to receive them and to send back his son. The
+Antas replied that they did not want his presents which they returned,
+that they cared more that Yahuar-huaccac should remain with them, that
+they might serve him and his father also, for they felt much love for
+the boy. Yet if Inca Rocca wanted his son, he should be returned on
+condition that, from that time forwards, the Antas should be called
+relations of the _orejones_. When Inca Rocca was made acquainted with
+the condition, he went to Anta and conceded what they asked for, to the
+Sinchi and his people. For this reason the Antas were called relations
+of the Cuzcos from that time.
+
+Inca Rocca brought his son Yahuar-huaccac to Cuzco and nominated him
+successor to the Incaship, the _ayllus_ and _orejones_ receiving him as
+such. At the end of two years Inca Rocca died, and Yahuar-huaccac, whose
+former name was Titu Cusi Hualpa, remained sole Inca. Before Inca Rocca
+died he made friends with Tocay Ccapac, through the mediation of Mama
+Chicya, daughter of Tocay Ccapac, who married Yahuar-huaccac, and Inca
+Rocca gave his daughter Ccuri-Occllo in marriage to Tocay Ccapac.
+
+
+
+
+XXIII.
+
+YAHUAR-HUACCAC INCA YUPANQUI COMMENCES HIS REIGN ALONE, AFTER THE DEATH
+OF HIS FATHER[73].
+
+
+When Yahuar-huaccac found himself in possession of the sole sovereignty,
+he remembered the treason with which he had been betrayed by the
+Huayllacans who sold him and delivered him up to his enemies the
+Ayamarcas; and he proposed to inflict an exemplary punishment on them.
+When the Huayllacans knew this, they humbled themselves before
+Yahuar-huaccac, entreating him to forgive the evil deeds they had
+committed against him. Yahuar-huaccac, taking into consideration that
+they were relations, forgave them. Then he sent a force, under the
+command of his brother Vicaquirau, against Mohina and Pinahua, four
+leagues from Cuzco, who subdued these places. He committed great
+cruelties, for no other reason than that they did not come to obey his
+will. This would be about 23 years after the time when he rested in
+Cuzco. Some years afterwards the town of Mollaca, near Cuzco, was
+conquered and subjugated by force of arms.
+
+[Note 73: _Yahuar_ means blood. _Huaccani_ to weep. Yahuar-huaccac
+succeeded to Inca Rocca according to Garcilasso de la Vega, Montesinos,
+Betanzos, Balboa, Yamqui Pachacuti and Sarmiento. Cieza de Leon and
+Herrera have Inca Yupanqui. Garcilasso makes this Inca banish his son
+Viracocha, who returns in consequence of a dream, and defeats the
+Chancas. This all seems to be a mistake. It was Viracocha who fled, and
+his son Inca Yupanqui, surnamed Pachacuti, who defeated the Chancas and
+dethroned his father.]
+
+Yahuar-huaccac had, by his wife Mama Chicya, three legitimate sons. The
+eldest was Paucar Ayllu. The second, Pahuac Hualpa Mayta[74], was chosen
+to succeed his father, though he was not the eldest. The third was named
+Viracocha, who was afterwards Inca through the death of his brother.
+Besides these he had three other illegitimate sons named Vicchu Tupac
+because he subdued the town of Vicchu, Marca-yutu, and Rocca Inca. As
+the Huayllacans wanted Marca-yutu to succeed Yahuar-huaccac, because he
+was their relation, they determined to kill Pahuac Hualpa Mayta, who was
+nominated to succeed. With this object they asked his father to let him
+go to Paulo. Forgetting their former treason, he sent the child to its
+grandfather Soma Inca with forty _orejones_ of the _ayllus_ of Cuzco as
+his guard. When he came to their town they killed him, for which the
+Inca, his father, inflicted a great punishment on the Huayllacans,
+killing some and banishing others until very few were left.
+
+[Note 74: Or Pahuac Mayta Inca (Garcilasso de la Vega, i. p. 23) so
+named from his swiftness. _Pahuani_, to run.]
+
+The Inca then went to the conquest of Pillauya, three leagues from Cuzco
+in the valley of Pisac, and to Choyca, an adjacent place, and to Yuco.
+After that he oppressed by force and with cruelties, the towns of
+Chillincay, Taocamarca, and the Cavinas, making them pay tribute. The
+Inca conquered ten places himself or through his son and captains. Some
+attribute all the conquests to his son Viracocha.
+
+This Inca was a man of gentle disposition and very handsome face. He
+lived 115 years. He succeeded his father at the age of 19, and was
+sovereign for 96 years. He left an _ayllu_ named _Aucaylli Panaca_, and
+some are still living at Cuzco. The principal chiefs who maintain it are
+Don Juan Concha Yupanqui, Don Martin Titu Yupanqui, and Don Gonzalo
+Paucar Aucaylli. They are Hanan-cuzcos. The body of this Inca has not
+been discovered[75]. It is believed that those of the town of Paulo have
+it, with the Inca's _guauqui_.
+
+[Note 75: In the margin of the MS., "The witnesses said that they
+believed that the licentiate Polo found it." Navamuel.]
+
+
+
+
+XXIV.
+
+LIFE OF VIRACOCHA THE EIGHTH INCA[76].
+
+[Note 76: All authorities agree respecting Viracocha as the eighth
+Inca.]
+
+
+As the Huayllacans murdered Pahuac Hualpa Mayta who should have
+succeeded his father Yahuar-huaccac, the second son Viracocha Inca was
+nominated for the succession, whose name when a child was Hatun Tupac
+Inca, younger legitimate son of Yahuar-huaccac and Mama Chicya. He was
+married to Mama Runtucaya, a native of Anta. Once when this Hatun Tupac
+Inca was in Urcos, a town which is a little more than five leagues
+S.S.E. of Cuzco, where there was a sumptuous _huaca_ in honour of Ticci
+Viracocha, the deity appeared to him in the night. Next morning he
+assembled his _orejones_, among them his tutor Hualpa Rimachi, and told
+them how Viracocha had appeared to him that night, and had announced
+great good fortune to him and his descendants. In congratulating him
+Hualpa Rimachi saluted him, "O Viracocha Inca." The rest followed his
+example and celebrated this name, and the Inca retained it all the rest
+of his life. Others say that he took this name, because, when he was
+armed as a knight and had his ears bored, he took Ticci Viracocha as the
+godfather of his knighthood. Be it as it may, all that is certain is
+that when a child, before he succeeded his father, he was named Hatun
+Tupac Inca, and afterwards, for the rest of his life, Viracocha Inca.
+
+After he saw the apparition in Urcos, the Inca came to Cuzco, and
+conceived the plan of conquering and tyrannizing over all the country
+that surrounds Cuzco. For it is to be understood that, although his
+father and grandfather had conquered and robbed in these directions, as
+their only object was rapine and bloodshed, they did not place garrisons
+in the places they subdued, so that when the Inca, who had conquered
+these people, died, they rose in arms and regained their liberty. This
+is the reason that we repeat several times that a place was conquered,
+for it was by different Incas. For instance Mohina and Pinahua, although
+first overrun by Inca Rocca, were also invaded by Yahuar-huaccac, and
+then by Viracocha and his son Inca Yupanqui. Each town fought so hard
+for its liberty, both under their Sinchis and without them, that one
+succeeded in subjugating one and another defeated another. This was
+especially the case in the time of the Incas. Even in Cuzco itself those
+of one suburb, called Carmenca, made war on another suburb called
+Cayocachi. So it is to be understood that, in the time of the seven
+Incas preceding Viracocha, although owing to the power they possessed in
+the _ayllus_, they terrorized those of Cuzco and the immediate
+neighbourhood, the subjection only lasted while the lance was over the
+vanquished, and that the moment they had a chance they took up arms for
+their liberty. They did this at great risk to themselves, and sustained
+much loss of life, even those in Cuzco itself, until the time of
+Viracocha Inca.
+
+This Inca had resolved to subjugate all the tribes he possibly could by
+force and cruelty. He selected as his captains two valiant _orejones_
+the one named Apu Mayta and the other Vicaquirau, of the lineage of Inca
+Rocca. With these captains, who were cruel and impious, he began to
+subjugate, before all things, the inhabitants of Cuzco who were not
+Incas _orejones_, practising on them great cruelties and putting many to
+death. At this time many towns and provinces were up in arms. Those in
+the neighbourhood of Cuzco had risen to defend themselves from the
+_orejones_ Incas of Cuzco who had made war to tyrannize over them.
+Others were in arms with the same motives as the Incas, which was to
+subdue them if their forces would suffice. Thus it was that though many
+Sinchis were elected, their proceedings were confused and without
+concert, so that each force was small, and they were all weak and
+without help from each other. This being known to Viracocha, it
+encouraged him to commence his policy of conquest beyond Cuzco.
+
+Before coming to treat of the nations which Viracocha Inca conquered, we
+will tell of the sons he had. By Mama Runtucaya, his legitimate wife, he
+had four sons, the first and eldest Inca Rocca, the second Tupac
+Yupanqui, the third Inca Yupanqui, and the fourth Ccapac Yupanqui. By
+another beautiful Indian named Ccuri-chulpa, of the Ayavilla nation in
+the valley of Cuzco he also had two sons, the one named Inca Urco, the
+other Inca Socso. The descendants of Inca Urco, however, say that he was
+legitimate, but all the rest say that he was a bastard[77].
+
+[Note 77: Urco is made by Cieza de Leon to succeed, and to have been
+dethroned by Inca Yupanqui owing to his flight from the Chancas. Yamqui
+Pachacuti records the death of Urco. Herrera, Fernandez, Yamqui
+Pachacuti also make Urco succeed Viracocha.]
+
+
+
+
+XXV.
+
+THE PROVINCES AND TOWNS CONQUERED BY THE EIGHTH INCA VIRACOCHA.
+
+
+Viracocha, having named Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his captains, and
+mustered his forces, gave orders that they should advance to make
+conquests beyond the valley of Cuzco. They went to Pacaycacha, in the
+valley of Pisac, three leagues and a half from Cuzco. And because the
+besieged did not submit at once they assaulted the town, killing the
+inhabitants and their Sinchi named Acamaqui. Next the Inca marched
+against the towns of Mohina, Pinahua, Casacancha, and Runtucancha, five
+short leagues from Cuzco. They had made themselves free, although
+Yahuar-huaccac had sacked their towns. The captains of Viracocha
+attacked and killed most of the natives, and their Sinchis named Muyna
+Pancu and Huaman Tupac. The people of Mohina and Pinahua suffered from
+this war and subsequent cruelties because they said that they were free,
+and would not serve nor be vassals to the Incas.
+
+At this time the eldest son, Inca Rocca, was grown up and showed signs
+of being a courageous man. Viracocha, therefore, made him
+captain-general with Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau as his colleagues. They
+also took with them Inca Yupanqui, who also gave hopes owing to the
+valour he had shown in the flower of his youth. With these captains the
+conquests were continued. Huaypar-marca was taken, the Ayamarcas were
+subdued, and Tocay Ccapac and Chihuay Ccapac, who had their seats near
+Cuzco, were slain. The Incas next subjugated Mollaca and ruined the town
+of Cayto, four leagues from Cuzco, killing its Sinchi named Ccapac Chani
+They assaulted the towns of Socma and Chiraques, killing their Sinchis
+named Puma Lloqui and Illacumbi, who were very warlike chiefs in that
+time, who had most valorously resisted the attacks of former Incas, that
+they might not come from Cuzco to subdue them. The Inca captains also
+conquered Calca and Caquia Xaquixahuana, three leagues from Cuzco, and
+the towns of Collocte and Camal. They subdued the people between Cuzco
+and Quiquisana with the surrounding country, the Papris and other
+neighbouring places; all within seven or eight leagues round Cuzco. [_In
+these conquests they committed very great cruelties, robberies, put many
+to death and destroyed towns, burning and desolating along the road
+without leaving memory of anything_.]
+
+As Viracocha was now very old, he nominated as his successor his bastard
+son Inca Urco, without regard to the order of succession, because he was
+very fond of his mother. This Inca was bold, proud, and despised others,
+so that he aroused the indignation of the warriors, more especially of
+the legitimate sons, Inca Rocca, who was the eldest, and of the valiant
+captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau. These took order to prevent this
+succession to the Incaship, preferring one of the other brothers, the
+best conditioned, who would treat them well and honourably as they
+deserved. They secretly set their eyes on the third of the legitimate
+sons named Cusi, afterwards called Inca Yupanqui, because they believed
+that he was mild and affable, and, besides these qualities, he showed
+signs of high spirit and lofty ideas. Apu Mayta was more in favour of
+this plan than the others, as he desired to have some one to shield him
+from the fury of Viracocha Inca. Mayta thought that the Inca would kill
+him because he had seduced a woman named Cacchon Chicya, who was a wife
+of Viracocha. Apu Mayta had spoken of his plan and of his devotion to
+Cusi, to his colleague Vicaquirau. While they were consulting how it
+should be managed, the Chancas of Andahuaylas, thirty leagues from
+Cuzco, marched upon that city, as will be narrated in the life of Inca
+Yupanqui. Inca Viracocha, from fear of them, fled from Cuzco, and went
+to a place called Caquia Xaquixahuana, where he shut himself up, being
+afraid of the Chancas. Here he died after some years, deprived of Cuzco
+of which his son Cusi had possession for several years before his
+father's death. Viracocha Inca was he who had made the most extensive
+conquests beyond Cuzco and, as we may say, he tyrannized anew even as
+regards Cuzco, as has been said above.
+
+Viracocha lived 119 years, succeeding at the age of 18. He was Ccapac
+101 years. He named the _ayllu_, which he left for the continuance of
+his lineage, _Socso Panaca Ayllu_, and some are still living at Cuzco,
+the heads being Amaru Titu, Don Francisco Chalco Yupanqui, Don Francisco
+Anti Hualpa. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+This Inca was industrious, and inventor of cloths and embroidered work
+called in their language _Viracocha-tocapu_, and amongst us _brocade_.
+He was rich [_for he robbed much_] and had vases of gold and silver. He
+was buried in Caquia Xaquixahuana and Gonzalo Pizarro, having heard that
+there was treasure with the body, discovered it and a large sum of gold.
+He burnt the body, and the natives collected the ashes and hid them in a
+vase. This, with the Inca's _guauqui_, called _Inca Amaru_, was found by
+the Licentiate Polo, when he was Corregidor of Cuzco.
+
+
+
+
+XXVI.
+
+THE LIFE OF INCA YUPANQUI OR PACHACUTI[78], THE NINTH INCA.
+
+[Note 78: Inca Yupanqui surnamed Pachacuti was the ninth Inca. All
+the authorities agree that he dethroned either his father Viracocha, or
+his half brother Urco, after his victory over the Chancas, and that he
+had a long and glorious reign.]
+
+
+It is related, in the life of Inca Viracocha, that he had four
+legitimate sons. Of these the third named Cusi, and as surname Inca
+Yupanqui, was raised to the Incaship by the famous captains Apu Mayta
+and Vicaquirau, and by the rest of the legitimate sons, and against the
+will of his father. In the course of their intrigues to carry this into
+effect, the times gave them the opportunity which they could not
+otherwise have found, in the march of the Chancas upon Cuzco. It
+happened in this way.
+
+Thirty leagues to the west of Cuzco there is a province called
+Andahuaylas, the names of the natives of it being Chancas. In this
+province there were two Sinchis, [_robbers and cruel tyrants_] named
+Uscovilca and Ancovilca who, coming on an expedition from near Huamanca
+with some companies of robbers, had settled in the valley of
+Andahuaylas, and had there formed a state. They were brothers. Uscovilca
+being the elder and principal one, instituted a tribe which he called
+Hanan-chancas or upper Chancas. Ancovilca formed another tribe called
+Hurin-chancas or lower Chancas. These chiefs, after death, were
+embalmed, and because they were feared for their cruelties in life, were
+kept by their people. The Hanan-chancas carried the statue of Uscovilca
+with them, in their raids and wars. Although they had other Sinchis,
+they always attributed their success to the statue of Uscovilca, which
+they called Ancoallo.
+
+The tribes and companies of Uscovilca had multiplied prodigiously in the
+time of Viracocha. It seemed to them that they were so powerful that no
+one could equal them, so they resolved to march from Andahuaylas and
+conquer Cuzco. With this object they elected two Sinchis, one named
+Asto-huaraca, and the other Tomay-huaraca, one of the tribe of
+Hanan-chanca, the other of Hurin-chanca. These were to lead them in
+their enterprise. The Chancas and their Sinchis were proud and insolent.
+Setting out from Andahuaylas they marched on the way to Cuzco until they
+reached a place called Ichu-pampa, five leagues west of that city, where
+they halted for some days, terrifying the neighbourhood and preparing
+for an advance.
+
+The news spread terror among the _orejones_ of Cuzco, for they doubted
+the powers of Inca Viracocha, who was now very old and weak. Thinking
+that the position of Cuzco was insecure, Viracocha called a Council of
+his sons and captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau. These captains said to
+him--"Inca Viracocha! we have understood what you have proposed to us
+touching this matter, and how you ought to meet the difficulty. After
+careful consideration it appears to us that as you are old and infirm
+owing to what you have undergone in former wars, it will not be well
+that you should attempt so great a business, dangerous and with victory
+doubtful, such as that which now presents itself before your eyes. The
+wisest counsel respecting the course you should adopt is that you should
+leave Cuzco, and proceed to the place of Chita, and thence to Caquia
+Xaquixahuana, which is a strong fort, whence you may treat for an
+agreement with the Chancas." They gave this advice to Viracocha to get
+him out of Cuzco and give them a good opportunity to put their designs
+into execution, which were to raise Cusi Inca Yupanqui to the throne. In
+whatever manner it was done, it is certain that this advice was taken by
+the Inca Viracocha. He determined to leave Cuzco and proceed to Chita,
+in accordance with their proposal. But when Cusi Inca Yupanqui found
+that his father was determined to leave Cuzco, they say that he thus
+addressed him, "How father can it fit into your heart to accept such
+infamous advice as to leave Cuzco, city of the Sun and of Viracocha,
+whose name you have taken, whose promise you hold that you shall be a
+great lord, you and your descendants." Though a boy, he said this with
+the animated daring of a man high in honour. The father answered that he
+was a boy and that he spoke like one, in talking without consideration,
+and that such words were of no value. Inca Yupanqui replied that he
+would remain where they would be remembered, that he would not leave
+Cuzco nor abandon the House of the Sun. They say that all this was
+planned by the said captains of Viracocha, Apu Mayta and Vicaquirau, to
+throw those off their guard who might conceive suspicion respecting the
+remaining of Inca Yupanqui in Cuzco. So Viracocha left Cuzco and went to
+Chita, taking with him his two illegitimate sons Inca Urco and Inca
+Socso. His son Inca Yupanqui remained at Cuzco, resolved to defend the
+city or die in its defence. Seven chiefs remained with him; Inca Rocca
+his elder and legitimate brother, Apu Mayta, Vicaquirau, Quillis-cacha,
+Urco Huaranca, Chima Chaui Pata Yupanqui, Viracocha Inca Paucar, and
+Mircoy-mana the tutor of Inca Yupanqui.
+
+
+
+
+XXVII
+
+COMING OF THE CHANCAS AGAINST CUZCO.
+
+
+At the time when Inca Viracocha left Cuzco, Asto-huaraca and
+Tomay-huaraca set out for Ichu-pampa, first making sacrifices and
+blowing out the lungs of an animal, which they call _calpa_. This they
+did not well understand, from what happened afterwards. Marching on
+towards Cuzco, they arrived at a place called Conchacalla, where they
+took a prisoner. From him they learnt what was happening at Cuzco, and
+he offered to guide them there secretly. Thus he conducted them half
+way. But then his conscience cried out to him touching the evil he was
+doing. So he fled to Cuzco, and gave the news that the Chancas were
+resolutely advancing. The news of this Indian, who was a Quillis-cachi
+of Cuzco, made Viracocha hasten his flight to Chita, whither the Chancas
+sent their messengers summoning him to surrender, and threatening war if
+he refused. Others say that these were not messengers but scouts and
+that Inca Viracocha, knowing this, told them that he knew they were
+spies of the Chancas, that he did not want to kill them, but that they
+might return and tell their people that if they wanted anything he was
+there. So they departed and at the mouth of a channel of water some of
+them fell and were killed. At this the Chancas were much annoyed. They
+said that the messengers had been ordered to go to Inca Viracocha, and
+that they were killed by his captain Quequo Mayta.
+
+While this was proceeding with the messengers of the Chancas, the Chanca
+army was coming nearer to Cuzco. Inca Yupanqui made great praying to
+Viracocha and to the Sun to protect the city. One day he was at
+Susurpuquio in great affliction, thinking over the best plan for
+opposing his enemies, when there appeared a person in the air like the
+Sun, consoling him and animating him for the battle. This being held up
+to him a mirror in which the provinces he would subdue were shown, and
+told him that he would be greater than any of his ancestors: he was to
+have no doubt, but to return to the city, because he would conquer the
+Chancas who were marching on Cuzco. With these words the vision animated
+Inca Yupanqui. He took the mirror, which he carried with him ever
+afterwards, in peace or war, and returned to the city, where he began to
+encourage those he had left there, and some who came from afar[79]. The
+latter came to look on, not daring to declare for either party, fearing
+the rage of the conqueror if they should join the conquered side. Inca
+Yupanqui, though only a lad of 20 or 22 years, provided for everything
+as one who was about to fight for his life.
+
+[Note 79: Susurpuquio seems to have been a fountain or spring on the
+road to Xaquixahuana. Molina relates the story of the vision somewhat
+differently, p. 12. Mrs. Zelia Nuttall thinks that the description of
+the vision bears such a very strong resemblance to a bas relief found in
+Guatemala that they must have a common origin.]
+
+While the Inca Yupanqui was thus engaged the Chancas had been marching,
+and reached a place very near Cuzco called Cusi-pampa, there being
+nothing between it and Cuzco but a low hill. Here the Quillis-cachi was
+encountered again. He said that he had been to spy, and that he rejoiced
+to meet them. This deceiver went from one side to the other, always
+keeping friends with both, to secure the favour of the side which
+eventually conquered. The Chancas resumed the march, expecting that
+there would be no defence. But the Quillis-cachi, mourning over the
+destruction of his country, disappeared from among the Chancas and went
+to Cuzco to give the alarm. "To arms! to arms!" he shouted, "Inca
+Yupanqui. The Chancas are upon you."
+
+At these words the Inca, who was not off his guard, mustered and got his
+troops in order, but he found very few willing to go forth with him to
+oppose the enemy, almost all took to the hills to watch the event. With
+those who were willing to follow, though few in number, chiefly the men
+of the seven Sinchis, brothers and captains, named above, he formed a
+small force and came forth to receive the enemy who advanced in fury and
+without order. The opposing forces advanced towards each other, the
+Chancas attacking the city in four directions. The Inca Yupanqui sent
+all the succour he could to the assailed points, while he and his
+friends advanced towards the statue and standard of Uscovilca, with
+Asto-huaraca and Tomay-huaraca defending them. Here there was a bloody
+and desperate battle, one side striving to enter the city, and the other
+opposing its advance. Those who entered by a suburb called
+Chocos-chacona were valiantly repulsed by the inhabitants. They say that
+a woman named Chanan-ccuri-coca here fought like a man, and so valiantly
+opposed the Chancas that they were obliged to retire. This was the cause
+that all the Chancas who saw it were dismayed. The Inca Yupanqui
+meanwhile was so quick and dexterous with his weapon, that those who
+carried the statue of Uscovilca became alarmed, and their fear was
+increased when they saw great numbers of men coming down from the hills.
+They say that these were sent by Viracocha, the creator, as succour for
+the Inca. The Chancas began to give way, leaving the statue of
+Uscovilca, and they say even that of Ancovilca. Attacking on two sides,
+Inca Rocca, Apu Mayta, and Vicaquirau made great havock among the
+Chancas. Seeing that their only safety was in flight, they turned their
+backs, and their quickness in running exceeded their fierceness in
+advancing. The men of Cuzco continued the pursuit, killing and wounding,
+for more than two leagues, when they desisted. The Chancas returned to
+Ichu-pampa, and the _orejones_ to Cuzco, having won a great victory and
+taken a vast amount of plunder which remained in their hands. The Cuzcos
+rejoiced at this victory won with so little expectation or hope. They
+honoured Inca Yupanqui with many epithets, especially calling him
+PACHACUTI, which means "over-turner of the earth," alluding to the land
+and farms which they looked upon as lost by the coming of the Chancas.
+For he had made them free and safe again. From that time he was called
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
+
+As soon as the victory was secure, Inca Yupanqui did not wish to enjoy
+the triumph although many tried to persuade him. He wished to give his
+father the glory of such a great victory. So he collected the most
+precious spoils, and took them to his father who was in Chita, with a
+principal _orejon_ named Quillis-cachi Urco Huaranca. By him he sent to
+ask his father to enjoy that triumph and tread on those spoils of the
+enemy, a custom they have as a sign of victory. When Quillis-cachi Urco
+Huaranca arrived before Viracocha Inca, he placed those spoils of the
+Chancas at his feet with great reverence, saying, "Inca Viracocha! thy
+son Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, to whom the Sun has given such a great
+victory, vanquishing the powerful Chancas, sends me to salute you, and
+says that, as a good and humble son he wishes you to triumph over your
+victory and to tread upon these spoils of your enemies, conquered by
+your hands." Inca Viracocha did not wish to tread on them, but said that
+his son Inca Urco should do so, as he was to succeed to the Incaship.
+Hearing this the messenger rose and gave utterance to furious words,
+saying that he did not come for cowards to triumph by the deeds of
+Pachacuti. He added that if Viracocha did not wish to receive this
+recognition from so valiant a son, it would be better that Pachachuti
+should enjoy the glory for which he had worked. With this he returned to
+Cuzco, and told Pachacuti what had happened with his father.
+
+
+
+
+XXVIII.
+
+THE SECOND VICTORY OF PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI OVER THE CHANCAS.
+
+
+While Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was sending the spoil to his father, the
+Chancas were recruiting and assembling more men at Ichu-pampa, whence
+they marched on Cuzco the first time. The Sinchis Tomay-huaraca and
+Asto-huaraca began to boast, declaring that they would return to Cuzco
+and leave nothing undestroyed. This news came to Pachacuti Inca
+Yupanqui. He received it with courage and, assembling his men, he
+marched in search of the Chancas. When they heard that the Incas were
+coming, they resolved to march out and encounter them, but the advance
+of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was so rapid that he found the Chancas still
+at Ichu-pampa.
+
+As soon as the two forces came in sight of each other, Asto-huaraca,
+full of arrogance, sent to Inca Yupanqui to tell him that he could see
+the power of the Chancas and the position they now held. They were not
+like him coming from the poverty stricken Cuzco, and if he did not
+repent the past and become a tributary and vassal to the Chancas;
+Asto-huaraca would dye his lance in an Inca's blood. But Inca Yupanqui
+was not terrified by the embassy. He answered in this way to the
+messenger. "Go back brother and say to Asto-huaraca, your Sinchi, that
+Inca Yupanqui is a child of the Sun and guardian of Cuzco, the city of
+Ticci Viracocha Pachayachachi, by whose order I am here guarding it. For
+this city is not mine but his; and if your Sinchi should wish to own
+obedience to Ticci Viracocha, or to me in His name, he will be
+honourably received. If your Sinchi should see things in another light,
+show him that I am here with our friends, and if he should conquer us he
+can call himself Lord and Inca. But let him understand that no more time
+can be wasted in demands and replies. God (Ticci Viracocha) will give
+the victory to whom he pleases."
+
+With this reply the Chancas felt that they had profited little by their
+boasting. They ran to their arms because they saw Pachacuti closely
+following the bearer of his reply. The two armies approached each other
+in Ichu-pampa, encountered, and mixed together, the Chancas thrusting
+with long lances, the Incas using slings, clubs, axes and arrows, each
+one defending himself and attacking his adversary. The battle raged for
+a long time, without advantage on either side. At last Pachacuti made a
+way to where Asto-huaraca was fighting, attacked him and delivered a
+blow with his hatchet which cut off the Chanca's head. Tomay-huaraca was
+already killed. The Inca caused the heads of these two captains to be
+set on the points of lances, and raised on high to be seen by their
+followers. The Chancas, on seeing the heads, despaired of victory
+without leaders. They gave up the contest and sought safety in flight.
+Inca Yupanqui and his army followed in pursuit, wounding and killing
+until there was nothing more to do.
+
+This great victory yielded such rich and plentiful spoils, that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui proposed to go to where his father was, report
+to him the story of the battle and the victory, and to offer him
+obedience that he might triumph as if the victory was his own. Loaded
+with spoil and Chanca prisoners he went to visit his father. Some say
+that it was at a place called Caquia Xaquixahuana, four leagues from
+Cuzco, others that it was at Marco, three leagues from Cuzco. Wherever
+it was, there was a great ceremony, presents being given, called
+_muchanaco_[80]. When Pachacuti had given his father a full report, he
+ordered the spoils of the enemy to be placed at his feet, and asked his
+father to tread on them and triumph over the victory. But Viracocha
+Inca, still intent upon having Inca Urco for his successor, desired that
+the honour offered to him should be enjoyed by his favourite son. He,
+therefore, did not wish to accept the honours for himself. Yet not
+wishing to offend the Inca Yupanqui Pachacuti on such a crucial point,
+he said that he would tread on the spoils and prisoners, and did so. He
+excused himself from going to triumph at Cuzco owing to his great age,
+which made him prefer to rest at Caquia Xaquixahuana.
+
+[Note 80: _Muchani_, I worship. _Nacu_ is a particle giving a
+reciprocal or mutual meaning, "joint worship."]
+
+With this reply Pachacuti departed for Cuzco with a great following of
+people and riches. The Inca Urco also came to accompany him, and on the
+road there was a quarrel in the rear guard between the men of Urco and
+those of Pachacuti. Others say that it was an ambush laid for his
+brother by Urco and that they fought. The Inca Pachacuti took no notice
+of it, and continued his journey to Cuzco, where he was received with
+much applause and in triumph. Soon afterwards, as one who thought of
+assuming authority over the whole land and taking away esteem from his
+father, as he presently did, he began to distribute the spoils, and
+confer many favours with gifts and speeches. With the fame of these
+grand doings, people came to Cuzco from all directions and many of those
+who were at Caquia Xaquixahuana left it and came to the new Inca at
+Cuzco.
+
+
+
+
+XXIX.
+
+THE INCA YUPANQUI ASSUMES THE SOVEREIGNTY AND TAKES THE FRINGE, WITHOUT
+THE CONSENT OF HIS FATHER.
+
+
+When the Inca Yupanqui found himself so strong and that he had been
+joined by so many people, he determined not to wait for the nomination
+of his father, much less for his death, before he rose with the people
+of Cuzco with the further intention of obtaining the assent of those
+without. With this object he caused a grand sacrifice to be offered to
+the Sun in the Inti-cancha or House of the Sun, and then went to ask the
+image of the Sun who should be Inca. The oracle of the devil, or perhaps
+some Indian who was behind to give the answer, replied that Inca
+Yupanqui Pachacuti was chosen and should be Inca. On this answer being
+given, all who were present at the sacrifice, prostrated themselves
+before Pachacuti, crying out "Ccapac Inca Intip Churin," which means
+"Sovereign Lord Child of the Sun."
+
+Presently they prepared a very rich fringe of gold and emeralds
+wherewith to crown him. Next day they took Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui to
+the House of the Sun, and when they came to the image of the Sun, which
+was of gold and the size of a man, they found it with the fringe, as if
+offering it of its own will. First making his sacrifices, according to
+their custom, he came to the image, and the High Priest called out in
+his language "Intip Apu," which means "Governor of things pertaining to
+the Sun." With much ceremony and great reverence the fringe was taken
+from the image and placed, with much pomp, on the forehead of Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui. Then all called his name and hailed him "Intip Churin
+Inca Pachacuti," or "Child of the Sun Lord, over-turner of the earth."
+From that time he was called Pachacuti besides his first name which was
+Inca Yupanqui. Then the Inca presented many gifts and celebrated the
+event with feasts. [_He was sovereign Inca without the consent of his
+father or of the people, but by those he had gained over to his side by
+gifts_.]
+
+
+
+
+XXX.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI REBUILDS THE CITY OF CUZCO.
+
+
+As soon as the festivities were over, the Inca laid out the city of
+Cuzco on a better plan; and formed the principal streets as they were
+when the Spaniards came. He divided the land for communal, public, and
+private edifices, causing them to be built with very excellent masonry.
+It is such that we who have seen it, and know that they did not possess
+instruments of iron or steel to work with, are struck with admiration on
+beholding the equality and precision with which the stones are laid, as
+well as the closeness of the points of junction. With the rough stones
+it is even more interesting to examine the work and its composition. As
+the sight alone satisfies the curious, I will not waste time in a more
+detailed description.
+
+Besides this, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, considering the small extent of
+land round Cuzco suited for cultivation, supplied by art what was
+wanting in nature. Along the skirts of the hills near villages, and also
+in other parts, he constructed very long terraces of 200 paces more or
+less, and 20 to 30 wide, faced with masonry, and filled with earth, much
+of it brought from a distance. We call these terraces _andenes_, the
+native name being _sucres_. He ordered that they should be sown, and in
+this way he made a vast increase in the cultivated land, and in
+provision for sustaining the companies and garrisons.
+
+In order that the precise time of sowing and harvesting might be known,
+and that nothing might be lost, the Inca caused four poles to be set up
+on a high mountain to the east of Cuzco, about two _varas_ apart, on the
+heads of which there were holes, by which the sun entered, in the manner
+of a watch or astrolabe. Observing where the sun struck the ground
+through these holes, at the time of sowing and harvest, marks were made
+on the ground. Other poles were set up in the part corresponding to the
+west of Cuzco, for the time of harvesting the maize. Having fixed the
+positions exactly by these poles, they built columns of stone for
+perpetuity in their places, of the height of the poles and with holes in
+like places. All round it was ordered that the ground should be paved;
+and on the stones certain lines were drawn, conforming to the movements
+of the sun entering through the holes in the columns. Thus the whole
+became an instrument serving for an annual time-piece, by which the
+times of sowing and harvesting were regulated. Persons were appointed to
+observe these watches, and to notify to the people the times they
+indicated[81].
+
+[Note 81: The pillars at Cuzco to determine the time of the
+solstices were called _Sucanca_. The two pillars denoting the beginning
+of winter, whence the year was measured, were called _Pucuy Sucanca_.
+Those notifying the beginning of spring were _Chirao Sucanca_. _Suca_
+means a ridge or furrow and _sucani_ to make ridges: hence _sucanca_,
+the alternate light and shadow, appearing like furrows. Acosta says
+there was a pillar for each month. Garcilasso de la Vega tells us that
+there were eight on the east, and eight on the west side of Cuzco (i. p.
+177) in double rows, four and four, two small between two high ones, 20
+feet apart. Cieza de Leon says that they were in the Carmenca suburb (i.
+p. 325).
+
+To ascertain the time of the equinoxes there was a stone column in the
+open space before the temple of the Sun in the centre of a large circle.
+This was the _Inti-huatana_. A line was drawn across from east to west
+and they watched when the shadow of the pillar was on the line from
+sunrise to sunset and there was no shadow at noon. There is another
+_Inti-huatana_ at Pisac, and another at Hatun-colla. _Inti_, the Sun
+God, _huatani_, to seize, to tie round, _Inti-huatana_, a sun circle.]
+
+Besides this, as he was curious about the things of antiquity, and
+wished to perpetuate his name, the Inca went personally to the hill of
+Tampu-tocco or Paccari-tampu, names for the same thing, and entered the
+cave whence it is held for certain that Manco Ccapac and his brethren
+came when they marched to Cuzco for the first time, as has already been
+narrated. After he had made a thorough inspection, he venerated the
+locality and showed his feeling by festivals and sacrifices. He placed
+doors of gold on the window Ccapac-tocco, and ordered that from that
+time forward the locality should be venerated by all, making it a prayer
+place and _huaca_, whither to go to pray for oracles and to sacrifice.
+
+Having done this the Inca returned to Cuzco. He ordered the year to be
+divided into twelve months, almost like our year. I say almost, because
+there is some difference, though slight, as will be explained in its
+place.
+
+He called a general assembly of the oldest and wisest men of Cuzco and
+other parts, who with much diligence scrutinized and examined the
+histories and antiquities of the land, principally of the Incas and
+their forefathers. He ordered the events to be painted and preserved in
+order, as I explained when I spoke of the method adopted in preparing
+this history.
+
+
+
+
+XXXI.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI REBUILDS THE HOUSE OF THE SUN AND ESTABLISHES
+NEW IDOLS IN IT.
+
+
+Having adorned the city of Cuzco with edifices, streets, and the other
+things that have been mentioned, Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui reflected that
+since the time of Manco Ccapac, none of his predecessors had done
+anything for the House of the Sun. He, therefore, resolved to enrich it
+with more oracles and edifices to appal ignorant people and produce
+astonishment, that they might help in the conquest of the whole land
+which he intended to subdue, and in fact he commenced and achieved the
+subjugation of a large portion of it He disinterred the bodies of the
+seven deceased Incas, from Manco Ccapac to Yahuar-huaccac, which were
+all in the House of the Sun, enriching them with masks, head-dresses
+called _chuco_, medals, bracelets, sceptres called _yauri_ or
+_champi_[82], and other ornaments of gold. He then placed them, in the
+order of their seniority, on a bench with a back, richly adorned with
+gold, and ordered great festivals to be celebrated with representations
+of the lives of each Inca. These festivals, which are called
+_purucaya_[83], were continued for more than four months. Great and
+sumptuous sacrifices were made to each Inca, at the conclusion of the
+representation of his acts and life. This gave them such authority that
+it made all strangers adore them, and worship them as gods. These
+strangers, when they beheld such majesty, humbled themselves, and put up
+their hands to worship or _mucha_ as they say. The corpses were held in
+great respect and veneration until the Spaniards came to this land of
+Peru.
+
+[Note 82: _Champi_ means a one-handed battle axe (Garcilasso de la
+Vega, I. lib. ix. cap. 31). Novices received it at the festival of
+Huarachicu, with the word _Auccacunapac_, for traitors.]
+
+[Note 83: According to Mossi _puruccayan_ was the general mourning
+on the death of the Inca.]
+
+Besides these corpses, Pachacuti made two images of gold. He called one
+of them Viracocha Pachayachachi. It represented the creator, and was
+placed on the right of the image of the Sun. The other was called
+_Chuqui ylla_, representing lightning, placed on the left of the Sun.
+This image was most highly venerated by all. Inca Yupanqui adopted this
+idol for his _guauqui_[84], because he said that it had appeared and
+spoken in a desert place and had given him a serpent with two heads, to
+carry about with him always, saying that while he had it with him,
+nothing sinister could happen in his affairs. To these idols the Inca
+gave the use of lands, flocks, and servants, especially of certain women
+who lived in the same House of the Sun, in the manner of nuns. These all
+came as virgins but few remained without having had connexion with the
+Inca. At least he was so vicious in this respect, that he had access to
+all whose looks gave him pleasure, and had many sons.
+
+[Note 84: _Huauqui_, brother.]
+
+Besides this House, there were some _huacas_ in the surrounding country.
+These were that of Huanacauri, and others called Anahuarqui, Yauira,
+Cinga, Picol, Pachatopan[85] [_to many they made the accursed
+sacrifices, which they called_ Ccapac Cocha, _burying children, aged 5
+or 6, alive as offerings to the devil, with many offerings of vases of
+gold and silver_].
+
+[Note 85: Anahuarqui was the name of the wife of Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. Yauira may be for Yauirca, a fabulous creature described by
+Yamqui Pachacuti. Cinga and Picol do not occur elsewhere. Pachatopan is
+no doubt _Pacha tupac_, beautiful land.]
+
+The Inca, they relate, also caused to be made a great woollen chain of
+many colours, garnished with gold plates, and two red fringes at the
+end. It was 150 fathoms in length, more or less. This was used in their
+public festivals, of which there were four principal ones in the year.
+The first was called RAYMI or CCAPAC RAYMI, which was when they opened
+the ears of knights at a ceremony called _huarachico_. The second was
+called SITUA resembling our lights of St John[86]. They all ran at
+midnight with torches to bathe, saying that they were thus left clean of
+all diseases. The third was called YNTI RAYMI, being the feast of the
+Sun, known as _aymuray_. In these feasts they took the chain out of the
+House of the Sun and all the principal Indians, very richly dressed,
+came with it, in order, singing, from the House of the Sun to the Great
+Square which they encircled with the chain. This was called _moroy
+urco_[87].
+
+[Note 86: The months and the festivals which took place in each
+month are given by several authorities. The most correct are those of
+Polo de Ondegardo and Calancha who agree throughout. Calancha gives the
+months as received by the first Council of Lima.
+
+22 June--22 July.   INTIP RAYMI (_Sun Festival_).
+22 July--22 Aug.    CHAHUAR HUARQUIZ--Ploughing month.
+22 Aug.--22 Sept.   YAPAQUIZ (SITUA _or Moon Festival_)--Sowing month.
+22 Sept.--22 Oct.   CCOYA RAYMI---Expiatory feast. Molina a month behind.
+22 Oct.--22 Nov.    UMA RAYMI--Month of brewing chicha.
+22 Nov.--22 Dec.    AYAMARCA--Commemoration of the dead.
+22 Dec.--22 Jan.    CCAPAC RAYMI (HUARACHICU _festival_).
+22 Jan.--22 Feb.    CAMAY--Month of exercises.
+22 Feb.--22 March.  HATUN POCCOY (great ripening).
+22 March--22 April. PACHA POCCOY (MOSOC NINA _festival_).
+22 April--22 May.   AYRIHUA (Harvest).
+22 May--22 June.    AYMURAY (Harvest home).]
+
+[Note 87: The great chain, used at festivals, is called by Sarmiento
+Muru-urco. See also Molina. _Muru_ means a coloured spot, or a thing of
+variegated colours. Molina says that it was the house where the chain
+was kept that was called Muru-urco, as well as the cable. _Huasca_ is
+another name for a cable (See G. de la Vega, ii. p, 422).]
+
+
+
+
+XXXII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI DEPOPULATES TWO LEAGUES OF COUNTRY NEAR CUZCO.
+
+
+After Pachacuti had done what has been described in the city, he turned
+his attention to the people. Seeing that there were not sufficient lands
+for sowing, so as to sustain them, he went round the city at a distance
+of four leagues from it, considering the valleys, situation, and
+villages. He depopulated all that were within two leagues of the city.
+The lands of depopulated villages were given to the city and its
+inhabitants, and the deprived people were settled in other parts. The
+citizens of Cuzco were well satisfied with the arrangement, for they
+were given what cost little, and thus he made friends by presents taken
+from others, and took as his own the valley of Tambo [_which was not
+his_].
+
+The news of the enlargement of this city went far and wide, and reached
+the ears of Viracocha Inca, retired in Caquia Xaquixahuana[88]. He was
+moved to go and see Cuzco. The Inca Yupanqui went for him, and brought
+him to Cuzco with much rejoicing. He went to the House of the Sun,
+worshipped at Huanacauri and saw all the improvements that had been
+made. Having seen everything he returned to his place at Caquia
+Xaquixahuana, where he resided until his death, never again visiting
+Cuzco, nor seeing his son Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui.
+
+[Note 88: This great plain to the north-west of Cuzco, called
+Xaquixahuana, and Sacsahuana, is now known as Surita. Most of the early
+writers call it Sacsahuana. Sarmiento always places the word Caquia
+before the name. _Capuchini_ is to provide, _capuchic_ a purveyor. Hence
+_Capuquey_ means "my goods," abbreviated to _Caguey_, "my property." The
+meaning is "my estate of Xaquixahuana."]
+
+
+
+
+XXXIII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI KILLS HIS ELDER BROTHER NAMED INCA URCO.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui found himself so powerful with the companies he
+had got together by liberal presents to all, that he proposed to
+subjugate by their means all the territories he could reach. For this he
+mustered all the troops that were in Cuzco, and provided them with arms,
+and all that was necessary for war. Affairs being in this state
+Pachacuti heard that his brother Urco was in a valley called Yucay, four
+leagues from Cuzco, and that he had assembled some people. Fearing that
+the movement was intended against him the Inca marched there with his
+army. His brother Inca Rocca went with him, who had the reputation of
+being a great necromancer. Arriving at a place called Paca in the said
+valley, the Inca went out against his brother Urco, and there was a
+battle between them. Inca Rocca hurled a stone which hit Urco on the
+throat. The blow was so great that Urco fell into the river flowing down
+the ravine where they were fighting. Urco exerted himself and fled,
+swimming down the river, with his axe in his hand. In this way he
+reached a rock called Chupellusca, a league below Tampu, where his
+brothers overtook him and killed him.
+
+From thence the Inca Pachacuti Yupanqui, with his brother Inca Rocca
+marched with their troops to Caquia Xaquixahuana to see his father who
+refused ever to speak with or see him, owing to the rage he felt at the
+death of Inca Urco. But Inca Rocca went in, where Viracocha was and
+said, "Father! it is not reasonable that you should grieve so much at
+the death of Urco, for I killed him in self defence, he having come to
+kill me. You are not to be so heavy at the death of one, when you have
+so many sons. Think no more of it, for my brother Pachacuti Yupanqui is
+to be Inca, and I hold that you should favour him and be as a father to
+him." Seeing the resolution of his son Inca Rocca, Viracocha did not
+dare to reply or to contradict him. He dismissed him by saying that that
+was what he wished, and that he would be guided by him in everything.
+With this the Inca Yupanqui and his brother Inca Rocca returned to
+Cuzco, and entered the city triumphing over the past victories and over
+this one.
+
+The triumph was after this manner. The warriors marched in order, in
+their companies, dressed in the best manner possible, with songs and
+dances, and the captives, their eyes on the ground, dressed in long
+robes with many tassels. They entered by the streets of the city, which
+were very well adorned to receive them. They went on, enacting their
+battles and victories, on account of which they triumphed. On reaching
+the House of the Sun, the spoils and prisoners were thrown on the
+ground, and the Inca walked over them, trampling on them and saying--"I
+tread on my enemies." The prisoners were silent without raising their
+eyes. This order was used in all their triumphs. At the end of a short
+time Inca Viracocha died of grief at the death of Inca Urco, deprived
+and despoiled of all honour and property. They buried his body in Caquia
+Xaquixahuana.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIV.
+
+THE NATIONS WHICH PACHACUTI INCA SUBJUGATED AND THE TOWNS HE TOOK: AND
+FIRST OF TOCAY CCAPAC, SINCHI OF THE AYAMARCAS, AND THE DESTRUCTION OF
+THE CUYOS.
+
+
+Near Cuzco there is a nation of Indians called Ayamarcas who had a proud
+and wealthy Sinchi named Tocay Ccapac. Neither he nor his people wished
+to come and do reverence to the Inca. On the contrary, he mustered his
+forces to attack the Inca if his country was invaded. This being known
+to Inca Yupanqui, he assembled his _ayllus_ and other troops. He formed
+them into two parties, afterwards called Hanan-cuzcos and Hurin-cuzcos,
+forming them into a corps, that united no one might be able to prevail
+against them. This done he consulted over what should be undertaken. It
+was resolved that all should unite for the conquest of all neighbouring
+nations. Those who would not submit were to be utterly destroyed; and
+first Tocay Ccapac, chief of the Ayamarcas, was to be dealt with, being
+powerful and not having come to do homage at Cuzco. Having united his
+forces, the Inca marched against the Ayamarcas and their Sinchi, and
+there was a battle at Huanancancha. Inca Yupanqui was victorious,
+assaulting the villages and killing nearly all the Ayamarcas. He took
+Tocay Ccapac as a prisoner to Cuzco, where he remained in prison until
+his death.
+
+After this Inca Yupanqui took to wife a native of Choco named Mama
+Anahuarqui. For greater pleasure and enjoyment, away from business, he
+went to the town of the Cuyos, chief place of the province of Cuyo-suyu.
+Being one day at a great entertainment, a potter, servant of the Sinchi,
+without apparent reason, threw a stone or, as some say, one of the jars
+which they call _ulti_, at the Inca's head and wounded him. The
+delinquent, who was a stranger to the district, was seized and tortured
+to confess who had ordered him to do it. He stated that all the Sinchis
+of Cuyo-suyu, who were Cuyo Ccapac, Ayan-quilalama, and Apu Cunaraqui,
+had conspired to kill the Inca and rebel. This was false, for it had
+been extorted from fear of the torture or, as some say, he said it
+because he belonged to a hostile tribe and wished to do them harm. But
+the Inca, having heard what the potter said, ordered all the Sinchis to
+be killed with great cruelty. After their deaths he slaughtered the
+people, leaving none alive except some children and old women. Thus was
+that nation destroyed, and its towns are desolate to this day.
+
+
+
+
+XXXV.
+
+THE OTHER NATIONS CONQUERED BY INCA YUPANQUI, EITHER IN PERSON OR
+THROUGH HIS BROTHER INCA ROCCA.
+
+
+Inca Yupanqui and his brother Inca Rocca, who was very cruel, had
+determined to oppress and subdue all the nations who wished to be
+independent and would not submit to them. They knew that there were two
+Sinchis in a town called Ollantay-tampu, six leagues from Cuzco, the one
+named Paucar-Ancho and the other Tocori Tupac, who ruled over the
+Ollantay-tampus, but would not come to do homage, nor did their people
+wish to do so. The Inca marched against them with a large army and gave
+them battle. Inca Rocca was severely wounded, but at last the
+Ollantay-tampus were conquered. [_All were killed, the place was
+destroyed so that no memory was left of it_][89] and the Inca returned
+to Cuzco.
+
+[Note 89: This is untrue. The splendid ruins remain to this day. The
+place was long held against the Spaniards by Inca Manco.]
+
+There was another Sinchi named Illacumpi, chief of two towns four
+leagues from Cuzco, called Cugma and Huata. Inca Yupanqui and Inca Rocca
+sent to him to do homage, but he replied that he was as good as they
+were and free, and that if they wanted anything, they must get it with
+their lances. For this answer the Inca made war upon the said Sinchi. He
+united his forces with those of two other Sinchis, his companions, named
+Paucar Tupac and Puma Lloqui, and went forth to fight the Inca. But they
+were defeated and killed, with nearly all their people. The Inca
+desolated that town with fire and sword, and with very great cruelty. He
+then returned to Cuzco and triumphed for that victory.
+
+The Inca received information, after this, that there was a town called
+Huancara, 11 leagues from Cuzco, ruled by Sinchis named Ascascahuana and
+Urcu-cuna. So a message was sent to them, calling upon them to give
+reverence and obedience to the Inca and to pay tribute. They replied
+that they were not women to come and serve, that they were in their
+native place, and that if any one came to seek them they would defend
+themselves. Moved to anger by this reply, Inca Yupanqui and Inca Rocca
+made war, killed the Sinchis and most of their people and brought the
+rest prisoners to Cuzco, to force them into obedience.
+
+Next they marched to another town called Toguaro, six leagues from
+Huancara, killing the Sinchi, named Alca-parihuana, and all the people,
+not sparing any but the children, that they might grow and repeople that
+land. With similar cruelties in all the towns, the Inca reduced to pay
+tribute the Cotabambas, Cotaneras, Umasayus, and Aymaracs, being the
+principal provinces of Cunti-suyu.
+
+The Inca then attacked the province of the Soras, 40 leagues from Cuzco.
+The natives came forth to resist, asking why the invaders sought their
+lands, telling them to depart or they would be driven out by force. Over
+this question there was a battle, and two towns of the Soras were
+subdued at that time, the one called Chalco, the other Soras. The Sinchi
+of Chalco was named Chalco-pusaycu, that of Soras Huacralla. They were
+taken prisoners to Cuzco, and there was a triumph over them.
+
+There was another place called Acos, 10 or 11 leagues from Cuzco. The
+two Sinchis of it were named Ocacique and Utu-huasi. These were strongly
+opposed to the demands of the Inca and made a very strenuous resistance.
+The Inca marched against them with a great army. But he met with serious
+difficulty in this conquest, for the Acos defended themselves most
+bravely and wounded Pachacuti on the head with a stone. He would not
+desist, but it was not until after a long time that they were conquered.
+He killed nearly all the natives of Acos, and those who were pardoned
+and survived after that cruel slaughter, were banished to the
+neighbourhood of Huamanca, to a place now called Acos[90].
+
+[Note 90: Acobamba, the present capital of the province of
+Angaraes.]
+
+In all these campaigns which have been described, Inca Rocca was the
+companion in arms, and participator in the triumphs of Inca Yupanqui. It
+is to be noted that in all the subdued provinces chiefs were placed,
+superseding or killing the native Sinchis. Those who were appointed,
+acted as guards or captains of the conquered places, holding office in
+the Inca's name and during his pleasure. In this way the conquered
+provinces were oppressed and tyrannized over by the yoke of servitude. A
+superior was appointed over all the others who were nominated to each
+town, as general or governor. In their language this officer was called
+Tucuyrico[91], which means "he who knows and oversees all."
+
+[Note 91: _Tucuyricuc_, he who sees all. _Tucuy_ means all. _Ricini_
+to see. Garcilasso de la Vega, I. lib. ii. cap. 14. Balboa, p. 115.
+Montesinos, p. 55. Santillana, p. 17.]
+
+Thus in the first campaign undertaken by Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, after
+the defeat of the Chancas, he subdued the country as far as the Soras,
+40 leagues to the west of Cuzco. The other nations, and some in
+Cunti-suyu, from fear at seeing the cruelties committed on the
+conquered, came in to submit, to avoid destruction. [_But they ever
+submitted against their wills_.]
+
+
+
+
+XXXVI.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI ENDOWS THE HOUSE OF THE SUN WITH GREAT WEALTH.
+
+
+After Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui had conquered the lands and nations
+mentioned above, and had triumphed over them, he came to visit the House
+of the Sun and the Mama-cunas or nuns who were there. He assisted one
+day, to see how the Mama-cunas served the dinner of the Sun. This was to
+offer much richly cooked food to the image or idol of the Sun, and then
+to put it into a great fire on an altar. The same order was taken with
+the liquor. The chief of the Mama-cunas saluted the Sun with a small
+vase, and the rest was thrown on the fire. Besides this many jars full
+of that liquor were poured into a trough which had a drain, all being
+offerings to the Sun. This service was performed with vessels of clay.
+As Pachacuti considered that the material of the vases was too poor, he
+presented very complete sets of vases of gold and silver for all the
+service that was necessary. To adorn the house more richly he caused a
+plate of fine gold to be made, two _palmas_ broad and the length of the
+court-yard. He ordered this to be nailed high up on the wall in the
+manner of a cornice, passing all round the court-yard. This border or
+cornice of gold remained there down to the time of the Spaniards.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI CONQUERS THE PROVINCE OF COLLA-SUYU.
+
+
+To the south of Cuzco there was a province called Colla-suyu or Collao,
+consisting of plain country, which was very populous. At the time that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was at Cuzco after having conquered the
+provinces already mentioned, the Sinchi of Collao was named Chuchi
+Ccapac or Colla Ccapac, which is all one. This Chuchi Ccapac increased
+so much in power and wealth among those nations of Colla-suyu, that he
+was respected by all the Collas, who called him Inca Ccapac.
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui determined to conquer him from a motive of
+jealousy, together with all the provinces of the Collao. With this
+object he assembled his army and marched on the route to the Collao in
+order to attack Chuchi Ccapac who waited for him at Hatun-Colla, a town
+of the Collao where he resided, 40 leagues from Cuzco, without having
+taken further notice of the coming nor of the forces of Inca Yupanqui.
+When he came near to Hatun Colla, the Inca sent a message to Chuchi
+Colla, requesting him to serve and obey him or else to prepare for
+battle, when they would try their fortunes. This message caused much
+heaviness to Chuchi Colla, but he replied proudly that he waited for the
+Inca to come and do homage to him like the other nations that had been
+conquered by him, and that if the Inca did not choose to do so, he would
+prepare his head, with which he intended to drink in his triumph after
+the victory which he would win if they should come to a battle.
+
+After this reply Inca Yupanqui ordered his army to approach that of
+Chuchi Ccapac the next day, which was drawn up ready to fight. Soon
+after they came in sight, the two forces attacked each other, and the
+battle continued for a long time without either side gaining any
+advantage. Inca Yupanqui, who was very dexterous in fighting, was
+assisting in every part, giving orders, combating, and animating his
+troops. Seeing that the Collas resisted so resolutely, and stood so
+firmly in the battle, he turned his face to his men saying in a loud
+voice: "O Incas of Cuzco! conquerors of all the land! Are you not
+ashamed that people so inferior to you, and unequal in weapons, should
+be equal to you and resist for so long a time?" With this he returned to
+the fight, and the troops, touched by this rebuke, pressed upon their
+enemies in such sort that they were broken and defeated. Inca Yupanqui,
+being an experienced warrior, knew that the completion of the victory
+consisted in the capture of Chuchi Ccapac. Although he was fighting, he
+looked out for his enemy in all directions and, seeing him in the midst
+of his people, the Inca attacked them at the head of his guards, took
+him prisoner, and delivered him to a soldier with orders to take him to
+the camp and keep him safe. The Inca and his army then completed the
+victory and engaged in the pursuit, until all the Sinchis and captains
+that could be found were captured. Pachacuti went to Hatun-colla, the
+residence and seat of government of Chuchi Ccapac, where he remained
+until all the provinces which obeyed Chuchi Ccapac, were reduced to
+obedience, and brought many rich presents of gold, silver, cloths, and
+other precious things.
+
+Leaving a garrison and a governor in the Collao to rule in his name, the
+Inca returned to Cuzco, taking Chuchi Ccapac as a prisoner with the
+others. He entered Cuzco, where a solemn triumph was prepared. Chuchi
+Colla and the other Colla prisoners were placed before the Inca's litter
+dressed in long robes covered with tassels in derision and that they
+might be known. Having arrived at the House of the Sun, the captives and
+spoils were offered to the image of the Sun, and the Inca, or the priest
+for him, trod on all the spoils and captives that Pachacuti had taken in
+the Collao, which was great honour to the Inca. When the triumph was
+over, to give it a good finish, the Inca caused the head of Chuchi
+Ccapac to be cut off, and put in the house called _Llasa-huasi_[92],
+with those of the other Sinchis he had killed. He caused the other
+Sinchis and captains of Chuchi Ccapac to be given to the wild beasts,
+kept shut up for the purpose, in a house called _Samca-huasi_[93].
+
+[Note 92: Llasa-huasi. _Llasa_ means weight, from _llasani_ to
+weigh. _Huasi_ a house.]
+
+[Note 93: Samgaguacy. This should be _Samca-huasi_, a prison for
+grave offences. Serpents and toads were put into the prison with the
+delinquents. Mossi, p. 233.]
+
+In these conquests Pachacuti was very cruel to the vanquished, and
+people were so terrified at the cruelties that they submitted and obeyed
+from fear of being made food for wild beasts, or burnt, or otherwise
+cruelly tormented rather than resist in arms. It was thus with the
+people of Cunti-suyu who, seeing the cruelty and power of Inca Yupanqui,
+humiliated themselves and promised obedience. It was for the cause and
+reason stated, and because they were threatened with destruction if they
+did not come to serve and obey.
+
+Chuchi Ccapac had subjugated a region more than 160 leagues from north
+to south, over which he was Sinchi or, as he called himself, Ccapac or
+Colla-Ccapac, from within 20 leagues of Cuzco as far as the Chichas,
+with all the bounds of Arequipa and the sea-coast to Atacama, and the
+forests of the Musus. For at this time, seeing the violence and power
+with which the Inca of Cuzco came down upon those who opposed him,
+without pardoning anyone, many Sinchis followed his example, and wanted
+to do the same in other parts, where each one lived, so that all was
+confusion and tyranny in this kingdom, no one being secure of his own
+property. We shall relate in their places, as the occasion offers, the
+stories of the Sinchis, tyrants, besides those of the Incas who, from
+the time of Inca Yupanqui, began to get provinces into their power, and
+tyrannize over the inhabitants.
+
+Inca Yupanqui, as has already been narrated, had given the House of the
+Sun all things necessary for its services, besides which, after he came
+from Colla-suyu, he presented many things brought from there for the
+image of the Sun, and for the mummies of his ancestors which were kept
+in the House of the Sun. He also gave them servants and lands. He
+ordered that the _huacas_ of Cuzco should be adopted and venerated in
+all the conquered provinces, ordaining new ceremonies for their worship
+and abolishing the ancient rites. He charged his eldest legitimate son,
+named Amaru Tupac Inca, with the duty of abolishing the _huacas_ which
+were not held to be legitimate, and to see that the others were
+maintained and received the sacrifices ordered by the Inca. Huayna
+Yamqui Yupanqui, another son of Inca Yupanqui, was associated with the
+heir in this duty.
+
+
+
+
+XXXVIII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI SENDS AN ARMY TO CONQUER THE PROVINCE OF
+CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui returned from the conquest of Colla-suyu
+and the neighbouring provinces, as has been narrated in the preceding
+chapter, he was well stricken in years, though not tired of wars, nor
+was his thirst for dominion satisfied. Owing to his age he chose to
+remain at Cuzco, as the seat of his government, to establish the lands
+he had subdued, in the way which he well knew how to establish. In order
+to lose no time in extending his conquests, he assembled his people,
+from among whom he chose 70,000 provided with arms and all things
+necessary for a military campaign. He nominated his brother, Ccapac
+Yupanqui, to be Captain-General, giving him for colleagues another of
+his brothers named Huayna Yupanqui, and one of his sons named Apu Yamqui
+Yupanqui. Among the other special captains in this army was one named
+Anco Ayllo of the Chanca nation, who had remained a prisoner in Cuzco
+from the time that the Inca conquered the Chanca's at Cuzco and at
+Ichu-pampa. He had ever since been sad and brooding, thinking of a way
+of escape. But he dissimulated so well that the Inca treated him as a
+brother and trusted him. Hence the Inca nominated him as commander of
+all the Chancas in the army. For to each nation the Inca gave a captain
+from among their own people, because he would understand how to rule
+them and they would obey him better. This Anco Ayllo, seeing there was
+an opportunity for fulfilling his desire, showed satisfaction at
+receiving this commission from the Inca, and promised to do valuable
+service, as he knew those nations whose conquest was about to be
+undertaken. When the army was ready to march, the Inca gave the
+Captain-General his own arms of gold, and to the other captains he gave
+arms with which to enter the battles. He made a speech to them,
+exhorting them to achieve success, showing them the honourable reward
+they would obtain, and the favours he, as a friend, would show them, if
+they served in that war. He gave special orders to Ccapac Yupanqui that
+he should advance with his conquering army as far as a province called
+Yana-mayu, the boundary of the nation of the Hatun-huayllas, and that
+there he should set up the Inca's boundary pillars, and he was on no
+account to advance further. He was to conquer up to that point and then
+return to Cuzco, leaving sufficient garrisons in the subjugated lands.
+He was also to establish posts at every half league, which they call
+_chasquis_, by means of which the Inca would be daily informed of what
+had happened and was being done[94].
+
+[Note 94: For accounts of the _chasquis_ or Inca couriers see
+Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. pp. 49, 60, 119, 120, 121. Balboa, p. 248.
+Polo de Ondegardo, p. 169.]
+
+Ccapac Yupanqui set out from Cuzco with these orders, and desolated all
+the provinces which did not submit. On arriving at a fortress called
+Urco-collac, near Parcos, in the country of Huamanca, he met with
+valorous resistance from the inhabitants. Finally he conquered them. In
+the battle the Chancas distinguished themselves so that they gained more
+honour than the Cuzcos _orejones_ and the other nations.
+
+This news came to the Inca, who was much annoyed that the Chancas should
+have distinguished themselves more, and had gained more honour than the
+Incas. He imagined that it would make them proud, so he proposed to have
+them killed. He sent a messenger ordering Ccapac Yupanqui to lay a plan
+for killing all the Chancas in the best way he could devise, and if he
+did not kill them, the Inca would kill him. The runner of the Inca
+reached Ccapac Yupanqui with this order, but it could not be kept a
+secret. It became known to a wife of Ccapac Yupanqui, who was a sister
+of Anco Ayllo, the captain of the Chancas. This woman told her brother,
+who always longed for his liberty, and now was urgently minded to save
+his life. He secretly addressed his Chanca soldiers, putting before them
+the cruel order of the Inca, and the acquisition of their liberty if
+they would follow him. They all agreed to his proposal. When they came
+to Huarac-tambo, in the neighbourhood of the city of Huanuco, all the
+Chancas fled with their captain Anco Ayllo, and besides the Chancas
+other tribes followed this chief. Passing by the province of Huayllas
+they pillaged it, and, continuing their route in flight from the Incas,
+they agreed to seek a rugged and mountainous land where the Incas, even
+if they sought them, would not be able to find them. So they entered the
+forests between Chachapoyas and Huanuco, and went on to the province of
+Ruparupa. These are the people who are settled on the river Pacay and,
+according to the received report, thence to the eastward by the river
+called Cocama which falls into the great river Maranon. They were met
+with by the captain Gomez d'Arias, who entered by Huanuco, in the time
+of the Marquis of Canete, in the year 1556. Though Ccapac Yupanqui went
+in chase of the Chancas, they were so rapid in their flight that he was
+unable to overtake them[95].
+
+[Note 95: Garcilasso de la Vega also gives an account of the flight
+of the Chancas under Anco-ayllu or Hanco-hualla, ii. pp. 82, 329.]
+
+In going after them Ccapac Yupanqui went as far as Caxamarca, beyond the
+line he was ordered not to pass by the Inca. Although he had the order
+in his mind, yet when he saw that province of Caxamarca, how populous it
+was and rich in gold and silver, by reason of the great Sinchi, named
+Gusmanco Ccapac, who ruled there and was a great tyrant, having robbed
+many provinces round Caxamarca, Ccapac Yupanqui resolved to conquer it,
+although he had no commission from his brother for undertaking such an
+enterprise. On commencing to enter the land of Caxamarca, it became
+known to Gusmanco Ccapac. That chief summoned his people, and called
+upon another Sinchi, his tributary, named Chimu Ccapac, chief of the
+territory where now stands the city of Truxillo on the coast of Peru.
+Their combined forces marched against Ccapac Yupanqui, who by a certain
+ambush, and other stratagems, defeated, routed and captured the two
+Sinchis Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac, taking vast treasure of gold,
+silver and other precious things, such as gems, and coloured shells,
+which these natives value more than silver or gold.
+
+Ccapac Yupanqui collected all the treasure in the square of Caxamarca,
+where he then was; and when he saw such immense wealth he became proud
+and vainglorious, saying that he had gained and acquired more than his
+brother the Inca. His arrogance and boasting came to the ears of his
+sovereign, who, although he felt it deeply and desired an opportunity to
+kill him, dissimulated for a time and waited until the return to Cuzco.
+Inca Yupanqui feared that his brother would rebel, and for this reason
+he appeared to be pleased before the envoys sent by Ccapac Yupanqui. He
+sent them back with orders that Ccapac Yupanqui should return to Cuzco
+with the treasure that had been taken in the war, as well as the
+principal men of the subdued provinces, and the sons of Gusmanco Ccapac
+and Chimu Ccapac. The great chiefs themselves were to remain, in their
+territories with a sufficient garrison to keep those lands obedient to
+the Inca. On receiving this order Ccapac Yupanqui set out for Cuzco with
+all the treasure, and marched to the capital full of pride and
+arrogance. Inca Yupanqui, who himself subdued so many lands and gained
+so much honour, became jealous, as some say afraid, and sought excuses
+for killing his brother. When he knew that Ccapac Yupanqui had reached
+Limatambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, he ordered his lieutenant-governor
+named Inca Capon, to go there and cut off the head of Ccapac Yupanqui.
+The reasons given were that he had allowed Anco Ayllo to escape, and had
+gone beyond the line prescribed. The governor went and, in obedience to
+his orders, he killed the Inca's two brothers Ccapac Yupanqui and Huayna
+Yupanqui. The Inca ordered the rest to enter Cuzco, triumphing over
+their victories. This was done, the Inca treading on the spoils, and
+granting rewards. They say that he regretted that his brother had gained
+so much honour, and that he wished that he had sent his son who was to
+be his successor, named Tupac Inca Yupanqui, that he might have enjoyed
+such honour, and that this jealousy led him to kill his brother.
+
+
+
+
+XXXIX.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI PLANTS _MITIMAES_ IN ALL THE LANDS HE HAD
+CONQUERED.
+
+
+As all the conquests made by this Inca were attended with such violence
+and cruelties, with such spoliation and force, and the people who became
+his subjects by acquisition, or to speak more correctly by rapine, were
+numerous, they obeyed so long as they felt the force compelling them,
+and, as soon as they were a little free from that fear, they presently
+rebelled and resumed their liberty. Then the Inca was obliged to conquer
+them again. Turning many things in his mind, and seeking for remedies,
+how he could settle once for all the numerous provinces he had
+conquered, at last he hit upon a plan which, although adapted to the
+object he sought to attain, and coloured with some appearance of
+generosity, was really the worst tyranny he perpetrated. He ordered
+visitors to go through all the subdued provinces, with orders to measure
+and survey them, and to bring him models of the natural features in
+clay. This was done. The models and reports were brought before the
+Inca. He examined them and considered the mountainous fastnesses and the
+plains. He ordered the visitors to look well to what he would do. He
+then began to demolish the fastnesses and to have their inhabitants
+moved to plain country, and those of the plains were moved to
+mountainous regions, so far from each other, and each so far from their
+native country, that they could not return to it. Next the Inca ordered
+the visitors to go and do with the people what they had seen him do with
+the models. They went and did so.
+
+He gave orders to others to go to the same districts, and, jointly with
+the _tucuricos_, to take some young men, with their wives, from each
+district. This was done and they were brought to Cuzco from all the
+provinces, from one 30, from another 100, more or less according to the
+population of each district. These selected people were presented before
+the Inca, who ordered that they should be taken to people various parts.
+Those of Chinchay-suyu were sent to Anti-suyu, those of Cunti-suyu to
+Colla-suyu, so far from their native country that they could not
+communicate with their relations or countrymen. He ordered that they
+should be settled in valleys similar to those in their native land, and
+that they should have seeds from those lands that they might be
+preserved and not perish, giving them land to sow without stint, and
+removing the natives.
+
+The Incas called these colonists _mitimaes_[96], which means
+"transported" or "moved," He ordered them to learn the language of the
+country to which they were removed, but not to forget the general
+language, which was the Quichua, and which he had ordered that all his
+subjects in all the conquered provinces must learn and know. With it
+conversation and business could be carried on, for it was the clearest
+and richest of the dialects. The Inca gave the colonists authority and
+power to enter the houses of the natives at all hours, night or day, to
+see what they said, did or arranged, with orders to report all to the
+nearest governor, so that it might be known if anything was plotted
+against the government of the Inca, who, knowing the evil he had done,
+feared all in general, and knew that no one served him voluntarily, but
+only by force. Besides this the Inca put garrisons into all the
+fortresses of importance, composed of natives of Cuzco or the
+neighbourhood, which garrisons were called _michecrima_[97].
+
+[Note 96: The system of _mitimaes_ was a very important part of the
+Inca polity. It is frequently referred to by Cieza de Leon, and
+described by Garcilasso de la Vega, ii. p. 215. See also Balboa, pp. 28,
+114,143,249. Molina, pp. 4, 22, 23. Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 95, 97, Polo
+de Ondegardo, p. 161.]
+
+[Note 97: _Michec_ a shepherd, hence a governor. _Rimay_ to speak.]
+
+
+
+
+XL.
+
+THE COLLAS, SONS OF CHUCHI CCAPAC, REBEL AGAINST INCA YUPANQUI TO OBTAIN
+THEIR FREEDOM.
+
+
+After Inca Yupanqui had celebrated the triumphs and festivities
+consequent on the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, and arranged the system of
+_mitimaes_, he dismissed the troops. He himself went to Yucay, where he
+built the edifices, the ruins of which may still be seen. These being
+finished, he went down the valley of Yucay to a place which is now
+called Tambo, eight leagues from Cuzco, where he erected some
+magnificent buildings. The sons of Chuchi Ccapac, the great Sinchi of
+the Collao, had to labour as captives at the masonry and other work.
+Their father, as has already been narrated, was conquered in the Collao
+and killed by the Inca. These sons of Chuchi Ccapac, feeling that they
+were being vilely treated, and remembering that they were the sons of so
+great a man as their father, also seeing that the Inca had disbanded his
+army, agreed to risk their lives in obtaining their freedom. One night
+they fled, with all the people who were there, and made such speed that,
+although the Inca sent after them, they could not be overtaken. Along
+the route they took, they kept raising the inhabitants against the Inca.
+Much persuasion was not needed, because, as they were obeying by force,
+they only sought the first opportunity to rise. On this favourable
+chance, many nations readily rebelled, even those who were very near
+Cuzco, but principally the Collao and all its provinces.
+
+The Inca, seeing this, ordered a great army to be assembled, and sought
+the favour of auxiliaries from Gusmanco Ccapac and Chimu Ccapac. He
+collected a great number of men, made sacrifices _calpa_[98], and buried
+some children alive, which is called _capa cocha_, to induce their idols
+to favour them in that war. All being ready, the Inca nominated two of
+his sons as captains of the army, valorous men, named the one Tupac Ayar
+Manco, the other Apu Paucar Usnu. The Inca left Cuzco with more than
+200,000 warriors, and marched against the sons of Chuchi Ccapac, who
+also had a great power of men and arms, and were anxious to meet the
+Incas and fight for their lives against the men of Cuzco.
+
+[Note 98: _Calpa_ means force, vigour; also an army.]
+
+As both were seeking each other, they soon met, and joined in a stubborn
+and bloody battle, in which there was great slaughter, because one side
+fought for life and liberty and the other for honour. As those of Cuzco
+were better disciplined and drilled, and more numerous than their
+adversaries, they had the advantage. But the Collas preferred to die
+fighting rather than to become captives to one so cruel and inhuman as
+the Inca. So they opposed themselves to the arms of the _orejones_, who,
+with great cruelties, killed as many of the Collas as opposed their
+advance. The sons of the Inca did great things in the battle, with their
+own hands, on that day.
+
+The Collas were defeated, most of them being killed or taken prisoners.
+Those who fled were followed to a place called Lampa. There the wounded
+were cared for, and the squadrons refreshed. The Inca ordered his two
+sons, Tupac Ayar Manco and Apu Paucar Usnu, to press onward, conquering
+the country as far as the Chichas, where they were to set up their
+cairns and return. The Inca then returned to Cuzco, for a triumph over
+the victory he had gained.
+
+The Inca arrived at Cuzco, triumphed and celebrated the victory with
+festivities. And because he found that a son had been born to him, he
+raised him before the Sun, offered him, and gave him the name of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui. In his name he offered treasures of gold and silver to
+the Sun, and to the other oracles and _huacas_, and also made the
+sacrifice of _capa cocha_. Besides this he made the most solemn and
+costly festivals that had ever been known, throughout the land. This was
+done because Inca Yupanqui wished that this Tupac Inca should succeed
+him, although he had other older and legitimate sons by his wife and
+sister Mama Anahuarqui. For, although the custom of these tyrants was
+that the eldest legitimate son should succeed, it was seldom observed,
+the Inca preferring the one he liked best, or whose mother he loved
+most, or he who was the ablest among the brothers.
+
+
+
+
+XLI.
+
+AMARU TUPAC INCA AND APU PAUCAR USNU CONTINUE THE CONQUEST OF THE COLLAO
+AND AGAIN SUBDUE THE COLLAS.
+
+
+As soon as the Inca returned to Cuzco, leaving his two sons Tupac Amaru
+and Apu Paucar Usnu[99] in the Callao, those captains set out from
+Lampa, advancing to Hatun-Colla, where they knew that the Collas had
+rallied their troops to fight the Cuzcos once more, and that they had
+raised one of the sons of Chuchi Ccapac to be Inca. The Incas came to
+the place where the Collas were awaiting them in arms. They met and
+fought valorously, many being killed on both sides. At the end of the
+battle the Collas were defeated and their new Inca was taken prisoner.
+Thus for a third time were the Collas conquered by the Cuzcos. By order
+of the Inca, his sons, generals of the war, left the new Inca of the
+Collas at Hatun-Colla, as a prisoner well guarded and re-captured. The
+other captains went on, continuing their conquests, as the Inca had
+ordered, to the confines of Charcas and the Chichas.
+
+[Note 99: Tupac Amaru. _Tupac_ means royal, and _amaru_ a serpent.
+_Apu_ a chief, _paucar_ beautiful and _usnu_ a judgment seat.]
+
+While his sons prosecuted the war, Pachacuti their father, finished the
+edifices at Tambo, and constructed the ponds and pleasure houses of
+Yucay. He erected, on a hill near Cuzco, called Patallata, some
+sumptuous houses, and many others in the neighbourhood of the capital.
+He also made many channels of water both for use and for pleasure; and
+ordered all the governors of provinces who were under his sway, to build
+pleasure houses on the most convenient sites, ready for him when he
+should visit their commands.
+
+While Inca Yupanqui proceeded with these measures, his sons had
+completed the conquest of the Collao. When they arrived in the vicinity
+of Charcas, the natives of Paria, Tapacari, Cochabambas, Poconas and
+Charcas retreated to the country of the Chichas and Chuyes, in order to
+make a combined resistance to the Incas, who arrived where their
+adversaries were assembled, awaiting the attack. The Inca army was in
+three divisions. A squadron of 5000 men went by the mountains, another
+of 20,000 by the side of the sea, and the rest by the direct road. They
+arrived at the strong position held by the Charcas and their allies, and
+fought with them. The Incas were victorious, and took great spoils of
+silver extracted by those natives from the mines of Porco. It is to be
+noted that nothing was ever known of the 5000 _orejones_ who entered by
+the mountains or what became of them. Leaving all these provinces
+conquered, and subdued, Amaru Tupac Inca and Apu Paucar Usnu returned to
+Cuzco where they triumphed over their victories, Pachacuti granting them
+many favours, and rejoicing with many festivals and sacrifices to idols.
+
+
+
+
+XLII.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI NOMINATES HIS SON TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI AS HIS
+SUCCESSOR.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui was now very old; and he determined to nominate
+a successor to take his place after his death. He called together the
+Incas his relations, of the _ayllus_ of Hanan-cuzco and Hurin-cuzco and
+said, "My friends and relations! I am now, as you see, very old, and I
+desire to leave you, when my days are over, one who will govern and
+defend you from your enemies. Some propose that I should name Amaru
+Tupac Inca, but it does not appear to me that he has the qualifications
+to govern so great a lordship as that which I have acquired. I,
+therefore, desire to nominate another with whom you will be more
+content." The relations, in their reply, gave thanks to the Inca, and
+declared that they would derive great benefit from his nomination. He
+then said that he named his son Tupac Inca, and ordered him to come
+forth from the house. He had been there for 15 or 16 years to be brought
+up, without any one seeing him except very rarely and as a great favour.
+He was now shown to the people, and the Inca presently ordered a fringe
+of gold to be placed in the hand of the image of the Sun, with the
+head-dress called _pillaca-llaytu_[100]. After Tupac Inca had made his
+obeisance to his father, the Inca and the rest rose and went before the
+image of the Sun where they made their sacrifices and offered _capa
+cocha_ to that deity. Then they offered the new Inca Tupac Yupanqui,
+beseeching the Sun to protect and foster him, and to make him so that
+all should hold and judge him to be a child of the Sun and father of his
+people. This done the oldest and principal _orejones_ took Tupac Inca to
+the Sun, and the priests took the fringe from the hands of the image,
+which they call _mascapaycha_, and placed it over the head of Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui until it rested on his forehead. He was declared Inca Ccapac
+and seated in front of the Sun on a seat of gold, called _duho_[101],
+garnished with emeralds and other precious stones. Seated there, they
+clothed him in the _ccapac hongo_[102], placed the _suntur paucar_ in
+his hand, gave him the other insignia of Inca, and the priests raised
+him on their shoulders. When these ceremonies were completed, Pachacuti
+Inca Yupanqui ordered that his son Tupac Inca should remain shut up in
+the House of the Sun, performing the fasts which it is the custom to go
+through before receiving the order of chivalry; which ceremony consisted
+in opening the ears. The Inca ordered that what had been done should not
+be made public until he gave the command to publish it.
+
+[Note 100: _Pillaca-llatu_ is a cloth or cloak woven of two colours,
+black and brown.]
+
+[Note 101: This word is corrupt. _Tiana_ is the word for a seat.]
+
+[Note 102: Ccapac uncu. The word _uncu_ means a tunic.]
+
+
+
+
+XLIII.
+
+HOW PACHACUTI ARMED HIS SON TUPAC INCA.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui found happiness in leaving memory of himself.
+With this object he did extraordinary things as compared with those of
+his ancestors, in building edifices, celebrating triumphs, not allowing
+himself to be seen except as a great favour shown to the people, for as
+such it was considered, on the day that he appeared. Then he ordered
+that no one should come to behold him without worshipping and bringing
+something in his hand to offer him. This custom was continued by all his
+descendants, and was observed inviolably. [_Thus, from the time of this
+Pachacuti began an unheard of and inhuman tyranny in addition to the
+tyrannies of his ancestors._] As he was now old and desirous of
+perpetuating his name, it appeared to him that he would obtain his
+desire by giving authority to his son and successor named Tupac Inca. So
+the boy was brought up, confined in the House of the Sun for more than
+16 years, seeing no one but his tutors and masters until he was brought
+and presented to the Sun, to be nominated as has already been explained.
+To invest him at the _huarachico_ the Inca ordered a new way of giving
+the order of chivalry. For this he built round the city four other
+houses for prayer to the Sun, with much apparatus of gold idols,
+_huacas_ and service, for his son to perambulate these stations after he
+had been armed as a knight.
+
+Affairs being in this state, there came to the Inca Pachacuti, his son
+Amaru Tupac Inca, who had been named by his father as his successor some
+years before, because he was the eldest legitimate son. He said, "Father
+Inca! I understand that you have a son in the House of the Sun whom you
+have ordered to be successor after your own days. Order that he may be
+show to me." The Inca, looking upon this as boldness on the part of
+Amaru Tupac, replied, "It is true, and I desire you and your wife shall
+be his vassals, and that you shall serve and obey him as your Lord and
+Inca." Amaru replied that he wished to do so, and that for this reason,
+he desired to see him and offer sacrifice to him, and that orders should
+be given to take him where his brother was. The Inca gave permission for
+this, Amaru Tupac Inca taking what was necessary for the ceremony, and
+being brought to where Tupac Inca was fasting. When Amaru saw him in
+such majesty of wealth and surroundings, he fell on his face to the
+earth, adoring, offering sacrifices and obedience. On learning that it
+was his brother, Tupac Inca raised him and saluted him in the face.
+
+Presently Inca Yupanqui caused the necessary preparations to be made for
+investing his son with the order of chivalry. When all was ready, the
+Inca, accompanied by all his principal relations and courtiers, went to
+the House of the Sun, where they brought out Tupac Inca with great
+solemnity and pomp. For they carried with him all the idols of the Sun,
+Vircocha, the other _huacas, moro-urco_. All being placed in order with
+such pomp as had never been seen before, they all went to the great
+square of the city, in the centre of which a bonfire was made. All
+relations and friends then killed many animals, offering them as
+sacrifices by throwing them into the flames. They worshipped the heir,
+offering him rich gifts, the first that brought a gift being his father.
+Following the example all the rest adored, seeing that his father had
+shown him reverence. Thus did the _orejones_ Incas and all the rest who
+were present, seeing that for this they had been called and invited, to
+bring their gifts and offer them to their new Inca.
+
+[Illustration: GROUP OF INCAS, in ceremonial dresses, from the pictures
+in the Church of Santa Ana, Cuzco A.D. 1570. From a sketch by Sir
+Clements Markham, 1853.]
+
+This being done, the festival called _Ccapac Raymi_ was commenced, being
+the feast of kings, and consequently the most solemn festival kept by
+these people. When the ceremonies had been performed, they bored the
+ears of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, which is their mode of investiture into the
+order of chivalry and nobility. He was then taken to the stations of the
+Houses of the Sun, giving him the weapons and other insignia of war.
+This being finished his father the Inca Yupanqui gave him, for his wife,
+one of his sisters named Mama Ocllo, who was a very beautiful woman with
+much ability and wisdom.
+
+
+
+
+XLIV.
+
+PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI SENDS HIS SON TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI TO CONQUER
+CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+The Inca Yupanqui desired that his son should be employed on some
+service that would bring him fame, as soon as he had been proclaimed his
+successor, and armed as a knight. He had information that Chinchay-suyu
+was a region where name and treasure might be acquired, especially from
+a Sinchi named Chuqui-Sota in Chachapoyas. He, therefore, ordered all
+preparations to be made for the conquest of Chinchay-suyu. He gave the
+prince for his tutors, captains, and captains-general of his army, two
+of his brothers, the one named Auqui Yupanqui and the other Tilca
+Yupanqui. The army being assembled and the preparations made, they set
+out from Cuzco.
+
+Tupac went in such pomp and majesty that, where he passed, no one dared
+to look him in the face, in such veneration was he held. The people left
+the roads along which he had to pass and, ascending the hills on either
+side, worshipped and adored. They pulled out their eyebrows and
+eyelashes, and blowing on them, they made offering to the Inca. Others
+offered handfuls of a very precious herb called _coca_. When he arrived
+at the villages, he put on the dress and head-gear of that district, for
+all were different in their dress and head-gear as they are now. For
+Inca Yupanqui, so as to know each nation he had conquered, ordered that
+each one should have a special dress and head-gear, which they call
+_pillu_, _llaytu_ and _chuco_, different one from the other, so as to be
+easily distinguished and recognized. Seating himself, Tupac Inca made a
+solemn sacrifice of animals and birds, burning them in a fire which was
+kindled in his presence; and in this way they worshipped the sun, which
+they believed to be God.
+
+In this manner Tupac Inca began to repeat the conquests and tyranny of
+all his ancestors and his father. For, although many nations were
+conquered by his father, almost all were again with arms in their hands
+to regain their liberty, and the rest to defend themselves. As Tupac
+Inca advanced with such power, force and pride, he not only claimed the
+subjection of the people, but also usurped the veneration they gave to
+their gods or devils, for truly he and his father made them worship all
+with more veneration than the Sun.
+
+Tupac Inca finally marched out of Cuzco and began to proceed with
+measures for subduing the people in the near vicinity. In the province
+of the Quichuas[103] he conquered and occupied the fortresses of Tohara,
+Cayara, and Curamba, and in the province of Angaraes the fortresses of
+Urco-colla and Huaylla-pucara, taking its Sinchi named Chuquis Huaman
+prisoner. In the province of Xauxa he took Sisiquilla Pucara, and in the
+province of Huayllas the fortresses of Chuncu-marca and Pillahua-marca.
+In Chachapoyas the fortress of Piajajalca fell before him, and he took
+prisoner a very rich chief named Chuqui Sota. He conquered the province
+of the Paltas, and the valleys of Pacasmayu and Chimu, which is now
+Truxillo. He destroyed it as Chimu Ccapac had been subdued before. He
+also conquered the province of the Canaris, and those who resisted were
+totally destroyed. The Canaris submitted from fear, and he took their
+Sinchis, named Pisar Ccapac, Canar Ccapac and Chica Ccapac, and built an
+impregnable fortress there called Quinchi-caxa.
+
+[Note 103: The province of the Quichuas was in the valley of the
+Pachachaca, above Abancay.]
+
+Tupac Inca Yupanqui then returned to Cuzco with much treasure and many
+prisoners. He was well received by his father with a most sumptuous
+triumph, and with the applause of all the _orejones_ of Cuzco. They had
+many feasts and sacrifices, and to please the people they celebrated the
+festival called Inti Raymi with feasts and dances, a time of great
+rejoicing. The Inca granted many favours for the sake of his son Tupac
+Inca, that he might have the support of his subjects, which was what he
+desired. For as he was very old and unable to move about, feeling the
+approach of death, his aim was to leave his son in the possession of the
+confidence of his army.
+
+
+
+
+XLV.
+
+HOW PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI VISITED THE PROVINCES CONQUERED FOR HIM BY
+HIS CAPTAINS.
+
+
+It has been related how the Inca Yupanqui placed garrisons of Cuzco
+soldiers, and a governor called _tucuyrico_ in all the provinces he
+conquered and oppressed. It must be known that owing to his absorbing
+occupations in conquering other provinces, training warriors, and
+placing his son in command for the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, he had not
+been able to put his final intentions and will into execution, which was
+to make those he oppressed submissive subjects and tributaries. Seeing
+that the people were in greater fear at beholding the valour of Tupac
+Inca, he determined to have a visitation of the land, and nominated 16
+visitors, four for each of the four _suyus_ or divisions of the empire,
+which are _Cunti-suyu_ from Cuzco south and west as far as the South
+Sea, _Chinchay-suyu_ from Cuzco to the north and west, _Anti-suyu_ from
+Cuzco to the east, and _Colla-suyu_ from Cuzco to the south, south-west,
+and south-east.
+
+These visitors each went to the part to which he was appointed, and
+inspected, before all things, the work of the _tucuyricos_ and the
+methods of their government. They caused irrigating channels to be
+constructed for the crops, broke up land where this had been neglected,
+built _andenes_ or cultivated terraces, and took up pastures for the
+Sun, the Inca, and Cuzco. Above all they imposed very heavy tribute on
+all the produce, [_so that they all went about to rob and desolate
+property and persons_]. The visitations occupied two years. When they
+were completed the visitors returned to Cuzco, bringing with them
+certain cloths descriptive of the provinces they had visited. They
+reported fully to the Inca all that they had found and done.
+
+Besides these, the Inca also despatched other _orejones_ as overseers to
+make roads and hospices on the routes of the Inca, ready for the use of
+his soldiers. These overseers set out, and made roads, now called "of
+the Inca," over the mountains and along the sea coast. Those on the sea
+coast are all provided, at the sides, with high walls of _adobe_,
+wherever it was possible to build them, except in the deserts where
+there are no building materials. These roads go from Quito to Chile, and
+into the forests of the Andes. Although the Inca did not complete all,
+suffice it that he made a great part of the roads, which were finished
+by his sons and grandsons.
+
+
+
+
+XLVI.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI SETS OUT, A SECOND TIME, BY ORDER OF HIS FATHER, TO
+CONQUER WHAT REMAINED UNSUBDUED IN CHINCHAY-SUYU.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui knew from the report made by his son when he
+returned from the conquest of Chinchay-suyu, that there were other great
+and rich nations and provinces beyond the furthest point reached by
+Tupac Inca. That no place might be left to conquer, the Inca ordered his
+son to return with a view to the subjugation of the parts of Quito. He
+assembled the troops and gave his son the same two brothers as his
+colleagues, Tilca Yupanqui and Anqui Yupanqui, who had gone with him on
+the former expedition. [_Tupac inflicted unheard of cruelties and deaths
+on those who defended themselves and did not wish to give him
+obedience_.]
+
+In this way he arrived at Tumipampa, within the territory of Quito,
+whose Sinchi, named Pisar Ccapac, was confederated with Pilla-huaso,
+Sinchi of the provinces and site of Quito. These two chiefs had a great
+army and were determined to fight Tupac Inca for their country and
+lives. Tupac sent messengers to them, demanding that they should lay
+down their arms and give him obedience. They replied that they were in
+their own native country, that they were free, and did not wish to serve
+any one nor be tributaries.
+
+Tupac and his colleagues rejoiced at this answer, because their wish was
+to find a pretext to encounter them with blows and to rob them, which
+was the principal object of the war. They say that the Inca army
+numbered more than 250,000 experienced soldiers. Tupac ordered them to
+march against the men of Quito and the Canaris. They encountered each
+other, both sides fighting with resolution and skill. The victory was
+for a long time doubtful because the Quitos and Canaris pressed
+stubbornly against their enemies. When the Inca saw this he got out of
+the litter in which he travelled, animated his people, and made signs
+for the 50,000 men who were kept in reserve for the last necessity. When
+these fresh troops appeared the Quitos and Canaris were defeated and
+fled, the pursuit being continued with much bloodshed and cruelty, the
+victors shouting, "Ccapac Inca Yupanqui! Cuzco! Cuzco!" All the chiefs
+were killed. They captured Pilla-huaso in the vanguard. No quarter was
+given, in order to strike terror into those who heard of it.
+
+Thence Inca Tupac marched to the place where now stands the city of San
+Francisco de Quito, where they halted to cure the wounded and give much
+needed rest to the others. So this great province remained subject, and
+Tupac sent a report of his proceedings to his father. Pachacuti rejoiced
+at the success of his son, and celebrated many festivals and sacrifices
+on receiving the tidings.
+
+After Tupac Inca had rested at Cuzco, re-organized his army, and cured
+the wounded he went to Tumipampa, where his wife and sister bore him a
+son, to whom he gave the name of Titu Cusi Hualpa, afterwards known as
+Huayna Ccapac. After the Inca Tupac had rejoiced and celebrated the
+birthday festivals, although the four years were passed that his father
+had given him to complete the conquests, he heard that there was a great
+nation towards the South Sea, composed of Indians called Huancavelicas.
+So he determined to go down to conquer. At the head of the mountains
+above them he built the fortress of Huachalla, and then went down
+against the Huancavelicas. Tupac divided his army into three parts, and
+took one by the most rugged mountains, making war on the Huancavelica
+mountaineers. He penetrated so far into the mountains that for a long
+time nothing was known of him, whether he was dead or alive. He
+conquered the Huancavelicas although they were very warlike, fighting on
+land and at sea in _balsas_, from Tumbez to Huanapi, Huamo, Manta,
+Turuca and Quisin.
+
+Marching and conquering on the coast of Manta, and the island of Puna,
+and Tumbez, there arrived at Tumbez some merchants who had come by sea
+from the west, navigating in _balsas_ with sails. They gave information
+of the land whence they came, which consisted of some islands called
+Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, where there were many people and much gold.
+Tupac Inca was a man of lofty and ambitious ideas, and was not satisfied
+with the regions he had already conquered. So he determined to challenge
+a happy fortune, and see if it would favour him by sea. Yet he did not
+lightly believe the navigating merchants, for such men, being great
+talkers, ought not to be credited too readily. In order to obtain fuller
+information, and as it was not a business of which news could easily be
+got, he called a man, who accompanied him in his conquests, named
+Antarqui who, they all declare, was a great necromancer and could even
+fly through the air. Tupac Inca asked him whether what the merchant
+mariners said was true. Antarqui answered, after having thought the
+matter well out, that what they said was true, and that he would go
+there first. They say that he accomplished this by his arts, traversed
+the route, saw the islands, their people and riches, and, returning,
+gave certain information of all to Tupac Inca.
+
+The Inca, having this certainty, determined to go there. He caused an
+immense number of _balsas_ to be constructed, in which he embarked more
+than 20,000 chosen men; taking with him as captains Huaman Achachi,
+Cunti Yupanqui, Quihual Tupac (all Hanan-cuzcos), Yancan Mayta, Quisu
+Mayta, Cachimapaca Macus Yupanqui, Llimpita Usca Mayta (Hurin-cuzcos);
+his brother Tilca Yupanqui being general of the whole fleet. Apu
+Yupanqui was left in command of the army which remained on land.
+
+Tupac Inca navigated and sailed on until he discovered the islands of
+Avachumbi and Ninachumbi, and returned, bringing back with him black
+people, gold, a chair of brass, and a skin and jaw bone of a horse.
+These trophies were preserved in the fortress of Cuzco until the
+Spaniards came. An Inca now living had charge of this skin and jaw bone
+of a horse. He gave this account, and the rest who were present
+corroborated it. His name is Urco Huaranca. I am particular about this
+because to those who know anything of the Indies it will appear a
+strange thing and difficult to believe. The duration of this expedition
+undertaken by Tupac Inca was nine months, others say a year, and, as he
+was so long absent, every one believed he was dead. But to deceive them
+and make them think that news of Tupac Inca had come, Apu Yupanqui, his
+general of the land army, made rejoicings. This was afterwards commented
+upon to his disadvantage, and it was said that he rejoiced because he
+was pleased that Tupac Inca Yupanqui did not appear. It cost him his
+life.
+
+These are the islands which I discovered in the South Sea on the 30th of
+November, 1567, 200 and more leagues to the westward, being the great
+discovery of which I gave notice to the Licentiate Governor Castro. But
+Alvaro de Mendana, General of the Fleet, did not wish to occupy
+them[104].
+
+[Note 104: This story of the navigation of Tupac Inca to the islands
+of Ninachumbi and Avachumbi or Hahua chumpi is told by Balboa as well as
+by Sarmiento. They were no doubt two of the Galapagos Islands. _Nina
+chumpi_ means fire island, and _Hahua chumpi_ outer island. See my
+introduction to the _Voyages of Sarmiento_, p. xiii; and _Las Islas de
+Galapagos_ by Marco Jimenes de la Espada.]
+
+After Tupac Inca disembarked from the discovery of the islands, he
+proceeded to Tumipampa, to visit his wife and son and to hurry
+preparations for the return to Cuzco to see his father, who was reported
+to be ill. On the way back he sent troops along the coast to Truxillo,
+then called Chimu, where they found immense wealth of gold and silver
+worked into wands, and into beams of the house of Chimu Ccapac, with all
+which they joined the main army at Caxamarca. Thence Tupac Inca took the
+route to Cuzco, where he arrived after an absence of six years since he
+set out on this campaign.
+
+Tupac Inca Yupanqui entered Cuzco with the greatest, the richest, and
+the most solemny triumph with which any Inca had ever reached the House
+of the Sun, bringing with him people of many different races, strange
+animals, innumerable quantities of riches. But behold the evil condition
+of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui and his avarice, for though Tupac Inca was
+his son whose promotion he had procured, he felt such jealousy that his
+son should have gained such honour and fame in those conquests, that he
+publicly showed annoyance that it was not himself who triumphed, and
+that all was not due to him. So he determined to kill his sons Tilca
+Yupanqui and Auqui Yupanqui who had gone with Tupac Inca, their crime
+being that they had disobeyed his orders by delaying longer than the
+time he had fixed, and that they had taken his son to such a distance
+that he thought he would never return to Cuzco. They say that he killed
+them, though some say that he only killed Tilca Yupanqui. At this Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui felt much aggrieved, that his father should have slain one
+who had worked so well for him. The death was concealed by many feasts
+in honour of the victories of Tupac Inca, which were continued for a
+year.
+
+
+
+
+XLVII.
+
+DEATH OF PACHACUTI INCA YUPANQUI.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui derived much comfort from his grandson, the son
+of Tupac Inca. He always had the child with him, and caused him to be
+brought up and cherished in his residence and dormitory. He would not
+let him out of his sight.
+
+Being in the highest prosperity and sovereignty of his life, he fell ill
+of a grave infirmity, and, feeling that he was at the point of death, he
+sent for all his sons who were then in the city. In their presence he
+first divided all his jewels and contents of his wardrobe. Next he made
+them plough furrows in token that they were vassals of their brother,
+and that they had to eat by the sweat of their hands. He also gave them
+arms in token that they were to fight for their brother. He then
+dismissed them.
+
+He next sent for the Incas _orejones_ of Cuzco, his relations, and for
+Tupac Inca his son to whom he spoke, with a few words, in this
+manner:--"Son! you now see how many great nations I leave to you, and
+you know what labour they have cost me. Mind that you are the man to
+keep and augment them. No one must raise his two eyes against you and
+live, even if he be your own brother. I leave you these our relations
+that they may be your councillors. Care for them and they shall serve
+you. When I am dead, take care of my body, and put it in my houses at
+Patallacta. Have my golden image in the House of the Sun, and make my
+subjects, in all the provinces, offer up solemn sacrifice, after which
+keep the feast of _purucaya_, that I may go to rest with my father the
+Sun." Having finished his speech they say that he began to sing in a low
+and sad voice with words of his own language. They are in Castilian as
+follows:
+
+    "I was born as a flower of the field,
+    As a flower I was cherished in my youth,
+    I came to my full age, I grew old,
+    Now I am withered and die."
+
+Having uttered these words, he laid his head upon a pillow and expired,
+giving his soul to the devil, having lived 125 years. For he succeeded,
+or rather he took the Incaship into his hands when he was 22, and he was
+sovereign 103 years.
+
+He had four legitimate sons by his wife Mama Anahuarqui, and he had 100
+sons and 50 daughters who were bastards. Being numerous they were called
+_Hatun-ayllu_, which means a "great lineage." By another name this
+lineage is called _Inaca Panaca Ayllu_. Those who sustain this lineage
+at the present time are Don Diego Cayo, Don Felipa Inguil, Don Juan
+Quispi Cusi, Don Francisco Chaco Rimachi, and Don Juan Illac. They live
+in Cuzco and are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+Pachacuti was a man of good stature, robust, fierce, haughty, insatiably
+bent on tyrannizing over all the world, [_and cruel above measure. All
+the ordinances he made for the people were directed to tyranny and his
+own interests_]. His conduct was infamous for he often took some widow
+as a wife and if she had a daughter that he liked, he also took the
+daughter for wife or concubine. If there was some gallant and handsome
+youth in the town who was esteemed for something, he presently made some
+of his servants make friends with him, get him into the country, and
+kill him the best way they could. He took all his sisters as concubines,
+saying they could not have a better husband than their brother.
+
+This Inca died in the year 1191. He conquered more than 300 leagues, 40
+more or less in person accompanied by his legitimate brothers, the
+captains Apu Mayta and Vicaquirao, the rest by Amaru Tupac Inca his
+eldest son, Ccapac Yupanqui his brother, and Tupac Inca his son and
+successor, with other captains, his brothers and sons.
+
+This Inca arranged the parties and lineages of Cuzco in the order that
+they now are. The Licentiate Polo found the body of Pachacuti in
+Tococachi, where now is the parish of San Blas of the city of Cuzco,
+well preserved and guarded. He sent it to Lima by order of the Viceroy
+of this kingdom, the Marquis of Canete. The _guauqui_ or idol of this
+Inca was called _Inti Illapa_. It was of gold and very large, and was
+brought to Caxamarca in pieces. The Licentiate Polo found that this
+_guauqui_ or idol had a house, estate, servants and women.
+
+
+
+
+XLVIII.
+
+THE LIFE OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI[105], THE TENTH INCA.
+
+[Note 105: All authorities agree that Tupac Inca Yupanqui was the
+successor of Pachacuti except Betanzos, Santillana and Garcilasso de la
+Vega. Betanzos has a Yamqui Yupanqui. Garcilasso gives the reign of
+another Inca named Inca Yupanqui between Pachacuti and Tupac Inca. He
+was ignorant of the fact that Pachacuti and Inca Yupanqui were the same
+person. Santillana follows Garcilasso but calls Pachacuti's other self
+Ccapac Yupanqui.]
+
+
+When Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui died, two _orejones_ were deputed to watch
+the body, and to allow no one to enter or go out to spread the news of
+his death, until orders had been given. The other Incas and _orejones_
+went with Tupac Inca to the House of the Sun and then ordered the twelve
+captains of the _ayllus_ of the Inca's guard to come. They came with
+2200 men of the guard, under their command, fully armed, and surrounded
+the Yupanqui with the fringe, and gave him the other insignia of
+sovereignty, as he had now inherited and succeeded his father. Taking
+him in the midst of themselves, and of the guards, they escorted him to
+the great square, where he was seated, in majesty, on a superb throne.
+All the people of the city were then ordered to come and make obeisance
+to the Inca on pain of death.
+
+Those who had come with the Inca, went to their houses to fetch presents
+to show reverence and do homage to the new Inca. He remained with his
+guards only, until they returned with presents, doing homage and
+adoring. The rest of the people did the same, and sacrifices were
+offered. [_It is to be noted that only those of Cuzco did this, and if
+any others were present who did so, they must have been forced or
+frightened by the armed men and the proclamation_.]
+
+This having been done, they approached the Inca and said, "O Sovereign
+Inca! O Father! now take rest." At these words Tupac Inca showed much
+sadness and covered his head with his mantle, which they call
+_llacolla_, a square cloak. He next went, with all his company, to the
+place where the body of his father was laid, and there he put on
+mourning. All things were then arranged for the obsequies, and Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui did everything that his father had ordered at the point of
+death, touching the treatment of his body and other things.
+
+
+
+
+XLIX.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI CONQUERS THE PROVINCE OF THE ANTIS.
+
+
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui being dead, and Tupac Inca ruling alone, he
+caused all the Sinchis and principal men of the conquered provinces to
+be summoned. Those came who feared the fury of the Inca, and with them
+the Indians of the province of Anti-suyu, who are the dwellers in the
+forests to the eastward of Cuzco, who had been conquered in the time of
+Pachacuti his father.
+
+Tupac Inca ordered them all to do homage, adore, and offer sacrifices.
+The Antis were ordered to bring from their country several loads of
+lances of palm wood for the service of the House of the Sun. The Antis,
+who did not serve voluntarily, looked upon this demand as a mark of
+servitude. They fled from Cuzco, returned to their country, and raised
+the land of the Antis in the name of freedom.
+
+Tupac Inca was indignant, and raised a powerful army which he divided
+into three parts. He led the first in person, entering the Anti-suyu by
+Ahua-tona. The second was entrusted to a captain named Uturuncu Achachi,
+who entered Anti-suyu by a town they call Amaru. The third, under a
+captain named Chalco Yupanqui, advanced by way of Pilcopata. All these
+routes were near each other, and the three divisions formed a junction
+three leagues within the forest, at a place called Opatari, whence they
+commenced operations against the settlements of the Antis. The
+inhabitants of this region were Antis, called Opataris, and were the
+first to be conquered. Chalco Yupanqui carried an image of the Sun.
+
+The forests were very dense and full of evil places; so that they could
+not force their way through, nor did they know what direction to take in
+order to reach the settlements of the natives, which were well concealed
+in the thick vegetation. To find them the explorers climbed up the
+highest trees, and pointed out the places where they could see smoke
+rising. So they worked away at road making through the undergrowth until
+they lost that sign of inhabitants and found another. In this way the
+Inca made a road where it seemed impossible to make one.
+
+The Sinchi of the greater part of these provinces of the Antis was
+Condin Savana, of whom they say that he was a great wizard and
+enchanter, and they had the belief, and even now they affirm that he
+could turn himself into different shapes.
+
+Tupac Inca and his captains penetrated into this region of the Antis,
+which consists of the most terrible and fearful forests, with many
+rivers, where they endured immense toil, and the people who came from
+Peru suffered from the change of climate, for Peru is cold and dry,
+while the forests of Anti-suyu are warm and humid. The soldiers of Tupac
+Inca became sick, and many died. Tupac Inca himself, with a third of his
+men who came with him to conquer, were lost in the forests, and wandered
+for a long time, without knowing whether to go in one direction or
+another until he fell in with Uturuncu Achachi who put him on the route.
+
+On this occasion Tupac Inca and his captains conquered four great
+tribes. The first was that of the Indians called Opataris. The next was
+the Mano-suyu. The third tribe was called Manaris or Yanasimis, which
+means those of the black mouth: and the province of Rio, and the
+province of the Chunchos. They went over much ground in descending the
+river Tono, and penetrated as far as the Chiponauas. The Inca sent
+another great captain, named Apu Ccuri-machi, by the route which they
+now call of Camata. This route was in the direction of the rising of the
+sun, and he advanced until he came to the river of which reports have
+but now been received, called Paytiti, where he set up the frontier
+pillars of Inca Tupac. During the campaign against these nations, Tupac
+Inca took prisoners the following Sinchis: Vinchincayua, Cantahuancuru,
+Nutan-huari[106].
+
+[Note 106: This expedition of Tupac Inca Yupanqui into the montana
+of Paucartambo, and down the River Tono is important. Garcilasso de la
+Vega describes it in chapters xiii., xiv., xv. and xvi. of Book vii. He
+says that five rivers unite to form the great Amaru-mayu or Serpent
+River, which he was inclined to think was a tributary of the Rio de la
+Plata. He describes fierce battles with the Chunchos, who were reduced
+to obedience. After descending the River Tono, Garcilasso says that the
+Incas eventually reached the country of the Musus (Moxos) and opened
+friendly relations with them. Many Incas settled in the country of the
+Musus. Garcilasso then gives some account of Spanish expeditions into
+the montana, led by Diego Aleman, Gomez de Tordoya, and Juan Alvarez
+Maldonado.
+
+The account in the text agrees, in the main, with that of Garcilasso de
+la Vega. Sarmiento gives the names of four Indian tribes who were
+encountered, besides the Chunchos.]
+
+During the campaign an Indian of the Collas, named Coaquiri, fled from
+his company, reached the Collao, and spread the report that Tupac Inca
+was dead. He said that there was no longer an Inca, that they should all
+rise and that he would be their leader. Presently he took the name of
+Pachacuti, the Collas rose, and chose him as their captain. This news
+reached Tupac Inca in Anti-suyu where he was in the career of conquest.
+He resolved to march against the Collas and punish them. He left the
+forests, leaving Uturuncu Achachi to complete the conquest, with orders
+to return into Peru when that service was completed, but not to enter
+Cuzco triumphing until the Inca should come.
+
+
+
+
+L.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI GOES TO SUBDUE AND PACIFY THE COLLAS.
+
+
+As the Collas were one of those nations which most desired their
+freedom, they entered upon attempts to obtain it whenever a chance
+offered, as has already been explained. Tupac Inca Yupanqui resolved to
+crush them once for all. Having returned from the Antis, he increased
+his army and nominated as captains Larico, the son of his cousin Ccapac
+Yupanqui, his brother Chachi, Cunti Yupanqui, and Quihual Tupac. With
+this army he advanced to the Collao. The Collas had constructed four
+strong places at Llallaua, Asillo, Arapa, and Pucara. The Inca captured
+the chiefs and the leader of all, who was Chuca-chucay Pachacuti
+Coaquiri, he who, as we have said, fled from Anti-suyu. Afterwards these
+were the drummers[107] of Inca Tupac. Finally, owing to the great
+diligence of Inca Tupac, although the war occupied some years, the Incas
+conquered and subdued all [_perpetrating great cruelties on them_].
+
+Following up his victories, in pursuit of the vanquished, he got so far
+from Cuzco that he found himself in Charcas. So he determined to advance
+further, subduing every nation of which he received notice. He
+eventually prosecuted his conquests so far that he entered Chile, where
+he defeated the great Sinchi Michimalongo, and Tangalongo, Sinchi of the
+Chilians as far as the river Maule. He came to Coquimbo in Chile and to
+the banks of the Maule, where he set up his frontier columns, or as
+others say a wall, to show the end of his conquests. From this campaign
+he returned with great riches in gold, having discovered many mines of
+gold and silver. He then returned to Cuzco.
+
+These spoils were joined with those of Uturuncu Achachi, who had
+returned from the forests of the Antis after a campaign of three years.
+He was at Paucar-tampu, awaiting the return of his brother, who entered
+Cuzco with a very great triumph. They made great feasts to commemorate
+the conquests, presenting gifts and granting many favours to the
+soldiers who had served with the Inca in these campaigns. As the
+provinces of the Chumpi-vilicas saw the power and greatness of Tupac
+Inca Yupanqui they came to submit with the rest of Cunti-suyu.
+
+[Note 107: _i.e._ their skins were made into drums.]
+
+Besides this the Inca went to Chachapoyas, and crushed those who had
+been suspected, visiting many provinces on the road.
+
+On his return to Cuzco he made certain ordinances, as well for peace as
+for war time. He increased the _mitimaes_ which his father had
+instituted, as has been explained in the account of his life, giving
+more privileges and liberty. Besides, he caused a general visitation to
+be made of all the land from Quito to Chile, registering the whole
+population for more than a thousand leagues; and imposed a tribute [_so
+heavy that no one could be owner of a_ mazorca _of maize, which is their
+bread for food, nor of a pair of_ usutas, _which are their shoes, nor
+marry, nor do a single thing without special licence from Tupac Inca.
+Such was the tyranny and oppression to which he subjected them_]. He
+placed over the _tucuricos_ a class of officers called _Michu_[108] to
+collect the taxes and tributes.
+
+[Note 108: _Michu_ should be _Michec_ a shepherd, also a governor.
+_Michisca_ the governed.]
+
+Tupac Inca saw that in the districts and provinces the Sinchis claimed
+to inherit by descent. He resolved to abolish this rule, and to put them
+all under his feet, both great and small. He, therefore, deposed the
+existing Sinchis, and introduced a class of ruler at his own will, who
+were selected in the following way. He appointed a ruler who should have
+charge of 10,000 men, and called him _huanu_, which means that number.
+He appointed another ruler over 1000, and called him _huaranca_, which
+is 1000. The next had charge of 500, called _pichca-pachaca_, or 500. To
+another called _pachac_ he gave charge of 100, and to another he gave
+charge of 10 men, called _chunca curaca_. All these had also the title
+of _Curaca_, which means "principal" or "superior," over the number of
+men of whom they had charge. These appointments depended solely on the
+will of the Inca, who appointed and dismissed them as he pleased,
+without considering inheritance, or succession. From that time forward
+they were called _Curacas_, which is the proper name of the chiefs of
+this land, and not _Caciques_, which is the term used by the vulgar
+among the Spaniards. That name of _Cacique_ belongs to the islands of
+Santo Domingo and Cuba. From this place we will drop the name of
+_Sinchi_ and only use that of _Curaca_.
+
+
+
+
+LI.
+
+TUPAC INCA MAKES THE YANACONAS.
+
+
+Among the brothers of the Inca there was one named Tupac Ccapac, a
+principal man, to whom Tupac Inca had given many servants to work on his
+farms, and serve on his estates. It is to be understood that Tupac Inca
+made his brother visitor-general of the whole empire that had been
+conquered up to that time. Tupac Ccapac, in making the visitation, came
+to the place where his brother had given him those servants. Under
+colour of this grant, he took those and also many more, saying that all
+were his _yana-cunas_[109], which is the name they give to their
+servants. He persuaded them to rebel against his brother, saying that if
+they would help him he would show them great favours. He then marched to
+Cuzco, very rich and powerful, where he gave indications of his
+intentions.
+
+[Note 109: Garcilasso de la Vega says that the meaning of _Yanacona_
+is "a man who is under the obligation to perform the duties of a
+servant." Balboa, p. 129, tells the same story of the origin of the
+_Yanaconas_ as in the text. The amnesty was granted on the banks of the
+river Yana-yacu, and here they were called Yana-yacu-cuna, corrupted
+into Yana-cona. The Spaniards adopted the word for all Indians in
+domestic service, as distinguished from _mitayos_ or forced labourers.]
+
+He intended his schemes to be kept secret, but Tupac Inca was informed
+of them and came to Cuzco. He had been away at the ceremony of arming
+one of his sons named Ayar Manco. Having convinced himself that his
+information was correct, he killed Tupac Ccapac with all his councillors
+and supporters. Finding that many tribes had been left out of the
+visitation by him, for this attempt, Tupac Inca went in person from
+Cuzco, to investigate the matter and finish the visitation.
+
+While doing this the Inca came to a place called Yana-yacu, which means
+"black water" because a stream of a very dark colour flows down that
+valley, and for that reason they call the river and valley Yana-yacu. Up
+to this point he had been inflicting very cruel punishment without
+pardoning any one who was found guilty either in word or deed. In this
+valley of Yana-yacu his sister and wife, Mama Ocllo, asked him not to
+continue such cruelties, which were more butchery and inhumanity than
+punishment, and not to kill any more but to pardon them, asking for them
+as her servants. In consequence of this intercession, the Inca ceased
+the slaughter, and said that he would grant a general pardon. As the
+pardon was proclaimed in Yana-yacu, he ordered that all the pardoned
+should be called Yana-yacus. They were known as not being allowed to
+enter in the number of servants of the House of the Sun, nor those of
+the visitation. So they remained under the Curacas. This affair being
+finished, the visitation made by Tupac Ccapac was considered to be of no
+effect. So the Inca returned to Cuzco with the intention of ordering
+another visitation to be made afresh.
+
+
+
+
+LII.
+
+TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI ORDERS A SECOND VISITATION OF THE LAND, AND DOES
+OTHER THINGS.
+
+
+As the visitation entrusted to Tupac Ccapac was not to his liking, the
+Inca revoked it, and nominated another brother named Apu Achachi to be
+visitor-general. The Inca ordered him not to include the Yana-yacus in
+the visitation, because they were unworthy to enter into the number of
+the rest, owing to what they had done, Apu Achachi set out and made his
+general visitation, reducing many of the Indians to live in villages and
+houses who had previously lived in caves and hills and on the banks of
+rivers, each one by himself. He sent those in strong fastnesses into
+plains, that they might have no site for a fortress, on the strength of
+which they might rebel. He reduced them into provinces, giving them
+their Curacas in the order already described. He did not make the son of
+the deceased a Curaca, but the man who had most ability and aptitude for
+the service. If the appointment did not please the Inca he, without more
+ado, dismissed him and appointed another, so that no Curaca, high or
+low, felt secure in his appointment. To these Curacas were given
+servants, women and estates, submitting an account of them, for, though
+they were Curacas, they could not take a thing of their own authority,
+without express leave from the Inca.
+
+In each province all those of the province made a great sowing of every
+kind of edible vegetable for the Inca, his overseers coming to the
+harvest. Above all there was a _Tucurico Apu_, who was the
+governor-lieutenant of the Inca in that province. It is true that the
+first Inca who obliged the Indians of this land to pay tribute of
+everything, and in quantity, was Inca Yupanqui. But Tupac Inca imposed
+rules and fixed the tribute they must pay, and divided it according to
+what each province was to contribute as well for the general tax as
+those for _Huacas_, and Houses of the Sun. [_In this way the people were
+so loaded with tributes and taxes, that they had to work perpetually
+night and day to pay them, and even then they could not comply, and had
+no time for sufficient labour to suffice for their own maintenance_.]
+
+Tupac Inca divided the estates throughout the whole empire, according to
+the measure which they call _tupu_.
+
+He divided the months of the year, with reference to labour in the
+fields, as follows. Three months in the year were allotted to the
+Indians for the work of their own fields, and the rest must be given up
+to the work of the Sun, of _huacas_, and of the Inca. In the three
+months that were given to themselves, one was for ploughing and sowing,
+one for reaping, and another in the summer for festivals, and for make
+and mend clothes days. The rest of their time was demanded for the
+service of the Sun and the Incas.
+
+This Inca ordered that there should be merchants who might profit by
+their industry in this manner. When any merchant brought gold, silver,
+precious stones, or other valuable things for sale, they were to be
+asked where they got them, and in this way they gave information
+respecting the mines and places whence the valuables had been taken.
+Thus a very great many mines of gold and silver, and of very fine
+colours, were discovered.
+
+This Inca had two Governors-General in the whole empire, called Suyuyoc
+Apu[110]; one resided at Xauxa and the other at Tiahuanacu in
+Colla-suyu.
+
+[Note 110: _Suyu_ a great division of the empire, or a province.
+_Yoc_ a terminal particle denoting possession or office.]
+
+Tupac Inca ordered the seclusion of certain women in the manner of our
+professed nuns, maidens of 12 years and upwards, who were called
+_acllas_[111]. From thence they were taken to be given in marriage to
+the _Tucurico Apu_, or by order of the Inca who, when any captain
+returned with victory, distributed the _acllas_ to captains, soldiers
+and other servants who had pleased him, as gracious gifts which were
+highly valued. As they took out some, they were replaced by others, for
+there must always be the number first ordained by the Inca. If any man
+takes one out, or is caught inside with one they are both hanged, tied
+together.
+
+[Note 111: _Aclla_ means chosen, selected.]
+
+This Inca made many ordinances, in his tyrannical mode of government,
+which will be given in a special volume.
+
+
+
+
+LIII.
+
+TUPAC INCA MAKES THE FORTRESS OF CUZCO.
+
+
+After Tupac Inca Yupanqui had visited all the empire and had come to
+Cuzco where he was served and adored, being for the time idle, he
+remembered that his father Pachacuti had called the city of Cuzco the
+lion city. He said that the tail was where the two rivers unite which
+flow through it[112], that the body was the great square and the houses
+round it, and that the head was wanting. It would be for some son of his
+to put it on. The Inca discussed this question with the _orejones_, who
+said that the best head would be to make a fortress on a high plateau to
+the north of the city.
+
+[Note 112: This district of Cuzco has always been called _Pumap
+chupan_ or tail of the puma.]
+
+This being settled, the Inca sent to all the provinces, to order the
+tucuricos to supply a large number of people for the work of the
+fortress. Having come, the workmen were divided into parties, each one
+having its duties and officers. Thus some brought stones, others worked
+them, others placed them. The diligence was such that in a few years,
+the great fortress of Cuzco was built, sumptuous, exceedingly strong, of
+rough stone, a thing most admirable to look upon. The buildings within
+it were of small worked stone, so beautiful that, if it had not been
+seen, it would not be believed how strong and beautiful it was. What
+makes it still more worthy of admiration is that they did not possess
+tools to work the stone, but could only work with other stones. This
+fortress was intact until the time of the differences between Pizarro
+and Almagro, after which they began to dismantle it, to build with its
+stones the houses of Spaniards in Cuzco, which are at the foot of the
+fortress. Great regret is felt by those who see the ruins. When it was
+finished, the Inca made many store houses round Cuzco for provisions and
+clothing, against times of necessity and of war; which was a measure of
+great importance[113].
+
+[Note 113: This fortress of Cuzco, on the Sacsahuaman Hill, was well
+described by Cieza de Leon and in greater detail by Garcilasso de la
+Vega, ii. pp. 305--318. Both ascribe it to Inca Yupanqui or his son
+Tupac Inca, as does Sarmiento. The extensive edifices, built of masonry
+of his period, were no doubt the work of Tupac Inca who thus got credit
+for the whole. These later edifices were pulled down by the Spaniards,
+for material for building their houses in the city. But the wonderful
+cyclopean work that remains is certainly of much more ancient date, and
+must be assigned, like Tiahuanacu, to the far distant age of the
+monolithic empire.]
+
+
+
+
+LIV.
+
+DEATH OF TUPAC INCA YUPANQUI.
+
+
+Having visited and divided the lands, and built the fortress of Cuzco,
+besides edifices and houses without number, Tupac Inca Yupanqui went to
+Chinchero[114], a town near Cuzco, where he had very rich things for his
+recreation; and there he ordered extensive gardens to be constructed to
+supply his household. When the work was completed he fell ill of a grave
+infirmity, and did not wish to be visited by anyone. But as he became
+worse and felt the approach of death, he sent for the _orejones_ of
+Cuzco, his relations, and when they had assembled in his presence he
+said: "My relations and friends! I would have you to know that the Sun
+my Father desires to take me to himself, and I wish to go and rest with
+him. I have called you to let you know who it is that I desire to
+succeed me as lord and sovereign, and who is to rule and govern you."
+They answered that they grieved much at his illness, that as the Sun his
+father had so willed it so must it be, that his will must be done, and
+they besought the Inca to nominate him who was to be sovereign in his
+place. Tupac Inca then replied: "I nominate for my successor my son Titu
+Cusi Hualpa, son of my sister and wife, Mama Ocllo." For this they
+offered many thanks, and afterwards the Inca sank down on his pillow and
+died, having lived 85 years.
+
+[Note 114: Chinchero is a village near Cuzco, on the heights
+overlooking the lovely valley of Yucay, with magnificent mountains in
+the background. The remains of the Inca palace are still standing, not
+unlike those on the Colcampata at Cuzco.]
+
+Tupac Inca succeeded his father at the age of 18 years. He had two
+legitimate sons, 60 bastards, and 30 daughters. Some say that at the
+time of his death, or a short time before, he had nominated one of his
+illegitimate sons to succeed him named Ccapac Huari, son of a concubine
+whose name was Chuqui Ocllo.
+
+He left a lineage or _ayllu_ called _Ccapac Ayllu_, whose heads, who
+sustain it and are now living, are Don Andres Tupac Yupanqui, Don
+Cristobal Pisac Tupac, Don Garcia Vilcas, Don Felipe Tupac Yupanqui, Don
+Garcia Azache, and Don Garcia Pilco. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+The deceased Inca was frank, merciful in peace, cruel in war and
+punishments, a friend to the poor, a great man of indefatigable industry
+and a notable builder. [_He was the greatest tyrant of all the Incas_.]
+He died in the year 1528. Chalco Chima burnt his body in 1533, when he
+captured Huascar, as will be related in its place. The ashes, with his
+idol or _guauqui_ called _Cusi-churi_, were found in Calis-puquiu where
+the Indians had concealed it, and offered to it many sacrifices.
+
+
+
+
+LV.
+
+THE LIFE OF HUAYNA CCAPAC, ELEVENTH INCA[115].
+
+[Note 115: All authorities agree that Huayna Ccapac was the son and
+successor of Tupac Inca.]
+
+
+As soon as Tupac Inca was dead, the _orejones_, who were with him at the
+time of his death, proceeded to Cuzco for the customary ceremonies.
+These were to raise the Inca his successor before the death of his
+father had become known to him, and to follow the same order as in the
+case of the death of Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui. As the wives and sons of
+Tupac Inca also went to Cuzco, the matter could not be kept secret. A
+woman who had been a concubine of the late Inca, named Ccuri Ocllo, a
+kins-woman of Ccapac Huari, as soon as she arrived at Cuzco, spoke to
+her relations and to Ccapac Huari in these words. "Sirs and relations!
+Know that Tupac Inca is dead and that, when in health, he had named
+Ccapac Huari for his successor, but at the end, being on the point of
+death, he said that Titu Cusi Hualpa, son of Mama Ocllo, should succeed
+him. You ought not to consent to this. Rather call together all your
+relations and friends, and raise Ccapac Huari, your elder brother, son
+of Chuqui Ocllo, to be Inca." This seemed well to all the relations of
+Ccapac Huari, and they sent to assemble all the other relations on his
+behalf.
+
+While this was proceeding, the _orejones_ of Cuzco, knowing nothing of
+it, were arranging how to give the fringe to Titu Cusi Hualpa. The plot
+of the party of Ccapac Huari became known to the late Inca's brother,
+Huaman Achachi. He assembled some friends, made them arm themselves, and
+they went to where Titu Cusi Hualpa was retired and concealed. They then
+proceeded to where the friends of Ccapac Huari had assembled, and killed
+many of them, including Ccapac Huari himself. Others say that they did
+not kill Ccapac Huari at that time, but only took him. His mother Chuqui
+Ocllo was taken and, being a rebel as well as a witch who had killed her
+lord Tupac Inca, she was put to death. Ccapac Huari was banished to
+Chinchero, where he was given a maintenance, but he was never allowed to
+enter Cuzco again until his death. They also killed the woman Ccuri
+Ocllo, who had advised the raising of Ccapac Huari to the Incaship.
+
+
+
+
+LVI.
+
+THEY GIVE THE FRINGE OF INCA TO HUAYNA CCAPAC, THE ELEVENTH INCA.
+
+
+The city of Cuzco being pacified, Huaman Achachi went to Quispicancha,
+three leagues from Cuzco, where Titu Cusi Hualpa was concealed, and
+brought his nephew to Cuzco, to the House of the Sun. After the
+sacrifices and accustomed ceremonies, the image of the Sun delivered the
+fringe to Titu Cusi Hualpa.
+
+This being done, and the new Inca having been invested with all the
+insignia of Ccapac, and placed in a rich litter, they bore him to the
+_huaca_ Huanacauri, where he offered a sacrifice. The _orejones_
+returned to Cuzco by the route taken by Manco Ccapac.
+
+Arrived at the first square, called Rimac-pampa, the accession was
+announced to the people, and they were ordered to come and do homage to
+the new Inca. When they all assembled, and saw how young he was, never
+having seen him before, they all raised their voices and called him
+_Huayna Ccapac_ which means "the boy chief" or "the boy sovereign." For
+this reason he was called Huayna Ccapac from that time, and the name
+Titu Cusi Hualpa was no longer used. They celebrated festivals, armed
+him as a knight, adored, and presented many gifts---as was customary.
+
+
+
+
+LVII.
+
+THE FIRST ACTS OF HUAYNA CCAPAC AFTER HE BECAME INCA.
+
+
+As Huayna Ccapac was very young when he succeeded, they appointed a
+tutor and coadjutor for him named Hualpaya, a son of Ccapac Yupanqui,
+brother of Inca Yupanqui. This prince made a plot to raise himself to
+the Incaship, but it became known to Huaman Achachi, then Governor of
+Chinchay-suyu. At the time he was in Cuzco, and he and his people killed
+Hualpaya and others who were culpable.
+
+Huaman Achachi assumed the government, but always had as a councillor
+his own brother Auqui Tupac Inca. In course of time Huayna Ccapac went
+to the House of the Sun, held a visitation, took account of the
+officials, and provided what was necessary for the service, and for that
+of the _Mama-cunas_. He took the chief custodianship of the Sun from him
+who then held it, and assumed the office himself with the title of
+"Shepherd of the Sun." He next visited the other _huacas_ and oracles,
+and their estates. He also inspected the buildings of the city of Cuzco
+and the houses of the _orejones_.
+
+Huayna Ccapac ordered the body of his father Tupac Inca to be embalmed.
+After the sacrifices, the mourning, and other ceremonies, he placed the
+body in the late Inca's residence which was prepared for it, and gave
+his servants all that was necessary for their maintenance and services.
+The same Huayna Ccapac mourned for his father and for his mother who
+died nearly at the same time.
+
+
+
+
+LVIII.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC CONQUERS CHACHAPOYAS.
+
+
+After Huayna Ccapac had given orders respecting the things mentioned in
+the last chapter, it was reported to him that there were certain tribes
+near the territory of the Chachapoyas which might be conquered, and that
+on the way he might subdue the Chachapoyas who had rebelled. He gave
+orders to his _orejones_ and assembled a large army. He set out from
+Cuzco, having first offered sacrifices and observed the _calpa_[116]. On
+the route he took, he reformed many things. Arriving at the land of the
+Chachapoyas, they, with other neighbouring tribes, put themselves in a
+posture of defence. They were eventually vanquished and treated with
+great severity. The Inca then returned to Cuzco and triumphed at the
+victory gained over the Chachapoyas and other nations.
+
+[Note 116: _Calpa_ means force, power. _Calpay_ work. _Calparicu_
+"one who gives strength," used for a wizard. The Calpa was a ceremony
+connected with divination.]
+
+While he was absent on this campaign, he left as Governor of Cuzco one
+of his illegitimate brothers named Sinchi Rocca, an eminent architect.
+He built all the edifices at Yucay, and the houses of the Inca at Casana
+in the city of Cuzco. He afterwards built other edifices round Cuzco for
+Huayna Ccapac, on sites which appeared most convenient.
+
+
+
+
+LIX.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC MAKES A VISITATION OF THE WHOLE EMPIRE FROM QUITO TO
+CHILE.
+
+
+Huayna Ccapac having rested in Cuzco for a long time and, wishing to
+undertake something, considered that it was a long time since he had
+visited the empire. He determined that there should be a visitation, and
+named his uncle Huaman Achachi to conduct it in Chinchay-suyu as far as
+Quito, he himself undertaking the region of Colla-suyu.
+
+Each one set out, Huayna Ccapac, in person, taking the route to the
+Collao, where he examined into the government of his _tucuricos_,
+placing and dismissing governors and Curacas, opening lands and making
+bridges and irrigating channels. Constructing these works he arrived at
+Charcas and went thence to Chile, which his father had conquered, where
+he dismissed the governor, and appointed two native Curacas named
+Michimalongo and Antalongo, who had been vanquished by his father.
+Having renewed the garrison, he came to Coquimbo and Copiapo, also
+visiting Atacama and Arequipa. He next went to Anti-suyu and Alayda, by
+way of Collao and Charcas. He entered the valley of Cochabamba, and
+there made provinces of _mitimaes_ in all parts, because the natives
+were few, and there was space for all, the land being fertile. Thence he
+went to Pocona to give orders on that frontier against the Chirihuanas,
+and to repair a fortress which had been built by his father.
+
+While engaged on these measures, he received news that the provinces of
+Quito, Cayambis, Carangues, Pastos, and Huancavilcas had rebelled. He,
+therefore, hurried his return and came to Tiahuanacu, where he prepared
+for war against the Quitos and Cayambis, and gave orders how the
+Urus[117] were to live, granting them localities in which each tribe of
+them was to fish in the lake. He visited the Temple of the Sun and the
+_huaca_ of Ticci Viracocha on the island of Titicaca, and sent orders
+that all those provinces should send troops to go to that war which he
+had proclaimed.
+
+[Note 117: The Urus are a tribe of fishermen, with a peculiar
+language, living among the reed beds in the S.W. part of Lake Titicaca.]
+
+
+
+
+LX.
+
+HUAYNA CCAPAC MAKES WAR ON THE QUITOS, PASTOS, CARANGUES, CAYAMBIS,
+HUANCAVILCAS.
+
+
+Knowing that the Pastos, Quitos, Carangues, Cayambis and Huancavilcas
+had rebelled, killed the _tucuricos_, and strengthened their positions
+with strong forces, Huayna Ccapac, with great rapidity, collected a
+great army from all the districts of the four _suyus_. He nominated
+Michi of the Hurin-cuzcos, and Auqui Tupac of the Hanan-cuzcos as
+captains, and left his uncle Huaman Achachi as governor of Cuzco. Others
+say that he left Apu Hilaquito and Auqui Tupac Inca in Cuzco, with his
+son who was to succeed named Tupac Cusi Hualpa Inti Illapa, and with him
+another of his sons named Titu Atanchi, who remained to perform the
+fasts before knighthood. It is to be noted that Huayna Ccapac was
+married, in conformity with custom and with the prescribed ceremonies to
+Cusi Rimay Coya, by whom he had no male child. He, therefore, took his
+sister Araua Ocllo to wife, by whom he had a son Tupac Cusi Hualpa,
+vulgarly called Huascar. Preparing for the campaign he ordered that
+Atahualpa and Ninan Cuyoche, his illegitimate sons, now grown men,
+should go with him. His other sons, also illegitimate, named Manco Inca
+and Paulu Tupac, were to remain with Huascar.
+
+These arrangements having been made, the Inca set out for Quito. On the
+way he came to Tumipampa where he had himself been born. Here he erected
+great edifices where he placed, with great solemnity, the caul in which
+he was born. Marching onwards and reaching the boundary of the region
+where the Quitos were in arms, he marshalled his squadrons, and
+presently resolved to conquer the Pastos. For this service he selected
+two captains of the Collao, one named Mollo Cavana, the other Mollo
+Pucara, and two others of Cunti-suyu named Apu Cautar Canana and Cunti
+Mollo, under whose command he placed many men of their nations, and 2000
+_orejones_ as guards, under Auqui Tupac Inca, brother of Huayna Ccapac
+and Acollo Tupac of the lineage of Viracocha. They marched to the
+country of the Pastos who fell back on their chief place, leaving their
+old people, women and children, with a few men, that the enemy might
+think there was no one else. The Incas easily conquered these and,
+thinking that was all, they gave themselves up to idleness and pleasure.
+One night, when they were engaged in a great rejoicing, eating and
+drinking freely, without sentries, the Pastos attacked them, and there
+was a great slaughter, especially among the Collas. Those who escaped,
+fled until they came to the main army of the Incas which was following
+them. They say that Atahualpa and Ninan Cuyoche brought up assistance,
+and that, with the confidence thus gained, Huayna Ccapac ordered the war
+to be waged most cruelly. So they entered the country of the Pastos a
+second time, burning and destroying the inhabited places and killing all
+the people great and small, men and women, young and old. That province
+having been subdued, a governor was appointed to it.
+
+Huayna Ccapac then returned to Tumipampa, where he rested some days,
+before moving his camp for the conquest of the Carangues, a very warlike
+nation. In this campaign he subdued the Macas to the confines of the
+Canaris, those of Quisna, of Ancamarca, the province of Puruvay, the
+Indians of Nolitria, and other neighbouring nations.
+
+Thence he went down to Tumbez, a seaport, and then came to the
+fortresses of Carangui and Cochisque. In commencing to subdue those of
+Cochisque he met with a stubborn resistance by valiant men, and many
+were killed on both sides. At length the place was taken, and the men
+who escaped were received in the fortress of Carangui. The Incas decided
+that the country surrounding this fortress should first be subdued. They
+desolated the country as far as Ancas-mayu and Otabalo, those who
+escaped from the fury of the Incas taking refuge in the fortress. Huayna
+Ccapac attacked it with his whole force, but was repulsed by the
+garrison with much slaughter, and the _orejones_ were forced to fly,
+defeated by the Cayambis, the Inca himself being thrown down. He would
+have been killed if a thousand of his guard had not come up with their
+captains Cusi Tupac Yupanqui and Huayna Achachi, to rescue and raise
+him. The sight of this animated the _orejones_. All turned to defend
+their Inca, and pressed on with such vigour that the Cayambis were
+driven back into their fortress. The Inca army, in one encounter and the
+other, suffered heavy loss.
+
+Huayna Ccapac, on this account, returned to Tumipampa, where he
+recruited his army, preparing to resume the attack on the Cayambis. At
+this time some _orejones_ deserted the Inca, leaving him to go back to
+Cuzco. Huayna Ccapac satisfied the rest by gifts of clothes, provisions,
+and other things, and he formed an efficient army.
+
+It was reported that the Cayambis had sallied from their fortress and
+had defeated a detachment of the Inca army, killing many, and the rest
+escaping by flight. This caused great sorrow to the Inca, who sent his
+brother Auqui Toma, with an army composed of all nations, against the
+Cayambis of the fortress. Auqui Toma went, attacked the fortress,
+captured four lines of defence and the outer wall, which was composed of
+five. But at the entrance the Cayambis killed Auqui Toma, captain of the
+Cuzcos, who had fought most valorously. This attack and defence was so
+obstinate and long continued that an immense number of men fell, and the
+survivors had nowhere to fight except upon heaps of dead men. The desire
+of both sides to conquer or die was so strong that they gave up their
+lances and arrows and took to their fists. At last, when they saw that
+their captain was killed, the Incas began to retreat towards a river,
+into which they went without any care for saving their lives. The river
+was in flood and a great number of men were drowned. This was a heavy
+loss for the cause of Huayna Ccapac. Those who escaped from drowning and
+from the hands of the enemy, sent the news to the Inca from the other
+side of the river. Huayna Ccapac received the news of this reverse with
+heavier grief than ever, for he dearly loved his brother Auqui Toma, who
+had been killed with so many men who were the pick of the army.
+
+Huayna Ccapac was a brave man, and was not dismayed. On the contrary it
+raised his spirit and he resolved to be avenged. He again got ready his
+forces and marched in person against the fortress of the Cayambis. He
+formed the army in three divisions. He sent Michi with a third of the
+army to pass on one side of the fortress without being seen. This
+detachment consisted of Cuzco _orejones_, and men of Chinchay-suyu. They
+were to advance five marches beyond the fortress and, at a fixed time,
+return towards it, desolating and destroying. The Inca, with the rest of
+his army marched direct to the attack of the fortress, and began to
+fight with great fury. This continued some days, during which the Inca
+lost some men. While the battle was proceeding, Michi and those of
+Chinchay-suyu turned, desolating and destroying everything in the land
+of the Cayambis. They were so furious that they did not leave anything
+standing, making the very earth to tremble. When Huayna Ccapac knew that
+his detachment was near the fortress, he feigned a flight. The Cayambis,
+not aware of what was happening in their rear, came out of the fortress
+in pursuit of the Inca. When the Cayambis were at some distance from
+their stronghold, the Chinchay-suyus, commanded by Michi, came in sight.
+These met with no resistance in the fortress as the Cayambis were
+outside, following Huayna Ccapac. They easily entered it and set it on
+fire in several parts, killing or capturing all who were inside.
+
+The Cayambis were, by this time, fighting with the army of Huayna
+Ccapac. When they saw their fortress on fire they lost hope and fled
+from the battle field towards a lake which was near, thinking that they
+could save themselves by hiding among the beds of reeds. But Huayna
+Ccapac followed them with great rapidity. In order that none might
+escape he gave instructions that the lake should be surrounded. In that
+lake, and the swamps on its borders, the troops of Huayna Ccapac, he
+fighting most furiously in person, made such havock and slaughter, that
+the lake was coloured with the blood of the dead Cayambis. From that
+time forward the lake has been called _Yahuar-cocha_, which means the
+"lake of blood," from the quantity that was there shed.
+
+It is to be noted that in the middle of this lake there was an islet
+with two willow trees, up which some Cayambis climbed, and among them
+their two chiefs named Pinto and Canto, most valiant Indians. The troops
+of Huayna Ccapac pelted them with stones and captured Canto, but Pinto
+escaped with a thousand brave Canaris.
+
+The Cayambis being conquered, the Cuzcos began to select those who would
+look best in the triumphal entry into Cuzco. But they, thinking that
+they were being selected to be killed, preferred rather to die like men
+than to be tied up like women. So they turned and began to fight. Huayna
+Ccapac saw this and ordered them all to be killed.
+
+The Inca placed a garrison in the fortress, and sent a captain with a
+detachment in pursuit of Pinto who, in his flight, was doing much
+mischief. They followed until Pinto went into forests, with other
+fugitives, escaping for a time. After Huayna Ccapac had rested for some
+days at Tumipampa, he got information where Pinto was in the forests,
+and surrounded them, closing up all entrances and exits. Hunger then
+obliged him, and those who were with him, to surrender. This Pinto was
+very brave and he had such hatred against Huayna Ccapac that even, after
+his capture, when the Inca had presented him with gifts and treated him
+kindly, he never could see his face. So he died out of his mind, and
+Huayna Ccapac ordered a drum to be made of his skin. The drum was sent
+to Cuzco, and so this war came to an end. It was at Cuzco in the _taqui_
+or dance in honour of the Sun.
+
+
+
+
+LXI.
+
+THE CHIRIHUANAS COME TO MAKE WAR IN PERU AGAINST THOSE CONQUERED BY THE
+INCAS.
+
+
+While Huayna Ccapac was occupied with this war of the Cayambis, the
+Chirihuanas, who form a nation of the forests, naked and eaters of human
+flesh, for which they have a public slaughter house, uniting, and,
+coming forth from their dense forests, entered the territory of Charcas,
+which had been conquered by the Incas of Peru. They attacked the
+fortress of Cuzco-tuyo, where the Inca had a large frontier garrison to
+defend the country against them. Their assault being sudden they entered
+the fortress, massacred the garrison, and committed great havock,
+robberies and murders among the surrounding inhabitants.
+
+The news reached Huayna Ccapac at Quito, and he received it with much
+heaviness. He sent a captain, named Yasca, to Cuzco to collect troops,
+and with them to march against the Chirihuanas. This captain set out for
+Cuzco, taking with him the _huaca_ "Cataquilla[118]" of Caxamarca and
+Huamachuco, and "Curichaculla" of the Chachapoyas; and the _huacas_
+"Tomayrica and Chinchay-cocha," with many people, the attendants of the
+_huacas_. He arrived at Cuzco where he was very well received by the
+Governors, Apu Hilaquito and Auqui Tupac Inca. Having collected his
+troops he left Cuzco for Charcas. On the road he enlisted many men of
+the Collao. With these he came up with the Chirihuanas and made cruel
+war upon them. He captured some to send to Huayna Ccapac at Quito, that
+the Inca might see what these strange men were like. The captain Yasca
+rebuilt the fortress and, placing in it the necessary garrison, he
+returned to Cuzco, dismissed his men, and each one returned to his own
+land.
+
+[Note 118: It was the policy of the Incas that the idols and
+_huacas_ of conquered nations should be sent to Cuzco and deposited
+there. Catiquilla was an idol of the Caxamarca and Huamachuco people.
+Arriaga calls it Apu-cati-quilla. _Apu_ the great or chief, _catic_
+follower, _quilla_ the moon. Apu-cati-quilla appears to have been a moon
+god. The other _huacas_ are local deities, all sent to Cuzco. Catiquilla
+had been kept as an oracle in the village of Tauca in Conchucos
+(Calancha, p. 471). _Cati-quilla_ would mean "following moon." (See also
+_Extirpation de la idolatria del Peru_, Joseph de Arriaga. Lima, 1627.)]
+
+
+
+
+LXII.
+
+WHAT HUAYNA CCAPAC DID AFTER THE SAID WARS.
+
+
+As soon as Huayna Ccapac had despatched the captain against the
+Chirihuanas, he set out from Tumipampa to organize the nations he had
+conquered, including Quito, Pasto, and Huancavilcas. He came to the
+river called Ancas-mayu, between Pasto and Quito, where he set up his
+boundary pillars at the limit of the country he had conquered. As a
+token of grandeur and as a memorial he placed certain golden staves in
+the pillars. He then followed the course of the river in search of the
+sea, seeking for people to conquer, for he had information that in that
+direction the country was well peopled.
+
+On this road the army of the Inca was in great peril, suffering from
+scarcity of water, for the troops had to cross extensive tracts of sand.
+One day, at dawn, the Inca army found itself surrounded by an immense
+crowd of people, not knowing who they were. In fear of the unknown
+enemy, the troops began to retreat towards the Inca. Just as they were
+preparing for flight a boy came to Huayna Ccapac, and said: "My Lord!
+fear not, those are the people for whom we are in search. Let us attack
+them." This appeared to the Inca to be good advice and he ordered an
+impetuous attack to be made, promising that whatever any man took should
+be his. The _orejones_ delivered such an assault on those who surrounded
+them that, in a short time, the circle was broken. The enemy was routed,
+and the fugitives made for their habitations, which were on the sea
+coast towards Coaques, where the Incas captured an immense quantity of
+rich spoils, emeralds, turquoises, and great store of very fine _mollo_,
+a substance formed in sea shells, more valued amongst them than gold or
+silver.
+
+Here the Inca received a message from the Sinchi or Curaca of the island
+of Puna with a rich present, inviting him to come to his island to
+receive his service. Huayna Ccapac did so. Thence he went to
+Huancavilca, where he joined the reserves who had been left there. News
+came to him that a great pestilence was raging at Cuzco of which the
+governors Apu Hilaquito his uncle, and Auqui Tupac Inca his brother had
+died, also his sister Mama Cuca, and many other relations. To establish
+order among the conquered nations, the Inca went to Quito, intending to
+proceed from thence to Cuzco to rest.
+
+On reaching Quito the Inca was taken ill with a fever, though others say
+it was small-pox or measles. He felt the disease to be mortal and sent
+for the _orejones_ his relations, who asked him to name his successor.
+His reply was that his son Ninan Cuyoche was to succeed, if the augury
+of the _calpa_ gave signs that such succession would be auspicious, if
+not his son Huascar was to succeed.
+
+Orders were given to proceed with the ceremony of the _calpa_, and Cusi
+Tupac Yupanqui, named by the Inca to be chief steward of the Sun, came
+to perform it. By the first _calpa_ it was found that the succession of
+Ninan Cuyoche would not be auspicious. Then they opened another lamb and
+took out the lungs, examining certain veins. The result was that the
+signs respecting Huascar were also inauspicious. Returning to the Inca,
+that he might name some one else, they found that he was dead. While the
+_orejones_ stood in suspense about the succession, Cusi Tupac Yupanqui
+said: "Take care of the body, for I go to Tumipampa to give the fringe
+to Ninan Cuyoche." But when he arrived at Tumipampa he found that Ninan
+Cuyoche was also dead of the small-pox pestilence[119].
+
+[Note 119: Ninan Cuyoche is said by Cobos to have been legitimate, a
+son of the first wife Cusi Rimay Huaco, who is said by Sarmiento and
+others not to have borne a male heir.]
+
+Seeing this Cusi Tupac Yupanqui said to Araua Ocllo--"Be not sad, O
+Coya! go quickly to Cuzco, and say to your son Huascar that his father
+named him to be Inca when his own days were over." He appointed two
+_orejones_ to accompany her, with orders to say to the Incas of Cuzco
+that they were to give the fringe to Huascar. Cusi Tupac added that he
+would make necessary arrangements and would presently follow them with
+the body of Huayna Ccapac, to enter Cuzco with it in triumph, the order
+of which had been ordained by the Inca on the point of death, on a
+staff.
+
+Huayna Ccapac died at Quito at the age of 80 years. He left more than 50
+sons. He succeeded at the age of 20, and reigned 60 years. He was
+valiant though cruel.
+
+He left a lineage or _ayllu_ called _Tumipampa Ayllu_. At present the
+heads of it, now living, are Don Diego Viracocha Inca, Don Garcia Inguil
+Tupac, and Gonzalo Sayri. To this _ayllu_ are joined the sons of Paulu
+Tupac, son of Huayna Ccapac. They are Hanan-cuzcos.
+
+Huayna Ccapac died in the year 1524 of the nativity of our Lord Jesus
+Christ, the invincible Emperor Charles V of glorious memory being King
+of Spain, father of your Majesty, and the Pope was Paul III.
+
+The body of Huayna Ccapac was found by the Licentiate Polo in a house
+where it was kept concealed, in the city of Cuzco. It was guarded by two
+of his servants named Hualpa Titu and Sumac Yupanqui. His idol or
+_guauqui_ was called _Huaraqui Inca_. It was a great image of gold,
+which has not been found up to the present time.
+
+
+
+
+LXIII
+
+THE LIFE OF HUASCAR, THE LAST INCA, AND OF ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+Huayna Ccapac being dead, and the news having reached Cuzco, they raised
+Titu Cusi Hualpa Inti Illapa, called Huascar, to be Inca. He was called
+Huascar because he was born in a town called Huascar-quihuar, four and a
+half leagues from Cuzco. Those who remained at Tumipampa embalmed the
+body of Huayna Ccapac, and collected the spoils and captives taken in
+his wars, for a triumphal entry into the capital.
+
+It is to be noted that Atahualpa, bastard son of Huayna Ccapac by Tocto
+Coca, his cousin, of the lineage of Inca Yupanqui, had been taken to
+that war by his father to prove him. He first went against the Pastos,
+and came back a fugitive, for which his father rated him severely. Owing
+to this Atahualpa did not appear among the troops, and he spoke to the
+Inca _orejones_ of Cuzco in this manner. "My Lords! you know that I am a
+son of Huayna Ccapac and that my father took me with him, to prove me in
+the war. Owing to the disaster with the Pastos, my father insulted me in
+such a way that I could not appear among the troops, still less at Cuzco
+among my relations who thought that my father would leave me well, but I
+am left poor and dishonoured. For this reason I have determined to
+remain here where my father died, and not to live among those who will
+be pleased to see me poor and out of favour. This being so you need not
+wait for me." He then embraced them all and took leave of them. They
+departed with tears and grief, leaving Atahualpa at Tumipampa[120].
+
+[Note 120: Atahualpa is said by Sarmiento and Yamqui Pachacuti to
+have been an illegitimate son of Huayna Ccapac by Tocto Coca his cousin,
+of the ayllu of Pachacuti. Cieza de Leon says that he was a son by a
+woman of Quilaco named Tupac Palla. Gomara, who is followed by Velasco,
+says that Atahualpa was the son of a princess of Quito. As Huayna Ccapac
+only set out for the Quito campaign twelve years before his death, and
+Atahualpa was then grown up, his mother cannot have been a woman of
+Quito. I, therefore, have no doubt that Sarmiento is right.]
+
+The _orejones_ brought the body of Huayna Ccapac to Cuzco, entering with
+great triumph, and his obsequies were performed like those of his
+ancestors. This being done, Huascar presented gold and other presents,
+as well as wives who had been kept closely confined in the house of the
+_acllas_ during the time of his father. Huascar built edifices where he
+was born, and in Cuzco he erected the houses of Amaru-cancha, where is
+now the monastery of the "Name of Jesus," and others on the Colcampata,
+where Don Carlos lives, the son of Paulo.
+
+After that he summoned Cusi Tupac Yupanqui, and the other principal
+_orejones_ who had come with the body of his father, and who were of the
+lineage of Inca Yupanqui and therefore relations of the mother of
+Atahualpa. He asked them why they had not brought Atahualpa with them,
+saying that doubtless they had left him there, that he might rebel at
+Quito, and that when he did so, they would kill their Inca at Cuzco. The
+_orejones_, who had been warned of this suspicion, answered that they
+knew nothing except that Atahualpa remained at Quito, as he had stated
+publicly, that he might not be poor and despised among his relations in
+Cuzco. Huascar, not believing what they said, put them to the torture,
+but he extracted nothing further from them. Huascar considered the harm
+that these _orejones_ had done, and that he never could be good friends
+with them or be able to trust them, so he caused them to be put to
+death. This gave rise to great lamentation in Cuzco and hatred of
+Huascar among the Hanan-cuzcos, to which party the deceased belonged.
+Seeing this Huascar publicly said that he divorced and separated himself
+from relationship with the lineages of the Hanan-cuzcos because they
+were for Atahualpa who was a traitor, not having come to Cuzco to do
+homage. Then he declared war with Atahualpa and assembled troops to send
+against him. Meanwhile Atahualpa sent his messengers to Huascar with
+presents, saying that he was his vassal, and as such he desired to know
+how he could serve the Inca. Huascar rejected the messages and presents
+of Atahualpa and they even say that he killed the messengers. Others say
+that he cut their noses and their clothing down to their waists, and
+sent them back insulted.
+
+While this was taking place at Cuzco the Huancavilcas rebelled.
+Atahualpa assembled a great army, nominating as captains--Chalco Chima,
+Quiz-quiz, Incura Hualpa, Rumi-naui, Yupanqui, Urco-huaranca and Una
+Chullo. They marched against the Huancavilcas, conquered them, and
+inflicted severe punishment. Returning to Quito, Atahualpa sent a report
+to Huascar of what had taken place. At this time Atahualpa received news
+of what Huascar had done to his messengers, and of the death of the
+_orejones_; also that Huascar was preparing to make war on him, that he
+had separated himself from the Hanan-cuzcos, and that he had proclaimed
+him, Atahualpa, a traitor, which they call _aucca_. Atahualpa, seeing
+the evil designs entertained by his brother against him, and that he
+must prepare to defend himself, took counsel with his captains. They
+were of one accord that he should not take the field until he had
+assembled more men, and collected as large an army as possible, because
+negotiations should be commenced when he was ready for battle.
+
+At this time an Orejon named Hancu and another named Atoc came to
+Tumipampa to offer sacrifices before the image of Huayna Ccapac, by
+order of Huascar. They took the wives of Huayna Ccapac and the insignia
+of Inca without communication with Atahualpa. For this Atahualpa seized
+them and, being put to the torture, they confessed what orders Huascar
+had given them, and that an army was being sent against Atahualpa. They
+were ordered to be killed, and drums to be made of their skins. Then
+Atahualpa sent scouts along the road to Cuzco, to see what forces were
+being sent against him by his brother. The scouts came in sight of the
+army of Huascar and brought back the news.
+
+Atahualpa then marched out of Quito to meet his enemies. The two armies
+encountered each other at Riopampa where they fought a stubborn and
+bloody battle, but Atahualpa was victorious. The dead were so numerous
+that he ordered a heap to be made of their bones, as a memorial. Even
+now, at this day, the plain may be seen, covered with the bones of those
+who were slain in that battle.
+
+At this time Huascar had sent troops to conquer the nations of
+Pumacocha, to the east of the Pacamoros, led by Tampu Usca Mayta and by
+Titu Atauchi, the brother of Huascar. When the news came of this defeat
+at Riopampa, Huascar got together another larger army, and named as
+captains Atoc, Huaychac, Hanco, and Huanca Auqui. This Huanca Auqui had
+been unfortunate and lost many men in his campaign with the Pacamoros.
+His brother, the Inca Huascar, to insult him, sent him gifts suited to a
+woman, ridiculing him. This made Huanca Auqui determine to do something
+worthy of a man. He marched to Tumipampa, where the army of Atahualpa
+was encamped to rest after the battle. Finding it without watchfulness,
+he attacked and surprised the enemy, committing much slaughter.
+
+Atahualpa received the news at Quito, and was much grieved that his
+brother Huanca Auqui should have made this attack, for at other times
+when he could have hit him, he had let him go, because he was his
+brother. He now gave orders to Quiz-quiz and Chalco Chima to advance in
+pursuit of Huanca Auqui. They overtook him at Cusi-pampa, where they
+fought and Huanca Auqui was defeated, with great loss on both sides.
+Huanca Auqui fled, those of Atahualpa following in pursuit as far as
+Caxamarca, where Huanca Auqui met a large reinforcement sent by Huascar
+in support. Huanca Auqui ordered them to march against Chalco Chima and
+Quiz-quiz while he remained at Caxamarca. The troops sent by Huanca
+Auqui were Chachapoyas and many others, the whole numbering 10,000. They
+met the enemy and fought near Caxamarca. But the Chachapoyas were
+defeated and no more than 3000 escaped. Huanca Auqui then fled towards
+Cuzco, followed by the army of Atahualpa.
+
+In the province of Bombon[121], Huanca Auqui found a good army composed
+of all nations, which Huascar had sent to await his enemies there, who
+were coming in pursuit. Those of Atahualpa arrived and a battle was
+fought for two days without either party gaining an advantage. But on
+the third day Huanca Auqui was vanquished by Quiz-quiz and Chalco Chima.
+
+[Note 121: Correctly Pumpu.]
+
+Huanca Auqui escaped from the rout and came to Xauxa, where he found a
+further reinforcement of many Indians, Soras, Chancas, Ayamarcas, and
+Yanyos, sent by his brother. With these he left Xauxa and encountered
+the pursuing enemy at a place called Yanamarca. Here a battle was fought
+not less stubbornly than the former one. Finally, as fortune was against
+Huanca Auqui, he was again defeated by Chalco Chima, the adventurous
+captain of the army of Atahualpa.
+
+The greater part of the forces of Huanca Auqui was killed. He himself
+fled, never stopping until he reached Paucaray. Here he found a good
+company of _orejones_ of Cuzco, under a captain named Mayta Yupanqui
+who, on the part of Huascar, rebuked Huanca Auqui, asking how it was
+possible for him to have lost so many battles and so many men, unless he
+was secretly in concert with Chalco Chima. He answered that the
+accusation was not true, that he could not have done more; and he told
+Mayta Yupanqui to go against their enemy, and see what power he brought.
+He said that Atahualpa was determined to advance if they could not
+hinder his captains. Then Mayta Yupanqui went on to encounter Chalco
+Chima, and met him at the bridge of Anco-yacu where there were many
+skirmishes, but finally the _orejones_ were defeated[122].
+
+[Note 122: This campaign is also fully described by Balboa, and in
+some detail by Yamqui Pachacuti, pp. 113--116.]
+
+
+
+
+LXIV.
+
+HUASCAR INCA MARCHES IN PERSON TO FIGHT CHALCO CHIMA AND QUIZ-QUIZ, THE
+CAPTAINS OF ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+As the fortune of Huascar and his captains, especially of Huanca Auqui,
+was so inferior to that of Atahualpa and his adventurous and dexterous
+captains Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, one side meeting with nothing that
+did not favour them, the other side with nothing that was not against
+them, such terrible fear took possession of Huanca Auqui and the other
+Inca captains after the battle of Anco-yacu bridge, that they fled
+without stopping to Vilcas, 20 and more leagues from Anco-yacu, on the
+road to Cuzco.
+
+Over the satisfaction that the captains of Atahualpa felt at the glory
+of so many victories that they had won, there came the news sent by
+Atahualpa that he had come in person to Caxamarca and Huamachuco, that
+he had been received as Inca by all the nations he had passed, and that
+he had assumed the fringe and the _Ccapac-uncu_. He was now called Inca
+of all the land, and it was declared that there was no other Inca but
+him. He ordered his captains to march onwards conquering, until they
+encountered Huascar. They were to give him battle, conquer him like the
+rest, and if possible take him prisoner. Atahualpa was so elated by his
+victories, and assumed such majesty, that he did not cease to talk of
+his successes, and no one dared to raise his eyes before him. For those
+who had business with him he appointed a lieutenant called "Inca Apu,"
+which means "the Inca's lord," who was to take his place by the Inca
+when he was seated. Those who had business transacted it with him,
+entering with a load on their backs, and their eyes on the ground, and
+thus they spoke of their business with the _Apu_. He then reported to
+Atahualpa, who decided what was to be done. Atahualpa was very cruel, he
+killed right and left, destroyed, burnt, and desolated whatever opposed
+him. From Quito to Huamachuco he perpetrated the greatest cruelties,
+robberies, outrages, and tyrannies that had ever been done in that land.
+
+When Atahualpa arrived at Huamachuco, two principal lords of his house
+came to offer sacrifice to the _huaca_ of Huamachuco for the success
+that had attended their cause. These _orejones_ went, made the
+sacrifice, and consulted the oracle. They received an answer that
+Atahualpa would have an unfortunate end, because he was such a cruel
+tyrant and shedder of so much human blood. They delivered this reply of
+the devil to Atahualpa. It enraged him against the oracle, so he called
+out his guards and went to where the _huaca_ was kept. Having surrounded
+the place, he took a halberd of gold in his hand, and was accompanied by
+the two officers of his household who had made the sacrifice. When he
+came to where the idol was, an old man aged a hundred years came out,
+clothed in a dress reaching down to the ground, very woolly and covered
+with sea shells. He was the priest of the oracle who had made the reply.
+When Atahualpa knew who he was, he raised the halberd and gave him a
+blow which cut off his head. Atahualpa then entered the house of the
+idol, and cut off its head also with many blows, though it was made of
+stone. He then ordered the old man's body, the idol, and its house to be
+burnt, and the cinders to be scattered in the air. He then levelled the
+hill, though it was very large, where that oracle, idol or _huaca_ of
+the devil stood.
+
+All this being made known to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, they celebrated
+festivals and rejoicings, and then resumed their march towards Cuzco.
+Huascar received reports of all that had happened, and mourned over the
+great number of men he had lost. He clearly saw that there only remained
+the remedy of going forth in person to try his fortune, which had
+hitherto been so adverse. In preparation he kept some fasts--for these
+gentiles also have a certain kind of fasting, made many sacrifices to
+the idols and oracles of Cuzco, and sought for replies. All answered
+that the event would be adverse to him. On hearing this he consulted his
+diviners and wizards, called by them _umu_, who, to please him, gave him
+hope of a fortunate ending. He got together a powerful army, and sent
+out scouts to discover the position of the enemy. The hostile army was
+reported to be at a place, 14 leagues from Cuzco, called Curahuasi[123].
+They found there Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz, and reported that they had
+left the main road to Cuzco, and had taken that of Cotabamba, which is
+on the right, coming from Caxamarca or Lima to Cuzco. This route was
+taken to avoid the bad road and dangerous pass by the Apurimac bridge.
+
+Huascar divided his army into three divisions. One consisted of the men
+of Cunti-suyu, Charcas, Colla-suyu, Chuys, and Chile under the command
+of a captain named Arampa Yupanqui. His orders were to advance over
+Cotabamba towards another neighbouring province of the Omasayos, to
+harass the enemy on the side of the river of Cotabamba and the Apurimac
+bridge. The survivors of the former battles, under Huanca Auqui, Ahua
+Panti, and Pacta Mayta, were to attack the enemy on one flank, and to
+march into Cotabamba. Huascar in person commanded a third division. Thus
+all the forces of both Huascar and Atahualpa were in Cotabamba.
+
+[Note 123: Curahuasi is near the bridge over the Apurimac.]
+
+Arampa Yupanqui got news that the forces of Atahualpa were passing
+through a small valley or ravine which leads from Huanacu-pampa. He
+marched to oppose them, and fought with a strong squadron of the troops
+under Chalco Chima. He advanced resolutely to the encounter, and slew
+many of the enemy, including one of their captains named Tomay Rima.
+This gave Huascar great satisfaction and he said laughingly to the
+_orejones_--"The Collas have won this victory. Behold the obligation we
+have to imitate our ancestors." Presently the captains-general of his
+army, who were Titu Atauchi, Tupac Atao his brother, Nano, Urco Huaranca
+and others, marshalled the army to fight those of Atahualpa with their
+whole force. The armies confronted each other and attacked with skill
+and in good order.
+
+The battle lasted from morning nearly until sunset, many being slain on
+both sides, though the troops of Huascar did not suffer so much as those
+of Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. The latter seeing their danger, many of
+them retreated to a large grassy plateau which was near, in
+Huanacu-pampa. Huascar, who saw this, set fire to the grass and burnt a
+great part of Atahualpa's forces.
+
+Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz then retreated to the other side of the river
+Cotabamba. Huascar, satisfied with what he had done, did not follow up
+his advantages, but enjoyed the victory which fortune had placed in his
+hands. For this he took a higher position. Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz,
+who were experienced in such manoeuvres, seeing that they were not
+followed, decided to rest their troops, and on another day to attack
+those who believed themselves to be conquerors. They sent spies to the
+camp of Huascar, and found from them that Huascar would send a certain
+division of his troops to take Atahualpa's captains, without their being
+able to escape.
+
+
+
+
+LXV.
+
+THE BATTLE BETWEEN THE ARMIES OF HUASCAR AND ATAHUALPA HUASCAR MADE
+PRISONER.
+
+
+When the morning of the next day arrived Huascar determined to finish
+off the army of his brother at one blow. He ordered Tupac Atao to go
+down the ravine with a squadron, discover the position of the enemy, and
+report what he had seen. Tupac Atao received this order and entered the
+ravine in great silence, looking from side to side. But the spies of
+Chalco Chima saw everything without being seen themselves and gave
+notice to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. Chalco Chima then divided his men
+into two parts and stationed them at the sides of the road where the
+_orejones_ would pass. When Tupac Atao came onwards, they attacked him
+to such purpose that scarcely any one escaped, Tupac Atao himself was
+taken, badly wounded, by whom Chalco Chima was informed that Huascar
+would follow him with only a squadron of 5000 men, while the rest of his
+army remained in Huanacu-pampa.
+
+Chalco Chima sent this information to Quiz-quiz, who was at a little
+distance, that they might unite forces. He told him that Tupac Atao was
+taken, that Huascar was expected with a small force, and that Quiz-quiz
+was wanted that both might take this enemy on the flanks. This was done.
+They divided their forces, placing them on both sides as in the attack
+on Tupac Atao. A short time after they entered the ravine, Huascar and
+his men came upon the dead bodies of the men of Tupac Atao who, being
+known to Huascar he wished to turn back, understanding that they were
+all dead and that there must have been some ambush. But it was too late,
+for he was surrounded by his enemies. Then he was attacked by the troops
+of Chalco Chima. When he tried to fly from those who fell upon his rear,
+he fell into the hands of Quiz-quiz who was waiting for him lower down.
+Those of Chalco Chima and those of Quiz-quiz fought with great ferocity,
+sparing none, and killing them all. Chalco Chima, searching for Huascar,
+saw him in his litter and seized him by the hands, and pulled him out of
+his litter. Thus was taken prisoner the unfortunate Huascar Inca,
+twelfth and last tyrant of the Inca Sovereigns of Peru, falling into the
+power of another greater and more cruel tyrant than himself, his people
+defeated, killed, and scattered.
+
+Placing Huascar in safe durance with a sufficient guard, Chalco Chima
+went on in the Inca's litter and detached 5000 of his men to advance
+towards the other troops remaining on the plain of Huanacu-pampa. He
+ordered that all the rest should follow Quiz-quiz, and that when he let
+fall the screen, they should attack. He executed this stratagem because
+his enemies thought that he was Huascar returning victorious, so they
+waited. He advanced and arrived where the troops of Huascar were waiting
+for their lord, who, when they saw him, still thought that it was
+Huascar bringing his enemies as prisoners. When Chalco Chima was quite
+near, he let loose a prisoner who had been wounded, who went to the Inca
+troops. He told them what had happened, that it was Chalco Chima, and
+that he could kill them all by this stratagem. When this was known, and
+that Chalco Chima would presently order them to be attacked with his
+whole force, for he had let the screen fall, which was to be the sign,
+the Inca troops gave way and took to flight, which was what Chalco Chima
+intended. The troops of Atahualpa pursued, wounding and killing with
+excessive cruelty and ferocity, continuing the slaughter, with unheard
+of havock, as far as the bridge of Cotabamba. As the bridge was narrow
+and all could not cross it, many jumped into the water from fear of
+their ferocious pursuers, and were drowned. The troops of Atahualpa
+crossed the river, continuing the pursuit and rejoicing in their
+victory. During the pursuit they captured Titu Atauchi, the brother of
+Huascar. Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz arrived at some houses called
+Quiuipay, about half a league from Cuzco, where they placed Huascar as a
+prisoner with a sufficient guard. Here they encamped and established
+their head-quarters.
+
+The soldiers of Chalco Chima went to get a view of Cuzco from the hill
+of Yauina overlooking the city, where they heard the mourning and
+lamentation of the inhabitants, and returned to inform Chalco Chima and
+Quiz-quiz. Those captains sent a messenger to Cuzco to tell the
+inhabitants not to mourn, for that there was nothing to fear, it being
+well known that this was a war between two brothers for the
+gratification of their own passions. If any of them had helped Huascar
+they had not committed a crime, for they were bound to serve their Inca;
+and if there was any fault he would remit and pardon it, in the name of
+the great Lord Atahualpa. Presently he would order them all to come out
+and do reverence to the statue of Atahualpa, called _Ticci Ccapac_ which
+means "Lord of the World."
+
+The people of Cuzco consulted together, and resolved to come forth and
+obey the commands of Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz. They came according to
+their _ayllus_ and, on arriving at Quiuipay, they seated themselves in
+that order. Presently the troops of Atahualpa, fully armed, surrounded
+all those who had come from Cuzco. They took Huanca Auqui, Ahua Panti,
+and Paucar Usna, who had led the army against them in the battle at
+Tumipampa. Then they took Apu Chalco Yupanqui and Rupaca, Priests of the
+Sun, because these had given the fringe to Huascar. These being
+prisoners Quiz-quiz rose and said--"Now you know of the battles you have
+fought with me on the road, and the trouble you have caused me. You
+always raised Huascar to be Inca, who was not the heir. You treated
+evilly the Inca Atahualpa whom the Sun guards, and for these things you
+deserve death. But using you with humanity, I pardon you in the name of
+my Lord Atahualpa, whom may the Sun prosper."
+
+But that they might not be without any punishment, he ordered them to be
+given some blows with a great stone on the shoulders, and he killed the
+most culpable. Then he ordered that all should be tied by the knees,
+with their faces towards Caxamarca or Huamachuco where Atahualpa was,
+and he made them pull out their eyelashes and eyebrows as an offering to
+the new Inca. All the _orejones_, inhabitants of Cuzco, did this from
+fear, saying in a loud voice, "Long live! Live for many years Atahualpa
+our Inca, may our father the Sun increase his life!"
+
+Araua Ocllo, the mother of Huascar, and his wife Chucuy Huypa, were
+there, and were dishonoured and abused by Quiz-quiz. In a loud voice the
+mother of Huascar said to her son, who was a prisoner, "O unfortunate!
+thy cruelties and evil deeds have brought you to this state. Did I not
+tell you not to be so cruel, and not to kill nor ill-treat the
+messengers of your brother Atahualpa." Having said these words she came
+to him, and gave him a blow in the face.
+
+Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz then sent a messenger to Atahualpa, letting
+him know all that had happened, and that they had made prisoners of
+Huascar and many others, and asking for further orders.
+
+
+
+
+LXVI.
+
+WHAT CHALCO CHIMA AND QUIZ-QUIZ DID CONCERNING HUASCAR AND THOSE OF HIS
+SIDE IN WORDS.
+
+
+After Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz had sent off the messengers to
+Atahualpa, they caused the prisoners to be brought before them, and in
+the presence of all, and of the mother and wife of Huascar, they
+declared, addressing themselves to the mother of Huascar, that she was
+the concubine and not the wife of Huayna Ccapac, and that, being his
+concubine, she had borne Huascar, also that she was a vile woman and not
+a Coya. The troops of Atahualpa raised a shout of derision, and some
+said to the _orejones_, pointing their fingers at Huascar--"Look there
+at your lord! who said that in the battle he would turn fire and water
+against his enemies?" Huascar was then tied hand and foot on a bed of
+ropes of straws. The _orejones_, from shame, lowered their heads.
+Presently Quiz-quiz asked Huascar, "Who of these made you lord, there
+being others better and more valiant than you, who might have been
+chosen?" Araua Ocllo, speaking to her son, said, "You deserve all this
+my son as I told you, and all comes from the cruelty with which you
+treated your own relations." Huascar replied, "Mother! there is now no
+remedy, leave us," and he addressed himself to the priest Chalco
+Yupanqui, saying--"Speak and answer the question asked by Quiz-quiz."
+The priest said to Quiz-quiz, "I raised him to be lord and Inca by
+command of his father Huayna Ccapac, and because he was son of a Coya"
+(which is what we should call Infanta). Then Chalco Chima was indignant,
+and called the priest a deceiver and a liar. Huascar answered to
+Quiz-quiz, "Leave off these arguments. This is a question between me and
+my brother, and not between the parties of Hanan-cuzco and Hurin-cuzco.
+We will investigate it, and you have no business to meddle between us on
+this point."
+
+Enraged at the answer Chalco Chima ordered Huascar to be taken back to
+prison, and said to the Incas, to re-assure them, that they could now go
+back to the city as they were pardoned. The _orejones_ returned,
+invoking Viracocha in loud voices with these words--"O Creator! thou who
+givest life and favour to the Incas where art thou now? Why dost thou
+allow such persecution to come upon us? Wherefore didst thou exalt us,
+if we are to come to such an end?" Saying these words they beat their
+cloaks in token of the curse that had come upon them all.
+
+
+
+
+LXVII.
+
+THE CRUELTIES THAT ATAHUALPA ORDERED TO BE PERPETRATED ON THE PRISONERS
+AND CONQUERED OF HUASCAR'S PARTY.
+
+
+When Atahualpa knew what had happened, from the messengers of Chalco
+Chima and Quiz-quiz, he ordered one of his relations named Cusi Yupanqui
+to go to Cuzco, and not to leave a relation or friend of Huascar alive.
+This Cusi Yupanqui arrived at Cuzco, and Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz
+delivered the prisoners to him. He made inquiries touching all that
+Atahualpa had ordered. He then caused poles to be fixed on both sides of
+the road, extending not more than a quarter of a league along the way to
+Xaquixahuana. Next he brought out of the prison all the wives of
+Huascar, including those pregnant or lately delivered. He ordered them
+to be hung to these poles with their children, and he ordered the
+pregnant to be cut open, and the stillborn to be hung with them. Then he
+caused the sons of Huascar to be brought out and hung to the poles.
+
+Among the sons of Huayna Ccapac who were prisoners there was one named
+Paullu Tupac. When they were going to kill him, he protested saying, it
+was unreasonable that he should be killed, because he had previously
+been imprisoned by Huascar; and on this ground he was released and
+escaped death. Yet the reason that he was imprisoned by Huascar was
+because he had been found with one of the Inca's wives. He was only
+given very little to eat, the intention being that he should die in
+prison. The woman with whom he was taken was buried alive. The wars
+coming on he escaped, and what has been related took place.
+
+After this the lords and ladies of Cuzco who were found to have been
+friends of Huascar were seized and hanged on the poles. Then there was
+an examination of all the houses of deceased Incas, to see which had
+been on the side of Huascar, and against Atahualpa. They found that the
+house of Tupac Inca Yupanqui had sided with Huascar. Cusi Yupanqui
+committed the punishment of the house to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz.
+They seized the steward of the house, and the mummy of Tupac Inca, and
+those of his family and hung them all, and they burnt the body of Tupac
+Inca outside the town and reduced it to ashes. And to destroy the house
+completely, they killed many _mama cunas_ and servants, so that none
+were left of that house except a few of no account. Besides this they
+ordered all the Chachapoyas and Canaris to be killed, and their Curaca
+named Ulco Colla, who they said had rebelled against the two brothers.
+
+All these murders and cruelties were perpetrated in the presence of
+Huascar to torment him. They murdered over 80 sons and daughters of
+Huascar, and what he felt most cruelly was the murder, before his eyes,
+of one of his sisters named Coya Miro, who had a son of Huascar in her
+arms, and another in her womb; and another very beautiful sister named
+Chimbo Cisa. Breaking his heart at the sight of such cruelty and grief
+which he was powerless to prevent, he cried, with a sigh, "Oh
+Pachayachachi Viracocha, thou who showed favour to me for so short a
+time, and honoured me and gave me life, dost thou see that I am treated
+in this way, and seest thou in thy presence what I, in mine, have seen
+and see."
+
+Some of the concubines of Huascar escaped from this cruelty and
+calamity, because they had neither borne a child nor were pregnant, and
+because they were beautiful. They say that they were kept to be taken to
+Atahualpa. Among those who escaped were Dona Elvira Chonay, daughter of
+Canar Ccapac, Dona Beatriz Carnamaruay, daughter of the Curaca of
+Chinchay-cocha, Dona Juana Tocto, Dona Catalina Usica, wife, that was,
+of Don Paullu Tupac, and mother of Don Carlos, who are living now. In
+this way the line and lineage of the unfortunate tyrant Huascar, the
+last of the Incas, was completely annihilated.
+
+
+
+
+LXVIII.
+
+NEWS OF THE SPANIARDS COMES TO ATAHUALPA.
+
+
+Atahualpa was at Huamachuco celebrating great festivals for his
+victories, and he wished to proceed to Cuzco and assume the fringe in
+the House of the Sun, where all former Incas had received it When he was
+about to set out there came to him two Tallanas Indians, sent by the
+Curacas of Payta and Tumbez, to report to him that there had arrived by
+sea, which they call _cocha_, a people with different clothing, and with
+beards, and that they brought animals like large sheep. The chief of
+them was believed to be Viracocha, which means the god of these people,
+and he brought with him many Viracochas, which is as much as to say
+"gods." They said this of the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro, who had
+arrived with 180 men and some horses which they called sheep. As the
+account in detail is left for the history of the Spaniards, which will
+form the Third Part to come after this, I will only here speak briefly
+of what passed between the Spaniards and Atahualpa.
+
+When this became known to Atahualpa he rejoiced greatly, believing it to
+be the Viracocha coming, as he had promised when he departed, and as is
+recounted in the beginning of this history. Atahualpa gave thanks that
+he should have come in his time, and he sent back the messengers with
+thanks to the Curacas for sending the news, and ordering them to keep
+him informed of what might happen. He resolved not to go to Cuzco until
+he had seen what this arrival was, and what the Viracochas intended to
+do. He sent orders to Chalco Chima and Quiz-quiz to lose no time in
+bringing Huascar to Caxamarca, where he would go to await their arrival,
+for he had received news that certain Viracochas had arrived by sea, and
+he wished to be there to see what they were like.
+
+As no further news came, because the Spaniards were forming a station at
+Tangarara, Atahualpa became careless and believed that they had gone.
+For, at another time, when he was marching with his father, in the wars
+of Quito, news came to Huayna Ccapac that the Viracocha had arrived on
+the coast near Tumbez, and then they had gone away. This was when Don
+Francisco Pizarro came on the first discovery, and returned to Spain for
+a concession, as will be explained in its place.
+
+
+
+
+LXIX.
+
+THE SPANIARDS COME TO CAXAMARCA AND SEIZE ATAHUALPA, WHO ORDERS HUASCAR
+TO BE KILLED. ATAHUALPA ALSO DIES.
+
+
+As the subject of which this chapter treats belongs to the Third Part
+(the history of the Spaniards), I shall here only give a summary of what
+happened to Atahualpa. Although Atahualpa was careless about the
+Spaniards they did not miss a point, and when they heard where Atahualpa
+was, they left Tangarara and arrived at Caxamarca. When Atahualpa knew
+that the Viracochas were near, he left Caxamarca and went to some baths
+at a distance of half a league that he might, from there, take the
+course which seemed best. As he found that they were not gods as he had
+been made to think at first, he prepared his warriors to resist the
+Spaniards. Finally he was taken prisoner by Don Francisco Pizarro, the
+Friar, Vicente Valverde, having first made a certain demand, in the
+square of Caxamarca.
+
+Don Francisco Pizarro knew of the disputes there had been between
+Atahualpa and Huascar, and that Huascar was a prisoner in the hands of
+the captains of Atahualpa, and he urged Atahualpa to have his brother
+brought as quickly as possible. Huascar was being brought to Caxamarca
+by Atahualpa's order, as has already been said. Chalco Chima obeying
+this order, set out with Huascar and the captains and relations who had
+escaped the butchery of Cusi Yupanqui. Atahualpa asked Don Francisco
+Pizarro why he wanted to see his brother. Pizarro replied that he had
+been informed that Huascar was the elder and principal Lord of that land
+and for that reason he wished to see him, and he desired that he should
+come. Atahualpa feared that if Huascar came alive, the Governor Don
+Francisco Pizarro would be informed of what had taken place, that
+Huascar would be made Lord, and that he would lose his state. Being
+sagacious, he agreed to comply with Pizarro's demand, but sent off a
+messenger to the captain who was bringing Huascar, with an order to kill
+him and all the prisoners. The messenger started and found Huascar at
+Antamarca, near Yana-mayu. He gave his message to the captain of the
+guard who was bringing Huascar as a prisoner.
+
+Directly the captain heard the order of Atahualpa he complied with it.
+He killed Huascar, cut the body up, and threw it into the river
+Yana-mayu. He also killed the rest of the brothers, relations, and
+captains who were with him as prisoners, in the year 1533. Huascar had
+lived 40 years. He succeeded his father at the age of 31 and reigned for
+9 years. His wife was Chucuy Huypa by whom he had no male child. He left
+no lineage or _ayllu_, and of those who are now living, one only, named
+Don Alonso Titu Atauchi is a nephew of Huascar, son of Titu Atauchi who
+was murdered with Huascar. He alone sustains the name of the lineage of
+Huascar called the _Huascar Ayllu_. In this river of Yana-mayu Atahualpa
+had fixed his boundary pillars when he first rebelled, saying that from
+thence to Chile should be for his brother Huascar, and from the
+Yana-mayu onwards should be his. Thus with the death of Huascar there
+was an end to all the Incas of Peru and all their line and descent which
+they held to be legitimate, without leaving man or woman who could have
+a claim on this country, supposing them to have been natural and
+legitimate lords of it, in conformity with their own customs and
+tyrannical laws.
+
+For this murder of Huascar, and for other good and sufficient causes,
+the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro afterwards put Atahualpa to death. He
+was a tyrant against the natives of this country and against his brother
+Huascar. He had lived 36 years. He was not Inca of Peru, but a tyrant.
+He was prudent, sagacious, and valiant, as I shall relate in the Third
+Part, being events which belong to the deeds of the Spaniards. It
+suffices to close this Second Part by completing the history of the
+deeds of the 12 Inca tyrants who reigned in this kingdom of Peru from
+Manco Ccapac the first to Huascar the twelfth and last tyrant.
+
+
+
+
+LXX.
+
+IT IS NOTEWORTHY HOW THESE INCAS WERE TYRANTS AGAINST THEMSELVES,
+BESIDES BEING SO AGAINST THE NATIVES OF THE LAND.
+
+
+It is a thing worthy to be noted [_for the fact that besides being a
+thing certain and evident the general tyranny of these cruel and
+tyrannical Incas of Peru against the natives of the land, may be easily
+gathered from history_], and any one who reads and considers with
+attention the order and mode of their procedure will see, that their
+violent Incaship was established without the will and election of the
+natives who always rose with arms in their hands on each occasion that
+offered for rising against their Inca tyrants who oppressed them, to get
+back their liberty. Each one of the Incas not only followed the tyranny
+of his father, but also began afresh the same tyranny by force, with
+deaths, robberies and rapine. Hence none of them could pretend, in good
+faith, to give a beginning to time of prescription, nor did any of them
+hold in peaceful possession, there being always some one to dispute and
+take up arms against them and their tyranny. Moreover, and this is above
+all to be noted, to understand the worst aims of these tyrants and their
+horrid avarice and oppression, they were not satisfied with being evil
+tyrants to the natives, but also to their own proper sons, brothers and
+relations, in defiance of their own laws and statutes, they were the
+worst and most pertinacious tyrants with an unheard-of inhumanity. For
+it was enacted among themselves and by their customs and laws that the
+eldest legitimate son should succeed, yet almost always they broke the
+law, as appears by the Incas who are here referred to.
+
+[Illustration: _Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by Donald
+Macbeth._ CAPTURE OF ATAHUALPA, AND SIEGE OF CUZCO, ETC.
+_From the Rev. C.M. Cracherode's copy in the British Museum._]
+
+Before all things Manco Ccapac, the first tyrant, coming from
+Tampu-tocco, was inhuman in the case of his brother Ayar Cachi, sending
+him to Tampu-tocco cunningly with orders for Tampu-chacay to kill him
+out of envy, because he was the bravest, and might for that reason be
+the most esteemed. When he arrived at the valley of Cuzco he not only
+tyrannized over the natives, but also over Copalimayta and Columchima
+who, though they had been received as natives of that valley were his
+relations, for they were _orejones_. Then Sinchi Rocca, the second Inca,
+having an older legitimate son named Manco Sapaca who, according to the
+law he and his father had made, was entitled to the succession, deprived
+him and nominated Lloqui Yupanqui the second son for his successor.
+Likewise Mayta Ccapac, the fourth Inca, named for his successor Ccapac
+Yupanqui, though he had an older legitimate son named Cunti Mayta, whom
+he disinherited. Viracocha, the eighth Inca, although he had an older
+legitimate son named Inca Rocca, did not name him as his successor, nor
+any of his legitimate sons, but a bastard named Inca Urco. This did not
+come about, Inca Urco did not enjoy the succession, nor did the eldest
+legitimate son, for there was a new tyranny. For Inca Yupanqui deprived
+both the one and the other, besides despoiling his father of his honours
+and estate. The same Inca Yupanqui, having an elder legitimate son named
+Amaru Tupac Inca, did not name him, but a young son, Tupac Inca
+Yupanqui. The same Tupac Inca, being of the same condition as his
+father, having Huayna Ccapac as the eldest legitimate son, named Ccapac
+Huari as his successor, although the relations of Huayna Ccapac would
+not allow it, and rose in his favour. If Ccapac Huari was legitimate, as
+his relations affirm, the evil deed must be fixed on Huayna Ccapac, who
+deprived his brother Ccapac Huari, and killed his mother and all his
+relations, making them infamous as traitors, that is supposing he was
+legitimate. Huayna Ccapac, though he named Ninan Cuyoche, he was not the
+eldest, and owing to this the succession remained unsettled, and caused
+the differences between Huascar and Atahualpa, whence proceeded the
+greatest and most unnatural tyrannies. Turning their arms against their
+own entrails, robbing, and with inhuman intestine wars they came to a
+final end. Thus as they commenced by their own authority, so they
+destroyed all by their own proper hands.
+
+It may be that Almighty God permits that one shall be the executioner of
+the other for his evil deeds, that both may give place to his most holy
+gospel which, by the hands of the Spaniards, and by order of the most
+happy, catholic, and unconquered Emperor and King of Spain, Charles V of
+glorious memory, father of your Majesty, was sent to these blind and
+barbarous gentiles. Yet against the force and power of the Incas on foot
+and united, it appeared that it would be impossible for human force to
+do what a few Spaniards did, numbering only 180, who at first entered
+with the Governor Don Francisco Pizarro.
+
+It is well established that it is a thing false and without reason, and
+which ought not to be said, that there is now, in these kingdoms, any
+person of the lineage of the Incas who can pretend to a right of
+succession to the Incaship of this kingdom of Peru, nor to be natural or
+legitimate lords. For no one is left who, in conformity with their laws,
+is able to say that he is the heir, in whole or in part of this land.
+Only two sons of Huayna Ccapac escaped the cruelty of Atahualpa. They
+were Paullu Tupac, afterwards called Don Cristoval Paullu, and Manco
+Inca. They were bastards, which is well known among them. And these, if
+any honour or estate had belonged to them or their children, your
+Majesty would have granted more than they had, their brothers retaining
+their estate and power. For they would merely have been their
+tributaries and servants. These were the lowest of all, for their
+lineage was on the side of their mothers which is what these people look
+at, in a question of birth[124].
+
+[Note 124: These statements about the illegitimacy of Manco and
+Paullu Inca are made to support the Viceroy's argument and have no
+foundation in fact. The two princes were legitimate; their mother being
+a princess of the blood.]
+
+And Manco Inca had been a traitor to your Majesty and was a fugitive in
+the Andes where he died or was killed. Your Majesty caused his son to be
+brought out, in peace, from those savage wilds. He was named Don Diego
+Sayri Tupac. He became a Christian, and provision was made for him, his
+sons and descendants. Sayri Tupac died as a Christian, and he who is now
+in the Andes in rebellion, named Titu Cusi Yupanqui, is not a legitimate
+son of Manco Inca, but a bastard and apostate. They hold that another
+son is legitimate who is with the same Titu, named Tupac Amaru, but he
+is incapable and the Indians called him _uti_. Neither one nor the other
+are heirs of the land, because their father was not legitimate.
+
+Your Majesty honoured Don Cristoval Paullu with titles and granted him a
+good _repartimiento_ of Indians, on which he principally lived. Now it
+is possessed by his son Don Carlos. Paullu left two legitimate sons who
+are now alive, named Don Carlos and Don Felipe. Besides these he left
+many illegitimate sons. Thus the known grandsons of Huayna Ccapac, who
+are now alive and admitted to be so, are those above mentioned. Besides
+these there are Don Alonso Titu Atauchi, son of Titu Atauchi, and other
+bastards, but neither one nor the other has any right to be called a
+natural lord of the land.
+
+For the above reasons it will be right to say to those whose duty it may
+be to decide, that on such clear evidence is based the most just and
+legitimate title that your Majesty and your successors have to these
+parts of the Indies, proved by the actual facts that are here written,
+more especially as regards these kingdoms of Peru without a point to
+raise against the said titles by which the crown of Spain holds them.
+Respecting which your Viceroy of these kingdoms, Don Francisco Toledo,
+has been a careful and most curious enquirer, as zealous for the
+clearing of the conscience of your Majesty, and for the salvation of
+your soul, as he has shown and now shows himself in the general
+visitation which he is making by order of your Majesty, in his own
+person, not avoiding the very great labours and dangers which he is
+suffering in these journeys, so long as they result in so great a
+service to God and your Majesty.
+
+
+
+
+LXXI.
+
+SUMMARY COMPUTATION OF THE PERIOD THAT THE INCAS OF PERU LASTED.
+
+
+The terrible and inveterate tyranny of the Incas Ccapac of Peru, which
+had its seat in the city of Cuzco, commenced in the year 565 of our
+Christian redemption, Justin II being Emperor, Loyva son of Athanagild
+the Goth being King of Spain, and John III Supreme Pontiff. It ended in
+1533, Charles V being the most meritorious Emperor and most Christian
+King of Spain and its dependencies, patron of the church and right arm
+of Christendom, assuredly worthy of such a son as your Majesty whom may
+God our Lord take by the hand as is necessary for the Holy Christian
+church. Paul III was then Pope. The whole period from Manco Ccapac to
+the death of Huascar was 968 years.
+
+It is not to be wondered at that these Incas lived for so long a time,
+for in that age nature was stronger and more robust than in these days.
+Besides men did not then marry until they were past thirty. They thus
+reached such an age with force and substance whole and undiminished. For
+these reasons they lived much longer than is the case now. Besides the
+country where they lived has a healthy climate and uncorrupted air. The
+land is cleared, dry, without lakes, morasses, or forests with dense
+vegetation. These qualities all conduce to health, and therefore to the
+long life of the inhabitants whom may God our Lord lead into his holy
+faith, for the salvation of their souls. Amen[125].
+
+    Maxima Tolleti Proregis gloria creuit
+    Dum regni tenebras, lucida cura, fugat.
+    Ite procul scioli, vobis non locus in istis!
+    Rex Indos noster nam tenet innocue.
+
+[Note 125: Cieza de Leon and other authorities adopt a more moderate
+chronology.]
+
+
+
+
+CERTIFICATE OF THE PROOFS AND VERIFICATION OF THIS HISTORY.
+
+
+In the city of Cuzco, on the 29th day of February, 1572, before the very
+excellent Lord Don Francisco de Toledo, Mayor-domo to His Majesty, and
+his Viceroy, Governor, and Captain-General of these kingdoms and
+provinces of Peru, President of the Royal Audience and Chancellory that
+resides in the city of the Kings, and before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+his Secretary and of the Government and General Visitation of these
+kingdoms, the Captain Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa presented a petition of
+the following tenor:
+
+Most Excellent Lord,
+
+I, the Captain Pedro Sarmiento, Cosmographer-General of these kingdoms
+of Peru, report that by order of your Excellency I have collected and
+reduced to a history the general chronicle of the origin and descent of
+the Incas, of the particular deeds which each one did in his time and in
+the part he ruled, how each one of them was obeyed, of the tyranny with
+which, from the time of Tupac Inca Yupanqui, the tenth Inca, they
+oppressed and subjugated these kingdoms of Peru until by order of the
+Emperor Charles V of glorious memory, Don Francisco Pizarro came to
+conquer them. I have drawn up this history from the information and
+investigations which, by order of your Excellency, were collected and
+made in the valley of Xauxa, in the city of Guamanga, and in other parts
+where your Excellency was conducting your visitation, but principally in
+this city of Cuzco where the Incas had their continual residence, where
+there is more evidence of their acts, where the _mitimaes_ of all the
+provinces gathered together by order of the said Incas, and where there
+is true memory of their _ayllus_. In order that this history may have
+more authority, I pray that you will see, correct, and give it your
+authority, so that, wherever it may be seen, it may have entire faith
+and credit.
+
+Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa.
+
+Having been seen by his Excellency he said that it may be known if the
+said history was in conformity with the information and evidence, which
+has been taken from the Indians and other persons of this city and in
+other parts, and he ordered that Doctor Loarte, Alcalde of the court of
+his Majesty should cause to appear before him the principal and most
+intelligent Indians of the twelve _ayllus_ or lineages of the twelve
+Incas and other persons who may be summoned, and being assembled before
+me, the present Secretary, the said history shall be read and declared
+to them by an interpreter in the language of the said Indians, that each
+one may understand and discuss it among themselves, whether it is
+conformable to the truth as they know it. If there is anything to
+correct or amend, or which may appear to be contrary to what they know,
+it is to be corrected or amended. So I provide and sign
+
+Don Francisco de Toledo
+Before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel.
+
+Afterwards, on the abovesaid day, month, and year the illustrious Doctor
+Gabriel de Loarte, in compliance with the order of his Excellency and in
+presence of me the said Secretary, caused to appear before him the
+Indians of the names, ages and _ayllus_ as follows:
+
+       _Ayllu of Manco Ccapac._
+
+                              Aged
+Sebastian Ylluc                30
+Francisco Paucar Chima         30
+
+       _Ayllu of Sinchi Rocca._
+
+Diego Cayo Hualpa              70
+Don Alonso Puzcon              40
+
+       _Ayllu of Lloqui Yupanqui._
+Hernando Hualpa                70
+Don Garcia Ancuy               45
+Miguel Rimachi Mayta           30
+
+       _Ayllu of Mayta Ccapac._
+Don Juan Tampu Usca Mayta      60
+Don Felipe Usca Mayta          70
+Francisco Usca Mayta           30
+
+       _Ayllu of Ccapac Yupanqui._
+
+                              Aged
+Don Francisco Copca Mayta      70
+Don Juan Quispi Mayta          30
+Don Juan Apu Mayta             30
+
+       _Ayllu of Inca Rocca._
+Don Pedro Hachacona            53
+Don Diego Mayta                40
+
+       _Ayllu of Yahuar-huaccac._
+Juan Yupanqui                  60
+Martin Rimachi                 26
+
+       _Ayllu of Viracocha._
+Don Francisco Anti-hualpa      89
+Martin Quichua Sucsu           64
+Don Francisco Chalco Yupanqui  45
+
+       _Ayllu of Pachacuti._
+Don Diego Cayo                 68
+Don Juan Hualpa Yupanqui       75
+Don Domingo Pascac             90
+Don Juan Quispi Cusi           45
+Don Francisco Chanca Rimachi   40
+Don Francisco Cota Yupanqui    40
+Don Gonzalo Huacanhui          60
+Don Francisco Quichua          68
+
+       _Ayllu of Tupac Inca._
+Don Cristoval Pisac Tupac      50
+Don Andres Tupac Yupanqui      40
+Don Garcia Pilco Tupac         40
+Don Juan Cozco                 40
+
+      _Ayllu of Huayna Ccapac._
+Don Francisco Sayri            28
+Don Francisco Ninan Coro       24
+Don Garcia Rimac Tupac         34
+
+       _Ayllu of Huascar._
+                              Aged
+Don Alonso Titu Atauchi        40
+
+       _Besides these Ayllus._
+Don Garcia Paucar Sucsu        34
+Don Carlos Ayallilla           50
+Don Juan Apanca                80
+Don Garcia Apu Rinti           70
+Don Diego Viracocha Inca       34
+Don Gonzalo Tupac              30
+
+These being together in presence of his Excellency, the said Alcalde of
+the court, by the words of Gonzalo Gomez Ximenes, interpreter to his
+Excellency, in the general language of the Indians, said:--"His
+Excellency, desiring to verify and put in writing and to record the
+origin of the Incas, your ancestors, their descent and their deeds, what
+each one did in his time, and in what parts each one was obeyed, which
+of them was the first to go forth from Cuzco to subdue other lands, and
+how Tupac Inca Yupanqui and afterwards Huayna Ccapac and Huascar, his
+son and grandson became lords of all Peru by force of arms; and to
+establish this with more authenticity, he has ordered that information
+and other proofs should be supplied in this city and other parts, and
+that the said information and proofs should be, by Captain Pedro
+Sarmiento to whom they were delivered, digested into a true history and
+chronicle. The said Pedro Sarmiento has now made it and presented it to
+his Excellency, to ascertain whether it is truthfully written in
+conformity with the sayings and declarations which were made by some
+Indians of the said _ayllus_. His Excellency is informed that the
+_ayllus_ and descendants of the twelve Incas have preserved among
+themselves the memory of the deeds of their ancestors, and are those who
+best know whether the said chronicle is correct or defective, he has
+therefore caused you to assemble here, that it may be read in your
+presence and understood. You, among yourselves, will discuss what will
+be read and declared in the said language, and see if it agrees with the
+truth as you know it, and that you may feel a stronger obligation to say
+what you know, it is ordered that you take an oath."
+
+The said Indians replied that they had understood why they had been sent
+for, and what it was that was required. They then swore, in the said
+language, by God our Lord, and by the sign of the cross, that they would
+tell the truth concerning what they knew of that history. The oaths
+being taken the reading was commenced in sum and substance. There was
+read on that and following days from their fable of the creation to the
+end of the history of the Incas. As it was read, so it was interpreted
+into their language, chapter by chapter. And over each chapter the
+Indians discussed and conferred among themselves in the said language.
+All were agreed in confirming and declaring through the interpreter,
+that the said history was good and true, and in agreement with what they
+knew and had heard their fathers and ancestors say, as it had been told
+to them. For, as they have no writing like the Spaniards, they conserve
+ancient traditions among themselves by passing them from tongue to
+tongue, and age to age. They heard their fathers and ancestors say that
+Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, the ninth Inca, had verified the history of the
+former Incas who were before him, and painted their deeds on boards,
+whence also they had been able to learn the sayings of their fathers,
+and had passed them on to their children. They only amended some names
+of persons and places and made other slight corrections, which the said
+Alcalde ordered to be inserted as the Indians had spoken, and this was
+done. After the said corrections all the Indians, with one accord, said
+that the history was good and true, in conformity with what they knew
+and had heard from their ancestors, for they had conferred and discussed
+among themselves, verifying from beginning to end. They expressed their
+belief that no other history that might be written could be so authentic
+and true as this one, because none could have so diligent an
+examination, from those who are able to state the truth. The said
+Alcalde signed
+
+The Doctor Loarte
+Gonzalo Gomez Ximenes
+Before me Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel.
+
+After the above, in the said city of Cuzco, on the 2nd of March of the
+same year, his Excellency having seen the declaration of the Indians and
+the affidavits that were made on them, said that he ordered and orders
+that, with the corrections the said Indians stated should be made, the
+history should be sent to his Majesty, signed and authenticated by me
+the said Secretary. It was approved and signed by the said Doctor
+Gabriel de Loarte who was present at the verification with the Indians,
+and then taken and signed
+
+Don Francisco de Toledo
+Before Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+
+I the said Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel, Secretary to his Excellency, of the
+Government, and to the general visitation of these kingdoms, notary to
+his Majesty, certify that the said testimony and verification was taken
+before me, and is taken from the original which remains in my
+possession, and that the said Alcalde, the Doctor Loarte, who signed,
+said that he placed and interposed upon it his authority and judicial
+decree, that it may be valued and accepted within his jurisdiction and
+beyond it. I here made my sign in testimony of the truth
+
+Alvaro Ruiz de Navamuel
+
+[Illustration: _Facsimile (reduced) of the_ SIGNATURES OF THE ATTESTING
+WITNESSES TO THE SARMIENTO MS. 1572. _From the original, Goettingen
+University Library. Reproduced and printed for the Hakluyt Society by
+Donald Macbeth_.]
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF THE INCAS***
+
+
+******* This file should be named 20218.txt or 20218.zip *******
+
+
+This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/2/0/2/1/20218
+
+
+
+Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
+will be renamed.
+
+Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
+one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
+(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
+permission and without paying copyright royalties.  Special rules,
+set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
+copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
+protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark.  Project
+Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
+charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission.  If you
+do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
+rules is very easy.  You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
+such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
+research.  They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
+practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks.  Redistribution is
+subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
+redistribution.
+
+
+
+*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
+
+THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
+PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
+
+To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
+distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
+(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
+http://www.gutenberg.org/license).
+
+
+Section 1.  General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic works
+
+1.A.  By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
+and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
+(trademark/copyright) agreement.  If you do not agree to abide by all
+the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
+all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
+If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
+terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
+entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
+
+1.B.  "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark.  It may only be
+used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
+agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement.  There are a few
+things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
+even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.  See
+paragraph 1.C below.  There are a lot of things you can do with Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
+and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.  See paragraph 1.E below.
+
+1.C.  The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
+or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic works.  Nearly all the individual works in the
+collection are in the public domain in the United States.  If an
+individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
+located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
+copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
+works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
+are removed.  Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
+Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
+freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
+this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
+the work.  You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
+keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
+Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
+
+1.D.  The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
+what you can do with this work.  Copyright laws in most countries are in
+a constant state of change.  If you are outside the United States, check
+the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
+before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
+creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
+Gutenberg-tm work.  The Foundation makes no representations concerning
+the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
+States.
+
+1.E.  Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
+
+1.E.1.  The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
+access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
+whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
+phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
+Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
+copied or distributed:
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+1.E.2.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
+from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
+posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
+and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
+or charges.  If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
+with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
+work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
+through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
+Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
+1.E.9.
+
+1.E.3.  If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
+with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
+must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
+terms imposed by the copyright holder.  Additional terms will be linked
+to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
+permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
+
+1.E.4.  Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
+work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
+
+1.E.5.  Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
+electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
+prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
+active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm License.
+
+1.E.6.  You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
+compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
+word processing or hypertext form.  However, if you provide access to or
+distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
+"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
+posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
+you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
+copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
+request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
+form.  Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
+
+1.E.7.  Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
+performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
+unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
+
+1.E.8.  You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
+access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
+that
+
+- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
+     the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
+     you already use to calculate your applicable taxes.  The fee is
+     owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
+     has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
+     Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.  Royalty payments
+     must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
+     prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
+     returns.  Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
+     sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
+     address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
+     the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
+
+- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
+     you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
+     does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
+     License.  You must require such a user to return or
+     destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
+     and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
+     Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
+     money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
+     electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
+     of receipt of the work.
+
+- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
+     distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
+
+1.E.9.  If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
+electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
+forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
+both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
+Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark.  Contact the
+Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
+
+1.F.
+
+1.F.1.  Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
+effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
+public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
+collection.  Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
+"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
+corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
+property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
+computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
+your equipment.
+
+1.F.2.  LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
+of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
+Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
+Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
+liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
+fees.  YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
+LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
+PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3.  YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
+TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
+LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
+INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
+DAMAGE.
+
+1.F.3.  LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
+defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
+receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
+written explanation to the person you received the work from.  If you
+received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
+your written explanation.  The person or entity that provided you with
+the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
+refund.  If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
+providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
+receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund.  If the second copy
+is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
+opportunities to fix the problem.
+
+1.F.4.  Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
+in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER
+WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
+
+1.F.5.  Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
+warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
+If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
+law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
+interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
+the applicable state law.  The invalidity or unenforceability of any
+provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
+
+1.F.6.  INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
+trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
+providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
+with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
+promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
+harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
+that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
+or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
+work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
+Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
+
+
+Section  2.  Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
+electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
+including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.  It exists
+because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
+people in all walks of life.
+
+Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
+assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
+goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
+remain freely available for generations to come.  In 2001, the Project
+Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
+and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
+To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
+and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
+and the Foundation web page at http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.
+
+
+Section 3.  Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
+Foundation
+
+The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
+501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
+state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
+Revenue Service.  The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
+number is 64-6221541.  Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
+permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
+
+The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
+Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
+throughout numerous locations.  Its business office is located at
+809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
+business@pglaf.org.  Email contact links and up to date contact
+information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
+page at http://www.gutenberg.org/about/contact
+
+For additional contact information:
+     Dr. Gregory B. Newby
+     Chief Executive and Director
+     gbnewby@pglaf.org
+
+Section 4.  Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
+Literary Archive Foundation
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
+spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
+increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
+freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
+array of equipment including outdated equipment.  Many small donations
+($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
+status with the IRS.
+
+The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
+charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
+States.  Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
+considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
+with these requirements.  We do not solicit donations in locations
+where we have not received written confirmation of compliance.  To
+SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
+particular state visit http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
+have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
+against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
+approach us with offers to donate.
+
+International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
+any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
+outside the United States.  U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
+
+Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
+methods and addresses.  Donations are accepted in a number of other
+ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
+To donate, please visit:
+http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate
+
+
+Section 5.  General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
+works.
+
+Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
+concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
+with anyone.  For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
+Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
+
+Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
+editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
+unless a copyright notice is included.  Thus, we do not necessarily
+keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
+
+Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
+
+     http://www.gutenberg.org
+
+This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
+including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
+Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
+subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
+
diff --git a/20218.zip b/20218.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c15e7fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/20218.zip
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5d0cf3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #20218 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20218)