1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
|
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=iso-8859-1" />
<title>
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Boiler And Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. Strohm.
</title>
<style type="text/css">
/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */
<!--
p { margin-top: .75em;
text-align: justify;
margin-bottom: .75em;
}
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {
text-align: center; /* all headings centered */
clear: both;
}
hr { width: 33%;
margin-top: 1em;
margin-bottom: 1em;
margin-left: auto;
margin-right: auto;
clear: both;
}
table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;}
body{margin-left: 10%;
margin-right: 10%;
}
.pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */
/* visibility: hidden; */
position: absolute; right: 3%;
font-size: 75%;
text-align: right;
text-indent: 0em;
font-style: normal;
font-weight: normal;
color: silver; background-color: inherit;
font-variant: normal;} /* page numbers */
.pagenum a {text-decoration: none; color: silver; background-color: inherit;}
.blockquot{margin-left: 5%; margin-right: 10%;}
.bb {border-bottom: solid black 1px;}
.bl {border-left: solid black 1px;}
.bt {border-top: solid black 1px;}
.br {border-right: solid black 1px;}
.bbox {border: solid black 1px;}
.center {text-align: center;}
.smcap {font-variant: small-caps;}
.caption {font-weight: bold;}
.figcenter {margin: auto; text-align: center;}
.figleft {float: left; clear: left; margin-left: 0; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-top:
1em; margin-right: 1em; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
.figright {float: right; clear: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;
margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 0; padding: 0; text-align: center;}
.footnotes {border: dashed 1px;}
.footnote {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%; font-size: 0.9em;}
.footnote .label {position: absolute; right: 84%; text-align: right;}
.fnanchor {vertical-align: super; font-size: .8em; text-decoration: none;}
.toc a {text-decoration: none;}
a {text-decoration: none;}
a[name] {position:absolute;} /* Fix Opera bug */
// -->
/* XML end ]]>*/
</style>
</head>
<body>
<pre>
The Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and
Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. Strohm
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
Title: Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and Furnace Testing
Author: Rufus T. Strohm
Release Date: December 20, 2006 [EBook #20146]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO 1: ***
Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Jason Isbell and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
</pre>
<hr style="width: 95%;" />
<h2>TABLE OF CONTENTS.</h2>
<div class='center' style="font-size: 12pt">
<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" summary="TABLE OF CONTENTS" class="toc">
<col style="width:85%" />
<col style="width:15%" />
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Title Page</td><td><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Foreword</td><td><a href="#Page_2">2</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Boiler and Furnace Testing</td><td><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Necessity for Testing Boilers</td><td><a href="#Page_3">3</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Weighing the Coal</td><td><a href="#Page_4">4</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Measuring the Feed Water</td><td><a href="#Page_5">5</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Temperature of Feed Water</td><td><a href="#Page_7">7</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Steam Pressure</td><td><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Working up the Test</td><td><a href="#Page_8">8</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Boiler Horsepower or Capacity</td><td><a href="#Page_11">11</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Heating Surface</td><td><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Cost of Evaporation</td><td><a href="#Page_12">12</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Test Results</td><td><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">How to Use the Test Results</td><td><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Factors of Evaporation</td><td><a href="#Page_17">17</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Table of Factors of Evaporation—Concluded</td><td><a href="#Page_18">18</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications on the Utilization of Coal and Lignite</td><td><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications Available for Free Distribution</td><td><a href="#Page_19">19</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Publications That May Be Obtained Only Through</td><td><a href="#Page_20">20</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> the Superintendent of Documents</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Illustrations</td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 1</td><td><a href="#FIG1">4</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 2</td><td><a href="#FIG2">6</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap"> Figure 3</td><td><a href="#FIG3">14</a></td></tr>
<tr><td align='left' class="smcap">Transcriber's Notes</td><td><a href="#TN">np</a></td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><br /></p>
<hr style="width: 95%;" />
<p><br /></p>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1" href="#Page_1">[1]</a></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="Title Page" class="bbox">
<tr><td class="bb">
<p class="center smcap" style="font-size: 12pt">UNITED STATES FUEL ADMINISTRATION<br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt">BUREAU OF CONSERVATION</span></p>
</td></tr>
<tr><td>
<p class="center" style="font-size: 14pt"><b>Engineering Bulletin No. 1</b></p>
<h1> BOILER <span class="smcap">and</span> FURNACE <br />
TESTING</h1>
<p class="center" style="font-size: 8pt">Prepared by</p>
<p class="center" style="font-size: 14pt"><b>Rufus T. Strohm</b><br />
<span style="font-size: 10pt">Associate Editor, Power</span></p>
<p><br /></p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 179px;">
<img src="images/title.jpg" width="179" height="256" alt="Maximum Production: Minimum Waste" title="Maximum Production: Minimum Waste" />
</div><p><br /></p>
<p class="center" style="font-size: 10pt">WASHINGTON<br />
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br />
1918</p>
</td></tr></table>
<p><br /></p>
<hr style="width: 95%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2" href="#Page_2">[2]</a></span></p>
<h2>MAXIMUM PRODUCTION.</h2>
<h2>MINIMUM WASTE.</h2>
<p>The United States Fuel Administration is making every effort, through the producers
and transportation lines, to obtain an adequate supply of fuel for the industries
of the country.</p>
<p>Twenty-five to fifty million tons of coal a year can be saved by the improved operation
of steam-power plants without changing their present equipment and without
abating their production the slightest.</p>
<p>It is absolutely necessary that this saving be realized, if our overburdened railroads
are to be relieved and our industries kept in full operation.</p>
<p>The extent to which it will be realized depends upon the cooperation of the owners,
engineers, and firemen of every power plant of the country.</p>
<h3>YOUR FIRING LINE IS AT THE FURNACE DOOR.</h3>
<p style="text-align: right">
<span class="smcap">David Moffat Myers</span>, <br />
<i>Advisory Engineer to United States Fuel Administration</i>.<br />
</p>
<hr style="width: 95%;" />
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3" href="#Page_3">[3]</a></span></p>
<h2>BOILER AND FURNACE TESTING.</h2>
<p class="center">By <span class="smcap">Rufus T. Strohm</span>.</p>
<hr style="width: 10%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;"/>
<h3>NECESSITY FOR TESTING BOILERS.</h3>
<p>A boiler test is necessary in order to determine how well the boiler
is doing the work expected of it; that is to say, we must find out
whether we are wasting coal in making steam and how much this
waste may be. Such a test may be made to discover the efficiency
of the boiler, or the quantity of water it is evaporating, or the cost
of evaporating 1,000 pounds of water.</p>
<p>The United States Fuel Administration recommends that every
boiler plant have some means of daily checking the efficiency of the
boiler and furnace. The simplest and best way of finding out how
efficiently the boiler is working is to make an evaporation test, as
described in this bulletin. All the necessary records can be made
automatically with suitable instruments, although in many small
plants the coal must be weighed on ordinary scales. The efficiency
of the furnace can be found by making analyses of the flue gases.
(See Bulletin No. 2 of the United States Fuel Administration.)</p>
<p>Too many engineers and firemen have the idea that they are not
fitted to make boiler tests. This is altogether wrong. Any man
who can weigh water and coal and read steam gages and thermometers
is able to do the work required in making a boiler test for evaporation
or efficiency. Such a test requires a knowledge of the following:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>1. The total weight of coal used.</p>
<p>2. <a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a>The total weight of water fed to and evaporated by the boiler.</p>
<p>3. The average temperature of the feed water.</p>
<p>4. The average steam pressure in the boiler.</p></div>
<p>If these four items are known, a series of simple calculations will
show how much water is being evaporated per pound of coal, and the
efficiency of the boiler and furnace.</p>
<p>To make a test, the following apparatus and instruments are
necessary:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Scales to weigh the coal.</p>
<p>2. Apparatus to weigh or measure the feed water.</p>
<p>3. Thermometers to take feed-water temperature.</p>
<p>4. Gages to indicate steam pressure.</p></div>
<p>A boiler test to be of value should extend over a period of at least
eight hours. The longer the test the more accurate the results.</p>
<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> For the sake of simplicity, only the essential elements of boiler and furnace testing are treated in this
bulletin. For rules covering the refinements for an exhaustive test, the reader is referred to the boiler test
code of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Copies of this code can be obtained from the
secretary, 29 West Thirty-ninth Street, New York City.</p></div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4" href="#Page_4">[4]</a></span></p>
<h3>WEIGHING THE COAL.</h3>
<p>The weight of coal used during a test may easily be found by using
an ordinary wheelbarrow and a platform scales, arranged as in
figure 1. At each side of the scales build an incline with its top level
with the top of the platform, but take care not to have either one
touch the platform. Set the empty wheelbarrow on the scales, run
the movable weight or poise out until it exactly balances the weight
of the barrow and lock it in position with the thumbscrew.</p>
<p>Next, put weights on the scale pan <i>A</i> to correspond to a net weight
of 250 or 300 pounds of coal. Fill the barrow with coal, run it on the
scales, and add coal or take off coal until the scales balance. This
is easily done by having a small pile of coal <i>B</i> beside the scales. If
the weights on the scale pan represent, say, 300 pounds, the net
weight of coal in the barrow is exactly 300 pounds. This coal is
wheeled in front of the boiler and dumped on the clean floor, and
the barrow is returned for another load.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 563px;"><a name="FIG1" id="FIG1"></a>
<img src="images/fig01.jpg" width="563" height="266" alt="Fig. 1.; 1 Set to balance tare of wheelbarrow; 2 Add to balance net weight of coal" title="Figure 1." />
</div>
<p>Each time the barrow of coal is weighed on the scales and taken
to the boiler being tested, a tally mark should be made on a board
nailed to the wall beside the scales. Each tally mark represents 300
pounds of coal, since the amount of coal in the barrow is adjusted
at each weighing, so that the scales just balance. At the end of the
test, therefore, the number of tally marks is multiplied by 300, and
the product is the weight of coal used, provided it has all been fired;
but if any coal remains in front of the boiler at the close of the test,
it must be gathered up and weighed, and its weight must be subtracted
from the total weight indicated by the tally marks to get
the number of pounds of coal actually fired. You should, of course,
start the test with no coal in front of the boiler.</p>
<p>Care must be taken not to forget to make a tally mark each time
a barrow of coal is run off the scales. By setting the scales so as to
show any net weight, such as 250 or 300 pounds, and making each bar<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5" href="#Page_5">[5]</a></span>row
load exactly this weight, much time is saved, as it is unnecessary
to change any of the weights or the position of the rider on the
scale beam.</p>
<p>If the coal used in the test is to be analyzed, take a sample of
from 4 to 6 pounds from each barrow and throw it into a box near
the scales. Do this <i>before</i> the coal is weighed. These small amounts
from the various barrow loads will then give a fair average sample
of the coal used during the test.</p>
<p>The condition of the furnace should be the same at the end of the
test period as at the start. Therefore, at the moment the test is
begun, observe the thickness of the fuel bed and the condition of the
fire. If the fire was cleaned, say, an hour before the test began, see
that it is cleaned an hour before the time when the test is scheduled
to end. If the coal was fired, say, eight minutes before the test
started, the last coal used during the test should be fired eight minutes
before the end of the test. The object of these precautions is
to insure the same conditions at start and finish, as nearly as possible;
otherwise, the coal weighed will not be the same as the coal
consumed.</p>
<h3>MEASURING THE FEED WATER.</h3>
<p>The quantity of water fed to the boiler during the test may be
found by metering or by weighing. A reliable water meter is recommended
for this work. There are a number of good makes, of different
types, such as:</p>
<div class="blockquot"><p>1. Venturi meter.</p>
<p>2. Weir or V-notch meters.</p>
<p>3. Diaphragm meters.</p>
<p>4. Displacement meters.</p>
<p>5. Water weighers.</p></div>
<p>The best form of meter to use in any particular case depends on
the local conditions in the plant; but <i>every plant should be provided
with a permanently installed meter of some type</i>. The displacement
form of meter should be used only with cold water, however.</p>
<p>If there is no meter or water weigher in the plant, the feed water
used during the test can be measured by the three-barrel arrangement
illustrated in figure 2.</p>
<p>Obtain three water-tight barrels, and set two of them close together
on a platform directly over the third, leaving about 12 inches above
barrel 3 in which to fit the valves <i>V</i> and the nipples in the bottoms
of barrels 1 and 2. Near the top of each of the barrels 1 and 2
screw a 1-inch overflow pipe <i>O</i>.</p>
<p>Run a pipe <i>P</i> from the city main or other source of supply above
barrels 1 and 2, and put a valve <i>A</i> on the pipe leading to each barrel.
From barrel 3 run a suction pipe to the feed pump that is to pump
water to the boiler to be tested. It is best to have a by-pass from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6" href="#Page_6">[6]</a></span>
the usual water supply direct to the feed pump, or to another pump
connected to the boiler, so that in case of any trouble with the testing
barrels, the regular operation of the boiler may be resumed without
shutting down.</p>
<p>The next step is to fill barrels 1 and 2 with water until they overflow
at <i>O</i>. This water should be of practically the same average
temperature as that which is to be used during the test. Barrel 3
should be high enough above the feed pump so that the pump will
handle hot water. Put barrel 3 on a scales, before connecting it to
the feed pump, and weigh it. Then let the water from barrel 1 run
into barrel 3, and weigh again. The second weight minus the first
weight is the net weight of water run in from barrel 1 and is the
weight of water contained in barrel 1 when filled to the overflow.
The weight of water in barrel 2 when it is filled to the overflow can
be found in like manner. Mark these weights down.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 559px;"><a name="FIG2" id="FIG2"></a>
<img src="images/fig02.jpg" width="559" height="280" alt="Figure 2." title="Figure 2." />
</div>
<p>When the net weights are found and barrel 3 is removed from the
scales and connected to the feed pump, the apparatus is ready to
begin the test. Start with the level of the water about 1 foot below
the top of the barrel 3, and drive a nail into the barrel to mark this
level. When the test is finished, the level should be brought to the
same point, so that the water that has passed through barrels 1 and 2
will accurately represent the weight of water fed to the boiler during
the test.</p>
<p>When the test is to begin, stop the feed pump and tie a string
around the gage glass on the boiler to mark the height of the water
level in the boiler. Then start the pump connected to barrel 3.
Fill barrels 1 and 2 up to the overflow before the test is started.
Then open the valve <i>V</i> on barrel 1 and let the water run into barrel 3
as fast as the feed pump draws water from barrel 3. When barrel 1
is emptied close its valve <i>V</i> and open its valve <i>A</i> so as to refill it.</p>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7" href="#Page_7">[7]</a></span>
While barrel 1 is filling empty barrel 2 into barrel 3 in the same way,
and continue to fill and empty barrels 1 and 2 alternately. In this
way barrel 3 will be kept supplied with water that has been measured
in barrels 1 and 2, the net weights of which were found before the
test began. Keep a separate tally of the number of times each of the
barrels 1 and 2 is emptied into barrel 3. At the end of the test the
number of tallies for each barrel multiplied by the weight of the
water that barrel will hold will be the weight of water measured in
that barrel. The sum of these weights for barrels 1 and 2 will be
the weight of water used in the test.</p>
<p>With a three-barrel arrangement like this, water can be weighed
rapidly enough to supply 300 boiler horsepower.</p>
<p>Before starting a test make sure that there is no chance for water
to leak into or out of the boiler. See that the blow-off is tight, that
there is no drip from gage cocks, and that the feed-line connections
are tight, so that all the water fed to the boiler will represent accurately
the amount evaporated during the test.</p>
<p>If a meter is used instead of the three-barrel method, make absolutely
sure that the meter is correct, as the accuracy of the test depends
on the accuracy with which the water measurements are made.
<i>After a meter is installed, test it to see that it operates correctly under
the plant conditions.</i></p>
<p>The water level in the boiler should be the same at the end of the
test as at the beginning. As the time for stopping the test draws
near, therefore, try to bring the conditions the same as at the start.
Do not, however, run the feed pump rapidly in the last few minutes
for the test in order to obtain the same water level. If there is a
slight difference in level, calculate the weight of water it represents
and make the necessary correction to the total weight of water fed.</p>
<h3>TEMPERATURE OF FEED WATER.</h3>
<p>Every plant should have a thermometer on the feed line, so as to
find the temperature of the feed water. Preferably, this thermometer
should be of the recording type. If such a form of thermometer
is used during the test, it is unnecessary to take the feed temperature
at stated intervals, as the record will show the varying temperatures,
and so the average feed temperature during the test can easily be
found.</p>
<p>If there is no thermometer in the feed line, take the feed-water
temperature by means of a thermometer hung in barrel 3 (figure 2) by
a hook over the edge of the barrel. Read this thermometer every
half hour during the test if the feed-water temperature is fairly uniform;
but if it varies considerably, read the thermometer every 15
minutes. The object is to obtain the average feed-water temperature
during the test period. Therefore, mark down the tempera<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8" href="#Page_8">[8]</a></span>tures
as read at the stated intervals. At the close of the test add the
readings and divide their sum by the number of readings and you
will have the average temperature of the feed water.</p>
<h3>STEAM PRESSURE.</h3>
<p>Every boiler is fitted with a steam gage by which the pressure is
indicated. It is important that the pressure gage be accurate.
What is wanted in a test is the average pressure of the steam in
the boiler, therefore, observe the pressure at regular intervals, just as
with the feed-water temperature, and mark down these gage readings.
The sum of the readings divided by the number of readings taken will
be the average steam pressure during the test.</p>
<p>A recording steam gage is best and makes its own readings.</p>
<h3>WORKING UP THE TEST.</h3>
<p>After the boiler test has been made, so as to find the weight of coal
burned, weight of feed water used, feed-water temperature and steam
pressure, the efficiency, the horsepower, and the economy must be
obtained by calculation from the test results. The process of figuring
the desired results from the test data is called "working up the test."</p>
<p>To illustrate the method used in finding the efficiency, etc., suppose
that the data obtained from the test are as follows:</p>
<div class='center'>
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="Efficiency test data">
<col style="width:50%;" />
<col style="width:35%;" />
<col style="width:15%;" />
<tr>
<td align='left'>Length of test....................................</td>
<td align='right'>hours</td>
<td align='right'>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>Total weight of coal fired...................</td>
<td align='right'>pounds</td>
<td align='right'>5,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>Total weight of water evaporated.......</td>
<td align='right'>do.</td>
<td align='right'>35,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>Average temperature of feed water....</td>
<td align='right'>°F</td>
<td align='right'>180</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>Average steam pressure, gage............</td>
<td align='right'>pounds per square inch</td>
<td align='right'>100</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>The efficiency of any process is always a comparison, or ratio, of the
output to the input. In the case of a steam boiler the efficiency is the
percentage of the heat supplied in the coal that is usefully employed
in making steam. The output of the steam boiler is the heat represented
by the quantity of water evaporated by a pound of coal,
taking into account the feed temperature and the steam pressure,
and input is the amount of heat contained in a pound of the coal
used. The efficiency of the boiler is the output divided by the input.</p>
<p>The heat contained in a pound of coal is called the "calorific value"
or "heating value" of the coal. It can be found by taking a fair
average sample of the coal used during the test, as explained in connection
with weighing the coal, and sending the sample to a chemist,
who will make a calorimeter test to determine its heating value.</p>
<p>At the end of the test the sample fuel should be spread out on a
clean floor and all lumps broken up, so that no pieces are larger than
2 inches maximum diameter. Then the gross sample should be very
thoroughly mixed by shoveling, after which it should be spread out
in the form of a square of uniform depth and quartered down until<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9" href="#Page_9">[9]</a></span>
a final average sample is obtained for shipment to a competent
chemist, experienced in fuel analysis. (See <a href="#p133">Bureau of Mines Technical
Paper No. 133</a>.)</p>
<p>About 2 quarts of the chemist's sample should be put in air-tight
tins or jars for the determination of moisture; the balance of the
sample (the total weight of which should be from 10 to 50 pounds,
depending on the total weight of coal used in the test) may be packed
in a wooden box lined with paper to prevent splinters from mingling
with the sample. A duplicate coal sample should be kept at the
plant to be used in case of loss of the sample sent to the chemist.</p>
<p>The Bureau of Mines has published a bulletin or pamphlet giving
the analyses and heating values of the various kinds and grades of
coal from all parts of the United States. (<a href="#p22">Bureau of Mines Bulletin
No. 22.</a>) This bulletin can be used to learn the approximate heating
value of the coal. Simply find out what district the coal used in
the test came from, and its grade, and then refer to the bulletin to
obtain the heating value of the coal. If a chemist can be obtained
to make a heat test, however, it is better to use the heating value
he determines.</p>
<p>Suppose that during the test the coal used was run-of-mine bituminous
having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. Every pound of
coal fired, then, carried into the furnace 13,500 heat units, and this
value therefore is the <i>input</i> to be used in calculating the boiler
efficiency.</p>
<p>During the test 5,000 pounds of coal was fired and 35,000 pounds
of water was fed and evaporated. This means that 35,000 ÷ 5,000 = 7
pounds of water was evaporated per pound of coal burned. This is
the "actual evaporation," and the heat required to evaporate this
7 pounds of water is the output to be used in calculating the efficiency.</p>
<p>Every fireman knows that it takes more coal, and therefore more
heat, to make steam with cold feed water than with hot feed water;
also, that it is somewhat easier to make steam at a low pressure
than at a high pressure. So it is plain that the heat required to
evaporate 7 pounds of water into steam depends on two things,
namely, (1) the temperature of the feed water and (2) the pressure
of the steam in the boiler. From the data of the test, both the average
feed-water temperature and the average steam pressure are
known, and so it is a simple matter to find out the amount of heat
needed to evaporate 7 pounds of water from the average temperature
to steam at the average pressure.</p>
<p>A pound of water at 212° F. must have 970.4 B. t. u. added to it
to become a pound of steam at 212° F., or zero gage pressure. This
value, 970.4 B. t. u., is called the latent heat of steam at atmospheric
pressure, or the heat "from and at 212° F." It is the heat
required to change a pound of water <i>from</i> 212° F. to steam <i>at</i> 212° F.,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10" href="#Page_10">[10]</a></span>
and is used by engineers as a standard by which to compare the
evaporation of different boilers.</p>
<p>In a boiler test the temperature of the feed water is usually something
less than 212° F., and the steam pressure is commonly higher
than zero, gage. In the test outlined previously, the feed-water temperature
was 180° F. and the pressure was 100 pounds per square
inch, gage. It must be clear, then, that the amount of heat required
to change a pound of water at 180° to steam at 100 pounds
gage pressure is not the same as to make a pound of steam from and
at 212° F.</p>
<p>To make allowance for the differences in temperature and pressure,
the actual evaporation must be multiplied by a number called
the "factor of evaporation." The factor of evaporation has a certain
value corresponding to every feed-water temperature and boiler pressure,
and the values of this factor are given in the accompanying
table. Along the top of the table are given the gage pressures of
the steam. In the columns at the sides of the table are given the
feed-water temperatures. To find the factor of evaporation for a
given set of conditions, locate the gage pressure at the top of the
table and follow down that column to the horizontal line on which
the feed-water temperature is located. The value in this column
and on the horizontal line thus found is the factor of evaporation
required. If the feed water has a temperature greater than 212° F.,
obtain the proper factor of evaporation from the Marks and Davis
steam tables.</p>
<p>Take the data of the test, for example. The average steam pressure
is 100 pounds, gage. The average feed-water temperature is
180° F. So, in the table locate the column headed 100 and follow
down this column to the line having 180 at the ends, and the value
where the column and the line cross is 1.0727, which is the factor of
evaporation for a feed-water temperature of 180° F. and a steam
pressure of 100 pounds, gage.</p>
<p>This factor, 1.0727, indicates that to change a pound of water at
180° F. to steam at 100 pounds requires 1.0727 times as much heat
as to change a pound of water at 212° F. to steam at atmospheric
pressure. In other words, the heat used in producing an actual evaporation
of 7 pounds under the test conditions would have evaporated
7 × 1.0727 = 7.5 pounds from and at 212° F. Hence, 7.5 pounds is
called the "equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F." per pound
of coal used.</p>
<p>As already stated, it takes 970.4 B. t. u. to make a pound of
steam from and at 212° F. Then to make 7.5 pounds there would
be required 7.5 × 970.4 = 7,278 B. t. u. This is the amount of heat
required to change 7.5 pounds of water at 212° F. to steam at zero
gage pressure, but it is also the heat required to change 7 pounds<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11" href="#Page_11">[11]</a></span>
of water at 180° F. to steam at 100 pounds gage pressure, because
7.5 pounds from and at 212° F. is equivalent to 7 pounds from 180°
F. to steam at 100 pounds. Therefore, the 7,278 B. t. u. is the
amount of heat usefully employed in making steam per pound of
coal fired, and so it is the <i>output</i>. Accordingly, the efficiency of the
boiler is—</p>
<div class="center">
<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">~ Efficiency = </td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">Output</td>
<td style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;" rowspan="2">=</td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">7,278</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = 0.54, nearly.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">Input</td>
<td style="text-align: center">13,500</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p>In other words, the efficiency of the boiler is 0.54, or 54 per cent,
which means that only a little more than half of the heat in the coal
is usefully employed in making steam.</p>
<p>The chart shown in figure 3 is given to save the work of figuring
the efficiency. If the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal is
calculated and the heating value of the coal is known, the boiler
efficiency may be found directly from the chart. At the left-hand
side locate the point corresponding to the equivalent evaporation
and at the bottom locate the point corresponding to the heating
value of the coal. Follow the horizontal and vertical lines from
these two points until they cross, and note the diagonal line that is
nearest to the crossing point. The figures marked on the diagonal
line indicate the boiler efficiency.</p>
<p>Take the case just worked out, for example. The equivalent
evaporation is 7.5 pounds and the heating value of the fuel is 13,500
B. t. u. At the left of the chart locate the point 7.5 midway between
7 and 8 and at the bottom locate the point 13,500 midway between
13,000 and 14,000. Then follow the horizontal and vertical lines
from these two points until they cross, as indicated by the dotted
lines. The crossing point lies on the diagonal corresponding to 54,
and so the efficiency is 54 per cent.</p>
<h3>BOILER HORSEPOWER OR CAPACITY.</h3>
<p>The capacity of a boiler is usually stated in boiler horsepower. A
boiler horsepower means the evaporation of 34.5 pounds of water
per hour from and at 212° F. Therefore, to find the boiler horsepower
developed during a test, calculate the evaporation from and
at 212° F. per hour and divide it by 34.5.</p>
<p>Take the test previously mentioned, for example. The evaporation
from and at 212° F. or the equivalent evaporation, was 7.5
pounds of water per pound of coal. The weight of coal burned per
hour was 5,000 ÷ 10 = 500 pounds. Then the equivalent evaporation
was 7.5 × 500 = 3,750 pounds per hour. According to the foregoing
definition of a boiler horsepower, then—</p>
<div class="center">
<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0">
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;">Boiler horsepower = </td>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">3,750</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = 109.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">34.5</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12" href="#Page_12">[12]</a></span></p>
<p>The "rated horsepower" of a boiler, or the "builders' rating," is
the number of square feet of heating surface in the boiler divided
by a number. In the case of stationary boilers this number is 10
or 12, but 10 is very commonly taken as the amount of heating
surface per horsepower. Assuming this value and assuming further
that the boiler tested had 1,500 square feet of heating surface, its
rated horsepower would be 1,500 ÷ 10 = 150 boiler horsepower.</p>
<p>It is often desirable to know what per cent of the rated capacity
is developed in a test. This is found by dividing the horsepower
developed during the test by the builders' rating. In the case of
the boiler tested, 109 horsepower was developed. The percentage
of rated capacity developed, therefore, was 109 ÷ 150 = 0.73, or 73
per cent.</p>
<h3>HEATING SURFACE.</h3>
<p>The heating surface of a boiler is the surface of metal exposed to
the fire or hot gases on one side and to water on the other side.
Thus, the internal surface of the tubes of a fire-tube boiler is the
heating surface of the tubes, but the outside surface of the tubes of
a water-tube boiler is the heating surface of those tubes. In addition
to the tubes, all other surfaces which have hot gases on one side
and water on the other must be taken into account. For instance,
in a fire-tube boiler from one-half to two-thirds of the shell (depending
on how the boiler is set) acts as heating surface. In addition to
this, the surface presented by both heads, below the water level, has
to be computed. The heating surface of each head is equal to two-thirds
its area minus the total area of the holes cut away to receive
the tubes.</p>
<h3>COST OF EVAPORATION.</h3>
<p>The cost of evaporation is usually stated as the cost of fuel required
to evaporate 1,000 pounds of water from and at 212° F. To find it,
multiply the price of coal per ton by 1,000 and divide the result by
the product of the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal and the
number of pounds in a ton.</p>
<p>Suppose that the cost of the coal used in the foregoing test was
$3.60 per ton of 2,000 pounds. The equivalent evaporation per
pound of coal was 7.5 pounds. Therefore the cost of evaporating
1,000 pounds of water from 180° F. to steam at 100-pound gage, is—</p>
<div class="center">
<table summary="formula" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="0">
<tr>
<td style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; text-align: center;">$3.60 × 1,000</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle;"> = $0.24, or 24 cents.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align: center">7.5 × 2,000</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13" href="#Page_13">[13]</a></span></p>
<h3>TABLE OF TEST RESULTS.</h3>
<p>After the test has been made and properly worked up, as heretofore
described, collect all the results of the test on one sheet, so
that they can be kept in convenient form for reference and for comparison
with later tests. A brief form of arranging the results is as
follows:</p>
<div class='center'>
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="test results">
<tr>
<td align='left'>1. Date of test...............................................................................</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'> May 20, 1918</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>2. Duration of test..........................................................................</td>
<td align='right'>hours</td>
<td align='right'>10</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>3. Weight of coal used...................................................................</td>
<td align='right'>pounds</td>
<td align='right'>5,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>4. Weight of water fed and evaporated...........................................</td>
<td align='right'>do.</td>
<td align='right'>35,000</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>5. Average steam pressure, gauge...................................................</td>
<td align='right'>do.</td>
<td align='right'>100</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>6. Average feed-water temperature.................................................</td>
<td align='right'>°F.</td>
<td align='right'>180</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>7. Factor of evaporation.................................................................</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'>1.0727</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>8. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F..................................</td>
<td align='right'>pounds</td>
<td align='right'>37,545</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3">EFFICIENCY.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>9. Efficiency of boiler and furnace...................................................</td>
<td align='right'>per cent</td>
<td align='right'>54</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3">CAPACITY.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>10. Boiler horsepower developed...................................................</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'>109</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>11. Builders' rated horsepower.......................................................</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'>150</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>12. Percentage of rated horsepower developed...............................</td>
<td align='right'>per cent</td>
<td align='right'>73</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="center" colspan="3">ECONOMIC RESULTS.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>13. Actual evaporation per pound of coal........................................</td>
<td align='right'>pounds</td>
<td align='right'>7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>14. Equivalent evaporation from and at 212° F................................</td>
<td align='right'>pounds</td>
<td align='right'>7.5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"> per pound of coal as fired,</td>
<td align="right"></td>
<td align="right"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>15. Cost of coal per ton (2,000 pounds).........................................</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'>$3.60</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left'>16. Cost of coal to evaporate 1,000 pounds from and at 212° F.....</td>
<td align='right'></td>
<td align='right'>$0.24</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<h3>HOW TO USE THE TEST RESULTS.</h3>
<p>The object of working up a test is to obtain a clear idea as to the
efficiency of operation of the boiler or its operating cost. Consequently,
after the calculations have been made, they should be
used as a basis for study with the idea of improving the boiler performance.</p>
<p>Take the matter of boiler efficiency, for example, as found from
the test mentioned. Its value was 54 per cent. This is altogether
too low and indicates wasteful operation. The efficiency of a hand-fired
boiler ought not to be less than 65 per cent, and it can be increased
to 70 per cent by careful management under good conditions.</p>
<p>The chart in figure 3 can be used to indicate the evaporation that
should be obtained in order to reach a desired efficiency. Suppose,
for example, that it is desired to know how much water per pound
of coal must be evaporated to produce a boiler efficiency of 65 per
cent with coal having a heating value of 13,500 B. t. u. per pound.</p>
<p>Locate 13,500 at the bottom of the chart, follow the vertical line
until it meets the diagonal marked 65 per cent, and then from this
point follow the horizontal line to the left-hand edge, where the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14" href="#Page_14">[14]</a></span>
figure 9 is found. This means that the equivalent evaporation
from and by 212° F. per pound of coal must be 9 pounds of water.
If the steam pressure is 100 pounds gauge, and the feed-water temperature
is 180° F. the factor of evaporation is 1.0727, then the
actual evaporation must be 9 ÷ 1.0727 = 8.36 pounds per pound of
coal. In other words, to increase the efficiency from 54 per cent to
65 per cent under the same conditions of pressure and feed-water
temperature, it would be necessary to increase the actual evaporation
from 7 pounds to 8.36 pounds. This would mean practically
20 per cent more steam from the same weight of coal used.</p>
<div class="figcenter" style="width: 548px;"><a name="FIG3" id="FIG3"></a>
<img src="images/fig03.jpg" width="548" height="609" alt="Heating Value of Coal, in B. t. u. Per Pound; Fig. 3." title="Figure 3. " />
</div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15" href="#Page_15">[15]</a></span></p>
<p>How to do this will require some study and experimenting on the
part of the fireman or engineer. The three most common reasons
for low-boiler efficiency are (1) excess air, (2) dirty heating surfaces,
and (3) loss of coal through the grates. <i>The first of these items is
the most important of the three.</i> In most cases the greatest preventable
waste of coal in a boiler plant is directly due to excess air.
Excess air simply means the amount of air which gets into
the furnace and boiler which is not needed for completing the combustion
of the coal. Very often twice as much air is admitted to the
boiler setting as is required. This extra or excess air is heated and
carries heat out through the chimney instead of heating the water
in the boiler to make steam. There are two ways in which this
excess air gets into the furnace and boiler setting. First, by a
combination of bad regulation of drafts and firing. The chances
are your uptake damper is too wide open. Try closing it a little.
Then, there may be holes in the fire. Keep these covered. The
second way excess air occurs is by leakage through the boiler setting,
through cracks in the brickwork, leaks around the frames and edges
of cleaning doors, and holes around the blow-off pipes. There are
also other places where such air can leak in.</p>
<p>Take a torch or candle and go over the entire surface of your
boiler setting—front, back, sides, and top. Where the flame of the
torch is drawn inward there is an air leak. Plaster up all air leaks
and repair the brickwork around door frames where necessary.
You should go over your boiler for air leaks once a month.</p>
<p>In regard to best methods of firing soft coal, see <a href="#p80">Technical Paper
No. 80</a> of the Bureau of Mines, which may be obtained from your
State Fuel Administrator.</p>
<p>Dirty heating surfaces cause low efficiency because they prevent
the heat in the hot gases from getting through into the water. Therefore,
keep the shell and tubes free of soot on one side and scale on the
other. Soot may be removed by the daily use of blowers, scrapers,
and cleaners. The problem of scale and pure feed water is a big one
and should be taken up with proper authorities on the subject.</p>
<p>There are many things that may be done to increase the efficiency
of the boiler and to save coal. For convenience a number of these
points are grouped in the following list:</p>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16" href="#Page_16">[16]</a></span></p>
<div class='center'>
<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="">
<col style="width:50%;" />
<col style="width:50%;" />
<tr>
<td align='center' style="border-right: 1pt black solid"><b>WHAT TO DO.</b></td>
<td align='center' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"><b>WHY.</b></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">1. Close up all leaks in the boiler setting.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent waste of heat due to excess air admitted.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">2. Keep shell and tubes free from soot and scale.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To allow the heat to pass easily into the water.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">3. Use grates suited to the fuel to be burned.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent loss of unburnt coal through air spaces.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">4. Fire often, and little at a time.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To obtain uniform conditions and better combustion.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">5. Cover all thin spots and keep fire bed level.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent burning holes in bed and admitting excess air.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">6. Do not allow clinkers to form on side or bridge walls.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because they reduce the effective area of the grate.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">7. Keep the ash pit free from ashes and hot clinkers.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent warping and burning out of the grates.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">8. Do not stir the fire except when necessary.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because stirring causes clinker and is likely to waste coal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">9. Use damper and not ash-pit doors to control draft.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because less excess air is admitted by so doing.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">10. See that steam pipes and valves are tight.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because steam leaks waste heat and therefore coal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">11. Keep blow-off valves tight.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> Because leaks of hot water waste coal.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='left' style="border-right: 1pt black solid">12. Cover steam pipes and the tops of boilers.</td>
<td align='left' style="border-left: 1pt black solid"> To prevent radiation and loss of heat.</td>
</tr>
</table></div>
<p>Make a boiler test under the conditions of operation as they now
exist in your plant. Then make all possible improvements as suggested
in this bulletin, make another test afterwards and note the
increase in the equivalent evaporation per pound of coal used.</p>
<p>Remember that the <i>firing line</i> in the boiler room can be just as
patriotic and helpful as the <i>firing line</i> at the front.</p>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17" href="#Page_17">[17]</a></span></p>
<h3><i>Table of factors of evaporation.</i></h3>
<div class='center'>
<table style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-top: 1pt black solid" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="evaporation factors">
<tr><td align='center'>Feed<br /> temperature,</td><td align='center' colspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.</td></tr>
<tr><td align='center' class="bb">°F.</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 30</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 50</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 70</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 80</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 90</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 100</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 110</td><td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 120</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>32.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2073</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2144</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2195</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2216</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2234</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2251</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2266</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2279</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>35.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2042</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2113</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2164</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2184</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2203</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2219</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2235</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2248</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>38.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2011</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2082</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2133</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2153</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2172</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2188</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2204</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2217</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>41.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1980</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2051</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2102</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2122</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2141</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2157</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2173</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2186</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>44.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1949</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2020</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2071</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2091</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2110</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2126</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2142</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2155</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>47.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1918</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1989</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2040</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2060</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2079</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2095</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2111</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2124</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>50.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1887</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1958</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2009</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2029</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2048</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2064</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2080</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2093</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>53.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1856</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1927</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1978</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1998</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2017</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2033</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2049</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2062</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>56.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1896</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1947</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1967</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1986</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2018</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2031</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>59.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1794</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1865</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1916</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1937</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1955</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1972</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1987</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2000</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>62.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1835</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1885</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1906</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1924</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1941</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1956</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1970</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>65.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1804</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1854</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1875</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1893</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1910</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1925</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1939</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>68.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1702</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1773</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1823</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1844</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1862</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1879</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1894</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1908</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>71.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1742</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1792</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1813</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1832</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1848</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1864</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1877</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>74.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1640</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1711</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1762</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1782</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1801</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1833</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1846</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>77.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1680</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1731</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1751</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1770</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1802</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1815</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>80.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1578</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1700</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1721</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1739</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1756</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1771</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1785</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>83.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1548</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1619</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1669</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1690</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1708</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1725</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1740</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1754</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>86.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1518</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1638</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1659</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1678</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1694</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1710</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1723</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>89.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1486</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1557</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1608</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1628</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1647</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1663</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1679</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1692</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>92.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1577</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1597</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1616</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1648</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1661</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>95.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1424</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1495</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1546</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1566</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1585</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1602</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1617</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1630</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>98.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1465</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1536</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1554</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1571</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1586</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1600</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>101.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1363</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1434</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1484</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1505</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1523</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1540</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1555</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1569</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>104.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1332</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1403</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1453</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1474</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1492</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1509</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1525</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1538</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>107.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1372</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1443</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1462</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1494</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1507</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>110.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1270</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1341</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1392</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1412</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1431</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1447</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1463</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1476</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>113.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1310</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1360</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1382</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1400</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1417</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1432</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1445</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>116.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1209</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1280</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1330</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1351</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1369</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1386</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1401</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1415</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>119.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1178</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1249</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1299</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1320</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1339</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1355</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1370</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1384</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>122.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1147</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1269</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1289</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1308</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1324</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1340</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1353</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>125.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1116</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1187</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1238</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1258</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1277</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1293</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1309</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1322</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>128.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1156</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1207</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1227</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1246</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1278</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1291</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>131.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1125</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1176</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1197</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1215</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1232</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1247</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1260</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>134.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1095</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1145</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1166</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1184</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1201</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1216</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1230</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>137.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0993</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1064</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1114</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1135</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1153</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1170</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1185</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1199</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>140.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0962</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1033</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1083</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1104</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1123</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1139</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1154</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1168</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>143.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0931</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1052</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1073</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1092</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1108</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1124</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1137</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>146.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0900</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0971</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1022</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1042</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1061</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1077</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1093</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1106</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>149.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0869</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0940</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0991</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1011</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1030</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1046</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1062</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1075</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>152.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0838</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0960</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0980</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0999</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1015</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1031</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1044</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>155.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0807</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0878</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0929</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0950</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0968</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0985</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1000</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1013</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>158.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0776</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0898</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0919</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0937</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0954</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0969</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0982</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>161.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0745</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0867</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0888</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0906</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0923</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0938</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0952</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>164.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0836</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0857</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0875</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0892</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0907</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0921</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>167.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0684</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0755</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0805</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0826</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0844</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0861</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0876</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0890</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>170.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0724</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0774</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0795</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0813</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0845</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0859</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>172.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0703</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0754</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0774</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0793</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0838</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>174.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0611</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0683</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0754</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0772</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0804</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0817</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>176.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0591</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0662</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0712</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0733</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0752</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0783</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0797</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>178.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0641</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0692</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0712</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0731</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0776</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>180.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0549</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0621</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0692</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0710</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0742</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0756</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>182.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0529</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0600</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0690</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0721</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0735</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>184.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0579</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0630</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0650</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0669</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0701</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0714</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>186.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0488</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0559</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0630</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0648</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0680</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0694</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>188.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0467</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0538</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0628</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0660</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0673</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>190.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0446</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0517</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0568</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0588</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0607</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0639</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0652</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>192.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0425</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0497</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0568</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0586</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0603</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0618</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>194.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0405</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0476</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0566</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0597</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0611</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>196.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0384</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0506</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0526</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0545</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0577</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0590</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>198.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0363</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0435</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0485</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0506</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0524</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0541</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0556</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>200.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0343</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0414</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0464</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0485</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0504</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0535</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0549</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>202.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0322</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0444</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0464</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0483</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0528</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>204.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0372</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0444</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0462</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0479</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0494</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0507</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>206.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0281</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0352</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0402</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0423</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0441</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0473</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0487</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>208.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0260</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0331</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0381</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0402</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0421</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0453</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0466</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>210.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0310</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0361</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0381</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0400</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0416</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0432</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0445</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>212.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0290</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0340</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0361</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0379</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0396</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0411</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0425</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18" href="#Page_18">[18]</a></span></p>
<h3><i>Table of factors of evaporation</i>—Concluded.</h3>
<div class='center'>
<table style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-top: 1pt black solid" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="evaporation factors cont">
<tr>
<td align='center'>Feed<br /> temperature,</td>
<td align='center' colspan="8" style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> Steam pressure in pounds per square inch, gauge.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align='center' class="bb">°F.</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 130</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 140</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 150</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 160</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 170</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 180</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 190</td>
<td align='center' style="border-bottom: 1pt black solid; border-left: 1pt black solid"> 200</td>
</tr>
<tr><td align='right'>32.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2292</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2304</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2315</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2324</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2333</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2342</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2351</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2358</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>35.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2261</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2273</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2283</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2293</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2302</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2311</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2320</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2327</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>38.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2230</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2242</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2252</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2271</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2280</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2288</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2296</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>41.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2199</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2211</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2221</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2231</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2240</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2249</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2257</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2265</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>44.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2168</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2180</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2190</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2200</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2209</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2218</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2226</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2234</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>47.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2137</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2149</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2159</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2168</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2178</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2187</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2195</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2202</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>50.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2106</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2118</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2128</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2137</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2147</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2156</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2164</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2171</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>53.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2075</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2087</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2097</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2107</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2116</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2125</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2133</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2141</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>56.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2044</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2056</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2066</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2076</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2094</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2102</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2110</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>59.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2013</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2025</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2035</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2045</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2063</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2072</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2079</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>62.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1982</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1994</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2005</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2014</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2032</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2041</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2048</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>65.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1951</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1963</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1974</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1983</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1992</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2002</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2010</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.2017</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>68.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1920</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1933</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1943</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1952</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1961</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1971</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1979</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1986</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>71.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1889</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1902</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1912</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1921</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1931</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1940</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1948</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1955</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>74.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1859</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1881</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1890</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1900</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1917</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1924</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>77.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1828</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1840</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1860</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1869</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1878</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1886</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1894</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>80.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1797</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1820</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1829</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1838</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1856</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1863</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>83.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1766</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1778</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1798</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1807</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1817</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1825</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1832</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>86.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1735</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1748</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1758</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1767</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1776</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1786</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1794</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1801</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>89.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1704</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1717</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1736</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1746</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1755</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1763</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1770</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>92.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1674</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1686</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1696</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1705</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1724</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1732</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1739</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>95.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1643</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1655</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1675</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1684</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1693</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1701</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1709</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>98.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1612</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1624</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1635</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1662</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1671</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1678</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>101.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1581</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1593</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1604</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1613</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1622</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1640</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1647</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>104.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1550</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1563</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1573</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1592</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1601</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1609</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1616</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>107.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1519</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1532</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1542</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1551</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1578</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1585</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>110.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1489</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1501</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1511</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1521</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1530</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1539</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1547</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1555</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>113.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1470</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1481</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1490</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1515</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1524</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>116.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1427</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1439</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1450</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1459</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1468</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1486</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1493</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>119.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1396</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1409</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1419</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1428</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1447</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1455</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1462</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>122.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1365</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1378</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1388</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1397</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1407</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1416</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1424</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1431</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>125.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1335</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1347</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1357</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1366</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1376</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1385</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1393</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1400</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>128.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1304</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1316</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1326</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1336</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1345</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1354</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1362</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1370</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>131.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1273</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1285</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1295</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1305</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1314</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1323</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1332</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1339</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>134.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1242</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1254</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1265</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1274</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1283</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1292</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1301</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1308</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>137.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1211</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1224</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1234</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1243</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1252</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1262</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1270</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1277</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>140.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1180</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1193</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1203</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1212</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1221</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1231</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1239</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1246</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>143.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1149</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1162</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1172</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1181</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1191</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1200</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1208</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1215</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>146.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1119</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1131</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1141</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1150</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1160</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1169</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1177</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1184</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>149.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1088</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1100</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1110</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1120</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1129</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1138</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1146</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1154</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>152.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1057</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1069</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1079</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1089</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1098</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1107</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1115</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1123</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>155.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1026</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1038</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1048</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1058</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1067</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1076</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1085</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1092</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>158.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0995</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1007</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1018</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1027</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1036</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1045</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1054</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1061</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>161.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0964</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0976</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0987</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0996</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1005</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1014</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1023</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.1030</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>164.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0933</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0945</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0956</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0965</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0974</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0984</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0992</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0999</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>167.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0902</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0914</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0925</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0934</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0943</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0953</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0961</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0968</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>170.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0883</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0894</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0903</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0912</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0922</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0930</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0937</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>172.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0863</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0873</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0882</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0892</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0901</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0909</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0916</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>174.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0842</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0853</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0862</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0871</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0880</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0889</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0896</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>176.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0822</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0832</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0841</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0850</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0860</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0868</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0875</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>178.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0789</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0801</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0811</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0820</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0830</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0839</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0847</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0854</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>180.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0780</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0791</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0800</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0809</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0818</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0827</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0834</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>182.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0760</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0770</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0779</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0788</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0798</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0806</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0813</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>184.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0739</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0749</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0759</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0768</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0777</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0785</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0793</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>186.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0718</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0729</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0738</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0747</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0756</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0765</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0772</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>188.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0698</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0708</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0717</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0727</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0736</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0744</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0751</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>190.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0665</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0677</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0687</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0697</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0706</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0715</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0723</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0731</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>192.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0656</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0667</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0676</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0685</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0694</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0703</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0710</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>194.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0636</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0646</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0655</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0664</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0674</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0682</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0689</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>196.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0603</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0615</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0625</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0635</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0644</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0653</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0661</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0669</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>198.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0594</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0605</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0614</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0623</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0632</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0641</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0648</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>200.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0574</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0584</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0593</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0602</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0612</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0620</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0627</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>202.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0541</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0553</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0563</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0572</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0582</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0591</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0599</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0606</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>204.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0532</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0542</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0552</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0561</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0570</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0579</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0586</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>206.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0511</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0522</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0531</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0540</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0550</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0558</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0565</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>208.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0491</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0501</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0510</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0520</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0529</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0537</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0544</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>210.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0458</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0470</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0480</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0490</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0499</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0508</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0516</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0524</td></tr>
<tr><td align='right'>212.......</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0437</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0449</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0460</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0469</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0478</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0487</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0496</td><td align='center' class="bl"> 1.0503</td></tr>
</table></div>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19" href="#Page_19">[19]</a></span></p>
<h3>PUBLICATIONS ON THE UTILIZATION OF COAL AND LIGNITE.</h3>
<p>A limited supply of the following publications of the Bureau of
Mines has been printed and is available for free distribution until
the edition is exhausted. Requests for all publications can not be
granted, and to insure equitable distribution applicants are requested
to limit their selection to publications that may be of especial
interest to them. Requests for publications should be addressed to
the Director, Bureau of Mines.</p>
<p>The Bureau of Mines issues a list showing all its publications
available for free distribution, as well as those obtainable only from
the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, on
payment of the price of printing. Interested persons should apply
to the Director, Bureau of Mines, for a copy of the latest list.</p>
<h3>PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION.</h3>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 58. Fuel briquetting investigations, July, 1904, to July, 1912, by C. A.
Wright. 1913. 277 pp., 21 pls., 3 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 76. United States coals available for export trade, by Van. H. Manning.
1914. 15 pp., 1 pl.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 85. Analyses of mine and car samples of coal collected in the fiscal
years 1911 to 1913, by A. C. Fieldner, H. I. Smith, A. H. Fay, and Samuel Sanford.
1914. 444 pp., 2 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 89. Economic methods of utilizing western lignites, by E. J. Babcock.
1915. 74 pp., 5 pls., 5 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 119. Analyses of coals purchased by the Government during the fiscal
years 1908-1915, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 118 pp.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 135. Combustion of coal and design of furnaces, by Henry Kreisinger,
C. E. Augustine, and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 144 pp., 1 pl., 45 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 136. Deterioration in the heating value of coal during storage, by H. C.
Porter and F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 38 pp., 7 pls.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 138. Coking of Illinois coals, by F. K. Ovitz. 1917. 71 pp., 11 pls.
1 fig.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 34. Experiments with furnaces for a hand-fired return tubular
boiler, by S. B. Flagg, G. C. Cook, and F. E. Woodman. 1914. 32 pp., 1 pl., 4 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 50. Metallurgical coke, by A. W. Belden. 1913. 48 pp., 1 pl.,
23 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 76. Notes on the sampling and analysis of coal, by A. C.
Fieldner. 1914. 59 pp., 6 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> <a name="p80" id="p80"></a>80. Hand-firing soft coal under power-plant boilers, by Henry
Kreisinger. 1915. 83 pp., 32 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 97. Saving fuel in heating a house, by L. P. Breckenridge and
S. B. Flagg. 1915. 35 pp., 3 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 98. Effect of low-temperature oxidation on the hydrogen in
coal and the change of weight of coal in drying, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter.
1917. 16 pp., 2 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 123. Notes on the uses of low-grade fuel in Europe, by R. H.
Fernald. 1915. 37 pp., 4 pls., 4 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> <a name="p133" id="p133"></a>133. Directions for sampling coal for shipment or delivery, by
G. S. Pope. 1917. 15 pp., 1 pl.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 137. Combustion in the fuel bed of hand-fired furnaces, by
Henry Kreisinger, F. K. Ovitz, and C. E. Augustine. 1916. 76 pp., 2 pls., 21 figs.
15 cents.</span></p>
<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20" href="#Page_20">[20]</a></span><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 148. The determination of moisture in coke, by A. C. Fieldner
and W. A. Selvig. 1917. 13 pp.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 170. The diffusion of oxygen through stored coal, by S. H.
Katz. 1917. 49 pp., 1 pl., 27 figs.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 172. Effects of moisture on the spontaneous heating of stored
coal, by S. H. Katz and H. C. Porter. 1917. 25 pp., 1 pl., 8 figs.</span></p>
<h3>PUBLICATIONS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED ONLY THROUGH THE SUPERINTENDENT
OF DOCUMENTS.</h3>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 8. The flow of heat through furnace walls, by W. T. Ray and Henry
Kreisinger. 1911. 32 pp., 19 figs. 5 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 11. The purchase of coal by the Government under specifications,
with analyses of coal delivered for the fiscal year 1908-9, by G. S. Pope. 1910. 80 pp.
10 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 13. Résumé of producer-gas investigations, October 1, 1904, to June 30,
1910, by R. H. Fernald and C. D. Smith. 1911. 393 pp., 12 pls., 250 figs. 65 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 14. Briquetting tests of lignite at Pittsburgh, Pa., 1908-9, with a chapter
on sulphite-pitch binder, by C. L. Wright. 1911. 64 pp., 11 pls., 4 figs. 15 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 18. The transmission of heat into steam boilers, by Henry Kreisinger
and W. T. Ray. 1912. 180 pp., 78 figs. 20 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 21. The significance of drafts in steam-boiler practice, by W. T. Ray
and Henry Kreisinger. 64 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> <a name="p22" id="p22"></a>22. Analyses of coals in the United States, with descriptions of mine
and field samples collected between July 1, 1904, and June 30, 1910, by N. W. Lord,
with chapters by J. A. Holmes, F. M. Stanton, A. C. Fieldner, and Samuel Sanford.
1912. Part I, Analyses, pp. 1-321; Part II, Descriptions of samples, pp. 321-1129.
85 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 23. Steaming tests of coals and related investigations, September 1,
1904, to December 31, 1908, by L. P. Breckenridge, Henry Kreisinger, and W. T.
Ray. 1912. 380 pp., 2 pls., 94 figs. 50 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 27. Tests of coal and briquets as fuel for house-heating boilers, by D. T.
Randall. 44 pp., 3 pls., 2 figs. 10 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 37. Comparative tests of run-of-mine and briquetted coal on locomotives,
including torpedo-boat tests, and some foreign specifications for briquetted
fuel, by W. F. M. Goss. 1911. 58 pp., 4 pls., 35 figs. 15 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 40. The smokeless combustion of coal in boiler furnaces, with a chapter
on central heating plants, by D. T. Randall and H. W. Weeks. 1912. 188 pp.,
40 figs. 20 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 41. Government coal purchases under specifications, with analyses,
for the fiscal year 1909-10 by G. S. Pope, with a chapter on the fuel-inspection laboratory
of the Bureau of Mines, by J. D. Davis. 1912. 97 pp., 3 pls., 9 figs. 15 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 109. Operating details of gas producers, by R. H. Fernald. 1916.
74 pp. 10 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Bulletin</span> 116. Methods of sampling delivered coal, and specifications for the
purchase of coal for the Government, by G. S. Pope. 1916. 64 pp., 5 pls., 2 figs.
15 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 20. The slagging type of gas producer, with a brief report of
preliminary tests, by C. D. Smith. 1912. 14 pp., 1 pl. 5 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 63. Factors governing the combustion of coal in boiler furnaces;
a preliminary report, by J. K. Clement, J. C. W. Frazer, and C. E. Augustine.
1914. 46 pp., 26 figs. 10 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 65. A study of the oxidation of coal, by H. C. Porter. 1914.
30 pp., 12 figs. 5 cents.</span></p>
<p><span style="margin-left: 1em;"><span class="smcap">Technical Paper</span> 114. Heat transmission through boiler tubes, by Henry Kreisinger
and F. K. Ovitz. 1915. 36 pp., 23 figs. 10 cents.</span></p>
<p><br /><br /></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" summary="Transcriber's Notes">
<tr><td><b><a name="TN" id="TN"></a>TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES</b>
<p>Added table of contents to HTML version.</p>
<p>Page 5: Added period to the sentence: "If the coal used in the test is to be analyzed, take a sample of
from 4 to 6 pounds from each barrow and throw it into a box near
the scales.".</p>
<p>Page 11: Changed typo "calcuate" to "calculate."</p>
<p>Page 18: Changed typo "1.1854" to "1.0854", see intersecting columns 184° F and 200 psi.</p>
<p>Page 19: Changed typo "Samuel Sandford" to "Samuel Sanford."</p>
</td></tr></table>
<pre>
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Engineering Bulletin No 1: Boiler and
Furnace Testing, by Rufus T. Strohm
*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ENGINEERING BULLETIN NO 1: ***
***** This file should be named 20146-h.htm or 20146-h.zip *****
This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/1/4/20146/
Produced by Suzan Flanagan, Jason Isbell and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions
will be renamed.
Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no
one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation
(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without
permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules,
set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to
copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to
protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project
Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you
charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you
do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the
rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose
such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and
research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do
practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is
subject to the trademark license, especially commercial
redistribution.
*** START: FULL LICENSE ***
THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project
Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at
http://gutenberg.org/license).
Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy
all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession.
If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the
terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or
entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement
and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation"
or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the
collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an
individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are
located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from
copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative
works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg
are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project
Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by
freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with
the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by
keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project
Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in
a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check
the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement
before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or
creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project
Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning
the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United
States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate
access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently
whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the
phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project
Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed,
copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived
from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is
posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied
and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees
or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work
with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the
work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1
through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the
Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or
1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional
terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked
to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the
permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg-tm License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any
word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or
distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than
"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version
posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org),
you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a
copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon
request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other
form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided
that
- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is
owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he
has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the
Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments
must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you
prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax
returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and
sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the
address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation."
- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg-tm works.
- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any
money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days
of receipt of the work.
- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm
electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael
Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the
Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm
collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain
"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or
corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual
property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a
computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by
your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with
your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with
the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a
refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity
providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to
receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy
is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further
opportunities to fix the problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS' WITH NO OTHER
WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO
WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by
the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.
1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance
with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production,
promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works,
harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees,
that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do
or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm
work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any
Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause.
Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers
including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists
because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from
people in all walks of life.
Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations.
To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4
and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org.
Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at
http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S.
Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered
throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at
809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email
business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact
information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official
page at http://pglaf.org
For additional contact information:
Dr. Gregory B. Newby
Chief Executive and Director
gbnewby@pglaf.org
Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation
Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
status with the IRS.
The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To
SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any
particular state visit http://pglaf.org
While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
approach us with offers to donate.
International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations.
To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate
Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic
works.
Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm
concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared
with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project
Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S.
unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily
keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.
Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility:
http://www.gutenberg.org
This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
</pre>
</body>
</html>
|
