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diff --git a/20214-0.txt b/20214-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f940f55 --- /dev/null +++ b/20214-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1094 @@ +The Project Gutenberg eBook of Instruction for Using a Slide Rule, by W. Stanley + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and +most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions +whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms +of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at +www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you +will have to check the laws of the country where you are located before +using this eBook. + +Title: Instruction for Using a Slide Rule + +Author: W. Stanley + +Release Date: December 29, 2006 [eBook #20214] +[Most recently updated: June 1, 2021] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + +Produced by: Don Kostuch + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK INSTRUCTION FOR USING A SLIDE RULE *** + + + + +[Transcriber's Notes] + +Conventional mathematical notation requires specialized fonts and +typesetting conventions. I have adopted modern computer programming +notation using only ASCII characters. The square root of 9 is thus +rendered as square_root(9) and the square of 9 is square(9). +10 divided by 5 is (10/5) and 10 multiplied by 5 is (10 * 5 ). + +By the time I finished engineering school in 1963, the slide rule was a +well worn tool of my trade. I did not use an electronic calculator for +another ten years. Consider that my predecessors had little else to +use--think Boulder Dam (with all its electrical, mechanical and +construction calculations). + +Rather than dealing with elaborate rules for positioning the decimal +point, I was taught to first "scale" the factors and deal with the +decimal position separately. For example: + +1230 * .000093 = +1.23E3 * 9.3E-5 +1.23E3 means multiply 1.23 by 10 to the power 3. +9.3E-5 means multiply 9.3 by 0.1 to the power 5 or 10 to the power -5. +The computation is thus +1.23 * 9.3 * 1E3 * 1E-5 +The exponents are simply added. +1.23 * 9.3 * 1E-2 = +11.4 * 1E-2 = +.114 + +When taking roots, divide the exponent by the root. +The square root of 1E6 is 1E3 +The cube root of 1E12 is 1E4. + +When taking powers, multiply the exponent by the power. +The cube of 1E5 is 1E15. + +[End Transcriber's Notes] + + + +INSTRUCTIONS +for using a +SLIDE +RULE +SAVE TIME! +DO THE FOLLOWING INSTANTLY WITHOUT PAPER AND PENCIL +MULTIPLICATION +DIVISION +RECIPROCAL VALUES +SQUARES & CUBES +EXTRACTION OF SQUARE ROOT +EXTRACTION OF CUBE ROOT +DIAMETER OR AREA OF CIRCLE + + +[Illustration: Two images of a slide rule.] + + + +INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING A SLIDE RULE + +The slide rule is a device for easily and quickly multiplying, dividing +and extracting square root and cube root. It will also perform any +combination of these processes. On this account, it is found extremely +useful by students and teachers in schools and colleges, by engineers, +architects, draftsmen, surveyors, chemists, and many others. Accountants +and clerks find it very helpful when approximate calculations must be +made rapidly. The operation of a slide rule is extremely easy, and it is +well worth while for anyone who is called upon to do much numerical +calculation to learn to use one. It is the purpose of this manual to +explain the operation in such a way that a person who has never before +used a slide rule may teach himself to do so. + + +DESCRIPTION OF SLIDE RULE + +The slide rule consists of three parts (see figure 1). B is the body of +the rule and carries three scales marked A, D and K. S is the slider +which moves relative to the body and also carries three scales marked B, +CI and C. R is the runner or indicator and is marked in the center with +a hair-line. The scales A and B are identical and are used in problems +involving square root. Scales C and D are also identical and are used +for multiplication and division. Scale K is for finding cube root. Scale +CI, or C-inverse, is like scale C except that it is laid off from right +to left instead of from left to right. It is useful in problems +involving reciprocals. + + +MULTIPLICATION + +We will start with a very simple example: + +Example 1: 2 * 3 = 6 + +To prove this on the slide rule, move the slider so that the 1 at the +left-hand end of the C scale is directly over the large 2 on the D scale +(see figure 1). Then move the runner till the hair-line is over 3 on the +C scale. Read the answer, 6, on the D scale under the hair-line. Now, +let us consider a more complicated example: + +Example 2: 2.12 * 3.16 = 6.70 + +As before, set the 1 at the left-hand end of the C scale, which we will +call the left-hand index of the C scale, over 2.12 on the D scale (See +figure 2). The hair-line of the runner is now placed over 3.16 on the C +scale and the answer, 6.70, read on the D scale. + + +METHOD OF MAKING SETTINGS + +In order to understand just why 2.12 is set where it is (figure 2), +notice that the interval from 2 to 3 is divided into 10 large or major +divisions, each of which is, of course, equal to one-tenth (0.1) of the +amount represented by the whole interval. The major divisions are in +turn divided into 5 small or minor divisions, each of which is one-fifth +or two-tenths (0.2) of the major division, that is 0.02 of the +whole interval. Therefore, the index is set above + + 2 + 1 major division + 1 minor division = 2 + 0.1 + 0.02 = 2.12. + +In the same way we find 3.16 on the C scale. While we are on this +subject, notice that in the interval from 1 to 2 the major divisions are +marked with the small figures 1 to 9 and the minor divisions are 0.1 of +the major divisions. In the intervals from 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 the minor +divisions are 0.2 of the major divisions, and for the rest of the D (or +C) scale, the minor divisions are 0.5 of the major divisions. + +Reading the setting from a slide rule is very much like reading +measurements from a ruler. Imagine that the divisions between 2 and 3 on +the D scale (figure 2) are those of a ruler divided into tenths of a +foot, and each tenth of a foot divided in 5 parts 0.02 of a foot long. +Then the distance from one on the left-hand end of the D scale (not +shown in figure 2) to one on the left-hand end of the C scale would he +2.12 feet. Of course, a foot rule is divided into parts of uniform +length, while those on a slide rule get smaller toward the right-hand +end, but this example may help to give an idea of the method of making +and reading settings. Now consider another example. + +Example 3a: 2.12 * 7.35 = 15.6 + +If we set the left-hand index of the C scale over 2.12 as in the last +example, we find that 7.35 on the C scale falls out beyond the body of +the rule. In a case like this, simply use the right-hand index of the C +scale. If we set this over 2.12 on the D scale and move the runner to +7.35 on the C scale we read the result 15.6 on the D scale under the +hair-line. + +Now, the question immediately arises, why did we call the result 15.6 +and not 1.56? The answer is that the slide rule takes no account of +decimal points. Thus, the settings would be identical for all of the +following products: + +Example 3: +a-- 2.12 * 7.35 = 15.6 +b-- 21.2 * 7.35 = 156.0 +c-- 212 * 73.5 = 15600. +d-- 2.12 * .0735 = .156 +e-- .00212 * 735 = .0156 + +The most convenient way to locate the decimal point is to make a mental +multiplication using only the first digits in the given factors. Then +place the decimal point in the slide rule result so that its value is +nearest that of the mental multiplication. Thus, in example 3a above, we +can multiply 2 by 7 in our heads and see immediately that the decimal +point must be placed in the slide rule result 156 so that it becomes +15.6 which is nearest to 14. In example 3b (20 * 7 = 140), so we must +place the decimal point to give 156. The reader can readily verify the +other examples in the same way. + +Since the product of a number by a second number is the same as the +product of the second by the first, it makes no difference which of the +two numbers is set first on the slide rule. Thus, an alternative way of +working example 2 would be to set the left-hand index of the C scale +over 3.16 on the D scale and move the runner to 2.12 on the C scale and +read the answer under the hair-line on the D scale. + +The A and B scales are made up of two identical halves each of which is +very similar to the C and D scales. Multiplication can also be carried +out on either half of the A and B scales exactly as it is done on the C +and D scales. However, since the A and B scales are only half as long as +the C and D scales, the accuracy is not as good. It is sometimes +convenient to multiply on the A and B scales in more complicated +problems as we shall see later on. + +A group of examples follow which cover all the possible combination of +settings which can arise in the multiplication of two numbers. + +Example +4: 20 * 3 = 60 +5: 85 * 2 = 170 +6: 45 * 35 = 1575 +7: 151 * 42 = 6342 +8: 6.5 * 15 = 97.5 +9: .34 * .08 = .0272 +10: 75 * 26 = 1950 +11: .00054 * 1.4 = .000756 +12: 11.1 * 2.7 = 29.97 +13: 1.01 * 54 = 54.5 +14: 3.14 * 25 = 78.5 + + +DIVISION + +Since multiplication and division are inverse processes, division on a +slide rule is done by making the same settings as for multiplication, +but in reverse order. Suppose we have the example: + +Example 15: (6.70 / 2.12) = 3.16 + +Set indicator over the dividend 6.70 on the D scale. Move the slider +until the divisor 2.12 on the C scale is under the hair-line. Then read +the result on the D scale under the left-hand index of the C scale. As +in multiplication, the decimal point must be placed by a separate +process. Make all the digits except the first in both dividend and +divisor equal zero and mentally divide the resulting numbers. Place the +decimal point in the slide rule result so that it is nearest to the +mental result. In example 15, we mentally divide 6 by 2. Then we place +the decimal point in the slide rule result 316 so that it is 3.16 which +is nearest to 3. + +A group of examples for practice in division follow: + +Example +16: 34 / 2 = 17 +17: 49 / 7 = 7 +18: 132 / 12 = 11 +19: 480 / 16 = 30 +20: 1.05 / 35 = .03 +21: 4.32 / 12 = .36 +22: 5.23 / 6.15 = .85 +23: 17.1 / 4.5 = 3.8 +24: 1895 / 6.06 = 313 +25: 45 / .017 = 2647 + + +THE CI SCALE + +If we divide one (1) by any number the answer is called the reciprocal +of the number. Thus, one-half is the reciprocal of two, one-quarter is +the reciprocal of four. If we take any number, say 14, and multiply it +by the reciprocal of another number, say 2, we get: + +Example 26: 14 * (1/2) = 7 + +which is the same as 14 divided by two. This process can be carried out +directly on the slide rule by use of the CI scale. Numbers on the CI +scale are reciprocals of those on the C scale. Thus we see that 2 on the +CI scale comes directly over 0.5 or 1/2 on the C scale. Similarly 4 on +the CI scale comes over 0.25 or 1/4 on the C scale, and so on. To do +example 26 by use of the CI scale, proceed exactly as if you were going +to multiply in the usual manner except that you use the CI scale instead +of the C scale. First set the left-hand index of the C scale over 14 on +the D scale. Then move the indicator to 2 on the CI scale. Read the +result, 7, on the D scale under the hair-line. This is really another +way of dividing. THE READER IS ADVISED TO WORK EXAMPLES 16 TO 25 OVER +AGAIN BY USE OF THE CI SCALE. + + +SQUARING AND SQUARE ROOT + +If we take a number and multiply it by itself we call the result the +square of the number. The process is called squaring the number. If we +find the number which, when multiplied by itself is equal to a given +number, the former number is called the square root of the given number. +The process is called extracting the square root of the number. Both +these processes may be carried out on the A and D scales of a slide +rule. For example: + +Example 27: 4 * 4 = square( 4 ) = 16 + +Set indicator over 4 on D scale. Read 16 on A scale under hair-line. + +Example 28: square( 25.4 ) = 646.0 + +The decimal point must be placed by mental survey. We know that +square( 25.4 ) must be a little larger than square( 25 ) = 625 +so that it must be 646.0. + +To extract a square root, we set the indicator over the number on the A +scale and read the result under the hair-line on the D scale. When we +examine the A scale we see that there are two places where any given +number may be set, so we must have some way of deciding in a given case +which half of the A scale to use. The rule is as follows: + +(a) If the number is greater than one. For an odd number of digits to +the left of the decimal point, use the left-hand half of the A scale. +For an even number of digits to the left of the decimal point, use the +right-hand half of the A scale. + +(b) If the number is less than one. For an odd number of zeros to the +right of the decimal point before the first digit not a zero, use the +left-hand half of the A scale. For none or any even number of zeros to +the right of the decimal point before the first digit not a zero, use +the right-hand half of the A scale. + +Example 29: square_root( 157 ) = 12.5 + +Since we have an odd number of digits set indicator over 157 on +left-hand half of A scale. Read 12.5 on the D scale under hair-line. To +check the decimal point think of the perfect square nearest to 157. It +is + +12 * 12 = 144, so that square_root(157) must be a little more than 12 or +12.5. + +Example 30: square_root( .0037 ) = .0608 + +In this number we have an even number of zeros to the right of the +decimal point, so we must set the indicator over 37 on the right-hand +half of the A scale. Read 608 under the hair-line on D scale. To place +the decimal point write: + +square_root( .0037 ) = square_root( 37/10000 ) + = 1/100 square_root( 37 ) + +The nearest perfect square to 37 is 6 * 6 = 36, so the answer should be +a little more than 0.06 or .0608. All of what has been said about use of +the A and D scales for squaring and extracting square root applies +equally well to the B and C scales since they are identical to the A and +D scales respectively. + +A number of examples follow for squaring and the extraction of square +root. + +Example +31: square( 2 ) = 4 +32: square( 15 ) = 225 +33: square( 26 ) = 676 +34: square( 19.65 ) = 386 +35: square_root( 64 ) = 8 +36: square_root( 6.4 ) = 2.53 +37: square_root( 498 ) = 22.5 +38: square_root( 2500 ) = 50 +39: square_root( .16 ) = .04 +40: square_root( .03 ) = .173 + + +CUBING AND CUBE ROOT + +If we take a number and multiply it by itself, and then multiply the +result by the original number we get what is called the cube of the +original number. This process is called cubing the number. The reverse +process of finding the number which, when multiplied by itself and then +by itself again, is equal to the given number, is called extracting the +cube root of the given number. Thus, since 5 * 5 * 5 = 125, 125 is the +cube of 5 and 5 is the cube root of 125. + +To find the cube of any number on the slide rule set the indicator over +the number on the D scale and read the answer on the K scale under the +hair-line. To find the cube root of any number set the indicator over +the number on the K scale and read the answer on the D scale under the +hair-line. Just as on the A scale, where there were two places where you +could set a given number, on the K scale there are three places where a +number may be set. To tell which of the three to use, we must make use +of the following rule. + +(a) If the number is greater than one. For 1, 4, 7, 10, etc., digits to +the left of the decimal point, use the left-hand third of the K scale. +For 2, 5, 8, 11, etc., digits to the left of the decimal point, use the +middle third of the K scale. For 3, 6, 9, 12, etc., digits to the left +of the decimal point use the right-hand third of the K scale. + +(b) If the number is less than one. We now tell which scale to use by +counting the number of zeros to the right of the decimal point before +the first digit not zero. If there are 2, 5, 8, 11, etc., zeros, use the +left-hand third of the K scale. If there are 1, 4, 7, 10, etc., zeros, +then use the middle third of the K scale. If there are no zeros or 3, 6, +9, 12, etc., zeros, then use the right-hand third of the K scale. For +example: + +Example 41: cube_root( 185 ) = 5.70 + +Since there are 3 digits in the given number, we set the indicator on +185 in the right-hand third of the K scale, and read the result 570 on +the D scale. We can place the decimal point by thinking of the nearest +perfect cube, which is 125. Therefore, the decimal point must be placed +so as to give 5.70, which is nearest to 5, the cube root of 125. + +Example 42: cube_root( .034 ) = .324 + +Since there is one zero between the decimal point and the first digit +not zero, we must set the indicator over 34 on the middle third of the K +scale. We read the result 324 on the D scale. The decimal point may be +placed as follows: + +cube_root( .034 ) = cube_root( 34/1000 ) + = 1/10 cube_root( 34 ) + +The nearest perfect cube to 34 is 27, so our answer must be close to +one-tenth of the cube root of 27 or nearly 0.3. Therefore, we must place +the decimal point to give 0.324. A group of examples for practice in +extraction of cube root follows: + +Example +43: cube_root( 64 ) = 4 +44: cube_root( 8 ) = 2 +45: cube_root( 343 ) = 7 +46: cube_root( .000715 ) = .0894 +47: cube_root( .00715 ) = .193 +48: cube_root( .0715 ) = .415 +49: cube_root( .516 ) = .803 +50: cube_root( 27.8 ) = 3.03 +51: cube_root( 5.49 ) = 1.76 +52: cube_root( 87.1 ) = 4.43 + + +THE 1.5 AND 2/3 POWER + +If the indicator is set over a given number on the A scale, the number +under the hair-line on the K scale is the 1.5 power of the given +number. If the indicator is set over a given number on the K scale, the +number under the hair-line on the A scale is the 2/3 power of the given +number. + + +COMBINATIONS OF PROCESSES + +A slide rule is especially useful where some combination of processes is +necessary, like multiplying 3 numbers together and dividing by a third. +Operations of this sort may be performed in such a way that the final +answer is obtained immediately without finding intermediate results. + +1. Multiplying several numbers together. For example, suppose it is +desired to multiply 4 * 8 * 6. Place the right-hand index of the C scale +over 4 on the D scale and set the indicator over 8 on the C scale. Now, +leaving the indicator where it is, move the slider till the right-hand +index is under the hairline. Now, leaving the slider where it is, move +the indicator until it is over 6 on the C scale, and read the result, +192, on the D scale. This may be continued indefinitely, and so as many +numbers as desired may be multiplied together. + +Example 53: 2.32 * 154 * .0375 * .56 = 7.54 + +2. Multiplication and division. +Suppose we wish to do the following example: + +Example 54: (4 * 15) / 2.5 = 24 + +First divide 4 by 2.5. Set indicator over 4 on the D scale and move the +slider until 2.5 is under the hair-line. The result of this division, +1.6, appears under the left-hand index of the C scale. We do not need to +write it down, however, but we can immediately move the indicator to 15 +on the C scale and read the final result 24 on the D scale under the +hair-line. Let us consider a more complicated problem of the same type: + +Example 55: (30/7.5) * (2/4) * (4.5/5) * (1.5/3) = .9 + +First set indicator over 30 on the D scale and move slider until 7.5 on +the C scale comes under the hairline. The intermediate result, 4, +appears under the right-hand index of the C scale. We do not need to +write it down but merely note it by moving the indicator until the +hair-line is over the right-hand index of the C scale. Now we want to +multiply this result by 2, the next factor in the numerator. Since two +is out beyond the body of the rule, transfer the slider till the other +(left-hand) index of the C scale is under the hair-line, and then move +the indicator to 2 on the C scale. Thus, successive division and +multiplication is continued until all the factors have been used. The +order in which the factors are taken does not affect the result. With a +little practice you will learn to take them in the order which will +require the fewest settings. The following examples are for practice: + +Example 56: (6/3.5) * (4/5) * (3.5/2.4) * (2.8/7) = .8 + +Example 57: 352 * (273/254) * (760/768) = 374 + +An alternative method of doing these examples is to proceed exactly as +though you were multiplying all the factors together, except that +whenever you come to a number in the denominator you use the CI scale +instead of the C scale. The reader is advised to practice both methods +and use whichever one he likes best. + +3. The area of a circle. The area of a circle is found by multiplying +3.1416=PI by the square of the radius or by one-quarter the square of +the diameter + +Formula: A = PI * square( R ) + A = PI * ( square( D ) / 4 ) + +Example 58: The radius of a circle is 0.25 inches; find its area. + +Area = PI * square(0.25) = 0.196 square inches. + +Set left-hand index of C scale over 0.25 on D scale. square(0.25) now +appears above the left-hand index of the B scale. This can be multiplied +by PI by moving the indicator to PI on the B scale and reading the +answer .196 on the A scale. This is an example where it is convenient to +multiply with the A and B scales. + +Example 59: The diameter of a circle is 8.1 feet. What is its area? + +Area = (PI / 4) * square(8.1) + = .7854 * square(8.1) + = 51.7 sq. inches. + +Set right-hand index of the C scale over 8.1 on the D scale. Move the +indicator till hair-line is over .7854 (the special long mark near 8) at +the right hand of the B scale. Read the answer under the hair-line on +the A scale. Another way of finding the area of a circle is to set 7854 +on the B scale to one of the indices of the A scale, and read the area +from the B scale directly above the given diameter on the D scale. + +4. The circumference of a circle. Set the index of the B scale to the +diameter and read the answer on the A scale opposite PI on the B scale + +Formula: C = PI * D + C = 2 * PI * R + +Example 60: The diameter of a circle is 1.54 inches, what is its +circumference? + +Set the left-hand index of the B scale to 1.54 on the A scale. Read the +circumference 4.85 inches above PI on the B scale. + +EXAMPLES FOR PRACTICE + +61: What is the area of a circle 32-1/2 inches in diameter? +Answer 830 sq. inches + +62: What is the area of a circle 24 inches in diameter? +Answer 452 sq. inches + +63: What is the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 95 feet? +Answer 298 ft. + +64: What is the circumference of a circle whose diameter is 3.65 inches? +Answer 11.5 inches + +5. Ratio and Proportion. + +Example 65: 3 : 7 : : 4 : X +or +(3/7) = (4/x) +Find X + +Set 3 on C scale over 7 on D scale. Read X on D scale under 4 on C +scale. In fact, any number on the C scale is to the number directly +under it on the D scale as 3 is to 7. + + +PRACTICAL PROBLEMS SOLVED BY SLIDE RULE + + +1. Discount. +A firm buys a typewriter with a list price of $150, subject to a +discount of 20% and 10%. How much does it pay? + +A discount of 20% means 0.8 of the list price, and 10% more means +0.8 X 0.9 X 150 = 108. + +To do this on the slide rule, put the index of the C scale opposite 8 on +the D scale and move the indicator to 9 on the C scale. Then move the +slider till the right-hand index of the C scale is under the hairline. +Now, move the indicator to 150 on the C scale and read the answer $108 +on the D scale. Notice that in this, as in many practical problems, +there is no question about where the decimal point should go. + + +2. Sales Tax. + +A man buys an article worth $12 and he must pay a sales tax of 1.5%. How +much does he pay? A tax of 1.5% means he must pay 1.015 * 12.00. + +Set index of C scale at 1.015 on D scale. Move indicator to 12 on C +scale and read the answer $12.18 on the D scale. + +A longer but more accurate way is to multiply 12 * .015 and add the +result to $12. + + +3. Unit Price. + +A motorist buys 17 gallons of gas at 19.5 cents per gallon. How much +does he pay? + +Set index of C scale at 17 on D scale and move indicator to 19.5 on C +scale and read the answer $3.32 on the D scale. + + +4. Gasoline Mileage. + +An automobile goes 175 miles on 12 gallons of gas. What is the average +gasoline consumption? + +Set indicator over 175 on D scale and move slider till 12 is under +hair-line. Read the answer 14.6 miles per gallon on the D scale under +the left-hand index of the C scale. + + +5. Average Speed. + +A motorist makes a trip of 256 miles in 7.5 hours. What is his average +speed? + +Set indicator over 256 on D scale. Move slider till 7.5 on the C scale +is under the hair-line. Read the answer 34.2 miles per hour under the +right-hand index of the C scale. + + +6. Decimal Parts of an Inch. + +What is 5/16 of an inch expressed as decimal fraction? + +Set 16 on C scale over 5 on D scale and read the result .3125 inches on +the D scale under the left-hand index of the C scale. + + +7. Physics. + +A certain quantity of gas occupies 1200 cubic centimeters at a +temperature of 15 degrees C and 740 millimeters pressure. What volume +does it occupy at 0 degrees C and 760 millimeters pressure? + +Volume = 1200 X (740/760) * (273/288) = 1100 cubic cm. + +Set 760 on C scale over 12 on D scale. Move indicator to 740 on C scale. +Move slider till 288 on C scale is under hair-line. Move indicator to +273 on C scale. Read answer, 1110, under hair-line on D scale. + + +8. Chemistry. + +How many grams of hydrogen are formed when 80 grams of zinc react with +sufficient hydrochloric acid to dissolve the metal? + +(80 / X ) = ( 65.4 / 2.01) + +Set 65.4 on C scale over 2.01 on D scale. +Read X = 2.46 grams under 80 on C scale. + + +In conclusion, we want to impress upon those to whom the slide rule is a +new method of doing their mathematical calculations, and also the +experienced operator of a slide rule, that if they will form a habit of, +and apply themselves to, using a slide rule at work, study, or during +recreations, they will be well rewarded in the saving of time and +energy. ALWAYS HAVE YOUR SLIDE RULE AND INSTRUCTION BOOK WITH YOU, the +same as you would a fountain pen or pencil. + +The present day wonders of the twentieth century prove that there is no +end to what an individual can accomplish--the same applies to the slide +rule. + +You will find after practice that you will be able to do many +specialized problems that are not outlined in this instruction book. It +depends entirely upon your ability to do what we advocate and to be +slide-rule conscious in all your mathematical problems. + + +CONVERSION FACTORS + +1. Length + +1 mile = 5280 feet =1760 yards + +1 inch = 2.54 centimeters + +1 meter = 39.37 inches + + +2. Weight (or Mass) + +1 pound = 16 ounces = 0.4536 kilograms + +1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds + +1 long ton = 2240 pounds + +1 short ton=2000 pounds + + +3. Volume + +1 liquid quart = 0.945 litres + +1 litre = 1.06 liquid quarts + +1 U. S. gallon = 4 quarts = 231 cubic inches + + +4. Angular Measure + +3.14 radians = PI radians = 180 degrees + +1 radian = 57.30 degrees + + +5. Pressure + +760 millimeters of mercury = 14.7 pounds per square inch + + +6. Power + +1 horse power = 550 foot pounds per second = 746 watts + + +7. Miscellaneous + +60 miles per hour = 88 feet per second + +980 centimeters per second per second += 32.2 feet per second per second += acceleration of gravity. + +1 cubic foot of water weighs 62.4 pounds + +1 gallon of water weighs 8.34 pounds + + + +Printed in U. S. A. +INSTRUCTIONS FOR USING A SLIDE RULE +COPYRIGHTED BY W. 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