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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly Magazine - Volume
+V - No II by Various
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2006 [Ebook #20102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
+
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+                     Of Literature, Art, and Science.
+
+
+Vol. V.
+NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 1, 1852.
+No. II.
+
+        [Illustration: THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.]
+
+                THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS’ TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+LORD MAHON’S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+LOVE SONG.
+AUTUMN LINES.
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+   III.
+   IV.
+   V.
+   VI.
+   VII.
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+AN OLD MAID’S FIRST LOVE.
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+MY NOVEL:
+   BOOK IX. - INITIAL CHAPTER.
+   CHAPTER II.
+   CHAPTER III.
+   CHAPTER IV.
+   CHAPTER V.
+   CHAPTER VI.
+   CHAPTER VII.
+   CHAPTER VIII.
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.
+Noctes Amicæ.
+Authors and Books
+THE FINE ARTS
+Historical Review of the Month
+Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.
+Recent Deaths.
+Ladies’ Fashions for February.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+On the preceding page is a portrait, and under the head of Recent Deaths,
+in another part of this magazine, is a sketch of the history of NICHOLAS
+JEAN-DE-DIEU SOULT, the last of the great Marshals created by the Emperor
+Napoleon. He was unquestionably possessed of extraordinary abilities,
+fitting him for eminence in many and diverse capacities, but it cannot be
+said that he was of the first rank of illustrious generals, as the world
+has been led to suppose, chiefly by the masterly but partial delineations
+of his career in the Peninsula by General Napier. He had a genius for war
+which qualified him for every position in connection with it but that of
+leader in the field. The subtle and irreversible decisions of Napoleon
+followed his astonishingly quick apprehensions of facts, as suddenly as
+the thunderbolt follows lightning; but Soult, profoundly familiar with all
+the arts of war, and surpassing any of the great commanders with whom he
+was associated except only his chief, in the wisdom of his judgments, was
+yet so slow in his intellectual operations, so destitute of the
+enthusiasm, passion, and fire, which in high circumstance give an almost
+miraculous activity to the minds of the first order of men, that he could
+never have entitled himself to all the precedences he has received in
+history. Napoleon understood him, and in a few pregnant words addressed to
+O’Meara, gave that measure of his character which will be adopted as the
+final opinion of the world. "He is," said Napoleon, "an excellent minister
+at war, or major-general of an army, one who knows much better how to
+manage an army than to command in chief."
+
+The course of Soult as a citizen, a legislator, and a minister, was not
+one upon which his best biographers will linger with much satisfaction.
+The glory he had achieved as one of the lieutenants of Napoleon, in that
+turbulent and grand career which has no parallel for interest or
+importance in human history, was his only claim to distinction in
+politics. His master had an ambition as fair in its proportions as it was
+vast in its extent, and brought to every purpose the same forces of
+character and preternatural energy of intelligence; but Soult had no love
+for civil duties, but little capacity for them, and he accepted place as a
+gratification of vanity or a means of success in mercenary aims. We see in
+all his private and political life "the soilure of his revolutionary
+origin,"—proofs that he loved money and power far more than he loved
+honor, and himself far more than his country or mankind.
+
+The last of the imperial marshals, the last of that gigantic race who
+filled the world with a red glory like the gloom which will precede the
+judgment, closed his stormy life peacefully in the place where he was
+born, and thence was borne to the Invalides, to "sleep well" with his old
+companions."
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+
+
+We have in the last _Art Journal_ another of the pleasant gossipping
+_Pilgrimages to English Shrines_, by Mrs. S. C. HALL, and the following
+abridgement of it will please all who have perused the previous papers of
+the series. In Chertsey and its neighborhood are memorials of some of the
+noblest men of England.
+
+                     [Illustration: ABRAHAM COWLEY.]
+
+                             ABRAHAM COWLEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+
+
+The county of Surrey is rich to overflowing in memories, both of persons
+and events, and the little quaint and quiet town of Chertsey could tell of
+the gorgeous and gloomy past as much as many of its ancient neighbors
+within a day’s drive of the city. Had its old abbey stones but tongues,
+how they could discourse of years when a visit to Chertsey was an
+undertaking; though now the distance is but half an hour.
+
+Nowhere within twenty miles of London does the Thames appear more queenly,
+or sweep with greater grace through its fertile dominions, than it does at
+Chertsey. It is, indeed, delightful to stand on the bridge in the glowing
+sunset of a summer evening, and turning from the refreshing green of the
+Shepperton Range, look into the deep clear blue of the flowing river,
+while the murmur of the waters rushing through Laleham Lock give a sort of
+spirit music to the scene. On the right, as you leave Chertsey, the river
+bends gracefully towards the double bridge of Walton, and to the left, it
+undulates smoothly along, having passed Runnymede and Staines, while the
+almost conical hill of St. Anne’s attracts attention by its abrupt and
+singular form when viewed from the vale of the Thames.
+
+About a mile, on the Walton side, from our favorite bridge (Old Camden
+tells us so), is the spot where Cæsar crossed the Thames. Were the
+peasantry as imaginative as their brethren of Killarney, what legends
+would have grown out of this tradition; how often would the "noblest Roman
+of them all" have been seen by the pale moonlight leading his steed over
+the waters of the rapid river—how many would have heard Cassivelaunus
+himself during the stillness of some particular Midsummer night working at
+the rude defence which can still be traced beneath the blue waters of the
+Thames. What hosts of pale and ghastly spectres would have risen from
+those tranquil banks, and from the deepest hollows of the rushing current,
+and—like the Huns, who almost live on the inspired canvas of
+Kaulbach,—fought their last earthly battle, again and again, in the spirit
+world, amid the stars! But ours is no region of romance; even remnants of
+history, which go beyond the commonest capacity, are rejected as dreams,
+or put aside as legends. But history has enough to tell to interest us
+all; and we may be satisfied with the abundant enjoyment we have in
+delicious rambles through the lanes and up the hills, along the fair
+river’s banks, and among the many traditional ruins of ancient and
+beautiful Surrey.
+
+Never was desolation more complete than in the ruin of the Mitred Abbey of
+Chertsey; hardly one stone remains above another to tell where this
+stately edifice—since the far-away year 664—grew and flourished, lording
+it with imperial sway over, not only the surrounding villages, but
+extending its paternal wings into Middlesex and even as far as London. The
+abbey was of the Benedictine order, and founded, almost as soon as the
+Saxons were converted from Paganism; but it was finished and chiefly
+endowed by Frithwald, Earl of Surrey. The endowment prospered rarely; the
+establishment increased in the reputation of wealth and sanctity; that it
+was "thickly populated" is certain, for when the abbey was sacked and
+burnt by the Danes, in the ninth century, the abbot, and ninety monks,
+were barbarously murdered by the invaders.
+
+Standing upon the site of their now obliterated cloisters and towers,
+their aisles and dormitories, cells and confessionals, seeing nothing but
+the dank, damp grass, and the tracings of the fish-ponds—stagnant pools in
+our day—it is almost impossible to realize the onslaught of these wild
+barbarians panting for plunder, the earnest defence of men who fought (the
+monks of old could wield either sword or crosier) for life or death, the
+terrible destruction, the treasures and relics, and painted glass, and
+monuments, the plunder of the secret almerys, the intoxicated triumph of
+those rude northern hordes let loose in our fair and lovely island; what
+scenes of savagery, where now the jackdaw builds, and the blackbird
+whistles, and the wild water-rat plays with her brood amongst the tangled
+weeds!
+
+The fierce sea-kings being driven back to their frozen land, King Edgar,
+willing to serve God after the fashion of his times, refounded the Abbey
+of Chertsey, dedicating it to St. Peter, and vying with Pope Alexander in
+augmenting its privileges and its wealth.
+
+Some of the abbots took great interest in home improvements, planting
+woods, conducting streams, enlarging ponds—building, now a mill, now a
+dove-cot, according to the wants of the abbey or their own fancies. Henry
+I. granted them permission to keep dogs, that, according to the old
+chronicle, they might take "hare, fox, and cats." King John, in the first
+year of his reign, gave them ample confirmation of all their privileges,
+which, it would seem, they had somewhat abused, for we find that the
+sovereign seized their manors of Egham and "Torp" (Thorp) on account of a
+servant of the abbot’s having killed "Hagh de Torp." Oh, rare "old times!"
+The abbot was mulcted in a heavy fine. Then, while Bartholomew de
+Winchester was abbot, from 1272 until 1307, during the reign of our first
+Edward, complaints were made to Pope Gregory X. that the possessions of
+the abbey were alienated to civilians and laymen, whereupon the pope
+issued a bull ordering such grants to be revoked.
+
+It is worthy of note, that the Chertsey monastery sheltered, for a time,
+the remains of the pious, but unfortunate, Henry VI.
+
+  "Poor key-cold figure of a Holy King,
+  Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster."
+
+And the reader of Shakespeare will recall the scene in which Richard meets
+the Lady Anne on her way to Chertsey with her husband’s body. This poor
+king’s remains had a claim to be well received by the monks of Chertsey
+Abbey, for he had granted to the abbot the privilege of holding a fair on
+St. Anne’s-hill, then called Mount Eldebury, on the feast of St. Anne’s
+(the 26th of July): the fair has changed its time and quarters as well as
+its patron, and is held in the town on the 6th of August, and called Black
+Cherry Fair. Manning, in his history of Surrey, says, that the tolls of
+this fair were taken by the abbot, and are now taken by the owner of the
+site of the Abbey House; thus the memory of King Henry VI. is commemorated
+in the town of Chertsey to this day, by the sale of black cherries in the
+harvest month of August!
+
+                    [Illustration: "THE NUN’S WELL."]
+
+                            "THE NUN’S WELL."
+
+
+Centuries passed over those magnificent abbeys, whose ruins in many places
+add so much beauty to our fertile landscapes; they grew and grew, and
+added acre to acre, and stone to stone, and knowledge to knowledge; but
+most they cherished the knowledge which blazed like a lamp under a bushel,
+and kept all but themselves in darkness; they preached no freedom in
+Christ to the Christian world, they abolished no serfdom, they taught no
+liberty, they enslaved even those who in their turn enslaved their "born
+thralls," and saw no evil in it. Oh, rare old times! Better it is for us
+that the site of Chertsey Abbey should be scarcely traceable now-a-days
+than that it should be as it was, with its proud pageants and pent-up
+learning!—Yet we have neither sympathy no respect for that foul king, who,
+to serve his own carnal purposes, overthrew the very faith which had
+hallowed his throne. But he did not attack and storm the Abbey of
+Chertsey, as he did other religious houses. He came to them, this Eighth
+Harry, with a fair show of kindness, saying that "to the honor of God, and
+for the health of his soul, he proposed and most nobly intended to refound
+the late Monastery, Priory, or Abbey of Bisham in Berks, and to
+incorporate and establish the Abbot and Convent of Chertsey, as Abbot and
+Convent of Bisham, and to endow them with all the Manors late belonging to
+Bisham." How the then Abbot John Cordrey, and his brethren, must have
+shivered at the conditions; how they must have grieved at quitting their
+cherished home, their stews and fish-ponds, their rich meadows of Thorpe,
+overlooked by the woods of Eldebury hill, their nursing ground where their
+calves and young lambs were stowed in luxurious safety in the pleasant
+farm of Simple Marsh at Addlestone!
+
+But their star was setting, and they were forced to "give, sell, grant and
+confirm, to the king their house and all manors belonging to them."
+
+The total destruction of the Abbey must have amazed the whole country. An
+earthquake could hardly have obliterated it more entirely. Aubrey, writing
+in the year 1673, says "of this great Abbey, scarce any thing of the old
+building remains, except the out walls about it. Out of this ruin, is
+built a ’fair house,’ which is now in possession of Sir Nicholas Carew,
+master of the Buckhounds." Dr. Stukeley alludes to this house, in a letter
+written in 1752; he speaks of the inveterate destruction, and of "the
+gardener" carrying him through a "court" where he saw the remains of the
+church of the Abbey. He says the "east end reached up to an artificial
+mount along the garden wall; that mount and all the terraces of the
+pleasure garden, to the back front of the house, are entirely made up of
+the sacred _rudera_ or rubbish of continual devastations. Bones of abbots,
+monks, and great personages, who were buried in large numbers in the
+church and cloisters which lay on the south side of the church, were
+spread thick all over the garden, _so that one may pick up whole handsfull
+of them every where amongst the garden stuff_." Brayley mentions in his
+pleasant History of Surrey, that this artificial mount was levelled in
+1810, and its materials employed to fill up a pond. Many human skulls and
+bones were found intermixed with the chalk and mortar of which it had been
+formed. Fragments of old tiles were also frequently found, and are still
+sometimes turned up. No trace even of the "Abbey house" is left; it was
+purchased in 1809 by a stock-broker, who in the following year sold the
+materials—and so ends the great monastic history of Chertsey. Where are
+now its spiritualities in Surrey?—its temporalities in Berkshire and
+Hampshire?—its revenues of Stanwell, and rents of assize?—its
+spiritualities in Cardiganshire? Alas! they have left no sign, except on
+the yellow parchment—of rare value to the antiquary.
+
+Those who desire, like ourselves, to investigate what tradition has
+sanctified, will do well to turn down a lane beyond Chertsey Church, which
+leads directly to the Abbey bridge, and there, amid tangled hedge rows and
+orchards, stands the fragment of an arch, partly built up, and so to say,
+disfigured by brick-work, and an old wall, both evidently portions of the
+Abbey. In the wall are a great number of what the people call "_black
+stones_," a geological formation, making them seem fused by fire. Layers
+of tiles were also inserted in this wall, and where the cement has dropped
+away they can be distinctly traced; there is also an ivy, very aged
+indeed; it is so knotted and thick that it seems to grow through the
+stones, the soil has so evidently encroached on the wall that it is most
+probably rooted at the foundation. The pleasant market garden of Mr. Roake
+covers the actual ground on which the Abbey stood. The workmen frequently
+turn up broken tiles and human bones, and there is no doubt that by
+digging deeper much would be discovered that might elucidate the history
+of the past. At the farther end of the market garden a vault has been
+discovered which is of considerable length and breadth; but the water
+rises so high in it (except after a long continuance of dry weather has
+sealed the land springs) that it is impossible to get to the end without
+wading. An enormous quantity of richly-colored and decorated encaustic
+tiles have been found here; some are preserved in our local museum. But
+the most interesting remains in this place are the "stews," or fish-ponds,
+which run parallel to each other like the bars of a gridiron; these ponds
+do not communicate one with the other, nor has the water any outlet: a
+little care and attention might make them valuable for their old purposes;
+but they are deplorably neglected. Occasionally you see the fin of some
+huge fish, whose slow movement partakes of the character of the stagnant
+water he has inhabited for years;—who can tall how many?
+
+                   [Illustration: "THE GOLDEN GROVE."]
+
+                           "THE GOLDEN GROVE."
+
+
+"The Abbey River," as it is still called, travels slowly along its way,
+fertilizing the meadows and imparting life and freshness to the placid
+scene. The denizens of Chertsey have planted orchards, and in a few
+instances gardens on its banks. One, the garden of Mr. Herring, is a model
+of neatness, almost concealed by its roses and carefully tended shrubs. We
+wandered from orchard to orchard, amid the trees and over the uneven
+ground; all was so still and lonely that it required the suggestions of an
+active imagination to believe it had ever been the scene of contention by
+flood and field. From the Abbey Bridge the richness of the meadow scenery
+is exceedingly refreshing, the grass is deep and verdant, as it cannot
+fail to be, lying so low, and fertilized by perpetual moisture.
+
+During their wide-spreading magnificence, the abbots of Chertsey erected a
+picturesque chapel on the lovely hill of St. Anne: this was done somewhat
+about the year 1334. Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, granted an indulgence
+of forty days to such persons as should repair to, and contribute to the
+fabric and its ornaments.
+
+There is nowhere a more delightful road, than that which leads from the
+"Golden Grove," rendered picturesque by its old tree, the plantations of
+Monksgrove on one side, and those of the once residence of Charles James
+Fox on the other. The road is perfectly embowered, and so close is the
+foliage that you have no idea of the beautiful view which awaits you,
+until leaving the statesman’s house to the left, you pass through a sort
+of wicket gate on the right, and follow a foot-path to where two
+magnificent trees crown the hill; it is wisest to wait until passing along
+the level ridge you arrive at the "view point," and there, spread around
+you in such a panorama as England only can show, and show against the
+world for its extreme richness. On the left is Cooper’s Hill, which
+Denham, that high-priest of "Local poetry," long ago made famous; in the
+bend just where it meets the plain, you see the towers of Windsor Castle;
+there is Harrow Hill, the sun shining brightly on its tall church; a deep
+pall hovers over London, but you can see the dome of St. Paul’s looming
+through the mist; nay, we have heard of those who have told the hour of
+the day upon its broad-faced clock, with the assistance of a good glass.
+How beautifully the Thames winds! Ay! there is the grand stand at Epsom,
+and there Twickenham, delicious, soft, balmy Twickenham; and Richmond
+Hill—a very queen of beauty!
+
+                [Illustration: REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.]
+
+                        REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.
+
+
+Yonder, beyond the valley, are Foxes Hills crowned with lofty pines—and
+that is the church at Staines, and as you turn, there again is Cooper’s
+Hill; Laleham seems spread as a tribute at your feet, and there is no end
+to the villages and mansions—the parks, and cottages like snow-drops in a
+parterre, and church spires more than we can number; while close behind us
+are the stones piled thickly one on the other—the only relics of the holy
+Chapel of St. Anne.
+
+How grandly the promontory of St. George’s Hill stands out—sheltering
+Weybridge, and forming a beautiful back-ground to Byfleet and the banks of
+the Way; not forgetting its ruins—a Roman encampment of two thousand years
+age, and its modern ornaments of rare trees, of which a generous nobleman
+has made common property, to be enjoyed daily by all who choose. At the
+foot of this richly planted hill, is the beautiful park of Oatlands—on the
+eve of becoming an assemblage of villa-grounds. How pleasant to feel that
+we can account, by our own knowledge of that glowing mount, for all the
+shades formed by the hills and hollows, and different growths of trees in
+the depths or heights of "the encampment," which forms the delight of many
+a toilsome antiquary. Beyond are the more distant eminences of the North
+Downs, and a tract of country extending into Kent. But we have not yet
+explored the beauties of this our own hill of Chertsey; truly, to do so,
+would take a day as long as that of its own black cherry fair.
+
+A path to the left, among the fern and heather, leads to a well, famed for
+its healing properties—it is called the Nun’s Well; even now, the peasants
+believe that its waters are a cure for diseases of the eye; the path is
+steep and dangerous, and it is far pleasanter to walk round the brow of
+the hill and overlook the dense wood which conceals the well, fringing the
+meadows of Thorpe, than to seek its tangled hiding-place in the dell. The
+monks of old would be sorely perplexed if they could arise, to account for
+the long line of smoke which marks the passage of the different trains
+along their railroads. But we turn from them to enjoy a ramble round the
+brow of St. Anne’s Hill; the coppice which clothes the descent into the
+valley, is so thick, that though it is intersected by many paths, you
+might lose yourself half-a-dozen times within an hour; if it be evening,
+the nightingales in the thickets of Monksgrove have commenced their
+chorus, and the town of Chertsey, down below, is seen to its full extent,
+its church tower toned into beauty by the rich light of the setting sun,
+while through the trees and holly thickets you obtain glimpses of the
+Guildford and Leatherhead hills, so softly blue, that they meet and mingle
+with the sky.
+
+                   [Illustration: GATE OF FOX’S HOUSE.]
+
+                           GATE OF FOX’S HOUSE.
+
+
+              [Illustration: SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX’S GARDEN.]
+
+                      SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX’S GARDEN.
+
+
+                  [Illustration: TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.]
+
+                          TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.
+
+
+Those who feel no interest in monkish chronicles, may reverence St. Anne’s
+Hill, because of its having been the favorite residence of Charles James
+Fox, the contemporary of Pitt and Burke and Sheridan and Grattan, at a
+period when men felt strongly and spoke eloquently. The site of the house
+on the south-eastern site of the hill is extremely beautiful, and it is
+much regretted in the neighborhood that it finds so little favor in the
+heart of its present noble proprietor. The grounds are laid out with much
+taste; there is a noble cedar planted by Mrs. Fox when only the size of a
+wand. The statesman’s widow survived her husband more than thirty-six
+years, but never outlived her friends or her faculties. There is a temple
+dedicated to Friendship, which was erected to perpetuate the coming of age
+of one of the late Lords Holland; on a pedestal ornamented by a vase, are
+inscribed some verses by General Fitzpatrick; another placed by Mrs. Fox
+to mark a favorite spot where Mr. Fox loved to muse, is enriched by a
+quotation from the "Flower and the Leaf," concluded by two graceful
+stanzas:
+
+  "Cheerful in this sequestered bower,
+    From all the storms of life removed;
+  Here Fox enjoyed his evening hour,
+    In converse with the friends he loved.
+  And here these lines he oft would quote,
+    Pleased from his favorite poet’s lay;
+  When challenged by the warbler’s note,
+    That breathed a song from every spray."
+
+At the bottom of the garden is a grotto, which must have once possessed
+many attractions, and above it there is a pretty little quaint chamber
+that was used as a tea-room, when, according to the custom of the time,
+the English drank tea by daylight; it is adorned by painted glass windows;
+there are portraits of the Prince of Wales and Mr. Fox, when both were
+looking their best, and the balcony in front commands a delicious view of
+the surrounding country.
+
+The peasantry are still loud in their praise of "Madam Fox;" and some
+remember with gratitude the education they received at her school, and
+love to tell how the old lady was drawn there at "feast times," to see how
+they all looked in their new dresses. She certainly retained her sympathy
+with the young, and put away the feelings and habits of old age with a
+determined hand, for it is said, when she was eighty she took lessons on
+the harp. The present generation remember personally nothing of the great
+statesman; he has become history to us, and we must look to history,
+garbled as it always is, and always will be, by the opinions and feelings
+of its writers, to determine the position of Charles James Fox in the
+annals of his country. Those who were admitted to his society have written
+with enthusiasm of his social qualities, and bestow equal praise on his
+brilliant talents, his affability of manner, and the generosity of his
+disposition. He was the third son of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland,
+and his mother was the eldest daughter of Charles, second Duke of
+Richmond, and consequently great-granddaughter to Charles II.; the
+material descent is one of blotted royalty, of which a man like Fox could
+not have been proud. His academic course was unmarked by any of those
+honors of which Oxford men are so ambitious, and yet, like his great
+rival, William Pitt, he became a statesman before he was of age.
+
+                       [Illustration: FOX’S ARBOR.]
+
+                               FOX’S ARBOR.
+
+
+At St. Anne’s Hill he enjoyed as many intervals of repose and tranquillity
+as could fall to a statesman’s lot; in the time of wars and tumults, how
+he must have luxuriated in its delicious quiet, surrounded by friends who
+dearly loved him; and swayed only for good by the wife who (although it is
+known that her early intimacy with him was such as prevented her general
+recognition in society) according to the evidence of all who knew her, was
+the minister only to his better thoughts and nobler ambitions, and who
+weaned him from nearly all the follies and vices which stained his youth
+and earlier manhood. Various causes led to his death, before age had added
+infirmities to disease. He died at Chiswick House, and his last words,
+addressed to Mrs. Fox were, "I die happy." It is said he wished to be
+buried at Chertsey, but his remains were interred in Westminister Abbey.
+
+The brilliant Sheridan pronounced so elegant an eulogium on his character,
+that it is pleasant to think of it in those shades where, as we have said,
+he so often sought and found repose: "When Mr. Fox ceased to live, the
+cause of private honor and friendship lost its highest glory, public
+liberty its most undaunted champion, and general humanity its most active
+and ardent assertor. In him was united the most amiable disposition with
+the most firm and resolute spirit; the mildest manners, with the most
+exalted mind. With regard to that great man it might, indeed, be well
+said, that in him the bravest heart and most exalted mind sat upon the
+seat of gentleness."
+
+                      [Illustration: COWLEY’S SEAT.]
+
+                              COWLEY’S SEAT.
+
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY’S HOUSE—STREET FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY’S HOUSE—STREET FRONT.
+
+
+There is, at all events, an imaginary pleasure in turning from the wearing
+out turmoil of a statesman’s life, to what the world believes the tranquil
+dreams of a poet’s existence. But there are few things the worldling so
+little understands as literary industry, or so little sympathizes with as
+literary care. We have no inclination to over-rate either its toils or its
+pleasures, and perhaps no life is more abundantly supplied with both. Its
+toils must be evident to any who have noted the increasing literary labor
+which is necessary to produce the ordinary sources of comforts; but its
+high and holy enjoyments are not so apparent; they are so different from
+those of almost all others as not to be easily explained or understood;
+but above all other gifts, the marvellous gift of poesy is a distinction
+conferred by the Almighty, and should be acknowledged and treasured as
+such. We know little of a poet’s studies except by their imperishable
+produce, and it is a common but ill-founded prejudice to imagine
+regularity or diligence incompatible with high genius. Genius is neither
+above law, nor opposed to it; but as many have a poetic taste and
+temperament _without_ the inspiration, the world is apt to mistake the
+eccentricity of the pretender for the outward and visible sign of genius.
+Whether or not the poet of the Porch-house of Chertsey had the actual
+poetic fire we do not venture to determine. Abraham Cowley takes a
+prominent position, amongst the poets of our land, and the eventful times
+in which he lived, and his participation in their tumults give him
+additional interest in all the relations of his anxious and not over-happy
+life. It is recorded of him that he became a poet in consequence of
+reading the Faery Queene, which chance threw in his way while yet a child.
+In allusion to this, Dr. Johnson gave his well-known definition of genius:
+"A mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some
+particular direction." We had almost dared to say this is rather the
+definition of a philosopher than of one who comprehended the spirituality
+of a marvellous gift. Abraham Cowley—the posthumous son of a London
+grocer—owed much to his mother. She, by her exertions, procured him a
+classical education at Westminster School. She lived to see him loved,
+honored, and great, and what was better still, and more uncommon,
+grateful. At the age of fifteen he published a volume called "Poetic
+Blossoms," which he afterwards described as "commendable extravagancies in
+a boy." He obtained a scholarship in Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1686,
+and there took his degree; but was ejected by the Parliament, and thence
+removed to Oxford. Shortly after, he followed the Queen Henrietta to
+Paris, as Secretary to the Earl of St. Albans, and was employed in the
+court of the exiles in the most confidential capacity. In 1656 he returned
+to England, and was immediately arrested as a suspected spy. He submitted
+quietly—the royalists thought too quietly—to the dominion of the
+Protector, but his whole life proved that he was no traitor. At the
+Restoration, that great national disappointment, his claims upon the
+ungrateful monarch were met by a taunt and a false insinuation—he was told
+that his pardon was his reward! Wood said, "he lost the place by certain
+enemies of the Muses;" certain "friends of the Muses," however, procured
+for him the lease of the Porch-house and farm at Chertsey, held under the
+Queen, and the great desire of his life—solitude—was obtained.
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY’S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY’S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT.
+
+
+The place still seems a meet dwelling for a poet, and is, perhaps, even
+more attractive to strangers than St. Anne’s hill. The porch, which caused
+his residence to be called "The Porch-house," was taken down during the
+last century by the father of its present proprietor, the Rev. John Crosby
+Clarke, and the house is now known as "Cowley House."(1) It is situated
+near the bridge which crosses a narrow and rapid stream, in a lonely part
+of Guildford Street; a latticed window which overhangs the road is the
+window of the room in which the poet expired; on the outside wall Mr.
+Clarke has recorded his reason for removing the porch. "The porch of this
+house, which projected ten feet into the highway, was taken down in the
+year 1786, for the safety and accommodation of the public."
+
+  "Here the last accents flowed from Cowley’s tongue."
+
+                [Illustration: STAIRCASE—COWLEY’S HOUSE.]
+
+                        STAIRCASE—COWLEY’S HOUSE.
+
+
+The appearance of the house from Guildford Street, is no index to its size
+or conveniences.(2) You enter by a side gate, and the new front of the
+dwelling is that of a comfortable and gentlemanly home; the old part it is
+said was built in the reign of James the First, and what remains is
+sufficiently quaint to bear out the legend; the old and new are much
+mingled, and the modern part consists of one or two bed-rooms, a large
+dining-room, and a drawing-room, commanding a delicious garden view, the
+meanderings of the stream, and a long tract of luxuriant meadows,
+terminated by the high and richly timbered ground of St. Anne’s Hill. A
+portion of the old stairway is preserved, the wood is not as has been
+stated oak, but sweet chestnut. One of the rooms is panelled with oak, and
+Cowley’s study is a small closet-like chamber, the window looking towards
+St. Anne’s Hill. It is never difficult to imagine a poet in a _small
+chamber_, particularly when his mind may imbibe inspiration from so rich
+and lovely a landscape. Beside the group of trees, beneath whose shadow
+the poet frequently sat, there is a horse chestnut of such exceeding size
+and beauty, that it is worthy a pilgrimage, and no lover of nature could
+look upon it without mingled feelings of reverence and affection.
+
+Here then amid such tranquil scenes, and such placid beauty, the
+"melancholy Cowley," passed the later days of big anxious existence; here
+we may fancy him receiving Evelyn and Denham, the poets and men of letters
+of his troubled day, who found the disappointments of courtly life more
+than their philosophy could endure. Here his friendly biographer, Doctor
+Spratt, cheered his lonely hours.
+
+Cowley was one of those fortunate bards who obtain fame and honor during
+life. His learning was deep, his reading extensive, his acquaintance with
+mankind large. "To him," says Denham in his famous elegy,
+
+  "To him no author was unknown,
+  Yet what he wrote was all his own."
+
+His biographer adds, "There was nothing affected or singular in his habit,
+or person, or gesture; _he understood the forms of good breeding enough to
+practise them without burdening himself or others_." This indeed is the
+perfection of good breeding and good sense.
+
+Having obtained, as we have said, the Porch-house at Chertsey, his mind
+dwelt with pleasure—a philosophic pleasure—upon the hereafter, which he
+hoped for in this life of tranquillity, and the silent labor he so dearly
+loved; but he was destined to prove the reality of his own poesy:
+
+  "Oh life, thou _Nothing’s_ younger brother,
+  So _like_ that one might take one for the other."
+
+The career of Abraham Cowley was never sullied by vice,(3) he was loyal
+without being servile, and at once modest, independent and sincere. His
+character is eloquently drawn by Doctor Spratt. "He governed his passions
+with great moderation, his virtues were never troublesome or uneasy to
+any, whatever he disliked in others he only corrected by the silent
+reproof of a better practice."
+
+He died at Chertsey on the 28th of July, 1667, and was interred in
+Westminster Abbey. A throng of nobles followed him to his grave, and the
+worthless king who had deserted him is reported to have said, that Mr.
+Cowley had not left a better man behind him in England.
+
+It is said the body of Cowley was removed from Chertsey by water, thus
+making the Thames he loved so well, the highway to his grave; there is
+something highly poetic in this idea of a funeral, so still and solemn,
+with the oars dropping noiselessly in the blue water. Pope in allusion to
+it, says:
+
+  "What tears the river shed,
+  When the sad pomp along his banks was led;"
+
+which rather inclines us to the belief, that in this, as in many other
+instances, the poetic reading is not the true one,
+
+  "The muses oft in lands of vision play:"
+
+but the fact that he died at Chertsey, as much respected as a man, as he
+was admired as a poet, is certain, and his house is often visited by
+strangers, who are permitted to see his favorite haunts by the kindness of
+its proprietor, who honors the spot so hallowed by memories of "the
+melancholy Cowley:"—he who considered and described "business" as:
+
+  "The contradiction to his fate."
+
+But we must postpone our farther rambles for the present.
+
+                 [Illustration: TREES ON ST ANNE’S HILL.]
+
+                         TREES ON ST ANNE’S HILL.
+
+
+
+Chertsey loses half its romantic interest by the intrusion of the
+progressive agents of our time—our noisy time, of which the spirit
+willingly brooks no souvenirs of monastic repose. The old quaint quiet
+town has now its railroad, and the shades of its heroes have departed.
+
+
+
+
+
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+
+
+We have at different times, by reviews or translations, endeavored to give
+our readers some idea of what people think of us, in continental Europe.
+But there are two sides to every thing—or there is an universal dualism,
+as Emerson declares—which is perfectly true as to the method which might
+be adopted in the execution of this self-imposed task. One class of
+readers understand by the word _people_ the _beau monde_, and would have
+us invariably follow the school of the Countesses Hahn-Hahn or Ladies
+Blessington or Milords Fitz-Flummery, contented if we have but a fair name
+in society. Another and more reasonable class would be satisfied to know
+the opinion of the literati, or perhaps the poets, particularly when they
+do fit homage to our "grand old woods," and to Niagara. Others regard with
+most respect a plain literal account of our branches of industry—our
+railroads, factories, and canals. They would have the country judged
+purely from a mechanical or practical point of view—contenting themselves
+as to other matters with the reflection. "Oh, sensible people care very
+little about any thing else. If they know what we produce, and what our
+resources are, they’ll understand and respect us sufficiently."
+
+Now the opinion of each of these classes has its weight, and though not of
+the _greatest_ ultimate importance, is always to be respected. If we were
+questioned as to the views of which of them we yielded full regard, we
+should candidly say, "to none." It is the general, universal opinion, of a
+nation at large that we deem authoritative, and none other. It is that
+popular opinion so readily yet often so falsely formed (at times from
+trifles of almost incredible levity), and which when once fairly
+developed, is well-nigh ineradicable. In a word, it is to the views of the
+people.
+
+We propose, as opportunity shall offer, to make our readers familiar with
+the writings of all these different classes of travellers—and in the
+present article, we shall make a few extracts from a work interesting, as
+having probably contributed more than any other to a general knowledge of
+the United States in Germany. It is the book which has had the greatest
+currency among all classes, but particularly with the lower order of
+readers and emigrants.
+
+Before proceeding, however, to the work itself, it may be as well to
+answer a question which has perhaps been suggested to the minds of a
+certain class of readers. Of what great use, after all, is this nervous
+regard as to the opinion of the world? Is not our character
+established—are not our characteristics known, to the uttermost corners of
+the earth? To which question we may answer, _Not quite_. In avoiding that
+ridiculous sensitiveness which prompts so many Americans to feel
+personally insulted by the weak remarks of every wandering ignoramus, we
+would by no means fall into the opposite error of attaching no importance
+whatever to the good opinion or the degree of consciousness as to our
+existence entertained by the world at large.
+
+Should any feel disposed to smile at such an expression, as "the
+consciousness of our existence," we will take the liberty of citing a few
+curious instances, for the authenticity of which we assume the entire
+responsibility—instances which may perhaps astonish a few even of the
+better informed. There are in many districts (not altogether provincial)
+of Italy and France great numbers, who would not even in America be
+classed as _ignorant_ in regard to other matters, who have not the
+remotest idea as to the nature or geography of our country. An instance
+has come to our knowledge of an intelligent Hungarian who, by intercourse
+with the world, had acquired a fluency in five languages, and who inquired
+of an American gentleman if his country were not situated somewhere in
+England. The late Mr. Cooper, when placing his daughters at a celebrated
+seminary on the continent, found a great curiosity had been created by the
+rumor that they were coming, some supposing they were black, some that
+they were copper-colored, and all unprepared to see American girls looking
+for all the world like the young German ladies. We have heard of a similar
+instance in which an English _gentleman_—a Cambridge graduate—inquired of
+an American what was the current language of the United States. Lastly, we
+may cite the case of an English author, well known to our own public, and
+favorably mentioned not long since in these pages, who was under the
+impression that owing to the great emigration from Germany, the English
+language must with us, in a very few years, yield to that of the
+_Vaterland_. Now our commercial and industrial relations are seriously
+hindered by this absurd ignorance of America, which in a word prevails to
+such an extent, that we have known an American, who—probably from having
+been over-questioned and speered at in New England—had imbibed such a
+wholesome hatred of inquisitiveness, that he wished the French government
+would hang up, for the benefit of all concerned, the following list of
+questions, with satisfactory answers annexed, in all the _cafés_ of the
+politest nation in Europe:
+
+      Whether America is an island or a continent?
+      What is the color of its inhabitants?
+      What language do they speak?
+      Have they a religion and what is it?
+      What is the state of their morals and cookery?
+      Have they a correct state of feeling as regards the opera?
+
+The reader is not to infer that this is the general state of knowledge
+regarding our country. But it is worth nothing as a curious illustration
+of the vast number of individuals who derive their ideas, not from what is
+going on at the present day, or from available sources of information, but
+from the antiquated views of a by-gone generation. And we trust it will
+not be deemed inappropriate that we here speak a word of the want of
+opportunities of acquiring very general information under which the
+ordinary readers of continental Europe suffer. With all their libraries,
+all their immense arrays of magazines and journals, we find among them an
+apathy in regard to the world without (to the Fan-Qui), which appears
+incredible until we reflect on the deadening influences of the censorship,
+which views with distrust all information in regard to the Land of
+Liberty. We are not aware, throughout the whole of continental Europe, of
+a single publication so thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so
+general in the scope of its information, or which is so universally
+disseminated among _all_ classes of readers, as _The International_; and
+we trust we do not go too far when we assert, that it is to an extended
+sale of periodical publications somewhat approaching it in the
+concentration and dissemination of news from the world at large, that our
+countrymen owe that superior intelligence and citizen-of-the-world
+character which distinguish them from the insular Briton, self-important
+Frenchman, or abstracted German.
+
+The work from which we propose to make some extracts, is TRAUGOTT BROMME’s
+_Hand und Reisebuch für Auswanderer nach den Vereinigten Staaten_ (or
+Traugott Bromme’s Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the United
+States). As we have already stated, no work on America is at the present
+day more familiarly known to that class of readers to whom it is
+addressed. Certain remarks on the present condition of German emigration
+with which it is prefaced, may not be devoid of interest to our readers,
+though not constituting a part of such observations as we have more
+particularly referred to:
+
+
+    "There is, it appears, implanted in every man an impulse to
+    advance and better his condition—an impulse caused by poverty,
+    dependent circumstances, or pressure from every side, vexing at
+    times even the highest in rank, and which is the cause why
+    thousands leave their fatherland, to seek afar a now home, and
+    hundreds of thousands cast around them disturbed and anxious
+    glances, restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons them at
+    home. Such is very generally the case at present in our own
+    country, where—despite the political concessions of March in the
+    year 1848, of the published original privileges of the German
+    people, and of the promising prospect of a free and united
+    Germany, with a concluding general empire—emigration appears to be
+    by no means on the decrease." "These emigrants of the present day
+    consist not as formerly of poor people of the lower orders, who
+    turn their backs on the German fatherland, or liberal declaimers,
+    dreaming of an ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized
+    in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the middle class,
+    who, free from all delusive fancies, do not expect to find in the
+    western world wealth and honorable offices, but desire only to
+    inhabit a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and happily with
+    their children." "What the German wants is _room_—a new broad
+    field for his abilities—and this America extends to him in
+    unbounded space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain hills
+    of gold without labor, but every one knows that the far more
+    estimable treasure of perfect independence, or to speak more
+    correctly, of perfect _self-dependence_, with the prospect of a
+    future free from care, may in America be obtained at the cost of a
+    few years of earnest, honest industry. And what, to the man
+    oppressed in his fatherland by all the cares incident upon the
+    obtaining a bare subsistence, is two or three or even _four_ years
+    of hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty and
+    misery?"
+
+
+After accurately sketching the extreme misery and poverty oppressing the
+inhabitants of many districts of Germany, of late years sadly increased by
+the falling off in manufactures since the political disturbances, our
+author proceeds to set forth the advantages offered by America:
+
+
+    "That most emigrants should rather look to America, than Poland,
+    Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen, is natural enough, since all of
+    these countries together cannot offer so many attractions as
+    America. Where on earth is there such a vast array of unoccupied
+    lands, offered at such a moderate price—land so cheap that in many
+    districts twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered with wood,
+    are given at a price for which a single acre of similar land is
+    sold in Germany?"
+
+
+The richness of the soil, the excellence of the climate, and the demand
+for labor, are then described; to which, as the greatest inducement, he
+adds the fact that in _America_ the fullest "liberty of labor and
+mechanical calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the taxes are so
+light that an industrious man is able not only to live, but even to lay up
+something for his old age, or his children, or to employ in the extension
+of his business.
+
+
+    "For as there exists in America no standing army, its inhabitants
+    may retain their children, as the best possible assistants in
+    labor, and train, govern, and discipline them as can only properly
+    done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore, in that country every
+    one is permitted to enjoy the fullest civil and religious liberty.
+    These are the advantages to be expected from an emigration to
+    America, _and he who anticipates more will find himself bitterly
+    deceived_. But a man who can be content with this, and can live
+    actively, moderately, and frugally, will here, better than in any
+    other land in the world, ultimately attain to happiness and
+    fortune. In times like ours, when every branch of industry is
+    crowded, when tender parents think with grief and trouble on the
+    future prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant no
+    other resources save those held out by a full and bountiful
+    nature, and no means of livelihood which may be so certainly
+    depended upon as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that
+    industry throws open the widest field, and affords the fullest
+    opportunity of doing good."
+
+
+In the following extract, our author proceeds to set forth the national
+character of the American:
+
+
+    "The national character of the American has been greatly
+    misunderstood; few travellers seem, in fact, to have understood
+    it, since they mention it as something as new and unfounded as the
+    country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed—so well
+    established in every elevated and noble characteristic of the
+    human race, that it may confidently be placed in comparison with
+    that of the most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing
+    originally from England, they have the pride and manly confidence
+    of the Briton, for through their ancestry they claim an equal
+    share of all which gives dignity to those inheriting glory and a
+    great name. Their forefathers were those brave religious pilgrims
+    who were transferred by British laws (or rather by old German) and
+    British genius to the shores of the new world—to there give to
+    those laws and genius an immortality. Building still further on
+    this new land, they opened the temple of the Lord to all his
+    followers, and received with open arms all the unfortunate or
+    oppressed exiles of Europe. For the first time in reality in this
+    world they flung wide the flag of truth and freedom—fought under
+    its folds an unequal fight against the mightiest power in the
+    world—and overcame it. And when a second time they armed
+    themselves to combat with England, they again came forth
+    unconquered from the contest. Reason enough this for the national
+    pride of the American, for nothing could more naturally cause a
+    certain degree of self-content than to belong to a nation whose
+    brilliant deeds in war as in politics, in commerce as in
+    manufactures, have astonished the world. A second and not less
+    characteristic trait of the American is seen in a certain
+    earnestness, which appears to strangers to indicate a want of
+    sociable feeling—and yet perhaps in _no_ country is true noble
+    sociability as developed in domestic life, so much at home, as in
+    America.
+
+    "Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on himself and his
+    circumstances, the American from the first instant of his entry
+    into active life is ever on the watch to improve their condition.
+    Is he rich, and consequently more directly interested in the
+    common wealth, then every new law, every change in the personal
+    direction of the government, awakes in him a new care for the
+    future, while on the other hand, if poor, then every change in the
+    state may perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering his
+    condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake—ever looking out for
+    the future, not as a mere spectator, but as one playing a part and
+    occupied in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in
+    improving them. The entire mass of the population is continually
+    in a state of political agitation, and, urged by hope of their aid
+    or fear of their power, we see every one continually seeking for
+    expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich or powerful that
+    he need not fear them—none so wretched and poor but that he may
+    venture to entertain the hope of being through them aided and
+    relieved. Public opinion is in America the mightiest organ of
+    justice—shielding no one, from the president to the simplest
+    citizen, and proceeds, mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder
+    all things which oppose it and deserve its condemnation.
+
+    "This condition of perpetual agitation gives the American an
+    appearance of ceaseless restlessness, but it is in reality the
+    true ground of peace and content. _The American has no time to be
+    discontented_, and this is the most praiseworthy point of their
+    constitution and popular life. The republican has necessarily as
+    many severe and arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any
+    monarchy—but their fulfilment is gratifying and consoling—for it
+    is allied to the consciousness of power. The American has no
+    desire for the quiet temper of the European, and least of all for
+    the silent happiness of the German, which last, alas! appears
+    since the dissipation of the intoxication of the Revolution of
+    March, 1848, to consist, as far as the great mass of the
+    population is concerned, merely in the egotistic repose of
+    self-sufficiency, weakness, and ignorance. The American finds
+    repose only in his house, in his family circle, and among his
+    children; all without the walls of that home is an incessant
+    working and striving, in politics as in trade—by the streets and
+    canals, as in the woods of the West. Different as the elements are
+    from which the inhabitants of the United States are formed, and
+    different as the circumstances may be under which they live, there
+    still prevails among them a certain unity of character, an
+    equanimity of feeling, which it would be difficult to parallel,
+    resulting perhaps from the very heterogeneousness and mixture of
+    elements itself, since no one element allows to another
+    pre-eminence. They have all something in common in their
+    appearance, which gives them the air almost of relations—something
+    in their gait and manners which declares them to be other than
+    English, Germans, or French. Through the entire land, through
+    every class, there is disseminated a certain refinement of manner,
+    an appreciation of decency and nobility of character, which
+    springs from a consciousness of their own rights and respect for
+    mankind. Even emigrants, in America, soon learn to cast aside
+    their rough prejudices as regards caste, for the proud affability
+    of the aristocratic, the vanity of the small citizen, the want of
+    confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish servitude and
+    snappish insolence of liveried servants, find in America no place.
+    _Man_ is there esteemed only as _man_—only ability gains honor—and
+    where _that_ is, and there alone, can true nobility be found. No
+    one there inquires who a man is, or who were his parents, but
+    ’What can he _do_, what are his capabilities, and what can he
+    produce?’ Rank and caste are in America unknown. Every man feels
+    his freedom and independence, and expresses himself accordingly.
+    Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true, hired his
+    service, but not his entire existence. The American is polite, but
+    over-refined, unmeaning compliments form no part of his manners,
+    nor does he expect them from others. No man vexes or troubles
+    himself for another, in consequence of which we find in American
+    society very little stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every
+    respect that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety
+    and decency—particularly as regards the female sex, since in no
+    country, not even in England, do ladies enjoy such respect and
+    regard as in the United States. Ever depending upon, and confiding
+    in himself, the American is in his manners free, open, and
+    unreserved. The mass of the people is possessed of intelligence
+    and spirit, though not so scientifically educated as in Europe,
+    and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates even the lower
+    class, who consequently form a marked and singular contrast with
+    those of like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed in the
+    higher branches of abstract learning and science, but from the
+    great amount of that direct practical knowledge which exerts the
+    greatest influence in making life happy, that the Americans are
+    distinguished from other nations, and for the acquisition of which
+    they have made better provision and preparation than any other
+    people. As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and Important,
+    they are compelled to leave the development of the higher branches
+    to the care and noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at
+    the sums which are annually devoted to the establishment and
+    maintenance of schools and universities, will suffice to evidence
+    the liberality with which the proper education of the people is
+    cared for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed esteemed, but
+    only according to its use and applicability to the wants of life;
+    so that a practical tanner is there worth more than a learned
+    pedant. _Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and
+    universality of talent, is there more highly esteemed than
+    learning,_ while hospitality, patriotism, and toleration, allowing
+    every one to think and feel as he likes, are universal
+    characteristics. So that in the United States nothing is wanting
+    to the attainment of a true civil and social freedom, even though
+    the means thereto are not invariably correctly understood or
+    admitted (as is indeed the case by us), and though—since men are
+    every where subject to the same weaknesses—they measure happiness
+    rather by the standard of their own intelligence and virtues, than
+    by fortune and nature, which latter, impartially considered, is
+    the basis of the physical happiness of the American. That,
+    however, which constitutes his _moral_ happiness is this; that in
+    his country, domestic life enjoys the true supremacy, _and to
+    this, public life and the state are subordinate_. It is true that
+    the American statesmen have fallen into the same error as the
+    European—_id est_, to believe that without _them_ the people could
+    never prosper, and still live in the belief that home-happiness
+    hangs on them, their theories and arts of governing; but the most
+    superficial glance teaches that if wise laws are able to effect
+    more for the happiness of man than they can bring about, still no
+    one should _there_ attempt to draw happiness from such a source
+    when popular and private life have combined to bestow it. But
+    should the happiness of the Americans ever be derived from this
+    side, it will be more sensible to assume that the foundation
+    thereof will be the release from that which in the recent culture
+    has passed for the deepest political wisdom. The true secret of
+    all the good fortune of America lies in the favorable condition of
+    external things. ’It is not with them as in Europe, where the poor
+    can only better their condition or become rich by making the rich
+    poor, for therein lies the source of an infinite strife which hath
+    been combated for centuries, with the axioms of religion and
+    morals. But in America, men when striving to better their
+    condition, instead of becoming enemies and turning their arms
+    against each other, strive with _Nature_, and wring from her
+    boundless stores that wealth which she so bountifully affords!’"
+
+
+We have made these quotations less on account of any merit which they
+possess, than to give our readers an idea of the general opinion
+prevailing in Germany in regard to our country; and to confirm an
+assertion made in a recent number of the _International_, that in no
+country in Europe are we so impartially and favorably judged. There is one
+particular, however, in which we find this book worthy of especial praise.
+The author highly commends the flourishing state of religion in the United
+States, declaring that we are in this respect superior to the Germans, and
+that on the Sabbath the churches are filled to a degree unknown in Europe.
+It is from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic life, and our observance
+of religion, that he correctly deduces our true happiness, as separated
+from the natural advantages of the country. It is greatly to be desired
+that the majority of his countrymen resident in America, would allow
+themselves to be impressed in a similar manner as to the advantages of
+piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the United States a vast number of
+German newspapers—conducted we should imagine for the greater part by
+unprincipled and worthless adventurers of the red republican, socialist
+stamp, who, despite the protection which they here enjoy, incessantly and
+spitefully abuse every institution to which they are really indebted for
+their asylum among us, and most of all our observation of the Sabbath, in
+a style which entitles them to something severer than mere contempt. But
+Herr Bromme is right. Respect for morality and religion, a due regard for
+the Sabbath, and a dependence on the home-circle for pleasure and
+recreation, are the surest safeguard of peace, happiness, and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS’ TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+
+
+In a recent number of the _Russian Archives for Scientific Information_,
+is an account of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction, in company
+with her husband and sons, to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or
+Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia, lying on the Caspian Sea.
+We translate this interesting narrative for the _International_, as
+follows:
+
+In order the better to enjoy the spectacle of the fire, we chose the
+evening for our excursion thither; but a thick fog came on, which made the
+road difficult and dangerous. When we finally reached the place it was
+pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful purity to the peaceful sky
+of night, and the entire castle, within which was the temple, seemed to be
+surrounded by a circle of watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians from
+the neighborhood, who were busy burning lime and baking bread, dark forms
+like those which worked on the tower of Babel, and burnt lime for it. They
+were now brought here by the ease and cheapness of carrying on their
+occupations. All that is necessary is to make a hole in the ground, touch
+a burning coal to it, and an inexhaustible flame rises forth like a
+spring. Behind this range of little flames and fires, rose, in the pale
+light, the dirty white walls of the castle, in the centre of which there
+flashed from the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of the purest,
+clearest, and keenest flame, which were now bent down horizontally and
+wreathed like serpents by the force of the wind, and now rose
+perpendicularly to the sky, whose dome they lighted up like two vast altar
+tapers. We drove around the edifice, and stopped on one side where there
+were no flames rising from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we
+remained without while our guide went in to announce us. He came back
+immediately with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this man impressed me
+strangely, and I forgot that he belonged to a remote colony of a few
+individuals, and asked myself if we had been suddenly transported to
+India, or if India had been brought up to the Caspian.
+
+We went into the court-yard, in which stands the temple, with its two
+fire-pillars. About half way up hang a couple of large bells, which the
+Hindoo sounded by way of preparing us for what we were to see. There was
+something fearful in the loud clangor, and my boys crowded close beside
+me. Except our party, no one was to be seen except the swart Geber, in his
+white turban and long brown robe, with just enough of a pair of light blue
+trowsers visible to bring into distinctness his naked black feet. His
+features were noble, and his beard long and black. He looked like a
+conjurer, like the lord of an enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The
+hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up more brightly at the crash of
+the bells; now it was clear as day around us, and now it was twilight as
+the wind lowered the flame. My husband and sons and the guide who had
+brought us to the place, were all dressed in oriental costume, and I alone
+seemed to belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness came over me, and
+at every moment I expected to see something monstrous, to behold all the
+cruelties of a heathenish and barbarous worship.
+
+The interpreter now summoned us to follow the Geber. We were told that the
+castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who was a fire worshipper, and
+who, with his followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three Hindoos remain
+from that period of splendor. But nature remains eternally the same, and
+whether worshipped or not, the flames still shine and awe the
+superstitious, and so great is the fame of the place that many pilgrims
+come yearly from distant India to pray, and to have prayers said for them,
+here in the visible presence of the primeval light.
+
+At last we came to the cell of the priest, and on his invitation entered
+it. We passed through a low door, and down a few steps, and found
+ourselves in a small, semicircular, low, but very white room, with a floor
+of mason-work, and a small altar in the centre. Around the wall were
+seats, also of mason-work. In the altar there was an opening as large as a
+gun-barrel, from which rose a slender flame that lighted the room very
+clearly. There were other little openings on the sides of the altar. The
+Hindoo took a wisp of straw, lighted it, and touched these openings, from
+which the most beautiful flames at once issued. The children, who had
+never seen gas lights, or at least did not remember them, regarded all
+this as the most perfect witchery. On a second altar, which, like the
+first, was about the height of a common table, lay or stood the idols and
+treasures of our priest. Small steps led up to it, which were used to hold
+muscles, stones, shells, and other instruments employed in the sacred
+rites. The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous, like Chinese
+images. Beside these figures, we were astonished to see crosses of various
+forms and sizes. We asked the Geber about them, and he answered with
+oriental emphasis: "There is one God, and no one has seen him; therefore
+every one adores him after his own way, and represents him after his own
+way." The reply was diplomatic enough, and we could not ascertain how the
+crosses had come there.
+
+On the altar and its steps lay a great number of singularly beautiful
+Indian stones, which the boys wanted very much, but which, in spite of our
+large offers, we could not obtain. They were mementoes from the distant
+fatherland, and possibly they served as sacred ornaments for the little
+cell. There were also several censers, lamps, and little silver plates and
+salvers. The air was stifling from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like
+that of a vapor bath. The priest took from the altar some pieces of red
+and white candied sugar, held them, praying, before his idols, sprinkled
+them with holy water, and handed them to us on a silver plate.
+
+A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old man, whose name, as he told us,
+was Amintaas. He invited us into his cell, which was larger and
+differently arranged. In the centre was a large kettle, set in mason-work,
+with water in it, and a gas flame burning under it; the altar was in
+another apartment beyond, and separated from the first by a low wall or
+fence, with a passage through. Another apartment, similarly divided off,
+was spread with carpets for sleeping. After we had seen the stones,
+shells, and idols, which were richer and more numerous than in the former
+cell, the Hindoos asked us if they should pray for us. We agreed, and the
+ceremony began. A large muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the plates
+were set in order at the foot of the altar, a censer began to smoke, the
+silver plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp Between two bells,
+whose handles were the most monstrous figures of idols. These bells
+Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently. The other Hindoos stood behind
+him and beat two big cymbals, accompanying this noise with the most
+inhuman and frightful howling that a man’s lungs ever produced. Still,
+there was method and a regular cadence in it. Finally, they made a pause,
+bowed before the images, murmuring softly, after which they arranged the
+plates anew, and sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My husband whispered
+in my ear a line from the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of that
+scene rushed vividly into my memory.
+
+Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas had recovered their power, for he
+now seized a conch shell, held it in both hands, and with incredible
+strength blew long wild notes, with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew
+dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once understood what is meant by
+the heathen making a "vain noise," This cannibalistic music was kept up
+for a long time, and seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites. The
+finale was a combination of wild shouting, banging of the cymbals, ringing
+and murmuring. At last the concert was over, and we breathed freely.
+Amintaas handed us the candied sugar, and my husband laid down two ducats
+in its place. They were received with warm expressions of gratitude, and
+laid upon the altar. We went out into the open air, but the scene had
+changed. The lonely castle was crowded with Persians who had come from
+their lime-burning to see the Europeans. Persian women were sitting around
+by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by the help of gas flames, they
+baked their _Tsheuks_, thin cakes of unleavened bread. Followed by the
+crowd, we were led a couple of hundred steps from the castle to a spring
+that was covered over; the cover was taken off, and a bundle of burning
+straw thrown in, when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid pillar
+of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars. This beautiful spectacle lasted
+but for a moment, and a quarter of an hour was necessary to collect gas
+enough to repeat the experiment.
+
+We returned to Baku in the rain, more dead than alive. It was the eve of
+Easter. The next morning, as I was sitting on the sofa with the children,
+there came in a tall, meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was dressed in a
+white robe, and brought me white and red sugar on a silver plate. He was
+the chief priest from the temple of the Gebers, and had come to Baku to
+see the Easter festivities. We took a few grains of his sugar, and I laid
+a silver rouble on the plate. While he was making his bows for this, my
+husband came in and told him, partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and
+partly in pantomime, that we had been to his temple the night before, and
+had prayers said there. He asked at once, with eagerness, how much we had
+given, and when he learned the sum, asked for a certificate to that
+effect, as, without it, the others would give him no part of the money. We
+sent him away without granting his request, for the two screamers of the
+night previous had earned all we gave them. We learned afterwards that the
+gifts of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often blows, in the romantic
+fire-castle. This disgusted me, and yet it is not the fault of these poor
+fellows. They must necessarily become covetous, since they profane their
+most sacred ceremonies as a means of living. They have neither fields nor
+gardens, and the only thing like vegetation that I saw was some lone boxes
+in the court yard, filled with shrubs and plants, remains, no doubt, from
+the time of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to establish cultivation
+in a soil impregnated with inflammable gas. However, I learned to my
+sorrow that grass at least grows there, for, in going through it to the
+spring, my feet became perfectly wet.
+
+The air of the locality does not seem to be unwholesome for man. At least,
+the Geber priests, who had lived there for years, were perfect lions for
+health and vigor.
+
+
+
+
+
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+
+
+In the third volume of his _History of the Romans under the Empire_, just
+published in London, Mr. MERIVALE gives some elaborate pieces of character
+writing, one of which has for its subject CICERO. It is not good for a man
+to think harshly of Cicero, and however easy it may seem to be to condemn
+manifest faults in his character, it is by no means easy to be fair in the
+estimate we make. Mr. Merivale sums up a character which has too often
+been roughly put down as that of a great writer and a little man, as
+follows:
+
+
+    "Many writers, it has been remarked, have related the death of
+    Cicero, but Plutarch alone has painted it. In the narrative here
+    laid before him the reader has the substance of this picturesque
+    account, together with some touches introduced from collateral
+    sources. In this, as in many other massages of his Lives, the
+    Greek biographer has evidently aimed at creating an effect, and
+    though he seems to have been mainly guided by the genuine
+    narrative of Tiro, Cicero’s beloved freedman, we may suspect him
+    of having embellished it to furnish a striking termination to one
+    of his favorite sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is mainly
+    confirmed by a fragment of Livy’s history, which has fortunately
+    been preserved. The Roman author vies with the Greek in throwing
+    dignity and interest over the great statesman’s end. But in
+    reviewing the uneven tenor of his career, Livy concludes with the
+    stern comment, "He bore none of his calamities as a man should,
+    except his death." These are grave words. In the mouth of one who
+    had cast his scrutinizing glance over the characters and exploits
+    of all the heroes of the great republic, and had learnt by the
+    training of his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities
+    and estimate desert, they constitute the most important judgment
+    on the conduct of Cicero that antiquity has bequeathed to us. Few
+    indeed among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resolution in the
+    face of impending death. But it was in the endurance of calamity
+    rather than the defiance of danger that the courage of Cicero was
+    deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the arts of peace and
+    persuasion, exhibited on more than one occasion a martial spirit
+    worthy of other habits and a ruder training. In the contest with
+    Catilina he displayed all the moral confidence of a veteran
+    general: in the struggle with Antonius he threw himself without
+    reserve into a position where there was no alternative but to
+    conquer or to perish. In the earlier conflict he had still his
+    fame to acquire, his proud ascendency to establish; and the love
+    of praise and glory inspired him with the audacity which makes and
+    justifies its own success. But in the later, he courted danger for
+    the sake of retaining the fame he so dearly prized. He had once
+    saved his country, and he could not endure that it should be said
+    he had ever deserted it. He loved his country; but it wan for his
+    own honor, which he could preserve, rather than for his country’s
+    freedom, which he despaired of, that he returned to his post when
+    escape was still possible. He might have remained silent, but he
+    opened the floodgates of his eloquence. When indeed he had once
+    launched himself on the torrent he lost all self-command; he could
+    neither retrace nor moderate his career; he saw the rocks before
+    him, but he dashed himself headlong against them. But another
+    grave authority has given us the judgment of antiquity, that
+    Cicero’s defect was the want of steadfastness. His courage had no
+    dignity because it lacked consistency. All men and all parties
+    agreed that he could not be relied upon to lead, to co-operate, or
+    to follow. In all the great enterprises of his party, he was left
+    behind, except that which the nobles undertook against Catilina,
+    in which they rather thrust him before them than engaged with him
+    on terms of mutual support. When we read the vehement claims which
+    Cicero put forth to the honor of association, however tardy, with
+    the glories and dangers of Cæsar’s assassins, we should deem the
+    conspirators guilty of a monstrous oversight in having neglected
+    to enlist him in their design, were we not assured that he was not
+    to be trusted as a confederate either for good or for evil.
+
+    "Of all the characters of antiquity Cicero is undoubtedly that
+    with which we are most intimately acquainted; for he alone has
+    left to us the record of his thoughts and actions for more than
+    half his public career in a voluminous mass of familiar as well as
+    political correspondence. No public character probably could pass
+    unscathed through the fiery ordeal to which he has thus subjected
+    himself. Cicero, it must be avowed, is convicted from his own
+    mouth of vanity, inconstancy, sordidness, jealousy, malice,
+    selfishness, and timidity. But on the other hand no character,
+    public or private, could thus bare its workings to our view
+    without laying a stronger claim to our sympathy, and extorting
+    from us more kindly consideration than we can give to the mere
+    shell of the human being with which ordinary history brings us in
+    contact. Cicero gains more than he loses by the confessions he
+    pours into our ear. We read in his letters what we should vainly
+    search for in the meagre pages of Sallust and Appian, in the
+    captious criticism of Dion, and even in the pleasant anecdotes of
+    his friendly biographer Plutarch, his amiableness, his refined
+    urbanity, his admiration for excellence, his thirst for fame, his
+    love of truth, equity, and reason. Much indeed of the patriotism,
+    the honesty, the moral courage he exhibited, was really no other
+    than the refined ambition of attaining the respect of his
+    contemporaries and bequeathing a name to posterity. He might not
+    act from a sense of duty, like Cato, but his motives, personal and
+    selfish as they in some sense were, coincided with what a more
+    enlightened conscience would have felt to be duty. Thus his
+    proconsulate is perhaps the purest and most honorable passage in
+    his life. His strict and rare probity amidst the temptations of
+    office arrests our attention and extorts our praise: yet assuredly
+    Cicero had no nice sense of honor, and was controlled by no
+    delicacy of sentiment, where public opinion was silent, or a
+    transaction strictly private. His courting his ward Publilia for
+    her dower, his caressing Dolabella for the sake of getting his
+    debt paid, his soliciting the historian Lucceius to color and
+    exaggerate the merits of his consulship, display a grievous want
+    of magnanimity and of a predominant sense of right. Fortunately
+    his instinct taught him to see in the constitution of the republic
+    the fairest field for the display of his peculiar talents; the
+    orator and the pleader could not fail to love the arena on which
+    the greatest triumph of his genius had been or were yet, as he
+    hoped, to be acquired. And Cicero indeed was not less ambitious
+    than Cæesar or Pompeius, Antonius or Octavius. To the pursuit of
+    fame he sacrificed many interests and friendships. He was not less
+    jealous of a rival in his chosen career than any of the leaders of
+    party and candidates for popular favor. He could not endure
+    competition for the throne of eloquence and the sceptre of
+    persuasion. It was on this account perhaps that he sought his
+    associates among the young, from whose rivalry he had nothing to
+    fear, rather than from his own contemporaries, the candidates for
+    the same prize of public admiration which he aimed at securing for
+    himself. From his pages there flows an incessant stream of abuse
+    of all the great masters of political power in his time; of Cæsar
+    and Pompeius; of Crassus and Antonius, not to mention his coarse
+    vituperation of Piso and Gabinius, and his uneasy sneers at the
+    impracticable Cato. We may note the different tone which his
+    disparagement assumes towards these men respectively. He speaks of
+    Cæsar with awe, of Pompeius with mortification, with dislike of
+    Crassus, with bitter malice of Antonius. Cæsar, even when he most
+    deeply reprobates him, he personally loves; the cold distrust of
+    Pompeius vexes his self-esteem; between him and Crassus there
+    subsists a natural antipathy of temperament: but Antonius, the
+    hate of his old age, becomes to him the incarnation of all the
+    evil his long and bitter experience of mankind have discovered in
+    the human heart. While we suspect Cicero of injustice towards the
+    great men of his day, we are bound also to specify the gross
+    dishonesty with which he magnifies his own merits where they are
+    trivial, and embellishes them where they are really important. The
+    perpetual recurrence to the topic of his own political deserts
+    must have wearied the most patient of friends, and more than
+    balanced the display of sordidness and time-serving which Atticus
+    doubtless reflected back in his share of the correspondence
+    between them.
+
+    "But while Cicero stands justly charged with many grave
+    infirmities of temper and defects of principle, while we remark
+    with a sigh the vanity, the inconstancy, and the ingratitude he so
+    often manifested, while we lament his ignoble subserviencies and
+    his ferocious resentments, the high standard by which we claim to
+    judge him is in itself the fullest acknowledgment of his
+    transcendent merits. For undoubtedly had he not placed himself on
+    a higher moral level than the statesmen and sages of his day, we
+    should pass over many of his weaknesses in silence, and allow his
+    pretensions to our esteem to pass almost unchallenged. But we
+    demand a nearer approach to the perfection of human wisdom and
+    virtue in one who sought to approve himself the greatest of their
+    teachers. Nor need we scruple to admit that the judgment of the
+    ancients on Cicero was for the most part unfavorable. The
+    moralists of antiquity required in their heroes virtues with which
+    we can more readily dispense: and they too had less sympathy with
+    many qualities which a purer religion and a wider experience have
+    taught us to love and admire. Nor were they capable, from their
+    position, of estimating the slow and silent effects upon human
+    happiness of the lessons which Cicero enforced. After all the
+    severe judgments we are compelled to pass on his conduct, we must
+    acknowledge that there remains a residue of what is amiable in his
+    character and noble in his teaching beyond all ancient example.
+    Cicero lived and died in faith. He has made converts to the belief
+    in virtue, and had disciples in the wisdom of love. There have
+    been dark periods in the history of man, when the feeble ray of
+    religious instruction paled before the torch of his generous
+    philanthropy. The praise which the great critic pronounced upon
+    his excellence in oratory may be justly extended to the qualities
+    of his heart, and even in our enlightened days it may be held no
+    mean advance in virtue to venerate the master of Roman
+    philosophy."
+
+
+
+
+
+LORD MAHON’S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+Incomparably the best history of our struggle for independence that has
+been written by a foreigner is that of which we have the larger portion in
+the just-published fifth and sixth volumes of Lord MAHON’S _History of
+England from the Peace of Utrecht_, comprising the period from 1763 to
+1780—from the commencement of the popular discontents until the virtual
+conclusion of the war.
+
+The character of Lord Mahon as a historian has long been established. When
+Sismondi, in 1842, had brought his History of France down to the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, he lamented that he could no longer be guided by Lord
+Mahon, and expressed a hope that his "brilliant labors" would be
+continued. The portion of his work on which the illustrious Frenchman thus
+set the seal of his approval has been reprinted in this country by the
+Appletons, in two large volumes (embracing the first four of the original
+impression), carefully and judiciously edited by Professor Henry Reed, of
+Philadelphia. It well indicates the right of its author to a place with
+the best British writers in this department. History was never before
+written so brilliantly or profoundly as in the last half century. Germany
+in this period has boasted her Schiller, Niebuhr, Von Hammer, Heeren,
+Ranke, and two Mullers; France her Sismondi, Barrante, Thierrys, Michelet,
+Mignet, Guizot, and Thiers; England her Mitford, Arnold, Thirlwall, Grote,
+Napier, Hallam, Mackintosh, Macaulay, Palgrave, and Mahon; and we have
+ourselves the noble names of Bancroft, Prescott, and Irving, to send to
+the next ages. Of the English authors we have mentioned, we regard Lord
+Mahon as in many respects the first; Hallam is a laborious and wise
+critic; Thirlwall and Grote, in their province, have greatly increased the
+fame of British scholarship; and Macaulay, brilliant and picturesque
+beyond any of his contemporaries, has an unprecedented popularity, which
+will last until the worthlessness of his opinions and the viciousness of
+his style are more justly appreciated than they are likely to be by the
+mobs of novel readers who in this generation have preferred him to James
+and Ainsworth. Lord Mahon is the most legitimate successor of the greatest
+historian of his country, David Hume.
+
+Although the chief subject of these new volumes is the American war, the
+general political history of England, from the decline of the fortunes of
+Bute through the administration of Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham, the
+Duke of Grafton, and Lord North, is illustrated and commented on as
+largely as the special purpose of the author permitted; and we have many
+striking passages respecting Wilkes and his various persecutions, the
+Letters of Junius and their authorship, and the common intellectual and
+material progress of the British empire. The spirit in which he regards
+our Revolution is illustrated by the following paragraph, on the
+rejection, by the House of Peers, of the conciliatory Bill by which Lord
+Chatham hoped, in 1775, to prevent the threatened separation of the
+colonies:
+
+
+    "It may be proper, or at least pardonable, here to pause for an
+    inquiry, what probable issue might have attended an opposite
+    decision in the British Parliament? If the ministers had been
+    defeated on this Bill, if, in consequence, they had resigned, and
+    it had in other hands been carried through, would the Americans
+    have accepted the measure cheerfully and readily—would it for a
+    long time to come have closed the breach, and cemented the union
+    with the Mother Country? From all the facts and testimonies then
+    or since made public, I answer without hesitation that it would.
+    The sword was then slumbering in its scabbard. On both sides there
+    were injuries to redress, but not as yet bloodshed to avenge. It
+    was only a quarrel. It was not as yet a war. Even the boldest
+    leaders of that war in after years, whether in council or the
+    field, were still, in January, 1775, the firm friends of colonial
+    subordination. Washington himself (and he at least was no
+    dissembler—from him, at least, there never came any promise or
+    assurance that did not deserve the most implicit credit) had only
+    a few months before presided at a meeting of Fairfax County, in
+    Virginia. That meeting, while claiming relief of grievances, had
+    also at his instance adopted the following Resolve:—’That it is
+    our greatest wish and inclination, as well as interest, to
+    continue our connection with, and dependence upon, the British
+    Government.’ But further still, although the first Congress was
+    praised by Chatham for its moderate counsels, and although the
+    calmer voice of history has ratified the praise, we learn that
+    these moderate counsels did not lag behind, but rather exceeded
+    and outran the prevailing sentiment in many of the colonies. To
+    this fact we find an unimpeachable testimony in the letters of
+    President Reed, who, writing to a friend in strict confidence,
+    laments that ’The proceedings of Congress have been pitched on too
+    high a key for some of those middle provinces.’ With such
+    feelings, how gladly, how gratefully would they have welcomed the
+    hand of reconciliation stretched out by the Parliament of England!
+    It may be true, indeed, that such feelings as these did not
+    prevail in all, or nearly all, the colonies. It may be true,
+    especially, that no amount of good government, of forbearance, or
+    of kindness, would have won back Massachusetts. But herein lay, as
+    I think, the especial force and efficacy of Lord Chatham’s scheme,
+    that it did not refer the questions of parliamentary supremacy and
+    colonial taxation to the decision of any one province; but, as the
+    Americans themselves desired, to the decision of a Congress
+    composed from all the provinces, so that disaffection, however
+    firmly rooted here and there, would of course be overpowered by a
+    loyal and large majority. Nor do I believe that the proposal of a
+    new grant to the Crown, and the consequent necessity of increased
+    taxation to the people, would have interposed any serious
+    obstacle. The load of taxation on the colonies was at this period
+    light indeed: according to a calculation made by Lord North in
+    that very year, each inhabitant of England paid in taxes, upon an
+    average, not less than twenty-five shillings annually; but each
+    inhabitant of British America no more than sixpence. The
+    experience of the closely-following Revolutionary war proves how
+    easily and readily, when their feelings were involved, the
+    Americans could raise far greater supplies. And surely had Lord
+    Chatham’s scheme prevailed, their feelings would have been
+    involved. They would have been pleased and proud to show that
+    their previous refusal to pay taxes sprang from principle, and not
+    from inability or disaffection; and that, when once their views of
+    principle had been complied with, they could contribute with no
+    sparing hand to the exigencies of their countrymen, and to the
+    service of their king."
+
+
+The opinion of Lord Mahon that, even after Burgoyne’s surrender, and the
+treaty of alliance between France and America, the colonies might have
+been preserved, had Lord Chatham lived and returned to office, we think
+entirely erroneous. Our separation from England, though there had been no
+stamp act or tea tax, was inevitable.
+
+Lord Mahon is exceedingly fond of personal portraiture, in which he is
+sometimes very successful. One of his most carefully-elaborated
+performances in this way has for its subject Washington, and in the dozen
+pages he devotes to the analysis of the character of the great chief he
+has displayed his best abilities, though, we confess, without suggesting
+any thing very novel. He dislikes Franklin, and loses no opportunity of
+imputing to him personal dishonesty. We think the influence of Mr. William
+B. Reed’s Life of President Reed is traceable in almost every allusion
+made by Lord Mahon to our philosopher. Without further observation upon
+the qualities of the work, we avail ourselves of the possession of an
+early copy of it to present our readers with some of the most striking
+passages pencilled in a hasty reading.
+
+
+                               WASHINGTON.
+
+    During many years did Washington continue to enjoy the pleasures
+    and fulfil the duties of an independent country gentleman.
+    Field-sports divided his time with the cultivation and improvement
+    of his land, and the sales of his tobacco; he showed kindness to
+    his dependents, and hospitality to his friends; and having been
+    elected one of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, he was,
+    whenever that House met, exact in his attendance. To that
+    well-regulated mind nothing within the course of its ordinary and
+    appointed avocations seemed unworthy of its care. His ledgers and
+    day-books were kept by himself: he took note of all the houses
+    where he partook of hospitality, so that not even the smallest
+    courtesies might pass by unremembered; and until his press of
+    business in the Revolutionary War he was wont every evening to set
+    down the variations of the weather during the preceding day. It
+    was also his habit through life, whenever he wished to possess
+    himself perfectly of the contents of any paper, to transcribe it
+    in his own hand, and apparently with deliberation, so that no
+    point might escape his notice. Many copies of this kind were after
+    his death found among his manuscripts.
+
+    We may observe, however, that in the mind of Washington
+    punctuality and precision did not, as we often find them, turn in
+    any degree to selfishness. On the contrary, he was rather careless
+    of small points where only his own comfort was concerned. Thus he
+    could seldom be persuaded to take any remedy, or desist from any
+    business, whenever he caught a cold, but used to say, "let it go
+    as it came!"
+
+    Nor yet was his constant regularity of habits attended by undue
+    formality of manner. In one of his most private letters there
+    appears given incidentally, and as it were by chance, a golden
+    rule upon that subject:—"As to the gentlemen you mention I cannot
+    charge myself with incivility, or what in my opinion is
+    tantamount, ceremonious civility.
+
+    In figure Washington was thin and tall (above six feet high), in
+    countenance grave, unimpassioned, and benign. An inborn worth, an
+    unaffected dignity, beamed forth in every look as in every word
+    and deed. His first appearance and address might not convey the
+    idea of superior talents; such at least was the remark of his
+    accomplished countryman, Mr. Gallatin; but no man, whether friend
+    or enemy, ever viewed without respect the noble simplicity of his
+    demeanor, the utter absence in him of every artifice and every
+    affectation.
+
+    It has been justly remarked that of General Washington there are
+    fewer anecdotes to tell than perhaps of any other great man on
+    record. So equally framed were the features of his mind, so
+    harmonious all its proportions, that no one quality rose salient
+    above the rest. There were none of those chequered ques, none of
+    those warring emotions, in which Biography delights. There was no
+    contrast of lights and shades, no flickering of the flame; it was
+    a mild light that seldom dazzled, but that ever cheered and
+    warmed. His contemporaries or his close observers, as Mr.
+    Jefferson and Mr. Gallatin, assert that he had naturally strong
+    passions, but had attained complete mastery over them. In
+    self-control indeed he has never been surpassed. If sometimes on
+    rare occasions, and on strong provocation, there was wrung from
+    him a burst of anger, it was almost instantly quelled by the
+    dominion of his will. He decided surely, though he deliberated
+    slowly; nor could any urgency or peril move him from his serene
+    composure, his calm and clear-headed good sense. Integrity and
+    truth were also ever present in his mind. Not a single instance,
+    as I believe, can be found in his whole career when he was
+    impelled by any but an upright motive, or endeavored to attain an
+    object by any but worthy means. Such are some of the high
+    qualities which have justly earned for General Washington the
+    admiration even of the country he opposed, and not merely the
+    admiration but the gratitude and affection of his own. Such was
+    the pure and upright spirit to which, when its toils were over and
+    its earthly course had been run, was offered the unanimous homage
+    of the assembled Congress, all clad in deep mourning for their
+    common loss, as to "the man first in war, first in peace, and
+    first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." At this day in the
+    United States the reverence for his character is, as it should be,
+    deep and universal, and not confined, as with nearly all our
+    English statesmen, to one party, one province, or one creed. Such
+    reverence for Washington is felt even by those who wander furthest
+    from the paths in which he trod. A President when recommending
+    measures of aggression and invasion can still refer to him whose
+    rule was ever to arm only in self-defence as to "the greatest and
+    best of men!" States which exult in their bankruptcy as a proof of
+    their superior shrewdness, and have devised "Repudiation" as a
+    newer and more graceful term for it, yet look up to their great
+    General—the very soul of good faith and honor—with their reverence
+    unimpaired!"
+
+
+                              PATRICK HENRY.
+
+    The colony of Virginia was the place, and the the year 1736 the
+    time, of birth to Patrick Henry. His parents were in easy
+    circumstances, but burthened with a numerous family; they resided
+    at a country scat to which the ambitious name of Mount Brilliant
+    had been given. In childhood Patrick Henry gave little promise of
+    distinction. His person is represented as having been coarse, his
+    manners extremely awkward, his dress slovenly, and his aversion to
+    study invincible. No persuasion could bring him either to read or
+    to work. At sixteen his father gave him means to open a small
+    shop, which failed, however, in less than one year. Then he tried
+    a small farm, and married; then again he entered upon the life of
+    a tradesman, but in a few years more was a bankrupt. It was at
+    this period that he became acquainted with Mr. Jefferson,
+    afterwards President of the United States. "Mr. Henry," says
+    Jefferson, "had a little before broken up his store (shop), or
+    rather it had broken him up, but his misfortunes were not to be
+    traced either in his countenance or conduct. His manners had
+    something of coarseness in them; his passion was music, dancing,
+    and pleasantry. He excelled in the last, and it attached every one
+    to him."
+
+    As a last resource, Patrick Henry now determined to make a trial
+    of the law. It cannot be said that his preparatory studies were
+    unduly arduous, since, as his biographer informs us, they were all
+    comprised in the period of six weeks. Under such unpromising
+    circumstances, and in the year 1763, he obtained a brief in the
+    long-contested cause then raging in Virginia between the clergy on
+    the one side, and the legislature on the other, as regarding the
+    stipends which the former claimed. On this occasion Henry, to the
+    astonishment of all who knew him, poured forth a strain of such
+    impassioned eloquence as not only carried the cause, contrary to
+    all previous expectation, but placed him ever afterwards at the
+    head of his profession in the colony. To this very day, says Mr.
+    Wirt, writing in 1818, the impression remains, and the old people
+    of that district think that no higher compliment can be paid to
+    any public speaker than to say of him in their homely phrase, "He
+    is almost equal to Patrick when he plead (pleaded) against the
+    parsons!"
+
+    The natural eloquence which on this occasion flashed forth from
+    the coarse and unlettered Henry, as the spark-of fire from the
+    flint, continued to distinguished him both as a Member of the
+    House of Burgesses at Williamsburg, and afterwards as a member of
+    Congress. He took from the first a bold and active part against
+    the pretensions of the mother country; indeed Mr. Jefferson goes
+    so far as to declare that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the earliest
+    impulse to the ball of revolution." His most celebrated burst of
+    oratory, or rather turn of phrase, was in this very year 1765,
+    when descanting in the House of Burgesses on the tyranny of the
+    Stamp Act. "Cæsar—" he cried, in a voice of thunder and with an
+    eye of fire—"Cæsar had his Brutus—Charles the First had his
+    Cromwell—and George the Third"—"Treason!" here exclaimed the
+    Speaker, "Treason! Treason!" re-echoed from every part of the
+    House. Henry did not for an instant falter, but fixing his eye
+    firmly on the Speaker, he concluded his sentence thus "—may profit
+    by their example. If this be treason make the most of it!"
+
+    Indolence and aversion to reading seemed almost as natural to
+    Henry’s mind as powers of debate. To the last he never overcame
+    them. Thus, at his death, in 1799, his books were found to be
+    extremely few, and these too consisting chiefly of odd volumes.
+    But his gift of speech was (for his hearers) sufficiently
+    supported by his fiery energy, his practical shrewdness, and his
+    ever keen glance into the feelings and characters of other. Nor
+    were these his only claims to his country’s favor. He retained the
+    manners and custom of the common people, with what his friendly
+    biographer terms "religious caution.—He dressed as plainly as the
+    plainest of them," continues Mr. Wirt, "ate only their homely
+    fare, and drank their simple beverage, mixed with them on a
+    footing of the most entire and perfect equality, and conversed
+    with them even in their own vicious and depraved pronunciation."
+    By such means he soon acquired and long retained a large measure
+    of popularity, and he applied himself with zeal and success before
+    any audience, and on every occasion which arose, to increase and
+    perpetuate the estrangement between the North American Colonies
+    and England.
+
+
+                                FRANKLIN.
+
+    Dr. Benjamin Franklin is one of those men who have made the task
+    of succeeding biographers more difficult by having been in part
+    their own. He was born at Boston in 1706, the youngest of ten
+    sons. "My father," he says, "intended to devote me, as the tithe
+    of his sons, to the service of the Church;" but on further
+    reflection, the charges of a college education were thought too
+    burthensome, and young Benjamin became a journeyman printer. From
+    a very early age he showed a passionate fondness for reading, and
+    much ingenuity in argument, but, as he acknowledges, had at first
+    contracted a disputatious and wrangling turn of conversation. "I
+    have since observed," he says, "that persons of good sense seldom
+    fall into it, except lawyers, University-men, and generally men of
+    all sorts who have been bred at Edinburgh."
+
+    Young Franklin was at first bound apprentice to one of his elder
+    brothers, a printer at Boston; but some differences arising
+    between them, he proceeded to Philadelphia, where he soon obtained
+    employment, and ere long set up for himself. His success in life
+    was secured by his great frugality, industry, and shrewdness. In
+    his own words: "I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of
+    any kind; reading was the only amusement I allowed myself." His
+    knowledge and shrewdness,—great zeal in urging any improvements,
+    and great ingenuity in promoting them,—speedily raised him high in
+    the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, and enabled him to take a
+    forward part in all the affairs of his province. In England, and
+    indeed all Europe, he became celebrated by his experiments and
+    discoveries in electricity. These may deserve the greater credit
+    when we recollect both their practical utility and their
+    unassisted progress,—how much the pointed rods which he introduced
+    have tended to avert the dangers of lightning, and how far removed
+    was Franklin at the time from all scientific society, libraries,
+    or patronage.
+
+    It has also been stated by no less an authority in science than
+    Sir Humphrey Davy, that "the style and manner of Dr. Franklin’s
+    publication on Electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as
+    the doctrine it contains." The same remark may indeed be applied
+    to all his writings. All of them are justly celebrated for their
+    clear, plain, and lively style, free from every appearance of art,
+    but, in fact, carefully pointed and nicely poised. In public
+    speaking, on the other hand, he was much less eminent. His last
+    American biographer observes of him, that he never even pretended
+    to the accomplishments of an orator or debater. He seldom spoke in
+    a deliberative assembly, except for some special object, and then
+    only for a few minutes at a time.
+
+    As a slight instance of Franklin’s humor and shrewdness in all
+    affairs of common life I may quote the following: "QUESTION. I am
+    about courting a girl I have had but little acquaintance with. How
+    shall I come to a knowledge of her faults? ANSWER. Commend her
+    among her female acquaintance!"
+
+    Whether in science and study, or in politics and action, the great
+    aim of Franklin’s mind was ever practical utility. Here again we
+    may quote Sir Humphrey Davy as saying of Franklin that he sought
+    rather to make philosophy a useful inmate and servant in the
+    common habitations of man, than to preserve her merely as an
+    object of admiration in temples and palaces. Thus, also, in
+    affairs he had a keen eye to his own interest, but likewise a
+    benevolent concern for the public good. Nor was he ever
+    indifferent to cases of individual grievance or hardship. In the
+    pursuit of his objects, public or private, he was, beyond most
+    other men, calm, sagacious, and wary; neither above business nor
+    yet below it; never turned aside from it by flights of fancy nor
+    yet by bursts of passion.
+
+    Among the good qualities which we may with just cause ascribe to
+    Franklin we cannot number any firm reliance on the truths of
+    Revelation. Only five weeks before his death we find him express a
+    cold approbation of the "system of morals" bequeathed to us by
+    "Jesus of Nazareth." In his Memoirs he declares that he always
+    believed in the existence of a Deity and a future state of rewards
+    and punishments, but he adds that although he continued to adhere
+    to his first—the Presbyterian—sect, some of its dogmas appeared to
+    him unintelligible, and others doubtful. "I early absented myself
+    from the public assemblies of the sect; and I seldom attended any
+    public worship; Sunday being my studying day."
+
+    Such being Franklin’s own practice, and such his own description
+    of it as to public worship, it seems worthy of note that it was he
+    who in the American Convention brought forward a motion for daily
+    prayers. "I have lived, Sir," said he, "a long time, and the
+    longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that
+    God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to
+    the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can
+    rise without his aid?" But in spite of this most earnest appeal
+    the motion was rejected, since, as we are told, "the Convention,
+    except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary."
+
+    The accomplished American biographer, by whom this last incident
+    is recorded, expresses in the same passage deep regret that Dr.
+    Franklin did not bestow more attention than he seems to have done
+    on the evidences of Christianity. And indeed there are several
+    indications that he was less well acquainted with points of
+    Christian faith and discipline than with almost any other subject.
+    One of these indications, and surely a most strange one, occurs in
+    the Private Diary which he kept at Passy during part of 1784. It
+    appears that two young American gentlemen had come over to London
+    with the view of entering Holy Orders, but that the Archbishop of
+    Canterbury refused them Ordination unless they would take the Oath
+    of Allegiance. In this dilemma Franklin actually applied to the
+    Pope’s Nuncio at Paris to ascertain whether a Roman Catholic
+    Bishop in America might not perform the ceremony for them as
+    Protestants, and he transcribes as remarkable the natural reply:
+    "The Nuncio says the thing is impossible unless the gentlemen
+    become Roman Catholics."
+
+    The religious scepticism or indifference of Franklin, which his
+    present biographers justly lament, was, however, in his own day, a
+    recommendation and a merit with the French philosophists. On the
+    other hand, his hostility to England endeared him to the French
+    politicians. On both these grounds, as well as from his high
+    scientific attainments, he found himself during his residence of
+    several years at Paris in no common measure courted, flattered,
+    and caressed. A fine verse, one of the noblest which modern
+    Latinity can boast, describes him as having plucked the lightning
+    from Heaven and the sceptre from tyrants.
+
+    Descending from such lofty flights to the regions of sober
+    reality, we may observe that Franklin in his later years, and
+    especially in France, adopted to a great extent the Quaker garb.
+    He laid aside the huge wig which he used to wear in England, and
+    allowed his long white hair to flow down nearly to his shoulders.
+    His clothes were of the plainest cut and of the dunnest color. The
+    Parisians of that period, ever swayed by external impressions,
+    were greatly struck with, and in their writings frequently refer
+    to, his venerable aspect, and they compared him by turns to all
+    the sages of antiquity. It is also probable that his Quaker-like
+    attire may have tended to invest him in their estimation with the
+    other attributes which they assigned to the ideal Quaker
+    character, as simplicity, guilelessness, inviolable truth.
+
+
+                               LA FAYETTE.
+
+    It so chanced that in the summer of 1776, La Fayette, still in his
+    teens, and serving as a subaltern with the French army, was
+    stationed with his regiment at Metz. It happened also that in the
+    course of a foreign tour their Royal Highnesses of Gloucester
+    passed a few days in that town. The principal officers entertained
+    the Duke at dinner, when the conversation turned to the last news
+    from Philadelphia and the new Declaration of Independence. Being
+    at that period offended with his Court, from its neglect of the
+    Duchess, the Duke indulged in Opposition topics, and, in some
+    degree at least, took the part of the Americans. The details were
+    new to La Fayette. He listened with eagerness, and prolonged the
+    conversation by asking questions of the Royal guest. The cause of
+    the colonies that had risen against England seemed to him just and
+    noble, even on the showing of one of the English princes; and
+    before he left the table, the thought came into his head that he
+    would go to America, and offer the Americans his services. He
+    determined to return to Paris, and make further inquiries. His
+    inquiries being mainly addressed to Silas Deane and other zealous
+    friends of the insurgents, could not fail to confirm him in his
+    first impressions. He became fired with an ardent zeal for
+    Republican principles and the American cause. That zeal continued
+    ever afterwards—for well nigh sixty years—the polar star of his
+    course. That zeal, favored as it was by fortune, adapted to the
+    times that came upon him, and urged forward by great personal
+    vanity, laid the foundations of his fame far more, as I conceive,
+    than any strength of mind or talents of his own. Few men have ever
+    been so conspicuous from afar with so little, when closely viewed,
+    of real weight or dimension. As a general, it can scarcely be
+    pretended that his exploits were either many or considerable. As
+    an orator, we look in vain for any high powers of debate. As a
+    statesman, we find only an undistinguishing eagerness to apply the
+    Transatlantic examples and to act the part of Washington, without
+    duly estimating either the immense superiority of Washington’s
+    character above his own, or the manifold points of difference
+    between America and Europe.
+
+    It was said by Napoleon at St. Helena, that "La Fayette was a man
+    of no ability, either in civil or military life; his understanding
+    was confined to narrow bounds; his character was full of
+    dissimulation, and swayed by vague ideas of liberty, which, in
+    him, were undefined and ill-digested." No doubt there is some
+    exaggeration in these words. No doubt the late Emperor, at that
+    period, was stirred by personal resentment at the hostile conduct
+    of the General in 1815; yet it will perhaps be found more easy by
+    any admirer of La Fayette to impugn the good faith of the
+    draughtsman than the general accuracy of the portrait.
+
+    The fortune of La Fayette was ample, his yearly income being
+    little short of two hundred thousand livres; and his connexions,
+    as we have seen, were among the first at Court. Under such
+    circumstances, Silas Deane felt the vast importance of securing
+    him. An agreement was concluded between them, by the intervention
+    of one Mr. Carmichael (for as yet La Fayette spoke no English, and
+    Deane little French), according to the terms of which the Marquis
+    de La Fayette was to join the American service, and to receive
+    from Congress the rank of Major-General—no slight temptation to a
+    stripling of nineteen! La Fayette was to be accompanied, or rather
+    attended, by the Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers of lower
+    rank, seeking service in America. He sent, in secret, an agent to
+    Bordeaux, there to purchase and prepare a vessel for their voyage.
+    Meanwhile he made an excursion of three weeks to London, where his
+    kinsman, the Marquis de Noailles, was ambassador. He was presented
+    to the King, and graciously received. He saw at the opera General
+    Clinton, who had come home on a winter leave of absence, and who
+    was next to meet him on a field of battle in America. But, mindful
+    of his own hostile designs, he deemed it proper to forbear from
+    prying into the military forces of the kingdom, and declined an
+    invitation to visit the naval armament at Portsmouth.
+
+    On his return to France, La Fayette bade farewell to his young
+    wife, leaving her four months gone with child, and set out for
+    Bordeaux. Thus far all had prospered according to his wishes. But
+    at Bordeaux he found that his preparations had been discovered and
+    complained of by Lord Stormont, and that a LETTRE DE CACHET for
+    his arrest was already issued. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish
+    his design. He crossed the Spanish frontier in the disguise of a
+    courier, found his vessel at Pasages, and there embarked with his
+    companions. Towards the middle of June he landed on the coast of
+    Carolina; and after a few days’ rest, pursued his route to
+    Philadelphia. His reception by the Congress was not at first a
+    warm one; but La Fayette declared that he would accept no pay, and
+    was willing to serve as a volunteer; and under these
+    circumstances, the Assembly fulfilled the terms of the secret
+    agreement, and bestowed on him the rank of Major-General.
+
+    At Philadelphia La Fayette saw the American troops for the first
+    time, and, according to his own account, was struck with their
+    grotesque appearance—with green boughs fastened to their
+    hats—coarse hunting-shirts instead of uniforms—and muskets, many
+    wanting bayonets, and all of unequal make and size. But he soon
+    learnt to think more favorably of these raw levies, when,
+    notwithstanding all their disadvantages, he observed their conduct
+    in the field. With regard to their commander, his early
+    impressions never changed. It was also at Philadelphia, and at a
+    dinner-table, comprising several members of the Congress, that La
+    Fayette was introduced to Washington. The boy-general found
+    himself warmly welcomed by the chief whom he had long admired.
+    "When you come to the army," said Washington, "I shall be pleased
+    if you will make my quarters your home, and consider yourself as
+    one of my family." The invitation thus frankly tendered was no
+    less frankly accepted. Thus did a cordial intimacy arise between
+    them, Washington at all times treating La Fayette with fatherly
+    kindness, and La Fayette looking up to Washington with filial
+    regard.
+
+    La Fayette had already begun to speak a little English, and by
+    degrees acquired more. But to the last the difficulties of the
+    language were a main obstacle, not only to himself, but to every
+    other foreigner who served with, or under, the United States. Thus
+    there are still preserved some of the ill-spelled and scarcely
+    intelligible notes of Count Pulasky, during the short time that he
+    served as general of cavalry. Still worse was the case of Baron
+    Steuben, a veteran of the school of Frederick the Second, who
+    joined the Americans a few months later than La Fayette, and who
+    greatly aided them in the establishment of discipline. The Baron,
+    it appears, could not teach and drill, nor even swear and curse,
+    but by means of an interpreter! He was, therefore, most fortunate
+    in securing as his aid-de-camp Captain Walker of New-York—most
+    fortunate, if, as his American biographer assures us, "there was
+    not, perhaps, another officer in the army, unless Hamilton be
+    excepted, who could speak French and English so as to be well
+    understood in both."
+
+    La Fayette did not always confine himself to the bounds of his own
+    profession; sometimes, and, perhaps, not greatly to his credit, he
+    stepped beyond them. Here is one case recorded with much
+    satisfaction by himself. He states, that soon after his arrival in
+    America, and while attending on Sunday the service of the Church
+    of England, he was displeased with the clergyman, because in his
+    sermon he had said nothing at all of politics. "I charged him to
+    his face," says La Fayette, "with preaching only about Heaven!...
+    But next Sunday," continues the keen young officer, "I heard him
+    again, when his loud invectives against ’the execrable House of
+    Hanover,’ showed that he was ready and willing to take my good
+    advice."
+
+
+                            JOHN HORNE TOOKE.
+
+    His abilities were ill fitted for the profession of a clergyman,
+    which indeed he at last renounced, but they highly qualified him
+    for his favorite occupation as a demagogue. Between him and Wilkes
+    there now arose a violent animosity and a keen altercation carried
+    on in newspapers. Descending to the lowest and most selfish
+    details, they were not ashamed thus publicly to wrangle respecting
+    a Welsh pony and a hamper of claret! Even before the close of 1770
+    might be discerned the growing discord and weakness of Wilkes and
+    his city friends. At a meeting which they convened to consider
+    their course of action, some proposed a new Remonstrance to the
+    King, while others urged an impeachment of Lord North in the House
+    of Commons. "What is the use of a new Remonstrance?" cried Wilkes.
+    "It would only serve to make another paper kite for His Royal
+    Highness the Prince of Wales!"—"What is the use of an
+    impeachment?" cried Sawbridge. "Lord North is quite sure of the
+    Bishops and the Scotch Peers in the Upper House, and could not
+    fail to be acquitted!" But although these ardent patriots might
+    differ a little as to the means, they were bent on one and the
+    same end; and the Remonstrance which was at last agreed upon,
+    appears to have been framed by their united wisdom. As thus drawn
+    up it teemed with silly vagaries fit only to please the lowest
+    order of intellects. Thus it prayed that His Majesty would for
+    ever remove from his presence and councils all his Ministers and
+    Secretaries of State, especially Lord Mansfield (who by the way
+    was not one of them), and that His Majesty would not again admit
+    any Scotchman into the administration!
+
+
+                         THE CHARACTER OF WILKES.
+
+    He was born in 1727, the son of a rich distiller. Early in life he
+    set up a brewery for himself, but soon relinquished the wearisome
+    business. Early in life also he improved his fortune by his
+    marriage with the daughter and heiress of the celebrated Dr. Mead,
+    the author of the "Treatise on Poisons." But this lady, being of
+    maturer age than himself, and of slight personal attractions, was
+    speedily slighted, and he left her with as much disgust as he had
+    his brewery. In 1757 he was elected Member of Parliament for
+    Aylesbury, but never obtained any success as an orator, his
+    speeches being, though flippant, yet feeble. In truth he had no
+    great ability of any kind, but dauntless courage and high animal
+    spirits. Nor should we deny him another much rarer praise,—a vein
+    of good humor and kindliness, which did not forsake him through
+    all his long career, amidst the riot of debauchery or the rancor
+    of faction. So agreeable and insinuating was his conversation,
+    that more than one fair dame as she listened found herself forget
+    his sinister squint and his ill-favored countenance. He used to
+    say of himself in a laughing strain, that though he was the
+    ugliest man in England, he wanted nothing to make him even with
+    the handsomest but half an hour at starting! Politics indeed
+    seemed at first wholly alien from Wilkes’s sphere; gayety and
+    gallantry were his peculiar objects. For some time he reigned the
+    oracle of green-rooms and the delight of taverns. In conjunction
+    with other kindred spirits, as Paul Whitehead and Sir Francis
+    Dashwood, amounting in all to twelve, he rented Medmenham Abbey,
+    near Marlow. It is a secluded and beautiful spot on the banks of
+    the Thames, with hanging woods that slope down to the crystal
+    stream, a grove of venerable elms, and meadows of the softest
+    green. In days of old it had been a convent of Cistercian monks,
+    but the new brotherhood took the title of Franciscans in
+    compliment to Sir Francis Dashwood, whom they called their Father
+    Abbot. On the portal, now again in ruins, and once more resigned
+    to its former solitude and silence, I could still a few years
+    since read the inscription placed there by Wilkes and his friends:
+    fay çe que voudras. Other French and Latin inscriptions, now with
+    good reason effaced, then appeared in other parts of the grounds,
+    some of them remarkable for wit, but all for either profaneness or
+    obscenity, and many the more highly applauded as combining both.
+    In this retreat the new Franciscans used often to meet for summer
+    pastimes, and varied the round of their debauchery by a mock
+    celebration of the principal Roman Catholic rites.
+
+
+                         WILKES’S ESSAY ON WOMAN.
+
+    It appears that Wilkes had, several years before, and in some of
+    his looser hours, composed a parody of Pope’s "Essay on Man." In
+    this undertaking, which, according to his own account, cost him a
+    great deal of pains and time, he was, it is said, assisted by
+    Thomas Potter, second son of the late Archbishop of Canterbury,
+    who had been Secretary of Frederick Prince of Wales, and had since
+    shown ability and gained office in the House of Commons, but was
+    (as well became one of Wilkes’s friends) of lax morals in his
+    private life. The result of their joint authorship, however, has
+    little wit or talent to make any amends for the blasphemy and
+    lewdness with which it abounds. As the original had been inscribed
+    by Pope to Lord Bolingbroke, so was the parody by Wilkes to Lord
+    Sandwich; thus it began, "Awake my Sandwich!" instead of "Awake my
+    St. John!" Thus also, in ridicule of Warburton’s well-known
+    commentary, some burlesque notes were appended in the name of the
+    Right Reverend the Bishop of Gloucester.
+
+    This worthless poem had remained in manuscript, and lain in
+    Wilkes’s desk, until in the previous spring he had occasion to set
+    up a press at his own house, and was tempted to print fourteen
+    copies only as presents to his boon companions. Of one of these
+    copies the Government obtained possession, through a subordinate
+    agent, and by not very creditable means, and Lord Sandwich holding
+    it forth in his hand with the air of injured innocence, denounced
+    it as not only scandalous and impious, but also as a breach of
+    Privilege against the Bishop as a Peer of Parliament. He likewise
+    complained of another profane parody, written by the same hand,
+    and printed on the same occasion; this last was entitled, "The
+    VENI CREATOR paraphrased." The most offensive passages of both
+    were now by Lord Sandwich’s order read aloud to the House, until
+    Lord Lyttleton with a groan entreated that they might hear no
+    more!
+
+    In the discussion which ensured, Bishop Warburton, forgetting that
+    such ribaldries could not really tarnish his character, showed a
+    heat which little became it. He exclaimed that the blackest fiends
+    in Hell would disdain to keep company with Wilkes,—and then asked
+    pardon of Satan for comparing them together! Both the Earl and
+    Bishop in their passion would have readily over-leaped the common
+    forms of justice. The former, after producing evidence at the Bar
+    as to the authorship of Wilkes, wished the House to take measures
+    for his prosecution, without the least delay. But the Peers,
+    although readily agreeing to vote the two parodies blasphemous and
+    breaches of Privilege, resolved, on the motion of Lord Mansfield,
+    to adjourn all further questions until the day after the next, so
+    as to give Wilkes the opportunity, if he desired it, of alleging
+    any matter in denial or defence.
+
+
+                              LORD THURLOW.
+
+    With all his faults and shortcomings there was that in Thurlow
+    which overawed and daunted his contemporaries, and of which the
+    impression is not wholly lost even on posterity. It was a saying
+    of Mr. Fox, that no man ever yet was so wise as Thurlow looked.
+    His countenance was fraught with sense; his aspect stately and
+    commanding; his brow broad, massy, and armed with terrors like
+    that of the Olympian Jove, to which indeed it was often compared.
+    His voice loud, sonorous, and as rolling thunder in the distance,
+    augmented the effect of his fierce and terrible invective. Few
+    indeed were they who did not quail before his frown; fewer still
+    who would abide his onset in debate. Perhaps no modern English
+    statesman, in the House of Lords at least, was ever so much
+    dreaded. In parliament, as at the bar, his speeches were home
+    thrusts, conveying the strongest arguments or keenest reproofs in
+    the plainest and clearest words. His enemies might accuse his
+    style of being coarse, and sometimes even ungrammatical, but they
+    could never deny its energy or its effect. In private life Thurlow
+    was remarkable for his thorough knowledge of the Greek and Latin
+    writers; and no less for his skill in argument and brilliant
+    powers of conversation. While yet at the bar, Dr. Johnson said of
+    him to Boswell: "I honor Thurlow, sir; Thurlow is a fine fellow;
+    he fairly puts his mind to yours." And after he became Chancellor,
+    the same high authority added: "I would prepare myself for no man
+    in England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to meet him, I should wish
+    to know a day before." Unless with ladies, his manner was always
+    uncouth, and his voice a constant growl. But beneath that rugged
+    rind there appears to have lurked much warmth of affection and
+    kindliness of heart. Many acts of generous aid and unsolicited
+    bounty are recorded of him. Men of learning and merit seldom
+    needed any other recommendation to his favor. Thus, on reading
+    Horsley’s "Letters to Dr. Priestly," he at once obtained for the
+    author a stall at Gloucester, saying—what I earnestly wish all
+    other Chancellors had borne in mind—"that those who supported the
+    Church should be supported by it." Nevertheless his temper, even
+    when in some measure sobered down by age, was always liable to
+    violent and unreasonable starts of passion. It is related by a
+    gentleman who dined with him at Brighton only a few months before
+    his death—for I must ever hold that great characters are best
+    portrayed by little circumstances—that a plateful of peaches being
+    brought in, the ex-Chancellor, incensed at their ill appearance,
+    ordered the window to be opened, and not only the peaches but the
+    whole desert to be thrown out!
+
+
+                              EDMUND BURKE.
+
+    In pamphlets, however, and political essays—and even speeches,
+    when revised and sent forth singly, may be comprehended in that
+    class,—the personal disadvantages of Burke could no longer apply;
+    and as regards that class of writings, it may be doubted whether
+    he has ever, in any age, or in any country, been excelled. The
+    philosophy and deep thought of his reflections—the vigor and
+    variety of his style—his rich flow of either panegyric or
+    invective—his fine touches of irony—the glowing abundance and
+    beauty of his metaphors—all these might separately claim applause;
+    how much more, then, when all blended into one glorious whole! To
+    give examples of these merits would be to transcribe half his
+    works. Yet still if one single and short instance from his maxims
+    be allowed me, I will observe that the generous ardor and activity
+    of mind called forth by competition has formed a theme of
+    philosophic comment from a very early age. It is touched both by
+    Cicero and Quintilian; it has not been neglected either by Bacon
+    or Montaigne. Yet still, as handled by Burke, this trite topic
+    beams forth, not only with the hues of eloquence, but even with
+    the bloom of novelty. He invites us to "an amicable conflict with
+    difficulty. Difficulty is a severe instructor set over us by the
+    supreme ordinance of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows
+    us better than we know ourselves, as he loves us better too. He
+    that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our
+    skill. Our antagonist is our helper!" If amidst so much of
+    eloquence and feeling as Burke’s writings display we are desired
+    to seek for faults, we shall find them, not in the want, but only
+    in the exuberance and overflow of beauties. The palate becomes
+    cloyed by so much richness, the eye dazzled by so much glare. His
+    metaphors, fraught with fancy though they be, are often bold; they
+    seem both too numerous and strained too far; they sometimes cease
+    to please, and occasionally border even on the ludicrous and low.
+    Of this defect, as of his excellences, a single instance shall
+    suffice me. In the "Letter to a Noble Lord," in 1796, Burk
+    compares the Duke of Bedford to a lamb already marked for
+    slaughter by the Marats and Robespierres of France, but still
+    unconscious of his doom, "pleased to the last," and who "licks the
+    hand just raised to shed his blood." Thus far the simile is
+    conducted with admirable force and humor. But not satisfied with
+    his success, Burke goes further; he insists on leading us into the
+    shambles, and makes the revolutionary butchers inquire as to their
+    ducal victim, "how he cuts up? how he tallows in the caul or on
+    the kidneys?" Apart from the beauty of the style, the value, as I
+    conceive, of Burke’s writings, is subject to one not unimportant
+    deduction. For most lofty and far-sighted views in politics they
+    will never be consulted in vain. On the other hand, let no man
+    expect to find in them just or accurate, or even consistent,
+    delineations of contemporary character. Where eternal principles
+    are at stake, Burke was inaccessible to favor or to fear. Where
+    only persons are concerned, he was often misled by resentments or
+    by partialities, and allowed his fancy full play. The rich stores
+    of Burke’s memory and the rare powers of his mind were not
+    reserved solely for his speeches or his writings; they appeared to
+    no less advantage in his familiar conversation. Even the most
+    trivial topics could elicit, even the most ignorant hearers could
+    discern, his genius. "Sir," said Dr. Johnson, "if Burke were to go
+    into a stable to see his horse dressed, the hostler would say, We
+    have had an extraordinary man here!" On other occasions, also, the
+    author of "Rasselas" extols him as "never unwilling to begin
+    conversation, never at a loss to carry it on, never in haste to
+    leave it off." His attempts at wit, indeed, were not always
+    successful, and he might be accused of an inordinate affection for
+    quibbles and puns. His favorite niece, and latterly his guest, was
+    sometimes provoked into a—"Really, uncle, that is very poor." But
+    upon the whole it may be asserted, that in social converse Burke
+    was equalled by none of his contemporaries and his countrymen,
+    except only Dr. Johnson himself and perhaps Lord Thurlow.
+
+
+We have no more room for further extracts; those we have made illustrate
+the temper and the style of the work, and will commend it to the favorable
+consideration of American readers. Among subjects treated most elaborately
+is that of the authorship of Junius; but Lord Mahon has no new facts for
+the vindication of his judgment, that Sir Philip Francis was
+unquestionably the writer of the famous letters under that name.
+
+There is an appendix to each volume; and in the appendix of one, and in
+the notes of both, are some curious illustrations of the worthlessness of
+Mr. Sparks’s editions of the writings of Washington and Franklin. We first
+called attention to this subject some five years ago, and after the
+changes, &c. of Mr. Sparks had been pointed out in _The International_, a
+series of carefully prepared criticisms appeared in the _Evening Post_, in
+which the discrepancies between the original letters of Washington were
+exhibited to a degree that at once and for ever destroyed the good
+reputation of Mr. Sparks in this department. He chose not to take any
+notice of the disclosures to which we refer, but it may be that Lord
+Mahon’s criticism will secure his attention, and an attempt, at least, for
+his vindication. Besides his comparisons of MS. and printed letters in the
+appendix, Lord Mahon has several allusions to the subject, of which we
+quote specimens:
+
+
+    "Some samples of the manner in which that gentleman (Mr. Sparks)
+    has thought himself at liberty to tamper with the original MSS.,
+    will be found," &c.
+
+    "Mr. Sparks has printed no part of the correspondence precisely as
+    Washington wrote it, but has greatly altered, and as he thinks,
+    corrected and embellished it. Such a liberty with the writings of
+    such a man might be justifiable, nay, even in some respects
+    necessary, if Washington and his principal contemporaries had been
+    still alive; but the date of this publication, the year (1838),
+    leaves, as I conceive, no adequate vindication for _tampering with
+    the truth of history_."
+
+    "Washington, however, in his public letter to Congress (unless Mr.
+    Jared Sparks has _improved_ this passage), says," &c.
+
+    "I know not whether my readers will concur with me in liking
+    Washington’s own and though home-spun, excellent cloth, much
+    better than the ’Cobweb schemes and gauze coverings’ which have,
+    it seems, been manufactured in its place."
+
+
+A complete errata to Mr. Sparks’s editions of Washington, Franklin, and
+Gouverneur Morris, would occupy several volumes; and we do not remember
+one instance in which his alterations were justifiable, or in which they
+were really an improvement in point of style. The reprobation with which
+Mr. Sparks has been visited by the learned and judicious of his own
+country and England will be a warning to future laborers in the same
+field. The works edited by Mr. Sparks are no longer, we believe, regarded
+by historical students as of the slightest value as authorities, and no
+faithfulness or excellence which may be displayed in future works from his
+hand will retrieve his lost reputation.
+
+These volumes will be reprinted immediately by the Appletons.
+
+
+
+
+
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+
+
+It were well if writers on the origin of typography would obey the
+injunction of Sir Thomas Browne, who thought it not inexpedient for those
+who seek to enlighten mankind on any particular subject, first to acquire
+some knowledge thereof themselves, so that the labor of readers should not
+so generally be profitless. In an article by Bishop McIlvaine, and another
+in Frazer’s Magazine, by an anonymous contributor, the exercise of
+_necromancy_ is imputed to Fust, the inventor or supposed inventor of
+printing. Nine of every ten persons who write any thing on the subject
+fall into the same error; they have something always to say of Fust and
+the devil; curious anecdotes to rehearse of the multiplication of copies
+of the Scriptures in Paris and elsewhere; spells and incantations by the
+inventor of the "black" art to describe, &c. But this is all induced by
+ignorance of the facts. John Fust, the putative inventor of printing, was
+a shrewd silversmith, and we suspect a knavish one, for without having any
+thing to do with the _invention_ of the "art preservative of arts," he
+managed to rob another of the credit and profit of it. He was, however,
+never in Paris; he was never in his lifetime accused of the exercise of
+magical arts; he simply endeavored to make as much money as he could in
+Germany by underselling the copyists in the book market. All stories in
+which necromancy is attributed to him or to any other printer; all
+accounts of the opposition of the priests to typography as an infernal
+invention; in fine, the whole popular idea of Faust and the devil, is a
+modern contrivance, and originated in this manner: Some bookmaker, about
+the year 1580, undertook to write a history of printing; he had an
+indistinct recollection of Professor Faustus of the University of
+Wittenberg, and in his book blended as many of his adventures as he could
+remember with the memoirs of John Fust the printer; and from that day a
+succession of ignorant chroniclers have considered two men, of totally
+different characters, living at different times, as one individual.
+
+Faust, the necromancer, was born in the duchy of Weimer in 1491,
+twenty-five years after the printer is understood to have died. He is
+mentioned by Melancthon, Wierus, and many other cotemporary writers, and
+was probably in his time not less distinguished as a magician than Agrippa
+or Albertus Magnus. It is related of him by Godwin, that he was in his
+youth adopted by an uncle, dwelling in the city of Wittenberg, who had no
+children. Here he was sent to college, and was soon distinguished by the
+greatness of his talents, and the rapid progress he made in every species
+of learning that was put before him. He was destined by his relative to
+the profession of theology. But he is said ungraciously to have set at
+naught his uncle’s pious intentions. He went through his examinations with
+applause, and carried off all the first prizes among sixteen competitors;
+he therefore obtained the degree of doctor in divinity; but his success
+only made him proud and headstrong. He disdained his theological eminence,
+and sighed for distinction as a man of the world. He took his degree as a
+doctor of medicine, and aspired to celebrity as a practitioner of physic.
+About the same time he fell in with certain cotemporaries, of tastes
+similar to his own, and associated with them in the study of Chaldean,
+Greek, and Arabic science, of strange incantations and supernatural
+influences, in short, of all the arts of a sorcerer.
+
+Having made such progress as he could by dint of study and intense
+application, he at length resolved to prosecute his purposes still further
+by actually raising the devil. He happened one evening to walk in a thick,
+dark wood, within a short distance from Wittenberg, when it occurred to
+him that that was a fit place for executing his design. He stopped at a
+solitary spot where four roads met, and made use of his wand to mark out a
+large circle, and then two small ones within the larger. In one of these
+he fixed himself, appropriating the other for the use of his expected
+visitor. He went over the precise range of charms and incantations,
+omitting nothing. It was now dark night, between the ninth and tenth
+hours. The devil manifested himself by the usual signs of his appearance.
+"Wherefore am I called?" said he, "and what is it that you demand?" "I
+require," rejoined Faustus, "that you should sedulously attend unto me,
+answer my inquiries, and fulfil my behests."
+
+Immediately upon Faustus pronouncing these words, there followed a tumult
+overhead, as if heaven and earth were coming together. The trees in their
+topmost branches bended to their very roots. It seemed as if the whole
+forest were peopled with devils, making a crash like a thousand wagons,
+hurrying to the right and left, before and behind, in every possible
+direction, with thunder and lightning, and the continual discharge of
+great cannon. Hell appeared to have emptied itself to have furnished the
+din. There succeeded the most charming music from all sorts of
+instruments, and sounds of hilarity and dancing. Next came a report as of
+a tournament, and the clashing of innumerable lances. This lasted so long,
+that Faustus was many times about to rush out of the circle in which he
+had inclosed himself, and to abandon his preparations. His courage and
+resolution, however, got the better; and he remained immovable. He pursued
+his incantations without intermission. Then came to the very edge of the
+circle a griffin first, and next a dragon, which in the midst of his
+enchantments grinned at him horribly with his teeth, but finally fell down
+at his feet, and extended his length to many a rood. Faustus persisted.
+Then succeeded a sort of fireworks, a pillar of fire, and a man on fire at
+the top, who leaped down; and there immediately appeared a number of
+globes here and there red-hot, while the man on fire went and came to
+every part of the circle for a quarter of an hour. At length the devil
+came forward in the shape of a gray monk, and asked Faustus what he
+wanted. Faustus adjourned their further conference, and appointed the
+devil to comes to him at his lodging.
+
+He in the mean time busied himself in the necessary preparations. He
+entered his study at the appointed time, and found the devil waiting for
+him. Faustus told him that he had prepared certain articles, to which it
+was necessary that the demon should fully accord,—that he should attend
+him at all times, when required, for all the days of his life; that he
+should bring him every thing he wanted; that he should come to him in any
+shape that Faustus required, or be invisible, and Faustus should be
+invisible too whenever he desired it; that he should deny him nothing, and
+answer him with perfect veracity to every thing he demanded. To some of
+these requisitions the spirit could not consent, without authority from
+his master, the chief of devils. At length all these concessions were
+adjusted. The devil on his part also prescribed his conditions. That
+Faustus should abjure the Christian religion and all reverence for the
+supreme God; that he should enjoy the entire command of his attendant
+demon for a certain term of years; and that at the end of that period the
+devil should dispose of him, body and soul, at his pleasure [the term was
+fixed for twenty-four years]; that he should at all times steadfastly
+refuse to listen to any one who should desire to convert him, or convince
+him of the error of his ways, and lead him to repentance; that Faustus
+should draw up a writing containing these particulars, and sign it with
+his blood; that he should deliver this writing to the devil, and keep a
+duplicate of it himself, that so there might be no misunderstanding. It
+was further appointed by Faustus, that the devil should usually attend him
+in the habit of a cordelier, with a pleasing countenance and an
+insinuating demeanor. Faustus also asked the devil his name, who answered
+that he was usually called Mephistophiles.
+
+Numerous adventures of Faustus are related in the German histories. It is
+said that the emperor Charles V. was at Inspruck, at a time when Faustus
+also resided there. His courtiers informed the emperor that Faustus was in
+the town, and Charles expressed a desire to see him. He was introduced.
+Charles asked him whether he could really perform such wondrous feats as
+were reported of him. Faustus modestly replied, inviting the emperor to
+make trial of his skill. "Then," said Charles, "of all the eminent
+personages I have ever read of, Alexander the Great is the man who most
+excites my curiosity, and whom it would most gratify my wishes to see in
+the very form in which he lived." Faustus rejoined that it was out of his
+power truly to raise the dead, but that he had spirits at his command who
+had often seen that great conqueror, and that Faustus would willingly
+place him before the emperor as he required. He conditioned that Charles
+should not speak to him, nor attempt to touch him. The emperor promised
+compliance. After a few ceremonies, therefore, Faustus opened a door, and
+brought in Alexander exactly in the form in which he had lived, with the
+same garments, and every circumstance corresponding. Alexander made his
+obeisance to the emperor, and walked several times round him. The queen of
+Alexander was then introduced in the same manner. Charles just then
+recollected he had read that Alexander had a wart on the nape of his neck;
+and with proper precautions Faustus allowed the emperor to examine the
+apparition by this test. Alexander then vanished.
+
+As Faustus was approaching the last year of his term, he seemed resolved
+to pamper his appetite with every species of luxury. He carefully
+accumulated all the materials of voluptuousness and magnificence. He was
+particularly anxious in the selection of women who should serve for his
+pleasures. He had one Englishwoman, one Hungarian, one French, two of
+Germany, and two from different parts of Italy, all of them eminent for
+the perfections which characterized their different countries.
+
+At length he arrived at the end of the term for which he had contracted
+with the devil. For two or three years before it expired his character
+gradually altered. He became subject to fits of despondency, was no longer
+susceptible of mirth and amusement, and reflected with bitter agony on the
+close in which the whole must terminate. He assembled his friends together
+at a grand entertainment, and when it was over, addressed them, telling
+them that this was the last day of his life, reminding them of the wonders
+with which he had frequently astonished them, and informing them of the
+condition upon which he had held this power. They, one and all, expressed
+the deepest sorrow at the intelligence. They had had the idea of something
+unlawful in his proceedings; but their notions had been very far from
+coming up to the truth. They regretted exceedingly that he had not been
+unreserved in his communications at an earlier period. They would have had
+recourse in his behalf, to the means of religion, and have applied to
+pious men, desiring them to employ their power to intercede with Heaven in
+his favor. Prayer and penitence might have done much for him; and the
+mercy of Heaven was unbounded. They advised him to still call upon God,
+and endeavor to secure an interest in the merits of the Saviour.
+
+Faustus assured them that it was all in vain, and that his tragical fate
+was inevitable. He led them to their sleeping apartment, and recommended
+to them to pass the night as they could, but by no means, whatever they
+might happen to hear, to come out of it; as their interference could in no
+way be beneficial to him, and might be attended with the most serious
+injury to themselves. They lay still, therefore, as he had enjoined them;
+but not one of them could close his eyes. Between twelve and one in the
+night they heard first a furious storm of wind round all sides of the
+house, as if it would have torn away the walls from their foundations.
+This no sooner somewhat abated, than a noise was heard of discordant and
+violent hissing, as if the house was full of all sorts of venomous
+reptiles, but which plainly proceeded from Faustus’s chamber. Next they
+heard the doctor’s room-door vehemently burst open, and cries for help
+uttered with dreadful agony, but in a half-suppressed voice, which
+presently grew fainter and fainter. Then every thing became still, as if
+the everlasting motion of the world was suspended.
+
+When at length it became broad day, the students went in a body to the
+doctor’s apartment. But he was nowhere to be seen. Only the walls were
+found smeared with his blood, and marks as if his brains had been dashed
+out. His body was finally discovered at some distance from the house, his
+limbs dismembered, and marks of great violence about the features of his
+face. The students gathered up the mutilated parts of his body, and
+afforded them private burial at the temple of Mars, in the village where
+he died.
+
+
+
+
+
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+
+
+             WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+A PROLOGUE.
+
+  Without, the winds of Winter blow;
+  Without, the Winter sifts its snow:
+  Within, the hearths are warm and bright,
+  And all the chambers full of light,
+  And we again are gathered here,
+  To greet the advent of the year.
+
+  Pile on the wood, and stir the fires,
+  And in our souls the sweet desires;
+  And let us frame a mingled rhyme,
+  To suit the singers and the time;
+  With different stops, and keys of art,
+  In quaint old measures, got by heart.
+
+BY THE SEA.
+
+  By the rolling waves I roam,
+    And look along the sea,
+  And dream of the day and the gleaming sail,
+    That bore my love from me.
+
+  His bark now sails the Indian seas,
+    Far down the summer zone:
+  But his thoughts, like swallows, fly to me
+    By the Northern waves alone.
+
+  Nor will he delay, when winds are fair,
+    To waft him back to me;
+  But haste, my love! or my grave will be made
+    By the sad and moaning sea!
+
+WHEAT AND SHEAVES.
+
+  Before me now the village stands,
+    Its cottages embowered in bloom;
+  Behind me lies the burying ground,
+    Its sepulchres in cypress gloom.
+
+  The bells before me ring aloud,
+    A pæan for the live and bold;
+  The bells behind are tolling low,
+    A requiem for the dead and cold.
+
+  The crowd before me tramp away,
+    And shout until the winds are stirred;
+  The crowd behind no longer move,
+    And never breathe a single word.
+
+  Before me many moan, and weep:
+    Behind, there is not one who grieves;
+  For blight but wastes the standing wheat.
+    It cannot touch the garnered sheaves!
+
+FRAGMENT.
+
+  The gray old Earth goes on
+    At its ancient pace,
+  Lifting its thunder voice
+    In the choir of Space;
+      And the Years, as they go,
+      Are singing slow,
+  Solemn dirges, full of woe!
+
+  Tears are shed, and hearts are broken,
+  And many bitter words are spoken,
+    And many left unsaid;
+  And many are with the living,
+  That were better—better dead!
+
+  Tyrants sit upon their thrones,
+  And will not hear the people’s moans,
+    Nor hear their clanking chains;
+  Or if they do, they add thereto,
+    And mock, not ease, their pains;
+    But little liberty remains—
+  There is but little room for thee,
+  In this wide world, O Liberty!
+  But where thou hast once set thy foot,
+    Thou wilt remain, though oft unseen;
+  And grow like thought, and move like wind,
+  Upon the troubled sea of Mind,
+    No longer now serene.
+  Thy life and strength thou dost retain,
+  Despite the cell, the rack, the pain,
+  And all the battles won—in vain!
+  And even now thou seest the hour
+  That lays in dust the tyrant’s power,
+  When man shall once again be free,
+  And Earth renewed, and young like thee,
+    O Liberty! O Liberty!
+
+CERTAIN MERRY STANZAS.
+
+  I often wish that I could know
+    The life in store for me,
+  The measure of the joy and woe
+    Of my futurity.
+  I do not fear to meet the worst
+    The gathering years can give;
+  My life has been a life accurst
+    From youth, and yet I live;
+  The Future may be overcast,
+  But never darker than the Past!
+
+  My mind will grow, as years depart
+  With all the wingéd hours;
+  And all my buried seeds of Art
+  Will bloom again in flowers;
+  But buried hopes no more will bloom,
+  As in the days of old;
+  My youth is lying in its tomb,
+  My heart is dead and cold!
+  And certain sad, but nameless cares
+  Have flecked my locks with silver hairs!
+
+  No bitter feeling clouds my grief,
+  No angry thoughts of thee;
+  For thou art now a faded leaf
+  Upon a fading tree.
+  From day to day I sea thee sink,
+  From deep to deep in shame;
+  I sigh, but dare not bid thee think
+  Upon thine ancient fame—
+  For oh! the thought of what thou art
+  Must be a hell within thy heart!
+
+  My life is full of care and pain—
+  My heart of old desires;
+  But living embers yet remain
+  Below its dying fires;
+  Nor do I fear what all the years
+  May have in store for me,
+  For I have washed away with tears
+  The blots of Memory:
+  But thou—despite the love on high—
+  What is there left thee but to die!
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.(4)
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY A. OAKEY HALL.
+
+The hurrying pedestrian in Wall-street, or in some of its bisecting
+avenues of commercial bustle, if he have time to glance over his shoulder,
+is sure to observe a freshly-painted piece of tin (its brief rhetoric
+revelling in the pride and pomp of gold leaf alphabetically shaped),
+denominated by lawyers "a shingle"—setting forth that some sanguine
+gentleman has then and there established himself as an Attorney and
+Counsellor at Law.
+
+The sign is by the front door, shining with self-conceit at the passers
+by; and its owner is up some weary stairway, yawning over "twice told
+tales" of legal lore, copying precedents for the sake of practice, or
+keeping hope alive upon the back benches of the court-rooms in listening
+to the eloquence of his seniors while _he_ is waiting for clients.
+
+Heaven help many a young attorney in this "babel" of money-getting. The
+race should be prayed for in churches: and it should meet with a
+consideration as nearly divine as mortals can call up from crowded
+heart-chambers.
+
+Well: the sign keeps nailed up: and by and by the sun blisters it, and
+dries out the pomp of the gilded letters, and perhaps the owner yawns over
+his one case, or sitting upon a front bench in the court-room while case
+number thirty is being heard, waits for case nine hundred and thirty,
+against which on the calendar that is reposing by the side of the
+complaisant clerk in the corner, his name is placed as counsel—shining
+there like a pebble on a wide and extended beach.
+
+The Physiology of the Medical Student from facetious pens was reached to
+us over the Atlantic by friendly booksellers some years ago; and we should
+have had by this time "the Physiology of the young Attorney." He is a good
+subject for dissection; there’s plenty of venous humor in his composition;
+and oh! a deal of nerve!
+
+Talk of exploring expeditions to the Arctic regions as offering specimens
+of courage and prowess; or of scientific excursions into the wilds of
+Africa to the same purport! These instances are trivial compared to the
+courage and prowess yearly displayed by hundreds of attorneys who plunge
+into the ocean of litigation in order to swim towards the distant buoys
+which the sun of prosperity always cheers with enlivening beams.
+
+Don’t waste sympathy in this connection for the young Sawbones. _His_
+thirst for action can be slaked at pauper fountains. For _him_ the
+emigrant’s chamber, the cabin of the arriving ship, the dispensary, the
+asylums, the hospitals, and the poor-houses, are always open; and if his
+"soul be in arms," there are (Heaven knows) "frays" in this city numerous
+enough for any ambitious surgical eagerness.
+
+But for the aspiring attorney where are the avenues open for gratuitous
+action? Do merchants nail up promissory notes upon awning posts for
+attorneys to seize and put in suit? What "old nobs" of Wall-street are
+willing to put themselves "in chancery" to oblige Hopper Tape, Esq., your
+humble attendant upon the Where are the courts possessing suits without
+counsel?
+
+We may be told of unfortunate wretches who murder in drunken fits to whom
+counsel are assigned. But what are ten crusts of bread per annum among a
+thousand hungry dogs?
+
+Thou must face the truth, young college boy, who now and then dost stroll
+into court-rooms, or who dost lounge away an hour in a friend’s law office
+admiring his books and piles of papers—thinking the while of the time when
+thou wilt have graduated and obtained permission to hang up thy
+pomp-gilded "shingle:" _thou must face the truth_! The counsel who so
+attracts thy admiration, in thy court-room lounging, has fought weary
+years with myriad obstacles; there are the ashes of many nights and days
+of toil and struggle sprinkled upon his hair; he has fought his way (from
+where thou sittest a listener to where he stands a speaker), as if through
+an Indian gauntlet file. There were a hundred mouths waiting for the first
+crumbs which came to his impatient legal digestion; and a hundred envious
+heads and hearts to worry him if possible into a dyspepsia over those
+crumbs. He has began with an office in a fifth story, and _climbed down_
+towards the street. He commenced to hive his honey near the roof! While
+out of his office he climbed a professional ladder, the holding on to
+which tasked all his powers of physical, mental, and pecuniary endurance.
+Face the truth!
+
+Reach me yonder diary and legal register. Two thousand practising lawyers
+in the city of New-York! Out of these one hundred are "notables;" fifty
+are "distinguished;" twenty-five are eminent.
+
+A large body of them are "conveyancers" growing thin in person and thinner
+in mind over deeds and titles; a larger body "attorneys"—getters up and
+supervisors of suits—providers of ammunition for "distinguished counsel"
+to discharge with loud reports (the said counsel brilliant by the flash:
+the attorney obscured in the smoke); many, very many, chained to
+"larcenies" at the Sessions, "landlord dispossessions" at the Marine
+Court, suits on butcher’s bills at Ward Courts, or "malicious
+prosecutions" in the Common Pleas.
+
+Yet there are hundreds of coral reefs and pearls for persevering divers in
+this ocean of litigation. Three thousand pending cases every month are
+three thousand nutshells where the meat is often fresh and oily, even with
+the weary keeping on the calendar for months and years. There are _some_
+counsel who pocket fees and costs to the tune of twenty thousand a year.
+We know many a Quirk, Gammon and Snap, who realize an undoubted "ten
+thousand a year," with no Tittlebat Titmouse for a standing annoyance. And
+we can taper off on the finger many who do not realize five hundred a
+year, and work like negro slaves at that: they are continually rough
+hewing, but no divinity shapes their ends.
+
+Five years of "starvation," and five more years of toil and trouble,
+constitute the depth of a lawyer’s slough of despond in New-York; to say
+nothing of the giants’ castles to storm upon the way, or the fights with
+the Apolyons of Envy. Obviously so!
+
+A man now-a-days will let a young Sawbones advise ice for his child’s
+croup, or even experiment with his own much-abused liver, when he would
+not intrust a young attorney with the suing a note where ten witnesses saw
+the note signed and the "consideration money" paid over. And if the public
+really knew how much danger their pockets were in when the "buttons" were
+under the control of inexperienced lawyers, the number of "starvers" would
+be doubled. What "eminent" lawyer is there who does not look back to the
+"practice" of his youth, in perfect terror to witness the mistakes he
+made, as the helmsman, who has scudded through the breakers to the open
+sea, glances back at the dangers he escaped?
+
+The young lawyers of a year back are, however, five years—perhaps ten—in
+advance of the lawyers of this year’s growth. The latter have greater
+rivalry in the _hordes_ of practitioners from the interior whom the "new
+code" have driven from their _trespass quare clausum fregit_ into the
+city. Many of them, too, were men of mark in their ports of departure,
+bold and confident in their new haven!
+
+One field, however, in the legal township of this city, offers room upon
+its face for tillers—_the field of advocacy_! It is ploughed by some
+twenty or thirty, and _harrowed_ by some fifty or sixty. There are a
+_dozen_ whom the ghosts of Nisi Prius flock to hear upon great occasions.
+And these will long hold the monopoly.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the advocate and barrister must have had vast experience at Nisi
+Prius (or the court where matters of fact are investigated by judge and
+jury); have acquired a practised tact; have had opportunities of testing
+their own calibre to know if they are fitted for emergencies—as the
+gunsmith tests his barrels before he "stocks" them. And the young lawyer
+has small opportunity afforded him to acquire this tact—to permit this
+testing. If he can play "devil" for a few years to some barrister of
+extended practice, or scent "occasions" like a blood-hound on the trail of
+the valuable fugitive from justice, then he is a happy man, and is in the
+fair way of soon becoming a monopolist himself.
+
+Any juryman of two years’ standing will corroborate our statement as to
+the openness of the field of legal advocacy. How often has he seen cause
+after cause "set down," "reserved," or "put off," because counsel are
+engaged elsewhere? How often has he heard the same advocate in four or
+five causes in the same week, in the same court, changing positions like
+the queen of an active chess-board; profiting his fame and pocket by means
+of only a hurried glance at the elaborate brief which his junior has "got
+up" for him?
+
+Some one has said that the barrister works hard, lives well, and dies
+poor. Regarding the first two conditions of his life there is little doubt
+upon the question of truth; the dying in poverty _may be_ problematical.
+Yet in a recent print, professing to furnish a list of wealthy tax-payers,
+the list contained four lawyers, and only one was a barrister. The
+instance proves little, for a lawyer may be very rich and yet pay no
+taxes. The assessors may fight shy of his bell-pull as they go their
+rounds, because of his penchant to find flaws in their actions and bring
+them official discredit in an apparently laborious task, but in reality a
+sinecure of an employment.
+
+We have often asked ourselves if barristers have stomachs. Bowels of
+compassion they have not, that is certain; but have they stomachs? Say
+nine times in a year they dine at the same hour of the day; and then spoon
+their soup with the blood all drawn from the digestive apparatus to feed
+the brain. Yet they eat like aldermen and drink like German princes....
+
+This much of idle reverie, as, with pen in hand, we laid down the two
+bulky and elaborately-published volumes whose title we have taken as text;
+this much of glance at the condition of the young and old advocate of
+to-day, before we digest our reflections upon the advocate and jurist of
+the past.
+
+It was our privilege in our legal novitiate (this is but _a phrase_; for a
+lawyer is always in his novitiate) to have been, at the Cambridge Law
+School, a pupil of Mr. Justice Story; and thus to have drank at the very
+fountain head of constitutional law—that branch of our national
+jurisprudence which can least fluctuate. Judges of a day and not of a
+generation, or crazy legislators with spasmodic wisdom, may alter, and
+overturn, and mystify by simplification, the laws and usages of every-day
+life; but it is scarcely to be apprehended that the current of our
+constitutional law will ever be diverted from original channels. There is
+danger rather of its being dammed into stagnation.
+
+While fully aware of his faults and foibles as a man, and his
+idiosyncracies as a judge and a legal writer, we have never wavered in
+loyalty to his judicial majesty, or found a flaw in the regard we paid to
+his memory. And no book was more welcome to Zimmerman in his solitude than
+these volumes regarding the illustrious judge, prepared by his son, were
+welcome to our Christmas-holiday leisure.
+
+Joseph Story was the eldest of eleven children, and lived to be indeed the
+"Joseph" of mark and renown to his father and brothers. He was born in
+Marblehead, September 18th, 1779. His father was a physician, and served
+during a portion of the Revolution as army surgeon. He died when the
+future judge was twenty-six years of age: yet what the son then was is
+best told by one sentence from the father’s will—after making his wife
+sole executrix, he recommends her to his son Joseph, adding, "and although
+this perhaps is needless, I do it to mark my special confidence in his
+affections, skill, and abilities." From the father, our lawyer thus
+panegyrized received friendly geniality and broad understanding; from the
+mother, indomitable will, vigor and enthusiasm.
+
+Habit of observation and desire of knowledge were the prominent attributes
+of his childish character; nevertheless he was ardent in all the sports of
+boyhood. To the last he maintained a regard for his honor, which induced
+him while yet a lad, and under promise not to divulge the name of a
+schoolmate offender, to receive a severe flogging rather than to yield up
+his knowledge upon the subject. At the age of sixteen, in the midst of a
+Freshman term at Harvard College, he thought of matriculation; but upon
+inquiry learned that he must not only be examined upon the works of
+ordinary preparatory reading, but that it was necessary for him to expect
+a call upon the volumes which his class had dispatched during the past
+half year. At first he was daunted, but remembering there yet remained six
+weeks of vacation, he addressed himself to the necessary labor—the
+severity of which is best evidenced by the fact that in the short time
+above mentioned he read Sallust, the odes of Horace, two books of Livy,
+three books of the Anabasis, two books of the Iliad, and certain English
+treatises. This sounds like the railroad instruction now much in vogue;
+but its effects were permanent in value upon his mind. Few readers of his
+works will accuse him of a want of proficiency in Latin! But the _often_
+reading—the _saepe legendo_ was ever his habit: for he remembered the
+couplet:
+
+  Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo
+  Sic homo fit doctus non vi sed saepe legendo.
+
+He passed muster with the college tutors in January, 1795. Among his
+classmates were the (afterwards Reverends) Dr. Tuckerman and Wm. E.
+Channing—to the genius and character of the latter of whom he always bore
+the most enthusiastic and hearty testimony. Indeed he contested with
+Channing for the highest honor. Channing won it, but always gave the honor
+himself to Story; while the latter always declared that the former won the
+just meed of his genius and scholarship.
+
+Their graduation was in the summer of 1798: and immediately upon quitting
+college Mr. Story commenced the study of the law with Mr. Samuel Sewall,
+afterwards Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Fourteen
+hours a day was over his quantum of study. Although sometimes
+disheartened, he never surrendered his determination to master the
+elements and details of his new profession.
+
+_Studying_ law in those days was a far different thing from its _reading_
+now. Then it was _multum_: now it is _multa_. No copious indexes and
+multifarious treatises were counted by thousands: no digests (directories
+to the streets, the avenues, the fountains and the temples of the
+science), abounded by scores. Libraries were carried about in wheelbarrows
+and not in processions of vans, when the inexorable moving day came
+around. Learned judges were not then compelled to hold courts in remote
+villages (resorting hereby to a _coup de loi_), in order to escape the
+_cacoethes loquendi_ of case lawyers and presuming juniors. Legal lore was
+builded up like the massive stone and hard grained mortar of the edifices
+of that olden time—slowly, carefully, but lastingly; not as are builded
+now the brick and stuccoed mansions of the snob and parvenu. Not that
+abounding treatises and familiarizing digests forbid the idea of the
+perfect lawyer now-a-days: only that to-day the law student in the midst
+of a large library stands more in need (when thinking of the _otium_ which
+accompanies certain dignity), to utter the ejaculation, "lead us not into
+temptation"—the temptation of possessing that knowledge which teaches
+where to seek for information, and not the kind which is information of
+itself.
+
+In 1801 Mr. Story came to the Salem bar while at the age of twenty-two.
+After being three years at practice he married his first wife, who died
+within two years afterward, plunging him into the deepest grief. During
+his courtship he dabbled (as almost every young lawyer does until he finds
+that clients are severe critics) in poetry, and wrote a didactic poem of
+two parts in heroic verse, entitled "The Power of Solitude." Adopting the
+criticism of the biographers—its prominent defects were exaggeration of
+feeling, confusion of imagery, want of simplicity of expression, stilted
+and artificial style. But though dull as a poem, it shows facility and
+talent for versification, breathes a warm aspiration for virtue and truth,
+and is creditable to the scholarship of its author.
+
+After the loss of his wife he sought relief from painful thoughts in the
+laborious duties of a large and increasing business. His position at the
+bar was prominent, and he was engaged in nearly all the cases of
+importance. His manner to the jury was earnest and spirited; he managed
+his causes with tact (that great acquirement of the successful lawyer:
+being, as a distinguished barrister now dead and gone said to Dr. Hosack,
+the same sheet anchor to the advocate which mercury or bark is to the
+physician), was ready in attack or defence, and possessed great eloquence
+of expression. As an advocate he showed a sagacity of perception which no
+intricacy of detail could blind, no suddenness of attack confuse, and
+which afterwards so distinguished him as a Judge. He was thrown among the
+leading lawyers; and undaunted as all young lawyers should be (although
+preserving their modesty of deportment and learning), he measured swords
+with the most accomplished. Although sometimes vanquished, he always
+received honors from even the victors.
+
+It is a prevailing opinion with the junior members of the legal
+profession, that their seniors delight in snubbing them; that they are
+fond of being discourteous, and arrogant; that they are envious of some
+and insulting to others. But it is rare indeed that the seniors err on
+other ground in this respect than magnanimity. The industrious youngster,
+the self-reliant youngster, the firm but respectful youngster, the versed
+in elementary principles among youngsters, are always received with open
+arms. Law begets law. If the junior commences a suit a senior may answer
+it: and the reverse. The parson and the doctor are in perpetual
+interference with the neighbors and brethren of their particular calling.
+But lawyers, like bees in the beehive, must of necessity assist and succor
+each other, or there will be less honey laid away when the summer is past
+and the harvest ended.
+
+Early in his professional career he became an ardent politician. He was a
+Jeffersonian Democrat, and at the bar of his residence stood almost alone
+in his partisan position. As such a party man he went into the State
+Legislature, and became an acknowledged leader. He possessed that great
+quality for a leader, the faculty of extempore speaking, joined with the
+ability to condense and elucidate the topics he took in hand. But he never
+submitted the convictions of his judgment to party dictation; and soon
+after his entering the arena of legislative warfare, he bravely stemmed
+party tide in advocating an increase of salaries for the State judges. The
+latter were all federalists, and it was not to be wondered that the
+republicans of that day, who wore in their noses the rings of party,
+should shrug their shoulders at the prospect of benefiting political
+opponents. But by his firm conduct, and by his confident assertion and
+able arguments in favor of the measure, it was carried. And to Joseph
+Story, more than any other man, Massachusetts is indebted for the
+opportunity of employing ablest judicial officers, without making their
+families beggars.
+
+It is the disgrace of our country that its judicial officers are the most
+poorly paid of all professions and pursuits. And in every section of the
+Union, that distinguished lawyer who accepts a seat upon the bench, must
+hold the glories of his honor at a very high price, to surrender his
+ordinary professional emoluments for the wretched pittance which the
+various States dole out for days of public toil and nights of private
+study. We desire to look no further than this Empire State for examples.
+This Empire State, with its magnificent resources and proudly developing
+energies, should be the last to unite in adjudging its judicial officers
+to the labors of galley slaves, and to then pay them by the year less than
+a ballet-dancer receives by the month in all its principal cities. Two
+thousand five hundred dollars per year is the astounding sum which this
+same Empire State pays to its highest judicial officers. If we reverse the
+saying of Walpole, and read "_every price has its man_," we may not wonder
+if Dogberries and grandmothers are occasionally found upon the bench,
+dispensing their honest but destructive platitudes, and their Malaprop
+constructions of commercial law, to juries of astounded merchants.
+
+From the arena of State politics, Mr. Story next changed his position to
+the temple of national discussions at Washington. His career in Congress
+was, however, limited to one session, and to a vacancy-seat occasioned by
+a death. He declined re-election; for in the words of his autobiographical
+account of this portion of his career, he had lost all relish for
+political controversy, and had found that an entire obedience to party
+projects required such constant sacrifices of opinion and feeling, that he
+preferred to devote himself with singleness of heart to the study of the
+law, which was at all times the object of his admiration and almost
+exclusive devotion. Public sentiment, however, forced him again into the
+State councils at home, where more liberty of professional engagement was
+permitted. He was in political life but a brief period again, before, in
+his thirty-second year, President Madison pressed his acceptance of a
+vacant Associate Justiceship in the Supreme Court of the United States,
+which had been declined by Levi Lincoln and by John Quincy Adams, then in
+Russia. Although the acceptance involved the surrender of heavy
+professional emolument, the high honor, the permanence of the tenure, and
+the opportunity of gratifying his juridical studies that he so much loved,
+joined in compelling his acquiescence.
+
+"The atrocious crime of being a young man," which had compelled a hatred
+of William Pitt the younger, in a former day, was now brought up against
+him by many whose party subserviency fairly blushed before his manly
+integrity, and by others who envied him his success. But one year at the
+Circuit silenced all complaint. And in his thirty-third year he was
+acknowledged to be the able jurist whom, at his death in his sixty-sixth
+year of age, a whole nation mourned.
+
+Dismissing for the present all consideration of his judicial life, and all
+estimate of his ability upon the bench, and passing over nearly twenty
+years of his life, we meet him in the possession of his fourth great honor
+in life—but an honor which was ever the first prized by him in all his
+after career—the appointment of Law Professor in Cambrige Law School.
+
+Mr. Nathan Dane, whose Abridgement of American law in many volumes had
+obtained for him the gratitude of the profession at large, and the more
+substantial testimonial of pecuniary profit, had determined, about the
+fiftieth year of Judge Story’s life, to repay the law some of the profits
+which its votaries had bestowed upon him, by donating ten thousand dollars
+for the establishment of a new professorship.  He annexed to his donation,
+however, the condition that Judge Story should be the incumbent. To the
+great delight of the donor, and of the College Fellows, the Judge
+assented, and was inaugurated as Dane Professor of Law, with a special
+view to Lectures upon the Law of Nations, Commercial and Maritime Law,
+Federal Law and Equity—a station which he filled to the day of his
+lamented death.
+
+This brief survey of his life presents him then in several public aspects;
+as a student, as an advocate, as a statesman, as a judge, and as an
+expounder of the great principles of law, which he worshipped with an
+idolatry of love.
+
+To speak of his political career would not belong to the scope of our
+article. And to sit in judgment upon his judicial career would be our
+presumption. Older and abler pens must render their tributes to the extent
+and varied richness of his legal lore, which, taking root in principles,
+branched into the minutiæ of detail, under every sun and in every clime
+where law is recognized as a rule of human action. His judicial fame can
+never be increased or diminished by individual estimate. The law of
+patents, of admiralty and prizes, the jurisprudence of equity, and above
+all, his luminous explorations of what were once constitutional
+labyrinths, are monuments as indestructible as the Pyramids. If every
+trace of their original oneness be lost, they will yet live in the hours
+of future judicial days, in professional acts, and in the guiding policy
+of a remote posterity. His library of treatises are legal classics; and
+the worst defects which flippant carpers and canvassers of their claims to
+merit have discovered in their pages, have been their richness of detail
+and polish of learning! And no one can deny that as a judge he was the
+very example which ’Hobbes’ in his ’Leviathan,’ carried in mind when he
+thus wrote—"the things that make a good judge or good interpreter of the
+laws, are first—a right understanding of that principal law of nature
+called Equity, which depending not on the reading of other men’s writings,
+but on the goodness of a man’s own natural reason and meditation, is
+presumed to be in those most who have had most leisure and the most
+inclination to meditate thereon; second—contempt of unnecessary riches and
+preferments; third—to be able in judgment to divest himself of all fear,
+anger, hatred, love and compassion; fourthly and lastly—patience to hear,
+diligent attention in hearing, and memory to retain, digest, and apply
+what he hath heard."
+
+Not the least amiable phase of the life of Judge Story, was the attention
+which he gave to letters and literary pursuits. He was no _mere_ lawyer:
+no stringer of professional centos. He never hid his heart with the veil
+of dignity; nor smothered his fresh impulses (preserved intact from
+worldly rust since boyhood) with the weight of his judicial and
+professional labors. While he believed that the law was a jealous
+mistress, he knew that this mistress was too stable and sensible to decree
+that a gentle dalliance or seasonable flirtation with her maids of
+honor—Poetry, or the Arts, or Literature, or Love—was an unloyal act. He
+could turn from Grotius to Dickens, from Vattel to Thackeray. He could
+digest the points of the elaborate arguments of eminent counsel, and then
+turn aside to a gentle tonic from the administrating hand of Smollett or
+Walter Scott. Method was his master-key to all the combinations in the
+locks of labor.
+
+Twice married he never ceased to eulogize the bliss of domesticity.
+Surrounded by loving eyes, the currents of his freshened affection flowed
+deeper and clearer every year. How he treasured home and home joys may be
+collected in the following lines from his poem on solitude (before
+referred to), written in his twenty-second year.
+
+  "Grandeur may dazzle with its transient glare
+  The herd of folly, and the tribe of care,
+  Who sport and flutter through their listless days,
+  Like motes that bask in Summer’s noontide blaze,
+  With anxious steps round vacant splendor while,
+  Live on a look, and banquet on a smile;
+  But the firm race whose high endowments claim
+  The laurel-wreath that decks the brow of fame;
+  Who warmed by sympathy’s electric glow,
+  In rapture tremble, and dissolve in woe,
+  Blest in _retirement_, scorn the frowns of fate,
+  And feel a transport power can ne’er create."
+
+Touching the poem from which these lines are taken, we remember being
+shown the only copy of the published book which was known to exist, by the
+family of the Judge. The Assistant Librarian (who was born for his station
+in all that regards enthusiastic love of his duties), of the Harvard
+College library, showed us, with great triumph, a small sheep-bound
+volume, entitled "Solitude and other Poems, by Joseph Story," printed
+sometime in the commencement of this century: saying, "the Judge has
+burned all the copies he can pick up, and this is only to be read here."
+This poem was a sore subject to the author. He viewed it as not only a
+blot upon his dignity, but an annoyance to his professional fame. Numerous
+critics have laughed at it; but apart from the shorter poems, the main
+theme showed much aptitude of poetic imagery, invention, and harmony of
+expression. Glance at the following lines, which contain much of the
+genuine spark:
+
+  "Till nature’s self the Vandal torch should raise,
+  And the vast alcove of creation blaze."
+
+Or this—
+
+  "Blaze the vast domes inwrought with fretted gold,
+  The sumptuous pavements veins or pearl unfold,
+  Arch piled on arch with columned pride ascend,
+  Grove linked to grove their mingling shadows blend."
+
+Or this—
+
+  "Let narrow prudence boast its grovelling art
+  To chill the generous sympathies of heart,
+  Teach to subdue each thought sublimely wild,
+  And crush, like Herod, fancy’s new-born child."
+
+It is highly probable that the learned Justice, knowing his taste for the
+poetical and fanciful, and his aptitude at the harmony of language, often
+erred in his judicial writings and treatises, by avoiding beauty of
+expression, in fear lest the dignity of his subject should be injured by
+too much association with the creatures of fancy. We have known most
+accomplished lawyers err through this same caution. Our biographer himself
+(Mr. William W. Story) has certainly done himself great injustice as a
+writer in his work on "Contracts," when, in the pages before us, he
+presents us with so much delicacy of fancy and rhetorical finish.
+Blackstone in his "Commentaries," Jones in his "Bailment" treatise,
+Stephens in his essay upon "Pleading," time-honored Fearne in his
+"Contingent Remainders," have shown how grateful and how suitable it is
+for the legal readers to find brilliancy of rhetoric adorning the most
+profound learning.
+
+But certainly Judge Story possessed to a remarkable degree the faculty of
+condensation in his poetical works. His rhyme was not reason run mad; but
+reason in modest holiday attire. Where are lines at once so compact and so
+searching in their wisdom as the following, penned in 1832, as matters of
+advice to a young law student:
+
+  "Whene’er you speak, remember every cause
+  Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws—
+  Pregnant in matter, in expression brief,
+  Let every sentence stand in bold relief;
+  On trifling points nor time nor talents waste,
+  A sad offence to learning and to taste;
+  Nor deal with pompous phrase; nor e’er suppose
+  Poetic flights belong to reasoning prose,
+  Loose declamation may deceive the crowd,
+  And seem more striking as it grows more loud;
+  But sober sense rejects it with disdain,
+  As nought but empty noise, and weak as vain.
+  The froth of words, the school-boy’s vain parade
+  Of books and cases—all his stock in trade—
+  The pert conceits, the cunning tricks and play
+  Of low attorneys, strung in long array,
+  The unseemly jest, the petulent reply,
+  That chatters on, and cares not how, or why,
+  Studious, avoid—unworthy themes to scan,
+  They sink the speaker and disgrace the man.
+  Like the false lights, by flying shadows cast,
+  Scarce seen when present, and forgot when past.
+    Begin with dignity: expound with grace
+  Each ground of reasoning in its time and place;
+  Let order reign throughout—each topic touch,
+  Nor urge its power too little, or too much.
+  Give each strong thought its most attractive view,
+  In diction clear, and yet severely true,
+  And as the arguments in splendor grow,
+  Let each reflect its light on all below.
+  When to the close arrive make no delays
+  By petty flourishes, or verbal plays,
+  But sum the whole in one deep solemn strain,
+  Like a strong current hastening to the main."
+
+If Mr. Story had never been elevated to the bench it is not likely his
+name would ever have become national property. Although plunged into
+politics in his earlier life, he was not fitted for the life. His devotion
+to the law, and his dread of becoming that slave to party usages which all
+public men must necessarily more or less fashion of themselves, would have
+retained him in his native state, and made his usefulness sectional. To
+the politicians of the school of General Jackson, and to the
+administration of that President, he was particularly distasteful. His
+tenacious conservatism drew forth from the "old hero," on one occasion,
+the remark, that "he was the most dangerous man in the country." Lord
+Eldon, with his doubts and pertinacious toryism was not more unpopular
+among the reformers in England than was Judge Story—the last of the old
+regime of federal judges—with the bank radicals of 1832.
+
+When Chief Justice Marshall died he felt almost broken-hearted. A new race
+of constitutional expounders had arisen around him. Brother justices, with
+modern constructions, and more liberal notions of national law, were by
+his side. In many decisions he was now a sole dissenter. His pride was
+invaded; his self-love tortured; his adoration of certain legal
+constructions which he had deemed immutable in their nature, was
+desecrated. And, for many years previous to his decease, he had
+contemplated resigning from the federal judiciary, and living alone for
+his darling law school.
+
+This school was his adopted child. He had taken it in a feeble and
+helpless infancy. He had given it strength and increased vitality. He
+brought it up to a vigorous and useful maturity. It was loved by only a
+handful of students when he gave his name and talents to aid its life: but
+when he died, a hundred and fifty pupils were its warm suitors, and
+hundreds of lawyers over the whole union cherished its prosperity as a
+link in their own chains of happiness.
+
+And, although he thought not of it, his labors in the law school secure
+for his memory in the present generation a more brilliant existence than
+his array of judicial decisions, and his thousands of written pages, can
+ever bestow. In some pine forest settlement of Maine, or in some rude
+court-house in California, there are lawyers who bring before them every
+day his genial smiles and his impressive lectures, looked upon and heard
+by them in former times at Cambridge. Over all the Union, in almost every
+village, town, and city, are his pupils. Each one of them may sometimes
+reflect with rapture upon their days of college life, or remember with
+pride their first professional success: but not one of these
+considerations of reminiscence is so grateful to his mind as the thought
+of his novitiate with Justice Story. Depend upon it he treasures up those
+Cambridge text-books, those Cambridge note-books whose leaves
+daguerreotype the learning of the eminent deceased, those catalogues of
+students where his name is proudly found, as the most valuable portions of
+his library. He will never part with them: but they will descend to his
+children.
+
+It was our privilege and pleasure also to know Mr. Justice Story at
+Cambridge; to have spent days of pleasure in the hours of his society; to
+have rendered to his teachings the tribute of delighted attention and
+grateful recollection. We, too, have been fascinated with that
+conversation, whose variety of exuberance and sometimes egotism, were its
+greatest ornaments. In the sunshine of his intellect our mind has sunned
+itself, and been warmed into zealous and proselyting admiration. To his
+gray-haired teachings we have paid personal reverence, and we unaffectedly
+hope to have caught from his society and intercourse a spark of that
+professional enthusiasm which is the only true guiding-star of the
+plodding lawyer.
+
+The December blasts are hoarsely sobbing to-night through Mount Auburn,
+the garden of his mortal repose—the hallowed spot which his eloquence
+consecrated in its origin, and which his religious love in his lifetime
+sacredly cherished. The snows of winter and the autumn-woven carpet of
+fallen leaves are heaped upon his honored grave, the sodded paths to
+which, in the glowing spring-time and fragrant summer, are pressed most
+frequent with the tread of faithful mourners. Years have passed since that
+honored grave was first closed upon him. Longer years have flown since we
+were under his teachings. But we seem to view him the same as of yore.
+Again the class is assembled in the hushed lecture-room as his familiar
+tread is heard at the door; or as the burst of applause, where there is no
+sycophantic flattery known or felt, greets his entrance to his seat. Again
+we see him adjusting his genial spectacles, and looking around upon the
+upturned faces with parental pride. Again we hear his mellowed, although
+often impetuous accents, expounding familiar principles of law, and
+descending to the consideration of "first things" with as much pride and
+carefulness as the artist treats his Rubens or Titian, which for years and
+years has hung before him in all lights and shades and in every
+combination of position.
+
+Again, we occupy a modest corner of the library while he is holding his
+moot court; infusing into the dignity of his manner a marked suavity of
+disposition which never forsook him; or he is perpetrating some
+appropriate legal joke to his audience, who never played upon his ease or
+good nature.
+
+Again, we have stolen into the self-same library while he is holding an
+equity term of his circuit, to listen to the words of judicial wisdom
+which came from his utterance, exuberant as pearls of fancy from the mouth
+of an inspired poet.
+
+Again, we see him at the summer twilight, seated by the trellised portico
+of his hospitable and happy homestead, surrounded by family or friends,
+enjoying the amenities of life with unaffected pleasure, and sometimes
+awakening the garden echoes with his cheerful ringing laugh; or we see him
+in the same hour of the day driving under the venerable elms of the
+numerous commons, gazing and bowing around with all the pleasure which the
+king of the fairy book marked upon his face when the love of his subjects,
+among whom he passed, came forth with the evening breeze to bless and
+greet him.
+
+And then we pass into "reverie," and live a few minutes of "dream-life,"
+recalling to mind the maxims and sayings which were uttered in our
+presence; and the many bright exemplars placed before his pupils, and the
+kindly greetings which were showered all about—for he was no distinguisher
+of persons so long as honor of feeling and uprightness of motive abounded
+in his presence.
+
+He is gone! Yet in these pages of biography before us he will always live.
+From infancy to the ripened greatness of old age, his life is preserved to
+posterity by the hand of his faithful and grateful son, whose duty has
+been most ably and interestingly performed. The very minutiæ of his life
+are presented with fidelity and modesty of reference. Some may carp at
+this; to these let us say with the French proverbialist, _Rien n’est
+indifférent dans la vie d’un grand homme; le genie se revéle dans ses
+moindres actions_. The straws of every day life mark the direction of the
+breezes of individual action.
+
+To the hearts of his pupils we would send this epitaph, and ask them if
+aught less tributary could be said of one who was and is to them a father.
+
+Here sleeps the mortality of Joseph Story, who lived his days so well that
+he won in a short lifetime an immortality of fame. His career as a _Man_
+reflected lustre upon the lustre of an honored father’s manhood, and added
+to the virtues which his mother bequeathed him. As a _Politician_, he
+rendered obeisance only to his conscience. As a _Lawyer_, he never
+disgraced his profession by a thought, and even honored it by his
+slightest acts. The colleague of Marshall, the two now shine together as
+twin stars in the often contemplated firmament of _Judicial Renown_. Not
+selfish of his _Learning_, it is scattered to the uttermost parts of the
+earth, and is treasured wherever it has fallen. The learning which he
+borrowed from continental Europe he repaid with magnificent interest. In
+Westminster Hall his name is associated with Nottingham, Hale, Mansfield,
+and Stowell. Counting as dross the wealth of professional eminence, he
+became from the love of it an expounder of law to its tyros. He has spread
+for thousands of adopted children a banquet of the treasures of legal
+lore, and next to reverencing his paternal love they cherish with profound
+gratitude the memory of his slightest instructions. While the Union of his
+birthplace exists, her citizens will regard with unfeigned admiration his
+constitutional teachings.
+
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "NILE NOTES OF A HOWADJI."
+
+Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa in 1437. In 1851 the Genoese are
+finishing his monument.
+
+  I am Columbus: will ye let me in?
+  Or Doria in his palace by the sea.
+  Proud Andrea Doria named il Principe,
+  In your Republic named il Principe,
+  By Charles the Fifth, the Emperor of Spain,
+  Monopolizes he your meed of fame
+  Before the awful Judgment seat of Time.
+    Well, and Pisani, the Venetian, he,
+  Venice as Doria was Genoa,—
+  Why, wide-mouthed Europe clanged their stunning praise,
+  And history with their names adorns herself,
+  Dazzing the eyes of pious pilgrims, who
+  Press flowers from Doria’s garden, dreaming float
+  Upon Pisani’s silent waters, and
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate.
+  And they had pleasures, palaces. They stood,
+  And sat, and went, all men admiring,
+  Men of a day, in its brief life they lived,
+  In its swift dying died. Men of a day,
+  Brave, generous, and noble—not enough.
+  Voluptuous Venice, Genoa superb,
+  Far fascinating meteors that flashed,
+  Then fell forgotten. Do I carp? Not I.
+  Ye love your own, I mine, mine me, amen!
+  O pious pilgrims and ye Genoese,
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate,
+  And meditate this well.
+        A wanderer driven
+  By every adverse gust of evil times.
+  Wrecked upon barren reefs of blandest smiles,
+  Wan victim of a solitary thought
+  Too masculine to die unrealized.
+  Tortured with tortuous diplomacy,
+  Beseeching monarchs still in vain besought,
+  Not to give kingdoms but to take a world,
+  Unloved of Fortune, best beloved of Hope,—
+  When Doria was a lisping boy at school,—
+  This wanderer puts forth one summer morn,
+  Among the other fishers of the sea,
+  And with a world returns.
+        Nay! nay! no words.
+  Your hemisphere was only half enough,
+  And Christopher Columbus globed his fame.
+    And now ye build my statue, Genoese,
+  After three silent centuries have died,
+  When the old fourth is failing, ye do well
+  With lagging stones to pile the pedestal,
+  And shape my sculptured seeming. Not with wrath,
+  Nor scorn. Good God and less with gratitude,
+  Be those worn features wreathed. I love ye not,
+  Ye are no friends of mine. I did not ask
+  A block of marble for my memory,
+  But gold to carve my hope. It was not much—
+  Nay, had it been your all, was it not well
+  To wreck your fortune on a hope sublime?
+  And, Merchants! The brave chance; a small outlay,
+  And income inconceivable! You chose.
+  My stately Spain was wiser. So much gold,
+  A little fleet,—some sailors—leaders known—
+  If not investment, speculation safe,
+  The honor of the enterprise, and chance—
+  Always the siren chance—Spain risked and won,
+  And Genoa lost a world.
+        Sir Advocate!
+  I understand your meaning; it were hard
+  Fame drafts upon the Future should be paid
+  Ere present recognition! ’Twere unjust
+  That hope unhazarded in act, were crowned
+  With the same coronal that crowns success.
+  The starving mariner upon your shore—
+  The riddle of the West unsolved—stood not
+  In the same light to set his worthiness,
+  As when an unimagined Future streamed
+  All over him in glory. Yet he stood
+  In that light lonely, as in the old dark,
+  Lonely, but looking to that light for life.
+  Spring-pinioned Hope impetuously flew,
+  And saw, through the deep Future shedding balm,
+  His fame a tree in flower.
+        If that were all?
+  If in his vision of America
+  He saw but Christopher made famous? Look!
+  Not for himself; but for that martyr, Thought,
+  Which struggles fainting in a foolish world,
+  To ope a gate to wisdom, his heart swelled
+  When his fixed eye beheld his soul’s belief
+  Fulfilled in Western twilight. Thou my land!
+  Shalt thunder to the ages evermore
+  That dreams and hopes are holy. Thou shalt still
+  The croaking voice of souls that shake at dawn,
+  Loving the dimness of their own decay,—
+  The lone desire, entreaty and despair,
+  The wasting weariness that breeds disgust,
+  All woes but Doubt that, wasp-like, stings Hope back,
+  There are ye justified. And never Time
+  Goldening this page can slip its moral too:
+  And never Thought, loving this sweet success,
+  But still shall love its own wild dreams the more.
+  And still shall brighter gild all skiey peaks
+  Of noble daring, with this perfect day.
+    Regard your leisure with my monument,
+  My Genoese, for centuries to be
+  Will yet retain Its reason as to day.
+  There, where my hope was builded, stands my Fame,
+  The youngest children of the youngest race.
+  The wide worlds heritors, arch-heirs of Time,
+  Pronounce my name with reverence, and call
+  Your sometime outcast, Father. Be it so.
+  Andrea’s palace claims repairs perhaps,
+  The sculptured letters must be cut anew,
+  That on the crumbling girdle of his house
+  Proclaim him Principe. That be your task,
+  And pare your miserable marble, me.
+
+
+
+
+
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+
+
+              WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.
+
+"Dickon," cried Mother Rigby, "a coal for my pipe!"
+
+The pipe was in the old dame’s mouth, when she said these words. She had
+thrust it there after filling it with tobacco, but without stooping to
+light it at the hearth; where, indeed, there was no appearance of a fire
+having been kindled, that morning. Forthwith, however, as soon as the
+order was given, there was an intense red glow out of the bowl of the
+pipe, and a whiff of smoke from Mother Rigby’s lips. Whence the coal came,
+and how brought thither by an invisible hand, I have never been able to
+discover.
+
+"Good!" quoth Mother Rigby, with a nod of her head. "Thank ye, Dickon! And
+now for making this scarecrow. Be within call, Dickon, in case I need you
+again!"
+
+The good woman had risen thus early (for as yet it was scarcely sunrise),
+in order to set about making a scarecrow, which she intended to put in the
+middle of her corn patch. It was now the latter week of May, and the crows
+and blackbirds had already discovered the little, green, rolled-up leaf of
+the Indian corn, just peeping out of the soil. She was determined,
+therefore, to contrive as lifelike a scarecrow as ever was seen, and to
+finish it immediately, from top to toe, so that it should begin its
+sentinel’s duty that very morning. Now, mother Rigby (as every body must
+have heard) was one of the most cunning and potent witches in New England,
+and might, with very little trouble, have made a scarecrow ugly enough to
+frighten the minister himself. But, on this occasion, as she had awakened
+in an uncommonly pleasant humor, and was further dulcified by her pipe of
+tobacco, she resolved to produce something fine, beautiful, and splendid,
+rather than hideous and horrible.
+
+"I don’t want to set up a hobgoblin in my own corn-patch, and almost at my
+own doorstep," said Mother Rigby to herself, puffing out a whiff of smoke;
+"I could do it if I pleased; but I’m tired of doing marvellous things, and
+so I’ll keep within the bounds of everyday business, just for variety’s
+sake. Besides, there is no use in scaring the little children, for a mile
+roundabout, though ’tis true I’m a witch!"
+
+It was settled, therefore, in her own mind, that the scarecrow should
+represent a fine gentleman of the period, so far as the materials at hand
+would allow. Perhaps it may be as well to enumerate the chief of the
+articles that went to the composition of this figure.
+
+The most important item of all, probably, although it made so little show,
+was a certain broomstick, on which Mother Rigby had taken many an airy
+gallop at midnight, and which now served the scarecrow by way of a spinal
+column, or, as the unlearned phrase it, a backbone. One of its arms was a
+disabled flail which used to be wielded by Goodman Rigby, before his
+spouse worried him out of this troublesome world; the other, if I mistake
+not, was composed of the pudding-stick and a broken rung of a chair, tied
+loosely together at the elbow. As for its legs, the right was a
+hoe-handle, and the left an undistinguished and miscellaneous stick from
+the wood pile. Its lungs, stomach, and other affairs of that kind, were
+nothing better than a meal bag, stuffed with straw. Thus, we have made out
+the skeleton and entire corporcity of the scarecrow, with the exception of
+its head; and this was admirably supplied by a somewhat withered and
+shrivelled pumpkin, in which Mother Rigby cut two holes for the eyes and a
+slit for the mouth, leaving a bluish-colored knob in the middle, to pass
+for a nose. It was really quite a respectable face.
+
+"I’ve seen worse ones on human shoulders, at any rate," said Mother Rigby.
+"And many a fine gentleman has a pumpkin head, as well as my scarecrow!"
+
+But the clothes, in this case, were to be the making of the man. So the
+good old woman took down from a peg an ancient plum-colored coat, of
+London make, and with relics of embroidery on its seams, cuffs,
+pocket-flabs, and button-holes, but lamentably worn and faded, patched at
+the elbows, tattered at the skirts, and threadbare all over. On the left
+breast was a round hole, whence either a star of nobility had been rent
+away, or else the hot heart of some former wearer had scorched it through
+and through. The neighbors said, that this rich garment belonged to the
+Black Man’s wardrobe, and that he kept it at Mother Rigby’s cottage for
+the convenience of slipping it on whenever he wished to make a grand
+appearance at the governor’s table. To match the coat, there was a velvet
+waistcoat of very ample size, and formerly embroidered with foliage, that
+had been as brightly golden as the maple-leaves in October, but which had
+now quite vanished out of the substance of the velvet. Next came a pair of
+scarlet breeches, once worn by the French governor of Louisbourg, and the
+knees of which had touched the lower step of the throne of Louis le Grand.
+The Frenchman had given these small-clothes to an Indian powwow, who
+parted with them to the old witch for a gill of strong waters, at one of
+their dances in the forest. Furthermore, Mother Rigby produced a pair of
+silk stockings, and put them on the figure’s legs, where they showed as
+unsubstantial as a dream, with the wooden reality of the two sticks making
+itself miserably apparent through the holes. Lastly, she put her dead
+husband’s wig on the bare scalp of the pumpkin, and surmounted the whole
+with a dusty three-cornered hat, in which was stuck the longest tail
+feather of a rooster.
+
+Then the old dame stood the figure up in a corner of her cottage, and
+chuckled to behold its yellow semblance of a visage, with its nobby little
+nose thrust into the air. It had a strangely self-satisfied aspect, and
+seemed to say, "Come look at me!"
+
+"And you are well worth looking at—that’s a fact!" quoth Mother Rigby, in
+admiration at her own handiwork: "I’ve made many a puppet, since I’ve been
+a witch; but methinks this is the finest of them all. ’Tis almost too good
+for a scarecrow. And, by the by, I’ll just fill a fresh pipe of tobacco,
+and then take him out to the corn-patch."
+
+While filling her pipe, the old woman continued to gaze with almost
+motherly affection at the figure in the corner. To say the truth, whether
+it were chance, or skill, or downright witchcraft, there was something
+wonderfully human in this ridiculous shape, bedizened with its tattered
+finery; and as for the countenance, it appeared to shrivel its yellow
+surface into a grin—a funny kind of expression, betwixt scorn and
+merriment, as if it understood itself to be a jest at mankind. The more
+Mother Rigby looked, the better she was pleased.
+
+"Dickon," cried she sharply, "another coal for my pipe!"
+
+Hardly had she spoken than, just as before, there was a red-glowing coal
+on the top of the tobacco. She drew in a long whiff, and puffed it forth
+again into the bar of morning sunshine, which struggled through the one
+dusty pane of her cottage window. Mother Rigby always liked to flavor her
+pipe with a coal of fire from the particular chimney corner whence this
+had been brought. But where that chimney corner might be, or who brought
+the coal from it—further than that the invisible messenger seemed to
+respond to the name of Dickon—I cannot tell.
+
+"That puppet, yonder," thought Mother Rigby, still with her eyes fixed on
+the scarecrow, "is too good a piece of work to stand all summer in a
+corn-patch, frightening away the crows and blackbirds. He’s capable of
+better things. Why, I’ve danced with a worse one, when partners happened
+to be scarce, at our witch-meetings in the forest! What if I should let
+him take his chance among the other men of straw and empty fellows, who go
+bustling about the world?"
+
+The old witch took three or four more whiffs of her pipe, and smiled.
+
+"He’ll meet plenty of his brethren at every street-corner!" continued she.
+"Well; I didn’t mean to dabble in witchcraft to-day, further than the
+lighting of my pipe; but a witch I am, and a witch I’m likely to be, and
+there’s no use trying to shirk it. I’ll make a man of my scarecrow, were
+it only for the joke’s sake!"
+
+While muttering these words, Mother Rigby took the pipe from her own
+mouth, and thrust it into the crevice which represented the same feature
+in the pumpkin-visage of the scarecrow.
+
+"Puff, darling, puff!" said she. "Puff away, my fine fellow! your life
+depends on it!"
+
+This was a strange exhortation, undoubtedly, to be addressed to a mere
+thing of sticks, straw, and old clothes, with nothing better than a
+shrivelled pumpkin for a head; as we know to have been the scarecrow’s
+case. Nevertheless, as we must carefully hold in remembrance, Mother Rigby
+was a witch of singular power and dexterity; and, keeping this fact duly
+before our minds, we shall see nothing beyond credibility in the
+remarkable incidents of our story. Indeed, the great difficulty will be at
+once got over, if we can only bring ourselves to believe, that, as soon as
+the old dame bade him puff, there came a whiff of smoke from the
+scarecrow’s mouth. It was the very feeblest of whiffs, to be sure; but it
+was followed by another and another, each more decided than the preceding
+one.
+
+"Puff away, my pet! puff away, my pretty one!" Mother Rigby kept
+repeating, with her pleasantest smile. "It is the breath of life to ye;
+and that you may take my word for!"
+
+Beyond all question the pipe was bewitched. There must have been a spell
+either in the tobacco or in the fiercely glowing coal that so mysteriously
+burned on top of it, or in the pungent aromatic smoke which exhaled from
+the kindled weed. The figure, after a few doubtful attempts, at length
+blew forth a volley of smoke, extending all the way from the obscure
+corner into the bar of sunshine. There it eddied and melted away among the
+motes of dust. It seemed a convulsive effort; for the two or three next
+whiffs were fainter, although the coal still glowed, and threw a gleam
+over the scarecrow’s visage. The old witch clapt her skinny hands
+together, and smiled encouragingly upon her handiwork. She saw that the
+charm worked well. The shrivelled, yellow face, which heretofore had been
+no face at all, had already a thin, fantastic haze, as it were, of human
+likeness, shifting to and fro across it; sometimes vanishing entirely, but
+growing more perceptible than ever with the next whiff from the pipe. The
+whole figure, in like manner, assumed a show of life, such as we impart to
+ill-defined shapes among the clouds, and half-deceive ourselves with the
+pastime of our own fancy.
+
+If we must needs pry closely into the matter, it may be doubted whether
+there was any real change, after all, in the sordid, worn-out, worthless,
+and ill-jointed substance of the scarecrow; but merely a spectral
+illusion, and a cunning effect of light and shade, so colored and
+contrived as to delude the eyes of most men. The miracles of witchcraft
+seem always to have had a very shallow subtlety; and, at least, if the
+above explanation do not hit the truth of the process, I can suggest no
+better.
+
+"Well puffed, my pretty lad!" still cried old Mother Rigby. "Come, another
+good, stout whiff, and let it be with might and main! Puff for thy life, I
+tell thee! Puff out of the very bottom of thy heart; if any heart thou
+hast, or any bottom to it! Well done, again! Thou didst suck in that
+mouthfull as if for the pure love of it."
+
+And then the witch beckoned to the scarecrow, throwing so much magnetic
+potency into her gesture, that it seemed as if it must inevitably be
+obeyed, like the mystic call of the loadstone, when it summons the iron.
+
+"Why lurkest thou in the corner, lazy one?" said she. "Step forth! Thou
+hast the world before thee?"
+
+Upon my word, if the legend were not one which I heard on my grandmother’s
+knee, and which had established its place among things credible before my
+childish judgment could analyze its probability, I question whether I
+should have the face to tell it now!
+
+In obedience to Mother Rigby’s word, and extending its arm as if to reach
+her out-stretched hand, the figure made a step forward—a kind of hitch and
+jerk, however, rather than a step—then tottered, and almost lost its
+balance. What could the witch expect? It was nothing, after all, but a
+scarecrow, stuck upon two sticks. But the strong-willed old beldam
+scowled, and beckoned, and flung the energy of her purpose so forcibly at
+this poor combination of rotten wood, and musty straw, and ragged
+garments, that it was compelled to show itself a man, in spite of the
+reality of things. So it stepped into the bar of sunshine. There it
+stood—poor devil of a contrivance that it was!—with only the thinnest
+vesture of human similitude about it, through which was evident the stiff,
+ricketty, incongruous, faded, tattered, good-for-nothing patchwork of its
+substance, ready to sink in a heap upon the floor, as conscious of its own
+unworthiness to be erect. Shall I confess the truth? At its present point
+of vivification, the scarecrow reminds me of some of the lukewarm and
+abortive characters, composed of heterogeneous materials, used for the
+thousandth time, and never worth using, with which romance-writers (and
+myself, no doubt, among the rest), have so over-peopled the world of
+fiction.
+
+But the fierce old hag began to get angry, and show a glimpse of her
+diabolic nature (like a snake’s head, peeping with a hiss out of her
+bosom,) at this pusillanimous behavior of the thing, which she had taken
+the trouble to put together.
+
+"Puff away, wretch!" cried she, wrathfully. "Puff, puff, puff, thou thing
+of straw and emptiness!—thou rag or two!—thou meal-bag!—thou
+pumpkin-head!—thou nothing!—where shall I find a name vile enough to call
+thee by! Puff, I say, and suck in thy fantastic life along with the smoke;
+else I snatch the pipe from thy mouth, and hurl thee where that red coal
+came from!"
+
+Thus threatened, the unhappy scarecrow had nothing for it, but to puff
+away for dear life. As need was, therefore, it applied itself lustily to
+the pipe, and sent forth such abundant volleys of tobacco-smoke, that the
+small cottage-kitchen became all vaporous. The one sunbeam struggled
+mistily through, and could but imperfectly define the image of the cracked
+and dusty window-pane on the opposite wall. Mother Rigby, meanwhile, with
+one brown arm akimbo, and the other stretched towards the figure, loomed
+grimly amid the obscurity, with such port and expression as when she was
+wont to heave a ponderous nightmare on her victims, and stand at the
+bedside to enjoy their agony. In fear and trembling did this poor
+scarecrow puff. But its efforts, it must be acknowledged, served an
+excellent purpose; for, with each successive whiff, the figure lost more
+and more of its dizzy and perplexing tenuity, and seemed to take denser
+substance. Its very garments, moreover, partook of the magical change, and
+shone with the gloss of novelty, and glistened with the skilfully
+embroidered gold that had long ago been rent away. And, half-revealed
+among the smoke, a yellow visage bent its lustreless eyes on Mother Rigby.
+
+At last, the old witch clenched her fist, and shook it at the figure. Not
+that she was positively angry, but merely acting on the principle—perhaps
+untrue, or not the only truth, though as high a one as Mother Rigby could
+be expected to attain—that feeble and torpid natures, being incapable of
+better inspiration, must be stirred up by fear. But here was the crisis.
+Should she fail in what she now sought to effect, it was her ruthless
+purpose to scatter the miserable simulacre into its original elements.
+
+"Thou hast a man’s aspect," said she, sternly. "Have also the echo and
+mockery of a voice! I bid thee speak!"
+
+The scarecrow gasped, struggled, and at length emitted a murmur, which was
+so incorporated with its smoky breath that you could scarcely tell whether
+it were indeed a voice, or only a whiff of tobacco. Some narrators of this
+legend, hold the opinion, that Mother Rigby’s conjurations, and the
+fierceness of her will, had compelled a familiar spirit into the figure,
+and that the voice was his.
+
+"Mother," mumbled the poor stifled voice, "be not so awful with me! I
+would fain speak; but being without wits, what can I say?"
+
+"Thou canst speak, darling, canst thou?" cried Mother Rigby, relaxing her
+grim countenance into a smile. "And what shalt thou say, quoth-a! Say,
+indeed! Art thou of the brotherhood of the empty skull, and demandest of
+me what thou shalt say? Thou shalt say a thousand things, and saying them
+a thousand times over, thou shalt still have said nothing! Be not afraid,
+I tell thee! When thou comest into the world (whither I purpose sending
+thee, forthwith), thou shalt not lack the wherewithal to talk. Talk! Why,
+thou shalt babble like a mill-stream, if thou wilt. Thou hast brains
+enough for that, I trow!"
+
+"At your service, mother," responded the figure.
+
+"And that was well said, my pretty one!" answered Mother Rigby. "Then thou
+spakest like thyself, and meant nothing. Thou shalt have a hundred such
+set phrases, and five hundred to the boot of them. And now, darling, I
+have taken so much pains with thee, and thou art so beautiful, that, by my
+troth, I love thee better than any witch’s puppet in the world; and I’ve
+made them of all sorts—clay, wax, straw, sticks, night-fog, morning-mist,
+sea-foam, and chimney-smoke! But thou art the very best. So give heed to
+what I say!"
+
+"Yes, kind mother," said the figure, "with all my heart!"
+
+"With all thy heart!" cried the old witch, setting her hands to her sides,
+and laughing loudly. "Thou hast such a pretty way of speaking! With all
+thy heart! And thou didst put thy hand to the left side of thy waistcoat,
+as if thou really hadst one!"
+
+So now, in high good humor with this fantastic contrivance of hers, Mother
+Rigby told the scarecrow that it must go and play its part in the great
+world, where not one man in a hundred, she affirmed, was gifted with more
+real substance than itself. And, that he might hold up his head with the
+best of them, she endowed him, on the spot, with an unreckonable amount of
+wealth. It consisted partly of a gold mine in Eldorado, and of ten
+thousand shares in a broken bubble, and of half a million acres of
+vineyard at the North Pole, and of a castle in the air and a chateau in
+Spain, together with all the rents and income therefrom accruing. She
+further made over to him the cargo of a certain ship, laden with salt of
+Cadiz, which she herself, by her necromantic arts, had caused to founder,
+ten years before, in the deepest part of mid-ocean. If the salt were not
+dissolved, and could be brought to market, it would fetch a pretty penny
+among the fishermen. That he might not lack ready money, she gave him a
+copper farthing, of Birmingham manufacture, being all the coin she had
+about her, and likewise a great deal of brass, which she applied to his
+forehead, thus making it yellower than ever.
+
+
+
+
+
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,
+
+
+BY RICHARD COE.
+
+  "Art thou happy, little child,
+    On this clear bright summer’s day,
+  In the garden sporting wild,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I had that pretty thing,
+    That has flown to yonder tree,
+  I would laugh, and dance, and sing—
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then I caught the butterfly,
+    Placed it in his hands securely,
+  Now, methought, his pretty eye
+    Never more will look demurely!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" said I,
+  Tears were sparkling in his eye;
+  Lo! the butterfly was dead—
+  In his hands its life had sped!
+
+  "Art thou happy, maiden fair,
+    On this long, bright summer’s day,
+  Culling flowerets so rare,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my Henry were but here,
+    To enjoy the scene with me;
+  He whose love is so sincere,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Soon I heard her lover’s feet,
+    Sounding on the gravel lightly,
+  To his loving words so sweet,
+    Tender glances answered brightly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said,
+  Down she hung her lovely head,
+  Henry leaves for foreign skies—
+  Tears were in the maiden’s eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, mother mild,
+    On this bright, bright summer’s day,
+  Gazing on thy cherub child,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my baby-boy were well,"
+    Thus the mother spake to me,
+  "Gratitude my heart would swell—
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the cordial I supplied,
+    Soon the babe restored completely;
+  Cherub-faced and angel-eyed,
+    On his mother smiled he sweetly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Would his father were not dead!"
+  Thus she answered me with sighs,
+  Scalding tear-drops in her eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, aged man,
+    On this glorious summer’s day,
+  With a cheek all pale and wan,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I were but safe above,"
+    Spake the old man unto me,
+  "To enjoy my Saviour’s love,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the angel Death came down,
+    And he welcomed him with gladness,
+  On his brow so pale and wan,
+    Not a trace was seen of sadness:
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Yes!" he answered with his head;
+  Tears of joy were in his eyes,
+  Dew-drops from the upper skies!
+
+
+
+
+
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+
+
+Archbishop Hughes, in a late speech attempted an exposition of the
+relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Liberty, with special
+reference to the position assumed by him and other prelates, that the
+Roman Catholics are, not less than Protestants, upholders of freedom in
+opinion and in discussion. The interesting brochure of his Grace will be
+better appreciated by our readers, perhaps, if we mention a few recent
+facts illustrative of the subject, as it affects "authors and books." The
+French Roman Catholic Bishop of Lucan has a pastoral in the _Univers_
+condemning Walter Scott’s works, without exception. He does the same by
+Chateaubriand, and the _Arabian Nights_, and _Don Quixote_—the first as
+Protestant, the second as insufficiently Catholic, the third as no
+Christian, the fourth as of no religion at all. One unhappy writer of
+school-books is condemned because he cites Guizot and Thierry; another
+because he blames the massacres of Saint Bartholomew, and thinks they were
+caused by "religious fanaticism." But first of all, and more than all, the
+bishop condemns "that irreligious" Parisian journal, _La Presse_. "The
+number of its subscribers is deplorable; but they are becoming and shall
+become less; no priest must subscribe to it. No priest must be seen with
+it. No priest must ’ordinarily’ read it." This is all very proper,
+according to antecedents, but we should not like it if Bishop Hughes
+deprived us of the _Tribune_, the _Herald_, or the _Journal of Commerce_,
+all of which are as bad, in the same way, as the _Presse_. Another example
+of the prohibition of books, we add from the cyclic letter just issued by
+Cardinal Lambruschini, condemning Professor Nuytz’s works on
+ecclesiastical law:
+
+
+    "And further, although we derive great consolation from the
+    promise of Jesus Christ, that the gates of hell shall never
+    prevail against the Church, our soul cannot but feel excruciating
+    pain, upon considering how daring outrages against divine and
+    sacred things daily flow from the unbridled licentiousness, the
+    perverse effrontery and impiety of the press. Now in this
+    pestilence of corrupt books which invades us on all sides, the
+    work entitled _Institutes of Ecclesiastical Law_, by John Nepomue
+    Nuytz, Professor in the Royal University of Turin, as also the
+    work entitled _Essays on Ecclesiastical Law_, by the same author,
+    claim a conspicuous place, inasmuch as the doctrines contained in
+    the said nefarious works are so widely disseminated from one of
+    the chairs of that university, that uncatholic theses selected
+    from them are proposed as fit subjects for discussion to
+    candidates aspiring to the doctor’s degree. For in the above
+    mentioned works and essays, such errors are taught under the
+    semblance of asserting the rights of the priesthood and of the
+    secular power, that instead of sound doctrines, thoroughly
+    poisoned cups are offered to youth. For the said author hath not
+    blushed to reproduce under a new form, in his impious propositions
+    and comments, all those doctrines which have been condemned by
+    John II., Benedict XIV., Pius VI., and Gregory XVL., as well as by
+    the decrees of the fourth Council of Lateran, and those of
+    Florence and Trent. _He openly asserts for example, that the
+    Church has no right to enforce her authority by might, and that
+    has no temporal power whatever, whether direct or indirect._"
+
+
+One of the latest miracles is described is the Paris _Univers_, as
+follows—in the most perfect good faith:—
+
+
+    "There is much talk at Rome of an extraordinary cure which has
+    taken a place in the very palace of the Vatican. The following is
+    the manner in which this prodigious fact is described,—which will,
+    without doubt, become the subject of a judicial inquiry: ’A young
+    girl of about twenty years of age, whose family is employed in the
+    domestic side of the palace, had contracted a bad fever, owing to
+    the loss of her father a little time before, as well as to the
+    influence of the season, which has multiplied at Rome diseases of
+    this kind, and by which a great number of victims have fallen
+    within the last few months. Notwithstanding the enlightened
+    efforts of the doctor of the Pontifical ’family,’ and of her
+    parents, the young invalid was soon at the last extremity. The
+    vice-curé of the palace (which, as is known, is a foundation), a
+    member of the Augustin order (Monseigneur the Sacristan of the
+    same order is the titular curé), had administered to her the
+    sacrament of extreme unction, and had recited the prayer
+    recommending her soul. Her last sigh was hourly expected. For the
+    sake of enabling our readers to understand the prodigy about to be
+    related, it is necessary to state that during the course of the
+    malady the vice-curé had several times engaged the pious patient
+    to invoke the aid of a venerable servant of God, of the Augustin
+    order, whose beatification is about to be declared, and he had
+    even mixed in the potions given to such girl some little fragments
+    of the clothes of the venerable man. On the other hand, according
+    to the usage of religious families, they had carried into the
+    chamber of the dying person the Santo-Bambino del’Ara Cœli,
+    demanding of these last resources of the faithful a cure no longer
+    in the reach of human science to bestow. Let us return to the bed
+    of the dying girl, whom we find in a profound sleep, from which
+    she shall soon awaken to relate with smiles on her lips how she
+    had seen the infant Jesus, having at his side a venerable servant
+    of God, clad in the habit of the order of St. Augustin. She adds
+    that she feels herself cured, but very weak, and she asks for a
+    cup of broth to give her strength. The broth is given, to her,
+    although the request is regarded as coming from one in the last
+    agitation of dying; but the sick girl, who had felt the action of
+    grace, and who knew well that she was cured, rises, throws off all
+    the blisters, of which not a trace was left on her body, and on
+    the following day repaired to the church of Ara Cœli, at more than
+    half a league distant, to thank the Santo Bambino and the servant
+    of God, who had restored her to life and health. You may easily
+    comprehend the sensation that a fact of this kind must have
+    produced upon a population so full of faith, especially on the eve
+    of the ceremony of the 21st, which will put solemnly upon the
+    altar, in placing him among the blest, the venerable Father
+    Clavier, of the Society of Jesus, and at the close of the
+    expiatory _triduo_ which has been celebrated at Saint Andre della
+    Valle in reparation of a sacrilegious outrage committed against
+    the Madonna du Vicolo dell’ Abate Luigi.’"
+
+
+Of course the girl never was ill at all.
+
+Miraculous agencies, it appears, have been applied to by the highest
+powers at Rome, with the purpose which actuates the old ladies who study
+Zadkiel. A young peasant girl living at Sezza, near the Neapolitan
+frontier, has been for some time in a kind of ecstatic, or, as
+non-believers in miracles would call it, magnetic state, and in that part
+of the province of Marittima and Campagna, is already known under the
+denomination of St. Catherine. Her fame seems to have originated in a
+miracle which she worked some time ago on the person of an old woman, who
+came to her in great distress because her daughter had died in childbed,
+leaving the grandmother of the infant without pecuniary means for its
+support. "St. Catherine" is said to have directed the old woman to suckle
+the baby herself, assuring her that, before she reached home, she would
+find herself in a condition to do so—a direction which the venerable
+applicant strictly obeyed, and found her hopes realized! Other
+supernatural answers were subsequently given by the saint to various
+applications of the neighboring peasantry, and stolen fowls and stray
+cattle were recovered by her indications. But the concourse of people at
+last grew so great that that the ecclesiastical authorities interfered in
+behalf of the sybil, whom they placed in safety and repose within the
+walls of a convent, prohibiting, at the same time, any one from coming to
+consult her without the express permission of the bishop:—
+
+
+    "From the accounts of dispassionate spectators," writes the
+    correspondent of the _Daily News_, "I am led to infer that there
+    is really something extraordinary in the mental or physical
+    organization of this young girl, as she alternates between a
+    dormant state, resembling magnetic sleep, and a strong degree of
+    hysterical or nervous excitability; but whatever may be the real
+    cause of the second sight or preternatural knowledge which she
+    has, according to public rumor, so frequently displayed, it is
+    certain that many persons of this city, including ecclesiastics of
+    high rank, have profited by the opportunity of getting a peep into
+    the future, and knowing betimes what they have to prepare for.
+    Cardinals Lambruschini and Franzoni and the Duke Don Marino
+    Torlonia are amongst the number of distinguished individuals who
+    have applied to this modern oracle. The advocate Zaccaleoni,
+    Monseigneur Appoloni, and many prelates have followed their
+    example; indeed, the surprising replies and alarming prognostics
+    of the Pythoness so far roused the fears and curiosity of the Pope
+    himself, that he caused her to be sent for from the convent at
+    Sezza, and brought to Rome, a few days ago, in the carriage of a
+    respectable and religious couple, who went there for that express
+    purpose. An interview took place between Pio Nono and the
+    prophetess, immediately after which she was sent back to her
+    retirement. The result of the interview has not transpired, but
+    the girl’s revelations were probably similar to those with which
+    she has already excited the terrors of her exalted applicants;
+    namely, predictions of imminent and sanguinary disturbances, in
+    which, though not of long duration, many persons will fall victims
+    to popular fury."
+
+
+The Bolognese paper, _Vero Amico_, which is thoroughly devoted to the
+ecclesiastical cause, occasionally devotes some of its columns to war in
+favor of miracles, especially as wrought by images. The following is its
+account of a recent miraculous change of the weather at the intercession
+of the Virgin:—
+
+
+    "The inhabitants of Tossignano not long ago obtained a new
+    demonstration of love and favor from the prodigious image of the
+    most Holy Mary, from that extremely ancient image which, saved
+    from iconoclastic fury, always engaged the devout worship of their
+    ancestors; and which their not degenerate descendants keep as a
+    noble and precious heirloom of their hereditary religion, finding
+    in it all comfort and support against public and private
+    calamities. The late incessant and unseasonable rains having
+    hindered the gathering in of autumn fruits, and impeded
+    cultivation for the coming year, the active pastor, the very
+    revered arch-priest Agnoli, in order to avert so heavy a calamity,
+    called the inhabitants of Tossignano together, and with eloquent
+    and touching words brought them before the most prodigious image,
+    so that, by the intercession of the Virgin, God might restore
+    serene weather. For this purpose, on the 7th of October, the flock
+    and their beloved pastor met to depose their humble supplications
+    at the foot of the altar, sacred to their distinguished
+    benefactress; at the first prayer, whilst the pastor was offering
+    the propitiatory wafer, a ray of sun gladdened the sacred temple,
+    like a rainbow of peace smiling on the assembled faithful, and in
+    a few hours all appearance of clouds vanished from the sky! The
+    Tossignanesi rightly attributing this to the peculiar favor of
+    their protectress, and full of gratitude to her, resolved to
+    sanctify the 12th inst. by solemn acts of thanksgiving."
+
+
+These poor absurdities, so suggestive of pity and contempt, may he
+compared with the tricks of Rochester knockers and travelling mountebanks
+generally in this country, and no "authority of the church" can raise
+them, in the minds of sensible men, to a higher respectability.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+
+
+Our excellent friend JAMES T. FIELDS, now in Europe, sends us from his
+note book the following fine apostrophe to Jenny Lind:
+
+WRITTEN IN A CONCERT ROOM, LONDON, 1847.
+
+  Look on her! there she stands, the world’s prime wonder
+  The great queen of song! Ye rapt musicians,
+  Touch your golden wires, for now ye prelude strains
+  To mortal ears unwonted. Hark! she sings.
+  Yon pearly gates their magic waves unloose,
+  And all the liberal air rains melody
+  Around. O night! O time! delay, delay,—
+  Pause here, entranced! Ye evening winds, come near,
+  But whisper not,—and you ye flowers, fresh culled
+  From odorous nooks, where silvery rivulets run,
+  Breath silent incense still.
+        Hail, matchless queen!
+  Thou, like the high white Alps, canst hear, unspoiled,
+  The world’s artillery (thundering praises) pass.
+  And keep serene and safe thy spotless fame!
+
+
+
+
+
+LOVE SONG.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY R. S. CHILTON.
+
+  White and silent shines the moonlight,
+    And the earth, in slumber deep,
+  Smiles, as of the silver splendor
+    Conscious in her sleep!
+  How the moonbeams dance and glimmer—
+    Hunted by the summer breeze—
+  On the bosom of the river,
+    Through the branches of the trees!
+  May this night of quiet beauty
+    Be the symbol and the sign,
+  Of the holy love that wraps us
+    In its light divine!
+  So shalt thou still reign forever,
+    While the glow of life abides,
+  As thou now dost, dearest—empress
+    Of my heart’s deep tides!
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTUMN LINES.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY J. R. THOMPSON.
+
+  Gone is the golden October
+    Down the swift current of time,
+  Month by the poets called sober,
+    Just for the sake of the rhyme.
+
+  Tints of vermilion and yellow
+    Margined the forest and stream;
+  Poets then told us ’twas mellow,
+    How inconsistent they seem!
+
+  Now, while the mountain in shadow
+    Dappled and hazy appears,
+  While the late corn in the meadow,
+    Culprit-like, loses its ears—
+
+  Get some choice spirits together,
+    Bring out the dogs and the guns,
+  Follow the birds o’er the heather,
+    Where the ’cold rivulet’ runs.
+
+  Look for them under the cover,
+    Just as the pole-star at sea
+  Always is sought by the rover,
+    Near where the pointers may be.
+
+  Yet if your field-tramping brothers
+    Should not be fellows of mark,
+  Leave the young partridge for others,
+    Only make sure of a lark.
+
+  Thus shall the charms of the season
+    Gently throw round you their spell,
+  Thus enjoy nature in reason,
+    If in the country you dwell.
+
+  But if condemned as a denizen
+    In a great town to reside,
+  Take down a volume of Tennyson,
+    Make him do service as guide;
+
+  Borne upon poesy’s pinion,
+    Rise the heights that he gains,
+  Range over Fancy’s dominion,
+    Walk hypothetical plains.
+
+  Soon shall the wintry December
+    Darken above us the sky—
+  Winds their old custom remember
+    All, in a spree, to get high;
+
+  And, as they wail through the copses,
+    Dirge-like and solemn to hear,
+  Nature’s own grand Thanatopsis
+    Sadly shall strike on the ear.
+
+  But all impressions so murky
+    Instantly banish like care,
+  Turn to the ham and the turkey
+    Christmas shall shortly prepare.
+
+  None than yourself can be richer,
+    Seated at night by the hearth,
+  With an old friend and a pitcher
+    Lending a share of the mirth.
+
+  Then to the needy be given
+    Aid from your generous boards,
+  And to a bountiful Heaven
+    Thanks for the wealth it affords.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+
+
+                   From Colburn’s New Monthly Magazine.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+There was much bustle and commotion in the Castle of Visinara. Servitors
+ran hither and thither, the tire-maidens stood in groups to gossip with
+each other, messengers were dispatched in various directions, and skilful
+leeches and experienced nurses were brought in. Then came a long silence.
+Voices were hushed, and footsteps muffled; the apartments of the countess
+were darkened, and nought was heard save the issued whisper, or the
+stealthy tread of the sick chamber. The Lady Adelaide was ill. Hours
+elapsed—hours of intolerable suspense to the Lord of Visinara; and then
+were heard deep, heartfelt congratulations; but they were spoken in a
+whisper, for the lady was still in danger, and had suffered almost unto
+death. There was born an heir to Visinara. And as Giovanni, Count of
+Visinara, bent over his child, and embraced his young wife, he felt repaid
+for all he had suffered in voluntarily severing himself from Gina Montani;
+and from that time he forgot her, or something very like it. And for this
+he could not be condemned, for it was in the line of honor and of duty.
+Yet it was another proof, if one were wanting, of the fickle nature of
+man’s love. It has been well compared to words written on the sands. Many
+weeks elapsed ere the Lady Adelaide was convalescent; and some more before
+she ventured to join in the gayeties and festal meetings of the land. A
+two days’ _fête_, given at the Capella Palace, was the signal for her
+reappearance in the world. It was to be of great magnificence, rumor ran,
+and the Lady Adelaide consented to attend it early on the morning of the
+second day. She placed herself in front of the large mirror in her
+dressing-chamber while she was prepared for the visit, the same mirror
+before which she had sat on the evening of her wedding-day. The Signora
+Lucrezia and Gina were alone present. The former was arranging her rich
+tresses, whilst Gina handed the signora what things she required—combs,
+and the like. Whilst thus engaged, the count entered, dressed.
+
+"Giovanni," exclaimed Adelaide, "Lucrezia thinks that I should wear
+something in my hair—a wreath, or my diamond coronet; but I feel tired
+already, and wish the dressing was over. Need I be teased with ornaments?"
+
+"My sweet wife, wear what you best like. _You_ need no superficial
+adorning."
+
+"You hear, Lucrezia: make haste and finish my hair. Do not put it in curls
+to-day; braids are less trouble, and sooner done. You may put aside the
+diamond casket, Gina. Oh, there’s my darling!" continued the countess,
+hearing the baby pass the door with its nurse. "Call him in." The count
+himself advanced, opened the door, and took his infant. "The precious,
+precious child!" exclaimed Adelaide, bending over the infant, which he
+placed on her knees. "Giovanni," she added, looking up eagerly to her
+husband’s face, "do you think there ever was so lovely a babe sent on
+earth?"
+
+He smiled at her earnestness—men are never so rapturously blind in the
+worship of their first-born as women. But he stooped down, and fondly
+pressed his lips upon her forehead, while he played with the little hand
+of the infant; and she yielded to the temptation of suffering her face to
+rest close to his.
+
+"But it grows late," resumed the young mother, "and I suppose we ought to
+be going. Take the baby to its nurse, Lucrezia," she continued, kissing it
+fifty times as she resigned it.
+
+The count had drawn behind the Lady Adelaide, where stood Gina. As his
+eyes happened to fall upon her, he was struck by the pallid sorrow which
+sat in her countenance. Ill-fated Gina! and he had been so absorbed these
+last few weeks in his new happiness! A rush of pity, mingled perhaps with
+self-reproach, flew to his heart. What compensation could he offer her? In
+that moment he remembered her last words at the interview in his wife’s
+embroidery-room, and gave her _a look_. It was not to be mistaken.
+Love—love, pure and tender—gleamed from his eyes, and she answered him
+with a smile which told of her thanks, and that he was perfectly
+understood. Had any one been looking on, they could scarcely fail to
+become aware of their existing passion, and that there was a secret
+understanding between them.
+
+_And one was looking on._ The Lady Adelaide’s back was towards them, but
+in the large glass before her she had distinctly seen the reflection of
+all that took place. Her countenance became white as death, and her anger
+was terrible. "You may retire for the present," she said, in a calm,
+subdued tone, to the startled Gina, upon whose mind flashed somewhat of
+the truth; "and tell the Signora Lucrezia not to return until I call for
+her."
+
+To describe the scene that ensued would be difficult. The shock to the
+young wife’s feelings had been very great. That her husband was faithless
+to her, not only in deed but in heart, she doubted not. It was in vain he
+endeavored to explain all; she listened to him not. She thought he was
+uttering falsehoods, which but increased his treachery. Gina had once
+spoken of her fierce jealousy, but what was hers compared with the Lady
+Adelaide’s? In the midst of her explosions of passion, Lucrezia, who had
+either not received, or misunderstood, her lady’s message by Gina,
+entered. The maiden stood aghast, till, admonished by a haughty wave of
+the hand from the count, she hastened from the room. Later in the day, the
+Lord of Visinara quitted the castle, to pay the promised visit. His wife
+refused to go. "Mercy! mercy!" she exclaimed, in anguish, as she sat alone
+in her apartments, "to be thus requited by Giovanni—whom I so loved, my
+husband! my own husband! Is it possible that a man can be guilty of
+treachery so deep? Would that I had died ere I had known his
+faithlessness, or ever seen him! Shame—shame upon it! to introduce his
+paramour into my very presence; an attendant on my person! Holy Virgin,
+that I should be so degraded! Sure a wife, young and beautiful, was never
+treated as I have been. Lowered in the eyes of my own servants; insulted
+by him who ought to have guarded me from insult; laughed at—ridiculed by
+_her_! Oh! terrible! terrible!"
+
+As she spoke the last words, she rose, and unlocking the bright green
+cabinet, that of malachite marble already spoken of, took from thence a
+small bag of silver gilt. Touching the secret spring of this, she drew
+forth a letter, opened, and read it:
+
+
+    "_’To the Lady Adelaide, Countess of Visinara._
+
+    "’You fancy yourself the beloved of Giovanni. Count of Visinara;
+    but retire not to your rest this night, lady, in any such vain
+    imagining. The heart of the count has long been given to another;
+    and, you know, by your love for him, that such passion can never
+    change its object. Had he met you in earlier life, it might have
+    been otherwise. He marries you, for your lineage is a high one;
+    and she, in the world’s eye and in that of his own haughty race,
+    was no fit mate for him."
+
+
+"Ay," she shuddered, "it is explained now. So, Gina Montani was this
+beloved one. I am his by sufferance—she, by love. Holy Mother, have mercy
+on my brain! I _know_ they love—I see it all too plainly. And I could
+believe his deceitful explanation, and trust him. I _told_ him I believed
+it on our wedding night. _He did not know why he went to her house; habit,
+he supposed, or, want of occupation._ Oh, shame on his false words! Shame
+on my own credulity!"
+
+None of us forget the stanzas in Collins’s Ode to the Passions:
+
+  "Thy numbers, Jealousy, to nought were fixed,
+    Sad proof of thy distressful state:
+  Of differing themes the veering song was mixed,
+    And now it courted love—now, raving, calling on hate."
+
+And calling, indeed, upon hate, as she strode her chamber in a frenzy near
+akin to madness, was the lady Adelaide, when her attendant, Lucrezia,
+entered.
+
+"My dear lady," she exclaimed, bursting into tears, as any crocodile might
+do—"my dear, dear young lady, I cannot know that you are thus suffering,
+and keep away from your presence. Pardon me for intruding upon you against
+orders."
+
+The Lady Adelaide smoothed her brow, and the lines of her face resumed
+their haughtiness, as she imperiously ordered Lucrezia to quit the room.
+The heart most awake to the miseries of life wears to the world the
+coldest surface; and it was not in the Lady Adelaide’s nature to betray
+aught of her emotions to any living being, save, perhaps, her husband.
+
+"Nay, my lady, suffer me to remain yet a a moment: at least, while I
+disclose what I know of that viper."
+
+The Lady Adelaide started; but she suppressed all excitement, and Lucrezia
+began her tale—an exaggerated account of the interview she had been a
+witness to between the Lord of Visinara and Gina Montani. The countess
+listened to its conclusion, and a low moan escaped her.
+
+"What think you now, madam, she deserves?"
+
+"_To die!_" burst from the pale lips of the unhappy lady.
+
+"To die," acquiesced Lucrezia, calmly. "No other punishment would meet her
+guilt; and no other, that I am aware of, could be devised to prevent it
+for the future."
+
+"Oh! tempt me not," cried the lady, wringing her hands. "I spoke hastily."
+
+"Give but the orders, madam," resumed Lucrezia, "and they shall be put in
+practice."
+
+"How can I?" demanded the Lady Adelaide, once more pacing the room in her
+anguish; "how could I ever rest afterwards, with the guilt of murder upon
+my soul?"
+
+"It will be no guilt, lady."
+
+"Lucrezia!"
+
+"I have made it my business to inquire much about this girl—to ascertain
+her history. I thought it my duty, and very soon I should have laid the
+whole matter before you."
+
+"Well?"
+
+"You may destroy her, madam, as you would destroy that little bird there
+in its golden cage, without sin and without compunction."
+
+"Oh, Lucrezia, Lucrezia! once more I say unto thee, tempt me not. Wicked
+and artful as she is, she is still one of God’s creatures."
+
+"Scarcely, my lady," answered Lucrezia, with a gesture which spoke of deep
+scorn for the culprit. "I have cause to believe—good cause," she repeated,
+lowering her voice, and looking round, as if she feared the very walls
+might hear the fearful words she was about to utter, "that she is one of
+those lost creatures who are enemies to the Universal Faith, a descendant
+of the Saxons, and an apostate; as too many of that race have become."
+
+"_What_ say you?" gasped the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"That we have been harboring a heretic, madam," continued Lucrezia, her
+passion rising; "a spy, it may be, upon our holy ceremonies. No wonder
+that evil has fallen upon this house."
+
+"Go to the cell of Father Anselmo," shivered the Lady Adelaide, her teeth
+chattering with horror, "and pray his holiness to step hither: this
+fearful doubt shall at once be set at rest."
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+Gina Montani, her head aching with suspense and anxiety, was shut up alone
+in her chamber when she received a summons to the apartments of her
+mistress. Obeying at once, she found the confessor, Father Anselmo,
+sitting there, by the side of the countess. The monk cast his eyes
+steadfastly upon Gina, as if examining her features. "Never, my daughter,
+never!" he said, at length, turning to the countess. "I can take upon
+myself to assert that this damsel of thine has never once appeared before
+me to be shriven."
+
+"Examine her," was the reply of the lady.
+
+"Daughter," said the priest, turning to Gina, "for so I would fain call
+thee, until assured that thou canst have no claim to the title, what faith
+is it that thou professest."
+
+Gina raised her hand to her burning temples. She saw that all was
+discovered. But when she removed it, the perplexity in her face had
+cleared away, and her resolution was taken. "The truth, the truth," she
+murmured; "for good, or for ill, I will tell it now."
+
+"Hearest thou not?" inquired the priest, somewhat more sternly. "Art thou
+a child of the True Faith?"
+
+"I am not a Roman Catholic," she answered, timidly, "if you call that
+faith the true one."
+
+The Lady Adelaide and the priest crossed themselves simultaneously, whilst
+Gina grasped the arm of the chair against which she was standing. She was
+endeavoring to steel her heart to bravery; but in those days, and in that
+country, such a scene was a terrible ordeal.
+
+"Dost thou not worship the One True God," continued the priest, "and
+acknowledge his Holiness, our Father at Rome, to be His sole
+representative here?"
+
+"I worship the One True God," replied Gina, solemnly, joining her hands in
+a reverent attitude; "but for the Pope at Rome, I know him not."
+
+The Lady Adelaide shrieked with aversion and terror, and the pale face of
+the monk became glowing with the crimson of indignation. "Knowest thou
+not," he said, "that to the Pope it is given to mediate between earth and
+heaven?"
+
+"I know," faltered Gina, shrinking at the monk’s looks and tone, yet still
+courageous for the truth, "that there is One Mediator between God and
+man."
+
+"And he—?"
+
+"Our Saviour."
+
+"Miserable heretic!" scowled the monk, "hast thou yet to learn that of all
+the living souls this world contains, not one can enter the fold of Heaven
+without the sanction of our Holy Father, the Pope?"
+
+"I shall never learn it," whispered Gina, "and to me such doctrines savor
+of blasphemy. Therefore, I beseech you, dilate not on them."
+
+"Lost, miserable wretch!" cried the priest, lifting his hands in dismay.
+"Need I tell thee, that in the next world there is a place of torture kept
+for such as thee—a gulf of burning flames, never to be extinguished.
+
+"We are told there is such a place," she answered, struggling with her
+tears, for the interview was becoming too painful. "May the infinite love
+and mercy of God keep both you and me from it!"
+
+"Thou art hopeless—hopeless!" ejaculated the monk, sternly. "Yet, another
+question ere I send thee forth. Where hast thou imbibed these deadly
+doctrines?"
+
+"My mother wedded with an Italian," answered Gina, "but she was born on
+the free soil of England, and reared in its Reformed Faith."
+
+"A benighted land—an accursed land!" screamed the priest, vehemently; "the
+time will come when it shall be deluged from one end to the other with its
+apostates’ blood."
+
+"It is an enlightened land—a free, blessed land!" retorted Gina, in
+agitation; "and God’s mercy will rest upon it, and keep it powerful
+amongst nations, so long as its sons remain true to their Reformed Faith."
+
+"Insanity has fallen upon them," raved the monk, endeavoring to drown the
+bold words of Gina,—"nothing but insanity. But," he added, dropping his
+voice, "let them beware. Quem Deus vult perdere, prius dementat."
+
+Gina understood not the tongue; but the Lady Adelaide did, and crossed
+herself.
+
+"And this mother of thine," sneered the monk, turning again to Gina,
+"where may she be?"
+
+"She is dead," gasped Gina, bursting into tears.
+
+"Good!" assented the monk; "then she is meeting with her deserts."
+
+"God grant she may be!" aspirated the maiden, "for she died in the faith
+of Christ."
+
+"And who have been thy worthy instructors since?" proceeded the priest.
+
+"I have had but one guide since," answered Gina.
+
+"Disclose the name."
+
+"My Bible."
+
+The monk uttered what seemed very like a scream of passion, and the Lady
+Adelaide, as she heard the words, half rose from her chair.
+
+"Be calm, my daughter," interrupted the monk, waving his hand towards the
+countess; "I will guard thee from the harm caused by contact with this
+heretical being. Desire her, I pray thee, to fetch this Book hither, that
+I may glance at it."
+
+"Go," cried the Lady Adelaide, imperiously, to Gina; "bring this Bible
+instantly!"
+
+Gina obeyed, and the sacred volume was placed in the hands of the monk.
+The Lady Adelaide shrank from touching it.
+
+"Ha!" cried the monk, perceiving it to be printed in the English tongue,
+"dost thou speak this language, then?"
+
+"It is familiar to me as my own," replied Gina.
+
+"I will summon thy attendants for a light, my daughter," he remarked to
+the Lady Adelaide. And when one was brought, the priest advanced to a part
+of the room where the marble floor was uncovered by tapestry, and tearing
+the leaves from the Book, he set light to them, till all, both the Old and
+New Testament, were consumed, and the ashes scattered on the ground. "It
+is the most dangerous instructor that can be placed in the hands of the
+people," he observed, complacently watching the black mass smouldering
+there. And Gina Montani pressed her hands upon her chest, which was
+throbbing with agitation, but she did not dare to utter a word of
+remonstrance.
+
+"Oh, father, father!" cried the Lady Adelaide, sinking at his feet, after
+Gina had been conducted to her chamber, and giving vent involuntarily to
+sobs of agony, "she has dared to come between me and my husband—he has
+known her long, it seems. If she should have tainted him with this black
+heresy?"
+
+The monk turned as white as the lady’s dress at the suggestion. It was
+enough to make him. That that docile and faithful servant of the Church,
+the powerful Chief of Visinara, who was ever ready, at only half a hint,
+to endow it with valuable offerings and presents—entire robes of point
+lace for the Virgin Mary, and flounces and tuckers for all the female
+saints in the calendar, not to speak of his donations in hard cash, and
+his frequent offerings of paintings, most of them representing the popes
+working miracles, particularly that very pious one, Alexander VI.—that
+_he_ should have had dissent instilled into him, perhaps even been made
+familiar with the principles of this upstart creed! Had his reverence
+swooned outright, it would have only been what might be expected.
+
+"It will not be a crime to remove her, father," faltered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"_Crime_!" cried the ruffled priest; "canst thou connect the word—in that
+sense—with so degraded a being?"
+
+"To remove her in _any way_," persisted the lady, in a whisper. "Yet the
+world might call it MURDER."
+
+"No punishment in this world is adequate to her sin," answered the monk.
+"And she must not be suffered to remain in it."
+
+"Thou wilt then grant me absolution beforehand, holy father," implored the
+Lady Adelaide.
+
+"And what canst thou do, my child?" resumed the monk, smiling upon the
+countess. "Thou hast not been used to such work, and wouldst prove a sad
+novice at it."
+
+"Too true," she uttered; "my heart is trembling now. Indeed, I could think
+but of one way—the moat. And though the order seems easy enough to give, I
+fear I should, when the moment came, shrink from issuing it."
+
+"And who hast thou in this castle that will do thy bidding in secret and
+in silence? It were better that this deed were not known: and thou canst
+not stop tongues, my daughter."
+
+"There are many bound to my interests, who would, I believe, lay down
+their lives for me," deliberated the Lady Adelaide; "yet, alas! the tongue
+is an unruly member, and is apt to give utterance in unguarded moments to
+words against the will."
+
+"Thou hast reason, my child. I but put the question to try thee. I will
+undertake this business for thee. That evil one’s sin has been committed
+against the Church, and it is fitting that the Church should inflict the
+punishment."
+
+"Thou wilt cause her to be flung into the moat?" shuddered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"The moat!" echoed the priest. "Thinkest thou, my daughter, that the
+Church is wont to carry out her dealings by ordinary means? Signal as this
+woman’s sin has been, signal must be her expiation."
+
+"_Can_ it be expiated?"
+
+"Never, either in this world or the next. And every moment of delay that
+we voluntarily make in hurling her to her doom, must draw down wrath on
+our own heads from the saints on high."
+
+The Lady Adelaide meekly bowed _her_ head, as if to deprecate any wrath
+that might just then be falling.
+
+"Thy lady in waiting, Lucrezia, is true, I have reason to believe,"
+continued the monk.
+
+"I believe her to be true," answered the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"We may want her co-operation," he concluded, "for I opine that thou, my
+daughter, wilt not deign to aid in this; neither do I think thou art
+fitted for it."
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+The castle was wrapped in silence, it being past the hour at which the
+household retired to repose. Gina Montani was in her nightdress, though as
+yet she had not touched her hair, which remained in long curls, as she had
+worn it in the day. Suspense and agitation caused her to linger, and she
+sat at her dressing-table in a musing attitude, her head resting on her
+hand, wondering what would be the ending to all that the day had brought
+forth. She had dismissed her attendant some time before. With a deep sigh
+she rose to continue her preparations for rest, when the door softly
+opened, and the Signora Lucrezia appeared.
+
+"You need not prepare yourself for bed," she observed, in a low, distinct
+whisper; "another sort of bed is preparing for you."
+
+"What do you mean?" demanded the startled girl.
+
+"That you are this night to die."
+
+Gina shrieked.
+
+"I may tell you," interrupted the lady, "that screams and resistance will
+be wholly useless. Your doom is irrevocable, therefore it may save you
+trouble to be silent."
+
+"You are speaking falsely to me. I have done nothing to deserve death."
+
+"Equivocation will be alike unavailing," repeated Lucrezia. "And if you
+ask what you have done—you have dared to step with your ill-placed passion
+between my lord and the Lady Adelaide: you have brought discredit upon the
+long-upheld religion of this house."
+
+"I have disturbed no one’s faith," returned Gina. "I wish to disturb none.
+It is true that I love Giovanni, Count di Visinara, but I loved him long
+ere he saw the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"What!" cried the signora, her cheeks inflamed, and her brow darkening,
+"do you dare to avow your shame to my face?"
+
+"It is no shame," answered Gina, sadly; there is nothing of guilt in such
+a love as mine."
+
+"Follow me," repeated Lucrezia. "You have no time to waste in
+lamentations."
+
+"By whose orders do I die?" demanded the indignant girl. "Not by _his_;
+and no one else has a right to condemn me."
+
+Lucrezia expected this, and was prepared. Alas, that the Lord of Visinara
+should that day have left his signet ring behind him!
+
+"Do you know this ring!" demanded Lucrezia, holding out the jewel.
+
+"Too well. It is the Count of Visinara’s."
+
+"You may then know who has condemned you."
+
+"Oh, Giovanni!" wailed Gina, as she sank prostrate on the floor in her
+anguish, "this from you!" All idea of resistance vanished with the thought
+that it was him she so loved who doomed her to destruction. "I thought he
+was still at the Capella Palace," she inquired, looking up at Lucrezia, a
+doubt possibly finding its way to her heart. "When did he return?"
+
+"I came not to waste the moments in idle words," returned Lucrezia, as she
+prepared to utter the falsehood; "it is sufficient for you to know that he
+_has_ returned, and has given the orders that you seem inclined to
+resist."
+
+"Implore him to come to me for one moment, for a last farewell."
+
+"I may not ask it. He is with the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"First, my happiness, then, my life, sacrificed to appease the Lady
+Adelaide! Oh, Giovanni! false, but dear Giovanni—"
+
+"I have no orders to call those who will use violence," interrupted the
+signora, "but I must do so if you delay to follow me."
+
+"I am about to dress myself," returned Gina.
+
+"The dress you have on will serve as well as another—and better, for a
+night-gown bears some resemblance to a shroud."
+
+"One moment for prayer," was the next imploring petition.
+
+"Prayer for you!" broke contemptuously from the signora.
+
+"A single moment for prayer," reiterated the victim. "If I am, indeed,
+about to meet my Maker, I stand awfully in need of it; for I have of late
+worshipped but one, but it has not been Him."
+
+"Prayer for _you_, a _heretic_!" repeated Lucrezia; "you may as well offer
+it up to blocks of wood or stone. The creed you profess forfeits all
+inheritance for you in heaven."
+
+Yet still Gina repeated it—"A few moments for prayer, in mercy!"
+
+"Then pray away where you are going," returned Lucrezia, impatiently. "You
+will have time enough, and to spare—minutes, and hours, and days,
+perhaps."
+
+The signora evidently took a savage pleasure in urging on the death of
+Gina Montani. What could be the reason? Women in general are not so
+frightfully cruel. The motive was, that she herself loved the count. As
+Bianca had said, when watching the bridal cavalcade, could any be brought
+into daily contact with one so attractive and not learn to love him? so it
+had proved with Lucrezia. Being the favorite attendant of her mistress,
+she was much with her, and consequently daily and frequently in the
+company of Giovanni. He had many a gay word and passing jest for her, for
+he was by nature a gallant, free-spoken man; and this had its effect.
+Whilst he never glanced a thought towards her but as one necessary to wait
+upon his wife, he became to her heart dangerously dear; and excessively
+jealous had she been of Gina ever since she had heard the conversation in
+the embroidery-room. Pushing the unfortunate girl on before her, Lucrezia
+silently passed from Gina’s bed-chamber to the secret passages, plenty of
+which might be found in the castle. She bore a lantern in her hand, which
+emitted a dim, uncertain light. At length they came to a passage, a little
+beyond the chapel, far removed from the habited apartments; and in the
+middle of this were two male forms, busily occupied at work of some
+description. A lantern, similar to the one Lucrezia carried, was hanging
+high up against the opposite wall; another stood on the ground. Gina
+stopped and shivered, but Lucrezia touched her arm, and she walked on.
+They were nearing the men, who were habited as monks, and their faces
+shielded beneath their cowls, when the signora halted and pressed her hand
+upon her brow, as if in thought. Presently she turned to Gina. A second
+lie was in her mouth; but how was the ill-fated young lady to know it?
+"_He_ sent you a message," she whispered. "It is his last request to you.
+Will you receive it?" The unhappy victim looked up eagerly.
+
+"He requests, then, by his love for you—by the remembrance of the happy
+moments you once spent together, that you neither resist nor scream."
+
+Her heart was too full to speak; but she bowed her head in acquiescence.
+Lucrezia moved to go on. "How is my life to be taken? By the dagger? By
+blows?"
+
+"By neither—by nothing. Not a hair of your head will be touched."
+
+"Ah! I might have guessed. It is by poison."
+
+"It will be taken by _nothing_, I tell you. Why do you not listen to me?"
+
+"You speak in riddles," said Gina, faintly. "But I will bear my fate,
+whatever it may be."
+
+"And in silence? _He_ asks it by your mutual love."
+
+"All, all, for his sake," she answered. "Tell him, as I have loved, so
+will I obey him to the last."
+
+Lucrezia walked on, and Gina followed. She saw and understood the manner
+of her death, but, faithful to the imagined wish of her lover, she uttered
+neither remonstrance nor cry. The clock was upon the stroke of one, when
+smothered groans of fear and anguish told that her punishment had begun;
+but no louder sound broke the midnight silence, or carried the appalling
+deed to the inhabitants of the castle. An hour passed before all was
+completed: they were long in doing their deed of vengeance; and, when it
+was over, Gina Montani had been removed from the world forever.
+
+"Madame, she is gone!" was the salutation of Lucrezia, her teeth
+chattering, and her face the hue of a corpse, when she entered the chamber
+of her mistress.
+
+The Lady Adelaide had not retired to rest. She was pacing her apartment in
+unutterable misery. The social conditions of life, its forms and objects,
+were to her as nothing since her terrible awaking to reality.
+
+Morning had dawned before the return of the Lord of Visinara. He was
+fatigued both in body and mind, and, throwing himself upon a couch, slept
+for some hours. And he probably would have rested longer, had not an
+unusual disturbance and commotion in his household aroused him. They were
+telling a strange tale: one that, for the moment, drove the life-blood
+away from his heart. It was, that the wicked dealings of Gina Montani with
+Satan had been brought to light on the previous day. The holy Father
+Anselmo had taxed her with her guilt, and she had openly confessed all
+without reserve; and that the Evil One had appeared in the night, and had
+run away with her—a just reward.
+
+In those times, a reputed visit of the devil in _propria persona_ would
+have been likely to obtain more credence than it could in these: but it
+would probably be going too far to say that the Lord of Visinara
+participated in the belief of his horror-stricken household. Certain it
+is, he caused minute inquiries to be made, although at the express
+disapprobation of the spiritual directors of the neighboring monastery,
+some of whom were attached to the services of his chapel, and pointed out
+to him the grievous sin it was thus to be solicitous about the fate of an
+avowed heretic. But he could learn nothing. The maid who waited on her
+testified that she assisted Gina to undress on the previous night. In
+proof of which, the garments she had taken off were found in the chamber.
+The remainder of her clothes were in their places undisturbed; the only
+article missing being a nightdress, which the attendant in question said
+she saw her put on; and her bed had not been slept in. Giovanni spoke to
+his wife, but she observed a haughty silence, and it was useless to
+question her. He had the moat dragged, and the neighborhood for miles
+round scoured, but no tidings could be obtained. Yet, strange to say, in
+passing on that first morning through the remote corridors, he fancied he
+heard her voice pronounce his name in a tone of imploring agony. He
+searched in every nook and corner, but found nothing, and soon thought no
+more of it, except to marvel how his imagination could so have deceived
+him.
+
+After a time, peace was restored between the count and the Lady Adelaide;
+but all bliss for her, all mutual confidence, had ceased for ever.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+It was midnight. In the nursery at the castle sat the head nurse, and on
+her lap was the dying heir of Visinara, now eight or ten months old. Until
+nine days previous, he had been a healthy child, but, from that time, a
+wasting fever had attacked him, and now he was ill unto death. The Lady
+Adelaide, her eyes blinded with tears, knelt beside him, gazing on his
+colorless face. The count himself was gently rubbing his little hands to
+try and excite some warmth in them.
+
+"Do you not think he looks a little, a _very_ little better?" demanded the
+lady, anxiously.
+
+The nurse hesitated. She did not think so, but she was unwilling to say
+what she thought.
+
+"His hands—are they any warmer, Giovanni?"
+
+The count shook his head, and the nurse spoke. "There will be hope, madam,
+if this last medicine should take effect."
+
+The Lady Adelaide pressed her lips upon the infant’s forehead, and burst
+into tears.
+
+"You will be ill, Adelaide," said her husband. "This incessant watching is
+bad for you. Let me persuade you to take rest."
+
+She motioned in the negative.
+
+"Indeed, madam, but you ought to do so," interrupted Lucrezia, who was
+present: "these many nights you have passed without sleep; and your health
+so delicate!"
+
+"Lie down—lie down, my love," interposed her husband, "if only for a short
+time."
+
+Again she refused; but at length they induced her to comply, her husband
+promising to watch over the child, and to let her know if there should be
+the slightest change in him. He passed his arms round his wife to lead her
+from the chamber, for she was painfully weak; but they had scarcely gone
+ten steps from the door, when a prolonged, shrill scream, as of one in
+unutterable terror, reached their ears. They rushed back again. The nurse
+sat, still supporting the child, but with her eyes dilating and fixed on
+one corner of the room, and her face rigid with horror. It was she who had
+screamed.
+
+"My child! my child!" groaned the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"Nurse, what in the name of the Holy Virgin is the matter?" exclaimed the
+count, perceiving no alteration in the infant. "You look as if you had
+seen a spectre!"
+
+"I have seen one," shuddered the nurse.
+
+"What _have_ you been dreaming of?" he returned, angrily.
+
+"As true as that we are all assembled here, my lord," continued the nurse,
+solemnly, "I saw the spirit of Gina Montani!"
+
+A change came over the Lord of Visinara’s countenance, but he spoke not;
+whilst the Lady Adelaide clung to her husband in fear, and Lucrezia darted
+into the midst of the group, and laid hold of the nurse’s chair.
+
+"What absurdity!" uttered the count, recovering himself. "How could such
+an idea enter your head?"
+
+"Were it the last word I had to speak, my lord," continued the woman, "and
+to my dying day, I will maintain what I assert. I saw but now the ghost of
+Gina Montani. It was in a night-dress, and stood _there_, far away, where
+the lamp casts its shade."
+
+"Nonsense!" said the count abstractedly. "Pray did you see anything?" he
+continued, banteringly, to Lucrezia, and to another attendant who was in
+the room. They answered that they had not: but Lucrezia was white, and
+shook convulsively. A wild, frantic sob, burst from the Lady Adelaide. The
+child was dead!
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+Many months again slipped by, with little to distinguish them save the
+decreasing strength of the Lady Adelaide. She had been wasting slowly
+since the shock given her heart at discovering her husband’s love for Gina
+Montani. She loved him passionately, and she _knew_ her love was
+unrequited; for affections once bestowed, as his had been, can never be
+recalled and given to another. The illness of the mind had its effect upon
+the body; she became worse and worse, and, after the birth of a second
+child, it was evident that she was sinking rapidly. She lay upon the
+stately bed in her magnificent chamber, about which were scattered many
+articles consecrated to her girlhood, or to her happy bridal, and, as
+such, precious. Seated by the bedside was her husband; one hand clasping
+hers, in the other he held a cambric handkerchief, with which he
+occasionally wiped her languid brow. "Bear with me a little longer," my
+husband—but a short time."
+
+"Bear with you, Adelaide!" he repeated; "would to the Blessed Virgin you
+might be spared to me!"
+
+"It is impossible," she sighed, pressing his hand upon her wasted bosom.
+
+"Adelaide"—he hesitated; after awhile—"I would ask you a question—a
+question which, if you can, I entreat that you will answer."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, and he resumed, in a low voice: "What
+became of Gina Montani?"
+
+Even amidst the pallid hue of death, a flush appeared in her cheeks at the
+words. She gasped once or twice with agitation before she could speak.
+"Bring not up that subject now; the only one that came between us to
+disturb our peace—the one to which I am indebted for my death. I am lying
+dying before you, Giovanni, and you can think but of her."
+
+"My love, why will you so misunderstand me?"
+
+"These thoughts excite me dreadfully," she continued. "Let us banish them,
+if you would have peace visit me in dying."
+
+"May your death be far away yet," he sighed.
+
+"Ah! I trust so—a little longer—a few days with you and my dear child!"
+And the count clasped his hands together as he silently echoed her prayer.
+
+"Will you reach me my small casket?" she continued; "I put a few trinkets
+in it, yesterday, to leave as tokens of remembrance. I must show you how I
+wish them bestowed."
+
+He rose from his seat, and looked about the room; but he could not find
+the jewelcase. "The small one, Giovanni," she said; "not my diamond
+casket. I thought it was in the mosaic cabinet. Or, perhaps, they may have
+taken it into my dressing-room."
+
+He went into the adjoining apartment, and had found the missing casket,
+when a shriek of horror from the lips of the Lady Adelaide smote his ear.
+He was in an instant at her bedside, supporting her in his arms; the
+attendants also came running in. "My dearest Adelaide, what is it that
+excites you thus?" But his inquiries were in vain. She lay in his arms,
+sobbing convulsively, and clinging to him as if in terror. Broken words
+came from her at length: "I looked up—when you were away—and saw—there, in
+that darkened recess—_her_. I did—I did, Giovanni!"
+
+"Whom?" he said becoming very pale.
+
+"Her—Gina Montani. She was in white—a long dress it seemed. Oh! Giovanni,
+leave me not again."
+
+"I will never leave you, Adelaide. But this—it must have been a fancy—an
+illusion of the imagination. We had just been speaking of her."
+
+"You remember," she sobbed, "the night our child died—nurse saw the same
+spectre. It may—"
+
+The lady’s voice failed her, and her husband started, for a rapid change
+was taking place in her countenance.
+
+"I am dying, Giovanni," she said, clinging to him, and trembling with
+nervous terror. "Oh, support me! A doctor—a priest—Father Anselmo—where
+are they? He gave me absolution, he said. Then why does the remembrance of
+the deed come back again now? They would not have done it without my
+sanction. Giovanni, my husband—protect and love our child—desert him
+never. Giovanni, I say, can they indeed forgive—or does it rest above? If
+so, oh! why did I have her killed? Giovanni, who is it—Father
+Anselmo?—God?—_who_ is to forgive me? It _was_ murder! Giovanni, where are
+you? My sight is going—Giovanni—" Her voice died away, and the count bowed
+his head in his anguish, whilst the attendants pressed forwards to look at
+her countenance. The Lady Adelaide had passed to another world!
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+It was years after the death of Lady Adelaide, that workmen were making
+some alterations in the Castle of Visinara, preparatory to the second
+marriage of its lord, who was about to espouse the lovely Elena di
+Capella. They were taking down the walls of a secret passage, or corridor,
+leading out of the chapel to the neighboring monastery. Standing, looking
+on, was the count, still, to all appearance, youthful, though he was, in
+reality, some years past thirty, but his features were of a cast that do
+not quickly take the signs of age. By his side stood a fair boy of seven
+years old—his heir—open-hearted, engaging, with a smiling countenance, on
+which might be traced his father’s features, whilst he had inherited his
+mother’s soft blue eyes and her sunny hair.
+
+"What a while you are!" exclaimed the child, looking on, with impatience,
+to see the walls come down. "You should hit harder."
+
+"The walls are very thick, Alberto," observed his father. "All these
+niches, which have been blocked up, and in the olden time contained
+statues, have to come down also."
+
+"They are taking down a niche now, are they not, papa?"
+
+"Not yet. They are removing the wall which has been built before it. It
+appears fresher, too, than the rest; of more recent date."
+
+"It seems extraordinarily fresh, my lord," observed one of the workmen.
+"The materials are old, but it has certainly been rebuilt within a few
+years—within ten, I should say."
+
+"Not it," laughed the count. "These corridors have not been touched during
+my lifetime."
+
+"This portion of them has, my lord, you may rely upon it."
+
+As he spoke, the remainder came down with a tremendous crash, leaving the
+niches exposed, There was no statue there—but the corpse of the
+unfortunate Gina Montani, standing upright in her night-dress, was
+revealed to their sight—nearly as fresh as if she had died but yesterday,
+having been excluded from the air. The features, it is true, were scarcely
+to be recognized, but the hair—the long brown curls falling on her
+neck—was the same as ever. This was her horrible death then—to be walled
+up alive! The count grew sick and faint as he gazed. Before he had time to
+collect his startled thoughts, the child pulled at and clung to his arm.
+"Take me away. What is that dreadful thing? You look white and cold too,
+not as you always do. Oh, what is it? Dear papa, take me from here!"
+
+The workmen were affrighted—perhaps more so, though less shocked, than the
+count. But one of them, partially recovering himself, touched the corpse
+with an implement he had been using, and it came down a heap of dust. The
+Lord of Visinara turned, and with steps that tottered under him, bore his
+child back to the castle.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+You may hear in Italy unto this day, various versions of this tradition.
+One will tell you that the Lord of Visinara offered moneys and treasures,
+to the half of his possessions, to the monks, if they would lay the
+troubled spirit of Gina Montani, but that, although they tried hard, they
+could not do it. According to another version, the friars would not try,
+for that no heretic’s soul may be prayed for in the Roman Church. But,
+however the monks may have settled it amongst themselves, all versions of
+the history agree in one particular, that the ghost _was not_ laid; that
+it never would be, and never could be, but still wanders on the earth. And
+you were wise to profess faith in it too, if you go amongst the Italians,
+unless you would be looked on as an unbeliever, not a degree better than
+the poor Protestant maiden Montani.
+
+Several descendants of Giovanni and Adelaide of Visinara, are still
+scattered about Italy, though greatly reduced in station. And the
+accredited belief is, that whenever death is going to remove one of these,
+the spirit of the ill-fated Gina appears and shows itself to them in the
+moments of their last and most terrible agonies.
+
+
+
+
+
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+
+
+                          From Sharpe’s Magazine
+
+
+We are in the habit of laughing incredulously at stories of visions and
+supernatural apparitions, yet some are so well authenticated, that if we
+refuse to believe them, we should, in consistency, reject all historical
+evidence. The fact I am about to relate is guaranteed by a declaration
+signed by four credible witnesses; I will only add, that the prediction
+contained in this declaration was well known, and generally spoken of,
+long before the occurrence of the events which have apparently fulfilled
+it.
+
+Charles XI., father of the celebrated Charles XII., was one of the most
+despotic, but, at the same time, wisest monarchs, who ever reigned in
+Sweden. He curtailed the enormous privileges of the nobility, abolished
+the power of the Senate, made laws on his own authority; in a word, he
+changed the constitution of the country, hitherto an oligarchy, and forced
+the States to invest him with absolute power. He was a man of enlightened
+and strong mind, firmly attached to the Lutheran religion; his disposition
+was cold, unfeeling, and phlegmatic, utterly destitute of imagination. He
+had just lost his queen, Ulrica Eleonora, and he appeared to feel her
+death more than could have been expected from a man of his character. He
+became even more gloomy and silent than before, and his incessant
+application to business proved his anxiety to banish painful reflections.
+
+Towards the close of an autumn evening, he was sitting in his
+dressing-gown and slippers, before a large fire, in his private apartment.
+His chamberlain, Count Brahe, and his physician, Baumgarten, were with
+him. The evening wore away, and his majesty did not dismiss them as usual;
+with his head down and his eyes fixed on the fire, he maintained a
+profound silence, weary of his guests, and fearing, half unconsciously, to
+remain alone. The count and his companion tried various subjects of
+conversation, but could interest him in nothing. At length Brahe, who
+supposed that sorrow for the queen was the cause of his depression, said
+with a deep sigh, and pointing to her portrait, which hung in the room,
+
+"What a likeness that is! How truly it gives the expression, at once so
+gentle and so dignified!"
+
+"Nonsense!" said the king, angrily, "the portrait is far too flattering;
+the queen was decidedly plain."
+
+Then, vexed at his unkind words, he rose and walked up and down the room,
+to hide an emotion at which he blushed. After a few minutes he stopped
+before the window looking into the court; the night was black, and the
+moon in her first quarter.
+
+The palace where the kings of Sweden now reside was not completed, and
+Charles XI. who commenced it, inhabited the old palace, situated on the
+Ritzholm, facing Lake Modu. It is a large building in the form of a
+horseshoe: the king’s private apartments were in one of the extremities;
+opposite was the great hall where the States assembled to receive
+communications from the crown. The windows of that hall suddenly appeared
+illuminated. The king was startled, but at first supposed that a servant
+with a light was passing through; but then, that hall was never opened
+except on state occasions, and the light was too brilliant to be caused by
+a single lamp. It then occurred to him that it must be a conflagration;
+but there was no smoke, and the glass was not broken; it had rather the
+appearance of an illumination. Brahe’s attention being called to it, he
+proposed sending one of the pages to ascertain the cause of the light, but
+the king stopped him, saying, he would go himself to the hall. He left the
+room, followed by the count and doctor, with lighted torches. Baumgarten
+called the man who had charge of the keys, and ordered him, in the king’s
+name, to open the doors of the great hall. Great was his surprise at this
+unexpected command. He dressed himself quickly, and came to the king with
+his bunch of keys. He opened the first door of a gallery which served as
+an antechamber to the hall. The king entered, and what was his amazement
+at finding the walls hung with black.
+
+"What is the meaning of this?" asked he.
+
+The man replied, that he did not know what to make of it, adding, "When
+the gallery was last opened, there was certainly no hanging over the oak
+panelling."
+
+The king walked on to the door of the hall.
+
+"Go no further, for heaven’s sake," exclaimed the man; "surely there is
+sorcery going on inside. At this hour, since the queen’s death, they say
+she walks up and down here. May God protect us!"
+
+"Stop, sire," cried the count and Baumgarten together, "don’t you hear
+that noise? Who knows to what dangers you are exposing yourself! At all
+events, allow me to summon the guards."
+
+"I will go in," said the king, firmly; "open the door at once."
+
+The man’s hand trembled so that he could not turn the key.
+
+"A fine thing to see an old soldier frightened," said the king, shrugging
+his shoulders; "come, Count, will you open the door?"
+
+"Sire," replied Brahe, "let your majesty command me to march to the mouth
+of a Danish or German cannon, and I will obey unhesitatingly, but I cannot
+defy hell itself."
+
+"Well," said the king, in a tone of contempt, "I can do it myself."
+
+He took the key, opened the massive oak door, and entered the hall,
+pronouncing the words, "With the help of God." His three attendants, whose
+curiosity overcame their fears, or who, perhaps, were ashamed to desert
+their sovereign, followed him. The hall was lighted by an innumerable
+number of torches. A black hanging had replaced the old tapestry. The
+benches round the hall were occupied by a multitude, all dressed in black;
+their faces were so dazzlingly bright that the four spectators of this
+scene were unable to distinguish one amongst them. On an elevated throne,
+from which the king was accustomed to address the assembly, sat a bloody
+corpse, as if wounded in several parts, and covered with the ensigns of
+royalty; on his right stood a child, a crown on his head, and a sceptre in
+his hand; at his left an old man leant on the throne; he was dressed in
+the mantle formerly worn by the administrators of Sweden, before it became
+a kingdom under Gustavus Vasa. Before the throne were seated several
+grave, austere looking personages, in long black robes. Between the throne
+and the benches of the assembly was a block covered with black crape; an
+axe lay beside it. No one in the vast assembly appeared conscious of the
+presence of Charles and his companions. On their entrance they heard
+nothing but a confused murmur, in which they could distinguish no words.
+Then the most venerable of the judges in the black robes, he who seemed to
+be their president, rose, and struck his hand five times on a folio volume
+which lay open before him. Immediately there was a profound silence, and
+some young men, richly dressed, their hands tied behind their backs,
+entered the hall by a door opposite to that which Charles had opened. He
+who walked first, and who appeared the most important of the prisoners,
+stopped in the middle of the hall, before the block, which he looked at
+with supreme contempt. At the same time the corpse on the throne trembled
+convulsively, and a crimson stream flowed from his wounds. The young man
+knelt down, laid his head on the block, the axe glittered in the air for a
+moment, descended on the block, the head railed over the marble pavement,
+and reached the feet of the king, and stained his slipper with blood.
+Until this moment surprise had kept Charles silent, but this horrible
+spectacle roused him, and advancing two or three steps towards the throne,
+he boldly addressed the figure on its left in the well-known formulary,
+"If thou art of God, speak; if of the other, leave us in peace."
+
+The phantom answered slowly and solemnly, "King Charles, this blood will
+not flow in thy time, but five reigns after." Here the voice became less
+distinct, "Woe, woe, woe to the blood of Vasa!" The forms of all the
+assembly now became less clear, and seemed but colored shades: soon they
+entirely disappeared; the lights were extinguished; still they heard a
+melodious noise, which one of the witnesses compared to the murmuring of
+the wind among the trees, another to the sound a harp string gives in
+breaking. All agreed as to the duration of the apparition, which they said
+lasted ten minutes. The hangings, the head, the waves of blood, all had
+disappeared with the phantoms, but Charles’s slipper still retained a
+crimson stain, which alone would have served to remind him of the scenes
+of this night, if indeed they had not been too well engraven on his
+memory.
+
+When the king returned to his apartment, he wrote an account of what he
+had seen, and he and his companions signed it. In spite of all the
+precautions taken to keep these circumstances private, they were well
+known, even during the lifetime of Charles, and no one hitherto has
+thought fit to raise doubts as to their authenticity.
+
+
+
+
+
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+
+
+                   From the Dublin University Magazine.
+
+
+It seems strange that so obvious a case as that of Barlaam and the monks
+of Mount Athos has not been brought into the mesmerical collection of
+_pièces justificatives_. The first compiler of the authorities on which it
+rests is Ughelli. The story is told in modern language by Mosheim, by
+Fleury, and by Gibbon at the years 1341-51. In taking the version of it by
+the last (Decline and Fall, c. 63,) we shall run least risk of being
+imposed on by over-credulity.
+
+"The Fakirs of India and the monks of the Oriental Church," says the
+complacent philosopher of Lausanne, "were alike persuaded that in total
+abstraction of the mind and body, the purer spirit may ascend to the
+enjoyment and vision of the Deity. The opinions and practices of the
+monasteries of Mount Athos will be best represented in the words of an
+abbot who flourished in the eleventh century. ’When thou art alone in thy
+cell,’ says the ascetic teacher, ’shut thy door and seat thyself in a
+corner: raise thy mind above all things vain and transitory; recline thy
+beard and chin on thy breast; turn thine eyes and thy thoughts towards the
+middle of thy belly, the region of the naval; and search the place of the
+heart, the seat of the soul. At first all will be dark and comfortless;
+but if you persevere day and night you will feel an ineffable joy; and no
+sooner has the soul discovered the place of the heart, than it is involved
+in a mystic and etherial light.’ This light, the production of a
+distempered fancy, the creature of an empty stomach and an empty brain,
+was adored by the Quietists as the pure and perfect essence of God
+himself; and as long as the folly was confined to Mount Athos, the simple
+solitaries were not inquisitive how the divine essence could be a
+_material_ substance, or how an _immaterial_ substance could be perceived
+by the eyes of the body. But in the reign of the younger Andronicus these
+monasteries were visited by Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, who was equally
+skilled in philosophy and theology. The indiscretion of an ascetic
+revealed to the curious traveller the secrets of mental prayer, and
+Barlaam embraced the opportunity of ridiculing the Quietists who placed
+the soul in the naval; of accusing the monks of Mount Athos of heresy and
+blasphemy. His attack compelled the more learned to renounce or dissemble
+the simple devotion of their brethren; and Gregory Palamas introduced a
+scholastic distinction between the essence and operation of God."
+
+Gregory illustrated his argument by a reference to the celestial light
+manifested in the transfiguration of our Lord on Mount Thabor. On this
+distinction issue was taken by the disputatious Calabrian, and the result
+was the convocation of a synod at Constantinople, whose decree
+"established as an article of faith the uncreated light of Mount Thabor;
+and, after so many insults, the reason of mankind was slightly wounded by
+the addition of a single absurdity."
+
+Of the truth of facts so long and openly discussed, there can be no
+question. The monks of Mount Athos did indeed put themselves into a state
+which may with safety be called one of mental lucidity, by fixing their
+eyes intently on a point. Mr. Robertson, who used to induce the mesmeric
+sleep by causing his votaries to fix their eyes on a wafer, had better
+precedent than he supposed for his practice; and Miss Martineau, who, in
+her artificial trances, saw all objects illuminated has been unconsciously
+repeating a monastic method of worship. The contemptuous indifference of
+Gibbon for once arises from defect of information; and when in a note he
+observes that Mosheim "unfolds the causes with the judgment of a
+philosopher," while Fleury "transcribes and translates with the prejudices
+of a Catholic priest," himself gives a luculent example of the errors of
+philosophy, and of the often unsuspected approach of prejudice to truth.
+Mosheim’s observation, notwithstanding the damaging approval of Gibbon, is
+not without its value. "There is no reason," he says, "for any to be
+surprised at this account, or to question its correctness. For among the
+precepts and rules of all those in the East who teach men how to withdraw
+the mind from the body, and to unite it with God, or inculcate what the
+Latins call a contemplative and mystic life, whether they are Christians,
+or Mohammedans, or Pagans, there is this precept, viz., _that the eyes
+must be fixed every day for some hours upon some particular object_, and
+that whoever does this will be rapt into a kind of ecstasy. See what
+Engelbert Kempfer states concerning the monks and mystics of Japan; and
+the account of those of India by Francis Bernier." Strange that Mosheim,
+observing the uniformity both of the process and of its results in so many
+different parts of the world, should not have suspected that there was
+something more in this species of lucidity than the merely casual effects
+of a distempered imagination. By fixing the gaze even of the lower animals
+on an immovable point, they fall into a condition equally unnatural, and
+which, if they had language to express their visions, would probably be
+found equally clairvoyant.
+
+A favorite subject of mediæval art is the life of the Christian ascetic in
+the Desert. In these representations a human skull may generally be seen
+placed before the eyes of the devotee. Such an object would fix the gaze
+and induce the ecstasy as well as any other. The charm of this species of
+contemplation must have been intense, since in search of its exaltations
+and illuminations the very convents were deserted; and during the fourth
+and fifth centuries the deserts of Idumea, of Egypt, and of Pontus,
+swarmed with anchorites, who seemed to live only for the sake of escaping
+from life, and in their fasts and mortifications rivalled, if they did not
+for a time even surpass, the Fakirs of the East. To such an extent was
+this religious enthusiasm carried, that in Egypt the number of the monks
+was thought to equal that of the rest of the male population. Strange
+consideration, if it be the fact, that a few passes of a mesmeric operator
+should produce the same effects which these multitudes procured through
+toils so painful and sacrifices to themselves and to society so costly.
+
+The Egyptian method of inducing clairvoyance in boys, by causing them to
+gaze on a pool of ink in the palm of the hand, has already been identified
+with the practice of Dr. Dee, whose blank spherical mirror is now said to
+be in the possession and use of a distinguished modern mesmeriser.
+Divination by the crystal is a well-known mediæval practice; and from the
+accounts of it which Delrio and others have handed down it appears to have
+resembled, in some remarkable particulars, the method now in use among the
+soothsayers of Cairo. It does not appear to make any difference whether
+the polished object be black or white, a mirror, a solid ball, or a
+transparent globe containing water: the same extraordinary series of
+appearances is alleged to follow an earnest inspection of it. Before
+proceeding to Delrio’s singular corroboration of this use of the crystal,
+it will be well to state what is known of divination by the phial and by
+the mirror. Divination by the phial is technically known as
+_gasteromancy_. "In this kind of divination," says Peucer, "the response
+is given by pictures, not by sounds. They procured glass vessels of a
+globular shape, filled with fair water, and set round them lighted tapers;
+and after invoking the demon with a muttered incantation, and proposing
+the question, they brought forward a pure boy-child, or a pregnant woman,
+who, gazing intently on the glass, and searching it with their eyes,
+called for, and demanded, a solution of the question proposed. The devil
+then answered these inquiries by certain images, which, by a kind of
+refraction, shone from the water on the polished and mirror-like surface
+of the phial."
+
+_Catoptromancy_, or divination by the mirror, is as old as the time of the
+Roman Emperors. In one of the passages relating to this method of inducing
+what is called clairvoyance, we have an illustration of the early
+acquaintance of mankind with some of the forms of mesmerism. The passage
+is found in Spartian’s life of Ditius Julian, the rich Roman who purchased
+the Empire when it was put up to auction by the Prætorian guards. "Julian
+was also addicted to the madness of consulting magicians, through whom he
+hoped either to appease the indignation of the people, or to control the
+violence of the soldiery. For they immolated certain victims (human?) not
+agreeable to the course of Roman sacrifice; and they performed certain
+profane incantations; and those things, too, which are done at the mirror,
+in which boys with their eyes blindfolded are said, by means of
+incantations, to see objects with the top of the head, Julian had recourse
+to. And the boy is said to have seen (in the mirror) both the approach of
+Severus and the death of Julian."
+
+The passage may be variously rendered, according to different readings and
+punctuations, either as "boys, who can see with their eyes blindfolded, by
+reason of incantations made over the top of the head;" or, "boys, who,
+having their eyes blindfolded, can see with the top of the head, by reason
+of incantations;" or, "boys, who, having their eyes blindfolded, can see
+with the top of the head, it being operated on by way of incantation."
+This seeing, or seeming to see, with the top of the head, is one alleged
+variety of the modes of modern clairvoyance. It seems difficult to imagine
+that the boy Horner, whose case is related by Mr. Topham, in a letter to
+Dr. Elliotson, dated May 31, 1847, could have heard any thing of these
+pagan practices. Mr. Topham, a barrister and man of credit, states: "After
+five or six weeks’ mesmerism, he began spontaneously to exhibit instances
+of clairvoyance. The first occasion was on the 11th of September. It was
+in the dusk of the evening, so that the room where he was mesmerised was
+nearly dark. My previous mode of mesmerising him had been by pointing at
+his eyes, but on this occasion I began by making passes over the top of
+his head, and continued them after he was in the sleep. In the course of
+five or six minutes after the sleep was induced, he suddenly exclaimed
+that he could see into the room above us (the drawing-room). I said, ’Your
+eyes are closed; how can you see?’ And he replied, ’I don’t see with my
+eyes; I see from the top of my head. All the top of my head seems open.’
+He then described, &c. I found every thing as he had described, &c." Mr.
+Topham, it need scarcely be added, does not appear to have been at all
+aware of the passage in Spartian, which, indeed, has not been cited or
+referred to in any published work for nearly two hundred years back.
+
+A like use of the suspended ring, indicating the early acquaintance of
+practitioners in these arts with one of the alleged evidences of the
+so-called _odylic_ force, is thus described by Peucer among various modes
+of hydromancy: "A bowl was filled with water, and a ring suspended from
+the finger was librated in the water; and so, according as the question
+was propounded, a declaration or confirmation of its truth, or otherwise,
+was obtained. If what was proposed was true, the ring, of its own accord,
+without any impulse, struck the sides of the goblet a certain number of
+times. They say that Numa Pompilius used to practise this method, and that
+he evoked the gods, and consulted them in water, in this way."
+
+_Crystallomancy_ is the art of divining by figures, which appear on the
+surface of a crystal ball, in like manner as on the phial filled with
+water. Concerning this practice, Delrio has the following remarkable
+passage, citing his contemporary, Spengler: "A man well versed in the
+Greek and Latin fathers, and happy, if he had not presumed, with unclean
+hands, to dabble in the mysteries of our faith (Spenger), has published in
+Germany a learned commentary on the nature of demons, which he has
+prefixed to Plutarch’s Essay, _De Defectu Oraculorum_. From this (says
+Delrio) I extract, in his own words, the following narrative. There are
+some (he says) who, being consulted on matters unknown, distinctly see
+every thing that is inquired after in _crystals_; and a little further on
+proceeds to state, that he once had an acquaintance, a man of one of the
+best families of Nuremberg, and that this acquaintance of his came to him
+on one occasion, bringing with him a crystal gem, of a round form, wrapped
+up in a piece of silk, which he told him he had received from a stranger,
+who encountering him several years before in the market-place, had asked
+his hospitality, and whom he had brought home with him and lodged for the
+space of three days; and that when the stranger was departing, he had left
+him the crystal as a present, in token of his obligation, and had taught
+him the use of it; thus, that if there was any thing he particularly
+wished to be informed of, he should take out this crystal and desire a
+pure male child to look into it and say what he should see there; and that
+it would come to pass that whatever he desired to be informed of, would be
+indicated by appearances seen by the boy. And he affirmed that he never
+was deceived in any instance, and that he learned matters of a wonderful
+kind from the representations of those boys, although no one else, by the
+closest inspection, could see any thing except the clear and shining gem.
+At a certain time, however, when his wife was pregnant of a male child,
+appearances were visible to her also in the crystal. First of all, there
+used to appear the form of a man clad in the ordinary habit of the times,
+and then would open the representation of whatever was inquired after; and
+when all was explained, the same figure of the man would depart and
+disappear; but in his departure would often appear to perambulate the town
+and enter the churches. But the report of these appearances having spread
+in all directions, they began to be threatened by the populace. It also
+appeared, that certain men of learning had read in the crystal some
+statements respecting doubts entertained by them in their studies; and
+moved by these and other reasons, Spengler stated that the owner of the
+crystal came to him, representing that he thought the time was come when
+he ought to cease making such a use of it; for that he was now persuaded
+he had sinned in no light degree in doing so, and had for a long time
+suffered grievous pangs of a disturbed conscience on that account, and had
+come to the determination of having nothing further to do with experiments
+of that kind, and had accordingly brought the crystal to him to do with it
+whatever he pleased. Then Spengler, highly approving his resolution,
+states that he took the crystal, and having pounded it into minute
+fragments, threw them, together with the silk wrapper, into a draw-well."
+So far Delrio.
+
+Another variety of this process is found in the _Onuchomanteia_, or
+nail-divinition, also spoken of by Delrio. "In this species," says he,
+"male children, before they have lost their purity, smear their nails with
+oil and lamp-black, and then, holding up the nail against the sun,
+repeating some charm, see in it what they desire. This mischief," he goes
+on to say, "has gone even farther in our own time. I myself knew one
+Quevedo, a veteran Spanish soldier, but more distinguished in war and arms
+than in piety, who, being in Brussels at the time when the Duke of Medina
+Cæli set sail from Gallicia for Belgium, clearly showed in more than one
+of his nails the fleet leaving the port of Corunna, and soon after
+dreadfully tossed by a tempest. Thus this man, who could also cure the
+wounds of others by his words alone, rendered his own spiritual state
+incurable by any one."
+
+The like use of the crystal ball and spherical phial, containing water,
+suggests a version of the epigrams of Claudian—"De crystallo in quo aqua
+inclusa"—which has not been afforded by any of the commentators. Globules
+of water are sometimes found inclosed in crystals, as well as in amber. On
+one of those singular gems Claudian has composed a series of epigrams,
+which ascribe properties to the stone, and make allusion to uses of it
+hardly reconcileable with the idea of its being a merely puerile
+curiosity. The earlier epigrams of the series are neat and playful, but
+insignificant:—
+
+  "The icy gem its aqueous birth attests,
+  Part turned to stone, while part in fluid rests;
+  Winter’s numbed hand achieved the cunning feat,
+  The perfecter for being incomplete.
+
+  "Nymphs who your sister nymphs in glassy thrall
+  Hold here imprisoned in the crystal ball;
+  Waters that were and are, declare the cause
+  That your bright forms at once congeals and thaws.
+
+  "Scorn not the crystal ball, a worth it owns,
+  Greater than graven Erythrean stones;
+  Rude though it seems, a formless mass of ice,
+  ’Tis justly counted ’mongst our gems of price."
+
+And so on through several others, until he comes to that one which seems
+to indicate something beyond a merely figurative use of the word "nymphs;"
+though, after all, it is possible that the word was originally written
+with an _l_, instead of _n_, which would make all the difference between
+"nymphs" and "waters":—
+
+  "While the soft boy the slippery crystal turns,
+  To touch the waters in their icy urns,
+  Safe in its depths translucent he beholds
+  The nymphs, unconscious of the winter colds:
+  And the dry ball exploring with his lip,
+  Seems, while he fails, the illusive lymph to sip."
+
+The Latin is subjoined:—
+
+  "Dum crystalla puer contingere lubrica gaudet
+    Et gelidum tenero pollice versat onus,
+  Videt perspicuo deprensas in marmore nymphas,
+    Dura quibus solis parcere novit hyems:
+  Et siccum religens labiis sitientibus orbem,
+    Irrita quæsitis oscula figit aquis."
+
+Not the least remarkable of the qualities here ascribed to the crystal
+ball is its energy in imparting the sensation of cold. Dom Chifflet, who,
+in 1665, published his learned treatise at Antwerp on the objects then
+recently discovered in the supposed tomb of King Childeric, at Tournay,
+says of the crystal ball which was found amongst them, "You would say it
+was petrified ice; so cold it was, that my palm and fingers, after
+handling it, were quite torpid." And cites Anslem Boetius, in his book on
+stones and gems, as saying, "the crystal is of so cold and dry a nature,
+that placed beneath the tongue of a feverish person, it allays the thirst;
+and held in the hands even of those violently fevered, it refreshes and
+cools them, especially if it be of considerable size, and of a spherical
+figure;" and another writer on the same subject, Andreas Cisalpinus, who
+states of the marble called ophite, that "they make of it little globes,
+for the handling of such as are in burning fever, the coldness of the
+stone expelling the disease." So far Dom Chifflet. It seems almost as if
+we were reading Reichenbach. "He (Reichenbach) found that crystals are
+capable of producing all the phenomena resulting from the action of a
+magnet on cataleptic patients. Thus, for instance, a large piece of rock
+crystal, placed in the hand of a nervous patient, affects the fingers so
+as to make them grasp the crystal involuntarily, and shut the fist.
+Reichenbach found that more than half of all the persons he tried were
+sensible of its action." Chifflet probably was a man of a nervous
+temperament. Those who desire to see the crystal ball in question, may
+inspect it, where it is still preserved, with other objects found in the
+tomb, at the Gallerie de Medailles, in Paris. Two similar balls may be
+seen here in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.
+
+The use of water in communicating an ecstacy similar to the mesmeric
+lucidity, is largely dwelt on by the mystical writers known as the
+Neo-Platonists. Psellus describes a mode of divinition among the Assyrians
+by a basin, which smacks strongly of the mesmeric practice. "The water,
+which is poured into the basin, seems, as to its substance, to differ in
+nothing from other water; but it possesses a certain virtue, infused into
+it by incantations, whereby it is rendered more apt for the reception of
+the demon." The effect of the waters of some sacred places on those
+accustomed to their influence, was also such as is claimed for the
+mesmerized waters of our present practitioners. Jamblichus gives this
+account of the Colophonian oracle:—"There was a subterranean place at
+Colophon, near Ephesus, in which was a fountain. The priest on stated
+nights sacrificed, then drank the water, and afterwards prophesied, being
+rendered invisible to the spectators. It might seem," he says, "to some
+that the Divine Spirit passed into the priest through the water. But this
+is not so; for the divine influence is not transmitted thus according to
+the laws of distance and division, through these things which participate
+in it, but comprehends them from without, and inwardly illuminates and
+fills them with lucidity, and fills the water also with a certain virtue
+conducive to the prophetic faculty, that is, a clarifying virtue; so that
+when the priest drinks, it purifies the luminous spirit which is implanted
+in him, and accommodates it to God, and by that purifying and
+accommodating process, enables him to apprehend the deity. But there is
+another kind of presence of the god, besides the virtue infused into the
+wafer, which illumines all around, above, and within us, and which no man
+wants, if he can only attain to the necessary state of congruity. And so
+of a sudden it falls on the prophet, and makes use of him as an
+instrument; and he in the meantime has no command of himself, and knows
+not what he says, nor where he is, and with difficulty comes to himself
+again, after the response given. Moreover, before drinking the water, he
+abstains for a day and night from food, and partakes of certain mysteries
+inaccessible to the vulgar; from which it is to be collected that there
+are two methods by which man may be prepared for the reception of the
+divine influence: one by the drinking of purgatorial water, endowed by the
+Deity with a clarifying virtue; the other, by sobriety, solitude, the
+separation of the mind from the body, and the intent contemplation of the
+Deity."
+
+One might here suppose he read of the rites of St. Patrick’s Purgatory.
+The water of the lake there is usually called wine, and it may be that on
+minds and bodies "which have attained to the needful congruity," it has
+operated as wonderful effects as the Colophonian fount itself. The
+proceedings of the priestess at Brancidæ, who also, from amongst other
+sources, derived the afflatus, or _Waren_, from a fountain, are to the
+same purpose. "The prophetic priestess at Brancidæ either sits on an axis
+[exposing herself to the influence, as the Pythoness on her Tripod], or
+holds a wand in her hand, given by some god, or dips the hem of her
+garment, in water, or inhales a certain vapor of water, and by these
+methods is filled with the divine illumination, receives the god, and
+prophesies. But, that the prophetic faculty comes from no corporeal or
+animal source, and from no local or material instrumentality, but solely
+and extrinsically from the presence of the incoming deity, appears from
+this, that the priestess, before she gives her oracle, performs many
+ceremonious rites, observes strict purity, bathes, abstains for three days
+from food, dwells apart, and so, by little and little, begins to be
+illuminated and enraptured." What the exact meaning of sitting on an axis
+may be, it is difficult to divine; but those who allege that a patient may
+be thrown into the mesmeric trance by holding a magnetized branch—and
+those also who have read of all the phenomena of exorcism being as fully
+elicited by a satchel of feathers as by a bag of reliques—will readily
+apply the wand "presented by some deity," and placed in the hand of the
+priestess at the moment when she should receive the final cataleptic
+impulse. If there be truth in the alleged modern cases of _clairvoyance_,
+we need not be surprised at the singular coincidences which have sustained
+the credit of Colophon and Delphi.
+
+Not to dwell on other methods of inducing the afflatus, such as by
+characters and amulets, by music, by dancing, and by movements of the
+body, I shall now proceed with the effects alleged to have been produced
+on the _afflati_. Jamlichus must still be our principal authority.
+Lucidity and prevision have already been sufficiently indicated, and have
+doubtless been readily recognized: the other symptoms will be found not
+less remarkable and equally familiar:—"Man has a double life—one annexed
+to the body, the other separate from every thing bodily.... In sleep we
+have the capacity of being wholly loosed from the chains that confine our
+spirit, and can make use of the life which is not dependent on generation.
+When the soul is thus separate from the body in sleep, then that (latter)
+kind of life which usually remains separable and separate by itself,
+immediately awakes within us, and acts according to its proper nature,...
+and in that state has a presaging knowledge of the future." Then, omitting
+a distinction between sleeping and waking inspiration, and coming to the
+latter, in which, also, the _offlati_ have a presaging power, he
+proceeds:—"Yet those (latter) are so far awake that they can use their
+senses, yet are not capable of reasoning,... for they neither (properly
+speaking) sleep when they seem to do so, nor awake when they seem awake;
+for they do not of themselves foresee, nor are they moved by any human
+instrumentality; neither know they their own condition; nor do they exert
+any prerogative or motion of their own; but all this is done under the
+power and by the energy of the deity. For that they who are so affected do
+not live an ordinary animal life is plain, because many of them, on
+contact with fire, are not burnt, the divine inward afflatus repelling the
+heat; or, if they be burnt, they do not feel it; neither do they feel
+prickings, or scratchings, or other tortures. Further, that their actions
+are not (merely) human, is apparent from this, that they make their way
+through pathless tracks, and pass harmless through the fire, and pass over
+rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself also does in the
+Cataballa. By this it is plain that the life they live is not human, nor
+animal, nor dependent on the use of senses, but divine, as if the soul
+were taking its rest, and the deity were there instead of the soul.
+Various sorts there are of those so divinely inspired, as well by reason
+of the varying divinity of the inspiring gods as of the modes of
+inspiration. These modes are of this sort—either the deity occupies us, or
+we join ourselves to the deity, &c.... According to these diversities,
+there are different signs, effects, and works of the inspired; thus, some
+will be moved in their whole bodies, others in particular members; others,
+again, will be motionless. Also they will perform dances and chants, some
+well, some ill. The bodies, again, of some will seem to dilate in height,
+of others in compass; and others, again, will seem to walk in air."
+
+Taking these various manifestations in order, and beginning with the
+alleged power of resisting the action of fire, the reader will not need to
+be reminded of many seemingly well-authenticated cases of escape from the
+fire-ordeal. It has been usual to ascribe the preservation of those who
+have walked bare-footed over heated ploughshares to the use of astringent
+lotions: and where opportunity existed for preparation of that kind, their
+escape may perhaps be so explained. But in most instances the accused was
+in the custody of the accusers, and not likely to have access to such
+phylacteries. The exemption from the effects of fire was not confined to
+those cases of exaltation attendant on the enthusiasm of conscious virtue.
+Bosroger (La Piéte Affligée, Rouen, 1752) states of one of the possessed
+sisters of St. Elizabeth at Louviers, in 1642: "One morning Sister
+Saint-Esprit was rapt as in an ecstasy. The bishop commanded the devil to
+leave her. Immediately she experienced dreadful contortions, and an access
+of rage, and, on a sudden, says the exorcist, her demon left her like a
+flash of lightning, and threw the young woman into the fire, which was a
+considerable one, casting her with her face and one hand direct between
+the two andirons; and when they ran to drag her away, they found that
+neither her face nor her hand were in anywise burnt."
+
+It would be idle to multiply instances of this sort from the monkish
+writers. The preservation of the three youths in the Chaldæan furnace was
+one of the miracles most adapted to the servile yet audacious imitations
+of the Thaumaturgists. It is only when their statements correspond in
+unsuspected particulars with the phenomena of experience—as, for example,
+in the case of Barlaam and the monks of Mount Athos—that they can be
+adduced without offending the judgment of rational inquirers. But the
+action of burning is an operation of mechanical and chemical forces; and
+how any amount of spiritual or electrical effusion could prevent the
+expansion of the fluids in the tissues and the disruption of the skin,
+seems hard to imagine. Something more must, one should think, have been
+needed; and if the mesmeric and Pagan oracular ecstasies be identical,
+this testimony of Jamblichus would lead us to suppose that that something
+was supplied by the mind. However this may be, we shall be better able to
+judge after the investigation of some other of the alleged concomitants of
+Pagan inspiration.
+
+The insensibility to prickings and pinchings is perhaps the commonest test
+of the cataleptic condition; and, as will doubtless suggest itself to
+every reader, was, until modern times, a popular test of witchcraft. That
+the unhappy wretches who were put to death in such numbers during the
+middle ages for this offence were actually in an unnatural and detestable
+state of mind and body, cannot be doubted. They really were insensible to
+punctures; for if they had winced when pricked with pins and needles by
+their triers, it would have been deemed a proof of their innocence. A
+person feigning the mesmeric sleep, and whose interest it is to feign, may
+endure such prickings with seeming insensibility; but it was not the
+interest of the ancient witch to affect an insensibility, which would be
+taken as one of the surest proofs of guilt. A perverse desire to be
+believed guilty is the only motive that can be suggested as likely to lead
+to such conduct; and those who have studied human nature most profoundly
+will be disposed to give great credit to that suggestion. The same nature
+which in the fourth century ran into the epidemic frenzy of anchoritism,
+and impelled the Circumcellionist multitudes to extort the boon of
+martyrdom from reluctant tribunals, may be admitted capable even of the
+madness of a voluntary aspiration to the stake and pyre of the witch.
+Certain it is that many of the convicts boasted of their interviews with
+the Devil, and seemed to be, if they were not, possessed with the
+conviction of having actually partaken of the orgies imputed to them. Had
+they really been there in imagination? Was it that the popular mind had
+realized to itself an epidemic idea, and that the effect of the contagion
+was to put its victims _en rapport_ with the distempered picture present
+to the minds of the multitude? In a moral epidemic the crowd, possessed
+with one idea, are the operators: it is the _Panic_ possession of the
+ancients, which was not confined to general terrors, but applied to
+general delusions of every kind. The multitude itself radiates its own
+madness; witness the Crusaders, the Flagellants, the Dancing Fanatics of
+the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; perhaps even we might add the
+Mathewites of our own day.
+
+The next symptom of possession was the power of passing through trackless
+places, the disposition to run to wilds and mountains, like that rage of
+the votary of Bacchus:
+
+  "Quo me Bacche, rapis tui
+  Plenum? Quæ in nemora aut quos agor in specus
+  Velox mente nova?"
+
+The Bacchic ecstasy was not merely drunkenness, but an epidemic madness
+induced by long-continued dancing and gesticulating to the sound of
+cymbals and other noisy instruments, in all respects identical with the
+methods of inducing the Hindoo _Waren_. The dancing mania also of the
+fifteenth century, described by Hecker in his _Epidemics of the Middle
+Ages_, was induced in the same manner, and its effects were the
+same,—possession, illumination, and insensibility to external influences.
+That the Bacchic and Corybantic frenzies were, in all respects, identical
+with the middle age dancing manias, and with the possession of those who
+still exhibit the influences of _Waren_ in Hindoostan, can hardly be
+doubted. "As for the Bacchanalian motions and friskings of the
+_Corybantes_," says Plutarch in his Essay on Love, "there is a way to
+allay these extravagant transports, by changing the measure from the
+_Trochaic_ to the _Spondaic_, and the tone from the _Phrygian_ to the
+_Doric_:" just as with the dancers of St. Vitus, and those bit by the
+Tarantula. Hecker states, "The swarms of St. John’s dancers were
+accompanied by minstrels playing those noisy instruments which roused
+their morbid feelings; moreover, by means of intoxicating music, a kind of
+demoniacal festival for the rude multitude was established, which had the
+effect of spreading this unhappy malady wider and wider. Soft harmony was,
+however, employed to calm the excitement of those affected, and it is
+mentioned as a character of the tunes played with this view to the St.
+Vitus’s dancers, that they contained transitions from a quick to a slow
+measure, and passed gradually from a high to a low key." After the
+termination of the frenzy the conduct of the dancers, as well indeed as of
+all the victims of this species of possession, whether _Taratati_,
+convulsionnaires, or revivalists, tallied precisely with that of the
+Bacchic women. Plutarch, in his thirteenth example of the Virtues of
+Woman, has this graphic picture of the condition of a band of Bacchante
+after one of their orgies. "When the tyrants of Phocea had taken Delphos,
+and the Thebans undertook that war against them which was called the Holy
+War, certain women devoted to Bacchus (which they called _Thyades_) fell
+frantic, and went a gadding by night, and, mistaking their way, came to
+Amphissa, and being very much tired, and not as yet in their right wits,
+they flung themselves down in the market-place and fell asleep, as they
+lay scattered up and down here and there. But the wives of the
+Amphisseans, fearing because the city was engaged to aid in the Phocean
+war, and abundance of the tyrants’ soldiers were present in the city, the
+_Thyades_ should have any indignity put upon them, ran forth all of them
+into the market-place, and stood silently round about them; neither would
+offer them any disturbance while they slept, but when they were awake they
+attended their service particularly, and brought them refreshments; and,
+in fine, by persuasion, obtained leave of their husbands that they might
+accompany them in safety to their own borders."
+
+In the same way, throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, might
+groups of both sexes be seen lying, exhausted from their agitations, in
+the streets of Aix-la-chapelle, Cologne, Strasburg, Naples, and elsewhere;
+and even in our own century sights not dissimilar have been witnessed at
+revival assemblages in Wales and Scotland, and at camp-meetings in North
+America. The rending of Pentheus on Mount Citheron by his own mother and
+sisters, who, while under the influence of the Bacchic _afflatus_,
+imagined they saw in his form the appearance of a wild beast, might be
+adduced as an example at once of the furious character of the frenzy, and
+of the liability of the afflated to optical illusions. Has what we read of
+fairy-gifts and glamour any foundation in this alleged power of the
+biologist to make his patient imagine different forms for the same object?
+But we are still among the mountain tops, and must descend to the
+remaining symptoms enumerated by Jamblichus.
+
+"They pass over rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself
+also does in the Cataballa." We here again encounter the _indicia_, of
+that possession which went by the name of witchcraft in the middle ages. A
+witch, really possessed, could not sink in the water, any more than she
+could feel the insertion of a needle. The vulgar belief is, that the
+suspected witch was cast into a pond, where, if she floated, she was
+burned, and if she sank she was drowned. The latter alternative was not
+so; if she betrayed no preternatural buoyancy, the trial was so far in her
+favor, and she was taken up.
+
+Nor was water the only test, in some parts of Germany the triers, less
+philosophically, employed scales; and had fixed weights (from 14 to 15
+lbs.), which, if the accused did not counterpoise, they concluded them to
+be possessed. But it will be asked, how can there be degrees of philosophy
+in practices equally insane, and which have been condemned by the common
+consent of enlightened nations for near three hundred years? Insanity
+there certainly was, and on a prodigious scale, in these ages; but the
+judges and executioners were not so insane as the multitudes who either
+believed themselves possessed by others, or believed that they themselves
+exercised the power of possessing. To us, living in an age of comparative
+rest from spiritual excitement, it seems almost incredible that thousands
+of persons, in all ranks and conditions of life, should simultaneously
+become possessed with the belief that they were in direct communication
+with the devil: should cease to attend to their duties and callings,
+passing their time in hysterical trances and cataleptic fits, during which
+they seemed to themselves to be borne through the air to witch orgies and
+assemblies for devil-worship, in deserts and mountains; and that while one
+portion of society gave themselves up to these hallucinations, another
+class should, with an equal abandonment of every duty of life, have
+betaken themselves to mope and pine, going into convulsions, and wasting
+to skeletons, under the idea of having been bewitched; yet nothing is more
+certain than that it was such a frenzy as this the heads of the Church and
+the temporal Government had to contend against in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. There were no mad-houses; if there had been, even to
+the extent we now possess them, they would not have sufficed to hold a
+tenth part of the numbers whose contact and example would have been fatal
+to the peace, perhaps even to the existence, of society. If such frenzies
+were, unhappily, to burst out among mankind at present, civilized nations
+might transport their _energumeni_ to distant possessions; but the
+middle-age magistrates had no facilities of that kind: they should deal
+with the terrible plague by the only means at their disposal; and these
+were, either to let the madness wear itself out, or to repress it by the
+rope and faggot. If they had adopted the former course, the epidemic would
+probably have passed through the usual stages of popular distempers; would
+have had its access, its crisis, and decline; and when the scourge had
+passed, the public would have awakened to a full sense of the madness of
+which they had been the victims; but in that process there was the danger
+of society going to pieces—of the visionary frenzy of the possessed being
+taken up by fanatics as the foundation of a new and abominable religion,
+and of the hostility of the ignorant and uneducated class, among whom
+chiefly the possession prevailed, being directed against the restraints of
+government and the principle of property. Having adopted the other course,
+they pushed it to cruel and inexcusable lengths; punished many innocent
+persons, and suffered many of the really possessed to go free. For they
+whose madness was most to be apprehended, as most contagious, were not the
+wretches who fancied they possessed the power of bewitching others; but
+the _convulsionnaires_, who deemed themselves bewitched, and were their
+accusers. Certainly if the same epidemic should ever again break out among
+a European population, or even among a British population, the arm of the
+magistrate would be again required to suppress it, and we would be better
+able to judge of the conduct of those whom it has been the fashion of
+modern historians to represent as altogether ignorant and brutal
+executioners. So long as possession is only the result of manual passes,
+or of fixing the gaze on indifferent objects; so long as the effects are
+regarded as physical or psychological phenomena, due to a physical cause,
+and the pretensions of the practitioner are not rested on any peculiar
+religious sanction, there is no danger of mesmerism degenerating into a
+dangerous epidemic; but we might have seen a very different state of
+affairs if the magnetizers and biologists had referred their powers to any
+species of supernatural agency; and possibly would have found ourselves
+long since under the necessity of reviving those penal proceedings which
+we have so generally been taught to abhor, as among the most revolting
+remnants of mediæval superstition.(5) Even as it is, these powers of the
+biologist, if in truth they exist, are capable of fearful abuse. Let us
+take, for example, one of the oldest methods of exercising influence, for
+good or evil, on an absent person:—
+
+  "As fire this figure hardens, made of clay,
+  And this of wax with fire consumes away;
+  Such let the soul of cruel Daphnis be,
+  Hard to the rest of women, soft to me."
+
+If the waxen or clay image be but a concentrator of the good or evil will
+of the operator towards the distant object, and the witchcraft of the
+love-sick magician in Virgil, or of the evil-disposed wizard of the middle
+ages, be in truth no more than an exertion of biological power, it behoves
+society to take care how individuals should be suffered to acquire
+mesmerical relations with others, over whom they may exercise malignant as
+well as healing influences. If the pretensions of the biologists be
+established, biology must soon be put under medical supervision. But to
+return to the phenomena of possession.
+
+The propriety of trying alleged witches by water, has been impugned and
+defended with abundance of scholastic learning; and, singular to say, its
+opponents have been chiefly found among the Roman Catholic writers, and
+its advocates among the Reformers. Delrio, by far the most learned of all
+the writers on demonology, vigorously assails Rickius, the only notable
+Roman Catholic advocate of the practice. The arguments on both sides being
+based entirely on scholastic definitions and distinctions respecting the
+nature of demons, and the baptismal and other spiritual virtues of water,
+are of little relevance in the present method of discussing physical
+phenomena. Both parties assume that the persons of witches exhibit a
+preternatural levity—Delrio admitting that something less than fourteen or
+fifteen pounds was the actual weight which popular belief throughout
+Germany ascribed to persons in that possessed state, no matter how large
+or fat they might seem to the eye; and Rickius gives an example of a
+woman, executed by drowning in 1594, whom the executioner could hardly
+keep under with repeated thrusts of his pole, so high did she bound
+upwards from the surface, and "so boil up," as it were, out of the depths
+of the water. The levity of possessed persons in water might be accounted
+for by a phenomenon attendant on those preternatural conditions of the
+body which follow excitements of an analogous kind. The victims of the
+flogging and dancing manias in the middle ages, and subjects of the
+fanatical fervors of camp-meetings and revivals, alike experienced a windy
+intestinal distension, consequent on the departure of their mental frenzy.
+To control this disagreeable symptom, the candidates for both species of
+afflatus used to come to their meetings provided with napkins and rollers
+with which to bind their middles, and prevent the supervening inflation.
+Persons so puffed up would certainly float with all the buoyancy ascribed
+to the German witches, if cast into water; but they would still preserve
+their proper corporeal gravity if placed in a scale. Unless, then, we
+suppose Delrio to have been the dupe of some singular and unaccountable
+delusion on this point, the typanitic affections of the _convulsionnaires_
+will not account for the anti-gravitating phenomena ascribed to medieval
+witchcraft. There are some reasons, however, for the belief that these
+appearances may not have been wholly imaginary; for if any reliance can be
+placed on the concurrent traditions of all religions, Pagan as well as
+Christian, supported by wide-spread popular belief, the high mental
+exaltation induced by religious abstraction, and also by other vehement
+affections of the mind, is actually attended with a diminished specific
+gravity. Of alleged ecclesiastical miracles of this kind it is better to
+say nothing. The Roman Catholic and the Hindoo devotees equally claim for
+their adepts in religious contemplation an exemption from (among other
+earthly liabilities) the hindrance of weight. In the rapture of prayer,
+the ascetic and the saint alike rise in the air, and spurn the law of
+gravitation with the other incidents of matter. Suspected evidences of
+this kind are, however, of no weight in philosophical inquiry. It will be
+safer to leave the Etstaticas and the Fakirs to their respective
+believers, and to take a story of the people, into which religious
+considerations do not so directly enter. The native Irish, then, have a
+remarkable tradition, as old, at least, as the seventh or eighth century,
+that phrenetic madmen lose the corporeal quality of weight. A picturesque
+and romantic example of this belief is found in the story of the fate of
+Suibhne, son of Colman, King of Dalnaraidhe, as related in the bardic
+accounts of the battle of Moyra. Suibhne, a valiant warrior, has offered
+an insult to Saint Ere, Bishop of Slane; the affront is avenged by a
+curse, the usual retaliation of aggrieved ecclesiastics in those days. The
+curse falls on Sweeny in the most grievous form of visitation that could
+afflict a warrior:—a fit of cowardice seizes him in the very onset of the
+battle, and drives him frantic with terror. "Giddiness came over him at
+the sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity of the Gaels; at the
+fierce looks, brilliance, and ardor of the foreigners; at the rebounding
+furious shouts of the embattled tribes on both sides, rushing against and
+coming into collision with one another. Huge, flickering, horrible, aërial
+phantoms, rose up (around him), so that from the uproar of the battle, the
+frantic pranks of the demons, the clashing of arms, and the sound of the
+heavy blows reverberating on the points of heroic spears, and keen edges
+of swords, and warlike borders of broad shields, the hero Suibhne was
+filled and intoxicated with horror, panic, and imbecility; his feet
+trembled as if incessantly shaken by the force of a stream; the inlets of
+his hearing were expanded and quickened by the horrors of lunacy; his
+speech became faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his very soul
+fluttered with hallucinations, and with many and various phantasms. He
+might be compared to a salmon in a weir, or to a bird after being caught
+in the strait prison of a crib," &c. "When he was seized with this frantic
+fit, he made a supple, very light leap, and where he alighted he was on
+the boss of the shield of the warrior next him; and he made a second leap,
+and perched on the crest of the helmet of the same hero, who,
+nevertheless, did not feel him. Then he made a third active, very light
+leap, and perched on the top of the sacred tree which grew on the smooth
+surface of the plain in which the inferior people and the debilitated of
+the men of Erin were seated, looking on at the battle. These shouted at
+him when they saw him, to press him back into the battle again; and he in
+consequence made three furious leaps to shun the battle, but through the
+giddiness and imbecility of his hallucination, he went back into the same
+field of conflict; but it was not on the earth he walked, but alighted on
+the shoulders of men and the tops of their helmets," &c.
+
+In this state, Suibhne flits off the field of battle like a bird, or a
+waif of the forest, without weight, and betakes himself to the wilds,
+where he "herds with the deer, runs races with the showers, and flees with
+the birds," as a wild denizen of the wilderness; but with his ecstacy of
+terror, he receives the gift of prophecy. Dr. O’Donovan, in a note on this
+curious passage, observes, "it was the ancient belief in Ireland, and
+still is in the wilder mountainous districts, that lunatics are as light
+as feathers, and can climb steeps and precipices like the
+somnambulists."—See _Buile Suibhne_, a bardic romance on the madness of
+this unfortunate warrior. This latter romance is occupied with Suibhne’s
+adventures as a mad prophet, _Omadh_, in Irish. Query did the Bacchus
+_Omadios_ of the Greeks derive his name from a similar source? It would be
+a singular coincidence that would make a Greek god an _omadran_. Keats,
+with a fine intuition, has depicted those _mores afflatorum_, in the
+satyrs who do the benevolent biddings of Pan:
+
+  "Thou, to whom every faun and satyr flies,
+  For willing service; whether, to surprise
+  The squatted hare, while, in half-sleeping fit,
+  Or upward ragged precipices flit
+  To save poor lambkins from the eagle’s maw;
+  Or by mysterious enticement draw
+  Bewildered shepherds to their paths again."
+
+Compare with this picture of the Irish lunatic among the boughs of the
+tree on the field of Moira, the following extracts from Bosroger’s account
+of the possession of the nuns of Louviers, in A.D. 1642. One of the
+sisters, surnamed De Jesus, conceived herself to be possessed by a demon
+whom she called _Arracon_. "On the occasion of a procession of the host by
+Monseigneur the Bishop of Evreux, _Arracon_ exhibited another example of
+his quality, causing sister De Jesus to pour forth a torrent of
+blasphemies and furious expressions all the time of the procession. When
+she was brought into the choir, and held fast by an exorcist, for fear of
+her offering some insult, the holy sacrament was borne past her. Arracon
+immediately caused her to be shot forward through the air to a
+considerable distance, so as to strike the gilt sun in which the adorable
+eucharist was placed, out of the hands of the lord bishop; and the
+exorcist making an effort to detain her, the demon lifted her up in the
+air over an accoudoir, or leaning place, of three feet in height,
+intending to lift her, as he declared, into the vault, but the exorcist
+holding fast, all he could do was to cast the nun and exorcist back to the
+floor together," &c. _Putiphar_, the possessor of Sister Saint Sacrement,
+"made her with wonderful impetuosity run up a mulberry tree, of which the
+stem was easy enough of ascent; but when she got up the stem, he forced
+her onward till she approached the extremities of the slenderest branches,
+and caused her to make almost the entire circuit of the mulberry tree, in
+such sort that a man who saw her from a distance cried out that she flew
+like a bird. Then the demon permitted her to see her peril; she grew pale,
+and cried out with alarm. They ran in haste to bring a ladder, but
+_Putiphar_ mocked them, crying, ’As I made this _chienne_ get up without a
+ladder, so she shall go down,’ and caused her descend the same slender
+branches to the stem, and thence to the ground."
+
+Pere de la Menarday, in his _Examen Critique de l’Histoire des Diables de
+London_, gives a letter from a missionary priest in Cochin China,
+describing a case of demonopathy, in the course of which, if we could
+believe the narrator, the patient seemed for a time to have conquered all
+the ordinary tendencies of gravitation. The missionary, M. Delacourt,
+writing from Paris, 25th November, 1738, begins by protesting his
+unwillingness to expose himself to the repulses of public incredulity; but
+for his friends’ sake consents to give the particulars. "Voici donc le
+fait dans ses principales circonstances _tel que je l’ai vu de mes propres
+yeux_." In the month of May, 1733, a young native communicant, named Dodo,
+residing at the town of Cheta, in the province of Cham, and kingdom of
+Cochin China, being reproached by his conscience for the suppression of
+some facts in his confession, fell into violent convulsions on attempting
+to take the host in his mouth. He was brought to the missionary, foaming,
+leaping, and blaspheming in the manner usual among victims of his malady.
+After many exorcisms, both by the missionary and by two other
+ecclesiastics, which only increased his sufferings, he was at length, by
+gentler entreaties, brought to make a confession. The missionary then
+renewed his exorcisms, which he continued for a month with little success.
+"At last," says he, "I determined to make a last effort, and to imitate
+the example of Monseigneur the Bishop of Tilopolis on a like occasion,
+namely, in my exorcism to command the demon in Latin to transport him to
+the ceiling of the church, feet up and head down. On the instant his body
+became rigid, and as though he were impotent of all his members, he was
+dragged from the middle of the church to a column, and there, his feet
+joined fast together, his back closely applied to the pillar, without
+aiding himself with his hands, he was transported in the twinkling of an
+eye to the ceiling, just like a weight run up by a cord, without any
+visible agency. While he hung there, with his feet glued to the ceiling,
+and his head down, I made the demon, for I had determined to confound and
+humiliate him, confess the falsehood of the Pagan religion. I made him
+confess that he was a deceiver, and at the same time admit the holiness of
+Christianity. I kept him for better than half an hour in the air, and not
+possessing enough of constancy to hold him there any longer, so frightened
+was I myself at what I saw, I at length commanded him to lay the patient
+at my feet without harming him. Immediately he cast him down before me
+with no more hurt to him than if he had been a bundle of foul linen." It
+is by no means improbable that Pere Delacourt himself had become infected
+with the madness of the monomaniac whom he was engaged in exorcising,
+before his eyes conceived that extraordinary image of the patient
+ascending by invisible agency to the ceiling of the church. But his letter
+bears evident marks of having been written under a sincere belief of the
+reality of all that he describes, and he refers to several living
+witnesses of the scene.
+
+Reverting to this subject of optical illusion, already glanced at, we find
+still another resemblance between the mysticism of the ancients and
+moderns. The priestess rendering herself invisible to the bystanders,
+appears to transcend all the rest of Jamblichus’s wonders. Strange to say,
+even this pretension of the Colophonian prophetess is not without
+something analogous among the alleged phenomena of mesmerism. "I requested
+a young lady," says Dr. Elliotson, "whom I had long mesmerised, with the
+never-tiring devotion of a parent, and in whom I produced a variety of
+phenomena, to promise to be unable on waking to see her maid, who always
+sat in the room at work during my visit, till I left the room, and then at
+once to discern her. On waking, she said she did not see the maid, but
+said she saw the chair on which the maid sat. Presently, however, she saw
+the maid, was agitated, had an hysteric fit, and passed into the
+sleep-waking state. I now inquired how she came to see her maid, as I had
+not left the room, and told her she must not (see the maid), when I awoke
+her again. I then awoke her again; she could not see the maid, was
+astonished at the maid’s absence, and at first supposed she was in an
+adjoining room; but presently rang the bell twice, though the woman was
+standing before her, I moved just out of the room, leaving the door open,
+and she saw the maid instantly, and was astonished, and laughed." In the
+Colophonian oracle, they were the spectators, not the prophetess, who had
+need thus to be put under the influence of the mesmeric _glamour_. Can it
+be that, in certain diseased states of the optic nerve, it really is
+subject to the illusion of seeing objects rise in air, as well as go round
+in horizontal motion? They who saw these sights in the _adyta_ of temples,
+in caves and sacred groves, in initiations and oracular consultations,
+were all prepared by fasting, watching, and prayer, for the reception of
+biological influence, and possibly may have seemed to themselves to see
+what others desired they should believe themselves to have actually seen.
+Was Lord Shrewsbury under this influence at Caldaro?
+
+But the reader will begin to suspect that his credulity is about to be
+solicited for the aërial flights of witches on their sweeping brooms. This
+apprehension may be dismissed. Witchcraft, or, to call it by its proper
+pathological name, demonopathy, was a true delusion, true so far as the
+belief of the monomaniacs themselves was concerned, but resting wholly in
+their own distempered imagination.
+
+From a learned and philosophic review of the great work of Calmeil, _De la
+Folie_, in the _Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medicine_, we extract the
+following _resumé_ of the symptoms of this dreadful epidemic malady: "The
+leading phenomenon was the belief of the sufferers that Satan had obtained
+full mastery over them; that he was the object of their most fervent
+worship, a certain portion of their life being spent in the actual company
+of himself and his legion of darkness, when every crime that a diseased
+imagination could suggest was committed by them. Both sexes attended at
+the Devil’s Sabbaths, as they were termed, where the sorcerers met,
+danced, and enjoyed every wild pleasure. To these meetings they travelled
+through the air, though, by the power of Satan, their bodies seemed to
+remain at home. They killed children, poisoned cattle, produced storms and
+plagues, and held converse with Succubi and Incubi, and other fallen
+spirits. At the Sabbath all agreed, that from every country the sorcerers
+arrived transported by demons. Women perched on sticks, or riding on
+goats, naked, with dishevelled hair, arrived in thousands; they passed
+like meteors, and their descent was more rapid than that of the eagle or
+hawk, when striking his prey. Over this meeting Satan presided; indecent
+dances and licentious songs went on, and an altar was raised, where Satan,
+with his head downward, his feet turned up, and his back to the altar,
+celebrated his blasphemous mass."
+
+Each individual sufferer believed herself or himself to have seen these
+sights, to have gone through these origies, and to have been transported
+to them through the air. If there had been but a few confessions, and
+these exacted by torture, it might be thought that the fancies of the
+examiners supplied the phenomena, to which the sufferers merely gave an
+enforced and worthless assent. But the confessions were as often voluntary
+as forced, and were indeed rather triumphant bravadoes than confessions of
+anything that the sufferers themselves deemed shameful. It was a true
+belief in the minds of the parties affected. The question has already been
+asked, were they _en rapport_ with the rest of the diseased multitude, in
+whose minds the common delusion existed? The question presupposes a mental
+sympathy and participation, by one mind, of images existing in another,
+which is one of the alleged manifestations of clairvoyance. But there is
+another mode of accounting for these and similar phenomena, which as yet
+obtains the approval of physicians, more than any suggestions of
+clairvoyant communications. It is, that there are certain states of the
+body in which the patient truly believes himself to see particular
+objects, to do particular acts, and to possess special powers, which to
+the rest of the world have no existence, but in respect of the patient
+himself are realities as visible, tangible, and perceptible, as the actual
+existences which surround him. For example, it is a fact which admits of
+no dispute, that a certain quantity of alcohol taken into the human
+stomach will cause the drinker to fall into _delirium tremens_; and that
+in that state the patient will, with his waking eyes, see objects of a
+particular kind; in nine cases out of ten, the forms of rats and mice
+running over his bed, and about his person. There is no public delusion
+here, no popular mind possessed with a fixed idea of these appearances, to
+which the individual delusions might be referred; yet the swallower of the
+alcohol in Dublin, and the swallower of the alcohol in Calcutta, will both
+see exactly the same sorts of appearances, and will both express precisely
+the same horror and disgust at their supposed tormentors. Is it the case,
+then, that, as the forms of rats and mice come into the minds of men in
+one kind of mental sickness, the forms of men and women riding on goats
+and broomsticks through the air, and the other apparatus of the
+witch-sabbaths, may have been but the manifestations of another disordered
+state of the mental organism, a symptom merely and concomitant of an
+epidemical disease? It is easy enough to understand how symptoms so simple
+as the appearance of what are usually called "blue devils" should be
+constant in their attendance on a particular state of cerebral disorder;
+but when the hallucination becomes so complex as in the fantasies of
+witchcraft, it is difficult to suppose that that long train of appearances
+and imaginary transactions should follow on a merely pathological
+derangement of the brain. Between the two alternatives of referring these
+hallucinations to such a cause, on the one hand, or to a mesmeric
+sympathy, as above suggested, between the individual and the crowd of the
+possessed, on the other, it is hard to choose; but, perhaps, the latter
+will appear to offer the less amount of difficulty. In the present state
+of knowledge, however, it would be rash to say that a particular state of
+diseased cerebral action might not be attended with a perfect set of
+supposed phenomena as complex and constant in the minds of the sufferers,
+as those which existed among the victims of demonomania.
+
+An example less difficult of reconcilement with the theory of cerebral
+disorder than that of the witchcraft of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, and yet more complex than that of the fantasies of _delirium
+tremens_, may be found in the case of _lycanthropism_, or that form of
+mania in which men have fancied themselves transformed into wolves. This
+disease also is contagious; and on many occasions has exhibited itself in
+all the terrors of a maniacal epidemic. As early as the time of Herodotus
+the belief was rife among the Græco-Scythian colonies that a people called
+the Neuri were subject to this species of metamorphosis; and Giraldus
+Cambrensis, in the twelfth century, found the same superstition in full
+force in Ireland. It again broke forth in Livonia, its ancient seat, with
+all the symptoms of a periodical annual epidemic, in the sixteenth
+century. Peucer gives the following account of what these maniacs
+themselves believed to happen to them. "Immediately after Christmas day,
+in each year, a club-footed boy appears, who goes round the country, and
+summons all those slaves of Satan, of whom there are great numbers, to
+assemble and follow him. If they hesitate or refuse, a tall man appears,
+armed with a whip of flexible iron wires, and compels them with blows of
+his scourge to come forth and proceed. He whips them so severely, that
+oft-times the stripes left by the iron thongs remain impressed on their
+bodies and torment them cruelly. As soon as they go out and follow in the
+train, they seem to lose their human form, and to put on the appearance of
+wolves. Several thousands thus assemble. The leader walks before with his
+iron scourge; the crowd of those who, in their delusion, imagine that they
+have become wolves, follow after. Wherever they meet with cattle they rush
+upon them and rend them; they carry off such portions as they can, and do
+much destruction; but to touch or injure mankind is not permitted to them.
+When they come to rivers, the leader with a stroke of his whip divides the
+waters, which stand apart, leaving a dry channel by which they cross.
+After twelve days the band disperses, and every man resumes his own form,
+the vulpine mask dropping off him. The way in which the change takes place
+is this, as they allege: those who undergo the change, which occupies but
+a moment, drop suddenly down as if struck with a fit, and so lie senseless
+and like dead persons; but they do not in fact go away or change their
+places at all; nor while lying in that seemingly lifeless state do they
+exhibit any vulpine appearance whatever, but they go out of themselves
+(and leave themselves) like dead bodies; and save that they are convulsed,
+and roll about somewhat, they exhibit no sign or evidence of life. Hence
+the opinion has arisen that their spirits only are taken forth of their
+bodies, and put for a time into the phantasms of vulpine forms; and then,
+after doing the bidding of the devil in that way, are remitted back to
+their proper bodies, which thereupon are restored to animation; and the
+were-wolves themselves confirm this belief by acknowledging that in truth
+the human form is not withdrawn from their bodies, nor the vulpine
+appearance substituted for it; but that it is their spirits only which are
+impelled to leave their human bodily prisons, and enter into the bodies of
+wolves, in which they dwell and are carried about for the prescribed space
+of time. Some of those who have stated that they came long distances after
+escaping from the chains of their wolfish imprisonment, being questioned
+how they got out of that confinement, and why they returned, and how they
+could cross such wide and deep rivers, gave answer that the imprisoning
+forms no longer confined them, that they felt coerced to come out of them,
+and passed over the rivers by aërial flight."
+
+The same features marked the outbreak of lycanthropy in the years
+1598-1600, among the Vaudois. The possessed fell into catalepsy, and lay
+senseless during the time they imagined themselves in their bestial
+transformation. The disease was almost uniformly complicated with
+demonopathy, or the possession of witchcraft.
+
+There seems no reason to doubt that lycanthropism was a disease as
+constant in its character and as well defined in its symptoms as _delirium
+tremens_, or any of the ordinary forms of mania. The evidences of its
+existence are, however, considerably stronger than those of witchcraft;
+for where on the one hand no credible witness ever saw a witch either at
+the sabbath, or on her way to it, or on her return from it, there are not
+wanting distinct proofs on oath, corroborated by admitted facts in
+judicial proceedings, of persons afflicted with lycanthropy traversing the
+woods on all-fours, and being found bloody from the recent slaughter both
+of beasts and human victims; and in one of these cases, that of Jacques
+Roulet, tried before the Parliament of Paris in 1598, the body of a newly
+slain child, half mangled, and with all the marks of having been gnawed by
+canine teeth, was found close to the place where the maniac was arrested.
+It is worthy of remark that both lycanthropists and witches ascribed the
+power of disembodying themselves to the use of ointments. Antiquity
+furnishes no parallel to the horrors of these malignant and homicidal
+manias. Their analogues may be found in the fabled styes of Circe, or in
+the frenzied raptures of the Sybilline and Delphic priestesses; but the
+extent, the variety, and the hideousness of the disease in modern times,
+infinitely surpass all that was ever dreamt of in Pagan credulity. The
+points of resemblance, however, are not yet exhausted.
+
+"A chief sign of the divine afflatus," says Jamblichus, citing Porphyry,
+"is, that he who induces the _numen_ into himself, sees the spirit
+descending, and its quantity and quality. Also, he who receives the
+_numen_ sees before the reception a certain likeness of a fire; sometimes,
+also, this is beheld by the bystanders, both at the advent and the
+departure of the god. By which sign, they who are skilful in these matters
+discern, with perfect accuracy, what is the power of the numen, and what
+its order, and what are the things concerning which it can give true
+responses, and what it is competent to do.... Thus it is that the
+excellence of this divine fire, and appearance, as it were, of ineffable
+light, comes down upon, and fills, and dominates over the possessed
+person, and he is wholly involved in it, so that he cannot do any act of
+himself.... But after this comes ecstacy, or disembodiment."
+
+Thomas Bartholin (brother of Gaspar) has anticipated the inquiries of Sir
+Henry Marsh, and of Reichenbach himself, on the subject of light from the
+human body. In a treatise, full of singular learning, "De luce Animalium,"
+he has adduced a multitude of examples of the evolution of light from the
+living as well as the dead body, and in the cases of secular and pagan, as
+well as of ecclesiastical and Christian, persons; and this, without having
+recourse to any testimony of the Hagiologists. The _Aureolæ_ of the
+Christian saints may not, after all, have been the merely fanciful
+additions of superstitious artists.
+
+The convulsive distortions of the Pythoness were but a feeble type of the
+phenomena of demonopathy, or the supposed possession of the middle ages.
+It was chiefly in convents, among the crowd of young girls and women, that
+these dreadful disorders were used to break out; but the visitation was
+not confined to convents, nor to the profession of any particular creed.
+Wherever religious excitation prevailed among the young and susceptible,
+especially when they happened to be brought together in considerable
+numbers, there the pest was attracted, as a fever or other malady would be
+attracted by a foul atmosphere. No patient in the magnetic coma ever
+exhibited such prodigies of endurance as thousands of the involuntary
+victims of these contagious manias. Who in any modern _seance_ has beheld
+a patient supported only on the protuberance of the stomach, with the head
+and limbs everted, and the arms raised in the air, and so remaining curved
+into the appearance of a fish on a stall, tied by the tail and gills,
+motionless for hours at a time? Or what rigidity of muscle in magnetic
+catalepsy has ever equalled that of a convulsionnaire, who would weary the
+strongest man, inflicting blows of a club, to the number of several
+thousands a day, on her stomach, while sustaining herself in an arc solely
+by the support of the head and the heels? Madame de Sazilli, who was
+exorcised in presence of the Duke of Orleans, at London, in 1631, "became,
+at the command of Pere Elisce, supple as a plate of lead. The exorcist
+plaited her limbs in various ways, before and behind, to this side and to
+that, in such sort that her head would sometimes almost touch the ground,
+her demon (say her malady) retaining her in each position immovably until
+she was put into the next. Next came the demon Sabulon, who rolled her
+through the chapel with horrible convulsions. Five or six times he carried
+her left foot up higher than her shoulder; all the while her eyes were
+fixed, wide open, without winking; after that he threw out her limbs till
+she touched the ground, with her legs extended straight on either side,
+and while in that posture, the exorcist compelled her to join her hands,
+and with the trunk of the body in an erect posture, to adore the holy
+sacrament." We seem to read the proceedings of an electro-biologist,
+rather than of a pastor of the church: but the parallel is not yet at an
+end. "The same nun," says Calmeil, "towards the close of her exorcism,
+executed a command which the Duke imparted secretly to her exorcist." Then
+follows this remarkable admission of the learned and cautious
+physiologist:—"On hundreds of occasions one might believe, in effect, that
+the Energumenes read the thoughts of the ecclesiastics who were charged
+with the combating of their demons. It is certain that these young women
+were endowed, during their excesses of hysteria or nervous exaltation,
+with a penetration of mind altogether unique." The children of the
+fanatics of the Cevennes, while in their supposed prophetic ecstacies,
+spoke the purest dialect of French, and expressed themselves with singular
+propriety. The same facility of speaking in a fluent and exalted style
+while in the divinatory ecstacy, was remarked of old in the case of the
+Pythian priestess. "Though it cannot be divined," says Plutarch, in his
+"Inquiry," "why the Pythian priestess ceases to deliver her oracles in
+verse; but that her parentage was virtuous and honest, and that she always
+lived a sober and chaste life, yet her education was among poor, laboring
+people, so that she was advanced to the oracular sect rude and unpolished,
+void of all the advantages of art or experience. For, as it is the opinion
+of Xenophon, that a virgin, ready to be espoused, ought to be carried to
+the bridegroom’s house before she has either seen or heard the least
+communication, so the Pythian priestess ought to converse with Apollo
+illiterate and ignorant almost of every thing, still approaching his
+presence with a truly virgin soul."
+
+We might here, without any stretch of imagination, suppose we are reading
+a commentary on the birth and character of Joan of Arc, or of any of the
+prophetesses of the Swiss Anabaptists. But to return to the possessions
+recorded by Calmeil.
+
+The biological relations alleged by the mesmerists appear in still
+stronger development in the case of the nuns of Auxonne in 1662. The
+Bishop of Chalons reports, speaking of the possessed, "that all the
+aforesaid young women, being in number eighteen, as well seculars as
+regulars, and without a single exception, appeared to him to have obtained
+the gift of tongues, inasmuch as they accurately replied to the matters in
+Latin, which were addressed to them by their exorcists, and which were not
+borrowed from the ritual, still less arranged by any preconcert; they
+frequently explained themselves in Latin—sometimes in entire periods,
+sometimes in broken sentences;" "that all or almost all of them were
+proved to have introvision (_cognizance de l’interieur_) and knowledge of
+whatever thought might be secretly addressed to them, as appeared
+particularly in the case of the internal commands which were often
+addressed to them by the exorcists, and which in general they obeyed
+implicitly, although without any external signification of the command,
+either verbal or by way of sign; as the said Lord Bishop experienced in
+many instances, among others, in that of Denise Parisot, whom the exorcist
+having commanded, in the depths of his own mind, to come to him for the
+purpose of being exorcised, she came incontinently, though dwelling in a
+remote part of the town; telling the Lord Bishop that she had received his
+commands and was come accordingly; and this she did on several occasions;
+likewise in the person of Sister Jamin, a novice, who, on recovering from
+her fit, told him the internal commandment which he had given to her demon
+during the exorcism; also in the case of the Sister Borthon, to whom
+having issued a mental commandment in one of her paroxysms to come and
+prostrate herself before the Holy Sacrament, with her face to the ground
+and her arms stretched forward, she executed his command at the very
+instant that he willed it, with a promptitude and precipitation altogether
+wonderful."
+
+Sister Denise Parisot, one of those who exhibited these singularities,
+also displayed a farther and very remarkable manifestation of what would
+now be called biological influence. "Being commanded by his Lordship to
+make the pulse of her right arm entirely cease beating while that of the
+left continued, and then to transfer the pulsation so as to beat in the
+right arm while it should stop in the left, she executed his orders with
+the utmost precision in the presence of the physician (Morel), who
+admitted and deposed to the fact, and of several ecclesiastics. Sister de
+la Purification did the same thing two or three times, causing her pulse
+to beat or to stop at the command of the exorcist."
+
+Instead of exorcist we may, without much apprehension of offending either
+the reason or the belief of any candid person, read "Mesmerist." The
+passes seem similar, the phenomena identical. Again, in the case of the
+girls of the parish of Landes, near Bayeux, in 1732, the orders given by
+the exorcists in Latin appeared to be well understood by the patients. "In
+general," says Calmeil, quoting the contemporaneous account of their
+possession, "during the ecstatic access, the sense of touch was not
+excited even by the application of fire; nevertheless the exorcists affirm
+that their patients yielded immediate attention to the thoughts which they
+(the exorcists) refrained from expressing, and that they described with
+exactness the interior of distant houses which they had never before
+seen."
+
+This long and varied survey of different forms of physical and mental
+malady brings us to a point where we may, with some confidence, take our
+stand on inductive conclusions. It seems evident, then, that all the
+phenomena of animal magnetism have been from an early period known to
+mankind under the various forms of divinatory ecstasy, demonopathy or
+witchmania, theomania, or fanatical religious excitation, spontaneous
+catalepsy, and somnambulism. That, in addition to the ordinary
+manifestations of insensibility to pain, rigidity, and what is called
+clairvoyance, the patients affected with the more intense conditions of
+the malady have at all times exhibited a marvellous command of languages;
+a seeming participation in the thoughts, sensations, and impulses of
+others; a power of resisting, for some short time at least, the action of
+fire; and, perhaps, a capacity of evolving some hitherto unknown energy
+counteractive of the force of gravitation. That the condition of mind and
+body in question can be induced by means addressed to each and all of the
+senses, as well as involuntarily by way of sympathy or contagion. That the
+fixing of the eyes on a particular point, as a wafer, or the umbilicus, or
+on a polished ball or mirror, is one of the most general and efficacious
+means of artificially inducing the condition of clairvoyance. That it may
+also, on those prepared for its reception by strong mental excitement, be
+induced by tumultuous music, as by the sound of drums and cymbals, by
+odors, and, perhaps, by unguents; and that the same condition also
+frequently supervenes on long-continued and intense emotion, as well as on
+those hysterical and convulsive movements of the body which sometimes
+attend on excessive religious excitation. That, induced by the latter
+means, clairvoyance has a tendency to become contagious, and has often
+afflicted whole communities with the most dangerous and deplorable
+epidemic hallucinations, as in the fancied witch-sabbaths of the
+domonomaniacs, and prowling excursions of lycanthropes and vampyres; but
+that, although in these demotic frenzies, the prevailing ideas and images
+presented to the minds of the sufferers are merely illusory, they possess
+the capacity of being put in such a relation with ideas and images derived
+from actual existence in the mind of others, as to perceive and
+appropriate them. Beyond this it would be difficult to advance our
+speculation with any degree of certainty; but if speculation may be at all
+indulged in such a question, it might, perhaps, be allowed to a sanguine
+speculator to surmise that, possibly, the mind in that state may be put
+_en rapport_ with not only the ideas and emotions of another particular
+mind, but with the whole of the external world, and with all its minds.
+Another step would carry us to that participation in the whole scheme of
+nature, pretended to by divinators and seers; but it must be owned that,
+in the present state of the evidences, there is no solid ground on which
+to rest the foot of conjecture in taking either the one step or the other.
+
+In the mean time, many practitioners are playing with an agency, the
+dangerous character of which they little suspect. In ancient exorcisms, it
+sometimes happened that the exorcist himself became the involuntary
+recipient of the contagious frenzy of the patient. If such an event
+happened now, it would not be more wonderful than when it befel the Pere
+Surin, at Loudon, in 1635, as he has himself described his disaster in his
+letter to the Jesuit Attichi: "For three months and a half I have never
+been without a devil in full exercise within me. While I was engaged in
+the performance of my ministry, the devil passed out of the body of the
+possessed, and coming into mine, assaulted me and cast me down, shook me,
+and traversed me to and fro, for several hours. I cannot tell you what
+passed within me during that time, and how that spirit united itself with
+mine, leaving no liberty either of sensation or of thought, but acting in
+me like another self, or as if I possessed two souls; these two souls
+making, as it were, a battle ground of my body. When I sought, at the
+instigation of the one, to make the sign of the cross on my mouth, the
+other suddenly would turn round my hand and seize the fingers with my
+teeth, making me bite myself with rage. When I sought to speak, the word
+would be taken out of my mouth; at mass I would be stopped short; at table
+I could not carry the food to my mouth; at confession I forgot my sins; in
+fine, I felt the devil go and come within me as if he used me for his
+daily dwelling-house."
+
+Or, if instead of passing into a single operator, as in the case of Surin,
+the diseased contagion should suddenly expand itself among a crowd of
+bystanders, there would be nothing to wonder at, although enough to
+deplore, in such a catastrophe. It would be no more than has already
+happened in all the epidemics of lycanthropy and witchmania, of the
+dancers of St. Vitas, of the Jumpers, Quakers, and Revivalists, of the
+Mewers, Barkers, and Convulsionnaires. The absence of religious
+pretensions among the operators seems as yet to be the chief guarantee
+against such results. If instead of being made rigid and lucid by the
+manipulations of a professor, the patients should find themselves cast
+into that state by contact with the tomb of a preacher, or with the
+reliques of a saint, society would soon be revisited with all the evils of
+_pseudo_-miracles and supposed demoniacal possessions. The comparatively
+innocent frenzy of the followers of Father Mathew, was the nearest
+approach to a social disturbance of that kind that our country has been
+visited by since the barking epidemic of the fourteenth century. "In the
+county of Leicester, a person travelling along the road," says Camden,
+"found a pair of gloves, fit for his hands, as he thought; but when he put
+them on, he lost his speech immediately, and could do nothing but bark
+like a dog; nay, from that moment, the men and women, old and young,
+throughout the whole country, barked like dogs, and the children like
+whelps. This plague continued, with some eighteen days, with others a
+month, and with some for two years; and, like a contagious distemper, at
+last infected the neighboring counties, and set them a barking too."
+
+If mesmerism did no more than demonstrate, as it has done, that all the
+supposed evidences of modern inspiration, as well as of modern demoniacal
+possession and ghost-craft, are but the manifestations of a physical
+disorder, capable of being induced by ordinary agencies, it would have
+done a great service to the cause of social and religious stability. In
+addition to this, it has furnished surgery with a new narcotic, perhaps
+with a new anti-spasmodic. It is not impossible that here, at length, a
+means may have been found for combating the horrors of hydrophobia. Its
+higher pretensions of clairvoyance and provision, if not proved, are at
+least not yet satisfactorily disproved. Its admitted usefulness may,
+perhaps, counterbalance its perils; but in every exercise of it, whether
+curative or speculative, it is never to be forgotten, that the phenomena
+are those of disease, and that the production of disease, save for the
+counteraction of other maladies more hurtful, is in itself an evil.
+
+                                                                     S. F.
+
+
+
+
+
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+
+
+                          From Sharp’s Magazine.
+
+
+By F. Lawrence.
+
+The best epitaphs, according to our notion, are generally the shortest and
+the plainest. In no description of composition is elaborate and ornate
+phraseology so much out of place.  Where a world-wide reputation has been
+achieved, the name alone, with the addition perhaps of a date, is often
+calculated to produce a more impressive effect than an ostentatious
+inscription. It has been observed that the simple words—
+
+                 CATHERINE THE GREAT TO PETER THE FIRST,
+
+inscribed on the monument erected by the Empress Catherine to the memory
+of her husband, arrogant as they are, contain the essence of the sublime.
+And, in like manner, among the most impressive memorials in Westminster
+Abbey are the words, "O rare Ben Jonson," chiselled beneath the great
+play-wright’s bust, and the name of J. DRYDEN, with the date of his birth
+and death, and the simple statement, that the tomb was erected, in 1720,
+by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. We doubt whether the effect of the
+latter would have been improved by the addition of the couplet written for
+it by Pope, admirable as it is:
+
+  This Sheffield raised: the sacred dust below
+  Was Dryden once—the rest who does not know?
+
+Among the best epitaphs in the Poet’s Corner, we are inclined to number
+that on Spenser, which combines in an eminent degree dignity and
+simplicity, and possesses a character which at once attracts attention.
+The monument on which it appears had been originally erected by Anne,
+Countess of Dorset, and having fallen into decay, was restored, in 1768,
+precisely in its old form:
+
+  Heare lyes (expecting the second
+  Comminge of our Savior CHRIST
+  JESUS) the body of Edmond Spencer,
+  The Prince of Poets in his tyme,
+  Other witnesse than the works
+  Which he left behinde him.
+  He was borne in London in the yeare 1553,
+    And died in the year 1598.
+
+The epitaph of Michael Drayton, another of the Elizabethan poets, said by
+some to be the composition of Ben Jonson, and by others to be by Quarles,
+has also a species of quaint beauty and solemnity which raises it above
+the ordinary level. It was originally in gilt letters:
+
+                          MICHAEL DRAITON, Esq.
+
+                      A memorable poet of this age,
+              Exchanged his laurell for a crowne of glorye,
+                                Ao. 1631.
+
+    Doe, pious Marble! let thy readers knowe
+    What they and what their children owe
+    To DRAITON’S name, whose sacred dust
+    We recommend unto thy TRUST:
+  Protect his memory, and preserve his storye,
+  Remaine a lastinge monument of his glorye;
+    And when thy ruines shall disclaime
+    To be the treas’rer of his name,
+    His name that cannot fade shall be
+    An everlasting monument to thee.
+
+We cannot say that the Latin compositions of this sort in Westminster
+Abbey are much to our taste. One however, we cannot pass over—that to the
+memory of Goldsmith, by Dr. Johnson—a scholar-like production, dictated by
+affection, and full of grace and tenderness. In the delineation of the
+personal and literary character of his friend, we recognize all the
+grander traits of the honest giant’s loving heart and powerful pen.
+Nothing can be in better taste than his commendation of Goldsmith’s
+genius:
+
+  Affectuum _potens et lenis Dominator_;
+  Ingenio sublimis—vividus, versatilis,
+  Oratione grandis, nitidus, venustus—
+
+Of the English epitaphs, one of the most remarkable for elegance and
+simplicity is that on Purcell, the composer, reputed, on the authority of
+Malone, to be by Dryden, It certainly is not unworthy of his pen:
+
+  Here lyes
+  HENRY PURCELL, Esq.
+  Who left this life,
+  And is gone to that blessed place
+  Where only his Harmony
+  Can be exceeded.
+  Obiit 21 die Novembris
+  Anno Ætatis suæ 37
+  Annoque Domini 1695.
+
+Among more modern inscriptions, those on the great engineers, Watt and
+Telford, are particularly worthy of notice. The former is from the pen of
+Lord Brougham:
+
+  Not to perpetuate a name,
+  Which must endure while the peaceful arts flourish,
+  But to show
+  That mankind have learned to know those
+  Who best deserve their gratitude,
+  The King,
+  His ministers, and many of the nobles
+  And commoners of the realm
+  Raised this monument to
+  JAMES WATT,
+  Who, directing the force of an original genius,
+  Early exercised in philosophic research,
+  To the improvement of the Steam Engine,
+  Enlarged the resources of his country,
+  Increased the power of man,
+  And rose to eminent place
+  Among the most illustrious  followers of science,
+  And the real benefactors of the world.
+
+The inscription on Telford’s monument is equally chaste and beautiful. It
+presents this noble summary of his life and character:
+
+  The orphan son of a shepherd, self-educated,
+  He raised himself,
+  By his extraordinary talents and integrity,
+  From the humble condition of an operative mason,
+  And became one of the
+  Most eminent Civil Engineers of the age.
+  This marble has been erected near the spot
+  Where his remains are deposited,
+  By the friends who revered his virtues,
+  But his noblest monuments are to be found amongst
+  The great public works of his country.
+
+Every visitor will reverently pause before the magnificent cenotaph of the
+great Earl of Chatham, which, though somewhat too confused and elaborate
+in its decorations, is not unworthy of the greatest of English ministers.
+Having achieved a higher reputation as a statesman and orator than any
+other public man which his country had produced, and having fallen, as it
+were, in her service, the national gratitude was displayed in an
+unprecedented manner by honors paid his memory. His body lay in state
+three days in the painted chamber in the House of Lords—his public funeral
+exceeded in splendor the obsequies of princes—his debts were paid by the
+nation—and finally, the stately tomb to which we have drawn attention, was
+placed over his remains. The inscription whilst exceedingly plain and
+simple, is impressive and appropriate:
+
+  Erected by the King and Parliament
+  As a testimonial to
+  The Virtues and Ability
+  of
+  WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM,
+  During whose administration, in the reigns of
+  George II. and George III.
+  Divine Providence
+  Exalted Great Britain
+  To a height of Prosperity and Glory
+  Unknown in any former age.
+
+Of poetical epitaphs in the Abbey some of the most important are by Pope.
+Like everything else from his pen, they are carefully written, but viewed
+as monumental inscriptions, not distinguished for any striking excellence.
+Among the best of them is that on the Honourable James Craggs, a secretary
+of state, rather discreditably mixed up with the South Sea Bubble:—
+
+  Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,
+  In action faithful, yet in honour clear!
+  Who broke no promise, served no private end,
+  Who gained no title, and who lost no friend;
+  Ennobled by Himself, by all approved,
+  Praised, wept, and honored by the Muse he loved.
+
+The one on Gay is interesting as a tribute of friendship, and as a
+faithful portrait of that pleasing and amiable poet, the simplicity of
+whose character is admirably delineated in the first couplet:—
+
+  Of manners gentle, and affections mild,
+  _In wit a man, simplicity a child_.
+
+Altogether it is a beautiful and appropriate composition, and we cannot
+but regret that the monument on which it appears should be disfigured by
+the doggerel, said to have been written by Gay himself, and inscribed on
+the ledge just above Pope’s epitaph;
+
+  Life is a jest, and all things show it;
+  I thought so once, but now I know it.
+
+That of Nicholas Rowe, the dramatist (also by Pope), has been admired for
+the pathos of the concluding lines, the beauty of which, however, it is a
+matter of notoriety, was considerably marred by a prosaic circumstance,
+which proves the danger of assuming facts even in poetical compositions.
+The monument is commemorative of the poet and of his only daughter, the
+wife of Henry Fane. His widow survived him, and her inconsolable
+affliction was beautifully depicted:-
+
+  To these so mourned in death, so loved in life,
+  The childless parent and the widowed wife,
+  With tears inscribes this monumental stone,
+  That holds their ashes, _and expects her own_.
+
+Almost, however, before "the monumental stone" was finished, the
+disconsolate widow dried her eyes, and married a gallant colonel of
+dragoons, without considering that she was spoiling the beauty of her
+husband’s epitaph.
+
+Among the most flagrant instances of false taste, we must specify that on
+the tomb of David Garrick. The tomb itself has been described as "a
+theatrical conceit, of which the design exhibits neither taste nor
+invention." The epitaph was the production of Pratt, author of Harvest
+Home and other lucubrations which have long since been consigned to the
+tomb of the Capulets; and both epitaph and monument are thus spoken of by
+Charles Lamb in the _Essays of Elia_. Alluding principally to the
+eccentric attitude of the actor’s effigy, he observes, "Though I would not
+go so far, with some good Catholics abroad, as to shut players altogether
+out of consecrated ground, yet I own I was not a little scandalized at the
+introduction of theatrical airs and gestures into a place set apart to
+remind us of the saddest realities. Going nearer, I found inscribed under
+this burlesque figure a farrago of false thought and nonsense." The
+farrago in question is in verse, and represents Shakspeare and Garrick as
+"twin stars," who as long as time shall last are to "irradiate earth with
+a beam divine."
+
+There are but few epitaphs in St. Paul’s Cathedral—the other great
+resting-place of illustrious dead—worthy of remark or reproduction. The
+best in the whole edifice, and one of the most perfect compositions of its
+kind, is the well-known inscription commemorative of its renowned
+architect, Sir Christopher Wren:
+
+  Subditus conditur hujus Ecelesiæ at Urbis
+  Conditor, CHRISTOPHERUS WREN, qui vixit
+  Annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed
+  Bono publico. _Lector, si monumentum requiris,_
+  _Circumspice._
+
+We need not point out the beauties of this celebrated epitaph:—its
+terseness of phraseology (to which no translation could do justice)—its
+suggestiveness, grandeur and dignity. Another Latin inscription in St.
+Paul’s is also deserving notice, both on account of its merit, and the
+individual it commemorates—that on Dr. Samuel Johnson, written by the
+famous Dr. Parr. Of English inscriptions in this Cathedral, the most
+striking is that on the monument of John Howard. It concludes with the
+well-known sentence: "He trod an open and unfrequented path,to
+immortality, in the ardent and unremitting exercise of Christian charity.
+May this tribute to his fame excite an emulation of his truly glorious
+achievements."
+
+It is no very easy matter to produce a good epitaph. Great practice in
+composition is required—great power of condensation—and the exercise of
+judgment and discrimination. In efforts at epitaph-writing, few English
+poets have appeared to advantage. One or two perfect specimens, indeed, we
+possess, but the success of a single writer must be set against the
+failure of a great many. Of our good epitaphs, the very best, in our
+opinion, is that on the Countess Dowager of Pembroke, the sister of Sir
+Philip Sidney, by Ben Jonson. Although it has been often quoted, we cannot
+exclude it from this paper:
+
+  Underneath this sable hearse
+  Lies the subject of all verse,
+  Sidney’s sister, Pembroke’s mother:
+  Death, ere thou hast slain another,
+  Fair, and wise, and good as she,
+  Time shall throw his dart at thee.
+
+Another of Jonson’s epitaphs, although more rugged in versification, is
+also deserving of quotation;
+
+  Underneath this stone doth lie
+  As much virtue as could die;
+  Which, when alive, did vigor give
+  To as much beauty as could live.
+  If she had a single fault,
+  Leave it buried in this vault.
+
+Not a few of Pope’s epitaphs, as we have before hinted, appear tame,
+insipid, and characterized by a false taste. We except the well-known
+couplet for the monument of Sir Isaac Newton, in which there are dignity
+of language and boldness of conception:
+
+  Nature and nature’s laws lay hid in night;—
+  God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light.
+
+David Garrick is the author of some very good and characteristic epitaphs.
+The best, is that on Claudius Philips, the musician, who lived and died in
+great poverty. It was some time ascribed to Dr. Johnson, but is now known
+to be the production of Garrick:
+
+  Philips, whose touch harmonious could remove
+  The pangs of guilty power and hapless love,
+  Rest here, distress’d by poverty no more,
+  Here find that calm thou gav’st so oft before;
+  Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,
+  Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.
+
+Another of Garnet’s epitaphs, is that on Mr. Havard, the comedian, who
+died in 1778. It is described by the author as a tribute "to the memory of
+a character he long knew and respected." Whatever its merits as a
+composition, the professional metaphor introduced is sadly out of place:
+
+  "An honest man’s the noblest work of God."
+  Havard, from sorrow rest beneath this stone;
+  An honest man—beloved as soon as known;
+  Howe’er defective in the mimic art,
+  In real life he justly played his part!
+  The noblest character he acted well,
+  And heaven applauded when the curtain fell.
+
+The one on William Hogarth, in Chiswick Churchyard, by Garrick, is in
+better taste:
+
+  Farewell, great painter of mankind,
+    Who reach’d the noblest point of art;
+  Whose pictur’d morals charm the mind,
+    And through the eye correct the heart!
+  If genius fire thee, reader, stay;
+    If nature touch thee, drop a tear:-
+  If neither move thee, turn away,
+    For Hogarth’s honor’d dust lies here.
+
+Some distinguished men have amused themselves, while living, by inditing
+epitaphs for themselves. Franklin, and the great lawyer and orientalist,
+Sir William Jones, have left characteristic performances of this kind in
+prose, and from Matthew Prior we have a mock-serious one in verse. The
+latter has been often quoted, but it will bear repetition:
+
+  Nobles and heralds, by your leave,
+    Here lie the bones of Matthew Prior:
+  The son of Adam and of Eve,
+    Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?
+
+In the same spirit, but superior in tone and quality, is the following,
+the authorship of which is unknown, "on a poor but honest man:"
+
+  Stop, reader, here, and deign to look
+    On one without a name,
+  Ne’er enter’d in the ample book
+    Of fortune or of fame.
+  Studious of peace, he hated strife;
+    Meek virtues fill’d his breast;
+  His coat of arms, "a spotless life,"
+    "An honest heart" his crest.
+  Quarter’d therewith was innocence,
+    And thus his motto ran:
+  "A conscience void of all offence,
+    Before both God and man."
+  In the great day of wrath, through pride
+    Now scorns his pedigree,
+  Thousands shall wish they’d been allied
+    To this great family.
+
+The thought in Prior’s is ludicrously expressed in the following, from a
+monument erected in 1703, in the New Church burying-ground, Dundee, to the
+memory of J. R.
+
+  Here lies a Man,
+  Com’d of Adam and Eve;
+  If any will climb higher,
+  I give him leave.
+
+Amongst poetical epitaphs, of the more elaborate class, we must notice two
+by Mason; one to the memory of his mother, in Bristol Cathedral, and the
+other on a young lady named Drummond, in the church of Brodsworth,
+Yorkshire. We have space for only the latter.
+
+  Here sleeps what once was beauty, once was grace;
+    Grace, that with tenderness and sense combined
+  To form that harmony of soul and face,
+    Where brainy shines the mirror of the mind.
+  Such was the maid that, in the morn of youth,
+    In virgin innocence, in nature’s pride,
+  Blest with each art that owes its charms to truth,
+    Sank in her father’s fond embrace, and died.
+  He weeps; O venerate the holy tear!
+    Faith lends her aid to ease affliction’s load;
+  The parent mourns his child upon the bier,
+    The Christian yields an angel to his God.
+
+Of whimsical and satirical epitaphs—some actually inscribed on tombstones,
+and others intended for pasquinades—a large collection might be made. We
+have little taste for these anomalous compositions, nor do we consider it
+creditable to the national character, that so many English churchyards can
+be pointed out where they occur. But there are those who will make even
+the tomb a subject of pleasant humors. The epitaph for the tomb of Sir
+John Vanbrugh, distinguished as a dramatist and architect, and reflecting
+on his achievements in the latter capacity, is as follows:
+
+  Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he
+  Laid many a heavy load on thee.
+
+The original of the following is among the epigrams of Boileau:—
+
+  Here lies my wife; there let her lie;
+  She is at rest—and so am I.
+
+We do not suppose that this was ever engraved on a tombstone, either in
+French or English; but the following lines are said to have been copied
+from a slab in an English church:—
+
+  Here lies the body of Sarah Sexton,
+  Who as a wife did never vex one;
+  We can’t say that for her at the next stone.
+
+The next specimen is also known to have appeared on a tomb in Essex:—
+
+  Here lies the man Richard,
+    And Mary his wife;
+  Their surname was Pritchard;
+    They lived without strife;
+  And the reason was plain;
+    They abounded in riches,
+  They no care had nor pain,
+    And the wife wore the breeches.
+
+We will not multiply examples of these compositions. Lines of the
+description we have quoted have often found their way into print, and we
+have selected one or two of the least offensive as examples of
+eccentricity.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+
+
+                        AN ADVENTURE WITH ROBBERS.
+
+
+From Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal.
+
+The world, since it was a world at all, has ever been fond of singing the
+praises of the good old times. It would seem a general rule, that so soon
+as we get beyond a certain age, whatever that may be, we acquire a high
+opinion of the past, and grumble at every thing new under the sun. One
+cause of this may be, that distance lends enchantment to the view, and
+that the history of the past, like a landscape travelled over, loses in
+review all the rugged and wearisome annoyances that rendered it scarcely
+bearable in the journey. But it is hardly worth while to speculate upon
+the causes of an absurdity which a little candid retrospection will do
+more to dissipate than whole folios of philosophy. We can easily
+understand a man who sighs that he was not born a thousand years hence
+instead of twenty or thirty years ago, but that any one should encourage a
+regret that his lot in life was not cast a few centuries back, seems
+inexplicable on any rational grounds. The utter folly of praising the good
+old times may be illustrated by a reference to the wretched condition of
+most European cities; but we shall confine ourselves to the single case of
+Paris, now one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.
+
+In the thirteenth century the streets of Paris were not paved; they were
+muddy and filthy to a very horrible degree, and swine constantly loitered
+about and fed in them. At night there were no public lights, and
+assassinations and robberies were far from infrequent. At the beginning of
+the fourteenth century public lighting was begun on a limited scale; and
+at best only a few tallow candles were put up in prominent situations. The
+improvement, accordingly, did little good, and the numerous bands of
+thieves had it still pretty much their own way. Severity of punishment
+seldom compensates the want of precautionary measures. It was the general
+custom at this period to cut off the ears of a condemned thief after the
+term of his imprisonment had elapsed. Thia was done that offenders might
+be readily recognized should they dare again to enter the city, banishment
+from which was a part of the sentence of such as were destined to be
+cropped. But they often found it easier to fabricate false ears than to
+gain a livelihood away from the arena of their exploits; and this measure,
+severe and cruel as it was, was found inefficient to rid the capital of
+their presence.
+
+Among the various adventures with thieves, detailed by an author
+contemporaneous with Louis XIII., the following affords a rich example of
+the organization of the domestic brigands of the time, and of the wretched
+security which the capital afforded to its inhabitants.
+
+A celebrated advocate named Polidamor had by his reputation for riches
+aroused the covetousness of some chiefs of a band of brigands, who
+flattered themselves that could they catch him they would obtain
+possession of an important sum. They placed upon his track three bold
+fellows, who, after many fruitless endeavors, encountered him one evening
+accompanied only by a single lackey. Seizing fast hold of himself and
+attendant, they rifled him in a twinkling; and as he had accidentally left
+his purse at home, they took his rich cloak of Spanish cloth and silk,
+which was quite new, and of great value. Polidamor, who at first resisted,
+found himself compelled to yield to force, but asked as a favor to be
+allowed to redeem his mantle. This was agreed to at the price of thirty
+pistoles; and the rogues appointed a rendezvous the next day, at six in
+the evening, on the same spot, for the purpose of effecting the exchange.
+They recommended him to come alone, assuring him that his life would be
+endangered should he appear accompanied with an escort. Polidamor repaired
+to the place at the appointed hour, and after a few moments of expectation
+he saw a carriage approaching in which were seated four persons in the
+garb of gentlemen. They descended from the vehicle, and one of them,
+advancing towards the advocate, asked him in a low voice if he were not in
+search of a cloak of Spanish cloth and silk. The victim replied in the
+affirmative, and declared himself prepared to redeem it at the sum at
+which it had been taxed. The thieves having assured themselves that he was
+alone, seized him, and made him get into the carriage; and one of them
+presenting a pistol to his breast, bade him hold his tongue under pain of
+instant death, while another blindfolded him. As the advocate trembled
+with fear, they assured him that no harm was intended, and bade the
+coachman drive on.
+
+After a rapid flight, which was yet long enough to inspire the prisoner
+with deadly terror, the carriage stopped in front of a large mansion, the
+gate of which opened to receive them, and closed again as soon as they had
+passed the threshold. The robbers alighted with their captive, from whose
+eyes they now removed the bandage. He was led into an immense saloon,
+where were a number of tables, upon which the choicest viands were
+profusely spread, and seated at which was a company of gentlemanly-looking
+personages, who chatted familiarly together, without the slightest
+demonstration of confusion or alarm. His guardians again enjoined him to
+lay aside all fear, informed him that he was in good society, and that
+they had brought him there solely that they might enjoy the pleasure of
+his company at supper. In the mean while water was served to the guests,
+that they might wash their hands before sitting at table. Every man took
+his place, and a seat was assigned to Polidamor at the upper and
+privileged end of the board. Astonished, or rather stupefied at the
+strange circumstances of his adventure, he would willingly have abstained
+from taking any part in the repast; but he was compelled to make a show of
+eating, in order to dissemble his mistrust and agitation. When the supper
+was ended and the tables were removed, one of the gentlemen who had
+assisted in his capture accosted him with polite expressions of regret at
+his want of appetite. During the interchange of courtesies which ensued,
+one of the bandits took a lute, another a viol, and the party began to
+amuse themselves with music. The advocate was then invited to walk into a
+neighboring room, where he perceived a considerable number of mantles
+ranged in order. He was desired to select his own, and to count out the
+thirty pistoles agreed upon, together with one for coach-hire, and one
+more for his share of the reckoning at supper. Polidamor, who had been
+apprehensive that the drama of which his mantle had been the occasion
+might have a very different _dénouement_, was but too well pleased to be
+quit at such a cost, and he took leave of the assembly with unfeigned
+expressions of gratitude. The carriage was called, and before entering it
+he was again blindfolded; his former conductors returned with him to the
+spot where he had been seized, where, removing the bandage from his eyes,
+they allowed him to alight, presenting him at the same moment with a
+ticket sealed with green wax, and having these words inscribed in large
+letters, _"Freed by the Great Band_." This ticket was a passport securing
+his mantle, purse, and person against all further assaults. Hastening to
+regain his residence with all speed, he was assailed at a narrow turning
+by three other rascals, who demanded his purse or his life. The advocate
+drew his ticket from his pocket, though he had no great faith in it as a
+preservative, and presented it to the thieves. One of them, provided with
+a dark lantern, read it, returned it, and recommended him to make haste
+home, where he at last arrived in safety.
+
+Early in the seventeenth century the Parisian rogues availed themselves of
+the regulations against the use of snuff to pillage the snuff-takers. As
+the sale of this article was forbidden by law to any but grocers and
+apothecaries, and as even they could only retail it to persons provided
+with the certificate of a medical man, the annoyance of such restrictions
+was loudly complained of. The rogues, ever ready to profit by
+circumstances, opened houses for gaming—at that period almost a universal
+vice—where "snuff at discretion" was a tempting bait to those long
+accustomed to a gratification all the more agreeable because it was
+forbidden. Here the snuff-takers were diligently plied with wine, and then
+cheated of their money; or, if too temperate or suspicious to drink to
+excess, they were unceremoniously plundered in a sham quarrel. To such a
+length was this practice carried, that an ordinance was at length issued
+in 1629, strictly forbidding all snuff-takers from assembling in public
+places or elsewhere, "_pour satisfaire leur goût_!"
+
+The thieves of the good old times were not only more numerous in
+proportion to the population than they are at present, but were also
+distinguished by greater audacity and cruelty. They had recourse to the
+most diabolical ingenuity to subdue the resistance and to prevent the
+outcries of their victims. Under the rule of Henry IV. a band of brigands
+arose, who, in the garb, and with the manners of gentlemen, introduced
+themselves into the best houses under the pretext of private business, and
+when alone with the master, demanded his money at the dagger’s point. Some
+of them made use of a gag—a contrivance designated at the period the
+_poire d’angoisse_. This instrument was of a spherical shape, and pierced
+all over with small holes; it was forced into the mouth of the person
+intended to be robbed, and upon touching a spring sharp points protruded
+from every hole, at once inflicting the most horrible anguish, and
+preventing the sufferer from uttering a single cry. It could not be
+withdrawn but by the use of the proper key, which contracted the spring.
+This device was adopted universally by one savage band, and occasioned
+immense misery not only in Paris but throughout France.
+
+An Italian thief, an enterprising and ingenious rogue, adopted a singular
+expedient for robbing women at their devotions in church. He placed
+himself on his knees by the side of his intended prey, holding in a pair
+of artificial hands a book of devotion, to which he made a show of the
+most devout attention, while with his natural hands he cut the watch or
+purse-string of his unsuspecting neighbor. This stratagem, favored by the
+fashion, then general, of wearing mantles, met with great success, and of
+course soon produced a host of clumsy imitators, and excited the vigilance
+of the police, who at length made so many seizures of solemn-faced
+devotees provided with wooden kid-gloved hands, that it fell into complete
+discredit, and was at last abandoned by the profession.
+
+Cunning as were the rogues of a past age, they were liable to capture like
+their modern successors. A gentleman having resorted to Paris on business,
+was hustled one day in the precincts of the palace, and robbed of his
+well-filled purse. Furious at the loss of a considerable sum, he swore to
+be avenged. He procured a clever mechanic, who, under his directions,
+contrived a kind of hand-trap for the pocket, managed in such a manner as
+to preclude the possibility of an attempt at purse-stealing without
+detection. Having fixed the instrument in its place, impatient for the
+revenge he had promised himself, he sallied forth to promenade the public
+walks, mingled with every group, and stopped from time to time gazing
+about him with the air of a greenhorn. Several days passed before any
+thing resulted from his plan; but one morning, while he was gaping at the
+portraits of the kings of France in one of the public galleries, he finds
+himself surrounded and pushed about, precisely as in the former instance;
+he feels a hand insinuating itself gently into the open snare, and hears
+immediately the click of the instrument, which assures him that the
+delinquent is safely caught. Taking no notice, he walks on as if nothing
+had happened, and resumes his promenade, drawing after him the thief, whom
+pain and shame prevented from making the least effort to disengage his
+hand. Occasionally the gentleman would turn round, and rebuke his
+unwilling follower for his importunity, and thus drew the eyes of the
+whole crowd upon his awkward position. At last, pretending to observe for
+the first time the stranger’s hand in his pocket, he flies into a violent
+passion, accuses him of being a cut-purse, and demands the sum he had
+previously lost, without which he declares the villain shall be hanged. It
+would seem that compounding a felony was nothing in those days; for it is
+upon record that the thief, though caught in the act, was permitted to
+send a messenger to his comrades, who advanced the money, and therewith
+purchased his liberty.
+
+The people were forbidden to employ particular materials in the
+fabrication of their clothing, to ride in a coach, to decorate their
+apartments as they chose, to purchase certain articles of furniture, and
+even to give a dinner party when and in what style they chose. Under the
+Valois régime strict limits were assigned to the expenses of the table,
+determining the number of courses of which a banquet should consist, and
+that of the dishes of which each course was to be composed. Any guest who
+should fail to denounce an infraction of the law of which he had been a
+witness, was liable to a fine of forty livres; and officers of justice,
+who might be present, were strictly enjoined to quit the tables of their
+hosts, and institute immediate proceedings against them. The rigor of
+these regulations extended, even to the kitchen, and the police had the
+power of entry at all hours, to enforce compliance with the statutes.
+
+But it was during the prevalence of an epidemic that it was least
+agreeable to live in France in the good old times. No sooner did a
+contagious malady, or one that was supposed to be so, make its appearance,
+than the inhabitants of Paris were all forbidden to remove from one
+residence to another, although their term of tenancy had expired, until
+the judge of police had received satisfactory evidence that the house they
+desired to leave had not been affected by the contagion. When a house was
+infected, a bundle of straw fastened to one of the windows warned the
+public to avoid all intercourse with the inmates. At a later period two
+wooden crosses were substituted for the straw, one of which was attached
+to the front door, and the other to one of the windows in an upper story.
+In 1596 the provost of Paris having learned that the tenants of some
+houses infected by an epidemic which was then making great ravages, had
+removed these badges, issued an ordinance commanding that those who
+transgressed in a similar manner again should suffer the loss of the right
+hand—a threat which was found perfectly efficient.
+
+By an ordinance of 1533, persons recovering from a contagious malady,
+together with their domestics, and all the members of their families, were
+forbidden to appear in the streets for a given period without a white wand
+in their hands, to warn the public of the danger of contact. Three years
+after the authorities were yet more severe against the convalescents, who
+were ordered to remain shut up at home for forty days after their cure;
+and even when the quarantine had expired, they were not allowed to appear
+in the streets until they had presented to a magistrate a certificate from
+the commissary of their district, attested by a declaration of six
+householders, that the forty days had elapsed. In the preceding century
+(in 1498) an ordinance still more extraordinary had been issued. It was at
+the coronation of Louis XII. when a great number of the nobles came to
+Paris to take part in the ceremony. The provost, desiring to guard them
+from the danger of infection, published an order that all persons of both
+sexes, suffering under certain specified maladies, should quit the capital
+in twenty-four hours, _under the penalty of being thrown into the river_!
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+
+
+                          From Household Words.
+
+
+A strange story was once told me by a Levantine lady of my acquaintance,
+which I shall endeavor to relate—as far as I am able with the necessary
+abridgments—in her own words. The circumstances under which she told it
+were peculiar. The family had just been disturbed by the visit of a
+ghost—a real ghost, visible, if not palpable. She was not what may be
+called superstitious; and though following with more or less assiduity the
+practices of her religion, was afflicted now and then with a fit of
+perfect materialism. I was surprised, therefore, to hear her relate, with
+every appearance of profound faith, the following incidents:—
+
+There is an old house in Beyrout, which, for many successive years, was
+inhabited by a Christian family. It is of great extent, and was of yore
+fitted for the dwelling of a prince. The family had, indeed, in
+early-times been very rich; and almost fabulous accounts are current of
+the wealth of its founder, Fadlallah Dahân. He was a merchant; the owner
+of ships, the fitter-out of caravans. The regions of the East and of the
+West had been visited by him; and, after undergoing as many dangers and
+adventures as Sinbad, he had returned to spend the latter days of his life
+in his native city. He built, accordingly, a magnificent dwelling, the
+courts of which he adorned with marble fountains, and the chambers with
+silk divans; and he was envied on account of his prosperity.
+
+But, in the restlessness of his early years, he had omitted to marry, and
+now found himself near the close of his career without an heir to inherit
+his wealth and to perpetuate his name. This reflection often disturbed
+him; yet he was unwilling to take a wife because he was old. Every now and
+then, it is true, he saw men older than he, with fewer teeth and whiter
+beards, taking to their bosoms maidens that bloomed like peaches just
+beginning to ripen against a wall; and his friends, who knew he would give
+a magnificent marriage-feast, urged him to do likewise. Once he looked
+with pleasure on a young person of not too tender years, whose parents
+purposely presented her to him; but having asked her in a whisper whether
+she would like to marry a withered old gentleman like himself, she frankly
+confessed a preference for his handsome young clerk, Harma, who earned a
+hundred piastres a month. Fadlallah laughed philosophically, and took care
+that the young couple should be married under happy auspices.
+
+One day he was proceeding along the street gravely and slowly—surrounded
+by a number of merchants proud to walk by his side, and followed by two or
+three young men, who pressed near in order to be thought of the company,
+and thus establish their credit—when an old woman espying him, began to
+cry out, "Yeh! yeh! this is the man who has no wife and no child—this is
+the man who is going to die and leave his fortune to be robbed by his
+servants or confiscated by the governor! And yet, he has a sagacious
+nose"—(the Orientals have observed that there is wisdom in a nose)—"and a
+beard as long as my back! Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Fadlallah Dahân stopped, and retorted, smiling: "Yeh! yeh! this is the
+woman that blames an old man for not marrying a young wife. Yeh! yeh! what
+a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Then the woman replied, "O my lord, every pig’s tail curls not in the same
+direction, nor does every maiden admire the passing quality of youth. If
+thou wilt, I will bestow on thee a wife, who will love thee as thou lovest
+thyself, and serve thee as the angels serve Allah. She is more beautiful
+than any of the daughters of Beyrout, and her name is Selima, a name of
+good augury."
+
+The friends of Fadlallah laughed, as did the young men who followed in
+their wake, and urged him to go and see this peerless beauty, if it were
+only for a joke. Accordingly, he told the woman to lead the way. But she
+said he must mount his mule, for they had to go some distance into the
+country. He mounted, and, with a single servant, went forth from the
+gates—the woman preceding—and rode until he reached a village in the
+mountains. Here, in a poor little house, he found Selima; clothed in the
+very commonest style, engaged in making divan cushions. She was a
+marvellously beautiful girl, and the heart of the merchant at once began
+to yearn towards her; yet he endeavored to restrain himself, and said,
+"This beautiful thing is not for me." But the woman cried out, "Selima,
+wilt thou consent to love this old man?" The girl gazed in his face
+awhile, and then, folding her hands across her bosom, said, "Yes; for
+there is goodness in his countenance." Fadlallah wept with joy; and,
+returning to the city, announced his approaching marriage to his friends.
+According to custom, they expressed civil surprise to his face; but, when
+his back was turned, they whispered that he was an old fool, and had been
+the dupe of a she-adventurer.
+
+The marriage took place with ceremonies of royal magnificence; and Selima,
+who passed unmoved from extreme poverty to abundant riches, seemed to
+merit the position of the greatest lady in Beyrout. Never was woman more
+prudent than she. No one ever knew her previous history, nor that of her
+mother. Some said that a life of misery, perhaps of shame, was before
+them, when this unexpected marriage took place. Selima’s gratitude to
+Fadlallah was unbounded; and out of gratitude grew love. The merchant
+daily offered up thanks for the bright diamond which had come to shine in
+his house.
+
+In due time a child was born; a boy lively as his mother; and they named
+him Halil. With what joy he was received, what festivities announced the
+glad intelligence to the town, may easily be imagined. Selima and
+Fadlallah resolved to devote themselves to his education, and determined
+that he should be the most accomplished youth of Bar-er-Shâm. But a long
+succession of children followed, each more beautiful than the former—some
+boys, some girls; and every new comer was received with additional delight
+and still grander ceremonies; so that the people began to say, "Is this a
+race of sovereigns?"
+
+Now, Halil grew up to the age of twelve—still a charming lad; but the
+parents always fully occupied by the last arrival, had not carried out
+their project of education. He was as wild and untamed as a colt, and
+spent more of his time in the street than in the company of his mother;
+who, by degrees, began to look upon him with a kind of calm friendship due
+to strangers. Fadlallah, as he took his accustomed walk with his merchant
+friends, used from time to time to encounter a ragged boy fighting in the
+streets with the sons of the Jew butcher; but his eyes beginning to grow
+dim, he often passed without recognizing him. One day, however, Halil,
+breathless and bleeding, ran up and took refuge beneath the skirts of his
+mantle from a crowd of savage urchins. Fadlallah was amazed, and said, "O,
+my son—for I think thou art my son—what evil hath befallen thee, and
+wherefore do I see thee in this state?" The boy, whose voice was choked by
+sobs, looked up into his face, and said, "Father, I am the son of the
+richest merchant of Beyrout, and behold, there is no one so little cared
+for as I."
+
+Fadlallah’s conscience smote him, and he wiped the boy’s bleeding face
+with the corner of his silk caftan, and blessed him; and, taking him by
+the hand, led him away. The merchants smiled benignly one to the other,
+and, pointing with their thumbs, said, "We have seen the model youth!"
+
+Whilst they laughed and sneered, Fadlallah, humbled yet resolved, returned
+to his house, leading the ragged Halil, and entered his wife’s chamber.
+Selima was playing with her seventh child, and teaching it to lisp the
+word "Baba"—about the amount of education which she had found time to
+bestow on each of her offspring. When she saw the plight of her eldest son
+she frowned, and was about to scold him; but Fadlallah interposed, and
+said, "Wife, speak no harsh words. We have not done our duty by this boy.
+May God forgive us; but we have looked on these children that have bloomed
+from thee, more as playthings than as deposits for which we are
+responsible. Halil has become a wild out-of-doors lad, doubting with some
+reason of our love. It is too late to bring him back to the destiny we had
+dreamt of; but he must not be left to grow up thus uncared for. I have a
+brother established in Bassora; to him will I send the lad to learn the
+arts of commerce, and to exercise himself in adventure, as his father did
+before him. Bestow thy blessing upon him, Selima (here the good old man’s
+voice trembled), and may God in his mercy forgive both thee and me for the
+neglect which has made this parting necessary. I shall know that I am
+forgiven, if, before I go down into the tomb, my son return a wise and
+sober man; not unmindful that we gave him life, and forgetting that, until
+now, we have given him little else."
+
+Selima laid her seventh child in its cradle of carved wood, and drew Halil
+to her bosom; and Fadlallah knew that she loved him still, because she
+kissed his face, regardless of the blood and dirt that stained it. She
+then washed him and dressed him, and gave him a purse of gold, and handed
+him over to his father; who had resolved to send him off by the caravan
+that started that very afternoon. Halil, surprised and made happy by
+unwonted caresses, was yet delighted at the idea of beginning an
+adventurous life; and went away, manfully stifling his sobs, and
+endeavoring to assume the grave deportment of a merchant. Selima shed a
+few tears, and then, attracted by a crow and a chuckle from the cradle,
+began to tickle the infant’s soft double chin, and went on with her
+interrupted lesson, "Baba, Baba!"
+
+Halil started on his journey, and having passed through the Valley of
+Robbers, the Valley of Lions, and the Valley of Devils—this is the way in
+which Orientals localize the supposed dangers of travelling—arrived at the
+good city of Bassora; where his uncle received him well, and promised to
+send him, as supercargo on board the first vessel he dispatched to the
+Indian seas. What time was spent by the caravan upon the road, the
+narrative does not state. Travelling is slow work in the East; but almost
+immediately on his arrival in Bassora, Halil was engaged in a love
+adventure. If travelling is slow, the approaches of manhood are rapid. The
+youth’s curiosity was excited by the extraordinary care taken to conceal
+his cousin Miriam from his sight; and having introduced himself into her
+garden, beheld, and, struck by her wonderful beauty, loved her. With an
+Oriental fondness he confessed the truth to his uncle, who listened with
+anger and dismay, and told him that Miriam was betrothed to the Sultan.
+Halil perceived the danger of indulging his passion, and promised to
+suppress it; but whilst he played a prudent part, Miriam’s curiosity was
+also excited, and she too beheld and loved her cousin. Bolts and bars
+cannot keep two such affections asunder. They met and plighted their troth
+and were married secretly, and were happy. But inevitable discovery came.
+Miriam was thrown into a dungeon; and the unhappy Halil, loaded with
+chains, was put on board a vessel, not as supercargo, but as prisoner,
+with orders that he should be left in some distant country.
+
+Meanwhile a dreadful pestilence fell upon Beyrout, and among the first
+sufferers was an eighth little one that had just learned to say "Baba!"
+Selima was almost too astonished to be grieved. It seemed to her
+impossible that death should come into her house, and meddle with the
+fruits of so much suffering and love. When they came to take away the
+little form which she had so often fondled, her indignation burst forth,
+and she smote the first old woman who stretched out her rough
+unsympathetic hand. But a shriek from her waiting-woman announced that
+another victim was singled out; and the frantic mother rushed like a
+tigress to defend the young that yet remained to her. But the enemy was
+invisible; and (so the story goes) all her little ones drooped one by one
+and died; so that on the seventh day Selima sat in her nursery gazing
+about with stony eyes, and counting her losses upon her fingers—Iskender,
+Selima, Wardy, Fadlallah, Hanna, Hennenah, Gereges—seven in all. Then she
+remembered Halil, and her neglect of him; and, lifting up her voice, she
+wept aloud; and, as the tears rushed fast and hot down her cheeks, her
+heart yearned for her absent boy, and she would have parted with worlds to
+have fallen upon his breast—would have given up her life in return for one
+word of pardon and of love.
+
+Fadlallah came in to her; and he was now very old and feeble. His back was
+bent, and his transparent hand trembled as it clutched a cane. A white
+beard surrounded a still whiter face; and as he came near his wife, he
+held out his hand towards her with an uncertain gesture, as if the room
+had been dark. This world appeared to him but dimly. "Selima," said he,
+"the Giver hath taken. We, too, must go in our turn. Weep, my love, but
+weep with moderation, for those little ones that have gone to sing in the
+golden cages of Paradise. There is a heavier sorrow in my heart. Since my
+first-born, Halil, departed for Bassora, I have only written once to learn
+intelligence of him. He was then well, and had been received with favor by
+his uncle. We have never done our duty by that boy." His wife replied, "Do
+not reproach me; for I reproach myself more bitterly than thou canst do.
+Write, then, to thy brother to obtain tidings of the beloved one. I will
+make of this chamber a weeping chamber. It has resounded with merriment
+enough. All my children learned to laugh and to talk here. I will hang it
+with black, and erect a tomb in the midst; and every day I will come and
+spend two hours, and weep for those who are gone and for him who is
+absent." Fadlallah approved her design; and they made a weeping chamber,
+and lamented together every day therein. But their letters to Bassora
+remained unanswered; and they began to believe that fate had chosen a
+solitary tomb for Halil.
+
+One day a woman, dressed in the garb of the poor, came to the house of
+Fadlallah with a boy about twelve years old. When the merchant saw them he
+was struck with amazement, for he beheld in the boy the likeness of his
+son Halil; and he called aloud to Selima, who, when she came, shrieked
+with amazement. The woman told her story, and it appeared that she was
+Miriam. Having spent some months in prison, she had escaped and taken
+refuge in a forest in the house of her nurse. Here she had given birth to
+a son, whom she had called by his father’s name. When her strength
+returned, she had set out as a beggar to travel over the world in search
+of her lost husband. Marvellous were the adventures she underwent, God
+protecting her throughout, until she came to the land of Persia, where she
+found Halil working as a slave in the garden of the Governor of Fars.
+After a few stolen interviews, she had again resumed her wanderings to
+seek for Fadlallah, that he might redeem his son with wealth; but had
+passed several years upon the road.
+
+Fortune, however, now smiled upon this unhappy family, and in spite of his
+age, Fadlallah set out for Fars. Heaven made the desert easy, and the road
+short for him. On a fine calm evening he entered the gardens of the
+governor, and found his son gaily singing as he trimmed an orange tree.
+After a vain attempt to preserve an incognito, the good old man lifted up
+his hands, and shouting, "Halil, my first-born!" fell upon the breast of
+the astonished slave. Sweet was the interview in the orange grove, sweet
+the murmured conversation between the strong young man and the trembling
+patriarch, until the perfumed dew of evening fell upon their heads.
+Halil’s liberty was easily obtained, and father and son returned in safety
+to Beyrout. Then the Weeping Chamber was closed, and the door walled up;
+and Fadlallah and Selima lived happily until age gently did its work at
+their appointed times: and Halil and Miriam inherited the house and the
+wealth that had been gathered for them.
+
+The supernatural part of the story remains to be told. The Weeping Chamber
+was never again opened; but every time that a death was about to occur in
+the family, a shower of heavy tear-drops was heard to fall upon its marble
+floor, and low wailings came through the walled doorway. Years, centuries
+passed away, and the mystery repeated itself with unvarying uniformity.
+The family fell into poverty, and only occupied a portion of the house,
+but invariably before one of its members sickened unto death, a shower of
+heavy drops, as from a thunder-cloud, pattered on the pavement of the
+Weeping Chamber, and was heard distinctly at night through the whole
+house. At length the family quitted the country in search of better
+fortunes elsewhere, and the house remained for a long time uninhabited.
+
+The lady who narrated the story went to live in the house, and passed some
+years without being disturbed; but one night she was lying awake, and
+distinctly heard the warning shower dripping heavily in the Weeping
+Chamber. Next day the news came of her mother’s death, and she hastened to
+remove to another dwelling. The house has since been utterly abandoned to
+rats, mice, beetles, and an occasional ghost seen sometimes streaming
+along the rain-pierced terraces. No one has ever attempted to violate the
+solitude of the sanctuary where Selima wept for the seven little ones
+taken to the grave, and for the absent one whom she had treated with
+unmotherly neglect.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+
+
+                    BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CASTILIAN."
+
+
+It was one of those clear, bright days, peculiar to a Spanish summer, when
+the deep blue skies seem to reflect their warmth in radiance over the
+earth; a slumberous influence hung over the tranquil streets of Madrid,
+and although it was still early in the morning, the fervid rays of the sun
+gave a certain indication of the meridian power he was about to display in
+a few hours.
+
+Such was the day appropriated for the splendid and soul-stirring
+celebration of a bull-fight; and accordingly, the inhabitants soon began,
+by an unusual bustle, to evince the absorbing interest they are accustomed
+to take in this favorite amusement. Before the hour of nine, the beautiful
+street of Alcala was thronged with a promiscuous multitude, eager to
+witness the first exhibition of the morning; the Spanish bull-fight being
+in fact composed of two acts, if I may so term them, the morning and the
+evening encounters.
+
+On such days, a general cessation of labor takes place throughout the
+city, and the whole population is occupied with speculations on the
+approaching festival. On the morning in question, the inhabitants of
+Madrid, the lower classes in particular, attired in their holiday finery,
+began at an early hour to issue from their narrow and obscure dormitories,
+and, with tolerably cleanly appearance and much importance of demeanor, to
+take up a position in that famous _Puerta del sol_ which, on less
+momentous occasions, seems destined only as a lounge for all the
+_ennuyés_, news-hunters, and _petit-maitres_ of Madrid. The Manolos, too,
+began to congregate in great numbers, casting around those terrible
+glances of recklessness and conscious courage, which, in the estimation of
+foreigners, are the certain prognostics of as many concealed daggers.
+
+I soon made up my mind to add one to the vast concourse now on the alert
+to witness this grand and terrific spectacle, although, for many reasons,
+I prudently resolved to postpone my share of the entertainment until the
+evening.
+
+It is at this hour that the higher classes prefer visiting the arena: a
+number of the more desperate _amateurs_, however, regardless of the
+influence of a meridian sun, do not hesitate to present themselves at the
+morning exhibitions.
+
+At about four in the afternoon, the _Calle de Alcala_ was, if possible,
+more crowded than it had been in the morning. This majestic street, which
+commands a full view of the superb triumphal arch which bears its name,
+now presented a most striking and animated scene: various groups,
+fancifully contrasted in dress and deportment, were all hurrying towards
+the same spot. Here you might see the gorgeous equipage of the haughty
+grandee, sweeping by in all the imposing consciousness of pomp and
+greatness, while carriages of more humble pretensions were rattling as
+briskly, if not as proudly, along the gay and lively street. The
+_Calesines_, too, were seen in great numbers hurrying to the scene of
+anticipated pleasure, and diversifying, by the singularity of their
+appearance, and the ringing of small bells, the stately _cortege_ of more
+splendid equipages.
+
+Next, an army of _majos_ attracted attention by their fanciful dresses,
+and the easy swagger with which they accompanied their _morenas_, who were
+not the less conspicuous for their graceful though somewhat confident
+demeanor. They were all, of course, attired in their peculiar costume,
+bedizened with ribbons, and the short saya reaching only to the middle of
+the calf, and showing the most polished ancle and the prettiest foot in
+the world. These gay and lively individuals were picturesquely contrasted
+with crowds of monks and friars, of all orders and colors—
+
+  White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery—
+
+here and there intermingled with military idlers, in the uniforms of their
+several regiments.
+
+Here you might see the rosy and jolly abbate, ambling along upon a mule,
+having an appearance scarcely less clerical than himself, jostling the
+less fortunate friar on the back of the humbler donkey, and the sturdy
+mendicant, as he strode along on foot, supported only by his staff. The
+streets, and every avenue leading to the _Plaza de los Toros_, were lined
+with noisy vendors of delicious fruits, who made a grateful display upon
+their stalls of the Seville orange and the cooling water-melon; whilst a
+number of Valencians carried about large _vasijas_, or trays of lemonade,
+and other refreshments, for the accommodation of the thirsty pedestrians,
+who had no time to squander upon a visit to the _neveras_, or ice-houses.
+The effect of this animated picture was farther heightened by the cries of
+the venders, the harmony of some neighboring barber’s guitar, the
+continual jingling of the mules’ bells, and the clicking of castanets.
+
+Amidst this stunning, yet not unpleasing variety of sounds, we at length
+reached the _Plaza de los Toros_, and it was with some difficulty we
+obtained places in the stage seats. A vast concourse of persons of all
+classes were already assembled, and I observed with a smile the effect
+which the novelty of the scene had produced upon an English friend, whom I
+had, with great difficulty, prevailed upon to accompany me; having, as he
+declared, but little taste for such brutal and demoralizing exhibitions.
+He seemed quite excited, and made some passing observation relative to the
+Roman Circus, to which the present exhibition bore no unapt resemblance. I
+directed his attention to many of his countrymen, as well as other
+foreigners, who, after having been quite as clamorous as himself against
+the sport, had terminated their philosophical philippics by becoming
+constant visitors both at the morning and afternoon encounters. We arrived
+at the scene of action just in time to witness _El despejo_, or the
+clearing of the arena; a ceremony which is effected by a band of soldiers,
+who enter the place and drive every loiterer away, to the sound of drums
+and fifes. In a few minutes, not a single person was to be seen in the
+circus; and, consequently, the body of spectators, thus driven back upon
+the crowd, gave rise to various energetic expostulations, hearty curses,
+and not a few random cuffs. The only inconvenience, however, of these
+frequent _melées_, was the loss of a few ribbons and a quantity of hair,
+of which the _manolus_ most assiduously set about easing themselves. This
+operation is a source of considerable amusement to those who stand aloof
+from the field of strife. We had been happy in securing good places, and
+had nothing to complain of but the immediate vicinity of an amateur, or
+_aficionado_, who kept his tongue in continual motion, and favored his
+neighbors with a tremendous display of erudition on the _tauromachia_.
+
+Whilst the immense multitude were beguiling their impatience in a thousand
+ways, and among others by bandying jests—eating
+oranges—smoking—whistling—love-making and quarrelling—the champions of the
+fète, namely, the _picadores_, the _espadas_, and the _chulos_, were very
+piously engaged in prayer in a chapel contiguous to the circus, it being
+customary for combatants to solicit the protection of the holy Virgin
+against the tremendous animal they are about to encounter before they
+venture to provoke its ferocity.
+
+While they proceed in their laudable occupation, we will return to the
+circus, which now presented a most striking spectacle. The corregidor and
+the corporation of the town had already taken their seats near the
+splendid box fitted up for the use of the king, directly opposite to the
+entrance from which the bull was expected to rush into the arena. Above
+this entrance was a platform, occupied by a band of musicians, who
+continued at intervals to mingle their animating strains with the clamor
+of the noisy multitude. An officer of the town now entered the arena,
+mounted on a fine charger. He was dressed in complete sables, and carried
+in his hand the staff of office. Attended by alguazils, he
+advanced,—saluted the box where the king was _not_,—and then proceeded to
+the master of the ceremonies, from whom he received the keys of the cells,
+where the terrible animals who were to take so conspicuous parts in the
+evening spectacle were confined.
+
+At this critical juncture, a breathless silence pervaded the spectators,
+who by their eager looks evinced the absorbing interest they took in the
+soul-stirring spectacle. Anon, a band of martial instruments struck up;—a
+general buzz arose on every side, and, amidst the overwhelming din that
+prevailed throughout the circus, the _picadores_ and the rest of their
+party made their entrance into the arena. First came the _picadores_, with
+their horses blindfold, wearing enormous boots to protect them from the
+blows of the bull; next paced on the _espadas_, or _matadores_, on foot,
+attired in rich silk dresses, each wearing a robe of a different color,
+together with ribbons or some other distinctive mark of favor from his
+mistress. The procession closed with a numerous troop of _chulos_, or
+_banderilleros_, a set of young men lightly and fancifully apparelled,
+whose business is to distract the attention of the bull from a fallen
+cavalier, and to harass the animal with the _banderillas_. In this
+splendid troop we perceived some traces of the ancient spirit of chivalry,
+although, strange to say, the favorite sport of the fine cavaliers of the
+land is now confined to the lowest orders. It is only from the
+slaughter-house that the bull-fighters now, for the most part, proceed.
+
+The procession moved on, at a slow and stately pace, amidst strains of
+music and the vociferations of the lower classes, many of whom soon
+recognized in the heroes of the fète, some near relation, some dear
+friend, or at least, well-known acquaintance, whom they were desirous of
+encouraging by their shouts. The champions having made their respective
+obeisances to the royal box and to the corregidor, retired to the places
+set apart for them in the arena.
+
+The _picadores_, according to the order of precedence, ranged themselves
+in the circus, close to the _baranda_, or wooden barrier, which, though
+elevated to the height of five feet, is sometimes scarcely sufficient to
+prevent the most furious amongst the bulls from breaking over it. Suddenly
+the music ceased—the silence was intense—the signal is given—the doors
+were flung open—and, with one tremendous burst, forth sprang the bull into
+the middle of the circus! It was a fearful animal; not large, but of that
+peculiar color and breed which are accounted the most ferocious.
+
+  Dark is his hide on either side, but the blood within doth boil,
+  And the dun hide glows as if on fire, as he paws to the turmoil,
+  His eyes are jet, and they are set in crystal rings of snow;
+  But now they stare with one red glare of brass upon the foe.
+  Upon the forehead of the bull the horns stand close and near,
+  From out the broad and wrinkled skull like daggers they appear;
+  His neck is massy, like the trunk of some old knotted tree,
+  Whereon the monster’s shagged mane like billows curled ye see.
+  His legs are short, his hams are thick, his hoofs are black as night,
+  Like a strong flail he holds his tail in the fierceness of his might;
+  Like something molten out of iron, or hewn forth from the rock,
+  Harpado of Xarama stands, to bide the Alcayde’s shock.(6)
+
+The appearance of the bull was hailed by loud acclamations from the
+multitude; whilst hats, handkerchiefs, and scarfs fluttered in the air, in
+every direction.
+
+The noble animal appeared at first as though he were undecided how to act,
+or on whom to wreak his fierce vengeance. He turned on every side, and
+scanned the appalling number and firmness of his tormentors; gradually he
+became more and more excited, till, exasperated by the clamors of the
+impatient multitude, he tore the ground with his hoofs, tossed his head in
+proud indignation, and then stared intently before him, as if to awe the
+circus with the lightnings of his angry eye. Again he lowered his head,
+and blew the dust in clouds with the burning breath of his distended
+nostrils, and lashed his sides with his tail, as if to work himself up to
+the proper pitch of frenzy; at length, with a sudden bound, he rushed
+furiously against the first _picador_. The cavalier received the charge
+with perfect coolness and intrepidity, and having succeeded in planting
+his _pica_ in the higher part of the animal’s neck, the theatre rung with
+acclamations at the strength and dexterity with which he kept his
+tremendous opponent for some moments fixed to the spot. Smarting with
+pain, the bull then retired for a short time; but his rage prevailing over
+his fears, he again rushed forward, and was received by a second
+_picador_. Less fortunate, however, than his companion, he was unable to
+withstand the overwhelming shock; and, after a fruitless effort to stem
+the animal’s fury with his _pica_, it at length broke, and the bull, with
+one tremendous thrust on the horse’s breast, overthrew its rider.
+Fortunately for the fallen _picador_, he was protected by the bulk of his
+horse; and the bull, as it often happens, sated his fierceness on the
+helpless animal, whose blood spouted round the arena, from a wound
+evidently mortal. The excitement of the spectators now became intense;
+when the bull, having fully disabled his enemy, advanced toward the third
+cavalier. The champion, however, had penetration enough to perceive that
+the bull was of a dangerous kind, and evinced no particular solicitude to
+come to closer quarters with him. He kept, therefore, retreating, under
+pretext of gaining an advantageous position; but the people, who guessed
+his real motive, unanimously protested against such dilatory proceedings.
+Men and women, old and young, began to assail the luckless, or rather,
+prudent _picador_, with a violent storm of abuse.
+
+During the whole of this noisy altercation, our erudite neighbor, the
+_aficionado_, had been very scientifically descanting on the various
+points of the combat, to our no small annoyance; for he could not rest a
+moment in his seat, and was continually intercepting our view. The
+_picador_, provoked by the bitter sarcasms lavished upon him by the more
+vulgar part of the spectators, now advanced with an air of determination a
+little farther into the arena; but the sagacious bull kept retreating as
+his enemy advanced, in order to render escape more difficult, and his
+vengeance certain. At length he rushed on the cavalier with such fury and
+overwhelming force, that both _picador_ and horse rolled on the ground:
+unluckily, the man not being very dexterous, could seek no protection from
+the horse, but lay exposed to the fury of his powerful antagonist.
+
+Cries of horror and alarm for the safety of the unfortunate _picador_ were
+now heard on every side, and strange to say, those very persons, who had
+but just driven him to encounter the danger, were now the most clamorous
+in shouting for protection for him. The _chulos_ lost no time in applying
+their art to extricate their companion, by harassing the animal on all
+sides, who was thus compelled to abandon his prey in order to meet his new
+tormentors. Thus the fallen cavalier was rescued from his jeopardy, whilst
+his poor horse, dreadfully gored, ran wildly about the arena. The bull, as
+if satisfied with these feats, now stood tranquilly looking on the
+spectators, who filled the air with _vivas_ in praise of his prowess.
+
+The trumpet again sounded the signal for the second part of the combat,
+and forthwith the _chulos_ advanced nimbly with their _banderillas_, each
+striving to fix his weapon in the neck of the animal, as in their
+hazardous course he passed under their extended arms. The smart of the
+_banderillas_ tended to goad the bull to greater fury, and tormented on
+every side he bellowed out in agony, and bounded from place to place,
+turning first to one, and then to another of his aggressors.
+
+Thus, after he had vented his rage, foaming at the mouth and flashing fire
+from his eyes, the moment arrived when it was deemed expedient to put an
+end to his protracted sufferings, and at a given signal the _chulos_
+retired and made place for the _prima-espada_.
+
+This was Candido, who though arrived at an advanced age, still retained
+much of the strength and agility of his youth, which, combined with the
+experience he had acquired in the game, rendered him a very formidable
+opponent. He advanced with a stately pace, bearing in one hand a piece of
+scarlet cloth to entice the animal, and in the other his sword. Having
+arrived in front of the seat of the presiding authorities, he made a
+graceful salute, and then performed the same ceremony before his friends,
+who hailed him with many hearty _vivas_; whilst a deadly silence was
+observed on the part of the admirers of his rival Leoncito. Candido
+proceeded slowly, and warily towards the bull, endeavoring to entice him
+by waving the red cloth. The animal, however, would not suddenly rush
+against his foe; but calmly watched for the moment when he might find him
+less upon his guard.
+
+Candido, with all the skill of a practised _matador_, appeared to guess
+the sinister intentions of the bull, and followed his every movement with
+an active eye—nay, he seemed to penetrate into the inmost feelings of the
+animal.—Irritated by the defiance, the bull sprang upon his foe; but was
+baffled in his vengeance, for he pierced only the floating piece of cloth;
+the _matador_ very adroitly turning aside, and plunging his sword into his
+flank as he passed. The wound however was not mortal, and the combat was
+renewed. The bull, somewhat intimidated, did not again charge his
+adversary; but preferred awaiting his approach;—after some appropriate
+evolutions, Candido at last boldly advanced towards him, and with a
+successful thrust pierced him to the heart. Nothing had been wanting to
+complete the success of Candido but the solitary triumph of retaining his
+sword in his hand after the death-blow was inflicted, this being
+considered the _ne plus ultra_ of the art. The bull had no sooner fallen
+to the ground than a set of most beautiful mules, splendidly caparisoned,
+and ornamented with a profusion of ribbons and small flags, were brought
+into the circus to convey from it the lifeless carcass. This operation was
+performed amid the stormy sounds of martial music, and the shouts of the
+multitude; the tremendous animal was dragged from the field, leaving in
+its progress a long crimson track upon the scattered sand.
+
+The signal now sounded for a second fight; the doors were once more thrown
+open, and a huge bull rushed forward, and without a moment’s loss ran
+furiously at the nearest _picador_. He was, however, soon sobered, and
+smarting with the pain of the first wound he received, prudently
+retreated, in no hurry to taste a like favor from the second cavalier. In
+vain did the _picadores_ provoke him by advancing into the arena, he
+invariably declined the re-offered combat. The spectators, impatient at
+this delay, grew expressively clamorous, some crying shame! shame! and
+others _vaca! vaca!_ (poor cow! poor cow!)—but all these energetic
+remonstrances were lost upon the pacific animal.
+
+With much difficulty, and after a pretty long interval, the three wounds
+of the _pica_ (according to rule) were at length inflicted; and the
+_chulos_ came forward to perform their part. It was here that the same
+difficulty arose, for alas! it could not be expected that the poor bull,
+who had shown no relish whatever for the _pica_, should evince any taste
+for the _banderillas_. Consequently a great confusion arose, and a
+simultaneous call for _banderillas de fuego_, was heard on every side.
+This it was expected would prove a stimulus to the too tranquil
+temperament of the animal.
+
+Accordingly the furs was planted upon his neck; but scarcely had the
+fireworks began to crack and whiz around his head, than stunned no doubt
+by the noise as well as the pain, he actually turned and fled. The
+_chulos_ ran after him, and thus continued _nolens volens_ to thrust their
+spears into his unresisting carcass, until it was thought expedient to
+desist in order to give him the _coup de grace_. Leoncito the second
+_espada_ then came forward, and was hailed with joyful acclamations by his
+partisans, especially the _manolas_, for he was a young, light-made,
+dapper man. It proved however an exceedingly difficult task to kill the
+bull according to the rules of art, owing to the animal’s unequivocal
+disinclination for the combat. Leoncito was a brave, daring man; but
+hardly so well skilled as Candido. He rushed boldly against the bull, and
+strove to inflict upon him a mortal wound. He missed, however, his aim at
+the right place, and the animal began to pour forth its blood in a stream.
+This is considered an enormous fault in the art—and it met with a becoming
+storm of groans and hisses. The bull, agonized by his wounds, ran wildly
+about. Leoncito gave him another blow—when he sat down, and quietly looked
+around him, as the wounds were not immediately mortal. This reposing
+attitude gave immense annoyance both to the combatants and the spectators.
+Of course it was out of all question to inflict on so gentle and resigned
+an enemy another _estocada_—and yet the public could not afford to wait
+the bull’s leisure to die, as it was necessary to continue the sport. To
+expedite, therefore, the animal’s last moments, and the progress of public
+business, the _eachetero_, a butcher, came forward and performed his
+function of inflicting the death-blow on occasions when, owing to the
+perversity of the bull or the clumsiness of the _matador_, his final
+assistance becomes requisite. Grasping firmly a short sharp dagger, he by
+a steady and well directed blow put a period to the agonies of the
+animal—applauses and abuse were then liberally bestowed upon Leoncito;
+after which the fight was suffered to proceed, and the third bull sprang
+into the arena. We will not, however, follow the perils and chances of
+this encounter. It may e sufficient to mention, that the sport went on
+much upon the same principle as before. The usual number of horses were
+killed, good spanking falls were endured by the combatants, and the same
+tumult and confusion prevailed throughout the circus. The combat had now
+lasted three hours, and the shadows of evening were gradually descending
+over the scene. Yet the spectators appeared by no means satisfied; some
+even grew clamorous, and required that a fourth bull should be brought
+forward. Amongst these unreasonable requisitionists, the _aficionado_
+particularly distinguished himself. He was (unhappily for his neighbors)
+blessed with most stentorian lungs, of which he made a liberal use, upon
+the most trifling occasion,—no other bull, however, was produced, and
+accordingly the spectators began slowly and discontentedly to disperse.
+
+The fight being ended, the _picadores_ and the rest of the troop withdrew
+to the little chapel, to return thanks for their escape. However, the
+veracity expected from an historian compels me to say, that their evening
+prayers were by no means of the same length as those which had preceded
+the encounter of the morning. At the entrance of the chapel we perceived
+many a dark-complexioned _manola_—many a terrible looking,
+fierce-whiskered, cigar-smoking _majo_—awaiting the egress of their
+friends; who, as soon as their devotions were concluded, stalked out with
+a martial and haughty air to receive the congratulations of their
+comrades. Meantime, the vast concourse of people so lately assembled
+together, had gradually dispersed through the various avenues of the
+Prado, affording the beholder a most striking and enlivening picture. The
+Prado itself, that beautiful promenade, which has attracted the attention
+of all who have visited Spain, now presented a most brilliant spectacle:
+it was crowded with carriages, as well as with pedestrians, all pressing
+to enjoy the coolness of the evening in that delightful spot. Having
+strolled a few times up and down this fashionable promenade, we retired to
+the _Neverria de Solos_, contiguous to the Prado, to take our _refresco_.
+To this place, as to many others of the like nature, the more elegant
+class of society retire early in the evening to eat ices, and drink
+lemonade and other refreshing beverages. From hence each person retires to
+his own _tertulia_ for the evening, and thus ends a day wholly consecrated
+to pleasure.
+
+Bull fights are now daily decreasing, both in number and splendor of
+appearance, from what they were in former times. Either the Spaniards are
+losing their relish for such spectacles, or the scarcity of good
+_picadores_ and _espades_ detracts from the interest which attaches to
+them. Not long since, the _matadores_ were favorites with the public, and
+were regarded with considerable interest even by their superiors. Many
+singular and gallant adventures are related of them and ladies of rank. It
+was a common custom, no great while ago, to throw purses of gold to the
+combatants, upon the achievement of some skilful feat. But unhappily the
+secret of long purses is lost, and there is but little chance of a
+stranger seeing any money thrown away in Spain at the present time.
+
+The most renowned of the Matadores were Romero and Pepe-Hillo, the author
+of a treatise entitled Tauromachia. The first retired from the arena full
+of honors and considerable wealth. But being desirous of obtaining for his
+son a canonship, he was commanded, in order to obtain that favor from the
+queen, Maria Louisa, to re-appear in the arena, on some grand festival.
+
+Romero joyfully obeyed; but his age and feebleness were inadequate to cope
+with the fearful bull, and he would certainly have been killed, had not
+his friends forcibly withdrawn him from the arena.
+
+The will, however, was taken for the deed, and his son was accordingly
+made a canon. With regard to Pepe-Hillo, like a gallant general, he met
+his death in the field of his exploits. On a certain occasion, contrary to
+the opinion of his friends, who knew him to be suffering from a wound in
+the hand, he appeared in the arena. Unhappily he had to encounter a
+tremendous animal. The bull hurled him on high twice; and when the
+unfortunate man fell on the ground he was frightfully gored, and shortly
+afterwards expired, amidst the most excruciating torments.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+  There be of British arms and deeds,
+    Who sing in noble strain,
+  Of Poictiers’ field, and Agincourt,
+    And Cressy’s bloody plain.
+
+  High tales of merry England,
+    Full often have been told,
+  For never wanted bard to sing
+    The actions of the bold.
+
+  But now I tune another string,
+    To try my minstrel power,
+  My story’s of a gallant knight,
+    A lady, and a flower.
+
+  The noble sun that shines on all,
+    The little or the great,
+  As bright on cottage doorway small,
+    As on the castle gate,
+
+  Came pouring over fair Guienne
+    From the far eastern sea;
+  And glistened on the broad Garonne,
+    And slept on Blancford lea.
+
+  The morn was up, the morn was bright,
+    In southern summer’s rays,
+  And Nature caroll’d in the light,
+    And sung her Maker’s praise.
+
+  Fair Blancford, thou art always fair,
+    With many a shady dell,
+  And bland variety and change,
+    Of forest and of fell.
+
+  But Blancford on that morn was gay,
+    With many a pennon bright,
+  And glittering arms and panoply
+    Shone in the morning light.
+
+  For good Prince Edward, England’s pride,
+    Now lay in Blancford’s towers,
+  And weary sickness had consumed,
+    The hero’s winter hours.
+
+  But now that brighter hopes had come,
+    With summer’s brighter ray,
+  He called his gallant knights around,
+    To spend a festal day.
+
+  With tournament and revelry,
+    To pass away the hours,
+  And win fair Mary from her sire,
+  The Lord of Blancford’s towers.
+
+  But why fair Mary’s brow was sad
+    None in the castle knew,
+  Nor why she watched one garden bed,
+  Where none but wild pinks grew.
+
+  Some said that seven nights before
+    A page had sped away,
+  To where Lord Clifford with his power,
+    On Touraine’s frontier lay.
+
+  To Blancford no Lord Clifford came,
+    And many a tale was told,
+  For well ’twas known that he had sought,
+    Fair Mary’s love of old.
+
+  And some there said Lord Clifford’s love
+    Had cooled at Mary’s pride,
+  And some there said that other vows
+    His heart inconstant tied.
+
+  Foul slander, ready still to soil,
+    All that is bright and fair,
+  With more than Time’s destructiveness,
+    Who never learned to spare.
+
+  The morn was bright, but posts had come,
+    Bringing no tidings fair,
+  For knit was Edward’s royal brow,
+    And full of thoughtful care.
+
+  The lists were set, the parted sun
+    Shone equal on the plain,
+  And many a knight there manfully
+    Strove fresh applause to gain.
+
+  Sir Henry Talbot, and Sir Guy
+    Of Brackenbury, he
+  Who slew the giant Iron-arm,
+    On Cressy’s famous lea,
+
+  Were counted best, and claimed the Prince
+    To give the sign that they
+  Might run the tilt, and one receive
+    The honors of the day.
+
+  "Speed, knights, perhaps those arms that shine
+    In peace," prince Edward said,
+  "Before a se’nnight pass, may well,
+    In Gallic blood be died.
+
+  "For here we learn that hostile bands,
+    Have gathered in Touraine,
+  And Clifford, with his little troop,
+    Are prisoners or slain.
+
+  "For with five hundred spears, how bold
+    Soe’er his courage show,
+  He never could withstand the shock,
+    Of such a host of foe."
+
+  Fair Mary spoke not, but the blood
+    Fled truant from her cheek,
+  And left it pale, as when day leaves
+    Some mountain’s snowy peak.
+
+  But then there camp the cry of horse,
+    The east lea pricking o’er,
+  And to the lists a weary page
+    A tattered pennon bore.
+
+  Fast came a knight with blood-stained arms,
+    And dusty panoply,
+  And beaver down, and armed lance,
+    In chivalric array.
+
+  No crest, no arms, no gay device,
+    Upon his shield he wore,
+  But a small knot beside his plume,
+    Of plain wild pinks he bore.
+
+  For love, for love and chivalry,
+    Lord Clifford rides the plain,
+  And foul he lies who dares to say,
+    His honor e’er know stain.
+
+  And Mary’s cheek ’gan blushing bright,
+    And Mary’s heart beat high,
+  And Mary’s breath that fear oppressed
+    Came in a long glad sigh.
+
+  Straight to the Prince the knight he rode,
+    "I claim these lists," he cried,
+  "Though late into the field I come,
+    My suit be not denied;
+
+  "For we have fought beside the Loire,
+    And stained our arms in blood;
+  Not ever lost one step of ground,
+    So long as rebels stood.
+
+  "Hemmed in, I one time never thought
+    To die in British land,
+  Or see my noble prince again,
+    Or kiss his royal hand.
+
+  "But well fought every gallant squire,
+    And well fought every knight;
+  And rebels have been taught to feel
+    The force of British might.
+
+  "And now in humble terms they sue,
+    To know thy high command,
+  And here stand I these lists to claim,
+    For a fair lady’s hand.
+
+  "For Mary’s love, and chivalry,
+    I dare the world to fight,
+  And foul and bitterly he lies,
+    Who dares deny my right"
+
+  "No, no, brave Clifford," Edward said,
+    "No lists to-day for thee,
+  Thy gallant deeds beside the Loire,
+    Well prove thy chivalry.
+
+  "Sir Guy, Sir Henry, and the rest,
+    Have well acquit their arms,
+  But Edward’s thanks are Clifford’s due,
+    As well as Mary’s charms."
+
+  "My lord, you are her sire," he said,
+    "Give kind consent and free,
+  And who denies our Clifford’s right,
+    Shall ride a tilt with me."
+
+  Gay spake the prince, gay laughed the throng,
+    And Mary said not nay,
+  And bright with smile, and dance, and song,
+    Went down the festal day.
+
+  And when Lord Clifford to the board
+    Led down his Mary fair,
+  A knot of pinks was in his cap,
+    A knot was in her hair.
+
+  For it had been their sign of love,
+    And loved by them was still,
+  Till death came quietly on their heads,
+    And bowed them to his will.
+
+  And now, though years have passed away,
+    And all that years have seen,
+  And Clifford’s deeds and Mary’s charms,
+    Are as they ne’er had been,
+
+  Some wind, as if in memory
+    Has borne the seeds on high,
+  To deck the ruin’s crumbling wall,
+    And catch the passing eye.
+
+  It tells a tale to those who hear;
+    For beauty, strength, and power,
+  Are but the idols of a day,
+    More short-lived than a flower.
+
+  Joy on, joy on, then, while ye may,
+    Nor waste the moments dear;
+  Nor give yourself a cause to sigh,
+    Nor teach to shed a tear.
+
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD MAID’S FIRST LOVE.
+
+
+                    From Chamber’s Edinburgh Journal.
+
+
+I went once to the south of France for my health; and being recommended to
+choose the neighborhood of Avignon, took my place, I scarcely know why, in
+the diligence all the way from Paris. By this proceeding I missed the
+steam-voyage down the Rhone, but fell in with some very pleasant people,
+about whom I am going to speak. I travelled in the _intérieur_, and from
+Lyon had no one for companion but a fussy little lady, of a certain age,
+who had a large basket, a parrot in a cage, a little lapdog, a bandbox, a
+huge blue umbrella, which she could never succeed in stowing any where,
+and a moth-eaten muff. In my valetudinarian state I was not pleased with
+this inroad—especially as the little lady had a thin, pinched-up face, and
+obstinately looked out of the window, while she popped about the
+_intérieur_ as if she had just taken lodgings and was putting them in
+order, throwing me every now and then some gracious apology in a not
+unpleasant voice. "Mince as you please, madam," thought I; "you are a
+bore." I am sorry to add that I was very unaccommodating, gave no
+assistance in the stowing away of the umbrella, and when Fanfreluche came
+and placed his silken paws upon my knees, pushed him away very rudely. The
+little old maid—it was evident this was her quality—apologized for her dog
+as she had done for herself, and went on arranging her furniture—an
+operation not completed before we got to St. Saphorin.
+
+For some hours a perfect silence was preserved, although my companion
+several times gave a short dry cough, as if about to make an observation.
+At length, the digestion of a hurried dinner being probably completed, I
+felt all of a sudden quite bland and sociable, and began to be mightily
+ashamed of myself. "Decidedly," thought I, "I must give this poor woman
+the benefit of my conversation." So I spoke, very likely with that
+self-satisfied air assumed sometimes by men accustomed to be well
+received. To my great vexation the old maid had by this time taken
+offence, and answered in a very stiff and reserved manner. Now the whole
+absurdity of my conduct was evident to me, and I determined to make
+amends. Being naturally of a diplomatic turn, I kept quiet for awhile, and
+then began to make advances to Fanfreluche. The poor animal bore no
+malice, and I won his heart by stroking his long ears. Then I gave a piece
+of sugar to the parrot; and having thus effected a practicable breach,
+took the citadel by storm by pointing out a more commodious way of
+arranging the great blue umbrella.
+
+We were capital friends thenceforward; and I soon knew the history of
+Mlle. Nathalie Bernard by heart. A mightily uninteresting history it was
+to all but herself; so I shall not repeat it: suffice to say, that she had
+lived long on her little income, as she called it, at Lyon, and was now on
+her way to Avignon, where a very important object called her. This was no
+other than to save her niece Marie from a distasteful marriage, which her
+parents, very good people, but dazzled by the wealth of the unamiable
+suitor, wished to bring about.
+
+"And have you," said I, "any reasonable hope of succeeding in your
+mission?"
+
+"_Parbleu!_" replied the old maid, "I have composed a little speech on
+ill-assorted unions, which I am sure will melt the hearts of my sister and
+my brother-in-law; and if that does not succeed—why, I will make love to
+the _futur_ myself, and whisper in his ear that a comfortable little
+income available at once, and a willing old maid, are better than a
+cross-grained damsel with expectations only. You see I am resolved to make
+any sacrifice to effect my object."
+
+I laughed at the old maid’s disinterestedness, which was perhaps greater
+than at first appeared. At least she assured me that she had refused
+several respectable offers, simply because she liked the independence of a
+single life; and that if she had remained single to that age, it was a
+sign that marriage had nothing attractive for her in itself. We discussed
+the point learnedly as the diligence rolled; and what with the original
+turn of my companion’s mind, the sportive disposition of Fanfreluche, and
+the occasional disjointed soliloquies of Coco, the parrot, our time passed
+very pleasantly. When night came Mlle. Nathalie ensconced herself in the
+corner behind her parcels and animals, and endeavored to sleep; but the
+jolting of the diligence, and her own lively imagination, wakened her
+every five minutes; and I had each time to give her a solemn assurance, on
+my word of honor as a gentleman, that there was no particular danger of
+our being upset into the Rhone.
+
+We were ascending a steep hill next day; both had got out to walk. I have
+omitted to note that it was autumn. Trees and fields were touched by the
+golden fingers of the season. The prospect was wide, but I forget the
+precise locality. On the opposite side of the Rhone, which rolled its
+rapid current in a deepening valley to our right, rose a range of hills,
+covered with fields that sloped wonderfully, and sometimes gave place to
+precipices or wood-lined declivities. Here and there the ruins of some old
+castle—reminiscences of feudal times—rose amid lofty crags, and traced
+their jagged outline against the deep blue sky of Provence. Nathalie
+became almost sentimental as she gazed around on this beautiful scene.
+
+We had climbed about half of the hill: the diligence was a little way
+behind: the five horses were stamping and striking fire from the pavement
+as they struggled up with the ponderous vehicle: the other passengers had
+lingered in the rear with the conductor, who had pointed out a little
+_auberge_ among some trees. We here saw a man preceding us upon the road
+carrying a little bundle at the end of a stick over his shoulder: he
+seemed to advance painfully. Our attention was attracted—I scarcely knew
+why. He paused a moment—then went on with an uncertain step—paused again,
+staggered forward, and fell on his face just as we came up. Mlle.
+Nathalie, with a presence of mind that surprised me, had her
+smelling-bottle out in an instant, and was soon engaged in restoring the
+unfortunate traveller to consciousness. I assisted as well as I was able,
+and trust that my good-will may atone for my awkardness. Nathalie did
+every thing; and, just as the diligence reached us, was gazing with
+delight on the languid opening of a pair of as fine eyes as I have ever
+seen, and supporting in her lap a head covered with beautiful curls. Even
+at that moment, as I afterwards remembered, she looked upon the young man
+as a thing over which she had acquired a right of property. "He is going
+our way," said she: "let us lift him into the diligence."
+
+"A beggarly Parisian; yo, yo!" quoth the postilion as he passed, clacking
+his long whip.
+
+"Who will answer for his fare?" inquired the conductor.
+
+"I will," replied Nathalie, taking the words out of my mouth.
+
+In a few minutes the young man, who looked bewildered and could not speak,
+was safely stowed among Nathalie’s other parcels; and the crest of the
+hill being gained, we began rolling rapidly down a steep descent. The
+little old maid, though in a perfect ecstasy of delight—the incident
+evidently appeared to her quite an adventure—behaved with remarkable
+prudence. While I was puzzling my head to guess by what disease this poor
+young man had been attacked, she was getting ready the remedies that
+appeared to her the most appropriate, in the shape of some excellent cakes
+and a bottle of good wine, which she fished out of her huge basket. Her
+_protégé_, made tame by hunger, allowed himself to be treated like a
+child. First she gave him a very small sip of Burgundy, then a diminutive
+fragment of cake; and then another sip and another piece of cake—insisting
+on his eating very slowly. Being perfectly useless, I looked quietly on,
+and smiled to see the suhmissiveness with which this fine, handsome fellow
+allowed himself to be fed by the fussy old maid, and how he kept his eyes
+fixed upon her with an expression of wondering admiration.
+
+Before we arrived at Avignon we knew the history of the young man. He was
+an artist, who had spent several years studying in Paris, without friends,
+without resources, except a miserable pittance which his mother, a poor
+peasant woman living in a village not far from Aix, had managed to send
+him. At first he had been upheld by hope; and although he knew that his
+mother not only denied herself necessaries, but borrowed money to support
+him, he was consoled by the idea that the time would come when, by the
+efforts of his genius, he would be able to repay every thing with the
+accumulated interest which affection alone would calculate. But his
+expenses necessarily increased, and no receipts came to meet them. He was
+compelled to apply to his mother for further assistance. The answer was
+one word—"impossible." Then he endeavored calmly to examine his position,
+came to the conclusion that for several years more he must be a burden to
+his mother if he obstinately pursued his career, and that she must be
+utterly ruined to insure his success. So he gave up his art, sold every
+thing he had to pay part of his debts, and set out on foot to return to
+big village and become a peasant, as his father had been before him. The
+little money he had taken with him was gone by the time he reached Lyon.
+He had passed through that city without stopping, and for more than two
+days, almost for two nights, had incessantly pursued his journey, without
+rest and without food, until he had reached the spot where, exhausted with
+fatigue and hunger, he had fallen, perhaps to perish had we not been there
+to assist him.
+
+Nathalie listened with eager attention to this narrative, told with a
+frankness which our sympathy excited. Now and then she gave a convulsive
+start, or checked a hysterical sob, and at last fairly burst into tears. I
+was interested as well as she, but retained more calmness to observe how
+moral beauty almost vainly straggled to appear through the insignificant
+features of this admirable woman. Her little eyes, reddened with weeping;
+her pinched-up nose, blooming at the point; her thin lips, probably
+accustomed to sarcasm; her cheeks, with a leaded citron hue; her hair that
+forked up in unmanageable curls—all combined to obscure the exquisite
+expression of respect and sympathy, perhaps already of love, sparkling
+from her kindled soul, that could just be made out by an attentive eye. At
+length, however, she became for a moment perfectly beautiful, as, when the
+young painter had finished his story, with an expression that showed how
+bitterly he regretted his abandoned art, she took both his hands in hers,
+and exclaimed: "No, _mon enfant_, you shall not be thus disappointed. Your
+genius"—she already took it for granted he had genius—"shall have an
+opportunity for development. Your mother cannot do what is necessary—she
+has played her part. I will be a—second mother to you, in return f«r the
+little affection you can bestow on me without ingratitude to her to whom
+you owe your life."
+
+"My life has to be paid for twice," said he, kissing her hand. Nathalie
+could not help looking round proudly to me. It was so flattering to
+receive the gallant attentions of so handsome a young man, that I think
+she tried to forget how she had bought them.
+
+In the exuberance of her hospitality, the little old maid invited both
+Claude Richer and myself to spend some time in the large farmhouse of her
+brother-in-law. I declined, with a promise to be a frequent visitor; but
+Claude, who was rather commanded than asked, could do nothing but accept.
+I left them at the diligence office, and saw them walk away, the little
+Nathalie affecting to support her feeble companion. For the honor of human
+nature let me add, that the conductor said nothing about the fare. "It
+would have been indelicate," he said to me, "to remind Mlle. Nathalie of
+her promise in the young man’s presence. I know her well; and she will pay
+me at a future time. At any rate I must show that there is a heart under
+this waistcoat." So saying, the conductor thumped his breast with simple
+admiration of his own humanity, and went away, after recommending me to
+the Café de Paris—indeed and excellent house.
+
+I shall say nothing of a variety of little incidents that occurred to me
+at Avignon, nor about my studies on the history of the popes who resided
+there. I must reserve myself entirely for the development of Nathalie’s
+romance, which I could not follow step by step, but the chief features of
+which I was enabled to catch during a series of visits I paid to the
+farmhouse. Nathalie herself was very communicative to me at first, and
+scarcely deigned to conceal her sentiments. By degrees, however, as the
+catastrophe approached, she became more and more reserved; and I had to
+learn from others, or to guess the part she played.
+
+The farmhouse was situated on the other side of the river, in a small
+plain, fertile and well wooded. Old Cossu, the owner, was a fine jolly
+fellow, but evidently a little sharp in money matters. I was surprised at
+first that he received the visit of Claude favorably; but when it came out
+that a good part of his capital belonged to Nathalie, every circumstance
+of deference to her was explained. Mère Cossu was not a very remarkable
+personage; unless it be remarkable that she entertained the most profound
+veneration for her husband, quoted his commonest sayings as witticisms,
+and was ready to laugh herself into convulsions if he sneezed louder than
+usual. Marie was a charming little person; perhaps a little too demure in
+her manners, considering her wicked black eyes. She was soon very friendly
+with Claude and me, but seemed to prefer passing her time in whispered
+conversations with Nathalie. I was let into the secret that their
+conversation turned principally on the means of getting rid of the
+husband-elect—a great lubberly fellow, who lived some leagues off, and
+whose red face shone over the garden-gate, in company with a huge nosegay,
+regularly every Sunday morning. In spite of the complying temper of old
+Cossu in other respects when Nathalie gave her advice, he seemed
+obstinately bent on choosing his own son-in-law. Parents are oftener
+correct than romancers will allow, in their negative opinions on this
+delicate subject, but I cannot say as much for them when they undertake to
+be affirmative.
+
+I soon observed that Nathalie was not so entirely devoted to the
+accomplishment of the object for which she had undertaken her journey as
+she had promised; and, above all, that she spoke no more of the
+disinterested sacrifice of herself as a substitute for Marie. I
+maliciously alluded to this subject in one of our private confabulations,
+and Nathalie, instead of being offended, frankly answered that she could
+not make big Paul Boneau happy and assist Claude in his studies at the
+same time. "I have now," she said, "an occupation for the rest of my
+life—namely, to develop this genius, of which France will one day be
+proud; and I shall devote myself to it unremittingly."
+
+"Come, Nathalie," replied I, taking her arm in mine as we crossed the
+poplar-meadow, "have you no hope of a reward?"
+
+"I understand," quoth she frankly; "and I will not play at cross-purposes
+with you. If this young man really loves his art, and his art alone, as he
+pretends, could he do better than reward me—as you call it—for my
+assistance? The word has a cruel signification, but you did not mean it
+unkindly."
+
+I looked at her wan, sallow countenance, that had begun for some days to
+wear an expression of painful anxiety. At that moment I saw over a
+hedge—but she could not—Claude and Marie walking in a neighboring field,
+and pausing now and then to bend their heads very close together in
+admiration of some very common flower. "Poor old maid," thought I, "you
+will have no reward save the consciousness of your own pure intentions."
+
+The minute development of this drama without dramatic scenes would perhaps
+be more instructive than any elaborate analysis of human passions in
+general; but it would require a volume, and I can only here give a mere
+summary. Nathalie, in whom alone I felt particularly interested, soon
+found that, she had deceived herself as to the nature of her sentiments
+for Claude—that instead of regarding him with almost maternal solicitude,
+she loved him with an intensity that is the peculiar characteristic of
+passions awakened late in life, when the common consolation is
+inadmissible—"after all, I may find better." This was her last, her only
+chance of a happiness, which she had declared to me she had never dreamed
+of, but which in reality she had only declined because it did not present
+itself to her under all the conditions required by her refined and
+sensitive mind. Claude, who was an excellent fellow, but incapable of
+comprehending her or sacrificing himself, never swerved from grateful
+deference to her; but I could observe, that as the state of her feelings
+became more apparent, he took greater care to mark the character of his
+sentiments for her, and to insist with some affectation on the depth of
+his filial affection. Nathalie’s eyes were often red with tears—a fact
+which Claude did not choose perhaps to notice, for fear of an explanation.
+Marie, on the contrary, became more blooming every day, while her eloquent
+eyes were still more assiduously bent upon the ground. It was evident to
+me that she and Claude understood one another perfectly well.
+
+At length the same thing became evident to Nathalie. How the revelation
+was made to her I do not know; but sudden it must have been, for I met her
+one day in the poplar-field, walking hurriedly along with an extraordinary
+expression of despair in her countenance. I know not why, but the thought
+at once occurred to me that the Rhone ran rapid and deep not far off, and
+I threw myself across her path. She started like a guilty thing, but did
+not resist when I took her hand and led her back slowly towards the
+farmhouse. We had nearly reached it in silence when she suddenly stopped,
+and bursting into tears turned away into a by-lane where was a little
+bench under an elm. Here she sat down and sobbed for a long time, while I
+stood by. At length she raised her head and asked me: "Do morality and
+religion require self-sacrifice even to the end—even to making half a life
+a desert, even to heart-breaking, even unto death?"
+
+"It scarcely belongs to a selfish mortal to counsel such virtue," I
+replied; "but it is because it is exercised here and there, now and then,
+once in a hundred years, that man can claim some affinity with the divine
+nature."
+
+A smile of ineffable sweetness played about the poor old girl’s lips. She
+wiped her eyes, and began talking of the changing aspect of the season,
+and how the trees day by day more rapidly shed their leaves, and how the
+Rhone had swelled within its ample bed, and of various topics apparently
+unconnected with her frame of mind, but all indicating that she felt the
+winter was coming—a long and dreary winter for her. At this moment
+Fanfreluche, which had missed her, came down the lane, barking with fierce
+joy; and she took the poor little beast in her arms, and exhaled the last
+bitter feeling that tormented her in these words: "Thou at least lovest
+me—because I have fed thee!" In her humility she seemed now to believe
+that her only claim to love was her charity; and that even this claim was
+not recognized except by a dog!
+
+I was not admitted to the secret of the family conclave that took place,
+but learned simply that Nathalie pleaded with feverish energy the love
+that had grown up between Marie and Claude as an insuperable bar to the
+proposed marriage between Paul Boneau and her niece. Matters were arranged
+by means of large sacrifices on the part of the heroic maid. Paul’s face
+ceased to beam over the garden-gate on a Sunday morning; and by degrees
+the news got abroad that Marie was betrothed to the young artist. One day
+a decent old woman in _sabots_ came to the farmhouse: it was Claude’s
+mother, who had walked from Aix to see him. It was arranged that Claude
+should pursue his studies a year longer, and then marry. Whether any
+explanation took place I do not know; but I observed that the young man
+sometimes looked with the same expression of wondering admiration I had
+observed in the diligence at the little Nathalie—more citron-hued than
+ever. At length she unhooked the cage of Coco, the parrot, took
+Faufreluche under one arm and her blue umbrella under the other, and went
+away in company with the whole family, myself included, every one carrying
+a parcel or a basket to the diligence office. What a party that was! Every
+one was in tears except Nathalie. She bore up manfully, if I may use the
+word; laughed, and actually joked; but just as I handed Coco in, her
+factitious courage yielded, and she burst into an agony of grief. With
+officious zeal I kept at the window until the diligence gave a lurch and
+started; and then turning round I looked at Claude and Marie, who were
+already mingling their eyes in selfish forgetfulness of their
+benefactress, and said solemnly: "There goes the best woman ever created
+for this unworthy earth." The artist, who, for an ordinary man, did not
+lack sentiment, took my hand and said: "Sir, I will quarrel with any man
+who says less of that angel than you have done."
+
+The marriage was brought about in less time than had been agreed upon.
+Nathalie of course did not come; but she sent some presents and a pleasant
+letter of congratulation, in which she called herself "an inveterate old
+maid." About a year afterwards I passed through Lyon and saw her. She was
+still very yellow, and more than ever attentive to Fanfreluche and Coco. I
+even thought she devoted herself too much to the service of these two
+troublesome pets, to say nothing of a huge cat which she had added to her
+menagerie, as a kind of hieroglyphic of her condition. "How fare the
+married couple?" cried she, tossing up her cork-screw curls. "Still cooing
+and billing?"
+
+"Mademoiselle," said I, "they are getting on pretty well. Claude, finding
+the historic pencil not lucrative, has taken to portrait-painting; and
+being no longer an enthusiastic artist, talks even of adopting the more
+expeditious method of the Daguerreotype. In the meantime, half the
+tradesmen of Avignon, to say nothing of Aix, have bespoken caricatures of
+themselves by his hand. Marie makes a tolerable wife, but has a terrible
+will of her own, and is feared as well as loved."
+
+Nathalie tried to laugh; but the memory of her old illusions coming over
+her, she leaned down towards the cat she was nursing, and sparkling tears
+fell upon its glossy fur.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+
+
+From advance sheets of a capital book entitled "Men and Women of the XIXth
+           Century, by Argene Houssaye," in press by Redfield.
+
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo almost came into the world dancing. It is related
+that Gritry, when he was scarcely four years of age, had an idea of
+musical tunes. Mademoiselle de Camargo danced at a much earlier age. She
+was still in arms when the combined airs of a violin and a hautboy caught
+her ear. She jumped about full of life, and during the whole time that the
+music was playing, she danced, there is no other word for it, keeping time
+with great delight. It must be stated that she was of Spanish origin. She
+was born at Brussels, the 15th of April, 1710, of a noble family, that had
+supplied several cardinals to the sacred college, and is of considerable
+distinction in Spanish history, both ecclesiastical and national. Her name
+was Marianne. Her mother had danced, but with the ladies of the court, for
+her own pleasure, and not for that of others. Her father, Ferdinand de
+Cupis de Camargo, was a frank Spanish noble, that is to say he was poor;
+he lived at Brussels, upon the crumbs of the table of the Prince de Ligne,
+without counting the debts he made. His family, which was quite numerous,
+was brought up by the grace of God; the father frequented the tavern,
+trusting to the truth that there is a God that rules over children!
+
+Marianne was so pretty that the Princess de Ligne used to call her her
+fairy daughter. Light as a bird, she used to spring into the elms, and
+jump from branch to branch. No fawn in its morning gayety had more
+capricious and easy movements; no deer wounded by the huntsman ever sprang
+with more force and grace. When she was ten years old, the Princess de
+Ligne thought that this pretty wonder belonged of right to Paris, the city
+of wonders, Paris, where the opera was then displaying its thousand and
+thousand enchantments. It was decided that Mademoiselle de Camargo should
+be a dancing-girl at the opera. Her father objected strenuously:
+"Dancing-girl! the daughter of a gentleman, a grandee of Spain!"—"Goddess
+of dance, if you please," said the Princess of Ligne, in order to quiet
+him. He resigned himself to taking a journey to Paris in the prince’s
+carriage. He arrived in the style of a lord at the house of Mademoiselle
+Prévost, whom the poets of the day celebrated under the name of
+Terpsichore. She consented to give lessons to Marianne de Camargo. Three
+months after his departure, M. de Camargo returned to Brussels, with the
+air of a conqueror. Mademoiselle de Prévost had predicted that his
+daughter would be his glory and his fortune.
+
+After having danced at a fête given by the Prince de Ligne, Marianne de
+Camargo made her first appearance at the Brussels theatre, where she
+reigned for three years as first _danseuse_. Her true theatre was not
+there; in spite of her triumph at Brussels, her imagination always carried
+her to Paris; notwithstanding when she quitted Brussels she went to Rouen.
+Finally, after a long residence in that city, she was permitted to make
+her first appearance at the opera. It was on the 5th of May, 1726, for the
+famous day of her debût has not been forgotten, that she appeared with all
+the brilliancy of sixteen upon the first stage in the world. Mademoiselle
+Prévost, already jealous, from a presentiment perhaps, had advised her to
+make her first appearance in the _Characters of the Dance_, a step almost
+impossible, which the most celebrated dancers hardly had dared to attemp,
+at the height even of their reputation. Mademoiselle de Camargo, who
+danced like a fairy, surpassed all her predecessors; her triumph was so
+brilliant that on the next day all the fashions took their name after her:
+hair _à la Camargo_, dresses _à la Camargo_, sleeves _à la Camargo_. All
+the ladies of the court imitated her grace; there were not a few that
+would have liked to have copied her face!
+
+I have not told all yet: Mademoiselle de Camargo was made by love and for
+love. She was beautiful and pretty at the same time. There could be
+nothing so sweet and impassioned as her dark eyes, nothing so enchanting
+as her sweet smile! Lancret, Pater, J. B. Vanloo, all the painters that
+were then celebrated, tried to portray her charming face.
+
+On the second night of Mademoiselle de Camargo’s appearance on the stage,
+there were twenty duels and quarrels without end at the door of the opera;
+every one wanted to get in. Mademoiselle Prévost, alarmed at such a
+triumph, intrigued with such success that Mademoiselle de Camargo was soon
+forced to fall back to the position of a mere _figurante_. She and her
+admirers had reason to be indignant. She was obliged to resign herself to
+dancing unobserved with the company. But she was not long in avenging
+herself with effect. One day, while she was dancing with a group of
+demons, Demoulins, called the devil, did not make his appearance to dance
+his solo, when the musicians had struck up, expecting his entrance. A
+sudden inspiration seizes Mademoiselle de Camargo; she leaves the other
+_figurantes_, she springs forward to the middle of the stage, and
+improvises Demoulins’s _pas de seul_, but with more effect and capricious
+variety. Applause re-echoed throughout the theatre. Mademoiselle de
+Prévost swore that she would ruin her youthful rival; but it was too late.
+Terpsichore was dethroned. Mademoiselle de Camargo was crowned on that day
+queen of the opera, absolute queen, whose power was unlimited! She was the
+first who dared to make the discovery that her petticoats were too long.
+Here I will let Grimm have his say: "This useful invention, which puts the
+amateur in the way of forming an intelligent judgment of the legs of a
+dancing-girl, was thought at that time to be the cause of a dangerous
+schism. The Jansenists of the pit exclaimed heresy, scandal; and were
+opposed to the shortened petticoats. The Molinists, on the contrary, held
+that this innovation was in character with the spirit of the primitive
+church, which was opposed to the sight of pirouettes and pigeon-wings,
+embarrassed by the length of a petticoat. The Sorbonne of the opera had
+for a long time great trouble in establishing the wholesome doctrine on
+this point of discipline, which so much divided the faithful."
+
+Monsieur Ferdinand de Camargo grew old with a severe anxiety about the
+virtue and the salary of his daughter: he only preserved the salary.
+Intoxicated with her triumph, Mademoiselle de Camargo listened too
+willingly to all the lords of the court that frequented the company of the
+actresses behind the scenes; it would have been necessary for the king to
+appoint an historiographer, in order to record all the passions of this
+_danseuse_. There was a time when all the world was in love with her.
+Every one swore by Camargo; every one sang of Camargo; every one dreamed
+about Camargo. The madrigals of Voltaire and of the gallant poets of that
+gallant era are not forgotten.
+
+However, the glory of Mademoiselle de Camargo was extinguished by degrees.
+Like fashion that had patronized her, she passed away by degrees, never to
+return. When she insisted upon retiring, although she was only forty years
+of age, no one thought of preventing her: she was hardly regretted. There
+was no inquiry made as to whither she had gone; she was only spoken of at
+rare intervals, and then she was only alluded to as a memory of the past.
+She had become something of a devotee, and very charitable. She knew by
+name all the poor in her neighborhood. She occasionally was visited by
+some of the notabilities of a past day, forgotten like herself.
+
+In the _Amusements of the Heart and Mind_, a collection designed, as is
+well known, to form the mind and the heart, Mademoiselle de Camargo is
+charged with having had a thousand and more lovers! Without giving the lie
+to this accusation, can I not prove it false by relating, in all its
+simplicity, a fact which proves a profound passion on her part? A pretty
+woman may dance at the opera, smile upon numberless admirers, live
+carelessly from day to day, in the noisy excitement of the world; still,
+there will be some blessed hours, when the heart, though often laid waste,
+will flourish again all of a sudden. Love is like the sky, which looks
+blue, even when reflected in the stream formed by the storm. It is thus
+that love is occasionally found pure in a troubled heart. But, moreover,
+this serious passion of Mademoiselle de Camargo was experienced by her in
+all the freshness of her youth.
+
+One morning, Grimm, Pont-de-Veyle, Duclos, Helvetius, presented themselves
+in a gay mood, at the humble residence of the celebrated dancer. She was
+then living in an old house in the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre. An aged
+serving-woman opened the door.—"We wish to see Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, who had great difficulty in keeping his countenance. The
+old woman led them into a parlor that was furnished with peculiar and
+grotesque-looking furniture. The wainscoting was covered with pastels
+representing Mademoiselle de Camargo in all her grace, and in her
+different characters. But the parlor was not adorned by her portraits
+only; there was a _Christ on_ _the Mount of Olives_, a _Magdalen at the
+Tomb_, a _Veiled Virgin_, a _Venus_, the _Three Graces_, some _Cupids_,
+half concealed beneath some rosaries and sacred relics, and _Madonnas_,
+covered with trophies from the opera!
+
+The goddess of the place did not keep them a long time waiting; a door
+opened, half-a-dozen dogs of every variety of breed sprang into the
+parlor: it must be said, to the praise of Mademoiselle de Camargo, that
+these were not lap-dogs. She appeared behind them, carrying in her arms
+(looking like a fur muff) an Angora cat of fine growth. As she had not
+followed the fashion for ten years or more, she appeared to have come from
+the other world.—"You see, gentlemen," pointing to her dogs, "all the
+court I have at present, but in truth those courtiers there are well worth
+all others. Here, Marquis! down, Duke! lie down, Chevalier! Do not be
+offended, gentlemen, that I receive you in such company; but how was I to
+know?..."—Grimm first spoke.—"You will excuse, mademoiselle, this
+unannounced visit when you know the important object of it."—"I am as
+curious as if I were only twenty years old," said Mademoiselle de Camargo;
+"but, alas! when I was twenty, it was the heart that was curious; but now,
+in the winter of life, I am no longer troubled on that score."—"The heart
+never grows old," said Helvetius, bowing.—"That is a heresy, sir: those
+only dare to advance such maxims who have never been in love. It is love
+that never grows old, for it dies in childhood. But the heart—"—"You see,
+madame, that your heart is still young; what you have just said proves
+that you are still full of fire and inspiration."—"Yes, yes," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo, "you are perhaps right; but when the hair is gray
+and the wrinkles are deep, the heart is a lost treasure; a coin that is no
+longer current."—While saying this, she lifted up Marquis by his two paws,
+and kissed him on the head: Marquis was a fine setter-dog, with a
+beautiful spotted skin.—"They, at least, will love me to the last. But it
+seems to me we are talking nonsense; have we nothing better to talk about?
+Come, gentlemen, I am all attention!"
+
+The visitors looked at each other with some embarrassment; they seemed to
+be asking of each other who was to speak first. Pont-de-Veyle collected
+his thoughts, and spoke as follows: "Mademoiselle, we have been
+breakfasting together; we had a gay time of it, like men of spirit.
+Instead of bringing before us, as the Egyptians in olden times, mummies,
+in order to remind us that time is the most precious of all things, we
+called up all those gay phantoms which enchanted our youth: need I say
+that you were not the least charming of them? who did not love you? who
+did not desire to live with you one hour, even at the expense of a wound?
+Happiness never costs too much—" Mademoiselle Camargo interrupted the
+speaker: "O gentlemen, do not, I beg, blind me with the memory of the
+past; do not awaken a buried passion! Let me die in peace! See, the tears
+are in my eyes!"—The visitors, affected, looked with a certain degree of
+emotion at the poor old lady who had loved so much. "It is strange," said
+Helvetius to his neighbor, "we came here to laugh, but we are travelling
+quite another road; however, I must say, nothing could be more ludicrous
+than such a caricature, if it were not of a woman." "Proceed, sir," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo to Pont-de-Veyle. "To tell you the truth, madame,
+the worst fellow in the company, or rather he who had drank the most,
+declared that he was, of all your lovers, the one you most loved. ’The
+mere talk of a man who has had too much wine,’ said one of us. But our
+impertinent emptied his glass, and backed his statement. The discussion
+became very lively. We talked, we drank, and we talked. When the last
+bottle was empty, and the dispute was likely to end in a duel, and we
+talked without knowing, probably, what we said, the most sober of the
+company proposed to go and ask you yourself which of your lovers you loved
+the most. Is it the Count de Melun? is it the Duke de Richelieu? is it the
+Marquis de Croismare? the Baron de Viomesnil? the Viscount de Jumilhac? is
+it Monsieur de Beaumont, or Monsieur d’Aubigny? is it a poet? is it a
+soldier? is it an abbé?" "Pshaw! pshaw!" said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+smiling; "you had better refer to the _Court Calendar_!" "What we want to
+know is not the names of those who have loved you, but, I repeat, the name
+of him whom you loved the most." "You are fools," said Mademoiselle de
+Camargo, with an air of sadness and a voice that showed emotion; "I will
+not answer you. Let us leave our extinct passions in their tombs, in
+peace. Why unbury all those charming follies which have had their day?"
+"Come," says Grimm to Duclos, "do not let us grow sentimental; that would
+be too absurd. Mademoiselle de Camargo," said he, playing with the dogs at
+the same time, "which was the epoch of short petticoats? for that is one
+of the points of our philosophical dispute."
+
+The aged _danseuse_ did not answer. Taking Pont-de-Veyle by the hand, all
+of a sudden, she said in rising: "Monsieur, follow me." He obeyed with
+some surprise. She conducted him to her bedchamber; it was like a basket
+of odds and ends; it looked like a linendraper’s shop in confusion; it was
+all disorder; it was quite evident that the dogs were at home there.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo went to a little rosewood chest of drawers,
+covered with specimens of Saxony porcelain, more or less chipped and
+broken. She opened a little ebony box, exposing its contents to the eyes
+of Pont-de-Veyle. "Do you see?" said she, with a sigh. Pont-de-Veyle saw a
+torn letter, the dry bouquet of half a century, the kind of flowers of
+which it was composed could hardly be recognized. "Well?" asked
+Pont-de-Veyle. "Well, do you understand?" "Not at all." "Look at that
+portrait." She pointed with her finger to a wretched portrait in oils,
+covered with dust and spider’s web. "I begin to understand." "Yes," said
+she, "that is his portrait. As for myself, I never look at it. The one
+here," striking her breast, "is more like. A portrait is a good thing for
+those who have no time for memory."
+
+Pont-de-Veyle looked in turn with much interest at the letter, the faded
+bouquet, and the wretched portrait. "Have you ever met this person?"
+"Never." "Let us return, then." "No; I beg let me hear the story." "Is it
+not enough to have seen his portrait? You can now settle your dispute with
+a word, since you know whether he whom I loved the most resembles your
+friend who had taken so much wine." "He does not resemble him the least in
+the world." "Well, that is all: I forgive your visit. Farewell! When you
+breakfast with your friends, you can take up my defence somewhat. You can
+tell those libertines without pity, that I have saved myself by my heart,
+if we can be saved that way.... Yes, yes; it is my plank of safety, in the
+wreck!"
+
+Saying these words, Mademoiselle de Camargo approached the door of the
+saloon. Pont-de-Veyle followed her, carrying the ebony-box. "Gentlemen,"
+said he, to his merry friends, "our drunken toper was a coxcomb; I have
+seen the portrait of the best beloved of the goddess of this mansion; now,
+you must join your prayers to mine, to prevail upon Mademoiselle de
+Camargo to relate to us the romance of her heart; I only know the preface,
+which is melancholy and interesting; I have seen a letter, a bouquet, and
+a portrait." "I will not tell you a word," muttered she; "women are
+charged with not being able to keep a secret; there is, however, more than
+one that they never tell. A love-secret is a rose which embalms our
+hearts; if it is told, the rose loses its perfume. I who address you,"
+said Mademoiselle de Camargo, in brightening up, "I have only kept my love
+in all its freshness by keeping it all to myself. There were only La
+Carton and that old rogue Fontenelle who ever got hold of my secret.
+Fontenelle was in the habit of dining frequently with me; one day, finding
+me in tears, he was so surprised, he who never wept himself, from
+philosophy, doubtless, that he tormented me for more than an hour for a
+solution of the enigma. He was almost like a woman; he drew from me, by
+his cat-like worrying, the history of my love. Would you believe it? I
+hoped to touch his heart, but it was like speaking to the deaf. After
+having listened to the end without saying a word, he muttered with his
+little weak voice, ’_It is pretty!_’ La Carton, however, wept with me. It
+is worth being a poet and a philosopher in order not to understand such
+histories."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo was silent; a deep silence followed, and every
+look was upon her. "Speak, speak! we are all attention," said Helvetius,
+"we are more worthy of hearing your story than the old philosopher, who
+loved no one but himself." "After all," she replied, carried away by the
+delight of her remembrance, "it will be spending a happy hour; I speak of
+myself, and as for happy or unhappy hours, not many more are to pass
+during my life, for I feel that I am passing away. But I do not know how
+to begin; a fire flashes before my eyes; I cannot see, I am so overcome.
+To begin: I was twenty.... But I shall never have the courage to read my
+history aloud before so many people." "Fancy, Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, "that you are reading a romance." "Well, then," said she,
+"I will begin without ceremony."
+
+"I was twenty years old. You are all aware, for the adventure caused a
+great deal of scandal, you all know how the Count de Melun carried me off
+one morning along with my sister Sophy. This little mad-cap, who had a
+great deal of imagination, having discovered me reading a letter of the
+count’s, in which he spoke of his design, she swore upon her thirteen
+years that he must carry her off too. I was far from conceding any such
+claim. It was always taken for granted that children know nothing; but at
+the opera, and in love, there are no children. The Count de Melun, by
+means of a bribe, had gained over the chambermaid. I was very culpable; I
+knew all, and had not informed my father. But my father wearied me
+somewhat; he preached in the desert; that is to say he preached to me
+about virtue. He was always talking to me about our noble descent, of our
+cousin, who was a cardinal, of our uncle, who was a grand inquisitor of
+the Inquisition. Vanity of vanities! all was vanity with him, while with
+me all was love. I did not trouble myself about being of an illustrious
+family; I was handsome, I was worshipped, and, what was still better, I
+was young.
+
+"In the middle of the night I heard my door open; it was the Count de
+Melun. I was not asleep, I was expecting him. It is not every woman who
+would like it that is run away with. I was going to be run away with.
+
+"Love is not only charming in itself, it is so also from its romance. A
+passion without adventure is like a mistress without caprice. I was seated
+upon my bed. ’Is it you, Jacqueline?’ I said, affecting fright. ’It is I,’
+said the count, falling upon his knees. ’You, sir! Your letter was not a
+joke then?’ ’My horses are at hand; there is no time to lose; leave this
+sad prison: my hotel, my fortune, my heart, all are at your service.’ At
+that moment a light appeared at the door. ’My father!’ I cried, with
+affright, as I concealed myself behind the bed curtains. ’All is lost,’
+muttered the count. It was Sophy. I recognized her light step. She
+approached with the light in her hand, and in silence, toward the count.
+’My sister,’ said she, with some degree of excitement, but without losing
+her presence of mind, ’here I am, all ready.’ I did not understand; I
+looked at her with surprise; she was all dressed, from head to foot. ’What
+are you saying? You are mad.’ ’Not by any means; I want to be run away
+with, like yourself.’ The Count de Melun could not help laughing.
+’Mademoiselle,’ he said to her, ’you forget your dolls and toys. ’Sir,’
+replied she, with dignity, ’I am thirteen years old. It was not yesterday
+that I made my _début_ at the opera; I take a part on the stage in the
+ravishment of Psyche.’ ’Good,’ says the count, ’we will carry you off
+too.’ ’It is as well,’ whispered the count in my ear; ’this is the only
+way of getting rid of her.’
+
+"I was very much put out by this contretemps, which gave a new
+complication to our adventure. My father might forgive my being carried
+off, but Sophy! I tried to dissuade her from her mad enterprise. I offered
+her my ornaments; she would not listen to reason. She declared, that if
+she was not carried off with me she would inform against us, and thus
+prevent the adventure. ’Do not oppose her.’ said the count; ’with such a
+tendency she will be sure to be carried off sooner or later.’—’Well, let
+us depart together,’ The chambermaid, who had approached with the
+stealthy, quiet step of a cat, told us to hurry, for she was afraid that
+the noise of the horses, that were pawing the ground near by, would awaken
+Monsieur de Camargo. We were off; the carriage drove us to the count’s
+hotel, rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais. Sophy laughed and sung. In the
+morning I wrote to the manager of the opera, that by the advice of my
+physician it was impossible for me to appear for three weeks. To tell you
+the truth, gentlemen, in a week’s time I went myself to inform the manager
+that I would dance that evening. This, you perceive, is not very
+flattering to the Count de Melun; but there are so few men in this world
+who are sufficiently interesting for a week together. I loved the count,
+doubtless, but I wanted to breathe a little without him. I desired the
+excitement of the theatre. I opened my window, constantly, as if I would
+fly out of it.
+
+"As soon as I appeared at the opera my father followed my track, and
+discovered the retreat of his daughters. One evening behind the scenes, he
+went straight to the count and insulted him. The count answered him, with
+great deference, that he would avoid the chance of taking the life of a
+gallant gentleman who had given birth to such a daughter as I was. My
+father did his best to prove and establish his sixteen quarterings, the
+count was not willing to fight him. It was about that time that my father
+presented his famous petition to the Cardinal de Fleury: ’Your petitioner
+would state to the Lord Cardinal, that the Count de Melun, having carried
+off his two daughters in the night, between the 10th and 11th of the month
+of May, 1728, holds them imprisoned in his hotel, rue de la
+Culture-Saint-Gervais. Your petitioner having to do with a person of rank,
+is obliged to have recourse to his majesty’s ministers; he hopes, through
+the goodness of the king, justice will be done him, and that the Count de
+Melun will be commanded to espouse the elder daughter of your petitioner,
+and endow the younger.’
+
+"A father could not have done better. The Cardinal de Fleury amused
+himself a good deal with the petition, and recommended me, one day that we
+were supping together, for full penance, to make over to my father my
+salary at the opera. But I find I am not getting on with my story. But
+what would you have? The beginning is always where we dwell with the
+greatest pleasure. I had been living in the count’s hotel a year; Sophy
+had returned to my father’s house, where she did not remain long; but it
+is not her history that I am relating. One morning a cousin of the count
+arrived at the hotel in a great bustle; he was about spending a season in
+Paris, in all the wildness of youth. He took us by surprise at breakfast;
+he took his seat at table, without ceremony, on the invitation of the
+count.
+
+"In the beginning he did not strike my fancy; I thought him somewhat of a
+braggadocio. He cultivated his mustachios with, great care (the finest
+mustachios in the world), and spoke quite often enough of his prowess in
+battle. Some visitor interrupting us, the count went into his library, and
+left us together, _tête-à-tête_. Monsieur de Marteille’s voice, until then
+proud and haughty in its tone, softened a little. He had at first looked
+at me with the eye of a soldier; he now looked at me with the eye of a
+pupil.—’Excuse, madame,’ said he, with some emotion, ’my rude soldier-like
+bearing; I know nothing of fine manners; I have never passed through the
+school of gallantry. Do not be offended at any thing I may say.’—’Why,
+sir,’ said I, smiling, ’you do not say any thing at all.’—’Ah, if I knew
+how to speak! but, in truth, I would feel more at home before a whole army
+than I do before your beautiful eyes. The count is very happy in having
+such a beautiful enemy to contend with.’—While speaking thus, he looked at
+me with a supplicating tenderness which contrasted singularly with his
+look of the hero. I do not know what my eyes answered him. The count then
+came in, and the conversation took another turn.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille accepted the earnest invitation of his cousin to
+stay at his hotel. He went out; I did not see him again till evening. He
+did not know who I was; the count called me Marianne, and,
+unintentionally, perhaps, he had not spoken a word to his cousin about the
+opera, or my grace and skill as a dancer. At supper, Monsieur de Marteille
+had no longer the same frank gayety of the morning; a slight uneasiness
+passed like a cloud over his brow; more than once I caught his melancholy
+glance.—’Cheer up your cousin,’ I said to the count.—’I know what he
+wants,’ answered Monsieur de Melun; ’I will take him to-morrow to the
+opera. You will see that in that God-forsaken place he will find his
+good-humor again.’—I felt jealous, without asking myself why.
+
+"Next day the _Triumph of Bacchus_ was played. I appeared as Ariadne, all
+covered with vine-leaves and flowers. I never danced so badly. I had
+recognized Monsieur de Marteille among the gentlemen of the court. He
+looked at me with a serious air. I had hoped to have had an opportunity to
+speak with him before the end of the ballet, but he had already gone. I
+was offended at his abrupt departure.—’How!’ said I to myself, ’he sees me
+dance, and this is the way he makes me his compliments.’—Next morning, he
+breakfasted with us; he did not say a word about the evening; finally, not
+being able to resist my impatience, ’Well, Monsieur de Marteille,’ said I
+to him, somewhat harshly, ’you left early last night; it was hardly polite
+of you.’—’Ah! when you were to dance no more!’ said he, with a sigh. This
+was the first time that I was ever spoken to thus. Fearing that he had
+said too much, and in order to divert Monsieur de Melun, who observed him
+with a look of surprise, he began to speak of a little singer of no great
+moment, who had a voice of some freshness.
+
+"In the afternoon, the count detained at home for some reason or other,
+begged his cousin to accompany me in a ride to the woods. He was to join
+us on horseback. The idea of this ride made my heart beat violently. It
+was the first time that I had listened with pleasure to the beatings of my
+heart.
+
+"We started on a fine summer’s day. Every thing was like a holyday: the
+sky, the houses, the trees, the horses, and the people. A veil had fallen
+from my eyes. For some minutes we remained in the deepest silence; not
+knowing what to do, I amused myself by making a diamond that I wore
+glisten in the rays of the sun that entered the carriage. Monsieur de
+Marteille caught hold of my hand. We both said not a word the whole time.
+I tried to disengage my hand; he held it the harder. I blushed; he turned
+pale. A jolt of the carriage occurred very opportunely to relieve us from
+our embarrassment; the jolt had lifted me from my seat; it made me fall
+upon his bosom.—’Monsieur,’ said I, starting. ’Ah, madame, if you knew how
+I love you!’—He said this with a tenderness beyond expression; it was love
+itself that spoke! I had no longer the strength to get angry. He took my
+hand again and devoured it with kisses. He did not say another word; I
+tried to speak, but did not know what to say myself. From time to time our
+looks met each other; it was then that we were eloquent. Such eternal
+pledges, such promises of happiness!
+
+"Notwithstanding, we arrived at the woods. All of a sudden, as if seized
+with a new idea, he put his head out of the window, and said something to
+the coachman. I understood, by the answer of La Violette, the coachman,
+that he was not willing to obey; but Monsieur de Marteille having alluded
+to a caning and fifty pistoles, the coachman made no further objections. I
+did not understand very well what he was about. After an hour’s rapid
+travelling, as I was looking with some anxiety as to where we were, he
+tried to divert me by telling me some episodes of his life. Although I did
+not listen very intelligently to what he said, I heard enough to find out
+that I was the first woman he had ever loved. They all say so, but he told
+the truth, for he spoke with his eyes and his heart. I soon found out that
+we were no longer on our right road; but observe how far the feebleness of
+a woman in love will go: I hadn’t the courage to ask him why he had
+changed our route. We crossed the Seine in a boat, between Sèvres and St.
+Cloud; we regained the woods, and after an hour’s ride through them, we
+reached an iron park-gate, at the extremity of the village of Velaisy.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille had counted without his host. He expected not to
+have found a soul in his brother’s chateau, but, since the evening before,
+his brother had returned from a journey to the coast of France. Seeing
+that the chateau was inhabited, Monsieur de Marteille begged me to wait a
+little in the carriage. As soon as he had gone, the coachman came to the
+door.—’Well, madame, we breathe at last! my opinion is that we should make
+our escape. Depend upon the word of La Violette, we shall be in less than
+two hours at the hotel.’—’La Violette,’ said I, ’open the door.’—I ran a
+great risk. La Violette obeyed.—’Now,’ said I to him, when I had alighted
+upon the ground, ’you may go!’—He looked at me with the eye of an old
+philosopher, mounted his box, and snapped his whip; but he had hardly
+started, when he thought it better to return.—’I will not return without
+madame, for if I return alone, I shall be sure of a good heating, and of
+being discharged.’—’Indeed, La Violette! as you please.’ At that moment I
+saw the count returning.—’It is all for the best,’ he cried out, in the
+distance; ’my brother has only two days to spend in Paris: he has stopped
+here to give his orders; he wishes, at all hazards, to see Camargo dance!
+I told him that she was to appear this evening. He will leave in a moment.
+You must wait in the park till he is gone. I will return to him, for I
+must take my leave of him, and wish him a pleasant journey.
+
+"An hour afterward we were installed in the chateau. La Violette remained,
+at our order, with his carriage and horses. In the evening there was great
+excitement at the opera. It was solemnly announced to the public that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo had been carried off! The Count de Melun surprised
+at not finding us in the woods, had gone to the theatre. He was hissed; he
+swore revenge. He sought every where; he found neither his horses, nor his
+carriage, nor his mistress. For three months the opera was in mourning!
+Thirty bailiffs were on my track; but we made so little noise in our
+little chateau, hid away in the woods, that we were never discovered."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo became pale; she was silent, and looked at her
+listeners as if she would say by her looks that had been lighted up at
+that celestial flame which had passed over her life: "Oh, how we loved
+each other during those three months!"
+
+She continued as follows: "That season has filled a greater space in my
+life than all the rest of my days. When I think of the past, it is there
+where my thoughts travel at once. How relate to you the particulars of our
+happiness? When destiny protects us, happiness is composed of a thousand
+charming nothings that the hearts of others cannot understand. During
+those three months I was entirely happy; I wished to live for ever in this
+charming retreat for him that I loved a thousand times more than myself. I
+wished to abandon the opera, that opera that the Count de Melun could not
+make me forget for a week!
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille possessed all the attraction of a real passion; he
+loved me with a charming simplicity; he put in play, without designing it,
+all the seductions of love. What tender words! what impassioned looks!
+what enticing conversation! Each day was a holyday, each hour a rapture. I
+had no time to think of the morrow.
+
+"Our days were spent in walks, in the shade of the woods, in the thousand
+windings of the park. In the evening I played the harpsichord, and I sang.
+It often occurred that I danced, danced for him. In the middle of a dance
+that would have excited a furor at the opera, I fell at his feet,
+completely overcome; he raised me up, pressed me to his heart and forgave
+me for having danced. I always hear his beautiful voice, which was like
+music, but such music as I dream of, and not such as Rameau has
+composed... But now I am speaking without knowing what I say."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo turned toward Pont-de-Veyle. "Monsieur," said she,
+"open that box or rather hand it to me." She took the box, opened it, and
+took the bouquet from it. "But above all, gentlemen, I must explain to you
+why I have preserved this bouquet." While saying this she attempted to
+smell the vanished odor of the bouquet.
+
+"One morning," she resumed, "Monsieur de Marteille awoke me
+early—’Farewell!’ he said, pale and trembling.—’What are you saying?’
+cried I with affright.—’Alas,’ replied he, embracing me, I did not wish to
+tell you before, but for a fortnight I have had orders to leave.
+Hostilities are to be resumed in the Low Countries; I have no longer a
+single hour either for you or for me; I have over forty leagues to travel
+to-day.’—’Oh, my God, what will become of me?’ said I weeping. ’I will
+follow you.’—’But, my dear Marianne, I shall return.’—’You will return in
+an age! Go, cruel one, I shall be dead when you return.’
+
+"An hour was spent in taking leave and in tears; he was obliged to go; he
+went.
+
+"I returned to weep in that retreat, that was so delightful the evening
+before. Two days after his departure, he wrote me a very tender letter, in
+which he told me that on the next day, he would have the consolation of
+engaging in battle. ’I hope,’ added he, ’that the campaign will not be a
+long one; some days of hard fighting, and then I return to your feet.’
+What more shall I tell you? He wrote me once again."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo unfolded slowly the torn letter. "Here is the
+second letter:—
+
+
+                                                               Oct 17.
+
+    "’No, I shall not return, my dear, I am going to die, but without
+    fear, without reproach. Oh! if you were here, Marianne! What
+    madness! in a hospital where, all of us, all, be we what we may,
+    are disfigured with wounds, and dying! What an idea to dash ahead
+    in the fight, when I only thought of seeing you again. As soon as
+    I was wounded, I asked the surgeon if I should live long enough to
+    reach Paris: "You have but an hour," he answered me pitilessly...
+    They brought me here with the others. In a word, we should learn
+    to resign ourselves to what comes from Heaven. I die content with
+    having loved you; console yourself; return to the opera. I am not
+    jealous of those who shall succeed me, for will they love you as I
+    have done? Farewell, Marianne, death approaches, and death never
+    waits; I thank it for having left me sufficient time to bid you
+    farewell. Now, it will be I who will wait for you.
+
+    "’Farewell, farewell, I press you to my heart, which ceases to
+    beat.’"
+
+
+After having wiped her eyes, Mademoiselle de Camargo continued as follows:
+"Shall I describe to you all my sorrows, all my tears, all my anguish!
+Alas! as he had said, I returned to the opera. I did not forget Monsieur
+de Marteille, in the tempest of my folly. Others have loved me. I have
+loved no one but Monsieur de Marteille; his memory has beamed upon my life
+like a blessing from heaven. When I reappeared at the opera, I was seen
+attending mass; I was laughed at for my devotion. They did not understand,
+philosophers as they were, that I prayed to God, in consequence of those
+words of Monsieur de Martielle: ’Now it will be I who will wait for you.’
+
+"When I left the chateau, I plucked a bouquet in the park, thinking that I
+was plucking the flowers that had bloomed for him; I brought away this
+bouquet, along with the portrait that you see there. I had vowed, in
+leaving our dear retreat, to go every year, at the same season, to gather
+a bouquet in the park. Will you believe it? I never went there again!"
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo thus finished her history. "Well, my dear
+philosopher," said Helvetius to Duclos, in descending the steps, "you have
+just read a book that is somewhat curious."—"A bad book," answered Duclos,
+"but such books are always interesting."
+
+In April, 1770, the news spread that Mademoiselle de Camargo had just died
+a good catholic. "This created a great surprise," says a journal of the
+day, "in the republic of letters, for she was supposed to have been dead
+twenty years." Her last admirer and her last friend, to whom she had
+bequeathed her dogs and her cats, had caused her body to be interred with
+a magnificence unexampled at the opera. "All the world," says Grimm,
+"admired that white pall, the symbol of chastity, that all unmarried
+persons are entitled to in their funeral ceremony."
+
+
+
+
+
+MY NOVEL:
+
+
+                    OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.(7)
+
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IX.—INITIAL CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now that I am fairly in the heart of my story, these preliminary chapters
+must shrink into comparatively small dimensions, and not encroach upon the
+space required by the various personages whose acquaintance I have picked
+up here and there, and who are now all crowding upon me like poor
+relations to whom one has unadvisedly given a general invitation, and who
+descend upon one simultaneously about Christmas time. Where they are to be
+stowed, and what is to become of them all, heaven knows; in the meanwhile,
+the reader will have already observed that the Caxton family themselves
+are turned out of their own rooms, sent a-packing, in order to make way
+for the new comers.
+
+And now that I refer to that respected family, I shall take occasion
+(dropping all metaphor) to intimate a doubt, whether, should these papers
+be collected and republished, I shall not wholly recast the Initial
+Chapters in which the Caxtons have been permitted to reappear. They assure
+me, themselves, that they feel a bashful apprehension lest they may be
+accused of having thrust irrelevant noses into affairs which by no means
+belong to them—an impertinence which, being a peculiarly shy race, they
+have carefully shunned in the previous course of their innocent and
+segregated existence. Indeed, there is some cause for that alarm, seeing
+that not long since, in a journal professing to be critical, this _My
+Novel, or Varieties in English Life_, was misnomed and insulted as "a
+Continuation of _The Caxtons_," with which biographical work it has no
+more to do (save in the aforesaid introductions to previous Books in the
+present diversified and compendious narrative) than I with Hecuba, or
+Hecuba with me. Reserving the doubt herein suggested for maturer
+deliberation, I proceed with my new Initial Chapter. And I shall stint the
+matter therein contained to a brief comment upon PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+Were you ever in public life, my dear reader? I don’t mean by that
+question, to ask whether you were ever Lord Chancellor, Prime Minister,
+Leader of the Opposition, or even a member of the House of Commons. An
+author hopes to find readers far beyond that very egregious but very
+limited segment of the Great Circle. Were you ever a busy man in your
+vestry, active in a municipal corporation, one of a committee for
+furthering the interests of an enlightened candidate for your native
+burgh, town, or shire?—in a word, did you ever resign your private
+comforts as men in order to share the public troubles of mankind? If ever
+you have so far departed from the Lucretian philosophy, just look back—was
+it life at all that you lived?—were you an individual distinct existence—a
+passenger in the railway?—or were you merely an indistinct portion of that
+common flame which heated the boiler and generated the steam that set off
+the monster train?—very hot, very active, very useful, no doubt; but all
+your identity fused in flame, and all your forces vanishing in gas.
+
+And you think the people in the railway carriages care for you?—do you
+think that the gentleman in the worsted wrapper is saying to his neighbor
+with the striped rug on his comfortable knees, "How grateful we ought to
+be for that fiery particle which is crackling and hissing under the
+boiler! It helps us on the fraction of an inch from Vauxhall to Putney?"
+Not a bit of it. Ten to one but he is saying—"Not sixteen miles an hour!
+What the deuce is the matter with the stoker?"
+
+Look at our friend Audley Egerton. You have just had a glimpse of the real
+being that struggles under the huge copper;—you have heard the hollow
+sound of the rich man’s coffers under the tap of Baron Levy’s friendly
+knuckle—heard the strong man’s heart give out its dull warning sound to
+the scientific ear of Dr. F vanishes the separate existence, lost again in
+the flame that heats the boiler, and the smoke that curls into air from
+the grimy furnace.
+
+Look to it, O Public Man, whoever thou art, and whatsoever thy degree—see
+if thou canst not compound matters, so as to keep a little nook apart for
+thy private life; that is, for _thyself_! Let the great Popkins Question
+not absorb wholly the individual soul of thee, as Smith or Johnson. Don’t
+so entirely consume thyself under that insatiable boiler, that when thy
+poor little monad rushes out from the sooty furnace, and arrives at the
+stars, thou mayest find no vocation for thee there, and feel as if thou
+hadst nothing to do amidst the still splendors of the Infinite. I don’t
+deny to thee the uses of "Public Life;" I grant that it is much to have
+helped to carry that great Popkins Question; but Private Life, my friend,
+is the life of thy Private soul; and there may be matters concerned with
+that which, on consideration, thou mayest allow, cannot be wholly mixed up
+with the great Popkins Question—and were not finally settled when thou
+didst exclaim—"I have not lived in vain—the Popkins Question is carried at
+last!" O immortal soul, for one quarter of an hour _per diem_—de-Popkinise
+thine immortality!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+It had not been without much persuasion on the part of Jackeymo, that
+Riccabocca had consented to settle himself in the house which Randal had
+recommended to him. Not that the exile conceived any suspicion of the
+young man beyond that which he might have shared with Jackeymo, viz., that
+Randal’s interest in the father was increased by a very natural and
+excusable admiration of the daughter. But the Italian had the pride common
+to misfortune,—he did not like to be indebted to others, and he shrank
+from the pity of those to whom it was known that he had held a higher
+station in his own land. These scruples gave way to the strength of his
+affection for his daughter and his dread of his foe. Good men, however
+able and brave, who have suffered from the wicked, are apt to form
+exaggerated notions of the power that has prevailed against them. Jackeymo
+had conceived a superstitious terror of Peschiera, and Riccabocca, though
+by no means addicted to superstition, still had a certain creep of the
+flesh whenever he thought of his foe.
+
+But Riccabocca—than whom no man was more physically brave, and no man, in
+some respects, more morally timid—feared the Count less as a foe than as a
+gallant. He remembered his kinsman’s surpassing beauty—the power he had
+obtained over women. He knew him versed in every art that corrupts, and
+void of all the conscience that deters. And Riccabocca had unhappily
+nursed himself into so poor an estimate of the female character, that even
+the pure and lofty nature of Violante did not seem to him a sufficient
+safeguard against the craft and determination of a practised and
+remorseless intriguer. But of all the precautions he could take, none
+appeared more likely to conduce to safety, than his establishing a
+friendly communication with one who professed to be able to get at all the
+Count’s plans and movements, and who could apprise Riccabocca at once
+should his retreat be discovered. "Forewarned is forearmed," said he to
+himself, in one of the proverbs common to all nations. However, as with
+his usual sagacity he came to reflect upon the alarming intelligence
+conveyed to him by Randal, viz., that the Count sought his daughter’s
+hand, he divined that there was some strong personal interest under such
+ambition; and what could be that interest save the probability of
+Riccabocca’s ultimate admission to the Imperial grace, and the Count’s
+desire to assure himself of the heritage to an estate that he might be
+permitted to retain no more? Riccabocca was not indeed aware of the
+condition (not according to usual customs in Austria) on which the Count
+held the forfeited domains. He knew not that they had been granted merely
+on pleasure; but he was too well aware of Peschiera’s nature to suppose
+that he would woo a bride without a dower, or be moved by remorse in any
+overture of reconciliation. He felt assured, too—and this increased all
+his fears—that Peschiera would never venture to seek an interview himself;
+all the Count’s designs on Violante would be dark, secret, and
+clandestine. He was perplexed and tormented by the doubt, whether or not
+to express openly to Violante his apprehensions of the nature of the
+danger to be apprehended. He had told her vaguely that it was for her sake
+that he desired secrecy and concealment. But that might mean any thing:
+what danger to himself would not menace her? Yet to say more was so
+contrary to a man of his Italian notions and Machiavellian maxims! To say
+to a young girl, "There is a man come over to England on purpose to woo
+and win you. For heaven’s sake take care of him; he is diabolically
+handsome; he never fails where he sets his heart." "Cospetto!" cried the
+doctor aloud, as these admonitions shaped themselves to speech in the
+camera-obscura of his brain; "such a warning would have undone a Cornelia
+while she was yet an innocent spinster." No, he resolved to say nothing to
+Violante of the Count’s intention, only to keep guard, and make himself
+and Jackeymo all eyes and all ears.
+
+The house Randal had selected pleased Riccabocca at first glance. It stood
+alone, upon a little eminence; its upper windows commanded the high road.
+It had been a school, and was surrounded by high walls, which contained a
+garden and lawn sufficiently large for exercise. The garden doors were
+thick, fortified by strong bolts, and had a little wicket lattice, shut
+and opened at pleasure, from which Jackeymo could inspect all visitors
+before he permitted them to enter.
+
+An old female servant from the neighborhood was cautiously hired;
+Riccabocca renounced his Italian name, and abjured his origin. He spoke
+English sufficiently well to think he could pass as an Englishman. He
+called himself Mr. Richmouth (a liberal translation of Riccabocca). He
+bought a blunderbuss, two pair of pistols, and a huge house-dog. Thus
+provided for, he allowed Jackeymo to write a line to Randal and
+communicate his arrival.
+
+Randal lost no time in calling. With his usual adaptability and his powers
+of dissimulation, he contrived easily to please Mrs. Riccabocca, and to
+increase the good opinion the exile was disposed to form of him. He
+engaged Violante in conversation on Italy and its poets. He promised to
+buy her books. He began, though more distantly than he could have
+desired—for her sweet stateliness awed him in spite of himself—the
+preliminaries of courtship. He established himself at once as a familiar
+guest, riding down daily in the dusk of evening, after the toils of
+office, and retiring at night. In four or five days he thought he had made
+great progress with all. Riccabocca watched him narrowly, and grew
+absorbed in thought after every visit. At length one night, when he and
+Mrs. Riccabocca were alone in the drawing-room, Violante having retired to
+rest, he thus spoke as he filled his pipe:—
+
+"Happy is the man who has no children! Thrice happy he who has no girls."
+
+"My dear Alphonso!" said the wife, looking up from the wristband to which
+she was attaching a neat mother-o’-pearl button. She said no more; it was
+the sharpest rebuke she was in the custom of administering to her
+husband’s cynical and odious observations. Riccabocca lighted his pipe
+with a thread paper, gave three great puffs, and resumed:
+
+"One blunderbuss, four pistols, and a house-dog called Pompey, who would
+have made mince-meat of Julius Cæsar!"
+
+"He certainly eats a great deal, does Pompey!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+simply. "But if he relieves your mind!"
+
+"He does not relieve it in the least, ma’am," groaned Riccabocca; "and
+that is the point I was coming to. This is a most harassing life, and a
+most undignified life. And I who have only asked from Heaven dignity and
+repose! But, if Violante were once married, I should want neither
+blunderbuss, pistol, nor Pompey. And it is that which would relieve my
+mind, _cara mia_;—Pompey only relieves my larder!"
+
+Now Riccabocca had been more communicative to Jemima than he had been to
+Violante. Having once trusted her with one secret, he had every motive to
+trust her with another; and he had accordingly spoken out his fears of the
+Count di Peschiera. Therefore she answered, laying down the work, and
+taking her husband’s hand tenderly—
+
+"Indeed, my love, since you dread so much (though I own that I must think
+unreasonably) this wicked, dangerous man, it would be the happiest thing
+in the world to see dear Violante well married; because, you see, if she
+is married to one person, she cannot be married to another; and all fear
+of this Count, as you say, would be at an end."
+
+"You cannot express yourself better. It is a great comfort to unbosom
+one’s self to a wife, after all!" quoth Riccabocca.
+
+"But," said the wife, after a grateful kiss—"but where and how can we find
+a husband suitable to the rank of your daughter?"
+
+"There—there—there," cried Riccabocca, pushing back his chair to the
+farther end of the room—"that comes of unbosoming one’s self! Out flies
+one’s secret; it is opening the lid of Pandora’s box; one is betrayed,
+ruined, undone!"
+
+"Why, there’s not a soul that can hear us!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+soothingly.
+
+"That’s chance, ma’am! If you once contract the habit of blabbing out a
+secret when nobody’s by, how on earth can you resist it when you have the
+pleasurable excitement of telling it to all the world? Vanity,
+vanity—woman’s vanity! Woman never could withstand rank—never!" The Doctor
+went on railing for a quarter of an hour, and was very reluctantly
+appeased by Mrs. Riccabocca’s repeated and tearful assurances that she
+would never even whisper to herself that her husband had ever held any
+other rank than that of Doctor.—Riccabocca, with a dubious shake of the
+head, renewed—
+
+"I have done with all pomp and pretension. Besides, the young man is a
+born gentleman; he seems in good circumstances; he has energy and latent
+ambition; he is akin to L’Estrange’s intimate friend; he seems attached to
+Violante. I don’t think it probable that we could do better. Nay, if
+Peschiera fears that I shall be restored to my country, and I learn the
+wherefore, and the ground to take, through this young man—why, gratitude
+is the first virtue of the noble!"
+
+"You speak, then, of Mr. Leslie?"
+
+"To be sure—of whom else?"
+
+Mrs. Riccabocca leaned her cheek on her hand thoughtfully. "Now you have
+told me _that_, I will observe him with different eyes."
+
+"_Anima mia_, I don’t see how the difference of your eyes will alter the
+object they look upon!" grumbled Riccabocca, shaking the ashes out of his
+pipe.
+
+"The object alters when we see it in a different point of view!" replied
+Jemima, modestly. "This thread does very well when I look at it in order
+to sew on a button, but I should say it would never do to tie up Pompey in
+his kennel."
+
+"Reasoning by illustration, upon my soul!" ejaculated Riccabocca, amazed.
+
+"And," continued Jemima, "when I am to regard one who is to constitute the
+happiness of that dear child, and for life, can I regard him as I would
+the pleasant guest of an evening? Ah, trust me, Alphonso—I don’t pretend
+to be wise like you—but, when a woman considers what a man is likely to
+prove to woman—his sincerity—his honor—his heart—oh, trust me, she is
+wiser than the wisest man!"
+
+Riccabocca continued to gaze on Jemima with unaffected admiration and
+surprise. And, certainly, to use his phrase, since he had unbosomed
+himself to his better half—since he had confided in her, consulted with
+her, her sense had seemed to quicken—her whole mind to expand.
+
+"My dear," said the sage, "I vow and declare that Machiavelli was a fool
+to you. And I have been as dull as the chair I sit upon, to deny myself so
+many years the comfort and counsel of such a—but _corpo di Baccho!_ forget
+all about rank; and so now to bed."
+
+"One must not holloa till one’s out of the wood," muttered the ungrateful,
+suspicious villain, as he lighted the chamber candle.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Riccabocca could not confine himself to the precincts within the walls to
+which he condemned Violante. Resuming his spectacles, and wrapped in his
+cloak, he occasionally sallied forth upon a kind of outwatch or
+reconnoitring expedition—restricting himself, however, to the immediate
+neighborhood, and never going quite out of sight of his house. His
+favorite walk was to the summit of a hillock overgrown with stunted
+bushwood. Here he would seat himself musingly, often till the hoofs of
+Randal’s horse rang on the winding road, as the sun set, over fading
+herbage, red and vaporous, in autumnal skies. Just below the hillock, and
+not two hundred yards from his own house, was the only other habitation in
+view—a charming, thoroughly English cottage, though somewhat imitated from
+the Swiss—with gable ends, thatched roof, and pretty projecting casements,
+opening through creepers and climbing roses. From his height he commanded
+the gardens of this cottage, and his eye of artist was pleased, from the
+first sight, with the beauty which some exquisite taste had given to the
+ground. Even in that cheerless season of the year, the garden wore a
+summer smile; the evergreens were so bright and various, and the few
+flowers, still left, so hardy and so healthful. Facing the south, a
+colonnade, or covered gallery, of rustic woodwork had been formed, and
+creeping plants, lately set, were already beginning to clothe its columns.
+Opposite to this colonnade there was a fountain which reminded Riccabocca
+of his own at the deserted Casino. It was indeed singularly like it: the
+same circular shape, the same girdle of flowers around it. But the jet
+from it varied every day—fantastic and multiform, like the sports of a
+Naïad—sometimes shooting up like a tree, sometimes shaped as a
+convolvulus, sometimes tossing from its silver spray a flower of
+vermilion, or a fruit of gold—as if at play with its toy like a happy
+child. And near the fountain was a large aviary, large enough to inclose a
+tree. The Italian could just catch a gleam of rich color from the wings of
+the birds, as they glanced to and fro within the network, and could hear
+their songs, contrasting the silence of the free populace of air, whom the
+coming winter had already stilled.
+
+Riccabocca’s eye, so alive to all aspects of beauty, luxuriated in the
+view of this garden. Its pleasantness had a charm that stole him from his
+anxious fear and melancholy memories.
+
+He never saw but two forms within the demesnes, and he could not
+distinguish their features. One was a woman, who seemed to him of staid
+manner and homely appearance: she was seen but rarely. The other a man,
+often pacing to and fro the colonnade, with frequent pauses before the
+playful fountain, or the birds that sang louder as he approached. This
+latter form would then disappear within a room, the glass door of which
+was at the extreme end of the colonnade; and if the door were left open,
+Riccabocca could catch a glimpse of the figure bending over a table
+covered with books.
+
+Always, however, before the sun set, the man would step forth more
+briskly, and occupy himself with the garden, often working at it with good
+heart, as if at a task of delight; and then, too, the woman would come
+out, and stand by as if talking to her companion. Riccabocca’s curiosity
+grew aroused. He bade Jemima inquire of the old maid-servant who lived at
+the cottage, and heard that its owner was a Mr. Oran—a quiet gentleman,
+and fond of his book.
+
+While Riccabocca thus amused himself, Randal had not been prevented,
+either by his official cares or his schemes on Violante’s heart and
+fortune, from furthering the project that was to unite Frank Hazeldean and
+Beatrice di Negra. Indeed, as to the first, a ray of hope was sufficient
+to fire the ardent and unsuspecting lover. And Randal’s artful
+misrepresentation of Mrs. Hazeldean’s conversation with him, removed all
+fear of parental displeasure from a mind always too disposed to give
+itself up to the temptation of the moment. Beatrice, though her feelings
+for Frank were not those of love, became more and more influenced by
+Randal’s arguments and representations, the more especially as her brother
+grew morose, and even menacing, as days slipt on, and she could give no
+clue to the retreat of those whom he sought for. Her debts, too, were
+really urgent. As Randal’s profound knowledge of human infirmity had
+shrewdly conjectured, the scruples of honor and pride, that had made her
+declare she would not bring to a husband her own incumbrances, began to
+yield to the pressure of necessity. She listened already, with but faint
+objections, when Randal urged her not to wait for the uncertain discovery
+that was to secure her dowry, but by a private marriage with Frank escape
+at once into freedom and security. While, though he had first held out to
+young Hazeldean the inducement of Beatrice’s dowry as reason of
+self-justification in the eyes of the Squire, it was still easier to drop
+that inducement, which had always rather damped than fired the high spirit
+and generous heart of the poor Guardsman. And Randal could conscientiously
+say, that when he had asked the Squire if he expected fortune with Frank’s
+bride, the Squire had replied, "I don’t care." Thus encouraged by his
+friend and his own heart, and the softening manner of a woman who might
+have charmed many a colder, and fooled many a wiser man, Frank rapidly
+yielded to the snares held out for his perdition. And though as yet he
+honestly shrank from proposing to Beatrice or himself a marriage without
+the consent, and even the knowledge, of his parents, yet Randal was quite
+content to leave a nature, however good, so thoroughly impulsive and
+undisciplined, to the influences of the first strong passion it had ever
+known. Meanwhile, it was easy to dissuade Frank from even giving a hint to
+the folks at home. "For," said the wily and able traitor, "though we may
+be sure of Mrs. Hazeldean’s consent, and her power over your father, when
+the step is once taken, yet we cannot count for certain on the Squire—he
+is so choleric and hasty. He might hurry to town—see Madame di Negra,
+blurt out some compassionate, rude expressions which would wake her
+resentment, and cause her instant rejection. And it might be too late if
+he repented afterwards—as he would be sure to do."
+
+Meanwhile Randal Leslie gave a dinner at the Clarendon Hotel (an
+extravagance most contrary to his habits), and invited Frank, Mr.
+Borrowell, and Baron Levy.
+
+But this house-spider, which glided with so much ease after its flies,
+through webs so numerous and mazy, had yet to amuse Madame di Negra with
+assurances that the fugitives sought for would sooner or later be
+discovered. Though Randal baffled and eluded her suspicion that he was
+already acquainted with the exiles, ("the persons he had thought of were,"
+he said, "quite different from her description;" and he even presented to
+her an old singing-master, and a sallow-faced daughter, as the Italians
+who had caused his mistake), it was necessary for Beatrice to prove the
+sincerity of the aid she had promised to her brother, and to introduce
+Randal to the Count. It was no less desirable to Randal to know, and even
+win the confidence of this man—his rival.
+
+The two met at Madame di Negra’s house. There is something very strange,
+and almost mesmerical, in the _rapport_ between two evil natures. Bring
+two honest men together, and it is ten to one if they recognize each other
+as honest; differences in temper, manner, even politics, may make each
+misjudge the other. But bring together two men, unprincipled and
+perverted—men who, if born in a cellar, would have been food for the hulks
+or gallows—and they recognize each other by instant sympathy. The eyes of
+Franzini, Count of Peschiera, and Randal Leslie no sooner met, than a
+gleam of intelligence shot from both. They talked on indifferent
+subjects—weather, gossip, politics—what not. They bowed and they smiled;
+but, all the while, each was watching, plumbing the other’s heart; each
+measuring his strength with his companion; each inly saying, "This is a
+very remarkable rascal; am I a match for him?" It was at dinner they met;
+and, following the English fashion, Madame di Negra left them alone with
+their wine.
+
+Then, for the first time, Count di Peschiera cautiously and adroitly made
+a covered push towards the object of the meeting.
+
+"You have never been abroad, my dear sir? You must contrive to visit me at
+Vienna. I grant the splendor of your London world; but, honestly speaking,
+it wants the freedom of ours—a freedom which unites gayety with polish.
+For as your society is mixed, there are pretension and effort with those
+who have no right to be in it, and artificial condescension and chilling
+arrogance with those who have to keep their inferiors at a certain
+distance. With us, all being of fixed rank and acknowledged birth,
+familiarity is at once established." "Hence," added the Count, with his
+French lively smile—"hence there is no place like Vienna for a young
+man—no place like Vienna for _bonnes fortunes_."
+
+"Those make the paradise of the idle," replied Randal, "but the purgatory
+of the busy. I confess frankly to you, my dear Count, that I have as
+little of the leisure which becomes the aspirer to _bonnes fortunes_ as I
+have the personal graces which obtain them without an effort;" and he
+inclined his head as in compliment.
+
+"So," thought the Count, "woman is not his weak side. What is?"
+
+"_Morbleu!_ my dear Mr. Leslie—had I thought as you do some years since, I
+had saved myself from many a trouble. After all, Ambition is the best
+mistress to woo; for with her there is always the hope, and never the
+possession."
+
+"Ambition, Count," replied Randal, still guarding himself in dry
+sententiousness, "is the luxury of the rich, and the necessity of the
+poor."
+
+"Aha," thought the Count, "it comes, as I anticipated from the first—comes
+to the bribe." He passed the wine to Randal, filling his own glass, and
+draining it carelessly: "_Sur mon âme, mon cher_," said the Count, "luxury
+is ever pleasanter than necessity; and I am resolved at least to give
+ambition a trial—_je vais me réfugier dans le sein du bonheur
+domestique_—a married life and a settled home. _Peste!_ If it were not for
+ambition, one would die of ennui. Apropos, my dear sir, I have to thank
+you for promising my sister your aid in finding a near and dear kinsman of
+mine, who has taken refuge in your country, and hides himself even from
+me."
+
+"I should be most happy to assist in your search. As yet, however, I have
+only to regret that all my good wishes are fruitless. I should have
+thought, however, that a man of such rank had been easily found, even
+through the medium of your own ambassador."
+
+"Our own ambassador is no very warm friend of mine; and the rank would be
+no clue, for it is clear that my kinsman has never assumed it since he
+quitted his country."
+
+"He quitted it, I understand, not exactly from choice," said Randal,
+smiling. "Pardon my freedom and curiosity, but will you explain to me a
+little more than I learn from English rumor (which never accurately
+reports upon foreign matters still more notorious), how a person who had
+so much to lose, and so little to win, by revolution, could put himself
+into the same crazy boat with a crew of hare-brained adventurers and
+visionary professors?
+
+"Professors!" repeated the Count; "I think you have hit on the very answer
+to your question; not but what men of high birth were as mad as the
+_canaille_. I am the more willing to gratify your curiosity, since it will
+perhaps serve to guide your kind search in my favor. You must know, then,
+that my kinsman was not born the heir to the rank he obtained. He was but
+a distant relation to the head of the house which he afterwards
+represented. Brought up in an Italian university, he was distinguished for
+his learning and his eccentricities. There, too, I suppose, brooding over
+old wives’ tales about freedom, and so forth, he contracted his
+_carbonaro_, chimerical notions for the independence of Italy. Suddenly,
+by three deaths, he was elevated, while yet young, to a station and honors
+which might have satisfied any man in his senses. _Que diable!_ what could
+the independence of Italy do for _him_! He and I were cousins; we had
+played together as boys; but our lives had been separated till his
+succession to rank brought us necessarily together. We became exceedingly
+intimate. And you may judge how I loved him," said the Count, averting his
+eyes slightly from Randal’s quiet, watchful gaze, "when I add, that I
+forgave him for enjoying a heritage that, but for him, had been mine."
+
+"Ah, you were next heir?"
+
+"And it is a hard trial to be very near a great fortune, and yet just miss
+it."
+
+"True," cried Randal, almost impetuously. The Count now raised his eyes,
+and again the two men looked into each other’s souls.
+
+"Harder still, perhaps," resumed the Count, after a short pause—"harder
+still might it have been to some men to forgive the rival as well as the
+heir."
+
+"Rival! How?"
+
+"A lady, who had been destined by her parents to myself, though we had
+never, I own, been formally betrothed, became the wife of my kinsman."
+
+"Did he know of your pretensions?"
+
+"I do him the justice to say he did not. He saw and fell in love with the
+young lady I speak of. Her parents were dazzled. Her father sent for me.
+He apologized—he explained; he set before me, mildly enough, certain
+youthful imprudences or errors of my own, as an excuse for his change of
+mind; and he asked me not only to resign all hope of his daughter, but to
+conceal from her new suitor that I had ever ventured to hope."
+
+"And you consented?"
+
+"I consented."
+
+"That was generous. You must indeed have been much attached to your
+kinsman. As a lover I cannot comprehend it; perhaps, my dear Count, you
+may enable me to understand it better—as a man of the world."
+
+"Well," said the Count, with his most _roué_ air, "I suppose we _are_ both
+men of the world?"
+
+"_Both!_ certainly," replied Randal, just in the tone which Peachum might
+have used in courting the confidence of Lockit.
+
+"As a man of the world, then, I own," said the Count, playing with the
+rings on his fingers, "that if I could not marry the lady myself (and that
+seemed to me clear), it was very natural that I should wish to see her
+married to my wealthy kinsman."
+
+"Very natural; it might bring your wealthy kinsman and yourself still
+closer together."
+
+"This is really a very clever fellow!" thought the Count, but he made no
+direct reply.
+
+"_Enfin_, to cut short a long story, my cousin afterwards got entangled in
+attempts, the failure of which is historically known. His projects were
+detected—himself denounced. He fled, and the Emperor, in sequestrating his
+estates, was pleased, with rare and singular clemency, to permit me, as
+his nearest kinsman, to enjoy the revenues of half those estates during
+the royal pleasure; nor was the other half formally confiscated. It was no
+doubt his Majesty’s desire not to extinguish a great Italian name; and if
+my cousin and his child died in exile, why, of that name, I, a loyal
+subject of Austria—I, Franzini, Count di Peschiera, would become the
+representative. Such, in a similar case, has been sometimes the Russian
+policy towards Polish insurgents."
+
+"I comprehend perfectly; and I can also conceive that you, in profiting so
+largely, though so justly, by the fall of your kinsman, may have been
+exposed to much unpopularity—even to painful suspicion."
+
+"_Entre nous, mon cher_, I care not a stiver for popularity; and as to
+suspicion, who is he that can escape from the calumny of the envious? But,
+unquestionably, it would be most desirable to unite the divided members of
+our house; and this union I can now effect, by the consent of the Emperor
+to my marriage with my kinsman’s daughter. You see, therefore, why I have
+so great an interest in this research?"
+
+"By the marriage articles you could no doubt secure the retention of the
+half you hold; and if you survive your kinsman, you would enjoy the whole.
+A most desirable marriage; and, if made, I suppose that would suffice to
+obtain your cousin’s amnesty and grace?"
+
+"You say it."
+
+"But even without such marriage, since the Emperor’s clemency has been
+extended to so many of the proscribed, it is perhaps probable that your
+cousin might be restored?"
+
+"It once seemed to me possible," said the Count, reluctantly; "but since I
+have been in England, I think not. The recent revolution in France, the
+democratic spirit rising in Europe, tend to throw back the cause of a
+proscribed rebel. England swarms with revolutionists; my cousin’s
+residence in this country is in itself suspicious. The suspicion is
+increased by his strange seclusion. There are many Italians here who would
+aver that they had met with him, and that he was still engaged in
+revolutionary projects."
+
+"Aver—untruly."
+
+"_Ma foi_—it comes to the same thing; _les absens ont toujours tort_. I
+speak to a man of the world. No; without some such guarantee for his
+faith, as his daughter’s marriage with myself would give, his recall is
+improbable. By the heaven above us, it shall be _impossible_!" The Count
+rose as he said this—rose as if the mask of simulation had fairly fallen
+from the visage of crime—rose tall and towering, a very image of masculine
+power and strength, beside the slight bended form and sickly face of the
+intellectual schemer. Randal was startled; but, rising also, he said
+carelessly—
+
+"What if this guarantee can no longer be given?—what if, in despair of
+return, and in resignation to his altered fortunes, your cousin has
+already married his daughter to some English suitor?"
+
+"Ah, that would indeed be, next to my own marriage with her, the most
+fortunate thing that could happen to myself."
+
+"How? I don’t understand!"
+
+"Why, if my cousin has so abjured his birthright, and forsworn his rank—if
+this heritage, which is so dangerous from its grandeur, pass, in case of
+his pardon, to some obscure Englishman—a foreigner—a native of a country
+that has no ties with ours—a country that is the very refuge of levellers
+and Carbonari—_mort dema vie_—do you think that such would not annihilate
+all chance of my cousin’s restoration, and be an excuse even to the eyes
+of Italy for formally conferring the sequestered estates on an Italian?
+No; unless, indeed, the girl were to marry an Englishman of such name and
+birth and connection as would in themselves be a guarantee, (and how in
+poverty is this likely?) I should go back to Vienna with a light heart, if
+I could say, ’My kinswoman is an Englishman’s wife—shall her children be
+the heirs to a house so renowned for its lineage, and so formidable for
+its wealth?’ _Parbleu!_ if my cousin were but an adventurer, or merely a
+professor, he had been pardoned long ago. The great enjoy the honor not to
+be pardoned easily."
+
+Randal fell into deep but brief thought. The Count observed him, not face
+to face, but by the reflection of an opposite mirror. "This man knows
+something; this man is deliberating; this man can help me," thought the
+Count.
+
+But Randal said nothing to confirm these hypotheses. Recovering from his
+abstraction, he expressed courteously his satisfaction at the Count’s
+prospects, either way. "And since, after all," he added, "you mean so well
+to your cousin, it occurs to me that you might discover him by a very
+simple English process."
+
+"How?"
+
+"Advertise that, if he will come to some place appointed, he will hear of
+something to his advantage."
+
+The Count shook his head. "He would suspect me, and not come."
+
+"But he was intimate with you. He joined an insurrection;—you were more
+prudent. You did not injure him, though you may have benefited yourself.
+Why should he shun you?"
+
+"The conspirators forgive none who do not conspire; besides, to speak
+frankly, he thought I injured him."
+
+"Could you not conciliate him through his wife—whom—you resigned to him?"
+
+"She is dead—died before he left the country."
+
+"Oh, that is unlucky! Still I think an advertisement might do good. Allow
+me to reflect on that subject. Shall we now join Madame la Marquise?"
+
+On re-entering the drawing-room, the gentlemen found Beatrice in full
+dress, seated by the fire, and reading so intently that she did not remark
+them enter.
+
+"What so interests you, _ma sœur_?-the last novel by Balzac, no doubt?"
+
+Beatrice started, and, looking up, showed eyes that were full of tears.
+"Oh, no! no picture of miserable, vicious Parisian life. This is
+beautiful; there is _soul_ here."
+
+Randal took up the book which the Marchesa laid down; it was the same that
+had charmed the circle at Hazeldean—charmed the innocent and
+fresh-hearted—charmed now the wearied and tempted votaress of the world.
+
+"Hum," murmured Randal; "the Parson, was right. This is power—a sort of a
+power."
+
+"How I should like to know the author! Who can he be—can you guess?"
+
+"Not I. Some old pedant in spectacles."
+
+"I think not—I am sure not. Here beats a heart I have ever sighed to find,
+and never found."
+
+"Oh, _naïve enfant_!" cried the Count; "_comme son imagination s’égare en
+rêves enchantés_. And to think that, while you talk like an Arcadian, you
+are dressed like a princess."
+
+"Ah, I forgot—the Austrian ambassador’s. I shall not go to-night. This
+book unfits me for the artificial world."
+
+"Just as you will, my sister. I shall go. I dislike the man, and he me;
+but ceremonies before men!"
+
+"You are going to the Austrian Embassy?" said Randal. "I too shall be
+there. We shall meet." And he took his leave.
+
+"I like your young friend prodigiously," said the Count, yawning. "I am
+sure that he knows of the lost birds, and will stand to them like a
+pointer, if I can but make it his interest to do so. We shall see."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Randal arrived at the ambassador’s before the Count, and contrived to mix
+with the young noblemen attached to the embassy, and to whom he was known.
+Standing among these was a young Austrian, on his travels, of very high
+birth, and with an air of noble grace that suited the ideal of the old
+German chivalry. Randal was presented to him, and, after some talk on
+general topics, observed, "By the way, Prince, there is now in London a
+countryman of yours, with whom you are doubtless familiarly acquainted—the
+Count di Peschiera."
+
+"He is no countryman of mine. He is an Italian. I know him but by sight
+and by name," said the Prince, stiffly.
+
+"He is of very ancient birth, I believe."
+
+"Unquestionably. His ancestors were gentlemen."
+
+"And very rich."
+
+"Indeed! I have understood the contrary. He enjoys, it is true, a large
+revenue."
+
+A young _attaché_, less discreet than the Prince, here observed, "Oh,
+Peschiera!—Poor fellow, he is too fond of play to be rich."
+
+"And there is some chance that the kinsman whose revenue he holds, may
+obtain his pardon, and re-enter into possession of his fortunes—so I hear,
+at least," said Randal, artfully.
+
+"I shall be glad if it be true," said the Prince with decision; "and I
+speak the common sentiment at Vienna. That kinsman had a noble spirit, and
+was, I believe, equally duped and betrayed. Pardon me, sir; but we
+Austrians are not so bad as we are painted. Have you ever met in England
+the kinsman you speak of?"
+
+"Never, though he is supposed to reside here; and the Count tells me that
+he has a daughter."
+
+"The Count—ha! I heard something of a scheme—a wager of that—that
+Count’s—a daughter. Poor girl! I hope she will escape his pursuit; for, no
+doubt, he pursues her."
+
+"Possibly she may already have married an Englishman."
+
+"I trust not," said the Prince, seriously; "that might at present be a
+serious obstacle to her father’s return."
+
+"You think so?"
+
+"There can be no doubt of it," interposed the _attaché_ with a grand and
+positive air; "unless, indeed, the Englishman were of a rank equal to her
+own."
+
+Here there was a slight, well-bred murmur and buzz at the doors; for the
+Count di Peschiera himself was announced; and as he entered, his presence
+was so striking, and his beauty so dazzling, that whatever there might be
+to the prejudice of his character, it seemed instantly effaced or
+forgotten in that irresistible admiration which it is the prerogative of
+personal attributes alone to create.
+
+The Prince, with a slight curve of his lip at the groups that collected
+round the Count, turned to Randal and said, "Can you tell me if a
+distinguished countryman of yours is in England—Lord L’Estrange?"
+
+"No, Prince—he is not. You know him?"
+
+"Well."
+
+"He is acquainted with the Count’s kinsman; and perhaps from him you have
+learned to think so highly of that kinsman?"
+
+The Prince bowed, and answered as he moved away, "When a man of high honor
+vouches for another, he commands the belief of all."
+
+"Certainly," soliloquized Randal, "I must not be precipitate. I was very
+nearly falling into a terrible trap. If I were to marry the girl, and
+only, by so doing, settle away her inheritance on Peschiera!—How hard it
+is to be sufficiently cautious in this world!"
+
+While thus meditating, a member of Parliament tapped him on the shoulder.
+
+"Melancholy, Leslie! I lay a wager I guess your thoughts."
+
+"Guess," answered Randal.
+
+"You were thinking of the place you are so soon to lose."
+
+"Soon to lose!"
+
+"Why, if ministers go out, you could hardly keep it, I suppose."
+
+This ominous and horrid member of Parliament, Squire Hazeldean’s favorite
+county member, Sir John, was one of those legislators especially odious to
+officials—an independent "large-acred" member, who would no more take
+office himself than he would cut down the oaks in his park, and who had no
+bowels of human feeling for those who had opposite tastes and less
+magnificent means.
+
+"Hem!" said Randal, rather surlily. "In the first place, Sir John,
+ministers are not going out."
+
+"Oh yes, they will go. You know I vote with them generally, and would
+willingly keep them in; but they are men of honor and spirit; and if they
+can’t carry their measures, they must resign; otherwise, by Jove, I would
+turn round and vote them out myself!"
+
+"I have no doubt you would, Sir John; you are quite capable of it; that
+rests with you and your constituents. But even if ministers did go out, I
+am but a poor subaltern in a public office. I am no minister—why should I
+go out too?"
+
+"Why? Hang it, Leslie, you are laughing at me. A young fellow like you
+could never be mean enough to stay in, under the very men who drove out
+your friend Egerton!"
+
+"It is not usual for those in the public offices to retire with every
+change of Government."
+
+"Certainly not; but always those who are the relations of a retiring
+minister—always those who have been regarded as politicians, and who mean
+to enter Parliament, as of course you will do at the next election. But
+you know that as well as I do—you who are so decided a politician—the
+writer of that admirable pamphlet! I should not like to tell my friend
+Hazeldean, who has a sincere interest in you, that you ever doubted on a
+question of honor as plain as your A, B, C."
+
+"Indeed, Sir John," said Randal, recovering his suavity, while he inly
+breathed a dire anathema on his county member, "I am so new to these
+things, that what you say never struck me before. No doubt you must be
+right; at all events, I cannot have a better guide and adviser than Mr.
+Egerton himself."
+
+"No, certainly—perfect gentleman, Egerton! I wish we could make it up with
+him and Hazeldean."
+
+_Randal_, (sighing)—"Ah, I wish we could!"
+
+_Sir John._—"And some chance of it now; for the time is coming when all
+true men of the old school must stick together."
+
+_Randal._—"Wisely, and admirably said, my dear Sir John. But, pardon me, I
+must pay my respects to the ambassador."
+
+Randal escaped, and, passing on, saw the ambassador himself in the next
+room, conferring in a corner with Audley Egerton. The ambassador seemed
+very grave—Egerton calm and impenetrable, as usual. Presently the Count
+passed by, and the ambassador bowed to him very stiffly. As Randal, some
+time later, was searching for his cloak below, Audley Egerton unexpectedly
+joined him. "Ah, Leslie," said the minister, with more kindness than
+usual, "if you don’t think the night air too cold for you, let us walk
+home together. I have sent away the carriage."
+
+This condescension in his patron was so singular that it quite startled
+Randal, and gave him a presentiment of some evil. When they were in the
+street, Egerton, after a pause, began—"My dear Mr. Leslie, it was my hope
+and belief that I had provided for you at least a competence; and that I
+might open to you, later, a career yet more brilliant. Hush! I don’t doubt
+your gratitude; let me proceed. There is a possible chance, after certain
+decisions that the Government have come to, that we may be beaten in the
+House of Commons, and of course resign. I tell you this beforehand, for I
+wish you to have time to consider what, in that case, would be your best
+course. My power of serving you would then probably be over. It would, no
+doubt (seeing our close connection, and my views with regard to your
+future being so well known)—be expected that you should give up the place
+you hold, and follow my fortunes for good or ill. But as I have no
+personal enemies with the opposite party—and as I have sufficient position
+in the world to uphold and sanction your choice, whatever it may be, if
+you think it more prudent to retain your place, tell me so openly, and I
+think I can contrive that you may do it without loss of character and
+credit. In that case confine your ambition merely to rising gradually in
+your office, without mixing in politics. If, on the other hand, you should
+prefer to take your chance of my return to office, and so resign your own;
+and, furthermore, should commit yourself to a policy that may then be not
+only in opposition, but unpopular; I will do my best to introduce you into
+parliamentary life. I cannot say that I advise the latter."
+
+Randal felt as a man feels after a severe fall—he was literally stunned.
+At length he faltered out—"Can you think, sir, that I should ever desert
+your fortunes—your party—your cause?"
+
+"My dear Leslie," replied the minister, "you are too young to have
+committed yourself to any men or to any party, except, indeed, in that
+unlucky pamphlet. This must not be an affair of sentiment, but of sense
+and reflection. Let us say no more on the point now; but, by considering
+the _pros_ and _cons_, you can better judge what to do, should the time
+for option suddenly arrive."
+
+"But I hope that time may not come."
+
+"I hope so too, and most sincerely," said the minister, with deliberate
+and genuine emphasis.
+
+"What could be so bad for the country?" ejaculated Randal. "It does not
+seem to me possible in the nature of things, that you and your party
+should ever go out."
+
+"And when we are once out, there will be plenty of wiseacres to say it is
+out of the nature of things that we should ever come in again. Here we are
+at the door."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+Randal passed a sleepless night; but, indeed, he was one of those persons
+who neither need, nor are accustomed to much sleep. However, towards
+morning, when dreams are said to be prophetic, he fell into a most
+delightful slumber—a slumber peopled by visions fitted to lure on, through
+labyrinths of law, predestined chancellors, or wreck upon the rocks of
+glory the inebriate souls of youthful ensigns—dreams from which Rood Hall
+emerged crowned with the towers of Belvoir or Raby, and looking over
+subject lands and manors wrested from the nefarious usurpation of
+Thornhills and Hazeldeans—dreams in which Audley Egerton’s gold and
+power—rooms in Downing Street, and saloons in Grosvenor Square—had passed
+away to the smiling dreamer, as the empire of Chaldæa passed to Darius the
+Median. Why visions so belying the gloomy and anxious thoughts that
+preceded them should visit the pillow of Randal Leslie, surpasses my
+philosophy to conjecture. He yielded, however, passively to their spell,
+and was startled to hear the clock strike eleven as he descended the
+stairs to breakfast. He was vexed at the lateness of the hour, for he had
+meant to have taken advantage of the unwonted softness of Egerton, and
+drawn therefrom some promises or proffers to cheer the prospects which the
+minister had so chillingly expanded before him the preceding night. And it
+was only at breakfast that he usually found the opportunity of private
+conference with his busy patron. But Audley Egerton would be sure to have
+sallied forth—and so he had—only Randal was surprised to hear that he had
+gone out in his carriage, instead of on foot, as was his habit. Randal
+soon despatched his solitary meal, and with a new and sudden affection for
+his office, thitherward bent his way. As he passed through Piccadilly, he
+heard behind a voice that had lately become familiar to him, and turning
+round, saw Baron Levy walking side by side, though not arm-in-arm, with a
+gentleman almost as smart as himself, but with a jauntier step and a
+brisker air—a step that, like Diomed’s, as described by Shakspeare—
+
+  "Rises on the toe—that spirit of his
+  In aspiration lifts him from the earth."
+
+Indeed, one may judge of the spirits and disposition of a man by his
+ordinary gait and mien in walking. He who habitually pursues abstract
+thought, looks down on the ground. He who is accustomed to sudden
+impulses, or is trying to seize upon some necessary recollection, looks up
+with a kind of jerk. He who is a steady, cautious, merely practical man,
+walks on deliberately, his eyes straight before him; and even in his most
+musing moods observes things around sufficiently to avoid a porter’s knot
+or a butcher’s tray.—But the man with strong ganglions—of pushing lively
+temperament, who, though practical, is yet speculative—the man who is
+emulous and active, and ever trying to rise in life—sanguine, alert,
+bold—walks with a spring—looks rather above the heads of his
+fellow-passengers—but with a quick, easy turn of his own, which is lightly
+set on his shoulders; his mouth is a little open—his eye is bright, rather
+restless, but penetrative—his port has something of defiance—his form is
+erect, but without stiffness. Such was the appearance of the Baron’s
+companion. And as Randal turned round at Levy’s voice, the Baron said to
+his companion, "A young man in the first circles—you should book him for
+your fair lady’s parties. How d’ye do, Mr. Leslie? Let me introduce you to
+Mr. Richard Avenel." Then, as he hooked his arm into Randal’s, he
+whispered, "Man of first-rate talent—monstrously rich—has two or three
+parliamentary seats in his pocket—wife gives parties—her foible."
+
+"Proud to make your acquaintance, sir," said Mr. Avenel, lifting his hat.
+"Fine day."
+
+"Rather cold, too," said Leslie, who, like all thin persons with weak
+digestion, was chilly by temperament; besides, he had enough on his mind
+to chill his body.
+
+"So much the healthier,—braces the nerves," said Mr. Avenel; "but you
+young fellows relax the system by hot rooms and late hours. Fond of
+dancing, of course, sir?" Then, without waiting for Randal’s negative, Mr.
+Richard continued rapidly, "Mrs. Avenel has a _soirée dansante_ on
+Thursday—shall be very happy to see you in Eaton Square. Stop, I have a
+card;" and he drew out a dozen large invitation cards, from which he
+selected one and presented it to Randal.—The Baron pressed that young
+gentleman’s arm, and Randal replied courteously that it would give him
+great pleasure to be introduced to Mrs. Avenel. Then, as he was not
+desirous to be seen under the wing of Baron Levy, like a pigeon under that
+of a hawk, he gently extricated himself, and, pleading great haste, walked
+quickly on towards his office.
+
+"That young man will make a figure some day," said the Baron. "I don’t
+know any one of his age with so few prejudices. He is a connection by
+marriage to Audley Egerton, who"—
+
+"Audley Egerton!" exclaimed Mr. Avenel; "d ungrateful fellow?"
+
+"Why, what do you know of him?"
+
+"He owed his first seat in Parliament to the votes of two near relations
+of mine, and when I called upon him some time ago, in his office, he
+absolutely ordered me out of the room. Hang his impertinence; if ever I
+can pay him off, I guess I shan’t fail for want of good will!"
+
+"Ordered you out of the room? That’s not like Egerton, who is civil, if
+formal—at least, to most men. You must have offended him in his weak
+point."
+
+"A man whom the public pays so handsomely should have no weak point. What
+is Egerton’s?"
+
+"Oh, he values himself on being a thorough gentleman—a man of the nicest
+honor," said Levy with a sneer. "You must have ruffled his plumes there.
+How was it?"
+
+"I forget now," answered Mr. Avenel, who was far too well versed in the
+London scale of human dignities since his marriage, not to look back with
+a blush at his desire of knighthood. "No use bothering our heads now about
+the plumes of an arrogant popinjay. To return to the subject we were
+discussing. You must be sure to let me have this money next week."
+
+"Rely upon it."
+
+"And you’ll not let my bills get into the market; keep them under lock and
+key."
+
+"So we agreed."
+
+"It is but a temporary difficulty—royal mourning, such nonsense—panic in
+trade, lest these precious ministers go out. I shall soon float over the
+troubled waters."
+
+"By the help of a paper boat," said the Baron, laughing; and the two
+gentlemen shook hands and parted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+Meanwhile Audley Egerton’s carriage had deposited him at the door of Lord
+Lansmere’s house, at Knightsbridge. He asked for the Countess, and was
+shown into the drawing-room, which was deserted. Egerton was paler than
+usual; and, as the door opened, he wiped the unwonted moisture from his
+forehead, and there was a quiver in his firm lip. The Countess, too, on
+entering, showed an emotion almost equally unusual to her self-control.
+She pressed Audley’s hand in silence, and seating herself by his side,
+seemed to collect her thoughts. At length she said: "It is rarely indeed
+that we meet, Mr. Egerton, in spite of your intimacy with Lansmere and
+Harley. I go so little into your world, and you will not voluntarily come
+to me."
+
+"Madam," replied Egerton, "I might evade your kind reproach by stating
+that my hours are not at my disposal; but I answer you with plain truth—it
+must be painful to both of us to meet."
+
+The Countess colored and sighed, but did not dispute the assertion. Audley
+resumed. "And therefore, I presume, that on sending for me, you have
+something of moment to communicate."
+
+"It relates to Harley," said the Countess, as if in apology; "and I would
+take your advice."
+
+"To Harley! speak on, I beseech you."
+
+"My son has probably told you that he has educated and reared a young
+girl, with the intention to make her Lady L’Estrange, and hereafter
+Countess of Lansmere."
+
+"Harley has no secrets from me," said Egerton, mournfully.
+
+"This young lady has arrived in England—is here—in this house."
+
+"And Harley too?"
+
+"No, she came over with Lady N her daughters. Harley was to follow
+shortly, and I expect him daily. Here is his letter. Observe, he has never
+yet communicated his intentions to this young person, now intrusted to my
+care—never spoken to her as the lover."
+
+Egerton took the letter and read it rapidly, though with attention.
+
+"True," said he, as he returned the letter: "and before he does so, he
+wishes you to see Miss Digby and to judge of her yourself—wishes to know
+if you will approve and sanction his choice."
+
+"It is on this that I would consult you—a girl without rank;—the father,
+it is true, a gentleman, though almost equivocally one,—but the mother, I
+know not what. And Harley for whom I hoped an alliance with the first
+houses in England!" The Countess pressed her hands convulsively together.
+
+_Egerton._—"He is no more a boy. His talents have been wasted—his life a
+wanderer’s. He presents to you a chance of re-settling his mind, of
+re-arousing his native powers, of a home besides your own. Lady Lansmere,
+you cannot hesitate!"
+
+_Lady Lansmere._—"I do, I do! After all that I have hoped, after all that
+I did to prevent"—
+
+_Egerton_ (interrupting her).—"You owe him now an atonement: that is in
+your power—it is not in mine."
+
+The Countess again pressed Audley’s hand, and the tears gushed from her
+eyes. "It shall be so. I consent—I consent. I will silence, I will crush
+back this proud heart. Alas! it wellnigh broke his own! I am glad you
+speak thus. I like to think he owes my consent to you. In that there is
+atonement for both—both."
+
+"You are too generous, madam," said Egerton, evidently moved, though
+still, as ever, striving to repress emotion. "And may I see the young
+lady? This conference pains me; you see even my strong nerves quiver; and
+at this time I have much to go through—need of all my strength and
+firmness."
+
+"I hear, indeed, that the government will probably retire. But it is with
+honor: it will be soon called back by the voice of the nation."
+
+"Let me see the future wife of Harley L’Estrange," said Egerton, without
+heed of this consolatory exclamation.
+
+The Countess rose and left the room. In a few minutes she returned with
+Helen Digby. Helen was wondrously improved from the pale, delicate child,
+with the soft smile and intelligent eyes, who had sat by the side of
+Leonard in his garret. She was about the middle height, still slight but
+beautifully formed; that exquisite roundness of proportion, which conveys
+so well the idea of woman, in its undulating pliant grace—formed to
+embellish life, and soften away its rude angles—formed to embellish, not
+to protect. Her face might not have satisfied the critical eye of an
+artist—it was not without defects in regularity; but its expression was
+eminently gentle and prepossessing; and there were few who would not have
+exclaimed, "What a lovely countenance!" The mildness of her brow was
+touched with melancholy—her childhood had left its traces on her youth.
+Her step was slow, and her manner shy, subdued, and timid. Audley gazed on
+her with earnestness as she approached him; and then coming forward, took
+her hand and kissed it. "I am your guardian’s constant friend," said he;
+and he drew her gently to a seat beside him, in the recess of a window.
+With a quick glance of his eye towards the Countess, he seemed to imply
+the wish to converse with Helen somewhat apart. So the Countess
+interpreted the glance; and though she remained in the room, she seated
+herself at a distance, and bent over a book.
+
+It was touching to see how the austere man of business lent himself to
+draw forth the mind of this quiet, shrinking girl; and if you had
+listened, you would have comprehended how he came to possess such social
+influence, and how well, some time or other in the course of his life, he
+had learned to adapt himself to women. He spoke first of Harley
+L’Estrange—spoke with tact and delicacy. Helen at first answered by
+monosyllables, and then, by degrees, with grateful and open affection.
+Audley’s brow grew shaded. He then spoke of Italy; and though no man had
+less of the poet in his nature, yet, with the dexterity of one long versed
+in the world, and who has been accustomed to extract evidences from
+characters most opposed to his own, he suggested such topics as might
+serve to arouse poetry in others. Helen’s replies betrayed a cultivated
+taste, and a charming womanly mind; but they betrayed also one accustomed
+to take its colorings from another’s—to appreciate, admire, revere the
+Lofty and the Beautiful, but humbly and meekly. There was no vivid
+enthusiasm, no remark of striking originality, no flash of the
+self-kindling, creative faculty. Lastly, Egerton turned to England—to the
+critical nature of the times—to the claims which the country possessed
+upon all who had the ability to serve and guide its troubled destinies. He
+enlarged warmly on Harley’s natural talents, and rejoiced that he had
+returned to England, perhaps to commence some great career. Helen looked
+surprised, but her face caught no correspondent glow from Audley’s
+eloquence. He rose, and an expression of disappointment passed over his
+grave, handsome features, and as quickly vanished.
+
+"Adieu! my dear Miss Digby; I fear I have wearied you, especially with my
+politics. Adieu, Lady Lansmere; no doubt I shall see Harley as soon as he
+returns."
+
+Then he hastened from the room, gained his carriage, and ordered the
+coachman to drive to Downing-street. He drew down the blinds, and leant
+back. A certain languor became visible in his face, and once or twice he
+mechanically put his hand to his heart.
+
+"She is good, amiable, docile—will make an excellent wife, no doubt," said
+he, murmuringly. "But does she love Harley as he has dreamed of love? No!
+Has she the power and energy to arouse his faculties, and restore to the
+world the Harley of old? No! Meant by heaven to be the shadow of another’s
+sun—not herself the sun—this child is not the one who can atone for the
+Past and illume the Future."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+That evening Harley L’Estrange arrived at his father’s house. The few
+years that had passed since we saw him last, had made no perceptible
+change in his appearance. He still preserved his elastic youthfulness of
+form, and singular variety and play of countenance. He seemed unaffectedly
+rejoiced to greet his parents, and had something of the gayety and the
+tenderness of a boy returned from school. His manner to Helen bespoke the
+chivalry that pervaded all the complexities and curves of his character.
+It was affectionate but respectful. Hers to him, subdued—but innocently
+sweet and gently cordial. Harley was the chief talker. The aspect of the
+times was so critical, that he could not avoid questions on politics; and,
+indeed, he showed an interest in them which he had never evinced before.
+Lord Lansmere was delighted.
+
+"Why, Harley, you love your country, after all?"
+
+"The moment she seems in danger—yes!" replied the Patrician; and the
+Sybarite seemed to rise into the Athenian.
+
+Then he asked with eagerness about his old friend Audley; and, his
+curiosity satisfied there, he inquired the last literary news. He had
+heard much of a book lately published. He named the one ascribed by Parson
+Dale to Professor Moss; none of his listeners had read it. Harley pished
+at this, and accused them all of indolence and stupidity in his own
+quaint, metaphorical style. Then he said—"And town gossip?"
+
+"We never hear it," said Lady Lansmere.
+
+"There is a new plough much talked of at Boodle’s," said Lord Lansmere.
+
+"God speed it. But is there not a new man much talked of at White’s?"
+
+"I don’t belong to White’s."
+
+"Nevertheless, you may have heard of him—a foreigner, a Count di
+Peschiera."
+
+"Yes," said Lord Lansmere; "he was pointed out to me in the Park—a
+handsome man for a foreigner; wears his hair properly cut; looks
+gentlemanlike and English."
+
+"Ah, ah! He is here then!" And Harley rubbed his hands.
+
+"Which road did you take? Did you pass the Simplon?"
+
+"No; I came straight from Vienna."
+
+Then, relating with lively vein his adventures by the way, he continued to
+delight Lord Lansmere by his gayety till the time came to retire to rest.
+As soon as Harley was in his own room, his mother joined him.
+
+"Well," said he, "I need not ask if you like Miss Digby? Who would not?"
+
+"Harley, my own son," said the mother, bursting into tears, "be happy your
+own way; only be happy; that is all I ask."
+
+Harley, much affected, replied gratefully and soothingly to this fond
+injunction. And then gradually leading his mother on to converse of Helen,
+asked abruptly—"And of the chance of our happiness—her happiness well as
+mine—what is your opinion? Speak frankly."
+
+"Of _her_ happiness, there can be no doubt," replied the mother proudly.
+"Of yours, how can you ask me? Have you not decided on that yourself?"
+
+"But still it cheers and encourages one in any experiment, however well
+considered, to hear the approval of another. Helen has certainly a most
+gentle temper."
+
+"I should conjecture so. But her mind—"
+
+"Is very well stored."
+
+"She speaks so little—"
+
+"Yes. I wonder why? She’s surely a woman!"
+
+"Pshaw," said the Countess, smiling in spite of herself. "But tell me more
+of the process of your experiment. You took her as a child, and resolved
+to train her according to your own ideal. Was that easy?"
+
+"It seemed so. I desired to instil habits of truth—she was already by
+nature truthful as the day; a taste for nature and all things natural—that
+seemed inborn: perceptions of Art as the interpreter of Nature—those were
+more difficult to teach. I think they may come. You have heard her play
+and sing?"
+
+"No."
+
+"She will surprise you. She has less talent for drawing; still, all that
+teaching could do has been done—in a word, she is accomplished. Temper,
+heart, mind—these are all excellent." Harley stopped, and suppressed a
+sigh. "Certainly, I ought to be very happy," said he; and he began to wind
+up his watch.
+
+"Of course she must love you?" said the Countess, after a pause. "How
+could she fail?"
+
+"Love me! My dear mother, that is the very question I shall have to ask."
+
+"Ask! Love is discovered by a glance; it has no need of asking."
+
+"I have never discovered it, then, I assure you. The fact is, that before
+her childhood was passed, I removed her, as you may suppose, from my roof.
+She resided with an Italian family, near my usual abode. I visited her
+often, directed her studies, watched her improvement—"
+
+"And fell in love with her?"
+
+"Fall is such a very violent word. No; I don’t remember to have had a
+fall. It was all a smooth inclined plane from the first step, until at
+last I said to myself, ’Harley L’Estrange, thy time has come. The bud has
+blossomed into flower. Take it to thy breast.’ And myself replied to
+myself meekly, ’So be it.’ Then I found that Lady N daughters, was coming
+to England. I asked her Ladyship to take my ward to your house. I wrote to
+you, and prayed your assent; and, that granted, I knew you would obtain my
+father’s. I am here—you give me the approval I sought for. I will speak to
+Helen to-morrow. Perhaps, after all, she may reject me."
+
+"Strange, strange—you speak thus coldly, thus lightly; you so capable of
+ardent love!"
+
+"Mother," said Harley, earnestly, "be satisfied! _I_ am! Love, as of old,
+I feel, alas! too well, can visit me never more. But gentle companionship,
+tender friendship, the relief and the sunlight of woman’s smile—hereafter
+the voices of children—music that, striking on the hearts of both parents,
+wakens the most lasting and the purest of all sympathies: these are my
+hope. Is the hope so mean, my fond mother?"
+
+Again the Countess wept, and her tears were not dried when she left the
+room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Oh! Helen, fair Helen—type of the quiet, serene, unnoticed, deep-felt
+excellence of woman! Woman, less as the ideal that a poet conjures from
+the air, than as the companion of a poet on the earth! Woman who, with her
+clear sunny vision of things actual, and the exquisite fibre of her
+delicate sense, supplies the deficiencies of him whose foot stumbles on
+the soil, because his eye is too intent upon the stars! Woman, the
+provident, the comforting angel—whose pinions are folded round the heart,
+guarding there a divine spring unmarred by the winter of the world! Helen,
+soft Helen, is it indeed in thee that the wild and brilliant "lord of
+wantonness and ease" is to find the regeneration of his life—the rebaptism
+of his soul? Of what avail thy meek prudent household virtues to one whom
+Fortune screens from rough trial?—whose sorrows lie remote from thy
+ken?—whose spirit, erratic and perturbed, now rising, now falling, needs a
+vision more subtle than thine to pursue, and a strength that can sustain
+the reason, when it droops, on the wings of enthusiasm and passion?
+
+And thou thyself, O nature, shrinking and humble, that needest to be
+courted forth from the shelter, and developed under the calm and genial
+atmosphere of holy, happy love—can such affection as Harley L’Estrange may
+proffer suffice to thee? Will not the blossoms, yet folded in the petal,
+wither away beneath the shade that may protect them from the storm, and
+yet shut them from the sun? Thou who, where thou givest love, seekest,
+though meekly, for love in return; —to be the soul’s sweet necessity, the
+life’s household partner to him who receives all thy faith and
+devotion—canst thou influence the sources of joy and of sorrow in the
+heart that does not heave at thy name? Hast thou the charm and the force
+of the moon, that the tides of that wayward sea shall ebb and flow at thy
+will? Yet who shall say—who conjecture how near two hearts may become,
+when no guilt lies between them, and time brings the ties all its own?
+Rarest of all things on earth is the union in which both, by their
+contrasts, make harmonious their blending; each supplying the defects of
+the helpmate, and completing, by fusion, one strong human soul! Happiness
+enough, where even Peace does but seldom preside, when each can bring to
+the altar, if not, the flame, still the incense. Where man’s thoughts are
+all noble and generous, woman’s feelings all gentle and pure, love may
+follow, if it does not precede;—and if not,—if the roses be missed from
+the garland, one may sigh for the rose, but one is safe from the thorn.
+
+The morning was mild, yet somewhat overcast by tho mists which announce
+coming winter in London, and Helen walked musingly beneath the trees that
+surrounded the garden of Lord Lansmere’s house. Many leaves were yet left
+on the boughs; but they were sere and withered. And the birds chirped at
+times; but their note was mournful and complaining. All within this house,
+until Harley’s arrival, had been strange and saddening to Helen’s timid
+and subdued spirits. Lady Lansmere had received her kindly, but with a
+certain restraint; and the loftiness of manner, common to the Countess
+with all but Harley, had awed and chilled the diffident orphan. Lady
+Lansmere’s very interest in Harley’s choice—her attempts to draw Helen out
+of her reserve—her watchful eyes whenever Helen shyly spoke, or shyly
+moved, frightened the poor child, and made her unjust to herself.
+
+The very servants, though staid, grave, and respectful, as suited a
+dignified, old-fashioned household, painfully contrasted the bright
+welcoming smiles and free talk of Italian domestics. Her recollections of
+the happy warm Continental manner, which so sets the bashful at their
+ease, made the stately and cold precision of all around her doubly awful
+and dispiriting. Lord Lansmere himself, who did not as yet know the views
+of Harley, and little dreamed that he was to anticipate a daughter-in-law
+in the ward whom he understood Harley, in a freak of generous romance had
+adopted, was familiar and courteous, as became a host. But he looked upon
+Helen as a mere child, and naturally left her to the Countess. The dim
+sense of her equivocal position—of her comparative humbleness of birth and
+fortunes, oppressed and pained her; and even her gratitude to Harley was
+made burthensome by a sentiment of helplessness. The grateful long to
+requite. And what could she ever do for him?
+
+Thus musing, she wandered alone through the curving walks; and this sort
+of mock country landscape—London loud, and even visible, beyond the high
+gloomy walls, and no escape from the windows of the square formal
+house—seemed a type of the prison bounds of Rank to one whose soul yearns
+for simple loving Nature.
+
+Helen’s reverie was interrupted by Nero’s joyous bark. He had caught sight
+of her, and came bounding up, and thrust his large head into her hand. As
+she stooped to caress the dog, happy at his honest greeting, and tears
+that had been long gathering to the lids fell silently on his face, (for I
+know nothing that more moves us to tears than the hearty kindness of a
+dog, when something in human beings has pained or chilled us,) she heard
+behind the musical voice of Harley. Hastily she dried or repressed her
+tears, as her guardian came up, and drew her arm within his own.
+
+"I had so little of your conversation last evening, my dear ward, that I
+may well monopolize you now, even to the privation of Nero. And so you are
+once more in your native land?"
+
+Helen sighed softly.
+
+"May I not hope that you return under fairer auspices than those which
+your childhood knew?"
+
+Helen turned her eyes with ingenuous thankfulness to her guardian, and the
+memory of all she owed to him rushed upon her heart. Harley renewed, and
+with earnest though melancholy sweetness—"Helen, your eyes thank me; but
+hear me before your words do. I deserve no thanks. I am about to make to
+you a strange confession of egotism and selfishness."
+
+"You!—oh, impossible!"
+
+"Judge yourself, and then decide which of us shall have cause to be
+grateful. Helen, when I was scarcely your age—a boy in years, but more,
+methinks, a man at heart, with man’s strong energies and sublime
+aspirings, than I have ever since been—I loved, and deeply—" He paused a
+moment in evident struggle. Helen listened in mute surprise, but his
+emotion awakened her own; her tender woman’s heart yearned to console.
+Unconsciously her arm rested on his less lightly. "Deeply, and for sorrow.
+It is a long tale, that may be told hereafter. The worldly would call my
+love a madness. I did not reason on it then—I cannot reason on it now.
+Enough; death smote suddenly, terribly, and to me mysteriously, her whom I
+loved. The love lived on. Fortunately, perhaps, for me, I had quick
+distraction, not to grief, but to its inert indulgence. I was a soldier; I
+joined our armies. Men called me brave. Flattery! I was a coward before
+the thought of life. I sought death: like sleep, it does not come at our
+call. Peace ensued. As when the winds fall the sails droop—so when
+excitement ceased, all seemed to me flat and objectless. Heavy, heavy was
+my heart. Perhaps grief had been less obstinate, but that I feared I had
+cause for self-reproach. Since then I have been a wanderer—a self-made
+exile. My boyhood had been ambitious—all ambition ceased. Flames, when
+they reach the core of the heart, spread, and leave all in ashes. Let me
+be brief: I did not mean thus weakly to complain—I to whom heaven has
+given so many blessings! I felt, as it were, separated from the common
+objects and joys of men. I grew startled to see how, year by year, wayward
+humors possessed me. I resolved again to attach myself to some living
+heart—it was my sole chance to rekindle my own. But the one I had loved
+remained as my type of woman, and she was different from all I saw.
+Therefore I said to myself, ’I will rear from childhood some young fresh
+life, to grow up into my ideal.’ As this thought began to haunt me, I
+chanced to discover you. Struck with the romance of your early life,
+touched by your courage, charmed by your affectionate nature, I said to
+myself, ’Here is what I seek.’ Helen, in assuming the guardianship of your
+life, in all the culture which I have sought to bestow on your docile
+childhood, I repeat, that I have been but the egotist. And now, when you
+have reached that age, when it becomes me to speak, and you to listen—now,
+when you are under the sacred roof of my own mother—now I ask you, can you
+accept this heart, such as wasted years, and griefs too fondly nursed,
+have left it? Can you be, at least, my comforter? Can you aid me to regard
+life as a duty, and recover those aspirations which once soared from the
+paltry and miserable confines of our frivolous daily being? Helen, here I
+ask you, can you be all this, and under the name of—Wife?"
+
+It would be in vain to describe the rapid, varying, indefinable emotions
+that passed through the inexperienced heart of the youthful listener as
+Harley thus spoke. He so moved all the springs of amaze, compassion,
+tender respect, sympathy, childlike gratitude, that when he paused and
+gently took her hand, she remained bewildered, speechless, overpowered.
+Harley smiled as he gazed upon her blushing, downcast, expressive face. He
+conjectured at once that the idea of such proposals had never crossed her
+mind; that she had never contemplated him in the character of a wooer;
+never even sounded her heart as to the nature of such feelings as his
+image had aroused.
+
+"My Helen," he resumed, with a calm pathos of voice, "there is some
+disparity of years between us, and perhaps I may not hope henceforth for
+that love which youth gives to the young. Permit me simply to ask, what
+you will frankly answer—Can you have seen in our quiet life abroad, or
+under the roof of our Italian friends, any one you prefer to me?"
+
+"No, indeed, no!" murmured Helen. "How could I!—who is like you?" Then,
+with a sudden effort—for her innate truthfulness took alarm, and her very
+affection for Harley, childlike and reverent, made her tremble lest she
+should deceive him—she drew a little aside, and spoke thus: "Oh, my dear
+guardian, noblest of all human beings, at least in my eyes, forgive,
+forgive me if I seem ungrateful, hesitating; but I cannot, cannot think of
+myself as worthy of you. I never so lifted my eyes. Your rank, your
+position—"
+
+"Why should they be eternally my curse? Forget them and go on."
+
+"It is not only they," said Helen, almost sobbing, "though they are much;
+but I your type, your ideal!—I!—impossible! Oh, how can I ever be any
+thing even of use, of aid, of comfort to one like you!"
+
+"You can, Helen—you can," cried Harley, charmed by such ingenuous modesty.
+"May I not keep this hand?"
+
+And Helen left her hand in Harley’s, and turned away her face, fairly
+weeping. A stately step passed under the wintry trees.
+
+"My mother," said Harley L’Estrange, looking up, "I present to you my
+future wife."
+
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.(8)
+
+
+BY JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., LL. D.
+
+When the great defender of the Constitution delivered the oration at
+Bunker Hill, he pointed to the just completed monument and exclaimed,
+"There stands the Orator of the Day." In humble imitation of that
+significant act, I also, in attempting to illustrate the interests and the
+meaning of this occasion, would point you, gentlemen, to the fact of your
+presence here to-night—to the union at one banquet of printers, editors,
+publishers, authors, and professional men—as the best evidence of the
+importance and attractiveness of the occasion. The art of printing, among
+other inestimable blessings, has fused together the most productive
+elements of society; it has established a vital relation between intellect
+and mechanics, between labor and thought. I see before me in this assembly
+those who have achieved enduring literary fame, and those who are the
+present guides of public opinion. I see them side by side with the men who
+have just put their thoughts and sentiments into a bodily form and
+disseminated them on the wings of the press. The association is not only
+appropriate, but it is honorable to his memory who united in his life the
+humblest manual toil and the loftiest flights of genius; who both set up
+types and drew the lightning from heaven, and combined in his own person
+the practical printer and the scientific philosopher.
+
+By your courtesy, gentlemen, I have been invited to say a few words
+appropriate to the New York-Typographical Society. It is with unfeigned
+reluctance that I assume the task. In this presence I behold so many
+better qualified for the undertaking than myself, that I am apprehensive I
+shall be able neither to do justice to my theme nor satisfy the
+expectations which you in your clemency have anticipated. True it is, that
+in my early life I was connected with your fraternity by more immediate
+ties than at present exist. Circumstances have modified my career, but I
+should prove recreant to the best feelings of my heart, turn ingrate to
+the pleasantest associations of memory, and forget the most efficient
+causes which have favored my journey thus far to mellow years, were I
+unmindful of the gratifications I enjoyed while a fellow laborer in your
+noble pursuits. The press is the representative of the intellectual man on
+earth; it is the expositor of his cogitative powers; the promulgator of
+his most recondite labors; the strong arm of his support in the defence
+and maintenance of his inherent rights as a member of the social compact;
+the vindicator of his claims to the exalted station of one stamped in the
+express image of God; it is the charter of freedom to ameliorated man in
+the glorious strife of social organization, in the pursuits of life,
+liberty, and happiness. Hence I have ever cherished the deepest regard for
+those who have appropriated their time and talents to this vast engine of
+civilization. I have ever looked upon the vocation as holding the
+integrity of our highest privileges on earth; freedom of inquiry, freedom
+of utterance, and the vast behests of civil communion, with the kindred of
+every nation, and the tongues of every speech.
+
+When I was a boy of ten years of age, I became acquainted with the
+biography of Franklin. I had purchased at auction a Glasgow edition of his
+Life and Essays. I had read _Robinson Crusoe_, _George Barnwell_, _The
+House That Jack Built_, _Æsop’s Fables_, the duodecimo edition of Morse’s
+_Geography_, and other common publications of the times. No work that I
+have perused, from that juvenile period of my existence up to the present
+day, has ever yielded the peculiar gratification which Franklin’s memoirs
+gave me, and my admiration and reverence for our illustrious sage have
+through all subsequent inquiry into his actions and services, increased in
+intensity, in proportion as I have contemplated his wondrous character and
+his unparalleled achievements. I think I owe something to my mother for
+this happy appreciation of our Franklin. She was by birth a Philadelphian,
+and for years, during her residence in Arch street, was favored with
+opportunities of again and again beholding Dr. Franklin pass her door, in
+company with Dr. Rush and Thomas Paine. "There," the children of the
+neighborhood would cry out, "goes Poor Richard, Common Sense, and the
+Doctor." It is recorded that Franklin furnished many thoughts in the
+famous pamphlet of _Common Sense_, while Paine wrote it, and Rush gave the
+title. There is something in the hereditary transmission of the moral and
+of the physical qualities; yet I have thought that the benevolent schemes
+of Rush, the intrepid patriotism of Paine, and the honest maxims of
+Franklin—the topics of daily converse in that day—had some influence in
+strengthening the principles which my mother inculcated in her children.
+
+You have told me, gentlemen, that you would be gratified with some
+reminiscences touching New-York—social, literary, personal—of men and
+books—all having a bearing, more or less immediate, either on the progress
+of human development, or the character of our metropolitan city. I know
+not how to satisfy either you or myself. To do justice to the subject
+would require a different opportunity from the one here enjoyed, and
+leisure such as I cannot now command.
+
+The locality upon which we are assembled to-night has its associations. We
+meet this evening on the memorable spot in our city’s early topography
+denominated the Bayard Farm—a property once in the possession of the
+affluent Bayards, of him who was companion in his strife with Governor
+Leisler, and whose death for high treason was the issue of that protracted
+contest. That he fell a martyr to freedom, our friend Charles F. Hoffman
+has ably demonstrated. Within a few doors of this place, on Broadway, very
+many years after, but within my recollection, lived that arch negotiator
+in public counsels, Talleyrand, the famous ambassador of France to the
+United States. He published a small tractate on America, once much read,
+and it was he who affirmed that the greatest sight he had ever beheld in
+this country, was the illustrious Hamilton, with his pile of books under
+his arms, proceeding to the court-room in the old City Hall, in order to
+obtain a livelihood, by expounding the law, and vindicating the rights of
+his clients.
+
+Here too is the spot where, some short while after, the antics of the
+Osage tribe of Indians were displayed for the admiration of the belles and
+beaux of New-York, and on that occasion my old colleague, Dr. Mitchill,
+gave translations into English of their songs and war-whoop sounds, for
+the increased gratification of the literary public of that day, when
+Indian literature stood not so high as in these times of Congressional
+appropriation, and of Henry Schoolcraft, the faithful and patriotic
+expositor of the red-man’s excellences. I think I am safe in saying, also,
+that near these grounds occurred the execution of Young, a play-actor,
+convicted of murder—a remarkable event in New-York annals, owing to
+peculiar circumstances which marked his imprisonment in our old jail, now
+converted into the Hall of Records. There were, about the period to which
+I now refer, other occurrences of singular influence in those days.
+
+Crowther and Levi Weeks were both confined in this debased prison because
+of high crimes, and many were incarcerated for debt. There was,
+nevertheless, an atmosphere of some intellect immolated within its cells;
+and for the first, and I believe the only time in this country, a
+newspaper was issued for some months’ duration from its walls, entitled
+_The Prisoner of Hope_. The Wilberforce impulse of that crisis had much to
+do with the movement; and no abolition paper of even later dates plead
+more earnestly in behalf of enslaved humanity, by graphic illustrations
+and literary talent, than did _The Prisoner of Hope_. At that day, many
+newspapers had their specific motto, and that of _The Prisoner of Hope_
+was in these words:
+
+  Soft, smiling Hope—thou anchor of the mind;
+  The only comfort that the wretched find;
+  All look to thee when sorrow wrings the heart,
+  To heal, by future prospect, present smart.
+
+Naturalists tell us that this eligible site was once characterized by the
+graceful foliage of the pride of the American forests, the lofty
+plane-tree, the _platanus occidentalis_. It must further increase our
+interest in the spot, to be assured that through its shades strolled our
+Franklin, in company with that lover of rural scenery, the botanist
+Kalm—an occurrence not unlike the interesting one of the excursions of
+Linnæus with Hans Sloane, in the Royal Gardens, near London. Here, too,
+the wild pigeon was taken in great abundance; while in the Common (now
+Park) those primitive inhabitants of the city, the Beekman family, with
+the old doctor at their head, shot deer and other game in their field
+sports. But enough at present of the locality where this anniversary is
+held.
+
+The history of the American periodical press, if given with any thing like
+fidelity and minuteness, would occupy several hours; it is a noble
+specimen of our triumphs as a free people, and of our determination so to
+remain; it has demonstrated the progress of knowledge, and the intrepidity
+of New-Yorkers, as much as any one series of facts or occurrences we could
+summon for illustration. Everybody within this hall is aware that William
+Bradford was the first in time of the newspaper publishers of New-York.
+His gazette made its earliest appearance in October, 1725, four years
+after James, the brother of Benjamin Franklin, began the _New England
+Courant_—this being seventeen years after the commencement of the _Boston
+News Letter_, the first regular newspaper commenced in North America. I
+advert to this circumstance because we possess the completed file of that
+earliest of the journals of our land now in existence. The copy in the
+library of the Massachusetts Historical Society was presented that
+institution by the famous antiquary, Dr. Eliot; that in our own Historical
+Society is the file which was preserved by Professor McKean, of Harvard
+University, who bequeathed it to the Rev. T. Alden, from whom I purchased
+it and deposited it where it now remains.
+
+From Franklin’s representations, Bradford was a sorry individual, of low
+cunning, and sinister; yet I must not deal harshly with him. His, I
+believe, was the first printing press set up in New-York: he published the
+laws, and other state papers, and he was the grandfather of Bradford,
+afterwards Attorney-General of the United States; and as from his loins
+proceeded Thomas Bradford, the adventurous and patriotic publisher of
+Rees’s _Cyclopædia_—the most enterprising of the craft, and our greatest
+patron of engravers—I desire to hold him in grateful memory. Our second
+newspaper was the _New-York Weekly Journal_, commenced about three years
+after Bradford’s. John Peter Zenger, its proprietor, was a German by
+birth, a palatine, and something of a scholar; a man of enlarged
+liberality, patriotic, and an advocate of popular rights. He attacked the
+measures of the provincial Governor and Council, was subjected to a
+prosecution by the officers of the crown, and was brought to trial in
+1735, when Andrew Hamilton, the Recorder of Philadelphia, came to this
+city and successfully defended him. I have before stated that the late
+illustrious Governor Morris considered the decision of that case in behalf
+of the press as the dawn of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized
+America. To the ladies now present, the lovers of sweet sounds, it may not
+be uninteresting to know that the first piano forte (harpsichord) imported
+into America, arrived in this city for the musical gratification of the
+family of the noble Zenger.
+
+But I can say at this time little concerning newspapers. Our worthy
+associate in good works, Edwin Williams, has lately issued a memoir of
+much value on the subject, to which I must refer you. I regret that his
+catalogue of early journals is somewhat defective. As he justly observes,
+our Historical Society is wonderfully rich in these interesting documents.
+Our most precious treasures in that way are, unquestionably, the Rivington
+_Royal Gazette_, the old _New-York Daily Advertiser_, containing debates
+on the State Constitution, the _American Citizen and Republican Watch
+Tower_, the _New-York Evening Post_, and the _Commercial Advertiser_,
+through a long series, the _New-York American_, the _Independent
+Reflector_, containing the patriotic Essays on Toleration, by William
+Livingston, of New Jersey, and the _Time-Piece of New-York_, replete with
+invective against the Washington Administration—whose editor, Philip
+Freneau, verbally assured me that its most vituperative features were from
+suggestions of Jefferson, during the crisis in our public affairs provoked
+by Citizen Genet. But I must hasten to other topics.
+
+Among the most conspicuous editors and publishers of gazettes whom I have
+personally known was Noah Webster, now so famous for his Dictionary. At
+the time I knew him, some forty years ago, he was in person somewhat above
+the ordinary height, slender, with gray eyes, and a keen aspect;
+remarkable for neatness in dress, and characterized by an erect walk, a
+broad hat, and a long cue, much after the manner of Albert Gallatin, as
+depicted in the engraving in Callender’s _Prospect Before Us_. If with
+philologists he is deemed a man of merit, it may with equal justice be
+said that he is to be recognized by medical men as an author of
+importance, for his _History of Pestilence_.
+
+Next I may note William Coleman, usually called in earlier days, by his
+antagonist Cheetham, Field-Marshal Coleman. Mr. Bryant, the able editor of
+the _Post_, in his biography of the first fifty years of that prominent
+gazette, has well described him. He was a sensitive man, of great tenacity
+of opinion, which he cherished by intercourse with many of the leading
+patriots and politicians who were among us some thirty years ago. He
+almost leaned on the arm of the inflexible Timothy Pickering, and had, in
+his younger days, held communion with Hamilton, John Wells and Rufus King.
+I shall never forget how the death of the immortal Hamilton subdued his
+feeling. When Gouverneur Morris delivered his felicitous eulogy from the
+portals of old Trinity Church, over the dead body of the noble martyr,
+with grief in every countenance, and anguish in every heart, Coleman’s
+acuteness of feeling paralyzed every movement of his frame, and drowned
+every faculty of his mind. While on this topic, the decease of Hamilton, I
+may state an anecdote, the import of which can be readily understood. It
+was not long prior to the time of his death that the new and authentic
+edition of _The Federalist_ was published by George F. Hopkins. Hopkins
+told me of the delicacy with which Hamilton listened to his proposition to
+print a new edition of these papers. "They are demanded by the spirit of
+the times and the desire of the people," said Hopkins. "Do you really
+think, Mr. Hopkins, that those fugitive essays will be read, if
+reprinted?" asked Hamilton; "well, give me a few days to consider," said
+he. "Will this not be a good opportunity, Gen. Hamilton," rejoined
+Hopkins, "to revise them, and, if so, to make, perhaps, alterations, if
+necessary, in some parts?" "No, sir, if reprinted, they must stand exactly
+as at first, not a word of alteration. A comma may be inserted or left
+out, but the work must undergo no change whatever."
+
+A few days had elapsed when, on the next interview, General Hamilton
+agreed to the reprint, with the express condition that he himself must
+inspect the revised proofs. Not a word was ever altered. "You think
+something of the papers?" says Hamilton to the printer. "Mr. Hopkins, let
+them be issued. Heretofore, sir, I have given the people common milk;
+hereafter, shortly, sir, I shall give them strong meat." What the Union
+lost by that fatal duel, the Deity only knows.
+
+Coleman was a writer of grammatical excellence, though occasionally sadly
+at fault in force of diction. Under the influence of some perverse
+conceits, he would labor for months to establish a theoretical doctrine,
+or to elucidate a useless proposition. It was hardly in the power of
+mortals ever to alter his opinions when once formed. That yellow fever was
+as contagious as small-pox; that skull-cap (the _scutellaria_) was a
+specific for hydrophobia; that Napoleon wanted the requisites of a
+military chieftain, were among the crotchets of his brain. The everlasting
+tractates which he put forth on these and other subjects, would in the
+present day of editorial prowess scarcely be tolerated in a chronicle
+depending on public patronage. Coleman had read extensively on medical
+topics, and was the principal writer of that able and elaborate Criticism
+of Miller’s Report on the Yellow Fever in New-York, addressed to Governor
+Lewis, and printed in the second volume of the _American Medical and
+Philosophical Register_.
+
+Coleman would underrate the best public services, if rendered by a
+political opponent. Chancellor Livingston found no quarters with him for
+his instrumentality in the Louisiana purchase. He would ride a hobby to
+death. During the many years in which I read the _Post_, I can summon to
+recollection no contributions on any subject, made to that paper, that
+ever awakened one half the attention which was enlisted by the felicitous
+productions of our poet Halleck, and the lamented Dr. Drake, under the
+names of Croaker, and Croaker & Co.
+
+For numerous years I have well known Charles Holt, once editor of the
+_Bee_, during John Adams’s administration, and afterwards of the New-York
+_Columbian_, during Dewitt Clinton’s gubernatorial career. I am unable to
+tell you whether he is still among the living. I would estimate his age,
+if so, as approaching ninety years. He was a lump of benevolence, and a
+strenuous advocate of the great internal improvement policy of New-York.
+He comes forcibly to my mind this evening, because in 1798 he wrote a
+history of the yellow fever in New London, and every now and then I find
+him quoted in medical books as Dr. Holt, just as his predecessor, who
+wrote on the yellow fever in Philadelphia, of 1793, stands in bold relief
+as Dr. Matthew Carey.
+
+Nathaniel Carter is vividly impressed on my recollection; he had very
+considerable literary taste; was many years editor of the New-York
+_Statesman_; and after his visit to Europe, published his _Letters_ on his
+tour, in two large volumes. His merit was only equalled by his modesty. He
+was strongly devoted to Dewitt Clinton and the Erie Canal; with becoming
+tenacity he cherished much regard for his eastern brethren, and was the
+first I think who introduced his personal friend, our constitutional
+expositor, Daniel Webster, to the Bread and Cheese Lunch, founded by J.
+Fenimore Cooper, at which sometimes met, in familiar discussions, such
+minds as those of Chief Justice Jones, Peter A. Jay, Henry Storrs,
+Professor Renwick, John Anthon, Charles King, John Duer, and others of
+like intellectual calibre. Carter was of a feeble frame, struggling with
+pulmonary annoyance, from which he died early. He was little initiated in
+the trickery of political controversy. His heart was filled with the
+kindliest feelings of which nature is susceptible.
+
+My acquaintance with the late Colonel Stone, so long connected with the
+_Commercial Advertiser_, commenced while he was the efficient editor of
+the _Albany Daily Advertiser_. His devotion to the best interests of the
+state and country; his extensive knowledge of American history; his
+patriotic feeling evinced on all occasions in behalf of our injured
+Aborigines; his biographies of Red Jacket and Brandt; his great political
+consistency during so many years—all commend him to our kindest and most
+grateful recollections. That he was cut off at a comparatively early age,
+was the result of his severe and unremitting literary toils. With a
+touching patience, he endured an agonizing illness, nor did he cease his
+useful labors till exhausted nature forbade further efforts.
+
+About the time of the death of Colonel Stone, New-York lost a valuable
+promoter of its substantial interests by the demise of John Pintard. His
+career is still fresh in the memories of those who cherish the actions of
+the benevolent and humane. He was a native of this city (born in 1759),
+where he passed the greater part of his life, and died in 1844, in his
+eighty-sixth year. He was connected with the newspaper press in the
+earlier times of the _Daily Advertiser_. Pintard was well acquainted with
+nearly all the distinguished public characters at the period of the
+adoption of our constitution. Possessed of sound attainments by his
+Princeton College education, the ardor of his patriotism displayed itself
+by his uniting with a body of his college companions, in a military
+movement, in the revolutionary contest. He afterwards returned for a while
+to his _alma mater_, with the approbation of President Witherspoon. He was
+next appointed a sub-commissioner for American prisoners in New-York, and
+had frequent intercourse with the notorious Cunningham, the keeper of the
+Provost; visited the Sugar House, occupied by the unfortunate prisoners of
+war, in Crown street (now Liberty street); the Dutch Church in Nassau
+street, the Scotch Church in Little Queen street (now Cedar street), and
+also the Friends’ Meeting House in Queen street (now Pearl street), near
+Cherry street, all tilled with the wretched victims of tyranny. He
+interceded in their behalf with the German General Heister, and with Henry
+Clinton, the British commander. He became acquainted with Knyphausen,
+William Smith the historian of New-York, Lord Howe, and others, and he has
+described, as an eye-witness, the scenes occurring at Washington’s
+inauguration, in 1789. He was an advocate of the Federal policy of that
+day, and was a member of our State Legislature when it held its sessions
+in this city. Time forbids my detailing the objects to which he directed
+his attention during a long career of usefulness. Several of our important
+municipal regulations still in force were suggested by him. He was an
+earnest champion and successful advocate for the incorporation of the Bank
+of New-York. He was one of the founders of the Tammany Society, in those
+days made up of gentlemen of all political parties, and the express object
+of which was to preserve the history and habits of our red brethren. He
+urged the plan of a Registry of Mortality in this city, and was appointed
+the first City Inspector. The New-York Historical Society must look upon
+him as its chief founder. Some of its most precious treasures are fruits
+of his munificence. He was among the most strenuous, with Bishop Hobart,
+in establishing and increasing the library of the Protestant Episcopal
+Seminary, and was not deficient of contributions towards it. He was active
+with Elias Boudinot in projecting the American Bible Society. The first
+Bank of Savings mainly originated with him. He revived the Chamber of
+Commerce after its long repose. He convened the first assemblage of our
+citizens at the Park; for the purpose of obtaining a public expression of
+opinion in favor of the Canal policy for connecting the Erie and the
+Hudson, and this at a period when the spirit of party strife had widely
+scattered doubts and ridicule on the contemplated movement. In the war of
+1812, when paper money in small bills largely became our currency, Mr.
+Pintard was the person who caused those well-known mottoes, "Mind your own
+business," "Never despair," "Economy is wealth," and others of a like
+import, chiefly drawn from Franklin, to surround the designations of the
+value of the money. He had, I believe, done a like service in our
+revolutionary times. He carried the measure of having the British names of
+our streets changed to the modern ones they are now known by. I have
+noticed these few circumstances concerning him, because I wish it to be
+impressed on your memories that the editors and proprietors of public
+journals are often zealous in good measures not necessarily connected with
+their immediate vocation. Pintard enjoyed an intimacy with booksellers and
+authors. He and Freneau, a native also of this city, and his contemporary,
+had often been in close communion, as patriots of the revolution. This
+essential difference, however, obtained between them. Pintard was a
+federalist; Freneau an antifederalist. Old Rivington had often a hard time
+with them. The sordid tory could neither endure the conservative
+republican principles of Pintard, nor the relentless bitterness of the
+sarcasm of Freneau. I shall only add that he was a student of many books,
+and an observer of men in every walk of life. He was of grave thought, yet
+often facetious in conversation. During forty years of medical practice, I
+have rarely fell in with one richer in table-talk, or better supplied with
+topics in life and letters. In his death, he manifested the strength of
+his religious faith, and resigned his spirit with a benignant composure.
+But I am forbidden to enlarge on the many excellences and services of the
+public-spirited John Pintard.
+
+Were we to dwell upon the excellence of a gazette according to its merits,
+I should have much to say of the _Morning Chronicle_, a paper established
+in this city in the year 1802. The leading editor was Dr. Peter Irving, a
+gentleman of refined address, scholastic attainments, and elegant
+erudition. It exhibited great power in its editorial capacity, and was the
+vehicle of much literary matter from the abundance and ability of its
+correspondence. If I do not greatly err, in this paper Washington Irving
+first appeared as an author, by his series of dramatic criticisms, over
+the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle. The only poetic writer of whose
+effusions I now retain any recollection was Miss Smith, the sister of the
+late Thomas E. Smith. Her pieces were known by the signature of Clara; and
+in bringing together the effusions of the early female poets, Dr.
+Griswold, in his praiseworthy zeal in behalf of American literature, might
+well have increased in value his interesting collection by specimens of
+the productions of Miss Smith.
+
+The omission, in these reminiscences, of some notice of John Lang, would
+be so quickly discovered, that I am necessarily compelled to dwell for a
+moment on the character and services of one who, for a long succession of
+years, filled a notable place in our newspaper annals. Lang was of Scotch
+descent, but the place of his birth, I believe, was New-York. For some
+forty or more years, Lang’s _Gazette_ was recognized as the leading
+mercantile advertiser, and the patronage which it received from the
+business world was such as doubtless secured ample returns to its
+proprietor. The distinction of the paper was unquestionably its attention
+to the shipping interests of this commercial emporium. As a journal of
+either political or miscellaneous matter it was sadly deficient. Lang
+adhered to his "arrivals" as the prominent object of consideration, and
+the mightiest changes of revolutions, in actions or opinions, found but a
+stinted record in his widely-diffused journal. Rarely, indeed, did our
+acknowledged politicians or essayists seek its columns for the
+promulgation of their ideas, and its editorial displays were generally
+tormentingly feeble. Nevertheless, it was in this gazette, then under the
+control of Lang and McLean, that General Hamilton first gave to the public
+his numbers of _The Federalist_. There is often to be found in one daily
+issue of the _Post_, the _Courier and Enquirer_, the _Journal of
+Commerce_, the _Herald_, the _Tribune_, or the _Times_ of these days, more
+thought, nice disquisition, and real knowledge which awakens the
+contemplation of the statesman and politician, than the _New-York Gazette_
+contained during a twelvemonth; and yet it flourished. The traits of
+Lang’s character were unwavering devotion to his pursuits; no one could
+excel him in the kindness of his demeanor; unconscious of the penury of
+his intellectual powers, he at times, unwittingly became the pliant agent
+of designing individuals, and from the blunders into which he was led, his
+baptismal name, John, seemed easily converted into that of Solomon, by
+which specification much of his correspondence was maintained. He bore the
+pleasantry with grateful composure.
+
+With a characteristic anecdote I must dismiss the name of Lang. The
+discussions of a point in chronology, which occurred on the commencement
+of the present century, awakened some attention with mathematicians and
+astronomers abroad, and among many with us. The learned and pious Dr.
+Kunze, after much investigation, addressed a communication on the vexed
+question to Mr. Lang. He had adverted to the Gregorian style in his
+letter, and had mentioned Pope Gregory. The faithful _Gazette_ printed the
+article Tom Gregory: the venerable Doctor hastened to his friend, and
+remonstrated on the injury he had done him, and requested the _erratum_ to
+specify, instead of Tom Gregory, Pope Gregory XIII. Again an alteration
+was made, and the _Gazette_ requested its readers, for Tom Gregory to read
+Pope Tom Gregory XIII. Only one more attempt at correction was made, when
+the compositor had its typography so changed that it read Tom Gregory, the
+Pope. The learned divine, with a heavy heart, in a final interview with
+the erudite editor, begged him to make no further improvements, as he
+dreaded the loss of all the reputation his years of devotion to the
+subject had secured to him. This Dr. Kunze was long a prominent minister
+of the German Lutheran Church of this city. He was the preceptor in
+Philadelphia of Henry Stuber, author of the continuation of the life of
+our Socrates, Dr. Franklin: a work executed with much ability. He was a
+physician, and a most delectable character. Many years ago, I was so
+fortunate as to procure some materials for a biography of him, and Dr.
+Sparks has courteously given them a place in his invaluable edition of Dr.
+Franklin’s works. Justice to the departed Lang demands that I should add
+that he was a gentleman of the old school, of great moral excellence, and
+as a husband and a father most exemplary; deeply devoted to the interests
+of this city, and evincing a philanthropic spirit on every becoming
+occasion. He died at an advanced age; but his career was shortened by the
+great fire, in this city, in 1835. That vast destruction in his beloved
+New-York was an oppressive weight upon his heart.
+
+Major Noah has so recently departed from among us, and the expectation
+that his active life will soon find a biographer is so general, that it
+seems unnecessary on the present occasion to speak at any length
+concerning him. I knew him well some thirty-five years. In religion a Jew,
+he was tolerant of all creeds, with equal amenity; his natural parts were
+of a remarkable order; few excelled him in industry, none in temperance
+and sobriety. He wrote for many journals, and established several. By his
+_Travels in Africa_ he became known as an author. His work on the
+_Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt_ was widely read. He was lively in
+converse, and a most social companion. His literary compositions, though
+not always pure in style, often showed a nice sense of the ludicrous and a
+love of humor. He abounded in anecdote. Mr. Matthews, from his personal
+knowledge, has not overdrawn the character of Noah. He possessed the organ
+of benevolence on a large scale. It is to be regretted that by his
+political vacillations his talents finally lost all influence in public
+councils and affairs.
+
+We are susceptible of the pleasures and the pains of memory. A retrospect
+will confirm this declaration on many occasions. It is so in our
+contemplations of a newspaper; and in no instance have I been more
+sensible of this than when considering the origin, the career, and the
+termination of the _New-York American_. Its prominent projector was
+Johnson Verplanck, a native of this city, of a conspicuous family, whose
+mental qualities were of a robust order, and whose classical attainments
+entitled him to distinction. With the countenance and assistance of
+enlightened associates, he soon acquired for the _American_ a reputation
+for eminent talents, great independence in opinion, and the most perfect
+freedom in scrutinizing public acts, and in literary and artistic
+criticism. Mr. Verplanck was one of the writers of the _Buck Tail Bards_,
+a satirical poem, of Hudibrastic flavor. He died in 1829. The _American_
+fell then into other hands, and for a long succession of years was
+editorially sustained by one who had often previously enriched its columns
+with his lucubrations. I allude to Charles King, now President of Columbia
+College. It was soon demonstrated to the satisfaction of its patrons,
+that, although under a new government, and its supplies derived from
+another source, its nutrition was not less wholesome and productive. For
+many years it claimed the admiration of the conservators of constitutional
+right and of critical taste. It was conducted with a manly boldness. Its
+tone gave dignity to political disquisition, though its manner was
+sometimes dreaded by objects of its animadversion: if its censures were
+occasionally severe, its approbation was the more highly appreciated: it
+was a record of historical value; nor can I comprehend why, in this age of
+universal reading in journalism, its career was closed. Its many volumes
+must hereafter be ranked with the once famous _National Gazette_ of Robert
+Walsh, and the _National Intelligencer_ of Gales & Seaton. Its
+distinguished editor, satisfied that for so long a period he had performed
+his part in the promotion of sound principles, with singleness of purpose,
+in behalf of the city, the state and the nation, may have sought that
+relief from mental care which is often secured by change of occupation.
+When I cast a thought over the hours I have spent in reading the
+_American_, I feel as Whitfield has expressed himself on a different
+occasion, "I am glad, but I am sorry;" glad that I have had so long the
+pleasure of being informed by its perusal; sorry that the opportunity no
+longer exists.
+
+In closing this short list of editors, I feel justified in deviating for a
+moment in my chronology by a word or two on the character and death of one
+whom I have ever considered the ablest writer we have had in our public
+journals. He has been already incidentally mentioned. I allude to James
+Cheetham. He succeeded as editor of Greenleaf’s paper, calling it the
+_American Citizen_. Cheetham was an English radical; had left Manchester
+for this country, and was by trade a hatter. His personal appearance was
+impressive; tall, athletic, with a martial bearing in his walk, a forehead
+of great breadth and dimensions, and penetrating gray eyes, he seemed
+authoritative wherever he might be. He arrived in this country at a period
+of perplexing excitement in the times of Adams’s administration and
+Jefferson’s entrance into the presidency. He found many to countenance his
+radicalism, as Tennis Wortman, James Dennison, Charles Christian and
+others—men whom we might call liberals, both in religion and in politics.
+Accidental circumstances made me well acquainted with him, so early as the
+summer of 1803. He was then universally known as the champion of
+Jefferson, of Governor George Clinton, and of De Witt Clinton. He was a
+most unflinching partisan writer, and with earnestness asserted the
+advantages arising from the possession of Louisiana, countenanced Blind
+Palmer, the lecturer on Deism, and congratulated the public on the return
+to America of Thomas Paine. He ever remained an active advocate of old
+George Clinton, but his friendship was suddenly turned into hatred of
+Paine, and his life of that once prominent but wretched individual
+demonstrates the rancor of his temper. The murderous death of Hamilton, I
+think, had a strong influence on him. No sooner had he breathed his last
+than Cheetham extolled him as the greatest of patriots. Many speak of
+Cheetham as at times holding the pen of Junius—a judgment sustained by
+some of his political assaults and essays. He possessed a magnificent
+library, was a great reader, and studied Burke and Shakspeare more than
+any other authors. I know nothing against his moral character. His death,
+however, was most remarkable: he had removed with his family to a country
+residence, some three miles from the city, in the summer of 1809. A few
+days afterwards he exposed himself to malaria, by walking without a hat,
+through the fields, under a burning September sun. He was struck with a
+complication of ills—fever, congestion of the brain, and great cerebral
+distress. The malignancy of his case soon foretold to his physician, Dr.
+Hosack, the uncertainty of his recovery. Being at that time a student of
+medicine, I was requested to watch him; on the second day of his sickness,
+his fever raging higher, he betrayed a disturbed intellect. On the night
+of the third day raving mania set in. Incoherently he called his family
+around him, and addressed his sons as to their peculiar avocations for
+life, giving advice to one ever to be temperate in all things, and to
+another urging the importance of knowledge. After midnight he became much
+worse, and was ungovernable. With herculean strength he now raised himself
+from his pillow; with eyes of meteoric fierceness, he grasped his bed
+covering, and in a most vehement but rapid articulation, exclaimed to his
+sons, "Boys! study Bolingbroke for style, and Locke for sentiment." He
+spoke no more. In a moment life had departed. His funeral was a solemn
+mourning of his political friends.
+
+Paine has been referred too. I have often seen him at the different places
+of his residence in this city, now in Partition-street, now in
+Broome-street, &c. His localities were not always the most agreeable. In
+Partition-street, near the market, a portion of his tenement was occupied
+for the display of wild beasts. Paine generally sat, taking an airing, at
+the lower front windows, the gazed-at of all passers by. Jarvis, the
+painter, was often his visitor, and was fortunate enough to secure that
+inimitable plaster cast of his head and features, which at his request, I
+deposited with the New-York Historical Society. While at that work, Jarvis
+exclaimed, "I shall secure him to a nicety, if I am so fortunate as to get
+plaster enough for his carbuncled nose." Jarvis thought this bust of Paine
+his most successful undertaking as a sculptor.
+
+I shall trespass some moments by giving a few reminiscences concerning
+booksellers and publishers. There are many of this professional order,
+whose character and influence might justly demand a detailed account.
+Spence himself would find among them anecdotes worthy consideration in the
+world of letters. I must, however, write within circumscribed limits. The
+first in my immediate recollection is Everet Duyckinck. He was a
+middle-aged man, when I, a boy, was occasionally at his store, an ample
+and old-fashioned building, at the corner of Pearl-street and Old Slip. He
+was grave in his demeanor, and somewhat taciturn; of great simplicity in
+dress; accommodating and courteous. He must have been rich in literary
+recollections. He for a long while occupied his excellent stand for
+business, and was quite extensively engaged as a publisher and seller. He
+was a sort of Mr. Newbury, so precious to juvenile memories in the olden
+times. He largely dealt with that order of books, for elementary
+instruction, which were popular abroad, just about the close of our
+revolutionary war and at the adoption of our Constitution—Old Dyche, and
+his pupil Dilworth, and Perry, and Sheridan. As education and literature
+advanced, he brought forward, by reprints, Johnson and Chesterfield, and
+Vicissimus Knox, and a host of others. His store was the nucleus of the
+Connecticut teachers and intellectual products, and Barlow and Webster,
+and Morse and Riggs, found in him a patron of their works in poetry and
+their school books. Bunyan, Young, Watts, Doddridge and Baxter, must have
+been issued by his enterprise in innumerable thousands throughout the old
+thirteen States; and the _English Primer_, now improved into the _American
+Primer_, with its captivating emendations, as
+
+  The royal oak, it was the tree
+  That saved his Royal Majesty;
+
+changed to the more simple couplet—
+
+  Oak’s not as good
+  As hickory wood;
+
+and the lines—
+
+  Whales in the sea
+  God’s voice obey;
+
+now modified without loss of its poetic fire—
+
+  By Washington,
+  Great deeds were done—
+
+led captivity captive, and had an unlimited circulation, for the better
+diffusion of knowledge and patriotism throughout the land. As our city
+grew apace, and both instructors and their functions enlarged, he engaged
+in the Latin classics. Having a little Latin about me, it became my duty
+to set up at the printing office of Lewis Nicholls, Duyckinck’s reprint of
+_De Bello Gallico_. The edition was edited by a Mr. Rudd. He was the first
+editor I ever saw; I looked on him with school-boy admiration when I took
+him the proofs. What alterations or improvements he made in the text of
+Oudendorp, I never ascertained. This, however, must have been among the
+beginnings of that American practice, still prevailing among us, of having
+in reprints of even the most important works from abroad, for better
+circulation, the name of some one as editor, inserted on the title-page.
+Mr. Duyckinck was gifted with great business talents, and estimated as a
+man of punctuality and of rigid integrity in fiscal matters. He was the
+first who had the entire Bible, in duodecimo, preserved—set up in
+forms—the better to supply, at all times, his patrons. This was before
+stereotype plates were adopted. He gave to the Harpers the first job of
+printing they executed—whether Tom Thumb or Wesley’s Primitive Physic, I
+do not know. The acorn has become the pride of the forest—the Cliff-street
+tree, whose roots and branches now ramify all the land. Duyckinck
+faithfully carried out the proverbs of Franklin, and the sayings of Noah
+Webster’s _Prompter_. He was by birth and action a genuine Knickerbocker.
+
+There was, about forty years ago, an individual somewhat remarkable in
+several respects, whose bookstore was in Maiden Lane—William Barlas. He
+was by birth a Scotchman, and was brought up to the ministry; but from
+causes which I never learned, he relinquished that vocation in his native
+land, and assumed that of a bookseller in this city. He was reputed to be
+a ripe scholar. He dealt almost exclusively in the classics, and for
+numerous years imported the editions—_in usum Delphini_, for the students
+in our schools and colleges. Hardly a graduate among us, of the olden
+time, can have forgotten him—Irving, Verplanck, John Anthon, and Paulding,
+can doubtless tell much of him. When, on a large scale, was commenced in
+Philadelphia, reprints of the Latin and Greek writers, poor Mr. Barlas’s
+functions were nearly annihilated. I mention him here from his relation to
+the advancement of learning in my juvenile days. His opinion on the
+various editions was deemed conclusive; and he controlled the judgment as
+well as the pocket of the purchaser. He was long in epistolary
+correspondence with "the friend of Cowper," as some call him—old John
+Newton of London; and I have often wondered that no enterprise has yet
+brought forward, in a new edition of the writings of Newton, their
+correspondence. It is not for me to dwell on the contrast, so striking,
+between the present period and that to which I have just adverted, when
+even professors of Colleges were controlled in their opinions of books by
+the dicta of a bookseller. Such was the fact some forty or fifty years
+ago. What would be the reply of our Professor Anthon, of Columbia College,
+to a bookseller who assumed such authority? of him whose love and devotion
+to the philosophy of the classics has led him already in so many works to
+spread before the cogitative scholars, of both worlds, the deepest
+researches of antiquarian disquisition and philological lore, evincing
+that America is not tardy in a just appreciation of the excellencies of
+those treasures which enriched a Bentley, a Horseley, a Porson, and a
+Parr.
+
+Those of our literary connoisseurs who cast a retrospective glance over
+days long past, may awaken into memory that delicately constructed and
+pensive-looking man, of Pearl-street, recognized by the name of Charles
+Smith. I believe he was a New-Yorker. Pulmonary suffering was his physical
+infirmity—his relief, tobacco, the fumes of which aver surrounded him like
+a halo. He abounded in the gloom and glory of the American Revolution, and
+published, with portraits, numerous diagrams of the campaigns of the war
+in the _Military Repository_, a work of great fidelity, in which it is
+thought he was aided by Baron Steuben and General Gates. As a
+bibliopolist, little need be said of him. But the curious in knowledge
+will not overlook him as the first who popularly made known to the English
+reader the names of Kotzebue and Schiller. Several of the novels and plays
+of these German authors were done into English by him; and, with William
+Dunlap, both as a translator and as a theatrical manager, _The Stranger_
+and other plays were presented to the cultivators of the drama in New-York
+long before their appearance in London, or the publication of Thompson’s
+_German Theatre_. It is a circumstance worthy of notice, that the Rev. Mr.
+Will, then of this city, added to the stock of our literary treasures, by
+other translations into the English, such as the _Constant Lovers, &c._,
+of Kotzebue, before, I believe, any recognized English version appeared
+abroad. But I must leave this subject for the fuller investigation of the
+learned Dr. Schmidt professor of German, in Columbia College.
+
+David Longworth’s name is a good deal blended with the progress of
+American literature during years gone by. He was by birth a New Jerseyman;
+and the publication of his _City Directory_, for some thirty or more
+years, gave him sufficient notoriety; while his Shaksperean Gallery
+introduced him to many of the cultivators of the fine arts, at a period,
+when Trumbull and Jarvis were our prominent painters. Longworth had been
+brought up as a printer, at a daily press, but he seems early to have got
+a taste for copper-plate engraving, accurate printing, and elegant
+binding. With determined energy he issued an edition of Telemachus, which,
+for beauty of typography and paper, was looked upon, by the lovers of
+choice books, as a rich specimen of our art. His _Belles-Lettres
+Repository_ no less evinced his taste in the _elegantiæ literarum_. He
+was, nevertheless, a man of many strange notions. It is well known that
+about the commencement of the eighteenth century, in our English books,
+printed in the mother country, the substantive words were almost always
+begun with a capital; the like practice obtained in many newspapers; but
+Longworth, not content with the partial change which time had brought
+about, of sinking these prominent and advantageous upper case type, waged
+a war of extermination against almost every capital in the case, and this
+curious deformity is found in many of his publications, as _british
+america_, and _london docks_. Even in poetry, of the first word, he
+tolerated only small letters at the beginning of the lines. His practice,
+however, found no imitators, though ’tis said that it first began in
+Paris. His bookstore, at a central situation by the Park, with works of
+taste classically displayed, afforded an admirable lounge for the
+litterateurs of that day. Here, when Hodgkinson, and Hallam, and Cooper,
+and Cooke were at the zenith of their histrionic career in the Park
+Theatre, adjacent, might be seen a group of poets and prose writers, who,
+in their generation, added to the original off-spring of the American
+press—Brockden Brown, Dunlap, Verplanck, Paulding Fessenden, Richard
+Alsop, Peter Irving, and the now universally famed Washington Irving.
+
+I must note a circumstance of some import on the state of letters among us
+about those times. Longworth had secured from abroad a copy of the first
+edition, in quarto, of Scott’s _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, and determined
+to reprint it; yet, not satisfied with his own judgment, he convened a
+meeting of his literary friends to settle the matter. The committee, after
+solemn deliberation, suggested his venturing to reproduce only the
+introductions to the cantos, as an experiment, in order to ascertain the
+public taste. Would I speak in terms too strong if I affirmed that since
+that committee sat, millions of copies of the numerous volumes of Sir
+Walter Scott have been bought by the reading world in America. My circle
+of literary acquaintance was a good deal enlarged by the coteries I now
+and then found at Longworth’s, as he was not backward in seizing
+opportunities of issuing new works, when from their nature they might
+excite the appetite of the curious. No publication of his so effectually
+secured this end, as the _Salmagundi_, in 1807, sent forth in bi-weekly
+numbers by young Irving and his friend Paulding. When we are apprised that
+some few of our middle-aged citizens, who sustained the stroke of that
+literary scimetar so long ago, still survive among us, I think we may
+argue from strong data for the salubrity of our climate. At Longworth’s, I
+first saw the youngest dramatic genius of the time, Howard Payne, then
+about fourteen years old, and who, a short while after, appeared as young
+Norval on the boards of the theatre. He was editor of the _Thespian
+Mirror_.
+
+Originally of Ireland, Hugh Gaine, upon his emigration to this country
+during our colonial dependence, set up in this city in 1753 his Royal
+Gazette, the _New-York Mercury_. His fame as well as his patriotism is
+embalmed in the irony of Freneau. It is only as a bookseller that I knew
+him, in Hanover Square. He was then at a very advanced age. His savings
+rendered him in due time independent in pecuniary matters. We may safely
+infer that he was not surpassed in industry, and that he was ever awake to
+the main chance, when we are assured that at the commencement of his
+journal, he collected his own news, set up his types, worked off his
+papers, folded his sheets, and personally distributed them to his
+subscribers. Franklin had done pretty nearly the same things before.
+Gaine, who in his after-life was an object of a good deal of curiosity to
+the citizens of the republic, enjoyed the consideration due to an honest
+man, and many kindly feelings.
+
+Many as were his merits, and great as was his enterprise, Isaac Collins
+was most widely known, the latter part of his long career, by his editions
+of the works on grammar, and other school books, by the prolific Lindley
+Murray. As in the case of Franklin, his earliest effort of magnitude was
+the printing Sewell’s _History of the Quakers_. The neatness and accuracy
+of his printing were familiarly remarked among readers; and these
+excellencies he displayed in his quarto Bible, the first of that form
+which was printed in this country in 1790. Collins was a native of
+Delaware. He projected a weekly paper, the _New Jersey Gazette_, which he
+published at Burlington during the Revolution, and, some time after, upon
+strenuous Whig principles. He had authority, like Franklin, for the
+emission of paper money for the State Government. He removed to this city
+in 1796, and a few years after this time I knew him. As his career was,
+many portions of it, like Franklin’s, I had the greater admiration of him.
+He died in 1817. That he enjoyed the acquaintance of Franklin, of
+Rittenhouse and Rush, of Livingston of New Jersey, and others of the
+truest patriots in the great struggles of the country, may be inferred
+from his profession, his public station, his integrity, and his general
+character. In the society of Friends he was prominent, and, like Thomas
+Eddy and Robert Bowne, he was occupied with hospitals, and ever zealous in
+good works. He did vast service to the city as a printer, and as such he
+is here introduced.
+
+The oldest inhabitants of our city may well recollect the bookstore of the
+Swords, Thomas and James. Some sixty years ago they began operations in
+Pearl-street. They commenced when New-York was little more than a village
+in population, and when literary projects were almost unknown. They
+deserve ample notice as most efficient pioneers, in their day, as printers
+and booksellers, and through a long career they held a high rank; they
+were assiduous and economical almost to a fault: their integrity was never
+doubted; their word was as good as their bond. They printed good works in
+more acceptations of the phrase than one. They did a great service to our
+scientific enterprise, in issuing the _Medical Repository_, the earliest
+journal of that kind, in the country. A literary periodical, of many years
+duration, was also printed by them, called the _New-York Magazine_. It was
+remarkable for the contributions of a society, self-named the Drone.
+Brockden Brown, William Dunlap, Anthony Bleucker, Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+and James Kent (afterwards the great Chancellor), were among the writers.
+William Johnson, the well-known Reporter, who died recently, was the last
+survivor of this club. Their store for a number of years was a rendezvous
+for professional men of different callings—divines, physicians, lawyers,
+with a sprinkling of the professed authors of those times, as Clifton,
+Low, Davis, &c. Its theological feature was its strongest; and the
+interest of episcopacy were here descanted on with the unction of
+godliness, by such men as Seabury of Connecticut, and Moore of New-York,
+with good old Dr. Bowden, and Dr. Hawks, my friends Drs. Berrian and
+McVicker of Columbia College, and the energetic Bishop Hobart, the busiest
+and most stirring man I ever knew. The Messrs. Swords were largely
+occupied in printing works on divinity, and were confessed the printers of
+sound orthodoxy long before "the novelties which disturb our peace" had
+invoked polemical controversy.
+
+I should do injustice to my feelings were I in this rapid sketch to
+overlook the late James Eastburn, the founder of the first reading-room on
+a becoming scale, in this country, and the publisher of the American
+edition of the Edinburgh and London Quarterly Reviews. He was a gentleman
+deserving of much estimation, of bland manners, and enthusiastic in his
+calling. He was curious in antiquarian literature and a great importer of
+the older authors. Many are the libraries enriched by his perseverance.
+Consumption wasted his generous frame, and he died at a comparatively
+early age, to the deep regret of the scholar and the philanthropist.
+
+I should like, before I close this portion of these reminiscences, to
+awaken recollections of one or two other estimable individuals with whom I
+was long acquainted—George F. Hopkins and Jonathan Seymour. Hopkins merits
+a biography; he justly boasted that his edition of Robertson’s Charles V.
+was the most accurately printed work of the time. He was fastidious almost
+to a fault in typographical neatness. He printed only works of positive
+merit. His enterprise led him, now fifty years ago, to urge the craft to
+render themselves independent of imported types, by establishing
+type-foundries in the country. There were few indeed among us who knew
+practically much about the founts of Caslon, the Coryphæus of
+letter-founders. The Scotch hard-faced letter was then extensively in use.
+Hopkins induced the immigration to this country of the famous Binney and
+Ronaldson, whose great skill in the art was soon recognized, and from that
+era up to the present day competent judges affirm that our Bruce, White,
+Conner, and others, have accomplished all that is requisite in the
+type-founding business. Of Jonathan Seymour, it is enough to say, that at
+one period of his life he was more largely engaged than any of his rivals
+in printing from manuscripts—so well known and appreciated was his
+devotion to his calling, and the accuracy of its results. In his death,
+the art lost one who had given it elevation, and society a man possessed
+of the qualities of industry, temperance, honesty, and Christian
+philanthropy in the fullest measure.
+
+Within a few days has departed from among us, at the age of eighty years,
+a supporter of the press who long contributed to the diffusion of
+wholesome knowledge. I allude to Thomas Kirk. I shall terminate these
+notices by a striking occurrence, which involved him in great loss. He had
+determined, about the year 1801, to give the Christian community an octavo
+edition, in large type, of the _Book of Common Prayer_, the first of that
+size from an American press. To secure the utmost accuracy, he engaged,
+for a pecuniary consideration, the Rev. John Ireland, of Brooklyn, to
+revise the proofs. When the sheets were worked off, it was ascertained
+that the copy was an exact reprint, save in one particular. The critical
+acumen of Ireland had discovered, in the Apostles’ Creed, a "tautological
+error," in the words, "from thence he shall come." The word "from" was
+superfluous, ungrammatical, and inelegant, according to Ireland, and,
+accordingly, it was not in Kirk’s edition. Upon the sale of a few copies
+the omission was remarked; the fact became known to the bishop of the
+church; the book was pronounced defective, and the ecclesiastical
+authorities prohibited its circulation. The whole edition fell a dead
+weight upon the hands of the well-meaning publisher. I had this anecdote
+from Mr. Kirk himself, years ago, and he repeated it to me not long prior
+to his death, in last November.
+
+This allusion to Kirk brings to my mind the notorious John Williams,
+better known as Anthony Pasquin, under which name he was doomed to
+everlasting infamy by Gifford, in his satire of the _Baviad and Mæviad_,
+in judgments afterwards confirmed in a celebrated trial for libel in which
+the famous Erskine delivered one of his best forensic speeches. Williams
+was the associate in London of a small but ambitious set of mutual
+admirers in literature, of whom Mr. Merry and his future wife were the
+"Della Crusca" and "Rosa Matilda," and all three of these worthies came to
+New-York about the year 1798. I have an impression that Kirk came at the
+same time. The character of Williams was infamous, and a large share of
+his infamy consisted in his ministering to, if not creating, the passion
+for personal scandal, and setting the example of black-mail collections,
+in newspapers. In the report of the great case of Williams vs. Faulder, it
+is said of his paper, called _The World_, that "In this were given the
+earliest specimens of those unqualified and audacious attacks on all
+private character which the town first smiled at for their quaintness,
+then tolerated for their absurdity—and will have to lament to the last
+hour of British liberty." After he came to this country he associated
+himself with the enemies of Hamilton, and published a satire called _The
+Hamiltoniad_, edited a magazine entitled _The Columbian_, and was a
+pioneer in that species of journalism which still subsists here upon the
+most scandalous invasions of private life and reputation. He was doubly
+detestable, in that he was the corruptor and worst specimen of the
+editorial calling in Europe and in America. I remember frequently seeing
+Williams, in the latter part of his life, in his shabby pepper-and-salt
+dress, in the obscure parts of the city. I believe he died during the
+first prevalence of the cholera in Brooklyn. Fancy may depict his
+expression as illustrating Otway’s lines, "as if all hell were in his
+eyes, and he in hell." It must not be supposed that I in any degree
+associate the fame of the worthy Kirk with that of this literary vagabond.
+
+To a suggestion that I might refer to the late William Cobbett, as
+associated with the periodical press of this country, I may say that I see
+in it no impropriety. Unquestionably a minute record would include his
+_Porcupine Gazette_ and his _Weekly Register_; the one an offspring of his
+juvenile life, the other of his ripened years. I had some personal
+acquaintance with him at the time of his last residence in New-York.
+Hazlitt has, in his attractive manner, described him to the life. He was
+deemed the best talker of his day, and his forcible pen has given us
+indubitable proofs of his powers in literary composition. It was not
+unusual with him to make a visit to the printing office at an early
+morning hour, take his seat at the desk, and after some half dozen lines
+were written, to throw off MSS. with a rapidity that engaged eleven
+compositors at once in setting up. Thus a whole sheet of the _Register_
+might be completed ere he desisted from his undertaking. I think that in
+quickness he surpassed even the lamented William Leggett, of the _Evening
+Post_. The circumstance is certainly interesting in a psychological point
+of view; and yet may not be deemed more curious than the fact that
+Priestley made his reply to Lind, quite a voluminous pamphlet, in
+twenty-four hours, or that Hodgkinson, the actor, was able to peruse
+crosswise, the entire five columns of a newspaper, and within two hours
+recite it thus by memory. I visited Cobbett, when his residence was within
+a couple of miles of this city, in company with a few professional
+gentlemen. It was in October, and a delightful day. He heard our approach,
+and came to the door without our knocking. "Walk in, gentlemen—am I to
+consider this as a visit to me?—walk in and be seated on these benches,
+for I have no chairs—you may be fatigued—will you have a bowl of milk? I
+live upon milk and Indian corn—I never drink spirit or wine, and yet I am
+a tolerable example of English health." And, indeed, he was a most ample
+specimen of the genuine John Bull. His nearly oval face, and florid
+countenance, with strong gray piercing eyes and head thickly covered with
+white hair, closely trimmed; his huge frame, of some two hundred and
+seventy pounds weight, corresponding abdominal development, and
+well-proportioned limbs, all demonstrated, with anatomical accuracy, the
+truth of his observation. His superior intellect seemed roused in all its
+functions. The United States, England, the reform measures, the union of
+church and state, and its absurdity, were only a few of the subjects of
+his caustic remark. "I have just performed a duty, gentlemen, which has
+been too long delayed; you have neglected the remains of Thomas Paine; I
+have done myself the honor to disinter his bones; I have removed them from
+New Rochelle; I have dug them up; they are now on their way to England;
+when I return, I shall cause them to speak the Common Sense of the great
+man; I shall gather together the people of Liverpool and Manchester in one
+assembly with those of London, and those bones will effect the reformation
+of England in Church and State." After some two or three hours we took our
+leave, with unlimited admiration of his brave utterance and his colloquial
+talents.
+
+With such a hastily written and imperfect sketch of the newspaper
+periodical press, of printers, editors, booksellers, and authors, I must
+close this portion of my present reminiscences. I have depended on a
+memory somewhat tenacious as my authority, in most instances, having no
+leisure at command for reference. A volume might be written of pertinent
+details. Nevertheless, enough has been said to illustrate, in part, the
+advancement of one species of knowledge in this metropolis. Did we
+institute a comparative view of the past and present condition of the
+press, we might be better enabled to announce the existing condition of
+our city as a Literary Emporium, That it is in accordance with the spirit
+of the age, seems demonstrable. Abroad, in England, in 1701, when the
+stamp duty was levied upon every number of a periodical paper consisting
+of a sheet, the whole quantity of printed paper was estimated at twenty
+thousand reams annually. Nearly at this period (1704), when the Boston
+_News Letter_ made its appearance in the American colonies, some two or
+three hundred copies weekly may have been its circulation. What is the
+quantity of paper demanded by the present British periodical press, I am
+unable to state. In this month of January, 1852, it is calculated that
+there are about three thousand different newspapers and other periodicals
+printed in this country, the entire issues of which approach the yearly
+aggregate of four hundred and twenty-three millions of numbers.
+
+When Franklin was a printer it was a hard task to work off over a thousand
+sheets on both sides in a day, by the hand press. Since his time we have
+had the Clymer, the Napier, the Ramage, the Adams, and now Hoe’s Lightning
+press. By this last-named achievement in the arts, so honorable to a son
+of New-York, and so stupendous in its results to the world at large,
+twenty thousand papers may be printed in one hour.
+
+If we advert to the instructive fact, of the enormous circulation of many
+of the journals of New-York, as the _Herald_, the _Sun_, the _Tribune_,
+the _Times_, the _Express_, the _Mirror_, and others issued daily; if we
+calculate the copies of the _Observer_, the _Home Journal_, the _Christian
+Advocate_, and others of the weekly press; the circulation of the monthly
+and other periodicals; if we look at the Methodist Book Concern, the Tract
+Society, the American Bible Society, the publications of the Appletons, of
+Putnam, and of the enterprising booksellers of this city generally, what
+bounds can we set to the offspring of the typographic art? The _Herald_
+and the _Tribune_ in their distinct circulation, consume an aggregate of
+fifty thousand reams per year. The Harpers, who have thrown John
+Baskerville, and other eminent typographers of Europe in the shade by the
+magnitude of their operations, use one hundred reams of paper daily, at
+six dollars per ream, and make about ten volumes a minute or six thousand
+a day. On a former occasion I stated to you the agency which Franklin had
+in bringing forward stereotype plates, as projected by Dr. Colden, in this
+city, in 1779, and the fact that the art was communicated to Didot in
+Paris, by Franklin himself. I well remember the anxious John Watts, when
+he showed me his first undertaking in this branch of labor in New-York,
+just forty years ago. It was a copy of the Larger Catechism, the one I now
+hold in my hand. Notwithstanding the doubts of many, he felt confident of
+its ultimate success, yet suffered by hope deferred. What is now the state
+of the business in the matter of stereotyping? The Harpers alone—a single
+firm—have within their vaults plates for more than two thousand volumes.
+
+Need I dwell on the improved appliances in the great art, which enrich the
+present day, or on the influences now at work on the intellectual man?
+Justly has it been stated, that the press of a single office in this city
+issues more matter than the industry of the world, with all its scribes
+and illuminators, in an entire year, previous the time of Faust. Let us,
+then, reverence the press, as our Franklin did. Let us cherish its
+freedom, as the triumph of our fathers, if we love the name of patriot.
+Let us teach our children to acknowledge it the palladium of our altars
+and our firesides. Let us recognize it as the Great Instructor, knocking
+at every door, and rendering every hovel, as well as every palace, a
+school-house.
+
+Nor is it solely on the score of quantity, that we are to contemplate the
+measures now in force for the disciplining of intellect, and the rearing
+the moral edifice of the nation. I have already remarked on the superior
+ability of the press of our days in comparison with that of the period
+through which some of us have lived. The same energy which has swelled its
+dimensions, has increased the excellence of its material. Libraries so
+abound, knowledge is so diffused, that individuals qualified by scholastic
+powers, can be called in requisition for the duties of every department a
+successful journal demands. There is moreover a happier recognition of
+intellectual merit; reward is higher and more certain; and there exists
+throughout the community a noble estimation of productive intellect.
+Instead of a scattered recruit here and there in the ranks of literature,
+we have armies at command, of well-disciplined men; and the belief is not
+altogether idle that, in due season, of these armies there will be
+legions. Lovesick tales and Della Cruscan poetry, have yielded to stately
+essays on the business of life, in philosophy and in criticism, while the
+native muse has often stronger claims to our homage than the verses Dr.
+Johnson has embalmed, and that have made the fame of ancient bards. We no
+longer gaze at the author as a drone in the hive of industry.
+
+Our youth are taught that a true man may be found among the luxurious and
+refined as well in the humble avocations of life. Ambitious of a national
+literature, we honor those who have laid its foundations, in the persons
+of an Irving, a Prescott, and a Bancroft, a Longfellow, and a Hawthorne.
+We gratefully remember our historical obligations to Sparks. We feel the
+dignity of the scholar when we summon to our aid the classical Everett.
+Mourning with no feigned sorrow the demise of that true son of our soil,
+the lamented Cooper, we rejoice that a Bryant and a Halleck, a Verplanck
+and a Paulding, are still left with us. Warm in our feelings, and made
+happier by the relations of intercourse, we extend the cordial hand to
+Tuckerman, our classical essayist and poet; to Willis, for his felicitous
+comments on passing events; to Griswold, for his admirable works in
+criticism and biography; to Dr. Mayo, for his _Kaloolah_; to Stoddard, for
+his exquisite poems; to the generous Bethune, the orator and bard; to
+Morris, for his _Melodies_; to Kimball, for his _St. Leger Papers_; to
+Clark, for his _Knickerbocker_; to Melville, for _Typee_; to Ik. Marvell,
+for his _Reveries_; to Ripley, for his fine reviews; to Bigelow, for his
+book on _Jamaica_; to Bayard Taylor, for his _Views A-Foot_; to Greeley,
+for his _Crystal Palace_ labors; and to Duyckinck, the son of our old
+friend, the bookseller, for his _Literary World_. In the name of the
+Republic, we give our heartiest thanks to our intimate friend, the learned
+Dr. Cogswell, as we look at the spacious walls of the Astor Library.
+
+The very great length to which I have unconsciously extended these
+reminiscences, forbids me from dwelling, as my heart and your wishes
+dictate, upon the most glorious name in American Printing, the immortal
+Franklin’s. His character and deeds, however, are familiar to you all; and
+the language of eulogy is needless in regard to one whose fame increases
+with time, and whose transcendent merits, the constant development of that
+element he brought under human dominion render daily more evident and
+memorable. It is related, gentlemen, that when the statues of the Roman
+Emperors were carried in a triumphal procession, one was omitted, and the
+name of that one was shouted with more zeal than all the others inspired.
+So I know it to be with us to-night. The memory of Franklin is too ripe in
+our hearts to require words; it is a spell that sheds eternal glory on the
+typographical art; it is the best encouragement of youthful energy; it is
+revealed in every telegraphic despatch; it hallows the name of our country
+to the civilized world.
+
+
+
+
+
+NOCTES AMICÆ.
+
+
+Of tipsy drollery, a correspondent of the _Evening Post_ (Mr. Bryant
+himself, we have no doubt), writes: "It is esteemed a mark of a vulgar
+mind, to divert one’s self at the expense of a drunken man; yet we allow
+ourselves to be amused with representations of drunkenness on the stage
+and in comic narratives. Nobody is ashamed to laugh at Cassio in the play
+of Othello, when he has put an enemy into his mouth to steal away his
+brains. The personation which the elder Wallack used to give us some years
+ago, of Dick Dashall, very drunk, but very gentlemanly, was one of the
+most irresistibly comic things ever known. I have a mind to give you a
+translation of a German ballad on a tipsy man, which has been set to
+music, and is often sung in Germany; it is rather droll in the original,
+and perhaps it has not lost all of its humor in being _overset_, as they
+call it, into English. Here it is:"
+
+                         OUT OF THE TAVERN, ETC.
+
+  Out of the tavern I’ve just stepped to-night
+  Street! you are caught in a very bad plight.
+  Right hand and left hand are both out of place;
+  Street, you are drunk, ’tis a very clear case.
+
+  Moon, ’tis a very queer figure you cut;
+  One eye is staring while t’other is shut.
+  Tipsy, I see; and you’re greatly to blame;
+  Old as you are ’tis a terrible shame.
+
+  Then the street lamps, what a scandalous sight!
+  None of them soberly standing upright.
+  Rocking and staggering; why, on my word,
+  Each of the lamps is drunk as a lord.
+
+  All is confusion; now isn’t it odd?
+  I am the only thing sober abroad.
+  Sure it were rash with this crew to remain,
+  Better go into the tavern again.
+
+This is parodied or stolen by the clever author of the _Bon Gaultier
+Ballads_, in one of his best pieces.
+
+
+
+
+
+The famous Quaker _Anthony Benezet_, was accustomed to feed the rats in
+the area before his house in Philadelphia. An old friend who found him so
+engaged, expressed some surprise that he so kindly treated such pernicious
+vermin, saying, "They should rather be killed and out of the way." "Nay,"
+said good Anthony, "I will not treat them so; thou wouldst make them
+thieves by maltreating and starving them, but I make them honest by
+feeding them, for being so fed, they never prey upon any goods of mine."
+This singular fact is very characteristic. When feeding rats, the
+benevolent philosopher used to stand in the area, and they would gather
+round his feet like chickens. One of the family once hung a collar about
+one of them, which was seen for years after, feeding in the group.
+
+
+
+
+
+DES CARTES fought at the siege of Rochelle, and after a variety of
+adventures, established himself in Holland, where he composed most of his
+works. These abound in singular theories and curious speculations, and
+their spirit of independence aroused the same spirit wherever they were
+read. Scholars and theologians vied with each other in battling the new
+opinions. The followers of Aristotle and the followers of Locke arrayed
+themselves against him. His novelties even drew the attention of women
+from their fashions. "The ladies of quality here, of late," says a writer
+from Paris, in 1642, "addict themselves to the study of philosophy, as the
+men; the ladies esteeming their education defective, if they cannot
+confute Aristotle and his disciples. The pen has almost supplanted the
+exercise of the needle; and ladies’ closets, formerly the shops of female
+baubles, toys, and vanities, are now turned to libraries and sanctuaries
+of learned works. There is a new star risen in the French horizon, whose
+influence excites the nobler females to this pursuit of human science. It
+is the renowned Monsieur Des Cartes, whose lustre far outshines the aged
+winking tapers of Peripatetic Philosophy, and has eclipsed the stagyrite,
+with all the ancient lights of Greece and Rome. ’Tis this matchless soul
+has drawn so many of the fairer sex to the schools. And they are more
+proud of the title—Cartesian—and of the capacity to defend his principles,
+than of their noble birth and blood."
+
+
+
+
+
+We find in _The Courts of Europe at the Close of the last Century_, by
+Henry Swinburne, the following illustration of American manners:
+
+"An English officer, Colonel A in a stage to New-York, and was extremely
+annoyed by a free and enlightened citizen’s perpetually spitting across
+him, out of the window. He bore it patiently for some time, till at last
+he ventured to remonstrate, when the other said, ’Why, colonel, I estimate
+you’re a-poking fun at me—that I do. Now, I’m not a-going to chaw my own
+bilge-water, not for no man. Besides, you need not look so thundering
+ugly. Why, I’ve _practised_ all my life, and could squirt through the eye
+of a needle without touching the steel, let alone such a great saliva-box
+as that there window.’ Colonel A at last his anger got up, and he spat
+bang in his companion’s face, exclaiming, ’I beg you a thousand pardons,
+squire, but I’ve not practised as much as you have. No doubt, by the time
+we reach New-York, I shall be as great a dabster as you are.’ The other
+rubbed his eye, and remained _bouche close_."
+
+In support of the hydropathic practice, and in illustration of the effect
+of cold, we cite an anecdote MIGNET tells of the celebrated French
+physician Broussais:
+
+
+    "Seized with a violent fever at Nimèguen, Broussais was attended
+    by two of his friends, who each prescribed opposite remedies.
+    Embarrassed by such contradictory opinions, he resolved to follow
+    neither. Believing himself to be seriously in danger, he jumped
+    out of bed in the midst of this raging fever, and almost naked sat
+    down to his escrutoire to arrange his papers. It was in the month
+    of January; the streets were covered with snow. While thus
+    settling his affairs the fever abated, a sensation of freshness
+    and comfort diffused itself throughout his frame. Amazed at this
+    result, Broussais, like a bold theorist as he was, converted his
+    casual forgetfulness into an experience. He boldly _threw open the
+    window_, and for some time inspired the cold winter air that blew
+    in upon him. Finding himself greatly benefited, he concluded that
+    cool drink would be as refreshing to his stomach as cold air had
+    been to his body. He deluged his stomach with cold lemonade, and
+    in less than forty-eight hours he was well again!"
+
+
+
+
+
+The following amusing anecdote is told in a work recently published in
+London of Tom Cooke, the actor and musician:
+
+
+    "At a trial in the Court of King’s Bench, June, 1833, betwixt
+    certain publishing tweedledums and tweedledees, as to the alleged
+    piracy of an arrangement of the ’Old English Gentleman,’—an old
+    English air, by the bye—Cooke was subpœnaed as a witness. On his
+    cross-examination by Sir James Scarlet, afterwards Lord Abinger,
+    for the opposite side, that learned counsel rather flippantly
+    questioned him thus: ’Now, sir, you say that the two melodies are
+    the same, but different; now what do you mean by that, sir?’ To
+    this Tom promptly answered, ’I said that the notes in the two
+    copies were alike, but with a different accent, the one being in
+    common time, the other in sixth-eight time; and, consequently, the
+    position of the accented notes was different.’ Sir James—’What is
+    musical accent?’ Cooke—’My terms are a guinea a lesson, sir.’ (A
+    loud laugh.) Sir James (rather ruffled)—’Never mind your terms
+    here. I ask you what is musical accent. Can you see it?’
+    Cooke—’No.’ Sir James—’Can you feel it?’ Cooke—’A musician can.’
+    (Great laughter.) Sir James (very angry)—’Now, pray sir, don’t
+    beat about the bush, but explain to his lordship and the jury, who
+    are supposed to know nothing about music, the meaning of what you
+    call accent.’ Cooke—’Accent in music, is a certain stress laid
+    upon a particular note, in the same manner as you would lay a
+    stress upon any given word for the purpose of being better
+    understood. Thus, if I were to say, ’You are an _ass_—it rests on
+    ass; but if I were to say, ’_You_ are an ass—it rests on you, Sir
+    James.’ Reiterated shouts of laughter by the whole court, in which
+    the bench itself joined, followed this repartee. Silence having
+    been at length obtained, the Judge, with much seeming gravity,
+    accosted the chop-fallen counsel thus: Lord Denman—’Are you
+    satisfied, Sir James?’ Sir James (deep red as he naturally was, to
+    use poor Jack Reeve’s own words, had become scarlet in more than
+    name), in a great huff, said, ’The witness may go down!’"
+
+
+
+
+
+A Portuguese paper gives some statistics which could only be obtained
+under the spy and secret police system. There are said to be in Portugal
+872,634 married couples, of which the present condition is very nearly as
+follows:—"Women who have left their husbands for their lovers, 1,262.
+Husbands who have left their wives for other women, 2,361. Couples who
+have agreed to live separately, 33,120. Couples who live in open warfare,
+under the same roof, 13,263. Couples who cordially hate each other, but
+dissemble their aversion under the appearance of love, 162,320. Couples
+who live in a state of tranquil indifference, 510,132. Couples who are
+thought by their acquaintances to be happy, but are not themselves
+convinced of their own felicity, 1,102. Couples that are happy as compared
+with those that are confessedly unhappy, 131. Couples indisputably happy
+in each other, 0. Total, 872,634."
+
+
+
+
+
+The first duel in New England, was fought with sword and dagger, between
+two servants. Neither of them was killed, but both were wounded. For this
+disgraceful offence, they were formally tried before the whole company
+(the first settlers), and sentenced to have their "heads and feet tied
+together, and so to be twenty-four hours, without meat or drink." Their
+bravery all exploded in a little while, and they plead piteously to be
+released, which was finally done by the Governor on their promising better
+behavior. "Such was the origin," says Dr. Morse, "and such, I may almost
+venture to say, was the termination of the odious practice of duelling in
+New England, for there have been very few fought there since."
+
+
+
+
+
+We are told by Ariosto of a warrior who was so happily gifted that when
+his arms, his legs, or even his head, happened to be chopped off in
+battle, he could jump down from his horse and replace the dissevered
+member. Many modern humbugs are of this description; they are real polipi;
+chop them into a thousand pieces, and each piece will start up as brisk
+and as lively as ever. Metaphysical humbugs are the most difficult kind to
+deal with. Contending with them is like wrestling with spectres; there is
+not substance enough to catch hold of.
+
+
+
+
+
+Lately, at a sitting of the Norwegian legislature at Christiana, a
+petition was presented from the world-known fiddler, Ole Bull, in which he
+solicited the creation of a national theatre in that town, to receive a
+subvention from the government, and to which a dramatic school was to be
+attached. The Assembly voted that the petition should be taken into
+consideration, and appointed a committee to draw up a report on it. M.
+Bull has already founded, at his own cost, a theatre in his native town,
+Bergen. M. Bull visits this country now in search only of pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHORS AND BOOKS
+
+
+GUTZKOW’S _Ritter vom Geiste_ (Knights of the Spirit) is at last finished,
+the ninth volume having made its appearance. It has faults of detail, and
+there are deficiencies in spots, but as a whole it is praised as eminently
+successful, and truly a new work. The idea in some respects recalls the
+Wilhelm Meister of Goethe, and the Nathan the Wise of Lessing, but the
+execution has more force and a larger and more imperious movement than
+either. The Knights of the Spirit are a body of men who are combined in an
+order to which they give that name, and this book is their history and
+that of the order. At the same time there is nothing mystical,
+supernatural, or merely fantastic about it, though its spirit is
+humanitary and even socialistic. The scene is in modern times, but though
+the names of the heroes are German, and the circumstances in which they
+are placed German, the author has succeeded in producing a truly
+cosmopolitan romance. The nine volumes are sold in Germany for about $8
+00.
+
+
+
+
+
+HENRY TAYLOR, the author of Philip Van Artevelde, is the subject of an
+article in the _Grenzboten_. The writer takes him, as the acknowledged
+first living dramatic poet of England, to be the best illustration of the
+nature and characteristics of the English drama. This drama is said to be
+more remarkable for sharply-outlined and detailed characters, than for the
+invention of exciting and consistent action. The characters in all their
+peculiarities are first created, and situations are made and arranged for
+them afterward. The evil of this is, that the whole thus becomes
+fragmentary, and the particulars outweigh and obscure the general spirit
+and intention of the piece. Even Shakspeare, with his gigantic genius, was
+not free from this defect. His Merry Wives of Windsor, for instance, is
+rich in comic situations and figures, but they are arbitrarily put
+together, and every scene has the character of an episode; the action does
+not go forward in a true and consistent course. Now-a-days the evil is
+worse, because it is the fashion to substitute reflection for natural
+feeling. Taylor is like those portrait painters who paint the features so
+carefully as to destroy the general character of the face. His men and
+women are not alive and genuine. Still their language is grave and noble,
+their thoughts comprehensive, often striking, and their emotions, though
+artificial, are elaborated with great insight and knowledge of the world.
+Compared with the wretched creations of the French romanticists, they are
+worthy of all praise. The critic then proceeds to analyze Isaac Comnenus,
+Philip Van Atevelde, and Fair Edwin, setting forth with great fairness the
+excellencies and faults of each.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new contribution to an obscure but most interesting part of European
+history is _Deutschland in der Revolutions periode von_ 1522-26, (Germany,
+in the Revolutionary Period from 1522 to 26,) by JOSEPH EDMUND JÖRG. The
+author has had access to a great mass of original and hitherto unused
+materials, especially diplomatic correspondence and other documents in the
+Bavarian archives. His view of the subject is very different from that
+taken by ZIMMERMANN, in his _Peasants’ War_, or by any other writer. He
+mocks at the idea that this revolution grew out of the evils and
+oppressions suffered by the people, and finds its most powerful impulse in
+the passion for innovation that sprung up along with the revival of
+classical studies in the middle ages.
+
+
+
+
+
+The antique fashion of presenting poetic works to the public, is revived
+in Germany with great success. Professor GRIEPENKERL of Brunswick, whose
+tragedy of Robespierre made a great sensation a year or more since, is now
+reading his new play of the Girondists to large audiences in the principal
+cities. He has already been heard at Brunswick, Leipzig, Dresden, and
+Bremen, and proposes to visit other places on the same errand. The play,
+which is a tragedy of course, is much admired, though it is not thought to
+be adapted to the stage. The Girondists were not men of action, but
+orators and thinkers. The final scene in the play is the famous banquet
+before they were taken to execution. Charlotte Corday is among the
+characters; the women are said not to be drawn as truly and powerfully as
+the men.
+
+
+
+
+
+CARLYLE’S Life of Stirling is criticised in the _Grenzboten_, which calls
+Carlyle the strangest of all philosophers. This book is said, however, to
+be, on the whole, clearer and more intelligible than most of his former
+productions. Still, like most works of the new romantic school in England,
+of which Carlyle is the chief, it aims rather to give expression to the
+ideas and abilities of the author, than to do justice to its subject. But
+it is in Warren’s _Lily and the Bee_, that the school appears in full
+bloom. This is said to consist mostly of exclamation points, and is
+written in a sort of lapidary style, that deals in riddles, pathos without
+object, sentimentality with irony, world-pain, and allusions to all the
+kingdoms of heaven and earth, without any explanation as to what relation
+these allusions bear to each other, and with a Titanic pessimism as its
+predominating tone, which first rouses itself up to take all by storm, and
+finishes by being soothed into happy intoxication by the odors of a lily.
+This is better treatment than _The Lily and the Bee_ gets at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+In the second volume of _Shakspeare as Protestant, Politician,
+Psychologist and Poet_, by DR. ED. VEHSE—spoken of as being "even more
+uninteresting than the first," we find the two following extraordinary
+ideas. Firstly, that Shakspeare followed a theory of physical
+_temperaments_ in his characters—that Hamlet was a representative of the
+melancholy or nervous, Othello of the choleric, Romeo of the sanguine, and
+Falstaff of the phlegmatic. Secondly, that in Falstaff, Shakspeare
+parodied—himself! Or to give his own words, "We may suppose that
+Shakspeare’s physical constitution inclined to corpulence, and inspired in
+him the disposition to the life of a _bon vivant_. His intimacy with the
+Earl of Southampton may have favored this disposition, since they led for
+a long time a dissipated tavern-life, and were rivals in love matters!"
+The work is principally made up of extracts from Shakspeare’s plays, to
+every which extract we find appended "How admirable,"—"Excellent," and
+similar aids to those who are not familiar with the English bard.
+
+
+
+
+
+We commend to the attention of philologists Das _Gothische Runenalphabet_,
+(or The Gothic Runic Alphabet,) recently published by HERTZ of Berlin.
+"Before Wulfila, the Goths had an alphabet of twenty-five letters, formed
+according to the same principles, and bearing nearly the same names as the
+_Runes_ of the Anglo-Saxons and Northmen, and probably arranged in the
+same order of succession. _Wulfila_ adopted the Grecian alphabet, which
+through his modification was received by the Goths to the old twenty-five
+letters." This is the theory propounded in the work, which is not wanting,
+as we learn, in instructive information. In connection with this we may
+notice a book which has been deemed worthy of a modern English
+republication in elegant style, the often referred to _Scriptural Poems_
+of CÆDMON, in Anglo-Saxon, an edition of which, by R. W. BOUTERWEK, with
+an Anglo-Saxon Glossary, has recently been published by Bædeher of
+Elberfeldt.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Preussische Zeitung_ states that M. HANKE, a learned Bohemian, is
+publishing, in Prague, a _fac-simile_ of the Gospels on which the Kings of
+France have always been sworn at their coronation at Rheims. The
+manuscript volume is in the Slavonian language, and has been preserved at
+Rheims ever since the twelfth century, but it has only been lately
+discovered in what language it was written.
+
+
+
+
+
+The eleventh volume of the _Monumenta Germaniæ Historica_ inde ab anno
+Christi 500 usque ad annum 1500 auspiciis societ, aperiendis fontibus
+serum German medii ævi edid, G. H. PERTZ, has just made its appearance.
+This work is regarded as a stupendous effort of erudition and historical
+acumen, even in Germany.
+
+DR. HAGBERG, a professor at the University of Upsal, has just published at
+Stockholm a version of the complete works of Shakspeare, the first ever
+made in the Swedish language. It is in twelve thick octavo volumes. The
+Shaksperian Society of London having received a presentation copy of this
+translation, has returned a vote of thanks to Dr. Hagberg, accompanied by
+forty volumes of the Society’s publications, all relating to the great
+dramatist and the state of dramatic art in his time.
+
+
+
+
+
+DUNLOP’S _History of Fiction_ has been translated into German by Professor
+Liebrecht of Liege, and enlarged so as to be much more complete than the
+original. The version bears the title of _Geschichte der Prosadichtung
+oder, Geschichte der Romane, Novellen und Mährchen_ (History of Prose
+Poetry, or History of Romances, Novels and Traditional Tales). It gives a
+complete account of the most prominent fictions from the Greek romances
+down to the present day, and is quite as valuable for those who like to
+take their novels condensed, as for those who make a historical study of
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+
+HOLTEI, the German poet, has published a four-volume novel, called _Die
+Vagabunden_ (The Vagabonds). It is a curious and successful book. It
+treats of the various classes that get their living by amusing others, not
+merely of theatrical and musical artists, but of circus-riders,
+ventriloquists, jugglers, rope-dancers, puppet-showmen, &c. Indeed, actors
+and musicians are only introduced casually, while the lower classes, if we
+may so call them, of wandering artists, make up the book; and they make it
+up not in the form of caricatures or exaggerations, but as genuine living
+characters, with the faults and virtues that really belong to men of their
+respective professions The story is a good one, and is varied with all
+sorts of strange adventures.
+
+
+
+
+
+In poetry we observe the attractive title of _The Æolian Harp of the
+World’s Poetry_, a collection of poems of all countries and ages,
+"dedicated to German ladies and maidens," by FERD. SCHMIDT. Also by the
+same collector, a Household Treasury of the most beautiful Ballads,
+Romances, and Poetic Legends of all Times and Nations; by BRUNO LINDNER,
+_Four Tales_, and from the Countess AGNES SCHWERIN, a new edition of _What
+I heard from the bird_. Were we confident that the Countess were
+intimately familiar with English poetry, we should feel half inclined to
+accuse her of having taken this title from
+
+  "High diddle ding, I heard a bird sing."
+
+G. PUSLITZ has "thrown forth," as Bacchus threw the wreath of Ariadne, a
+"garland of Stories," entitled _What the Forest Tells_. Whether, like the
+wreath alluded to, it will reach the stars, we must leave our readers or
+his to decide.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Science, we observe the publication of a piece of eccentric nonsense
+such as emanates at the present day only from a weak brother in Germany,
+or occasionally from a would-be _original_ in New England. The work to
+which we refer is the _Natur und Geist_ (or _Nature and Spirit_) of DR.
+JOHANN RIOHERS. In the second volume he attempts to utterly overwhelm,
+confound, and destroy Newton’s Theory of Attraction, by such an argument
+as the following. "Let any man jump from a height, in descending he feels
+no _attraction_ to the Earth. How hasty and absurd therefore is it to
+attribute the movement in question to such an attraction."
+
+
+
+
+
+A new collection of German Domestic Legends (_Haus Mährchen_) has been
+published at Leipzig, by J.W. WOLF, a distinguished German philologist.
+His Legends closely resemble those collected by Grimm, and, like them, are
+curious and instructive. He obtained them, one from a Gipsey, others from
+peasants in the mountain districts, and others from some companies of
+Hessian soldiers. He remarks that many such ancient legends are yet
+floating about among the German people, and that they ought to be
+collected before they are lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+ZEND AVESTA, or On the things of Heaven and the World beyond the Grave, is
+the title of a new book in three volumes just published at Leipzig, in
+German, of course, by GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNOR. The author attempts to prove
+the possibility, if not the certainty, of a future life of the individual
+after death. His demonstrations are drawn from the analogies of the
+natural world. He exhibits a wide acquaintance with nature and with
+literature, but is not thought to have made any positive additions to
+psychological science.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those who are conversant with the curiosities of the Middle Ages, and have
+read the entertaining history of "_Ye Nigromancer Virgilius_," in which
+the Mantuan bard lives no longer in the magic of song, but that of literal
+sorcery, will peruse with pleasure the _Virgil’s Fortleben im
+Mittelalter_, or The Life of Virgil continued in the Middle Ages, by G.
+RAPPERT. Of all the wild romantic legends which the romantic time brought
+forth, none surpass in singularity and interest this singular narration.
+
+
+
+
+
+TEMPERANCE TALES are produced in Germany as well as elsewhere. JEREMIAS
+GOTTHELF is the best author who there cultivates this style of
+composition. His _Dürsli, the Brandy drinker_, has just passed through a
+fourth edition, and _How five Maidens miserably perished in Brandy_, to a
+second. Gotthelf has the talent of combining great dramatic interest and
+artistic freshness of narration, with a moral purpose. Hence the
+popularity of these little books.
+
+
+
+
+
+NIEHL’S _Bûrgerliche Gesellschaft_ (Civil Society) is greatly praised by
+critics, as the most valuable work lately published in Germany, or indeed
+in Europe, upon the State of Society and the causes operating to change
+it. Especially good are its pictures of the different classes in Germany,
+such as the nobility, the peasantry, the industrious middle class, and the
+proletaries. These pictures are said to have the minuteness and fidelity
+of daguerreotypes. The chapter on the "proletaries of intellectual labor,"
+gives any thing but a flattering account of the literary classes on the
+continent. Those classes are held up as in a great measure perverted,
+empty, and dangerous. Niehl divides Society in Germany into four great
+classes, namely: the peasantry, the aristocracy, the _bourgeoisie_ or
+middle class, and the proletariat, or mere laborers for wages. The last he
+regards as the decaying and corrupting class, a sort of scum in hot
+effervesence. This is, however, one of the classes that produce social
+movement; the other is the middle class; the conservative or stationary
+classes are the peasantry and aristocracy. The learned professions he
+reckons among the middle class. He makes no distinction between the
+proletaries who live by the soil, and those who live by working in
+connection with manufactures and mechanical trades.
+
+
+
+
+
+Another contribution to Goethean literature is the Correspondence between
+the great Poet and his intimate friend Knebel, which has just appeared in
+Germany in two volumes. The letters extend from 1774 to 1832, and contain
+the free expression of Goethe’s opinions on a great variety of important
+subjects, as well as many interesting particulars in his personal history,
+hitherto unknown.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. WETZSTEIN, Prussian Consul at Damascus, has returned to Europe,
+bringing a valuable collection of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts,
+which he expects to sell to the Royal Library at Berlin. Of especial value
+is a history of Persia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which
+casts light on several portions of Persian history that have hitherto been
+obscure.
+
+
+
+
+
+LONGFELLOW’S _Evangeline_ has been translated into German and published at
+Hamburg. The name of the translator is not given. The critics find that
+the poem has a very marked resemblance to Goethe’s Herman and Dorothea.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. MAYO’S _Berber_ has been translated into the German by Mr. L. Dubois,
+and published at Leipzig.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new and splendid edition of the _Pilgrim’s Progress_ has been published
+at Leipzig, in German. It is curious to see the good old book discussed by
+the critics as if it were a new production.
+
+
+
+
+
+German Historical Literature has lately been enriched by numerous valuable
+works. Among these we notice WENCK’S _Fränkische Reich_ (Frankish Empire),
+which treats that subject, from A.D. 843 to 861, with instructive
+thoroughness and philosophical insight; two essays by FICKER, the one on
+Reinhald von Dassel, the Chancellor of Ferdinand I., and the other on the
+attempt of Henry VI. to render the German empire hereditary; ARNTHEN’S
+_History of Carinthia_; RINK’S _Tirol_; PALAZKY’S _History of Bohemia_;
+MINUTOLI’S _History of the Elector Frederic I._; RIEDEL’S _Ten years of
+the History of the Ancestors of the Royal House of Prussia_; the _History
+of Schleswig Holstein_, by GEORGE WAITZ; RUCKERT’S _Annals of German
+History_; G. PHILIP’S _Outlines of the History of the German Empire and
+German Law_; GENGLER’S _History of German Law_; the _Coins of the German
+Emperors and Kings in the Middle Ages_, a large work by CAPPE; the _Celts
+and Ancient Helvetians_, by J. B. BROZI; and the _Campaigns of the
+Bavarians_ from 1643 to 1645, by J. HELLMANN; MAYR’S _Mann von Rinn_ (Man
+of Rinn) deserves special mention. The man of Rinn is Joseph Speckbacher,
+the hero of the war of 1809 in the Tyrol. His deeds, and those of his
+countrymen, are here narrated in a style as attractive as the facts are
+authentic.
+
+
+
+
+
+In all the States of the German Confederation there are 2,651 booksellers,
+400 of whom deal only in their own publications, 2,200 sell books, but do
+not publish, and 451 keep general assortments of books, and publish also.
+At Berlin there are 129 booksellers, at Leipzic, 145, at Vienna, 52, at
+Stuttgard, 50, and at Frankfort, 36. A hundred years ago there were only
+31 at Leipzic and 6 at Berlin, and at two fairs held at Leipzic in 1750,
+only 350 German booksellers’ establishments were represented. No one is
+allowed in Germany to become a bookseller without a license from the
+government, and in Prussia the applicant has to pass a special
+examination.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those desirous of acquiring languages by wholesale, may try a recent work
+by Captain J. NEPOMUK SZÖLLÖZY, with which the scholar can learn,
+according to the Ollendorffian system, French, German, English, Italian,
+Russian, Spanish, Hungarian, Wallachian and Turkish. Phrases and
+vocabularies of all the languages are appended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A second edition of ADOLF STAHR’S _Preussische Revolution_, has appeared
+in Germany, revised by the author and dedicated to Macaulay. No recent
+book in Germany has been more successful than this.
+
+
+
+
+
+MAX SCHLESINGER’S _Wanderings through London_ are announced at Berlin; the
+first volume is already published. One of the chapters treats of
+"Linkoln’s-In-Fields."
+
+
+
+
+
+We learn from the last number of the _Journal Asiatique_, that M. WÖPCKE,
+a mathematician who devotes himself to Arabic studies, has discovered in
+some Arabic manuscripts two works purporting to be by Euclid, which have
+not been preserved in the Greek original, nor are any where referred to as
+his by ancient mathematical writers. One is a treatise on the lever, and
+the other on the division of planimetric figures. The authenticity of the
+two is thought to be perfectly established by collateral evidence.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Hungarian author. Baron Eötvös, has just published a work called
+_Ueber den Einfluss der Neuen Ideen auf den Staat_ (On the influence of
+new ideas upon the State). He argues that the students of social and
+political science should confine themselves strictly to the method
+received in the natural sciences, and employed there with such success;
+first establish what are the genuine experimental phenomena, and then by
+induction settle the law which produces and governs them.
+
+
+
+
+
+We expect a treat from MORITZ WAGNER’S _Reise nach Persien und dem Lande
+der Kurden_ (Journey to Persia and Kurdistan) the first volume of which is
+advertised in our last files of German papers. Wagner is one of the best
+of travellers, and we shall look for the book itself with some impatience.
+The second volume is announced as to appear in three weeks after the
+first.
+
+
+
+
+
+The second part of the third volume of HUMBOLDT’S _Kosmos_, has just
+appeared at Stuttgart. It treats of the heavenly nebulae, suns, planets,
+comets, aurora borealis, zodiacal light, meteors, and meteoric stones.
+This completes the uranological part of the description of the physical
+universe. Humboldt has already begun his fourth volume, and expects to
+finish it before June next.
+
+
+
+
+
+KOSSUTH is speculated on by a German bookseller, who advertises a work
+giving a complete account of his sayings and doings since the capitulation
+at Vilagos, including his flight to Turkey and his residence there, the
+negotiations for his release, his journey from Kutahia to England, and his
+tarry there up to sailing for America, with a portrait.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE REV. HENRY T. CHEEVER’S _Life in the Sandwich Islands_ (noticed by us
+lately in the _International_), is reprinted in London, by Bentley, and
+translated in German for a publisher at Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+SILVIO PELLICO, so famous for his works, his imprisonments and sufferings,
+is passing the winter in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+The complete works of CLEMENS BRENTANO, have been brought out at
+Frankfort, in seven volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Two books of travels in Scandinavia have just appeared in Germany. One is
+the _Bilder aus dem Norden_ (Pictures of the North), by Professor OSCAR
+SCHMIDT of Jena; and the other _Hägringar_, or a Journey through Sweden,
+Lapland, Norway, and Denmark, in 1850, by a young author. Professor
+Schmidt amply repays the reader, which is more than can always be said of
+the author of _Hägringar_. Both works are, however, especially worthy the
+attention of those who wish to study the natural history and ethnography
+of the countries in question.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADAME VON WEBER, widow of the composer, who has for some years resided at
+Vienna, has applied to the Emperor of Austria for permission to dispose of
+the three original MSS. scores of her husband’s operas, _Der Freischütz,
+Eutryanthe_, and _Oberon_. These were in the Royal Library at Vienna; and
+she purposes offering them to the three sovereigns of Saxony, Prussia, and
+England,—in which respective countries they were originally produced. The
+Emperor has caused the MSS. to be delivered to her.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR NUYTZ, whose work on canon law was recently condemned by the
+Holy See, has resumed his lectures at Turin. The lecture-room was crowded,
+and the learned professor was received with loud applause. He adverted to
+the hostility of the clergy, and to the Papal censures of his work, which
+censures he declared to be in direct opposition to the rights of the civil
+power. He expressed his thanks to the ministry for having refused to
+deprive him of his chair.
+
+
+
+
+
+A valuable contribution to Italian history is _Die Carafa von Maddaloni,
+Neapel unter Spanische Herrschaft_ (Naples under Spanish Domination), just
+published in Germany, by ALFRED VON REUMONT, a member of the Prussian
+Legation at Florence, who, more than almost any other man, has made a
+study of the history of that part of Italy, and who in this work has had
+access to a great mass of new documents. He writes as a monarchist, but
+his facts may be relied on. The work is in two volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Every body remembers the noise made in New-York some fifteen years since
+by the revelations of MARIA MONK. We notice a translation of her famous
+disclosures advertised, with all sorts of trumpet blowing, in our German
+papers.
+
+
+
+
+
+An edition of the complete works of KEPLER is preparing in Germany, under
+the supervision of Prof. FRISCH, of Stuttgart. The manuscripts of the
+great astronomer, preserved at St. Petersburg, have been examined for the
+purpose, with rich results. It is also proposed to erect a monument to
+Kepler at Stuttgart.
+
+
+
+
+
+Sixteen German books were prohibited in Russia in August last; among them
+were FONTAINE’S _Poems_, GÖRRE’S _Christian Mysticism_, KUTZ’S _Manual of
+Sacred History_, SCHMIDT’S _Death of Lord Byron_, KINKEL’S _Truth without
+Poetry_, and STRAUSS’S _Life Questions_. Of eleven other works, a few
+pages from each were prohibited; among these was the German version of
+Lieutenant LYNCH’S _United States Expedition to the Jordan and the Dead
+Sea_. These works are allowed to enter Russia after having the
+objectionable pages cut out.
+
+
+
+
+
+The science of landscape gardening is enriched by a new work of value just
+published at Leipzig, by RUDOLPH LIEBECK, the director of the public
+garden in that city. It is called _Die bildenden Garten Kunst in seinen
+Modernen Formen_ (The Modern Constructive Art of Gardening). It has twenty
+colored plates.
+
+
+
+
+
+COTTA, of Stuttgart, is preparing to publish a splendid illustrated
+edition of Goethe’s _Faust_. The designs are to be by an artist well known
+in Germany, Engelbert Seibertz. The work is to be published in numbers.
+
+
+
+
+
+The historical remains and letters of George Spalatin have been published
+at Weimar. They are a valuable addition to the history of the Reformation.
+
+
+
+
+
+It is remarkable that the only oriental nation whose literature has much
+resemblance to ours, and has a direct practical value for us, is the
+Chinese. For instance, the works of this people upon agriculture abound in
+practical information, which may be made immediately useful in Europe and
+America. We noticed, some time since, the treatise on the raising and care
+of silk worms, translated and published at Paris, by M. STANISLAS JULIEN,
+which was so warmly welcomed in France as a timely addition to what was
+there known upon the subject. It seems that this work was but a small
+portion of an extensive Cyclopedia of Agriculture in use in China, where
+the science of tilling the soil has in many respects been developed to an
+astonishing degree of perfection. This cyclopedia, M. Hervey, a French
+scholar, whose knowledge of the Eastern languages is accompanied by an
+equally profound love of farming, has undertaken to translate entire. This
+is a difficult and tedious enterprise, especially on account of the mass
+of botanical and technical expressions which occur in the work, and of
+which the dictionaries furnish no explanation. Meanwhile M. Hervey has
+published some of the results of his studies in a work called
+_Investigations on Agriculture and Gardening among the Chinese_. He
+mentions several varieties of fruits, vegetables, and trees, which might
+advantageously be introduced into France and Algiers; he also analyzes the
+Cyclopedia, and shows what are the difficulties in translating it.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable contribution to our knowledge of China, is M. BIOT’s recent
+translation of the book called _Tscheu-li_. It seems that in the twelfth
+century before Christ, the second dynasty that had ruled the country, that
+of _Thang_, fell by its own vices, and the empire passed into the hands of
+Wu-wang, the head of the princely family of _Tscheu-li_. Wu-wang was a
+great soldier and statesman; he confided to his brother Tscheu-Kong, a man
+evidently of extraordinary political genius, the moral and administrative
+reformation of the empire. He first laid the foundation of a reform in
+moral ideas by an addition to the Y-King or sacred book, which the Chinese
+revere and incessantly study, but which still remains an unintelligible
+mystery for Europeans. Of his administrative reforms a complete record is
+preserved in the _Tscheu-li_, and nothing could be easier to understand.
+
+When the Tscheus thus came into power, they found in existence a powerful
+feudal aristocracy, from which they themselves proceeded, and which they
+must tolerate. Accordingly, they recognized within the imperial dominions
+sixty-three federal jurisdictions, which were hereditary, but whose rulers
+were obliged to administer according to the laws and methods of the
+empire. Having made this concession, they abolished all other hereditary
+offices, and established instead, a vast system of centralization, such as
+the world has never seen equalled elsewhere. The administration, according
+to the _Tscheu-li_, is divided among six ministries, which were also
+divided into sections, and the executive functions descend regularly and
+systematically to the lowest official, and include the entire movement of
+society. The emperor and the feudal princes are restrained by formalities
+and usage, as well as by the expression of disapprobation; and the
+officials of every grade by their hierarchical dependency, and by a system
+of incessant oversight; and finally, the people by proscription, and the
+education, industrial, as well as mental and moral, which the State
+dispenses to them. The sole idea in which this astonishing system rests,
+is that of the State, whose office is to care for all that can contribute
+to the public good, and which regulates the action of every individual
+with a view to this end. In his organization, Tscheu-Kong excelled every
+thing that the most centralized governments of Europe have devised.
+
+The Tscheu family remained in power for five centuries, and was finally
+broken down by the feudal element they had preserved. But so deep was the
+impress of Tscheu-Kong upon the nation, that after centuries of
+revolutions and civil war, it returned to his institutions and principles,
+and it is by them and in a great degree in their exact forms, that China
+is now governed.
+
+In form the _Tscheu-li_ is like an imperial almanac of our own times. It
+is, however, much more complete, because Tscheu-Kong gives in it a mass of
+detailed instructions, in order to make the officials aware of their
+duties and the precise limits of their authority. Thus the work affords a
+quite exact picture of the social condition of China at that time. There
+is no other monument of antiquity with which it can be compared, except
+the _Manus_, the Indian book of law. The difference is, that in China the
+intellectual activity was altogether political, and the public
+organization altogether imperial and political; while in India the mental
+activity was metaphysical, and the public organization altogether
+municipal.
+
+The translation of the _Tscheu_ was not published till after M. Biot’s
+decease; it was brought out by his father, with the assistance of M.
+Stanislas Julien.
+
+
+
+
+
+The library of the famous Cardinal Mezzofanti is about to be sold, and the
+catalogue is already printed—in Italian, of course. It is one of the most
+extensive and valuable collection of works in various languages ever made,
+and it is to be hoped that it may not be disposed of at the sale, but pass
+all together into some public library—that of some university would be
+most appropriate. To indicate the contents of the catalogue, we give the
+titles of the different parts: Books in Albanian or Epirotic, Arabic,
+Armenian, American (Indian dialects of Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru,
+United States), Bohemian, Chaldaic, Chinese (Cochin-Chinese, Trin-Chinese,
+Japanese), Danish (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Laplandic), Hebrew
+(Antique, Rabbinic, Samaritan), Egyptian, or Coptic-Egyptian and Coptic,
+Arabic, Etrusean, Phœnician, Flemish, French (Breton-French,
+Lorraine-French, Provençal), Gothic and Visi-Gothic, and Greek and
+Greek-Latin, Modern Greek, Georgian or Iberian, Cretian or Rhetian,
+Illyrian, Indo-oriental (Angolese, Burmese or Avian, Hindostanee, Malabar,
+Malayan, Sanscrit), English (Arctic, Breton or Celtic, Scotch-Celtic,
+Scotch, Irish, Welch), Italian (Fineban dialect, Maltese, Milanese,
+Sardinian, Sicilian), Kurdistanee or Kurdic, Latin, Maronite and Syriac
+Maronite, Oceanic (Australian), Dutch, Persian, Polish, Portuguese
+(various dialects), Slavonian (Carniolan, Serbian, Ruthenian,
+Slavo-Wallachian), Syriac, Spanish (Catalan, Biscayan), Russian, Turkish,
+Hungarian, Gipsey.
+
+
+
+
+
+The French historian MICHELET, deprived of his professorship in the
+College of France, is devoting himself more than ever to literature. His
+last work, of which an authorized translation has just appeared in London,
+is _The Martyrs of Russia_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MICHEL NICOLAS, one of the ablest among the French theologico-ethical
+writers, has published a translation of the _Considerations on the Nature
+and Historical Developments of Christian Philosophy_, by Dr. RITTER, of
+the University of Gottingen.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. SCHONENBERGER, a music-publisher at Paris, has purchased from the heirs
+of Paganini the copyright of his works, and is now publishing them, under
+the editorial supervision of M. ACHILLE PAGANINI, the son of the great
+violinist. The edition will comprise every thing that he left behind in
+writing. Hector Berlioz speaks with enthusiasm in the _Journal des Debats_
+of the two grand concertos which have just appeared, one of them
+containing the marvellous rondo of the _campanella_. Berlioz speaks in
+high praise of Paganini’s genius as a composer. A volume would be
+required, he says, to indicate the new effects, the ingenious methods, the
+grand and noble forms which he discovered, and even the orchestral
+combinations, which before him were not suspected. In spite of the rapid
+progress which, thanks to Paganini, the violin is making at the present
+day in respect of mechanical execution, his compositions are yet beyond
+the skill of most violinists, and in reading them it is hardly possible to
+conceive how their author was able to execute them. Unfortunately he was
+not able to transmit to his successors the vital spark which animated and
+rendered _human_ those astonishing prodigies of mechanism.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. PHILARETE CHASLES, one of the literary critics of the _Journal des
+Debats_, has published, at Paris, a book called _Etudes sur la Litterateur
+et les Mæurs des Anglo-Americanis_, which abounds in those curious
+blunders that some French authors seem to be destined to when they write
+upon topics connected with foreign countries. For instance, he makes the
+pilgrims of Plymouth to have been the founders of Philadelphia, New-York,
+and Boston. Buffalo he sets down opposite to Montreal, speaks of the
+puritans of Pennsylvania as near neighbors of Nova Scotia, and extends
+Arkansas to the Rocky Mountains. At New-York his regret is that a railroad
+has destroyed the beauty of Hoboken, and at New Orleans he laments that
+marriages between whites and Creoles are interdicted. Of Cooper, Irving,
+Bryant, Audubon, and Longfellow, he speaks in terms of just praise, but
+Willis is not mentioned. Bancroft and Hildreth are mentioned as
+historians, Prescott is spoken of briefly in connection with his Ferdinand
+and Isabella, while his other works are not alluded to. To Herman
+Melville, M. Chasles devotes fifty pages, while Mr. Ticknor has not even
+the honor of a mention. The author of this work is very far from doing
+justice either to American literature or to himself.
+
+
+
+
+
+Five of the nine intended volumes of LAFUENTE’S _General History of Spain_
+from the remotest times to the present day, have appeared in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Paris a new edition is announced of the best French versions of
+FENIMORE COOPER’S works—six or eight illustrated volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. GUIZOT is about to publish a new volume at Paris, with the title of
+_Shakspeare et son Temps_ (Shakspeare and his Times). It is to be composed
+of his Life of Shakspeare, and the articles that he has written at various
+times upon different plays. The only novelty in it is a notice on Hamlet
+which was prepared expressly for this publication. He regards both Macbeth
+and Othello as better dramas than Hamlet, but thinks the last contains
+more brilliant examples of Shakspeare’s sublimest beauties and grossest
+faults. "Nowhere," says Guizot, "has he unveiled with more originality,
+depth and dramatic effect, the inmost state of a great soul: but nowhere
+has he more abandoned himself to the caprices, terrible or burlesque, of
+his imagination, and to that abundant intemperance of a mind pressed to
+get out its ideas without choosing among them, and bent on rendering them
+striking by a strong, ingenious, and unexpected mode of expression,
+without any regard to their truth and natural form." The French critic
+also thinks that on the stage the effect of Hamlet is irresistible.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Capital work on Paris has just been published at Berlin, from the pen of
+FRIEDRICH SZARVADY, a Hungarian, who has resided for several years in
+Paris. The titles of the chapters are:—Paris in Paris; Strangers in Paris;
+Parisian Women; Street Eloquence; the Temple of Jerusalem (the Bourse);
+Salons and Conversation; Dancing, Song, and Flowers; the Ball at the Grand
+Opera; Artist Life; the Press; the Feuilleton; History on a Public Square;
+Lamartine, Cavaignac, Thiers; Louis Bonaparte. Szarvady observes sharply,
+and writes with as much grace and _esprit_ as a Frenchman. Nothing can be
+more taking than his pages. They deserve a translation from the German
+into English.
+
+
+
+
+
+VILLERGAS, the Spanish historian, who in one of his recent works drew a
+parallel between Espartero and Narvaez which excited great attention at
+Madrid and in other parts of Spain, has just been condemned by the court
+which has charge of the offences of the press, to a fine of twenty
+thousand reals, or twenty-five hundred dollars, for the sin against public
+order and private character contained in that parallel.
+
+
+
+
+
+An interesting and valuable series of articles reviewing historically the
+systems of land tenure which have prevailed in different countries, is
+appearing in the _Journal des Débats_ from the pen of M. HENRY TRIANON.
+The systems of India and China have already been examined.
+
+
+
+
+
+The termagant wife of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton has just published _The
+School for Husbands_, a novel founded on the life and times of Moliere.
+Probably her own husband is shot at in all the chapters.
+
+
+
+
+
+The books on modern French history would already fill an Alexandrian
+library, and every month produces new ones. M. LEONARD GALLOIS, a
+well-known historical writer, announces a _History of the Revolution of
+February, 1848_, in _five_ large octavos, with forty-one portraits. M.
+BARANTE’s _History of the Convention_ will consist of six octavos, of
+which three are published, and the last is accompanied by it biographical
+sketch of each of the seven hundred and fifty members. The period embraced
+in this work is from 1792 to 1795, inclusive. There is a new _History of
+the City of Lyons_, in three octavos, by the city librarian.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Letters and unpublished Essays of Count_ JOSEPH DE MAISTRE have been
+brought out at Paris, in two volumes octavo. The letters show the
+celebrated author in a new and pleasing light; a tone of genial unreserve
+prevails in many of them, which those who have become familiar with his
+brilliant, dogmatic, and paradoxical intellect, in his more elaborate
+writings, would hardly suppose him capable of. No writer, of this century
+at least, has more powerfully set forth the doctrines of the Roman
+Catholic Church than he.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Political Situation of Cuba_, a volume published in Paris, by Don
+ANTONIO SACO, is commended in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_. Don Antonio was
+one of the most distinguished intelligences and liberals of the precious
+island: he argues against independence, or annexation to the American
+Union: he suggests various arrangements by which Spain could safely
+establish political freedom in Cuba, and he thinks administrative and
+judicial reforms to counteract the worst ills of her present situation,
+might be accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+
+A New edition of SHARON TURNER’s _History of the Anglo-Saxons_ has just
+appeared in London, with important additions and revision. The first
+edition of Turner’s History was published in London more than fifty years
+ago. At the time when the first volume appeared, the subject of
+Anglo-Saxon antiquities had been nearly forgotten by the British public,
+although the most venerated laws, customs, and institutions of the nation
+originated before the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon manuscripts lay
+unexamined in archives, and the important information they contained had
+never been made a part of general history. Mr. Turner undertook a careful
+and patient investigation of all the documents belonging to the period
+preserved in the kingdom, and the result of his labors was the work in
+question, which at once gave rise to an almost universal passion for the
+records and remains of the Anglo-Saxon people, and called forth general
+applause from the best minds of England. A good edition of his History was
+published several years ago by Carey and Hart of Philadelphia, but it is
+now, we believe, out of print.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Rev. JOHN HOWARD HINTON, author of a well-known History of the United
+States, has published, in London, a volume under the title of _The Test of
+Experience_, in which he has presented a masterly argument for the
+voluntary principle in matters of religion. The "test of experience" is in
+this, as in all other things, the best of tests, and the religious
+institutions of the United States can well bear its application. One of
+the most noticeable results of the non-interference of the State is
+pointed out in the following passage:
+
+
+    "To travellers in the United States, no fact has been more
+    immediately or more powerfully striking than the total absence of
+    religious rivalry. Amidst such a multitude of sects, an inhabitant
+    of the old world naturally, and almost instinctively looks for one
+    that sets up exclusive pretensions and possesses an actual
+    predominance. But he finds nothing of the kind. Neither
+    presbyterianism, or prelacy, nor any other form of
+    ecclesiasticism, makes the slightest effort to lift its head above
+    its fellow. And with the resignation of exclusive pretensions, the
+    entire ecclesiastical strife has ceased, and the din of angry war
+    has been hushed; and here, at length, the voluntary principle is
+    able to exhibit itself in its true colors, as a lover of peace and
+    the author of concord. It is busied no longer with the arguing of
+    disputed claims, but throws its whole energy into free and
+    combined operations for the extension of Christianity. The general
+    religious energy embodies itself in a thousand forms; but while
+    there is before the church a vast field to which the activities of
+    all are scarcely equal, there is, also, ’a fair field and no
+    favor,’—a field in which all have the same advantages, and in
+    which each is sure to find rewards proportionate to its wisdom and
+    its zeal. This inestimable benefit of religious peace is clearly
+    due to the voluntary principle."
+
+
+
+
+
+JUNIUS, since the publication of his Letters, never figured more
+conspicuously than during the last month. The _Paris Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ has a very long article on the great secret by M. Charles Remusat,
+a member of the Institute, well known in historical criticism. He arrays
+skilfully the facts and reasonings which British inquirers have adduced in
+favor of Sir Philip Francis, and the other most probable author, Lord
+George Sackville. He seems to incline to the latter, but does not decide.
+He pronounces that, on the whole, Junius was not "a great publicist." His
+powers and influence are investigated and explained by M. de Remusat with
+acuteness and comprehensive survey. Lord Mahon, in his new volumes, says,
+"From the proofs adduced by others, and on a clear conviction of my own, I
+affirm that the author of Junius was no other than Sir Philip Francis." We
+think not. The London _Athenæum_, last year, we thought, settled this
+point. It is understood that the editor of the _Grenville Papers_, now on
+the eve of publication, in London, is in favor of Lord Temple as a
+claimant for the authorship of Junius. The January number of the
+_Quarterly Review_ contains an article on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Natural History of the Human Species_, by Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES
+HAMILTON SMITH, is the title of a duodecimo volume from the press of Gould
+& Lincoln of Boston. An American editor (Dr. Kneeland) has added an
+introductory survey of recent literature on the subject. The whole
+performance is feeble. The author and his editor endeavor to make out
+something like the infidel theory of Professor AGASSIZ, which, a year or
+two ago, attracted sufficient attention to induce an investigation and an
+intelligent judgment, in several quarters, as to the real claims of that
+person to the distinctions in science which his advertising managers claim
+for him. We have not space now for any critical investigation of the work,
+and therefore merely warn that portion of our readers who feel any
+interest in ethnological studies, of its utter worthlessness.
+
+
+
+
+
+An Englishman, Mr. FRANCIS BONYNGE, recently from the East Indies, has
+come to this country at the instance of our minister in London, for the
+purpose of bringing before us the subject of introducing some twenty of
+the most valuable agricultural staples of the East, among which are the
+tea, coffee, and indigo plants, into the United States. He gives his
+reasons for believing that tea and indigo would become articles of export
+from this country to an amount greater than the whole of our present
+exports. He says that tea, for which we now pay from sixty-five to one
+hundred cents per lb. may be produced for from two to five cents, free
+from the noxious adulterations of the tea we import. He has published a
+small volume under the title of _The Future Wealth of America_, in which
+his opinions are fully explained and illustrated.
+
+
+
+
+
+The first volume of a work on _Christian Iconography_, by M. DIDRON, of
+Paris, opens to the curious reader a new source of intellectual enjoyment,
+both in the department of ancient religious art, and in the archæology of
+the early paintings of the Catholic Church. The rich, profuse, and quaint
+plates of the original work are used in a translation ably made by E.J.
+Millington, published in London by Bohn, and in New-York by Bangs.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS BOND HEAD, so well known in this country as one of the former
+governors of Canada, and as an author of remarkable versatility and
+cleverness, has published an agreeable but superficial book on Paris—the
+Paris of January, 1852—under the quaint title of _A Bundle of French
+Sticks_; and Mr. Putnam has reprinted it in his new library.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable book published in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847, by J. D.
+NOURSE, under the title of _Remarks on the Past, and its Legacies to
+American Society_, has just been reprinted in London, with an introduction
+by D. T. COULTON.
+
+
+
+
+
+The following works, all of which have promising titles, will soon be
+published by J. S. REDFIELD: _Men of the Times in 1852_, comprising
+biographical sketches of all the celebrated men of the present day;
+_Characters in the Gospels_, by Rev. E. H. Chapin; _Tales and Traditions
+of Hungary_, by Theresa Pulzky; _The Comedy of Love_, and the _History of
+the Eighteenth Century_, by Arsene Houssaye; Aytoun’s _Lays of the
+Scottish Cavaliers_; _The Cavaliers of England_, and _The Knights of the
+Olden Time, or the Chivalry of England, France and Spain_, by Henry W.
+Herbert; _Lectures and Miscellanies_, by Henry James; and _Isa: a
+Pilgrimage_, by Caroline Chesebro.
+
+
+
+
+
+_The Westminster Review_ says of ALICE CAREY, whose _Clovernook_ we
+noticed favorably in the last _International_, that "no American woman can
+be compared to her for genius;" the Paris _Débats_ refers to her as a poet
+of the rank of Mrs. ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING in England; the literary
+critic of _The Tribune_ (the learned and accomplished RIPLEY whose
+judgment in such a matter is beyond appeal) prefers her _Clovernook_ to
+Miss MITFORD’S _Our Village_, or Professor WILSON’S _Lights and Shadows of
+Scottish Life_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. DANIEL S. CURTISS has availed himself well of large opportunities for
+personal observation, in his volume just published under the title of
+_Western Portraiture, and Emigrant’s Guide_, a description of Wisconsin,
+Illinois, and Iowa, with remarks on Minnesota and other territories. It is
+the most judicious and valuable book of the kind we have seen.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR FREUND, the Philologist, is in London, engaged in constructing a
+German-English and English-German dictionary upon his new system; and
+Professor SMITH, the learned editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, announces a dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, the
+articles to be written by the principal contributors to his previous
+works.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS BOOKS of the present season in England have not been very
+remarkable. Mr. DICKENS, in an extra number of his Household Words,
+printed _What Christmas is to Everybody_; and we have from WILKIE COLLINS,
+_A New Christmas Story_; by the author of "The Ogilvies," _Alice Learmont,
+a Fairy Tale of Love_; by the author of "The Maiden Aunt," a pleasant
+little book entitled _The Use of Sunshine_.
+
+
+
+
+
+Under the title of _Excerpta de P. Ovidii Nastonis_, Blanchard & Lea of
+Philadelphia have published a series of selections from a poet whose
+works, for obvious reasons, are not read entire in the schools. The
+extracts present some of the most beautiful parts of this graceful and
+versatile poet.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FINE ARTS
+
+
+The American Art Unions have not been successful in the last year, unless
+an exception may be made in regard to that of New England, at Boston. The
+American, at New-York, deferred indefinitely its annual distribution of
+pictures, on account of the small number of its subscriptions; and the
+Pennsylvanian, at Philadelphia, by a recent fire in that city has lost its
+admirably-engraved plates of Huntington’s pictures from the _Pilgrim’s
+Progress_, the last of which was just completed and placed in the hands of
+the printer. It will make no distribution.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Sicilian artist, residing at Naples, has amused himself, and probably
+pleased his sovereign, by composing a life-sized group, representing
+Religion supporting King Ferdinand, and guarded by an angel, who places
+his foot on an evil spirit. On the other side of this group is a child
+bearing the scales of justice. "How much," writes a correspondent of the
+_Athenæum_, "the artist is to get for this plaster blasphemy, I know not;
+but a more impudent caricature (at the present moment) it would be
+difficult to imagine." Another artist has, however, beaten the Sicilian
+sculptor quite out. A small bronze group represents Religion triumphing
+over Impiety and Anarchy. Impiety is represented by a female figure, under
+whose arm are two books inscribed Voltaire and Luther! Anarchy has taken
+off her mask, and let fall two scrolls, on which are written _Communismo_
+and _Constituto_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR ZAHN, who has been engaged during a period of more than twenty
+years in examining the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has exhibited at
+Berlin a collection of casts unique in their kind. These are 8,000 in
+number; and comprise all the remarkable sculptures of the above places,
+besides those found at Stabiæ, and those of the vast collection of the
+Museo Borbonico and other museums of the Two Sicilies. The casts from the
+Museo Borbonico are the first ever made,—the King of Naples having
+accorded the privilege of taking these copies to M. Zahn alone, in royal
+recompense for the Professor’s great work on Pompeii and Herculaneum.
+
+
+
+
+
+A book which all students of art should possess, is DR. KUGLER’S
+_Geschichte der Kunst_ (History of Art), with the Illustrations
+(_Bilderatlos_) which accompany it, and which are now being published at
+Stuttgart. The ancient and modern schools of Art—Painting, Sculpture, and
+Architecture—are here represented in outlines of their most celebrated and
+characteristic works. Eleven numbers of these Illustrations have appeared,
+and the whole work will be completed in the course of the coming year.
+
+
+
+
+
+In our musical world there have been several noticable facts in the last
+month. The opera company, perhaps from the utter incapacity of its
+director, has been divided, and the best portion of it has been singing at
+Niblo’s Theatre. Jenny Lind’s farewell series of concerts was prevented by
+intelligence of the death of the great singer’s mother, in Sweden.
+Catherine Hayes has been successful in several concerts at Tripler Hall,
+and Mrs. Bostwick, whom the best critics of the city regard as superior to
+any singer who has appeared among us, except Jenny Lind, has given a
+second series of her subscription concerts, which were extremely well
+attended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of the _Athenæum_, writing from Egypt, urges that a few
+young artists should be sent out with orders to copy all the hieroglyphics
+on the most important temples, as well as the numerous tablets and
+fragments which are daily brought to light. "A work pursued with such
+materials—all theories and arbitrary classification being excluded—would
+ever remain as a lasting monument, and would reflect great credit on the
+Government which should order its execution." Less than one-half of the
+money required for the removal of the Obelisk would amply cover all
+expenses.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of _Kuhne’s Europa_ writes from Dresden that a number of
+humorous drawings, sketched by the pencil of Schiller, and accompanied by
+descriptions in his own hand, have been found in the possession of a
+Swabian family, with whom the great poet became acquainted during his
+residence at Loschwitz.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Berlin, M. von Prinz, a pupil of Kiss, the sculptor, is erecting a
+group which he calls _The Lion-killer_ in imitation of the _Amazon_. Kiss
+himself is engaged on a set of groups from a fox-hunt, Rauch has almost
+completed a bust of Humboldt, and statues of General Gneisenau and of
+_Hope_.
+
+
+
+
+
+A colossal statue of the Emperor Napoleon, thirty feet high, is to be
+placed on the top of the Triumphal Arch, at the end of the Champs Elysées,
+in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+KAULBACH has undertaken to draw a set of sketches for an illustrated
+edition of Shakspeare, which will shortly be published by Nicolai, At
+Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. GREENOUGH, is now in New-York, awaiting the arrival of his splendid
+group for the Capitol, from Italy. He will soon be engaged on his statue
+of his friend the late Mr. Cooper, to be erected in this city.
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MONTH
+
+
+The extraordinary abilities of Kossuth as orator, hid attractive personal
+qualities, and grandeur of his propositions, continue to occupy the
+generous regard of the people of the United States, but the impression
+which obtained at one time that the national government would in any
+manner or degree enter into his plans for confining a future contest for
+the liberty of Hungary exclusively to the two parties most immediately
+interested, appears to have been very generally given up. This country
+will continue to encourage and aid oppressed peoples by showing how wisely
+and efficiently its servants can attend to her own affairs. At the same
+time it is not to be doubted that citizens in their private capacity may
+and will do much for the illustrious exile who pleads among us for the
+means of opposing the oppressors of his nation. Kossuth has been
+entertained at public banquets since he left New-York by the authorities
+of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Annapolis, and Harrisburg; he has
+been received by the President of the United States, the two houses of
+Congress, and the legislatures of Maryland and Pennsylvania; and on the
+7th of January he dined with the representatives, senators, and other
+persons connected with the government, at Washington, and Daniel Webster,
+Lewis Cass, William H. Seward, and Stephen A. Douglass, made speeches on
+the occasion expressive of their personal respect and sympathy, and their
+anxiety as individuals to see Hungary independent. Mr. Cass indeed went so
+far as entirely to endorse the doctrine of Kossuth respecting intervention
+to insure non-intervention. Kossuth is now in the state of Ohio, and he
+probably will remain in this country long enough—since the French
+revolution has at least deferred any great and united movement of the
+European democracy—to visit all the principal cities of the valley of the
+Mississippi.
+
+But little important business has yet been accomplished in Congress,
+though numerous bills have been introduced, as is usual in the early weeks
+of the session. On the morning of the 24th of December, a portion of the
+capitol, occupied by the national library, was destroyed by fire, with
+nearly sixty thousand printed volumes, and many MSS., maps, medals,
+portraits, sculptures, and other works of art.
+
+The legislature of several of the states are now in session. Those of
+Ohio, Michigan, Mississippi, Wisconsin and California, met on the 5th of
+January; those of New-York, Pennsylvania and Delaware, on the 7th; those
+of Maryland and Massachusetts, on the 7th; that of Indiana, on the 8th;
+those of Virginia and Illinois, on the 12th; that of New Jersey, on the
+13th; that of Maine, on the 14th, and that of Louisiana, on the 19th. No
+great national questions have been prominently before the state
+legislatures, except that of our foreign relations, with special reference
+to Hungary, upon which the assemblies in the several states appear to be
+less conservative than Congress. The most important subject of local
+administration, is that of the suppression of the sales of intoxicating
+liquors. The law of Maine, enacted last year, will probably be sustained
+in that state; in Massachusetts a petition with more than one hundred
+thousand signatures, has been offered in the legislature for such a law,
+and similar efforts are being made in New-York and other States.
+
+In Mexico there is a continuance of the imbecility of the government and
+the agitations of factions. Rumors, constantly varying, in regard to the
+conduct and prospects of Caravajal, leave us in doubt whether any thing of
+real importance will grow out of his attempts at revolution in the
+northern provinces. The administration appears to have acted with
+decision, but probably with impotence so far as the final result is
+concerned, in regard to the Tehuantepee railroad contract.
+
+South America presents the usual series of disturbances, with some facts
+which indicate a prospect of repose; but all such prospects in the Spanish
+states of this continent are apt to be deceptive. The birthday of Bolivar
+was celebrated at Caracas on the 28th of October with great public
+festivities. Treaties between Brazil and Uruguay were formed for alliance,
+military aid, commerce and navigation, and the mutual surrender of
+criminals, on the 12th of October. We learn from Buenos Ayres that,
+through November, Rosas was making great preparations to meet Urquiza. He
+had established a corps of observation in the direction of Entre Rios to
+look out for an invasion. A considerable emigration was taking place from
+Buenos Ayres to Montevideo, mostly of previous residents of the latter
+city.
+
+In Great Britain the most important recent event is the retirement of Lord
+Palmerston from the cabinet, in which he held the place of Secretary of
+State for Foreign Affairs. This occurred on the 22d of December. The
+causes of Lord Palmerston’s retirement are a subject of much
+unsatisfactory speculation, and the fact is generally regretted by the
+friends of political liberty in Europe. His successor is Lord Granville, a
+nobleman of manly and liberal character, heretofore connected with the
+government. It is apprehended that the popular feeling may induce the
+recall of Lord Palmerston to be the head of a new Ministry. Great Britain
+has now no envoy resident in the United States, but it is not improbable
+that Sir Henry Bulwer will return to this country for the final settlement
+of affairs connected with Central America. It is understood officially
+that the attack of a British man-of-war on the United States steamer
+Prometheus, at Greytown, was entirely unauthorized.
+
+The Admiralty have determined not to send another expedition in search of
+Sir John Franklin, by way of Behring’s Straits. The Plover is to be
+communicated with each year by a man-of-war—the Amphitrite is the next.
+The proposed overland expedition of Lieut. Pym has been abandoned.
+
+The English war at the Cape of Good Hope continues with little change,
+though a few important successes by the English are reported. The war
+appears to be condemned by a large and respectable portion of the journals
+and the people at home. In its character and details it continues to
+resemble our own contest with the Indians in Florida.
+
+The month of December, 1851, witnessed, in FRANCE, the successful
+accomplishment of a _coup d’état_ not less daring than any that marked the
+earlier annals of that country. It is asserted that the personal security
+of the President was menaced with imminent danger, when, on the evening of
+the 1st of December, he came to the resolution to strike the first blow.
+The measures he immediately took were, to issue an appeal to the people
+denouncing the conduct of the Assembly, and declaring it dissolved; a
+proclamation to the army, telling them that "to-day, at this solemn
+moment, I wish the voice of the army to be heard;" and a decree "in the
+name of the French people," of which the articles were—"1. The National
+Assembly is dissolved; 2. Universal Suffrage is re-established—the law of
+the 31st May is abrogated; 3. The French people is convoked in its
+elective colleges from the 14th of December to the 21st of December
+following; 4. The state of siege is decreed through the first military
+division; 5. The Council of State is dissolved; 6. The Minister of the
+Interior is charged with the execution of the present decree." The appeal
+to the people contained these further propositions; "Persuaded that the
+instability of power, that the preponderance of a single Assembly, are the
+permanent causes of trouble and discord. I submit to your suffrages the
+fundamental basis of a constitution which the Assemblies will develop
+hereafter—1. A responsible chief named for ten years; 2. The Ministers
+dependent on the executive alone; 3. A Council of State formed of the most
+distinguished men, preparing the law, and maintaining the discussion
+before the legislative corps; 4. A legislative corps, discussing and
+voting the laws, named by universal suffrage, without the _scrutin de
+liste_ which falsifies the election; 6. A second Assembly formed of all
+the illustrious persons of the nation—a preponderating power, guardian of
+the fundamental pact and of public liberty." At an early hour, on the 2d,
+these manifestoes were found covering the walls of Paris, and at the same
+time the principal thoroughfares were filled with troops of the line.
+
+The President had taken precautions that the National Guard should not be
+called out. The Generals Changarnier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamoricière,
+Leflo, Colonel Charras, MM. Bazé, Thiers. Brun, the Commissary of Police
+of the Assembly, and others of the leading heads of parties, were arrested
+before they had risen for the day. Many members of the Assembly gathered
+at the house of M. Daru, one of their Vice-Presidents and, having him at
+their head, proceeded to their ordinary place of meeting, but found access
+effectually barred by the Chasseurs de Vincennes, a corpse recently
+returned from Algeria. These men forcibly withstood the entrance of the
+members, some of whom were slightly wounded. Returning with M. Daru, they
+were invited by General Lauriston to the Marie of the 10th arrondissement,
+where they formed a sitting, presided over by two of their
+Vice-Presidents, M. Vitel and M. Benuist d’Azy (M. Daru having meanwhile
+been arrested), and proceeded to frame a decree to the following effect:
+"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is deprived of his functions as President of the
+Republic, and the citizens are commanded to refuse him obedience; the
+executive power passes in full right to the National Assembly; the judges
+of the High Court of Justice are required to meet immediately, on pain of
+dismissal, to proceed to judgment against the President and his
+accomplices. It is enjoined on all functionaries and depositaries of
+authority that they obey the requisition made in the name of the Assembly,
+under penalty of forfeiture and the punishment prescribed for high
+treason." While this decree was being signed, another was unanimously
+passed, naming General Oudinot commander of the forces, and M. Tamisier
+chief of the staff. These decrees had scarcely been signed by all present,
+when a company of soldiers entered, and required them to disperse. The
+Assembly refused to do so, when, after some parley, two commissaries de
+police were brought, the presidents were arrested, and the whole body of
+members present, 230 in number, were marched across the city to the
+barracks of the Quai d’Orsay. The next day they were distributed to the
+prisons of Mount Valerien, Mazas, and Vincennes; and the generals
+Cavaignac, Lamoricière, Bedeau, and Changarnier, were sent to Ham. During
+the day the population viewed the soldiers in the streets merely as a
+spectacle, and no violent excitement occurred. At ten o’clock on Wednesday
+morning some members of the Mountain appeared in the Rue d’Antoine, and
+raised the cry _Aux armes!_ The party they collected immediately began to
+erect a barricade at the corner of the Rue St. Marguerite. Troops were
+quickly at the spot, when the barricade was carried, and the
+representative Baudin was killed. Some other barricades were raised in the
+afternoon, but as quickly destroyed. General Magnan, the
+Commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, seeing the day was passed in
+insignificant skirmishes, now determined to withdraw his small posts, to
+allow the discontented to gather to a head. On the morning of the 4th it
+was reported that the insurrection had its focus in the Quartiers St.
+Antoine, St. Denis, and St. Martin, and that several barricades were in
+progress. The General deferred his attack until two o’clock, when the
+various brigades of troops acted in concert. The barricades were attacked
+in the first instance by artillery, and then carried at the point of the
+bayonet. There were none which offered very serious resistance, and the
+whole contest was over about five o’clock. In the evening, however, fresh
+barricades were raised in the Rues Montmartre and Montorgueil, and others
+in the Rues Pagevin and des Fosses Montmartre, which were successfully
+attacked in the night by the officers in command of those quarters. On the
+5th the last remains of street-fighting were effectually quelled. The loss
+to the military in these operations was twenty-five men killed, of whom
+one was Lieut-Col. Loubeau, of the line, and 184 wounded, of whom
+seventeen were officers. The number of insurgents killed is unknown, but
+they are estimated it from two to three thousand, including,
+unfortunately, many indifferent persons, who were accidentally passing
+along the boulevards when the soldiery suddenly opened their sweeping
+fire. The insurgents taken with arms in their hands were carried to the
+Champ de Mars, and there shot by judgment of court martial. Most of the
+political prisoners arrested were discharged after a few days, some of the
+more formidable only being longer detained.
+
+By a decree of the President dated the 2d December, the French people were
+convoked in their respective districts for the 14th of the month to accept
+or reject the following _plébiscite_: "The French people wills the
+maintenance of the authority of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, and delegates to
+him the powers necessary to frame a Constitution on the bases proposed in
+his proclamation of the 2d December." On that day the voting consequently
+commenced by universal suffrage; and the President has been re-elected for
+ten years by a majority greatly exceeding that of his contest with
+Cavaignac. In Paris, of 394,049 registered voters 197,091 have voted in
+the affirmative; 95,511, in the negative; and 96,819 abstained from
+voting. The majority for Louis Napoleon being 191,500. In the provinces he
+has had a majority of eight to one. The inauguration of the usurper took
+place in the church of Notre Dame on the 3d of January, and the new order
+of things has been recognized by all the courts of Europe.
+
+On the 25th of November a French squadron appeared before Salee, to claim
+satisfaction for an act of piracy committed by the inhabitants of that
+town. The Caid asked for six days to take the orders of the Emperor of
+Morocco; and the Caid of Rabat sent a similar evasive reply. The next day
+the French bombarded the place for seven hours, the fire being returned by
+both forts of Rabat and Salee. The Admiral, however, confined his
+chastisement to the latter, which he thoroughly performed, and fired the
+town in several places. The French fleet arrived at Tangier on the morning
+of the 29th, when the Consul-General for Morocco and several officers of
+the squadron landed, and had an interview with the Bashaw of the province,
+which ended in a satisfactory arrangement, to the great relief of the
+people of Tangier, who were in consternation at the prospect of sharing
+the fate of their neighbors.
+
+From Austria we learn the partial amelioration in private business of the
+financial difficulties. The Emperor published, on the 1st of January,
+decrees, that whereas the provisions of the constitution were cancelled by
+the imperial edict of August 20, 1851, the last principles of political
+right conceded by the constitution are now disavowed. There now exists no
+political right in the empire. The Austrian government continues to watch
+with the keenest anxiety the proceedings of the exiled Italians and
+Hungarians, and by very stringent arrangements in regard to the press, and
+the interdiction of most foreign journals, keeps the "dangerous classes"
+in ignorance of the sympathy with which they are regarded from abroad.
+
+The Queen of Spain, by a spontaneous act of her royal clemency, granted a
+pardon to all such prisoners, made in the last expedition against the Isle
+of Cuba, as are citizens of the United States, whether they be already in
+Spain, undergoing the punishments they have incurred, or whether they be
+still in Cuba. The queen on the 20th of December gave birth to a princess,
+who is heir to the throne.
+
+From China there are reports that the Emperor has been compelled to resign
+in favor of the revolutionary general, whose triumphant march through many
+revolted provinces has, from time to time, been noticed in the last half
+year. The statement, however, does not appear to be credited by some of
+the best informed London journals.
+
+The Queen of Madagascar is bent on exterminating Christianity in her
+dominions, and has long mercilessly persecuted those who prefer the "new
+religion." In the last outburst of this protracted persecution, four
+persons were burnt alive; fourteen precipitated from a high rock and
+crushed to death; a hundred and seventeen persons condemned to work in
+chains as long as they live; twenty persons cruelly flogged with rods,
+besides 1,748 other persons mulcted in heavy penalties, reduced into
+slavery, and compelled to buy themselves back, or deprived of their wives
+and families. Persons of rank have been degraded, and sent as forced
+laborers to carry stone for twelve months together to build houses; and,
+in an endless variety of other ways have the maddened passions of one
+wicked woman been permitted now for years past to plunge a great country
+in ruin.
+
+There has been a serious Mussulman riot at Bombay, occasioned by the
+Parsee editor of an illustrated newspaper, in each number of which is
+given a life and portrait of some remarkable historical character, having
+published—in the series (next to one of Benjamin Franklin)—a life and
+portrait of Mahomet. Both are said to have been unexceptionable according
+to European ideas, but the whole Mussulman population (145,000 in number)
+considered their faith insulted and outraged by the publication, holding
+it sacrilege and idolatry to imagine and print any likeness whatever of so
+sacred a personage.
+
+The Wahabees, who inhabit the interior and highland portion of Arabia,
+have pillaged the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, destroying the mosques,
+sacking the cities, and carrying off numbers of women and children into
+the desert. It is supposed to be in revenge for the punishment inflicted
+on them thirty years ago, when they had conquered the same cities.
+
+The Turkish government has introduced the culture of cotton in the
+vicinity of Damascus, with seed procured from the United States. It is
+successful.
+
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
+
+
+In London, among the scientific questions of a practical kind much
+discussed, is that of a patent process for contracting the fibres of
+calico, and of obtaining on calico thus prepared colors of much
+brilliancy. It is regarded by chemists as likely to lead to valuable
+results. In the British Association, it was described as the discovery
+that a solution of cold but caustic soda acts peculiarly on cotton fibre,
+immediately causing it to contract; and although the soda can be readily
+washed out, yet the fibre has undergone a change. Thus, taking a coarse
+cotton fabric, and acting upon it by the proper solution of caustic soda,
+this could be made much finer in appearance; and if the finest calico made
+in England—known as one hundred and eighty picks to the web—be thus acted
+on, it immediately appears as fine as two hundred and sixty picks.
+Stockings of open weaving assume a much finer texture by the condensation
+process; but the effect of the alteration is most strikingly shown by
+colors: the tint of pink cotton velvet becomes deepened to an intense
+degree; and printed calicoes, especially with colors hitherto applied with
+little satisfaction—such as lilac—come out with strength and brilliancy,
+besides producing fabrics finer than could be possibly woven by hand. The
+strength, too, is increased by this process; for a string of calico which
+breaks with a weight of thirteen ounces when not soaked, will bear twenty
+ounces when half condensed by the caustic soda.
+
+
+
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Paris _Academy of Sciences_, M. YVART read an
+important practical Memoir on the production of Wool, in the Merino race.
+He teaches that the only means of obtaining fine wool—taking into account
+the weight of the sheep’s body,—is the employment of races of small size.
+When the skin is very delicate, it secretes less of wool than when it is
+otherwise;—the fineness of the wool is proportioned to that of the skin.
+Those countries in which the winter is long or cold, or where the sheep
+remains in the fold the greater part of the year, and does not lie on
+ploughed lands, are especially suited to the production of the finest and
+most elastic wools, those chiefly sought after for manufacture of cloth.
+
+
+
+
+
+Experiments on the application of electro-magnetism as a motive power,
+have been made with some striking results in Paris, as well as in this
+country. M. Dumont, in a paper on the subject submitted to the _Female
+Academy_, states, "that if in the production of great power the
+electro-magnetic force is inferior to that of steam, it becomes equal to
+it, and perhaps superior in the production of small power, which may be
+subdivided, varied, and introduced into employments or trades requiring
+but little capital, and where the absolute value of the mechanical power
+is less essential than the facility of producing instantaneously and at
+pleasure the power itself. In this point of view electro-magnetic power
+comes to complete, not to supersede, that of steam."
+
+
+
+
+
+In the papers of the celebrated Lalande, recently presented to the Paris
+_Academy of Sciences_, by M. Arago, there is a note to the effect that so
+far back as the 25th of October, 1800, he and Burckhardt were of opinion,
+from calculations, that there must be a planet beyond Uranus, and they
+occupied themselves for some time in trying to discover its precise
+position. This is a very curious fact for astronomers.
+
+
+
+
+
+RECENT DEATHS.
+
+
+JOEL R. POINSETT, LL.D., long distinguished in society and in affairs,
+died at his residence in Statesburg, South Carolina, on the 12th of
+December. The first American ancestor of Mr. Poinsett came to this country
+from Soubisi, near Rochelle, in France, soon after the revocation of the
+edict of Nantz. His father was a physician, and served in the Revolution
+under Count Pulaski. He himself was born at Charleston on the second of
+March, 1779, and, after having passed some time at the school of the Rev.
+Timothy Dwight (afterward President of Yale College), at Greenfield,
+Connecticut, he was sent, at the close of the Revolution, to England, to
+complete his studies, and for the advantages of foreign travel. Returning
+in 1800, when he was twenty-one years of age, he commenced the study of
+law in the office of Mr. Desaussure, afterwards Chancellor of South
+Carolina, Before his admission to the bar, he again embarked for Europe,
+extending his travels to Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, and the northern
+countries of the continent. At St. Petersburg he became acquainted with
+the Emperor Alexander, soon after his accession, and was received by him
+with marked partiality, and often questioned respecting the peculiar
+institutions of this country. On one occasion, after he had been
+expatiating at large on the advantages of America, the Czar exclaimed,
+"Were I not an emperor, I would be a republican." Declining the offer of a
+place in the service of the Emperor, he commenced a tour into the East,
+travelling through Persia and Armenia, and, returning to Europe, resided
+for some time in its principal capitals. On the breaking out of
+difficulties between the United States and Great Britain, in 1808, he
+returned to his own country, and applied to Mr. Madison for a commission
+in the army. Owing to some objections by the Secretary of War, he did not
+obtain the commission, but was sent by the President to South America, to
+ascertain the result of the revolutions which had recently occurred in
+that quarter. While in Chili, he heard of the declaration of war between
+England and America. Embarking in the frigate Essex, to return to this
+country, with a view to enter the army, he was made a prisoner on the
+surrender of that vessel to the British by Commodore Porter. The British
+Commander refused to allow his return home with the rest of the prisoners,
+regarding him as a dangerous enemy of England, and he therefore determined
+to cross the continent to the Atlantic. He passed the Andes in the month
+of April, when they were covered with snow, and, after great difficulties,
+reached Buenos Ayres. He succeeded, in a Portuguese vessel, in reaching
+Madeira, where, on his arrival, he learned that a treaty of peace had been
+concluded. Soon after he reached South Carolina, he was elected to the
+Legislature of that State, in which he devoted himself chiefly to the
+establishment of a system of internal improvements. In 1821 he was elected
+to Congress, from the Charleston District, and was twice re-elected to
+that body. In 1822, he was sent to Mexico, by President Monroe, to obtain
+information with regard to the government under Iturbide. He performed
+this mission with signal success. Foreseeing the speedy downfall of the
+imperial administration, he gave his advice against all connection with
+it, on the part of this country. He had scarcely returned home, when
+Iturbide abdicated the throne. Soon after the election of Mr. Adams, which
+he had strongly opposed, Mr. Poinsett was again appointed Minister to
+Mexico, whore he remained until the summer of 1829. His important services
+in this period are amply detailed in a memoir of his political life, in
+the first volume of the _Democratic Review_, and were warmly approved in
+the first annual message of President Jackson. On returning to the United
+States, he devoted himself to the pursuits of private life, in South
+Carolina. When the States Rights controversy broke out, he again engaged
+in political affairs, and became a prominent advocate of the principles of
+the Union party, as opposed to Nullification. In 1836, he was nominated by
+his friends as a candidate for the State Senate, and was elected with but
+little opposition. On the formation of Mr. Van Buren’s cabinet, Mr.
+Poinsett accepted the office of Secretary of War. On the election of Gen.
+Harrison he retired to his home in South Carolina, where he devoted
+himself to those literary pursuits which formed the pleasure of his life;
+and thence he issued, only two years ago, those stirring appeals against
+secession, which were among the most powerful influences for the
+preservation of the endangered peace of the Union at that period. Mr.
+Poinsett received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in
+this city, and he was a member of many learned societies in this country,
+and in Europe. Besides his _Notes on Mexico_, written soon after his last
+return from that country, he published several addresses, was a large
+contributor to the _Southern Quarterly Review_ and other periodicals, and
+furnished some important papers to the Paris Geographical Society, and
+other learned associations abroad and at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+MOSES STUART, D.D., of the Theological Seminary at Andover, died at his
+residence in that town on the 4th of January, in the seventy-second year
+of his age. He was born in Wilton, Conn., March 16, 1780; was graduated at
+Yale College in 1799; and was a tutor in that institution from 1802 to
+1804. After having studied the profession of the law, he turned his
+attention to theology, and in 1806 was ordained pastor of the Central
+Congregational church in New Haven. He was called to the Professorship of
+Sacred Literature in Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, and continued
+for nearly forty years to discharge its important duties. Professor Stuart
+was a man of great natural abilities, honorable principles, and a strong
+will; for a long period he occupied the first place among cultivators of
+sacred learning in this country; and though younger men, with larger
+opportunities, have recently attained to greater eminence, no one in the
+same field has ever exercised a more important and advantageous influence.
+His first considerable work was a _Hebrew Grammar_, published in 1823. It
+scarcely deserves comparison with the more celebrated performance of
+Gesenius, of which Professor Stuart himself gave to the public a
+translation, more than twenty years after the publication of his own work;
+but for some time after its original appearance it was the best Hebrew
+Grammar in the English language. In 1825 he was associated with Professor
+Robinson in the production of a _Greek Grammar of the New Testament_; in
+1827 he published his _Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews_; in 1829
+his _Hebrew Chrestomathy_, and in 1830 his _Course of Hebrew Study_. His
+Commentary on the Hebrews, was received as an accession to the body of
+permanent theological literature. It was spoken of in England as "the most
+valuable philological aid" that had been published "for the critical study
+of that important, and in many respects difficult book;" and the late Dr.
+Pye Smith, one of the first biblical, theological, and classical scholars
+in Great Britain, stated, that he felt it to be his duty to describe it as
+"the most important present to the cause of sound biblical interpretation
+that had ever been made in the English language." In Germany also it
+secured for Professor Stuart the highest consideration; and it continues
+in all countries to be regarded as one of the noblest examples of
+philological theology and exegetical criticism. In 1832 Professor Stuart
+published another great work of a similar character: his _Commentary on
+the Epistle to the Romans_. It was distinguished for a profoundness of
+research, for an intensity and minuteness of philological labor, and a
+singleness of purpose to arrive at the meaning of the apostle, without
+regard to any preconceived or partisan opinions, which obtained for it a
+regard as an authority equal to that awarded to its predecessor. In 1845
+he published a _Commentary on the Apocalypse_; a profoundly learned and
+critical work, in which the interpretation of this difficult book varies
+much from that which has been most generally received. In the same year he
+also gave to the church a _Critical History and Defence of the Old
+Testament Canon_. His devotion to biblical criticism continued to the
+close of his life, and we believe, his last use of the pen was in the
+correction of the concluding sheets of a volume of Commentaries.
+
+In his later years Professor Stuart entered into political controversies,
+and was particularly distinguished for his defence of the policy of Mr.
+Webster, in a pamphlet entitled _Conscience and the Constitution_. He also
+ventured very injudiciously into the field of classical criticism, in an
+edition of _Cicero_, which was sharply reviewed by Professor Kingsley of
+Yale College; and he lost reputation in his more legitimate sphere by a
+controversy with Professor Conant, of Madison University, growing out of
+his translation of the _Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius_. It is not to be
+denied that in measuring his strength against that of these accomplished
+scholars, he was signally unfortunate.
+
+In his personal character he was simple, sincere, enthusiastic, brave, and
+religious. He was well entitled to the great respect in which he was held
+by the church. He had been ordained for high services, and he had
+accomplished them. Every duty of which he was capable was finished, and he
+could have added nothing to his good reputation if his years had been
+prolonged.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, born in Ireland in 1781, but nearly all his life a
+resident of this country, where he was for many years well known as a
+writer, died near Philadelphia on the 8th of January. Besides editing and
+rewriting a considerable portion of Baine’s _History of the Wars growing
+out of the French Revolution_, he was the author of Histories of Great
+Britain, France, and several other countries, which for a long time were
+very generally used as text-books in schools, and he also wrote _The
+American Chesterfield_, _The Ladies’ Lexicon_, and numerous smaller
+volumes, which were creditable to his abilities. His reading was
+extensive, and his knowledge of events during his lifetime, particularly
+in British affairs, was minute and accurate. His mind lost none of its
+vigor with the approach of age, and in his fine countenance, and imposing
+figure, there were no appearances of decay. His love of reading continued
+to the last, and within a year he frequently employed his pen on such
+subjects as he took an especial interest in.
+
+
+
+
+
+NICHOLAS GRAN DE DIEU SOULT, Marshal General of France, Duke of Dalmatia,
+&c., died on the 26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg, near the
+place where he was born. We have given in another part of this magazine an
+estimate of his character. The Paris _Pays_ furnishes us a brief abstract
+of his history. He was born at St. Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His
+father, who was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his own
+profession, allowed him to enter the army. The future Marshal of France
+entered the Royal Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon remarked
+by his aptitude for the functions of instructor. He was made
+non-commissioned officer in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the
+intermediate grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General of the
+Staff, when General Lefebvre attached him to his own service with the
+grade of Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through the campaigns
+of 1794 and 1795 with the army of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as
+well as to his republican principles, a rapid promotion. Successively
+raised to the rank of General of Brigade, and then to that of General of
+Division, he took part in all the campaigns of Germany until 1799, when he
+followed Massena into Switzerland, and thence to Genoa, where he was
+wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after the battle of Marengo,
+and raised to the command of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace
+of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels of the Guard of the
+Consuls. When the Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominated Marshal
+of France, and during the campaign which terminated in Austerlitz, held
+the command of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the conquest of
+Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal Soult solicited and obtained the
+command of the second corps of the army of Spain, with which he overran
+Galicia and the Austrians, and passed into Portugal, where he fought the
+memorable battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that city, when delivered up
+by treason to the English, he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous
+retreat, which did the greatest honor to his energy and presence of mind.
+Being named Commander-in-Chief of the army of Spain, he marched to the
+succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish army, and his movement was
+crowned with full success. He continued in this command until March, 1813,
+when he was appointed in Saxony to the command-in-chief of the Imperial
+Guard. The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to again confer on
+Marshal Soult the command of the French troops in Spain. The point then
+was to defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced to fall back on
+Toulouse, he there terminated by a brilliant engagement, due to most able
+strategic arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On the announcement of
+the event at Paris he signed a suspension of arms, and adhered to the
+reëstablishment of Louis XVIII., who presented him with the Cross of St.
+Louis, and called him to the command of the 13th military division, and
+then to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March 8th, learning the
+landing from Elba, he published the order of the day which is so well
+known, and in which Napoleon is treated more than severely. On March 11th
+he resigned his portfolio as Minister of War, and declared for the
+Emperor, who, passing over the famous proclamation, raised him to the
+dignity of Peer of France and Major General of the Army. After Waterloo,
+where he fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge at Malzieu
+(Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret, his former aid-de-camp. Being set
+down on the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf on the banks
+of the Rhine, until 1819, when a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to
+France. He then went to live with his family at St. Amand, his native
+place, and on his reiterated representations his marshal’s baton, which
+had been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles X. treated Marshal
+Soult with favor, creating him knight of his orders, and afterward making
+him Peer of France. After the revolution of July, 1830, the declaration of
+the Chamber of Deputies of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but he
+was restored to it four days later by a special nomination of Louis
+Philippe, who soon after appointed him Minister of War. We shall not
+follow Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative career. He
+always showed himself devoted to the constitutive principles of the
+Government of July. He was twice named President of the Council of King
+Louis Philippe, who elevated him to the dignity of Marshal General, of
+which Turenne had been the last possessor. Since the revolution of
+February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate, in the midst of his
+family, and almost forgotten in our present political agitations.
+
+
+
+
+
+KARL FRIEDERICH RUNGENHAGEN, late Royal Director of Music at Berlin, was
+born in that city on September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant. In
+1801 he became member of the Singing Academy, and studied under Zetter. In
+1814 he wrote the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful. In
+1815 he became director of the Singing Academy, with Zetter; most of his
+religious music was composed after this time. In 1825 he was appointed to
+the post of Royal Music Director, and in 1833, after Zetter’s death, he
+became sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence has been
+considerable upon the culture of music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber
+was his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils. He died at Berlin on
+the 22d of last December.
+
+
+
+
+
+The journals of Moscow announce the death of the Armenian Archbishop,
+MICHAEL SALLANTIAN, the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the
+present day. He was born at Constantinople in 1782, and educated at the
+Armenian monastery at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at Moscow,
+where he had been professor of theology and literature for sixteen years
+before his elevation to the Archbishopric.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. GRAEFE, one of the most eminent veterans of European philology, died
+suddenly at St Petersburg on November 30th. He was born at Chemnitz, in
+Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to Russia in 1810, to assume the
+professorship of Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Russian General, Kiel, has died in Paris. He was employed by the
+Emperor Nicholas in directing works of art in the Russian empire.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR MEINHOLD, author of the _Amber Witch_, died in Germany in December.
+
+
+
+
+
+J. W. M. TURNER, the greatest of English artists, and the hero of Mr.
+Ruskin’s brilliant book entitled _The Modern Painters_, died in London on
+the 20th of December, at the age of 77. He had always a reluctance to have
+his portrait taken, but the engraving accompanying this article—from a
+sketch made without his knowledge—is said, by the _Illustrated London
+News_ to be remarkably like him. It is understood that by his will he has
+left a million dollars (£200,000) for the purpose of founding an
+institution for the relief of of decayed artists, and has given it also
+the chief part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is to be
+occupied by it. The _Times_ says, "although it would be out of place to
+revive the discussions occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner’s
+style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient proofs of the
+variety and fertility of his genius to establish an undoubted claim to a
+prominent rank among the painters of England. His life had been extended
+to the verge of human existence; for although he was fond of throwing a
+mystery over his precise age, we believe that he was born in Maiden-lane,
+Covent-garden, in the year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or
+77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of a barber), he enjoyed the
+advantages of an accurate rather than a liberal education. His first
+studies, some of which are still in existence, were in architectural
+design; and few of those who have been astonished or enchanted by the
+profusion and caprice of form and color in his mature pictures, would have
+guessed the minute and scientific precision with which he had cultivated
+the arts of linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood was spent
+partly on the coast, where he imbibed his inexhaustible attachment for
+marine scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and varied aspect of the
+ocean. Somewhat later he repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for
+several years the drawing to the _University Almanac_. But his genius was
+rapidly breaking through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of public
+opinion; for before he had completed his 30th year he was on the high road
+to fame. As early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water-colored
+drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at the exhibition of the Academy, and
+in 1793 his first oil painting. In November, 1799, he was elected an
+associate, and in February, 1802, he attained the rank of a Royal
+Academician. We shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of his
+paintings from his earlier productions, such as the "Wreck," in Lord
+Yarborough’s collection, the "Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the
+_pendant_ to Lord Ellesmere’s "Vanderwelde," or Mr. Munro’s "Venus and
+Adonis," in the Titianesque manner, to the more obscure, original, and, as
+some think, unapproachable productions of his later years, such as the
+"Rome," the "Venice," the "Golden Bough," the "Téméraire," and the
+"Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded rapidly from his
+palette, his powers of design were no less actively engaged in the
+exquisite water-colored drawings that have formed the basis of the modern
+school of "illustration." The "Liber studiorum" had been commenced in
+1807, in imitation of Claude’s "Liber veritatis," and was etched, if we
+are not mistaken, by Turner’s own hand. The title-page was engraved and
+altered half-a-dozen times, from his singular and even nervous attention
+to the most trifling details. But this volume was only the precursor of an
+immense series of drawings and sketches, embracing the topography of this
+country in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern Coast"—the scenery of the
+Alps, of Italy, and great part of Europe—and the ideal creations of our
+greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers, all imbued with the
+brilliancy of a genius which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to
+the world at large when it adopted the popular form of engraving. These
+drawings are now widely diffused in England, and form the basis of several
+important collections, such as those of Petworth, of Mr. Windus, Mr.
+Fawkes, and Mr. Munro. So great is the value of them that 120 guineas have
+not unfrequently been paid for a small sketch in water-colors; and a
+sketch-book, containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner’s river tours on
+the continent, has lately fetched the enormous sum of 600 guineas. The
+prices of his more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last few
+years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas. All his works may now be said to
+have acquired triple or quadruple the value originally paid for them. Mr.
+Turner undoubtedly realized a very large fortune, and great curiosity will
+be felt to ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it. His personal
+habits were peculiar, and even penurious, but in all that related to his
+art he was generous to munificence; and we are not without hope that his
+last intentions were for the benefit of the nation, and the preservation
+of his own fame. He was never married, he was not known to have any
+relations, and his wants were limited to the strictest simplicity. The
+only ornaments of his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures by his
+own hand, which he had constantly refused to part with at any price, among
+which the "Rise and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the Brook," rank
+among the choicest specimens of his finest manner.
+
+"Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society, and only displayed in the
+closest intimacy the shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness of
+his wit. Every where he kept back much of what was in him, and while the
+keenest intelligence, mingled with a strong tinge of satire, animated his
+brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse him to be but half understood. His
+nearest social ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of which he
+was by far the oldest member, and to whose interests he was most warmly
+attached. He filled at one time the chair of Professor of Perspective, but
+without conspicuous success, and that science has since been taught in the
+Academy by means better suited to promote it than a course of lectures. In
+the composition and execution of his works, Mr. Turner was jealously
+sensitive of all interference or supervision. He loved to deal in the
+secrets and mysteries of his art, and many of his peculiar effects are
+produced by means which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.
+
+"We hope that the Society of Arts or the British Gallery will take an
+early opportunity of commemorating the genius of this great artist, and of
+reminding the public of the prodigious range of his pencil, by forming a
+general exhibition of his principal works, if, indeed, they are not
+permanently gathered in a nobler repository. Such an exhibition will serve
+far better than any observations of ours to demonstrate that it is not by
+those deviations from established rules which arrest the most superficial
+criticism that Mr. Turner’s fame or merit are to be estimated. For nearly
+sixty years Mr. Turner contributed largely to the arts of this country. He
+lived long enough to see his greatest productions rise to uncontested
+supremacy, however imperfectly they were understood when they first
+appeared in the earlier years of this century; and, though in his later
+works and in advanced age, force and precision of execution have not
+accompanied his vivacity of conception, public opinion has gradually and
+steadily advanced to a more just appreciation of his power. He is the
+Shelley of English painting—the poet and the painter both alike veiling
+their own creations in the dazzling splendor of the imagery with which
+they are surrounded, mastering every mode of expression, combining
+scientific labor with an air of negligent profusion, and producing in the
+end works in which color and language are but the vestments of poetry. Of
+such minds it may be said in the words of Alastor:
+
+    "Nature’s most secret steps
+  He, like her shadow, has pursued, where’er
+  The red volcano overcanopies
+  Its fields of snow and pinnacles of ice
+  With burning smoke; or where the starry domes
+  Of diamond and of gold expand above
+  Numberless and immeasurable halls,
+  Frequent with crystal column and clear shrines
+  Of pearl, and thrones radiant with chrysolite.
+  Nor had that scene of ampler majesty
+  Than gems or gold—the varying roof of heaven
+  And the green earth—lost in his heart its claims
+  To love and wonder...."
+
+                 [Illustration: THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER]
+
+                         THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER
+
+
+BASIL MONTAGU, an eminent philosophical and legal writer, was the
+illegitimate son of the well-known statesman, John fourth Earl of
+Sandwich, many years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the unfortunate Miss
+Margaret Reay, who was assassinated, in 1779, by her affianced lover, the
+Rev. Mr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited immense interest at the
+time, and which gave rise to various romantic stories, is to be found in
+most series of judicial investigations, and especially in a collection of
+celebrated trials recently published. It appears that Margaret Reay was
+the daughter of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her
+apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having attracted the attention of Lord
+Sandwich, he treated her from that period until her assassination, with
+the greatest tenderness and affection. He introduced to her a young ensign
+of the 68th Regiment, then in command of a recruiting party at Huntingdon,
+in the neighborhood of the mansion of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the
+first moment was desperately in love with her, and his passion increased
+with the daily opportunities afforded by invitations he received to Lord
+Sandwich’s table. With the object of continuing his attentions, and the
+hope of ultimately engaging her affections, he quitted the army, and,
+taking orders, obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk. That Miss Reay
+had given him some encouragement, is proved by the tenor of their
+correspondence; but prudential motives induced her afterwards to refuse
+the offer of his hand, and to intimate a necessity for discontinuing his
+visits. Stung by this unexpected termination of his long-cherished
+expectations, Hackman’s mind became unsettled; on the 7th of April, 1779,
+he was occupied all the morning in reading Blair’s _Sermons_; but in the
+evening, as he was walking towards the Admiralty, he saw Miss Reay pass in
+her coach, accompanied by Signora Galli. He followed, and discovered that
+she alighted at Covent-garden Theatre, where she went to witness _Love in
+a Village_. He returned to his lodgings, armed himself with a brace of
+pistols, went back to the theatre, and when the performance was over, as
+Miss Reay was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in each hand, one
+of which he discharged at her, and killed her on the spot, and the other
+at himself, but it did not take effect. He then beat his head with the
+butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but was, after a struggle, secured
+and carried before Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell, and
+he was shortly after tried at the Old Bailey, before the celebrated
+Justice Blackstone, found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th of the
+month.
+
+Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received his education at the Charter
+House. He was called to the English bar by the Society of Gray’s Inn, the
+19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained considerable practice as a
+conveyancer. It was, however, by his legal authorship and reporting that
+he became particularly distinguished in the profession. His various works
+and reports on the subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy, were of
+high estimation and lasting utility. In 1801, he produced his _Summary of
+the Law of Set Off_, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined in
+the Courts of Law and Equity, in one volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four
+volumes, _A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws_, with a Collection of the
+Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three editions, and brought him
+into immediate notice and considerable practice; and, some time afterward,
+he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts’ Certificates. His fame in this branch
+of forensic learning procured him the appointment of a Commissioner of
+Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote also on philosophical subjects. Among his
+productions of this tendency were _Thoughts of Divines and Philosophers;
+Selections from Taylor, Hooker, Bishop Hall, and Bacon_. He edited an
+edition of Lord Bacon’s works, in seventeen volumes. Another bent which
+his mind took, placed him by the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the
+cause of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorrence of depriving any
+living thing of life, and with regard to his own diet he totally abstained
+from animal food. This led him to bestow his active attention towards
+putting a stop to capital punishment. In 1809 he published _Opinions of
+Different Authors on the Punishment of Death_. The work was so well
+received, that he added a a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when
+the important question occupied Parliament, he edited _The Debates on a
+Bill for Abolishing the Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling
+House_. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally published in 1801, called
+_Hanging not Punishment enough for Murderers_. Mr. Basil Montagu, who had
+some years ago been made a Queen’s counsel, died at Boulogne on the 27th
+of November, in the eighty-second year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+
+REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY GAGE MORRIS, entered the navy at the early age of
+twelve, and served as midshipman throughout the French and American wars.
+He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, April 2, 1793. He was engaged
+at the capture of the French frigate _Sybille_, in 1783, and at the attack
+on Martinique, in 1793. He was promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and
+was made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley, 24th ult. aged
+eighty-two. Admiral Morris was younger brother of the late Captain Amherst
+Morris, being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a member of the
+Governor’s Council at New-York, by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse,
+of this city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity, deriving
+its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a famed chieftain of Wales in the
+eleventh century.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. SAPIO the once celebrated tenor singer, was born in London, in 1792.
+In his early life he was page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He
+made his first appearance on the metropolitan stage at Drury Lane, the 1st
+December, 1824, as the _Seraskier_, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and he
+soon attained and long preserved a high vocal reputation. He died in
+obscurity, in London, about the end of November.
+
+
+
+
+
+One of the most distinguished chiefs of the war of Greek independence,
+General JATRAKO, is just dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of
+Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for many generations back
+been famous for their hereditary medical talents, and the tradition exists
+among them that a branch of their family formerly passed from Sparta to
+Italy, translated their name into Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated
+family of that name.
+
+
+
+
+
+PRIESSNITZ, the celebrated founder of hydropathy, died at Graefenberg on
+the 26th of November, at the age of fifty-two. In the morning of that day
+Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early hour, but complained of the
+cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for
+some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy of the chest, and at
+their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming
+all the while, "It’s of no use!" He would see no physician, but remained
+to the last true to his profession. About four o’clock in the afternoon of
+the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he
+expired! In early life he received serious injury in the chest from an
+accident, and he used to say himself that his constitution was bad; that
+nothing but his own mode of life and his own "cure" would have sustained
+him. It is not known what attempts will be made to carry on the
+establishment at Graefenberg, which was in full activity at the moment of
+his death. The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest daughter and
+her husband (a Hungarian of property) will carry it on, with the aid of
+some physician who has studied Priessnitz’s method. This may succeed to a
+certain extent, for the place and neighborhood are admirably adapted for
+taking the water-cure, and the _prestige_ of Priessnitz’s name, as well as
+the tradition of his practice, will long survive him: but the attraction
+which brought patients, not only from the neighboring cities, but from the
+remotest parts of the world, is gone. It is not exactly known what amount
+of property Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly £100,000.
+When it is considered how small, compared to that given to other
+physicians, was the remuneration he received from his patients, and that
+thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant, this fortune gives some
+measure of his immense success.
+
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE DUNBAR, the distinguished Professor of Greek Literature in the
+University of Edinburgh, died on the 6th of December, at his residence in
+that city. The natural decay attending even an otherwise green old age has
+been for some years aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which at the
+commencement of the present season compelled him to relinquish his
+academic duties. He was born at the village of Caldingham, in
+Berwickshire, in 1774. In early life he labored as a gardener, but an
+accidental lameness, which lasted throughout his subsequent life,
+incapacitated him from active bodily employment. His attention was then
+devoted to literature. He soon became a scholar, and in truth a ripe and
+good one. Going to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of his
+acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord Provost Fettes. Having
+been shortly after selected as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was
+appointed, on that professor’s death, to the Greek chair in the Edinburgh
+University, in 1805. The duties of this responsible position he discharged
+most zealously and ably. The published works of Professor Dunbar are well
+known. The _Collectanea Minora_, the _Collectanea Majora_, and the _Greek
+Grammar_, have all had great reputation. His chief production—massive in
+every sense—the main object of his life of learned toil, was his Greek
+Lexicon, which was given to the world with his name in 1840.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. HENRY LUTTRELL, one of the ornaments of a society of what may be
+termed conversational wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion, _hand impari passu_,
+of Jeckyll, Mackintosh, Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of
+that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry, Rogers, Moore, and
+but a few others, are still left. A correspondent of the _Times_ says: "He
+charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance of his wit, the
+appropriateness and felicity of illustration, the shrewdness of his
+remarks, and the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Liveliness of
+fancy was tempered in him with good breeding and great kindness of
+disposition; and one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse and
+delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent sallies, without wounding
+the feelings of any one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature."
+
+
+
+
+
+English journals notice with expressions of regret the death in
+Philadelphia of R. C. TAYLOR, on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr.
+Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously well known as a Fellow
+both of the Antiquarian and of the Geological Societies. He had published
+a work of great care and research while resident in his native county,
+Norfolk, _Index Monasticus for East Anglia_; and had made some useful
+explorations into the fossil remains on the coast of Norfolk. In America
+he wrote for various philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his
+work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he was much known to the
+public of this country.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Royal University of Berlin has lost by death since Christmas, MM.
+Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi, Erman, and Dr. CHARLES THEODORE FRANZ, who died
+at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely age of forty-five. For eleven
+years Dr. Franz occupied the chair of Classical Philology in the
+University of Berlin. He is the author of a variety of works: in the first
+rank of which stand his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his
+several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions before unpublished.
+The London Morning Chronicle remarks that the continent never before lost
+so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM JACOB, F.R.S., a profound writer on science and agriculture, was
+born in 1762. His work, _An Inquiry into the Precious Metals_, has been
+held in high estimation. His other principal productions were
+_Considerations on the Price of Corn_; _Tracts on Corn-Laws_; and a _View
+of Agriculture in Germany_. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly Comptroller of
+Corn Returns in the Board of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his
+residence in London, aged eighty-eight.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. PAUL BARRAS, died in Paris from wounds received in the contests
+between the people and the military, on the second day of the usurpation
+of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in New-York about twenty years, and
+was engaged here as a teacher of his native language, and as a
+correspondent of one of the Parisian journals. He was an amiable man, of
+considerable talents, and enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism.
+He wrote several articles on American subjects in the _Revue de Paris_.
+
+
+
+
+
+LADIES’ FASHIONS FOR FEBRUARY.
+
+
+                              [Illustration]
+
+In matters of fashion there have been very few changes since our last
+publication. We are in the midst of the gay season, but its modes, until
+disturbed by the approach of spring, were fixed before the holidays, and
+for the most part have already been reported. The Paris journals, we may
+remark, however, dwell much on the unusual ascendency of black, in furs,
+velvets, cloths, and other heavy stuffs, for walking and carriage dresses,
+and on the greater demand than in recent winters for every species of
+embroidery.
+
+In the first of the above figures, representing a promenade costume, we
+have a high dress of rich silk; the skirt has plaided tucks woven in the
+material; it is long, and very full. Manteau of velvet, very richly
+embroidered; a broad black lace is set on round the shoulders in the style
+of a cape, and the cloak is embroidered above it. Capote of white silk, of
+a very elegant form, with deep bavolet or curtain; a droop of small
+feathers on the left side.
+
+The second figure, or visiting costume, of heavy silk, with four flounces,
+and corresponding waistcoat. The waistcoat now takes the first place in a
+lady’s toilette, and may be considered a triumph of luxury and elegance,
+reviving every description of embroidery, and forcing the jewellers to be
+constantly bringing out some novelty in buttons, &c. It is made very
+simple or very richly ornamented: for instance, those of the most simple
+description are made either of black velvet, embroidered with braid, and
+fastened with black jet buttons, or of cachemire; and a pretty style, of
+straw color, embroidered in the same colored silk, and closed with fancy
+silk bell buttons, whilst a few may be seen in white, quilted and
+embroidered with oak leaves and rose-buds. The rich style of waistcoat
+being covered with embroideries, and being closed up the front with
+buttons of brilliants. As a general rule, the waistcoat is made high up
+the throat, round which is a fall of lace, or opens _en cœur_, having a
+_fichu à plastron_ of embroidery, worn under. The waistcoat has also two
+pockets.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The large outer porch of Cowley’s house had chambers above it and
+      beneath the window in front a tablet was affixed, upon which was
+      inscribed the epitaph "upon the living author" which Cowley had
+      written for himself, whilst living in retirement here, commencing
+
+        "Hic, O Viator, sub lare parvulo,
+        Couleius hic est conditus hic jacet."
+
+      It is represented in its original condition in the two views we have
+      engraved.
+
+    2 Some additional rooms have been added to the house by the same
+      occupant, who has, however, religiously preserved all the old rooms,
+      which still exhibit the "fittings" that existed in Cowley’s time.
+      The bed-chambers are wainscotted with oaken panels. The staircase is
+      a very solid structure, with ornamental balusters, leading toward
+      the small study in which the poet wrote,—a little back room, about
+      five feet wide, looking upon the garden. It may be distinguished in
+      our back view of the house, by a figure placed at the window. Cowley
+      ended his life in this house at the early age of forty-nine.
+
+    3 Brayley, in his History of Surrey, states that Cowley accompanied by
+      his friend Dean Spratt, having been to see a "friend," did not set
+      out for his walk home until it was too late, and had drunk so deep,
+      that they both lay out in the fields all night; this gave Cowley the
+      fever that carried him off. Brayley’s authority for this slander
+      (which is not borne out by the poet’s previous course of life), is
+      "Spence’s Anecdotes."
+
+    4 Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Associate Justice of the Supreme
+      Court of the United States, and Dane professor of law at Harvard
+      University. Edited by his son, William W. Story. Two vols. Boston:
+      Little & Brown, 1851.
+
+    5 As an example of the gravity and formality with which proceedings in
+      matters of this nature were conducted, even as late as the end of
+      the sixteenth century, take the subjoined palinode or recantation of
+      a Flemish ecclesiastic, who had been guilty of the offence of
+      doubting the evection, or bodily transport through the air, of
+      witches and wizards. The original may be found in Delrio, at the end
+      of the Appendix, in his 5th book:—
+
+      "I Cornelius Loseus Gallidius, born in the town of Gouda, in
+      Holland, now, by the command of the renowned and illustrious Lord
+      Nuncio Apostolic, the Lord Octavius Bishop of Tricaruis, arrested
+      and detained in the Imperial Monastery of St. Maximin, near Treves,
+      on account of certain tracts ’On True and False Witchcraft,’ rashly
+      and presumptuously by me written, published, and sent to be printed
+      at Cologne, without the perusal or permission of the superiors of
+      this place: whereas I am informed for certain that in the aforesaid
+      books, and also in certain of letters on the same subject, sent
+      clandestinely to the clergy and senate of Treves, and others, for
+      the purpose of impeding the course of justice against witches and
+      magicians, there are contained many articles which are not only
+      erroneous and scandalous, but also suspected of heresy, and savoring
+      of sedition: I therefore hereby revoke, condemn, reject, and
+      repudiate, as if they had never been said or asserted by me, the
+      said articles, as seditious and temerarious, contrary to the common
+      judgment of learned theologians, to the decision and bulls of the
+      supreme Pontiffs, and to the practice, and statutes, and laws of the
+      magistrates and judges, as well as of this Archdiocese of Treves, as
+      of the other provinces and principalities, in the order in which the
+      same are hereunto annexed.
+
+      "1. _Imprimis._ I revoke, condemn, reject, and hold as disproved,
+      what both in words and writing I have often and to many persons
+      pertinaciously asserted; and what I would have had taken as the head
+      and chief ornament of my disputations, to wit, that what is written
+      touching the corporeal evection or translation from place to place
+      of witches and magicians, is to be held as a vain superstition and
+      figment, as well because that opinion savors of heretical pravity,
+      as because it partakes of sedition, and so also savors of the crimes
+      of _lese majesté_. 2. In the second place, I revoke what I have
+      pertinaciously, but without solid reasons, alleged against the
+      magistracy, in letters secretly sent to several, that is to say,
+      that the course of procedure against witches is erroneous and
+      fantastical: asserting, moreover, that those witches were compelled
+      by the severity of torture to confess acts that they had never done;
+      that innocent blood was shed by a cruel judicature; and that by a
+      new alchemy gold and silver were extracted from human blood. 3.
+      Thereby, and by the like assertions, partly diffused by private oral
+      communications among the vulgar, partly by various letters addressed
+      to both branches of the magistracy, imputing to superiors and judges
+      the exercise of tyranny towards the subjects. 4 And consequently,
+      inasmuch as the most reverend and illustrious Archbishop and Prince
+      Elector of Treves not only permits witches and magicians to be
+      subjected to deserved punishment in his diocese, but has also
+      ordained laws regulating the mode and cost of the procedure against
+      witches, thereby with inconsiderate temerity tacitly insinuating the
+      charge of tyranny against the said Elector of Treves. 5. _Item._ I
+      revoke and condemn these following conclusions, to wit, that there
+      are no such beings as sorcerers, who renounce God and worship the
+      Devil, who bring on tempests, and do the work of Satan and such
+      like, but that all these things are dreams. 6. Moreover that magic
+      is not to be called sorcery, nor its practisers to be deemed
+      sorcerers, and that that that place of Exod. xxii, (’Ye shall not
+      suffer sorcerers to live’) is to be understood of those who slay
+      with material poison, naturally administered. 7. That no contract
+      exists or can exist between man and the demon. 8. That demons do not
+      assume bodies. 9. That the life of Hilary, written by St. Jerome, is
+      not authentic. 10. That the demon cannot carnally know mankind. 11.
+      That neither demons nor witches can excite tempests, rain, hail,
+      &c., and that what is alleged in that behalf is mere dreams. 12.
+      That spirits and forms can be seen by mankind separate from matter.
+      13. That it is rash to assert that whatever demons can do magicians
+      can also by the help of demons. 14. That the assertion that the
+      superior demon can expel the inferior is erroneous and derogatory to
+      Christ.—Luke xi. 15. That the Popes in the bulls do not allege that
+      magicians and sorcerers perpetrate such acts as above mentioned.
+
+      "All these and the like, my assertions, with my many calumnies,
+      falsehoods, and sycophancies, petulantly, indecorously, and
+      mendaciously expressed against the magistracy, as well secular as
+      ecclesiastical, wherewith my writings on witchcraft abound, I hereby
+      expressly and deliberately condemn, recant, and reject, earnestly
+      beseeching pardon of God and my superiors, and faithfully promising
+      that henceforth I will not, either by word of mouth or by writing,
+      by myself or others, in any place where I shall happen to be, teach,
+      promulgate, or assert the same or any of them. If I shall do to the
+      contrary, I subject myself thenceforth and henceforth to the pains
+      of the law against relapsed heretics, recusants, seditious
+      misdemeanants, and convicts of _lese majesté_, to the pains of
+      libellous sycophants publicly convicted, and also to those enacted
+      against perjurers. I submit myself also to arbitrary correction at
+      the pleasure of the Archbishop of Treves, and of the other
+      magistrates under whom I shall happen to live, and who may be
+      certified of my relapse or violated undertaking, that they may
+      punish me according to my deserts, in name, fame, goods, and body.
+      In testimony of all which I have, with my proper hand, subscribed
+      this my recantation of the aforesaid articles, in presence of the
+      notary and witnesses."
+
+      "(Signed,)   Cornelius Loseus Gallidius."
+
+      "Attestation.—These presents were done in the Imperial Monastery of
+      Saint Maximin Without, near Treves, in the abbatial chamber, there
+      being then present the Venerable and Excellent Lord Peter Binsfeldt,
+      Bishop of Azof, Vicar-General of the Most Reverend Lord Archbishop
+      of Treves, our Most Gracious Lord in matters spiritual; Reiner,
+      Abbot of the said monastery; Bartholomew Bodegem, Reader of either
+      Law in the Ecclesiastical Court of Treves; George Helffenster,
+      Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of the Collegiate Church of St.
+      Simon, in the city of Treves; and John Golmann, Doctor of Laws,
+      Canon of the said Church, and Seal-Bearer of the Court of Treves,
+      &c.; in the year of our Lord 1592, Treves style, on Monday, the 15th
+      day of the month of March, in presence of me, the Notary
+      underwritten, and of Nicholas Dolent, and Daniel Major, the
+      Amanuensis and Secretary respectively of the Reverend Lord Abbot,
+      trustworthy witnesses specially called and required hereto.
+
+      "Subscribed, Adam Tecton, Notary.
+
+      "Compared with the original and found to agree, by me, the
+      under-written Secretary of the town of Antwerp.
+
+                                                              S. Kieffel."
+
+    6 Lockhart’s Spanish Ballads.
+
+    7 Continued from page 109.
+
+    8 We are indebted to Dr. Francis for a revised copy, with additions,
+      of his very interesting address here printed, which was delivered at
+      the Printers’ Banquet in New-York on the 16th of January.
+
+
+
+
+
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly Magazine - Volume
+V - No II by Various
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2006 [Ebook #20102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
+
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+                     Of Literature, Art, and Science.
+
+
+Vol. V.
+NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 1, 1852.
+No. II.
+
+        [Illustration: THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.]
+
+                THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+LOVE SONG.
+AUTUMN LINES.
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+   III.
+   IV.
+   V.
+   VI.
+   VII.
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+MY NOVEL:
+   BOOK IX. - INITIAL CHAPTER.
+   CHAPTER II.
+   CHAPTER III.
+   CHAPTER IV.
+   CHAPTER V.
+   CHAPTER VI.
+   CHAPTER VII.
+   CHAPTER VIII.
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.
+Noctes Amic�.
+Authors and Books
+THE FINE ARTS
+Historical Review of the Month
+Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.
+Recent Deaths.
+Ladies' Fashions for February.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+On the preceding page is a portrait, and under the head of Recent Deaths,
+in another part of this magazine, is a sketch of the history of NICHOLAS
+JEAN-DE-DIEU SOULT, the last of the great Marshals created by the Emperor
+Napoleon. He was unquestionably possessed of extraordinary abilities,
+fitting him for eminence in many and diverse capacities, but it cannot be
+said that he was of the first rank of illustrious generals, as the world
+has been led to suppose, chiefly by the masterly but partial delineations
+of his career in the Peninsula by General Napier. He had a genius for war
+which qualified him for every position in connection with it but that of
+leader in the field. The subtle and irreversible decisions of Napoleon
+followed his astonishingly quick apprehensions of facts, as suddenly as
+the thunderbolt follows lightning; but Soult, profoundly familiar with all
+the arts of war, and surpassing any of the great commanders with whom he
+was associated except only his chief, in the wisdom of his judgments, was
+yet so slow in his intellectual operations, so destitute of the
+enthusiasm, passion, and fire, which in high circumstance give an almost
+miraculous activity to the minds of the first order of men, that he could
+never have entitled himself to all the precedences he has received in
+history. Napoleon understood him, and in a few pregnant words addressed to
+O'Meara, gave that measure of his character which will be adopted as the
+final opinion of the world. "He is," said Napoleon, "an excellent minister
+at war, or major-general of an army, one who knows much better how to
+manage an army than to command in chief."
+
+The course of Soult as a citizen, a legislator, and a minister, was not
+one upon which his best biographers will linger with much satisfaction.
+The glory he had achieved as one of the lieutenants of Napoleon, in that
+turbulent and grand career which has no parallel for interest or
+importance in human history, was his only claim to distinction in
+politics. His master had an ambition as fair in its proportions as it was
+vast in its extent, and brought to every purpose the same forces of
+character and preternatural energy of intelligence; but Soult had no love
+for civil duties, but little capacity for them, and he accepted place as a
+gratification of vanity or a means of success in mercenary aims. We see in
+all his private and political life "the soilure of his revolutionary
+origin,"--proofs that he loved money and power far more than he loved
+honor, and himself far more than his country or mankind.
+
+The last of the imperial marshals, the last of that gigantic race who
+filled the world with a red glory like the gloom which will precede the
+judgment, closed his stormy life peacefully in the place where he was
+born, and thence was borne to the Invalides, to "sleep well" with his old
+companions."
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+
+
+We have in the last _Art Journal_ another of the pleasant gossipping
+_Pilgrimages to English Shrines_, by Mrs. S. C. HALL, and the following
+abridgement of it will please all who have perused the previous papers of
+the series. In Chertsey and its neighborhood are memorials of some of the
+noblest men of England.
+
+                     [Illustration: ABRAHAM COWLEY.]
+
+                             ABRAHAM COWLEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+
+
+The county of Surrey is rich to overflowing in memories, both of persons
+and events, and the little quaint and quiet town of Chertsey could tell of
+the gorgeous and gloomy past as much as many of its ancient neighbors
+within a day's drive of the city. Had its old abbey stones but tongues,
+how they could discourse of years when a visit to Chertsey was an
+undertaking; though now the distance is but half an hour.
+
+Nowhere within twenty miles of London does the Thames appear more queenly,
+or sweep with greater grace through its fertile dominions, than it does at
+Chertsey. It is, indeed, delightful to stand on the bridge in the glowing
+sunset of a summer evening, and turning from the refreshing green of the
+Shepperton Range, look into the deep clear blue of the flowing river,
+while the murmur of the waters rushing through Laleham Lock give a sort of
+spirit music to the scene. On the right, as you leave Chertsey, the river
+bends gracefully towards the double bridge of Walton, and to the left, it
+undulates smoothly along, having passed Runnymede and Staines, while the
+almost conical hill of St. Anne's attracts attention by its abrupt and
+singular form when viewed from the vale of the Thames.
+
+About a mile, on the Walton side, from our favorite bridge (Old Camden
+tells us so), is the spot where C�sar crossed the Thames. Were the
+peasantry as imaginative as their brethren of Killarney, what legends
+would have grown out of this tradition; how often would the "noblest Roman
+of them all" have been seen by the pale moonlight leading his steed over
+the waters of the rapid river--how many would have heard Cassivelaunus
+himself during the stillness of some particular Midsummer night working at
+the rude defence which can still be traced beneath the blue waters of the
+Thames. What hosts of pale and ghastly spectres would have risen from
+those tranquil banks, and from the deepest hollows of the rushing current,
+and--like the Huns, who almost live on the inspired canvas of
+Kaulbach,--fought their last earthly battle, again and again, in the spirit
+world, amid the stars! But ours is no region of romance; even remnants of
+history, which go beyond the commonest capacity, are rejected as dreams,
+or put aside as legends. But history has enough to tell to interest us
+all; and we may be satisfied with the abundant enjoyment we have in
+delicious rambles through the lanes and up the hills, along the fair
+river's banks, and among the many traditional ruins of ancient and
+beautiful Surrey.
+
+Never was desolation more complete than in the ruin of the Mitred Abbey of
+Chertsey; hardly one stone remains above another to tell where this
+stately edifice--since the far-away year 664--grew and flourished, lording
+it with imperial sway over, not only the surrounding villages, but
+extending its paternal wings into Middlesex and even as far as London. The
+abbey was of the Benedictine order, and founded, almost as soon as the
+Saxons were converted from Paganism; but it was finished and chiefly
+endowed by Frithwald, Earl of Surrey. The endowment prospered rarely; the
+establishment increased in the reputation of wealth and sanctity; that it
+was "thickly populated" is certain, for when the abbey was sacked and
+burnt by the Danes, in the ninth century, the abbot, and ninety monks,
+were barbarously murdered by the invaders.
+
+Standing upon the site of their now obliterated cloisters and towers,
+their aisles and dormitories, cells and confessionals, seeing nothing but
+the dank, damp grass, and the tracings of the fish-ponds--stagnant pools in
+our day--it is almost impossible to realize the onslaught of these wild
+barbarians panting for plunder, the earnest defence of men who fought (the
+monks of old could wield either sword or crosier) for life or death, the
+terrible destruction, the treasures and relics, and painted glass, and
+monuments, the plunder of the secret almerys, the intoxicated triumph of
+those rude northern hordes let loose in our fair and lovely island; what
+scenes of savagery, where now the jackdaw builds, and the blackbird
+whistles, and the wild water-rat plays with her brood amongst the tangled
+weeds!
+
+The fierce sea-kings being driven back to their frozen land, King Edgar,
+willing to serve God after the fashion of his times, refounded the Abbey
+of Chertsey, dedicating it to St. Peter, and vying with Pope Alexander in
+augmenting its privileges and its wealth.
+
+Some of the abbots took great interest in home improvements, planting
+woods, conducting streams, enlarging ponds--building, now a mill, now a
+dove-cot, according to the wants of the abbey or their own fancies. Henry
+I. granted them permission to keep dogs, that, according to the old
+chronicle, they might take "hare, fox, and cats." King John, in the first
+year of his reign, gave them ample confirmation of all their privileges,
+which, it would seem, they had somewhat abused, for we find that the
+sovereign seized their manors of Egham and "Torp" (Thorp) on account of a
+servant of the abbot's having killed "Hagh de Torp." Oh, rare "old times!"
+The abbot was mulcted in a heavy fine. Then, while Bartholomew de
+Winchester was abbot, from 1272 until 1307, during the reign of our first
+Edward, complaints were made to Pope Gregory X. that the possessions of
+the abbey were alienated to civilians and laymen, whereupon the pope
+issued a bull ordering such grants to be revoked.
+
+It is worthy of note, that the Chertsey monastery sheltered, for a time,
+the remains of the pious, but unfortunate, Henry VI.
+
+  "Poor key-cold figure of a Holy King,
+  Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster."
+
+And the reader of Shakespeare will recall the scene in which Richard meets
+the Lady Anne on her way to Chertsey with her husband's body. This poor
+king's remains had a claim to be well received by the monks of Chertsey
+Abbey, for he had granted to the abbot the privilege of holding a fair on
+St. Anne's-hill, then called Mount Eldebury, on the feast of St. Anne's
+(the 26th of July): the fair has changed its time and quarters as well as
+its patron, and is held in the town on the 6th of August, and called Black
+Cherry Fair. Manning, in his history of Surrey, says, that the tolls of
+this fair were taken by the abbot, and are now taken by the owner of the
+site of the Abbey House; thus the memory of King Henry VI. is commemorated
+in the town of Chertsey to this day, by the sale of black cherries in the
+harvest month of August!
+
+                    [Illustration: "THE NUN'S WELL."]
+
+                            "THE NUN'S WELL."
+
+
+Centuries passed over those magnificent abbeys, whose ruins in many places
+add so much beauty to our fertile landscapes; they grew and grew, and
+added acre to acre, and stone to stone, and knowledge to knowledge; but
+most they cherished the knowledge which blazed like a lamp under a bushel,
+and kept all but themselves in darkness; they preached no freedom in
+Christ to the Christian world, they abolished no serfdom, they taught no
+liberty, they enslaved even those who in their turn enslaved their "born
+thralls," and saw no evil in it. Oh, rare old times! Better it is for us
+that the site of Chertsey Abbey should be scarcely traceable now-a-days
+than that it should be as it was, with its proud pageants and pent-up
+learning!--Yet we have neither sympathy no respect for that foul king, who,
+to serve his own carnal purposes, overthrew the very faith which had
+hallowed his throne. But he did not attack and storm the Abbey of
+Chertsey, as he did other religious houses. He came to them, this Eighth
+Harry, with a fair show of kindness, saying that "to the honor of God, and
+for the health of his soul, he proposed and most nobly intended to refound
+the late Monastery, Priory, or Abbey of Bisham in Berks, and to
+incorporate and establish the Abbot and Convent of Chertsey, as Abbot and
+Convent of Bisham, and to endow them with all the Manors late belonging to
+Bisham." How the then Abbot John Cordrey, and his brethren, must have
+shivered at the conditions; how they must have grieved at quitting their
+cherished home, their stews and fish-ponds, their rich meadows of Thorpe,
+overlooked by the woods of Eldebury hill, their nursing ground where their
+calves and young lambs were stowed in luxurious safety in the pleasant
+farm of Simple Marsh at Addlestone!
+
+But their star was setting, and they were forced to "give, sell, grant and
+confirm, to the king their house and all manors belonging to them."
+
+The total destruction of the Abbey must have amazed the whole country. An
+earthquake could hardly have obliterated it more entirely. Aubrey, writing
+in the year 1673, says "of this great Abbey, scarce any thing of the old
+building remains, except the out walls about it. Out of this ruin, is
+built a 'fair house,' which is now in possession of Sir Nicholas Carew,
+master of the Buckhounds." Dr. Stukeley alludes to this house, in a letter
+written in 1752; he speaks of the inveterate destruction, and of "the
+gardener" carrying him through a "court" where he saw the remains of the
+church of the Abbey. He says the "east end reached up to an artificial
+mount along the garden wall; that mount and all the terraces of the
+pleasure garden, to the back front of the house, are entirely made up of
+the sacred _rudera_ or rubbish of continual devastations. Bones of abbots,
+monks, and great personages, who were buried in large numbers in the
+church and cloisters which lay on the south side of the church, were
+spread thick all over the garden, _so that one may pick up whole handsfull
+of them every where amongst the garden stuff_." Brayley mentions in his
+pleasant History of Surrey, that this artificial mount was levelled in
+1810, and its materials employed to fill up a pond. Many human skulls and
+bones were found intermixed with the chalk and mortar of which it had been
+formed. Fragments of old tiles were also frequently found, and are still
+sometimes turned up. No trace even of the "Abbey house" is left; it was
+purchased in 1809 by a stock-broker, who in the following year sold the
+materials--and so ends the great monastic history of Chertsey. Where are
+now its spiritualities in Surrey?--its temporalities in Berkshire and
+Hampshire?--its revenues of Stanwell, and rents of assize?--its
+spiritualities in Cardiganshire? Alas! they have left no sign, except on
+the yellow parchment--of rare value to the antiquary.
+
+Those who desire, like ourselves, to investigate what tradition has
+sanctified, will do well to turn down a lane beyond Chertsey Church, which
+leads directly to the Abbey bridge, and there, amid tangled hedge rows and
+orchards, stands the fragment of an arch, partly built up, and so to say,
+disfigured by brick-work, and an old wall, both evidently portions of the
+Abbey. In the wall are a great number of what the people call "_black
+stones_," a geological formation, making them seem fused by fire. Layers
+of tiles were also inserted in this wall, and where the cement has dropped
+away they can be distinctly traced; there is also an ivy, very aged
+indeed; it is so knotted and thick that it seems to grow through the
+stones, the soil has so evidently encroached on the wall that it is most
+probably rooted at the foundation. The pleasant market garden of Mr. Roake
+covers the actual ground on which the Abbey stood. The workmen frequently
+turn up broken tiles and human bones, and there is no doubt that by
+digging deeper much would be discovered that might elucidate the history
+of the past. At the farther end of the market garden a vault has been
+discovered which is of considerable length and breadth; but the water
+rises so high in it (except after a long continuance of dry weather has
+sealed the land springs) that it is impossible to get to the end without
+wading. An enormous quantity of richly-colored and decorated encaustic
+tiles have been found here; some are preserved in our local museum. But
+the most interesting remains in this place are the "stews," or fish-ponds,
+which run parallel to each other like the bars of a gridiron; these ponds
+do not communicate one with the other, nor has the water any outlet: a
+little care and attention might make them valuable for their old purposes;
+but they are deplorably neglected. Occasionally you see the fin of some
+huge fish, whose slow movement partakes of the character of the stagnant
+water he has inhabited for years;--who can tall how many?
+
+                   [Illustration: "THE GOLDEN GROVE."]
+
+                           "THE GOLDEN GROVE."
+
+
+"The Abbey River," as it is still called, travels slowly along its way,
+fertilizing the meadows and imparting life and freshness to the placid
+scene. The denizens of Chertsey have planted orchards, and in a few
+instances gardens on its banks. One, the garden of Mr. Herring, is a model
+of neatness, almost concealed by its roses and carefully tended shrubs. We
+wandered from orchard to orchard, amid the trees and over the uneven
+ground; all was so still and lonely that it required the suggestions of an
+active imagination to believe it had ever been the scene of contention by
+flood and field. From the Abbey Bridge the richness of the meadow scenery
+is exceedingly refreshing, the grass is deep and verdant, as it cannot
+fail to be, lying so low, and fertilized by perpetual moisture.
+
+During their wide-spreading magnificence, the abbots of Chertsey erected a
+picturesque chapel on the lovely hill of St. Anne: this was done somewhat
+about the year 1334. Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, granted an indulgence
+of forty days to such persons as should repair to, and contribute to the
+fabric and its ornaments.
+
+There is nowhere a more delightful road, than that which leads from the
+"Golden Grove," rendered picturesque by its old tree, the plantations of
+Monksgrove on one side, and those of the once residence of Charles James
+Fox on the other. The road is perfectly embowered, and so close is the
+foliage that you have no idea of the beautiful view which awaits you,
+until leaving the statesman's house to the left, you pass through a sort
+of wicket gate on the right, and follow a foot-path to where two
+magnificent trees crown the hill; it is wisest to wait until passing along
+the level ridge you arrive at the "view point," and there, spread around
+you in such a panorama as England only can show, and show against the
+world for its extreme richness. On the left is Cooper's Hill, which
+Denham, that high-priest of "Local poetry," long ago made famous; in the
+bend just where it meets the plain, you see the towers of Windsor Castle;
+there is Harrow Hill, the sun shining brightly on its tall church; a deep
+pall hovers over London, but you can see the dome of St. Paul's looming
+through the mist; nay, we have heard of those who have told the hour of
+the day upon its broad-faced clock, with the assistance of a good glass.
+How beautifully the Thames winds! Ay! there is the grand stand at Epsom,
+and there Twickenham, delicious, soft, balmy Twickenham; and Richmond
+Hill--a very queen of beauty!
+
+                [Illustration: REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.]
+
+                        REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.
+
+
+Yonder, beyond the valley, are Foxes Hills crowned with lofty pines--and
+that is the church at Staines, and as you turn, there again is Cooper's
+Hill; Laleham seems spread as a tribute at your feet, and there is no end
+to the villages and mansions--the parks, and cottages like snow-drops in a
+parterre, and church spires more than we can number; while close behind us
+are the stones piled thickly one on the other--the only relics of the holy
+Chapel of St. Anne.
+
+How grandly the promontory of St. George's Hill stands out--sheltering
+Weybridge, and forming a beautiful back-ground to Byfleet and the banks of
+the Way; not forgetting its ruins--a Roman encampment of two thousand years
+age, and its modern ornaments of rare trees, of which a generous nobleman
+has made common property, to be enjoyed daily by all who choose. At the
+foot of this richly planted hill, is the beautiful park of Oatlands--on the
+eve of becoming an assemblage of villa-grounds. How pleasant to feel that
+we can account, by our own knowledge of that glowing mount, for all the
+shades formed by the hills and hollows, and different growths of trees in
+the depths or heights of "the encampment," which forms the delight of many
+a toilsome antiquary. Beyond are the more distant eminences of the North
+Downs, and a tract of country extending into Kent. But we have not yet
+explored the beauties of this our own hill of Chertsey; truly, to do so,
+would take a day as long as that of its own black cherry fair.
+
+A path to the left, among the fern and heather, leads to a well, famed for
+its healing properties--it is called the Nun's Well; even now, the peasants
+believe that its waters are a cure for diseases of the eye; the path is
+steep and dangerous, and it is far pleasanter to walk round the brow of
+the hill and overlook the dense wood which conceals the well, fringing the
+meadows of Thorpe, than to seek its tangled hiding-place in the dell. The
+monks of old would be sorely perplexed if they could arise, to account for
+the long line of smoke which marks the passage of the different trains
+along their railroads. But we turn from them to enjoy a ramble round the
+brow of St. Anne's Hill; the coppice which clothes the descent into the
+valley, is so thick, that though it is intersected by many paths, you
+might lose yourself half-a-dozen times within an hour; if it be evening,
+the nightingales in the thickets of Monksgrove have commenced their
+chorus, and the town of Chertsey, down below, is seen to its full extent,
+its church tower toned into beauty by the rich light of the setting sun,
+while through the trees and holly thickets you obtain glimpses of the
+Guildford and Leatherhead hills, so softly blue, that they meet and mingle
+with the sky.
+
+                   [Illustration: GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.]
+
+                           GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.
+
+
+              [Illustration: SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.]
+
+                      SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.
+
+
+                  [Illustration: TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.]
+
+                          TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.
+
+
+Those who feel no interest in monkish chronicles, may reverence St. Anne's
+Hill, because of its having been the favorite residence of Charles James
+Fox, the contemporary of Pitt and Burke and Sheridan and Grattan, at a
+period when men felt strongly and spoke eloquently. The site of the house
+on the south-eastern site of the hill is extremely beautiful, and it is
+much regretted in the neighborhood that it finds so little favor in the
+heart of its present noble proprietor. The grounds are laid out with much
+taste; there is a noble cedar planted by Mrs. Fox when only the size of a
+wand. The statesman's widow survived her husband more than thirty-six
+years, but never outlived her friends or her faculties. There is a temple
+dedicated to Friendship, which was erected to perpetuate the coming of age
+of one of the late Lords Holland; on a pedestal ornamented by a vase, are
+inscribed some verses by General Fitzpatrick; another placed by Mrs. Fox
+to mark a favorite spot where Mr. Fox loved to muse, is enriched by a
+quotation from the "Flower and the Leaf," concluded by two graceful
+stanzas:
+
+  "Cheerful in this sequestered bower,
+    From all the storms of life removed;
+  Here Fox enjoyed his evening hour,
+    In converse with the friends he loved.
+  And here these lines he oft would quote,
+    Pleased from his favorite poet's lay;
+  When challenged by the warbler's note,
+    That breathed a song from every spray."
+
+At the bottom of the garden is a grotto, which must have once possessed
+many attractions, and above it there is a pretty little quaint chamber
+that was used as a tea-room, when, according to the custom of the time,
+the English drank tea by daylight; it is adorned by painted glass windows;
+there are portraits of the Prince of Wales and Mr. Fox, when both were
+looking their best, and the balcony in front commands a delicious view of
+the surrounding country.
+
+The peasantry are still loud in their praise of "Madam Fox;" and some
+remember with gratitude the education they received at her school, and
+love to tell how the old lady was drawn there at "feast times," to see how
+they all looked in their new dresses. She certainly retained her sympathy
+with the young, and put away the feelings and habits of old age with a
+determined hand, for it is said, when she was eighty she took lessons on
+the harp. The present generation remember personally nothing of the great
+statesman; he has become history to us, and we must look to history,
+garbled as it always is, and always will be, by the opinions and feelings
+of its writers, to determine the position of Charles James Fox in the
+annals of his country. Those who were admitted to his society have written
+with enthusiasm of his social qualities, and bestow equal praise on his
+brilliant talents, his affability of manner, and the generosity of his
+disposition. He was the third son of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland,
+and his mother was the eldest daughter of Charles, second Duke of
+Richmond, and consequently great-granddaughter to Charles II.; the
+material descent is one of blotted royalty, of which a man like Fox could
+not have been proud. His academic course was unmarked by any of those
+honors of which Oxford men are so ambitious, and yet, like his great
+rival, William Pitt, he became a statesman before he was of age.
+
+                       [Illustration: FOX'S ARBOR.]
+
+                               FOX'S ARBOR.
+
+
+At St. Anne's Hill he enjoyed as many intervals of repose and tranquillity
+as could fall to a statesman's lot; in the time of wars and tumults, how
+he must have luxuriated in its delicious quiet, surrounded by friends who
+dearly loved him; and swayed only for good by the wife who (although it is
+known that her early intimacy with him was such as prevented her general
+recognition in society) according to the evidence of all who knew her, was
+the minister only to his better thoughts and nobler ambitions, and who
+weaned him from nearly all the follies and vices which stained his youth
+and earlier manhood. Various causes led to his death, before age had added
+infirmities to disease. He died at Chiswick House, and his last words,
+addressed to Mrs. Fox were, "I die happy." It is said he wished to be
+buried at Chertsey, but his remains were interred in Westminister Abbey.
+
+The brilliant Sheridan pronounced so elegant an eulogium on his character,
+that it is pleasant to think of it in those shades where, as we have said,
+he so often sought and found repose: "When Mr. Fox ceased to live, the
+cause of private honor and friendship lost its highest glory, public
+liberty its most undaunted champion, and general humanity its most active
+and ardent assertor. In him was united the most amiable disposition with
+the most firm and resolute spirit; the mildest manners, with the most
+exalted mind. With regard to that great man it might, indeed, be well
+said, that in him the bravest heart and most exalted mind sat upon the
+seat of gentleness."
+
+                      [Illustration: COWLEY'S SEAT.]
+
+                              COWLEY'S SEAT.
+
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE--STREET FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY'S HOUSE--STREET FRONT.
+
+
+There is, at all events, an imaginary pleasure in turning from the wearing
+out turmoil of a statesman's life, to what the world believes the tranquil
+dreams of a poet's existence. But there are few things the worldling so
+little understands as literary industry, or so little sympathizes with as
+literary care. We have no inclination to over-rate either its toils or its
+pleasures, and perhaps no life is more abundantly supplied with both. Its
+toils must be evident to any who have noted the increasing literary labor
+which is necessary to produce the ordinary sources of comforts; but its
+high and holy enjoyments are not so apparent; they are so different from
+those of almost all others as not to be easily explained or understood;
+but above all other gifts, the marvellous gift of poesy is a distinction
+conferred by the Almighty, and should be acknowledged and treasured as
+such. We know little of a poet's studies except by their imperishable
+produce, and it is a common but ill-founded prejudice to imagine
+regularity or diligence incompatible with high genius. Genius is neither
+above law, nor opposed to it; but as many have a poetic taste and
+temperament _without_ the inspiration, the world is apt to mistake the
+eccentricity of the pretender for the outward and visible sign of genius.
+Whether or not the poet of the Porch-house of Chertsey had the actual
+poetic fire we do not venture to determine. Abraham Cowley takes a
+prominent position, amongst the poets of our land, and the eventful times
+in which he lived, and his participation in their tumults give him
+additional interest in all the relations of his anxious and not over-happy
+life. It is recorded of him that he became a poet in consequence of
+reading the Faery Queene, which chance threw in his way while yet a child.
+In allusion to this, Dr. Johnson gave his well-known definition of genius:
+"A mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some
+particular direction." We had almost dared to say this is rather the
+definition of a philosopher than of one who comprehended the spirituality
+of a marvellous gift. Abraham Cowley--the posthumous son of a London
+grocer--owed much to his mother. She, by her exertions, procured him a
+classical education at Westminster School. She lived to see him loved,
+honored, and great, and what was better still, and more uncommon,
+grateful. At the age of fifteen he published a volume called "Poetic
+Blossoms," which he afterwards described as "commendable extravagancies in
+a boy." He obtained a scholarship in Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1686,
+and there took his degree; but was ejected by the Parliament, and thence
+removed to Oxford. Shortly after, he followed the Queen Henrietta to
+Paris, as Secretary to the Earl of St. Albans, and was employed in the
+court of the exiles in the most confidential capacity. In 1656 he returned
+to England, and was immediately arrested as a suspected spy. He submitted
+quietly--the royalists thought too quietly--to the dominion of the
+Protector, but his whole life proved that he was no traitor. At the
+Restoration, that great national disappointment, his claims upon the
+ungrateful monarch were met by a taunt and a false insinuation--he was told
+that his pardon was his reward! Wood said, "he lost the place by certain
+enemies of the Muses;" certain "friends of the Muses," however, procured
+for him the lease of the Porch-house and farm at Chertsey, held under the
+Queen, and the great desire of his life--solitude--was obtained.
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE--GARDEN FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY'S HOUSE--GARDEN FRONT.
+
+
+The place still seems a meet dwelling for a poet, and is, perhaps, even
+more attractive to strangers than St. Anne's hill. The porch, which caused
+his residence to be called "The Porch-house," was taken down during the
+last century by the father of its present proprietor, the Rev. John Crosby
+Clarke, and the house is now known as "Cowley House."(1) It is situated
+near the bridge which crosses a narrow and rapid stream, in a lonely part
+of Guildford Street; a latticed window which overhangs the road is the
+window of the room in which the poet expired; on the outside wall Mr.
+Clarke has recorded his reason for removing the porch. "The porch of this
+house, which projected ten feet into the highway, was taken down in the
+year 1786, for the safety and accommodation of the public."
+
+  "Here the last accents flowed from Cowley's tongue."
+
+                [Illustration: STAIRCASE--COWLEY'S HOUSE.]
+
+                        STAIRCASE--COWLEY'S HOUSE.
+
+
+The appearance of the house from Guildford Street, is no index to its size
+or conveniences.(2) You enter by a side gate, and the new front of the
+dwelling is that of a comfortable and gentlemanly home; the old part it is
+said was built in the reign of James the First, and what remains is
+sufficiently quaint to bear out the legend; the old and new are much
+mingled, and the modern part consists of one or two bed-rooms, a large
+dining-room, and a drawing-room, commanding a delicious garden view, the
+meanderings of the stream, and a long tract of luxuriant meadows,
+terminated by the high and richly timbered ground of St. Anne's Hill. A
+portion of the old stairway is preserved, the wood is not as has been
+stated oak, but sweet chestnut. One of the rooms is panelled with oak, and
+Cowley's study is a small closet-like chamber, the window looking towards
+St. Anne's Hill. It is never difficult to imagine a poet in a _small
+chamber_, particularly when his mind may imbibe inspiration from so rich
+and lovely a landscape. Beside the group of trees, beneath whose shadow
+the poet frequently sat, there is a horse chestnut of such exceeding size
+and beauty, that it is worthy a pilgrimage, and no lover of nature could
+look upon it without mingled feelings of reverence and affection.
+
+Here then amid such tranquil scenes, and such placid beauty, the
+"melancholy Cowley," passed the later days of big anxious existence; here
+we may fancy him receiving Evelyn and Denham, the poets and men of letters
+of his troubled day, who found the disappointments of courtly life more
+than their philosophy could endure. Here his friendly biographer, Doctor
+Spratt, cheered his lonely hours.
+
+Cowley was one of those fortunate bards who obtain fame and honor during
+life. His learning was deep, his reading extensive, his acquaintance with
+mankind large. "To him," says Denham in his famous elegy,
+
+  "To him no author was unknown,
+  Yet what he wrote was all his own."
+
+His biographer adds, "There was nothing affected or singular in his habit,
+or person, or gesture; _he understood the forms of good breeding enough to
+practise them without burdening himself or others_." This indeed is the
+perfection of good breeding and good sense.
+
+Having obtained, as we have said, the Porch-house at Chertsey, his mind
+dwelt with pleasure--a philosophic pleasure--upon the hereafter, which he
+hoped for in this life of tranquillity, and the silent labor he so dearly
+loved; but he was destined to prove the reality of his own poesy:
+
+  "Oh life, thou _Nothing's_ younger brother,
+  So _like_ that one might take one for the other."
+
+The career of Abraham Cowley was never sullied by vice,(3) he was loyal
+without being servile, and at once modest, independent and sincere. His
+character is eloquently drawn by Doctor Spratt. "He governed his passions
+with great moderation, his virtues were never troublesome or uneasy to
+any, whatever he disliked in others he only corrected by the silent
+reproof of a better practice."
+
+He died at Chertsey on the 28th of July, 1667, and was interred in
+Westminster Abbey. A throng of nobles followed him to his grave, and the
+worthless king who had deserted him is reported to have said, that Mr.
+Cowley had not left a better man behind him in England.
+
+It is said the body of Cowley was removed from Chertsey by water, thus
+making the Thames he loved so well, the highway to his grave; there is
+something highly poetic in this idea of a funeral, so still and solemn,
+with the oars dropping noiselessly in the blue water. Pope in allusion to
+it, says:
+
+  "What tears the river shed,
+  When the sad pomp along his banks was led;"
+
+which rather inclines us to the belief, that in this, as in many other
+instances, the poetic reading is not the true one,
+
+  "The muses oft in lands of vision play:"
+
+but the fact that he died at Chertsey, as much respected as a man, as he
+was admired as a poet, is certain, and his house is often visited by
+strangers, who are permitted to see his favorite haunts by the kindness of
+its proprietor, who honors the spot so hallowed by memories of "the
+melancholy Cowley:"--he who considered and described "business" as:
+
+  "The contradiction to his fate."
+
+But we must postpone our farther rambles for the present.
+
+                 [Illustration: TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.]
+
+                         TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.
+
+
+
+Chertsey loses half its romantic interest by the intrusion of the
+progressive agents of our time--our noisy time, of which the spirit
+willingly brooks no souvenirs of monastic repose. The old quaint quiet
+town has now its railroad, and the shades of its heroes have departed.
+
+
+
+
+
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+
+
+We have at different times, by reviews or translations, endeavored to give
+our readers some idea of what people think of us, in continental Europe.
+But there are two sides to every thing--or there is an universal dualism,
+as Emerson declares--which is perfectly true as to the method which might
+be adopted in the execution of this self-imposed task. One class of
+readers understand by the word _people_ the _beau monde_, and would have
+us invariably follow the school of the Countesses Hahn-Hahn or Ladies
+Blessington or Milords Fitz-Flummery, contented if we have but a fair name
+in society. Another and more reasonable class would be satisfied to know
+the opinion of the literati, or perhaps the poets, particularly when they
+do fit homage to our "grand old woods," and to Niagara. Others regard with
+most respect a plain literal account of our branches of industry--our
+railroads, factories, and canals. They would have the country judged
+purely from a mechanical or practical point of view--contenting themselves
+as to other matters with the reflection. "Oh, sensible people care very
+little about any thing else. If they know what we produce, and what our
+resources are, they'll understand and respect us sufficiently."
+
+Now the opinion of each of these classes has its weight, and though not of
+the _greatest_ ultimate importance, is always to be respected. If we were
+questioned as to the views of which of them we yielded full regard, we
+should candidly say, "to none." It is the general, universal opinion, of a
+nation at large that we deem authoritative, and none other. It is that
+popular opinion so readily yet often so falsely formed (at times from
+trifles of almost incredible levity), and which when once fairly
+developed, is well-nigh ineradicable. In a word, it is to the views of the
+people.
+
+We propose, as opportunity shall offer, to make our readers familiar with
+the writings of all these different classes of travellers--and in the
+present article, we shall make a few extracts from a work interesting, as
+having probably contributed more than any other to a general knowledge of
+the United States in Germany. It is the book which has had the greatest
+currency among all classes, but particularly with the lower order of
+readers and emigrants.
+
+Before proceeding, however, to the work itself, it may be as well to
+answer a question which has perhaps been suggested to the minds of a
+certain class of readers. Of what great use, after all, is this nervous
+regard as to the opinion of the world? Is not our character
+established--are not our characteristics known, to the uttermost corners of
+the earth? To which question we may answer, _Not quite_. In avoiding that
+ridiculous sensitiveness which prompts so many Americans to feel
+personally insulted by the weak remarks of every wandering ignoramus, we
+would by no means fall into the opposite error of attaching no importance
+whatever to the good opinion or the degree of consciousness as to our
+existence entertained by the world at large.
+
+Should any feel disposed to smile at such an expression, as "the
+consciousness of our existence," we will take the liberty of citing a few
+curious instances, for the authenticity of which we assume the entire
+responsibility--instances which may perhaps astonish a few even of the
+better informed. There are in many districts (not altogether provincial)
+of Italy and France great numbers, who would not even in America be
+classed as _ignorant_ in regard to other matters, who have not the
+remotest idea as to the nature or geography of our country. An instance
+has come to our knowledge of an intelligent Hungarian who, by intercourse
+with the world, had acquired a fluency in five languages, and who inquired
+of an American gentleman if his country were not situated somewhere in
+England. The late Mr. Cooper, when placing his daughters at a celebrated
+seminary on the continent, found a great curiosity had been created by the
+rumor that they were coming, some supposing they were black, some that
+they were copper-colored, and all unprepared to see American girls looking
+for all the world like the young German ladies. We have heard of a similar
+instance in which an English _gentleman_--a Cambridge graduate--inquired of
+an American what was the current language of the United States. Lastly, we
+may cite the case of an English author, well known to our own public, and
+favorably mentioned not long since in these pages, who was under the
+impression that owing to the great emigration from Germany, the English
+language must with us, in a very few years, yield to that of the
+_Vaterland_. Now our commercial and industrial relations are seriously
+hindered by this absurd ignorance of America, which in a word prevails to
+such an extent, that we have known an American, who--probably from having
+been over-questioned and speered at in New England--had imbibed such a
+wholesome hatred of inquisitiveness, that he wished the French government
+would hang up, for the benefit of all concerned, the following list of
+questions, with satisfactory answers annexed, in all the _caf�s_ of the
+politest nation in Europe:
+
+      Whether America is an island or a continent?
+      What is the color of its inhabitants?
+      What language do they speak?
+      Have they a religion and what is it?
+      What is the state of their morals and cookery?
+      Have they a correct state of feeling as regards the opera?
+
+The reader is not to infer that this is the general state of knowledge
+regarding our country. But it is worth nothing as a curious illustration
+of the vast number of individuals who derive their ideas, not from what is
+going on at the present day, or from available sources of information, but
+from the antiquated views of a by-gone generation. And we trust it will
+not be deemed inappropriate that we here speak a word of the want of
+opportunities of acquiring very general information under which the
+ordinary readers of continental Europe suffer. With all their libraries,
+all their immense arrays of magazines and journals, we find among them an
+apathy in regard to the world without (to the Fan-Qui), which appears
+incredible until we reflect on the deadening influences of the censorship,
+which views with distrust all information in regard to the Land of
+Liberty. We are not aware, throughout the whole of continental Europe, of
+a single publication so thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so
+general in the scope of its information, or which is so universally
+disseminated among _all_ classes of readers, as _The International_; and
+we trust we do not go too far when we assert, that it is to an extended
+sale of periodical publications somewhat approaching it in the
+concentration and dissemination of news from the world at large, that our
+countrymen owe that superior intelligence and citizen-of-the-world
+character which distinguish them from the insular Briton, self-important
+Frenchman, or abstracted German.
+
+The work from which we propose to make some extracts, is TRAUGOTT BROMME's
+_Hand und Reisebuch f�r Auswanderer nach den Vereinigten Staaten_ (or
+Traugott Bromme's Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the United
+States). As we have already stated, no work on America is at the present
+day more familiarly known to that class of readers to whom it is
+addressed. Certain remarks on the present condition of German emigration
+with which it is prefaced, may not be devoid of interest to our readers,
+though not constituting a part of such observations as we have more
+particularly referred to:
+
+
+    "There is, it appears, implanted in every man an impulse to
+    advance and better his condition--an impulse caused by poverty,
+    dependent circumstances, or pressure from every side, vexing at
+    times even the highest in rank, and which is the cause why
+    thousands leave their fatherland, to seek afar a now home, and
+    hundreds of thousands cast around them disturbed and anxious
+    glances, restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons them at
+    home. Such is very generally the case at present in our own
+    country, where--despite the political concessions of March in the
+    year 1848, of the published original privileges of the German
+    people, and of the promising prospect of a free and united
+    Germany, with a concluding general empire--emigration appears to be
+    by no means on the decrease." "These emigrants of the present day
+    consist not as formerly of poor people of the lower orders, who
+    turn their backs on the German fatherland, or liberal declaimers,
+    dreaming of an ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized
+    in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the middle class,
+    who, free from all delusive fancies, do not expect to find in the
+    western world wealth and honorable offices, but desire only to
+    inhabit a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and happily with
+    their children." "What the German wants is _room_--a new broad
+    field for his abilities--and this America extends to him in
+    unbounded space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain hills
+    of gold without labor, but every one knows that the far more
+    estimable treasure of perfect independence, or to speak more
+    correctly, of perfect _self-dependence_, with the prospect of a
+    future free from care, may in America be obtained at the cost of a
+    few years of earnest, honest industry. And what, to the man
+    oppressed in his fatherland by all the cares incident upon the
+    obtaining a bare subsistence, is two or three or even _four_ years
+    of hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty and
+    misery?"
+
+
+After accurately sketching the extreme misery and poverty oppressing the
+inhabitants of many districts of Germany, of late years sadly increased by
+the falling off in manufactures since the political disturbances, our
+author proceeds to set forth the advantages offered by America:
+
+
+    "That most emigrants should rather look to America, than Poland,
+    Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen, is natural enough, since all of
+    these countries together cannot offer so many attractions as
+    America. Where on earth is there such a vast array of unoccupied
+    lands, offered at such a moderate price--land so cheap that in many
+    districts twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered with wood,
+    are given at a price for which a single acre of similar land is
+    sold in Germany?"
+
+
+The richness of the soil, the excellence of the climate, and the demand
+for labor, are then described; to which, as the greatest inducement, he
+adds the fact that in _America_ the fullest "liberty of labor and
+mechanical calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the taxes are so
+light that an industrious man is able not only to live, but even to lay up
+something for his old age, or his children, or to employ in the extension
+of his business.
+
+
+    "For as there exists in America no standing army, its inhabitants
+    may retain their children, as the best possible assistants in
+    labor, and train, govern, and discipline them as can only properly
+    done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore, in that country every
+    one is permitted to enjoy the fullest civil and religious liberty.
+    These are the advantages to be expected from an emigration to
+    America, _and he who anticipates more will find himself bitterly
+    deceived_. But a man who can be content with this, and can live
+    actively, moderately, and frugally, will here, better than in any
+    other land in the world, ultimately attain to happiness and
+    fortune. In times like ours, when every branch of industry is
+    crowded, when tender parents think with grief and trouble on the
+    future prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant no
+    other resources save those held out by a full and bountiful
+    nature, and no means of livelihood which may be so certainly
+    depended upon as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that
+    industry throws open the widest field, and affords the fullest
+    opportunity of doing good."
+
+
+In the following extract, our author proceeds to set forth the national
+character of the American:
+
+
+    "The national character of the American has been greatly
+    misunderstood; few travellers seem, in fact, to have understood
+    it, since they mention it as something as new and unfounded as the
+    country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed--so well
+    established in every elevated and noble characteristic of the
+    human race, that it may confidently be placed in comparison with
+    that of the most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing
+    originally from England, they have the pride and manly confidence
+    of the Briton, for through their ancestry they claim an equal
+    share of all which gives dignity to those inheriting glory and a
+    great name. Their forefathers were those brave religious pilgrims
+    who were transferred by British laws (or rather by old German) and
+    British genius to the shores of the new world--to there give to
+    those laws and genius an immortality. Building still further on
+    this new land, they opened the temple of the Lord to all his
+    followers, and received with open arms all the unfortunate or
+    oppressed exiles of Europe. For the first time in reality in this
+    world they flung wide the flag of truth and freedom--fought under
+    its folds an unequal fight against the mightiest power in the
+    world--and overcame it. And when a second time they armed
+    themselves to combat with England, they again came forth
+    unconquered from the contest. Reason enough this for the national
+    pride of the American, for nothing could more naturally cause a
+    certain degree of self-content than to belong to a nation whose
+    brilliant deeds in war as in politics, in commerce as in
+    manufactures, have astonished the world. A second and not less
+    characteristic trait of the American is seen in a certain
+    earnestness, which appears to strangers to indicate a want of
+    sociable feeling--and yet perhaps in _no_ country is true noble
+    sociability as developed in domestic life, so much at home, as in
+    America.
+
+    "Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on himself and his
+    circumstances, the American from the first instant of his entry
+    into active life is ever on the watch to improve their condition.
+    Is he rich, and consequently more directly interested in the
+    common wealth, then every new law, every change in the personal
+    direction of the government, awakes in him a new care for the
+    future, while on the other hand, if poor, then every change in the
+    state may perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering his
+    condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake--ever looking out for
+    the future, not as a mere spectator, but as one playing a part and
+    occupied in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in
+    improving them. The entire mass of the population is continually
+    in a state of political agitation, and, urged by hope of their aid
+    or fear of their power, we see every one continually seeking for
+    expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich or powerful that
+    he need not fear them--none so wretched and poor but that he may
+    venture to entertain the hope of being through them aided and
+    relieved. Public opinion is in America the mightiest organ of
+    justice--shielding no one, from the president to the simplest
+    citizen, and proceeds, mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder
+    all things which oppose it and deserve its condemnation.
+
+    "This condition of perpetual agitation gives the American an
+    appearance of ceaseless restlessness, but it is in reality the
+    true ground of peace and content. _The American has no time to be
+    discontented_, and this is the most praiseworthy point of their
+    constitution and popular life. The republican has necessarily as
+    many severe and arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any
+    monarchy--but their fulfilment is gratifying and consoling--for it
+    is allied to the consciousness of power. The American has no
+    desire for the quiet temper of the European, and least of all for
+    the silent happiness of the German, which last, alas! appears
+    since the dissipation of the intoxication of the Revolution of
+    March, 1848, to consist, as far as the great mass of the
+    population is concerned, merely in the egotistic repose of
+    self-sufficiency, weakness, and ignorance. The American finds
+    repose only in his house, in his family circle, and among his
+    children; all without the walls of that home is an incessant
+    working and striving, in politics as in trade--by the streets and
+    canals, as in the woods of the West. Different as the elements are
+    from which the inhabitants of the United States are formed, and
+    different as the circumstances may be under which they live, there
+    still prevails among them a certain unity of character, an
+    equanimity of feeling, which it would be difficult to parallel,
+    resulting perhaps from the very heterogeneousness and mixture of
+    elements itself, since no one element allows to another
+    pre-eminence. They have all something in common in their
+    appearance, which gives them the air almost of relations--something
+    in their gait and manners which declares them to be other than
+    English, Germans, or French. Through the entire land, through
+    every class, there is disseminated a certain refinement of manner,
+    an appreciation of decency and nobility of character, which
+    springs from a consciousness of their own rights and respect for
+    mankind. Even emigrants, in America, soon learn to cast aside
+    their rough prejudices as regards caste, for the proud affability
+    of the aristocratic, the vanity of the small citizen, the want of
+    confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish servitude and
+    snappish insolence of liveried servants, find in America no place.
+    _Man_ is there esteemed only as _man_--only ability gains honor--and
+    where _that_ is, and there alone, can true nobility be found. No
+    one there inquires who a man is, or who were his parents, but
+    'What can he _do_, what are his capabilities, and what can he
+    produce?' Rank and caste are in America unknown. Every man feels
+    his freedom and independence, and expresses himself accordingly.
+    Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true, hired his
+    service, but not his entire existence. The American is polite, but
+    over-refined, unmeaning compliments form no part of his manners,
+    nor does he expect them from others. No man vexes or troubles
+    himself for another, in consequence of which we find in American
+    society very little stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every
+    respect that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety
+    and decency--particularly as regards the female sex, since in no
+    country, not even in England, do ladies enjoy such respect and
+    regard as in the United States. Ever depending upon, and confiding
+    in himself, the American is in his manners free, open, and
+    unreserved. The mass of the people is possessed of intelligence
+    and spirit, though not so scientifically educated as in Europe,
+    and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates even the lower
+    class, who consequently form a marked and singular contrast with
+    those of like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed in the
+    higher branches of abstract learning and science, but from the
+    great amount of that direct practical knowledge which exerts the
+    greatest influence in making life happy, that the Americans are
+    distinguished from other nations, and for the acquisition of which
+    they have made better provision and preparation than any other
+    people. As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and Important,
+    they are compelled to leave the development of the higher branches
+    to the care and noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at
+    the sums which are annually devoted to the establishment and
+    maintenance of schools and universities, will suffice to evidence
+    the liberality with which the proper education of the people is
+    cared for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed esteemed, but
+    only according to its use and applicability to the wants of life;
+    so that a practical tanner is there worth more than a learned
+    pedant. _Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and
+    universality of talent, is there more highly esteemed than
+    learning,_ while hospitality, patriotism, and toleration, allowing
+    every one to think and feel as he likes, are universal
+    characteristics. So that in the United States nothing is wanting
+    to the attainment of a true civil and social freedom, even though
+    the means thereto are not invariably correctly understood or
+    admitted (as is indeed the case by us), and though--since men are
+    every where subject to the same weaknesses--they measure happiness
+    rather by the standard of their own intelligence and virtues, than
+    by fortune and nature, which latter, impartially considered, is
+    the basis of the physical happiness of the American. That,
+    however, which constitutes his _moral_ happiness is this; that in
+    his country, domestic life enjoys the true supremacy, _and to
+    this, public life and the state are subordinate_. It is true that
+    the American statesmen have fallen into the same error as the
+    European--_id est_, to believe that without _them_ the people could
+    never prosper, and still live in the belief that home-happiness
+    hangs on them, their theories and arts of governing; but the most
+    superficial glance teaches that if wise laws are able to effect
+    more for the happiness of man than they can bring about, still no
+    one should _there_ attempt to draw happiness from such a source
+    when popular and private life have combined to bestow it. But
+    should the happiness of the Americans ever be derived from this
+    side, it will be more sensible to assume that the foundation
+    thereof will be the release from that which in the recent culture
+    has passed for the deepest political wisdom. The true secret of
+    all the good fortune of America lies in the favorable condition of
+    external things. 'It is not with them as in Europe, where the poor
+    can only better their condition or become rich by making the rich
+    poor, for therein lies the source of an infinite strife which hath
+    been combated for centuries, with the axioms of religion and
+    morals. But in America, men when striving to better their
+    condition, instead of becoming enemies and turning their arms
+    against each other, strive with _Nature_, and wring from her
+    boundless stores that wealth which she so bountifully affords!'"
+
+
+We have made these quotations less on account of any merit which they
+possess, than to give our readers an idea of the general opinion
+prevailing in Germany in regard to our country; and to confirm an
+assertion made in a recent number of the _International_, that in no
+country in Europe are we so impartially and favorably judged. There is one
+particular, however, in which we find this book worthy of especial praise.
+The author highly commends the flourishing state of religion in the United
+States, declaring that we are in this respect superior to the Germans, and
+that on the Sabbath the churches are filled to a degree unknown in Europe.
+It is from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic life, and our observance
+of religion, that he correctly deduces our true happiness, as separated
+from the natural advantages of the country. It is greatly to be desired
+that the majority of his countrymen resident in America, would allow
+themselves to be impressed in a similar manner as to the advantages of
+piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the United States a vast number of
+German newspapers--conducted we should imagine for the greater part by
+unprincipled and worthless adventurers of the red republican, socialist
+stamp, who, despite the protection which they here enjoy, incessantly and
+spitefully abuse every institution to which they are really indebted for
+their asylum among us, and most of all our observation of the Sabbath, in
+a style which entitles them to something severer than mere contempt. But
+Herr Bromme is right. Respect for morality and religion, a due regard for
+the Sabbath, and a dependence on the home-circle for pleasure and
+recreation, are the surest safeguard of peace, happiness, and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+
+
+In a recent number of the _Russian Archives for Scientific Information_,
+is an account of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction, in company
+with her husband and sons, to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or
+Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia, lying on the Caspian Sea.
+We translate this interesting narrative for the _International_, as
+follows:
+
+In order the better to enjoy the spectacle of the fire, we chose the
+evening for our excursion thither; but a thick fog came on, which made the
+road difficult and dangerous. When we finally reached the place it was
+pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful purity to the peaceful sky
+of night, and the entire castle, within which was the temple, seemed to be
+surrounded by a circle of watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians from
+the neighborhood, who were busy burning lime and baking bread, dark forms
+like those which worked on the tower of Babel, and burnt lime for it. They
+were now brought here by the ease and cheapness of carrying on their
+occupations. All that is necessary is to make a hole in the ground, touch
+a burning coal to it, and an inexhaustible flame rises forth like a
+spring. Behind this range of little flames and fires, rose, in the pale
+light, the dirty white walls of the castle, in the centre of which there
+flashed from the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of the purest,
+clearest, and keenest flame, which were now bent down horizontally and
+wreathed like serpents by the force of the wind, and now rose
+perpendicularly to the sky, whose dome they lighted up like two vast altar
+tapers. We drove around the edifice, and stopped on one side where there
+were no flames rising from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we
+remained without while our guide went in to announce us. He came back
+immediately with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this man impressed me
+strangely, and I forgot that he belonged to a remote colony of a few
+individuals, and asked myself if we had been suddenly transported to
+India, or if India had been brought up to the Caspian.
+
+We went into the court-yard, in which stands the temple, with its two
+fire-pillars. About half way up hang a couple of large bells, which the
+Hindoo sounded by way of preparing us for what we were to see. There was
+something fearful in the loud clangor, and my boys crowded close beside
+me. Except our party, no one was to be seen except the swart Geber, in his
+white turban and long brown robe, with just enough of a pair of light blue
+trowsers visible to bring into distinctness his naked black feet. His
+features were noble, and his beard long and black. He looked like a
+conjurer, like the lord of an enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The
+hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up more brightly at the crash of
+the bells; now it was clear as day around us, and now it was twilight as
+the wind lowered the flame. My husband and sons and the guide who had
+brought us to the place, were all dressed in oriental costume, and I alone
+seemed to belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness came over me, and
+at every moment I expected to see something monstrous, to behold all the
+cruelties of a heathenish and barbarous worship.
+
+The interpreter now summoned us to follow the Geber. We were told that the
+castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who was a fire worshipper, and
+who, with his followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three Hindoos remain
+from that period of splendor. But nature remains eternally the same, and
+whether worshipped or not, the flames still shine and awe the
+superstitious, and so great is the fame of the place that many pilgrims
+come yearly from distant India to pray, and to have prayers said for them,
+here in the visible presence of the primeval light.
+
+At last we came to the cell of the priest, and on his invitation entered
+it. We passed through a low door, and down a few steps, and found
+ourselves in a small, semicircular, low, but very white room, with a floor
+of mason-work, and a small altar in the centre. Around the wall were
+seats, also of mason-work. In the altar there was an opening as large as a
+gun-barrel, from which rose a slender flame that lighted the room very
+clearly. There were other little openings on the sides of the altar. The
+Hindoo took a wisp of straw, lighted it, and touched these openings, from
+which the most beautiful flames at once issued. The children, who had
+never seen gas lights, or at least did not remember them, regarded all
+this as the most perfect witchery. On a second altar, which, like the
+first, was about the height of a common table, lay or stood the idols and
+treasures of our priest. Small steps led up to it, which were used to hold
+muscles, stones, shells, and other instruments employed in the sacred
+rites. The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous, like Chinese
+images. Beside these figures, we were astonished to see crosses of various
+forms and sizes. We asked the Geber about them, and he answered with
+oriental emphasis: "There is one God, and no one has seen him; therefore
+every one adores him after his own way, and represents him after his own
+way." The reply was diplomatic enough, and we could not ascertain how the
+crosses had come there.
+
+On the altar and its steps lay a great number of singularly beautiful
+Indian stones, which the boys wanted very much, but which, in spite of our
+large offers, we could not obtain. They were mementoes from the distant
+fatherland, and possibly they served as sacred ornaments for the little
+cell. There were also several censers, lamps, and little silver plates and
+salvers. The air was stifling from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like
+that of a vapor bath. The priest took from the altar some pieces of red
+and white candied sugar, held them, praying, before his idols, sprinkled
+them with holy water, and handed them to us on a silver plate.
+
+A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old man, whose name, as he told us,
+was Amintaas. He invited us into his cell, which was larger and
+differently arranged. In the centre was a large kettle, set in mason-work,
+with water in it, and a gas flame burning under it; the altar was in
+another apartment beyond, and separated from the first by a low wall or
+fence, with a passage through. Another apartment, similarly divided off,
+was spread with carpets for sleeping. After we had seen the stones,
+shells, and idols, which were richer and more numerous than in the former
+cell, the Hindoos asked us if they should pray for us. We agreed, and the
+ceremony began. A large muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the plates
+were set in order at the foot of the altar, a censer began to smoke, the
+silver plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp Between two bells,
+whose handles were the most monstrous figures of idols. These bells
+Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently. The other Hindoos stood behind
+him and beat two big cymbals, accompanying this noise with the most
+inhuman and frightful howling that a man's lungs ever produced. Still,
+there was method and a regular cadence in it. Finally, they made a pause,
+bowed before the images, murmuring softly, after which they arranged the
+plates anew, and sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My husband whispered
+in my ear a line from the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of that
+scene rushed vividly into my memory.
+
+Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas had recovered their power, for he
+now seized a conch shell, held it in both hands, and with incredible
+strength blew long wild notes, with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew
+dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once understood what is meant by
+the heathen making a "vain noise," This cannibalistic music was kept up
+for a long time, and seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites. The
+finale was a combination of wild shouting, banging of the cymbals, ringing
+and murmuring. At last the concert was over, and we breathed freely.
+Amintaas handed us the candied sugar, and my husband laid down two ducats
+in its place. They were received with warm expressions of gratitude, and
+laid upon the altar. We went out into the open air, but the scene had
+changed. The lonely castle was crowded with Persians who had come from
+their lime-burning to see the Europeans. Persian women were sitting around
+by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by the help of gas flames, they
+baked their _Tsheuks_, thin cakes of unleavened bread. Followed by the
+crowd, we were led a couple of hundred steps from the castle to a spring
+that was covered over; the cover was taken off, and a bundle of burning
+straw thrown in, when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid pillar
+of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars. This beautiful spectacle lasted
+but for a moment, and a quarter of an hour was necessary to collect gas
+enough to repeat the experiment.
+
+We returned to Baku in the rain, more dead than alive. It was the eve of
+Easter. The next morning, as I was sitting on the sofa with the children,
+there came in a tall, meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was dressed in a
+white robe, and brought me white and red sugar on a silver plate. He was
+the chief priest from the temple of the Gebers, and had come to Baku to
+see the Easter festivities. We took a few grains of his sugar, and I laid
+a silver rouble on the plate. While he was making his bows for this, my
+husband came in and told him, partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and
+partly in pantomime, that we had been to his temple the night before, and
+had prayers said there. He asked at once, with eagerness, how much we had
+given, and when he learned the sum, asked for a certificate to that
+effect, as, without it, the others would give him no part of the money. We
+sent him away without granting his request, for the two screamers of the
+night previous had earned all we gave them. We learned afterwards that the
+gifts of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often blows, in the romantic
+fire-castle. This disgusted me, and yet it is not the fault of these poor
+fellows. They must necessarily become covetous, since they profane their
+most sacred ceremonies as a means of living. They have neither fields nor
+gardens, and the only thing like vegetation that I saw was some lone boxes
+in the court yard, filled with shrubs and plants, remains, no doubt, from
+the time of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to establish cultivation
+in a soil impregnated with inflammable gas. However, I learned to my
+sorrow that grass at least grows there, for, in going through it to the
+spring, my feet became perfectly wet.
+
+The air of the locality does not seem to be unwholesome for man. At least,
+the Geber priests, who had lived there for years, were perfect lions for
+health and vigor.
+
+
+
+
+
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+
+
+In the third volume of his _History of the Romans under the Empire_, just
+published in London, Mr. MERIVALE gives some elaborate pieces of character
+writing, one of which has for its subject CICERO. It is not good for a man
+to think harshly of Cicero, and however easy it may seem to be to condemn
+manifest faults in his character, it is by no means easy to be fair in the
+estimate we make. Mr. Merivale sums up a character which has too often
+been roughly put down as that of a great writer and a little man, as
+follows:
+
+
+    "Many writers, it has been remarked, have related the death of
+    Cicero, but Plutarch alone has painted it. In the narrative here
+    laid before him the reader has the substance of this picturesque
+    account, together with some touches introduced from collateral
+    sources. In this, as in many other massages of his Lives, the
+    Greek biographer has evidently aimed at creating an effect, and
+    though he seems to have been mainly guided by the genuine
+    narrative of Tiro, Cicero's beloved freedman, we may suspect him
+    of having embellished it to furnish a striking termination to one
+    of his favorite sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is mainly
+    confirmed by a fragment of Livy's history, which has fortunately
+    been preserved. The Roman author vies with the Greek in throwing
+    dignity and interest over the great statesman's end. But in
+    reviewing the uneven tenor of his career, Livy concludes with the
+    stern comment, "He bore none of his calamities as a man should,
+    except his death." These are grave words. In the mouth of one who
+    had cast his scrutinizing glance over the characters and exploits
+    of all the heroes of the great republic, and had learnt by the
+    training of his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities
+    and estimate desert, they constitute the most important judgment
+    on the conduct of Cicero that antiquity has bequeathed to us. Few
+    indeed among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resolution in the
+    face of impending death. But it was in the endurance of calamity
+    rather than the defiance of danger that the courage of Cicero was
+    deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the arts of peace and
+    persuasion, exhibited on more than one occasion a martial spirit
+    worthy of other habits and a ruder training. In the contest with
+    Catilina he displayed all the moral confidence of a veteran
+    general: in the struggle with Antonius he threw himself without
+    reserve into a position where there was no alternative but to
+    conquer or to perish. In the earlier conflict he had still his
+    fame to acquire, his proud ascendency to establish; and the love
+    of praise and glory inspired him with the audacity which makes and
+    justifies its own success. But in the later, he courted danger for
+    the sake of retaining the fame he so dearly prized. He had once
+    saved his country, and he could not endure that it should be said
+    he had ever deserted it. He loved his country; but it wan for his
+    own honor, which he could preserve, rather than for his country's
+    freedom, which he despaired of, that he returned to his post when
+    escape was still possible. He might have remained silent, but he
+    opened the floodgates of his eloquence. When indeed he had once
+    launched himself on the torrent he lost all self-command; he could
+    neither retrace nor moderate his career; he saw the rocks before
+    him, but he dashed himself headlong against them. But another
+    grave authority has given us the judgment of antiquity, that
+    Cicero's defect was the want of steadfastness. His courage had no
+    dignity because it lacked consistency. All men and all parties
+    agreed that he could not be relied upon to lead, to co-operate, or
+    to follow. In all the great enterprises of his party, he was left
+    behind, except that which the nobles undertook against Catilina,
+    in which they rather thrust him before them than engaged with him
+    on terms of mutual support. When we read the vehement claims which
+    Cicero put forth to the honor of association, however tardy, with
+    the glories and dangers of C�sar's assassins, we should deem the
+    conspirators guilty of a monstrous oversight in having neglected
+    to enlist him in their design, were we not assured that he was not
+    to be trusted as a confederate either for good or for evil.
+
+    "Of all the characters of antiquity Cicero is undoubtedly that
+    with which we are most intimately acquainted; for he alone has
+    left to us the record of his thoughts and actions for more than
+    half his public career in a voluminous mass of familiar as well as
+    political correspondence. No public character probably could pass
+    unscathed through the fiery ordeal to which he has thus subjected
+    himself. Cicero, it must be avowed, is convicted from his own
+    mouth of vanity, inconstancy, sordidness, jealousy, malice,
+    selfishness, and timidity. But on the other hand no character,
+    public or private, could thus bare its workings to our view
+    without laying a stronger claim to our sympathy, and extorting
+    from us more kindly consideration than we can give to the mere
+    shell of the human being with which ordinary history brings us in
+    contact. Cicero gains more than he loses by the confessions he
+    pours into our ear. We read in his letters what we should vainly
+    search for in the meagre pages of Sallust and Appian, in the
+    captious criticism of Dion, and even in the pleasant anecdotes of
+    his friendly biographer Plutarch, his amiableness, his refined
+    urbanity, his admiration for excellence, his thirst for fame, his
+    love of truth, equity, and reason. Much indeed of the patriotism,
+    the honesty, the moral courage he exhibited, was really no other
+    than the refined ambition of attaining the respect of his
+    contemporaries and bequeathing a name to posterity. He might not
+    act from a sense of duty, like Cato, but his motives, personal and
+    selfish as they in some sense were, coincided with what a more
+    enlightened conscience would have felt to be duty. Thus his
+    proconsulate is perhaps the purest and most honorable passage in
+    his life. His strict and rare probity amidst the temptations of
+    office arrests our attention and extorts our praise: yet assuredly
+    Cicero had no nice sense of honor, and was controlled by no
+    delicacy of sentiment, where public opinion was silent, or a
+    transaction strictly private. His courting his ward Publilia for
+    her dower, his caressing Dolabella for the sake of getting his
+    debt paid, his soliciting the historian Lucceius to color and
+    exaggerate the merits of his consulship, display a grievous want
+    of magnanimity and of a predominant sense of right. Fortunately
+    his instinct taught him to see in the constitution of the republic
+    the fairest field for the display of his peculiar talents; the
+    orator and the pleader could not fail to love the arena on which
+    the greatest triumph of his genius had been or were yet, as he
+    hoped, to be acquired. And Cicero indeed was not less ambitious
+    than C�esar or Pompeius, Antonius or Octavius. To the pursuit of
+    fame he sacrificed many interests and friendships. He was not less
+    jealous of a rival in his chosen career than any of the leaders of
+    party and candidates for popular favor. He could not endure
+    competition for the throne of eloquence and the sceptre of
+    persuasion. It was on this account perhaps that he sought his
+    associates among the young, from whose rivalry he had nothing to
+    fear, rather than from his own contemporaries, the candidates for
+    the same prize of public admiration which he aimed at securing for
+    himself. From his pages there flows an incessant stream of abuse
+    of all the great masters of political power in his time; of C�sar
+    and Pompeius; of Crassus and Antonius, not to mention his coarse
+    vituperation of Piso and Gabinius, and his uneasy sneers at the
+    impracticable Cato. We may note the different tone which his
+    disparagement assumes towards these men respectively. He speaks of
+    C�sar with awe, of Pompeius with mortification, with dislike of
+    Crassus, with bitter malice of Antonius. C�sar, even when he most
+    deeply reprobates him, he personally loves; the cold distrust of
+    Pompeius vexes his self-esteem; between him and Crassus there
+    subsists a natural antipathy of temperament: but Antonius, the
+    hate of his old age, becomes to him the incarnation of all the
+    evil his long and bitter experience of mankind have discovered in
+    the human heart. While we suspect Cicero of injustice towards the
+    great men of his day, we are bound also to specify the gross
+    dishonesty with which he magnifies his own merits where they are
+    trivial, and embellishes them where they are really important. The
+    perpetual recurrence to the topic of his own political deserts
+    must have wearied the most patient of friends, and more than
+    balanced the display of sordidness and time-serving which Atticus
+    doubtless reflected back in his share of the correspondence
+    between them.
+
+    "But while Cicero stands justly charged with many grave
+    infirmities of temper and defects of principle, while we remark
+    with a sigh the vanity, the inconstancy, and the ingratitude he so
+    often manifested, while we lament his ignoble subserviencies and
+    his ferocious resentments, the high standard by which we claim to
+    judge him is in itself the fullest acknowledgment of his
+    transcendent merits. For undoubtedly had he not placed himself on
+    a higher moral level than the statesmen and sages of his day, we
+    should pass over many of his weaknesses in silence, and allow his
+    pretensions to our esteem to pass almost unchallenged. But we
+    demand a nearer approach to the perfection of human wisdom and
+    virtue in one who sought to approve himself the greatest of their
+    teachers. Nor need we scruple to admit that the judgment of the
+    ancients on Cicero was for the most part unfavorable. The
+    moralists of antiquity required in their heroes virtues with which
+    we can more readily dispense: and they too had less sympathy with
+    many qualities which a purer religion and a wider experience have
+    taught us to love and admire. Nor were they capable, from their
+    position, of estimating the slow and silent effects upon human
+    happiness of the lessons which Cicero enforced. After all the
+    severe judgments we are compelled to pass on his conduct, we must
+    acknowledge that there remains a residue of what is amiable in his
+    character and noble in his teaching beyond all ancient example.
+    Cicero lived and died in faith. He has made converts to the belief
+    in virtue, and had disciples in the wisdom of love. There have
+    been dark periods in the history of man, when the feeble ray of
+    religious instruction paled before the torch of his generous
+    philanthropy. The praise which the great critic pronounced upon
+    his excellence in oratory may be justly extended to the qualities
+    of his heart, and even in our enlightened days it may be held no
+    mean advance in virtue to venerate the master of Roman
+    philosophy."
+
+
+
+
+
+LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+Incomparably the best history of our struggle for independence that has
+been written by a foreigner is that of which we have the larger portion in
+the just-published fifth and sixth volumes of Lord MAHON'S _History of
+England from the Peace of Utrecht_, comprising the period from 1763 to
+1780--from the commencement of the popular discontents until the virtual
+conclusion of the war.
+
+The character of Lord Mahon as a historian has long been established. When
+Sismondi, in 1842, had brought his History of France down to the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, he lamented that he could no longer be guided by Lord
+Mahon, and expressed a hope that his "brilliant labors" would be
+continued. The portion of his work on which the illustrious Frenchman thus
+set the seal of his approval has been reprinted in this country by the
+Appletons, in two large volumes (embracing the first four of the original
+impression), carefully and judiciously edited by Professor Henry Reed, of
+Philadelphia. It well indicates the right of its author to a place with
+the best British writers in this department. History was never before
+written so brilliantly or profoundly as in the last half century. Germany
+in this period has boasted her Schiller, Niebuhr, Von Hammer, Heeren,
+Ranke, and two Mullers; France her Sismondi, Barrante, Thierrys, Michelet,
+Mignet, Guizot, and Thiers; England her Mitford, Arnold, Thirlwall, Grote,
+Napier, Hallam, Mackintosh, Macaulay, Palgrave, and Mahon; and we have
+ourselves the noble names of Bancroft, Prescott, and Irving, to send to
+the next ages. Of the English authors we have mentioned, we regard Lord
+Mahon as in many respects the first; Hallam is a laborious and wise
+critic; Thirlwall and Grote, in their province, have greatly increased the
+fame of British scholarship; and Macaulay, brilliant and picturesque
+beyond any of his contemporaries, has an unprecedented popularity, which
+will last until the worthlessness of his opinions and the viciousness of
+his style are more justly appreciated than they are likely to be by the
+mobs of novel readers who in this generation have preferred him to James
+and Ainsworth. Lord Mahon is the most legitimate successor of the greatest
+historian of his country, David Hume.
+
+Although the chief subject of these new volumes is the American war, the
+general political history of England, from the decline of the fortunes of
+Bute through the administration of Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham, the
+Duke of Grafton, and Lord North, is illustrated and commented on as
+largely as the special purpose of the author permitted; and we have many
+striking passages respecting Wilkes and his various persecutions, the
+Letters of Junius and their authorship, and the common intellectual and
+material progress of the British empire. The spirit in which he regards
+our Revolution is illustrated by the following paragraph, on the
+rejection, by the House of Peers, of the conciliatory Bill by which Lord
+Chatham hoped, in 1775, to prevent the threatened separation of the
+colonies:
+
+
+    "It may be proper, or at least pardonable, here to pause for an
+    inquiry, what probable issue might have attended an opposite
+    decision in the British Parliament? If the ministers had been
+    defeated on this Bill, if, in consequence, they had resigned, and
+    it had in other hands been carried through, would the Americans
+    have accepted the measure cheerfully and readily--would it for a
+    long time to come have closed the breach, and cemented the union
+    with the Mother Country? From all the facts and testimonies then
+    or since made public, I answer without hesitation that it would.
+    The sword was then slumbering in its scabbard. On both sides there
+    were injuries to redress, but not as yet bloodshed to avenge. It
+    was only a quarrel. It was not as yet a war. Even the boldest
+    leaders of that war in after years, whether in council or the
+    field, were still, in January, 1775, the firm friends of colonial
+    subordination. Washington himself (and he at least was no
+    dissembler--from him, at least, there never came any promise or
+    assurance that did not deserve the most implicit credit) had only
+    a few months before presided at a meeting of Fairfax County, in
+    Virginia. That meeting, while claiming relief of grievances, had
+    also at his instance adopted the following Resolve:--'That it is
+    our greatest wish and inclination, as well as interest, to
+    continue our connection with, and dependence upon, the British
+    Government.' But further still, although the first Congress was
+    praised by Chatham for its moderate counsels, and although the
+    calmer voice of history has ratified the praise, we learn that
+    these moderate counsels did not lag behind, but rather exceeded
+    and outran the prevailing sentiment in many of the colonies. To
+    this fact we find an unimpeachable testimony in the letters of
+    President Reed, who, writing to a friend in strict confidence,
+    laments that 'The proceedings of Congress have been pitched on too
+    high a key for some of those middle provinces.' With such
+    feelings, how gladly, how gratefully would they have welcomed the
+    hand of reconciliation stretched out by the Parliament of England!
+    It may be true, indeed, that such feelings as these did not
+    prevail in all, or nearly all, the colonies. It may be true,
+    especially, that no amount of good government, of forbearance, or
+    of kindness, would have won back Massachusetts. But herein lay, as
+    I think, the especial force and efficacy of Lord Chatham's scheme,
+    that it did not refer the questions of parliamentary supremacy and
+    colonial taxation to the decision of any one province; but, as the
+    Americans themselves desired, to the decision of a Congress
+    composed from all the provinces, so that disaffection, however
+    firmly rooted here and there, would of course be overpowered by a
+    loyal and large majority. Nor do I believe that the proposal of a
+    new grant to the Crown, and the consequent necessity of increased
+    taxation to the people, would have interposed any serious
+    obstacle. The load of taxation on the colonies was at this period
+    light indeed: according to a calculation made by Lord North in
+    that very year, each inhabitant of England paid in taxes, upon an
+    average, not less than twenty-five shillings annually; but each
+    inhabitant of British America no more than sixpence. The
+    experience of the closely-following Revolutionary war proves how
+    easily and readily, when their feelings were involved, the
+    Americans could raise far greater supplies. And surely had Lord
+    Chatham's scheme prevailed, their feelings would have been
+    involved. They would have been pleased and proud to show that
+    their previous refusal to pay taxes sprang from principle, and not
+    from inability or disaffection; and that, when once their views of
+    principle had been complied with, they could contribute with no
+    sparing hand to the exigencies of their countrymen, and to the
+    service of their king."
+
+
+The opinion of Lord Mahon that, even after Burgoyne's surrender, and the
+treaty of alliance between France and America, the colonies might have
+been preserved, had Lord Chatham lived and returned to office, we think
+entirely erroneous. Our separation from England, though there had been no
+stamp act or tea tax, was inevitable.
+
+Lord Mahon is exceedingly fond of personal portraiture, in which he is
+sometimes very successful. One of his most carefully-elaborated
+performances in this way has for its subject Washington, and in the dozen
+pages he devotes to the analysis of the character of the great chief he
+has displayed his best abilities, though, we confess, without suggesting
+any thing very novel. He dislikes Franklin, and loses no opportunity of
+imputing to him personal dishonesty. We think the influence of Mr. William
+B. Reed's Life of President Reed is traceable in almost every allusion
+made by Lord Mahon to our philosopher. Without further observation upon
+the qualities of the work, we avail ourselves of the possession of an
+early copy of it to present our readers with some of the most striking
+passages pencilled in a hasty reading.
+
+
+                               WASHINGTON.
+
+    During many years did Washington continue to enjoy the pleasures
+    and fulfil the duties of an independent country gentleman.
+    Field-sports divided his time with the cultivation and improvement
+    of his land, and the sales of his tobacco; he showed kindness to
+    his dependents, and hospitality to his friends; and having been
+    elected one of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, he was,
+    whenever that House met, exact in his attendance. To that
+    well-regulated mind nothing within the course of its ordinary and
+    appointed avocations seemed unworthy of its care. His ledgers and
+    day-books were kept by himself: he took note of all the houses
+    where he partook of hospitality, so that not even the smallest
+    courtesies might pass by unremembered; and until his press of
+    business in the Revolutionary War he was wont every evening to set
+    down the variations of the weather during the preceding day. It
+    was also his habit through life, whenever he wished to possess
+    himself perfectly of the contents of any paper, to transcribe it
+    in his own hand, and apparently with deliberation, so that no
+    point might escape his notice. Many copies of this kind were after
+    his death found among his manuscripts.
+
+    We may observe, however, that in the mind of Washington
+    punctuality and precision did not, as we often find them, turn in
+    any degree to selfishness. On the contrary, he was rather careless
+    of small points where only his own comfort was concerned. Thus he
+    could seldom be persuaded to take any remedy, or desist from any
+    business, whenever he caught a cold, but used to say, "let it go
+    as it came!"
+
+    Nor yet was his constant regularity of habits attended by undue
+    formality of manner. In one of his most private letters there
+    appears given incidentally, and as it were by chance, a golden
+    rule upon that subject:--"As to the gentlemen you mention I cannot
+    charge myself with incivility, or what in my opinion is
+    tantamount, ceremonious civility.
+
+    In figure Washington was thin and tall (above six feet high), in
+    countenance grave, unimpassioned, and benign. An inborn worth, an
+    unaffected dignity, beamed forth in every look as in every word
+    and deed. His first appearance and address might not convey the
+    idea of superior talents; such at least was the remark of his
+    accomplished countryman, Mr. Gallatin; but no man, whether friend
+    or enemy, ever viewed without respect the noble simplicity of his
+    demeanor, the utter absence in him of every artifice and every
+    affectation.
+
+    It has been justly remarked that of General Washington there are
+    fewer anecdotes to tell than perhaps of any other great man on
+    record. So equally framed were the features of his mind, so
+    harmonious all its proportions, that no one quality rose salient
+    above the rest. There were none of those chequered ques, none of
+    those warring emotions, in which Biography delights. There was no
+    contrast of lights and shades, no flickering of the flame; it was
+    a mild light that seldom dazzled, but that ever cheered and
+    warmed. His contemporaries or his close observers, as Mr.
+    Jefferson and Mr. Gallatin, assert that he had naturally strong
+    passions, but had attained complete mastery over them. In
+    self-control indeed he has never been surpassed. If sometimes on
+    rare occasions, and on strong provocation, there was wrung from
+    him a burst of anger, it was almost instantly quelled by the
+    dominion of his will. He decided surely, though he deliberated
+    slowly; nor could any urgency or peril move him from his serene
+    composure, his calm and clear-headed good sense. Integrity and
+    truth were also ever present in his mind. Not a single instance,
+    as I believe, can be found in his whole career when he was
+    impelled by any but an upright motive, or endeavored to attain an
+    object by any but worthy means. Such are some of the high
+    qualities which have justly earned for General Washington the
+    admiration even of the country he opposed, and not merely the
+    admiration but the gratitude and affection of his own. Such was
+    the pure and upright spirit to which, when its toils were over and
+    its earthly course had been run, was offered the unanimous homage
+    of the assembled Congress, all clad in deep mourning for their
+    common loss, as to "the man first in war, first in peace, and
+    first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." At this day in the
+    United States the reverence for his character is, as it should be,
+    deep and universal, and not confined, as with nearly all our
+    English statesmen, to one party, one province, or one creed. Such
+    reverence for Washington is felt even by those who wander furthest
+    from the paths in which he trod. A President when recommending
+    measures of aggression and invasion can still refer to him whose
+    rule was ever to arm only in self-defence as to "the greatest and
+    best of men!" States which exult in their bankruptcy as a proof of
+    their superior shrewdness, and have devised "Repudiation" as a
+    newer and more graceful term for it, yet look up to their great
+    General--the very soul of good faith and honor--with their reverence
+    unimpaired!"
+
+
+                              PATRICK HENRY.
+
+    The colony of Virginia was the place, and the the year 1736 the
+    time, of birth to Patrick Henry. His parents were in easy
+    circumstances, but burthened with a numerous family; they resided
+    at a country scat to which the ambitious name of Mount Brilliant
+    had been given. In childhood Patrick Henry gave little promise of
+    distinction. His person is represented as having been coarse, his
+    manners extremely awkward, his dress slovenly, and his aversion to
+    study invincible. No persuasion could bring him either to read or
+    to work. At sixteen his father gave him means to open a small
+    shop, which failed, however, in less than one year. Then he tried
+    a small farm, and married; then again he entered upon the life of
+    a tradesman, but in a few years more was a bankrupt. It was at
+    this period that he became acquainted with Mr. Jefferson,
+    afterwards President of the United States. "Mr. Henry," says
+    Jefferson, "had a little before broken up his store (shop), or
+    rather it had broken him up, but his misfortunes were not to be
+    traced either in his countenance or conduct. His manners had
+    something of coarseness in them; his passion was music, dancing,
+    and pleasantry. He excelled in the last, and it attached every one
+    to him."
+
+    As a last resource, Patrick Henry now determined to make a trial
+    of the law. It cannot be said that his preparatory studies were
+    unduly arduous, since, as his biographer informs us, they were all
+    comprised in the period of six weeks. Under such unpromising
+    circumstances, and in the year 1763, he obtained a brief in the
+    long-contested cause then raging in Virginia between the clergy on
+    the one side, and the legislature on the other, as regarding the
+    stipends which the former claimed. On this occasion Henry, to the
+    astonishment of all who knew him, poured forth a strain of such
+    impassioned eloquence as not only carried the cause, contrary to
+    all previous expectation, but placed him ever afterwards at the
+    head of his profession in the colony. To this very day, says Mr.
+    Wirt, writing in 1818, the impression remains, and the old people
+    of that district think that no higher compliment can be paid to
+    any public speaker than to say of him in their homely phrase, "He
+    is almost equal to Patrick when he plead (pleaded) against the
+    parsons!"
+
+    The natural eloquence which on this occasion flashed forth from
+    the coarse and unlettered Henry, as the spark-of fire from the
+    flint, continued to distinguished him both as a Member of the
+    House of Burgesses at Williamsburg, and afterwards as a member of
+    Congress. He took from the first a bold and active part against
+    the pretensions of the mother country; indeed Mr. Jefferson goes
+    so far as to declare that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the earliest
+    impulse to the ball of revolution." His most celebrated burst of
+    oratory, or rather turn of phrase, was in this very year 1765,
+    when descanting in the House of Burgesses on the tyranny of the
+    Stamp Act. "C�sar--" he cried, in a voice of thunder and with an
+    eye of fire--"C�sar had his Brutus--Charles the First had his
+    Cromwell--and George the Third"--"Treason!" here exclaimed the
+    Speaker, "Treason! Treason!" re-echoed from every part of the
+    House. Henry did not for an instant falter, but fixing his eye
+    firmly on the Speaker, he concluded his sentence thus "--may profit
+    by their example. If this be treason make the most of it!"
+
+    Indolence and aversion to reading seemed almost as natural to
+    Henry's mind as powers of debate. To the last he never overcame
+    them. Thus, at his death, in 1799, his books were found to be
+    extremely few, and these too consisting chiefly of odd volumes.
+    But his gift of speech was (for his hearers) sufficiently
+    supported by his fiery energy, his practical shrewdness, and his
+    ever keen glance into the feelings and characters of other. Nor
+    were these his only claims to his country's favor. He retained the
+    manners and custom of the common people, with what his friendly
+    biographer terms "religious caution.--He dressed as plainly as the
+    plainest of them," continues Mr. Wirt, "ate only their homely
+    fare, and drank their simple beverage, mixed with them on a
+    footing of the most entire and perfect equality, and conversed
+    with them even in their own vicious and depraved pronunciation."
+    By such means he soon acquired and long retained a large measure
+    of popularity, and he applied himself with zeal and success before
+    any audience, and on every occasion which arose, to increase and
+    perpetuate the estrangement between the North American Colonies
+    and England.
+
+
+                                FRANKLIN.
+
+    Dr. Benjamin Franklin is one of those men who have made the task
+    of succeeding biographers more difficult by having been in part
+    their own. He was born at Boston in 1706, the youngest of ten
+    sons. "My father," he says, "intended to devote me, as the tithe
+    of his sons, to the service of the Church;" but on further
+    reflection, the charges of a college education were thought too
+    burthensome, and young Benjamin became a journeyman printer. From
+    a very early age he showed a passionate fondness for reading, and
+    much ingenuity in argument, but, as he acknowledges, had at first
+    contracted a disputatious and wrangling turn of conversation. "I
+    have since observed," he says, "that persons of good sense seldom
+    fall into it, except lawyers, University-men, and generally men of
+    all sorts who have been bred at Edinburgh."
+
+    Young Franklin was at first bound apprentice to one of his elder
+    brothers, a printer at Boston; but some differences arising
+    between them, he proceeded to Philadelphia, where he soon obtained
+    employment, and ere long set up for himself. His success in life
+    was secured by his great frugality, industry, and shrewdness. In
+    his own words: "I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of
+    any kind; reading was the only amusement I allowed myself." His
+    knowledge and shrewdness,--great zeal in urging any improvements,
+    and great ingenuity in promoting them,--speedily raised him high in
+    the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, and enabled him to take a
+    forward part in all the affairs of his province. In England, and
+    indeed all Europe, he became celebrated by his experiments and
+    discoveries in electricity. These may deserve the greater credit
+    when we recollect both their practical utility and their
+    unassisted progress,--how much the pointed rods which he introduced
+    have tended to avert the dangers of lightning, and how far removed
+    was Franklin at the time from all scientific society, libraries,
+    or patronage.
+
+    It has also been stated by no less an authority in science than
+    Sir Humphrey Davy, that "the style and manner of Dr. Franklin's
+    publication on Electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as
+    the doctrine it contains." The same remark may indeed be applied
+    to all his writings. All of them are justly celebrated for their
+    clear, plain, and lively style, free from every appearance of art,
+    but, in fact, carefully pointed and nicely poised. In public
+    speaking, on the other hand, he was much less eminent. His last
+    American biographer observes of him, that he never even pretended
+    to the accomplishments of an orator or debater. He seldom spoke in
+    a deliberative assembly, except for some special object, and then
+    only for a few minutes at a time.
+
+    As a slight instance of Franklin's humor and shrewdness in all
+    affairs of common life I may quote the following: "QUESTION. I am
+    about courting a girl I have had but little acquaintance with. How
+    shall I come to a knowledge of her faults? ANSWER. Commend her
+    among her female acquaintance!"
+
+    Whether in science and study, or in politics and action, the great
+    aim of Franklin's mind was ever practical utility. Here again we
+    may quote Sir Humphrey Davy as saying of Franklin that he sought
+    rather to make philosophy a useful inmate and servant in the
+    common habitations of man, than to preserve her merely as an
+    object of admiration in temples and palaces. Thus, also, in
+    affairs he had a keen eye to his own interest, but likewise a
+    benevolent concern for the public good. Nor was he ever
+    indifferent to cases of individual grievance or hardship. In the
+    pursuit of his objects, public or private, he was, beyond most
+    other men, calm, sagacious, and wary; neither above business nor
+    yet below it; never turned aside from it by flights of fancy nor
+    yet by bursts of passion.
+
+    Among the good qualities which we may with just cause ascribe to
+    Franklin we cannot number any firm reliance on the truths of
+    Revelation. Only five weeks before his death we find him express a
+    cold approbation of the "system of morals" bequeathed to us by
+    "Jesus of Nazareth." In his Memoirs he declares that he always
+    believed in the existence of a Deity and a future state of rewards
+    and punishments, but he adds that although he continued to adhere
+    to his first--the Presbyterian--sect, some of its dogmas appeared to
+    him unintelligible, and others doubtful. "I early absented myself
+    from the public assemblies of the sect; and I seldom attended any
+    public worship; Sunday being my studying day."
+
+    Such being Franklin's own practice, and such his own description
+    of it as to public worship, it seems worthy of note that it was he
+    who in the American Convention brought forward a motion for daily
+    prayers. "I have lived, Sir," said he, "a long time, and the
+    longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that
+    God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to
+    the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can
+    rise without his aid?" But in spite of this most earnest appeal
+    the motion was rejected, since, as we are told, "the Convention,
+    except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary."
+
+    The accomplished American biographer, by whom this last incident
+    is recorded, expresses in the same passage deep regret that Dr.
+    Franklin did not bestow more attention than he seems to have done
+    on the evidences of Christianity. And indeed there are several
+    indications that he was less well acquainted with points of
+    Christian faith and discipline than with almost any other subject.
+    One of these indications, and surely a most strange one, occurs in
+    the Private Diary which he kept at Passy during part of 1784. It
+    appears that two young American gentlemen had come over to London
+    with the view of entering Holy Orders, but that the Archbishop of
+    Canterbury refused them Ordination unless they would take the Oath
+    of Allegiance. In this dilemma Franklin actually applied to the
+    Pope's Nuncio at Paris to ascertain whether a Roman Catholic
+    Bishop in America might not perform the ceremony for them as
+    Protestants, and he transcribes as remarkable the natural reply:
+    "The Nuncio says the thing is impossible unless the gentlemen
+    become Roman Catholics."
+
+    The religious scepticism or indifference of Franklin, which his
+    present biographers justly lament, was, however, in his own day, a
+    recommendation and a merit with the French philosophists. On the
+    other hand, his hostility to England endeared him to the French
+    politicians. On both these grounds, as well as from his high
+    scientific attainments, he found himself during his residence of
+    several years at Paris in no common measure courted, flattered,
+    and caressed. A fine verse, one of the noblest which modern
+    Latinity can boast, describes him as having plucked the lightning
+    from Heaven and the sceptre from tyrants.
+
+    Descending from such lofty flights to the regions of sober
+    reality, we may observe that Franklin in his later years, and
+    especially in France, adopted to a great extent the Quaker garb.
+    He laid aside the huge wig which he used to wear in England, and
+    allowed his long white hair to flow down nearly to his shoulders.
+    His clothes were of the plainest cut and of the dunnest color. The
+    Parisians of that period, ever swayed by external impressions,
+    were greatly struck with, and in their writings frequently refer
+    to, his venerable aspect, and they compared him by turns to all
+    the sages of antiquity. It is also probable that his Quaker-like
+    attire may have tended to invest him in their estimation with the
+    other attributes which they assigned to the ideal Quaker
+    character, as simplicity, guilelessness, inviolable truth.
+
+
+                               LA FAYETTE.
+
+    It so chanced that in the summer of 1776, La Fayette, still in his
+    teens, and serving as a subaltern with the French army, was
+    stationed with his regiment at Metz. It happened also that in the
+    course of a foreign tour their Royal Highnesses of Gloucester
+    passed a few days in that town. The principal officers entertained
+    the Duke at dinner, when the conversation turned to the last news
+    from Philadelphia and the new Declaration of Independence. Being
+    at that period offended with his Court, from its neglect of the
+    Duchess, the Duke indulged in Opposition topics, and, in some
+    degree at least, took the part of the Americans. The details were
+    new to La Fayette. He listened with eagerness, and prolonged the
+    conversation by asking questions of the Royal guest. The cause of
+    the colonies that had risen against England seemed to him just and
+    noble, even on the showing of one of the English princes; and
+    before he left the table, the thought came into his head that he
+    would go to America, and offer the Americans his services. He
+    determined to return to Paris, and make further inquiries. His
+    inquiries being mainly addressed to Silas Deane and other zealous
+    friends of the insurgents, could not fail to confirm him in his
+    first impressions. He became fired with an ardent zeal for
+    Republican principles and the American cause. That zeal continued
+    ever afterwards--for well nigh sixty years--the polar star of his
+    course. That zeal, favored as it was by fortune, adapted to the
+    times that came upon him, and urged forward by great personal
+    vanity, laid the foundations of his fame far more, as I conceive,
+    than any strength of mind or talents of his own. Few men have ever
+    been so conspicuous from afar with so little, when closely viewed,
+    of real weight or dimension. As a general, it can scarcely be
+    pretended that his exploits were either many or considerable. As
+    an orator, we look in vain for any high powers of debate. As a
+    statesman, we find only an undistinguishing eagerness to apply the
+    Transatlantic examples and to act the part of Washington, without
+    duly estimating either the immense superiority of Washington's
+    character above his own, or the manifold points of difference
+    between America and Europe.
+
+    It was said by Napoleon at St. Helena, that "La Fayette was a man
+    of no ability, either in civil or military life; his understanding
+    was confined to narrow bounds; his character was full of
+    dissimulation, and swayed by vague ideas of liberty, which, in
+    him, were undefined and ill-digested." No doubt there is some
+    exaggeration in these words. No doubt the late Emperor, at that
+    period, was stirred by personal resentment at the hostile conduct
+    of the General in 1815; yet it will perhaps be found more easy by
+    any admirer of La Fayette to impugn the good faith of the
+    draughtsman than the general accuracy of the portrait.
+
+    The fortune of La Fayette was ample, his yearly income being
+    little short of two hundred thousand livres; and his connexions,
+    as we have seen, were among the first at Court. Under such
+    circumstances, Silas Deane felt the vast importance of securing
+    him. An agreement was concluded between them, by the intervention
+    of one Mr. Carmichael (for as yet La Fayette spoke no English, and
+    Deane little French), according to the terms of which the Marquis
+    de La Fayette was to join the American service, and to receive
+    from Congress the rank of Major-General--no slight temptation to a
+    stripling of nineteen! La Fayette was to be accompanied, or rather
+    attended, by the Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers of lower
+    rank, seeking service in America. He sent, in secret, an agent to
+    Bordeaux, there to purchase and prepare a vessel for their voyage.
+    Meanwhile he made an excursion of three weeks to London, where his
+    kinsman, the Marquis de Noailles, was ambassador. He was presented
+    to the King, and graciously received. He saw at the opera General
+    Clinton, who had come home on a winter leave of absence, and who
+    was next to meet him on a field of battle in America. But, mindful
+    of his own hostile designs, he deemed it proper to forbear from
+    prying into the military forces of the kingdom, and declined an
+    invitation to visit the naval armament at Portsmouth.
+
+    On his return to France, La Fayette bade farewell to his young
+    wife, leaving her four months gone with child, and set out for
+    Bordeaux. Thus far all had prospered according to his wishes. But
+    at Bordeaux he found that his preparations had been discovered and
+    complained of by Lord Stormont, and that a LETTRE DE CACHET for
+    his arrest was already issued. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish
+    his design. He crossed the Spanish frontier in the disguise of a
+    courier, found his vessel at Pasages, and there embarked with his
+    companions. Towards the middle of June he landed on the coast of
+    Carolina; and after a few days' rest, pursued his route to
+    Philadelphia. His reception by the Congress was not at first a
+    warm one; but La Fayette declared that he would accept no pay, and
+    was willing to serve as a volunteer; and under these
+    circumstances, the Assembly fulfilled the terms of the secret
+    agreement, and bestowed on him the rank of Major-General.
+
+    At Philadelphia La Fayette saw the American troops for the first
+    time, and, according to his own account, was struck with their
+    grotesque appearance--with green boughs fastened to their
+    hats--coarse hunting-shirts instead of uniforms--and muskets, many
+    wanting bayonets, and all of unequal make and size. But he soon
+    learnt to think more favorably of these raw levies, when,
+    notwithstanding all their disadvantages, he observed their conduct
+    in the field. With regard to their commander, his early
+    impressions never changed. It was also at Philadelphia, and at a
+    dinner-table, comprising several members of the Congress, that La
+    Fayette was introduced to Washington. The boy-general found
+    himself warmly welcomed by the chief whom he had long admired.
+    "When you come to the army," said Washington, "I shall be pleased
+    if you will make my quarters your home, and consider yourself as
+    one of my family." The invitation thus frankly tendered was no
+    less frankly accepted. Thus did a cordial intimacy arise between
+    them, Washington at all times treating La Fayette with fatherly
+    kindness, and La Fayette looking up to Washington with filial
+    regard.
+
+    La Fayette had already begun to speak a little English, and by
+    degrees acquired more. But to the last the difficulties of the
+    language were a main obstacle, not only to himself, but to every
+    other foreigner who served with, or under, the United States. Thus
+    there are still preserved some of the ill-spelled and scarcely
+    intelligible notes of Count Pulasky, during the short time that he
+    served as general of cavalry. Still worse was the case of Baron
+    Steuben, a veteran of the school of Frederick the Second, who
+    joined the Americans a few months later than La Fayette, and who
+    greatly aided them in the establishment of discipline. The Baron,
+    it appears, could not teach and drill, nor even swear and curse,
+    but by means of an interpreter! He was, therefore, most fortunate
+    in securing as his aid-de-camp Captain Walker of New-York--most
+    fortunate, if, as his American biographer assures us, "there was
+    not, perhaps, another officer in the army, unless Hamilton be
+    excepted, who could speak French and English so as to be well
+    understood in both."
+
+    La Fayette did not always confine himself to the bounds of his own
+    profession; sometimes, and, perhaps, not greatly to his credit, he
+    stepped beyond them. Here is one case recorded with much
+    satisfaction by himself. He states, that soon after his arrival in
+    America, and while attending on Sunday the service of the Church
+    of England, he was displeased with the clergyman, because in his
+    sermon he had said nothing at all of politics. "I charged him to
+    his face," says La Fayette, "with preaching only about Heaven!...
+    But next Sunday," continues the keen young officer, "I heard him
+    again, when his loud invectives against 'the execrable House of
+    Hanover,' showed that he was ready and willing to take my good
+    advice."
+
+
+                            JOHN HORNE TOOKE.
+
+    His abilities were ill fitted for the profession of a clergyman,
+    which indeed he at last renounced, but they highly qualified him
+    for his favorite occupation as a demagogue. Between him and Wilkes
+    there now arose a violent animosity and a keen altercation carried
+    on in newspapers. Descending to the lowest and most selfish
+    details, they were not ashamed thus publicly to wrangle respecting
+    a Welsh pony and a hamper of claret! Even before the close of 1770
+    might be discerned the growing discord and weakness of Wilkes and
+    his city friends. At a meeting which they convened to consider
+    their course of action, some proposed a new Remonstrance to the
+    King, while others urged an impeachment of Lord North in the House
+    of Commons. "What is the use of a new Remonstrance?" cried Wilkes.
+    "It would only serve to make another paper kite for His Royal
+    Highness the Prince of Wales!"--"What is the use of an
+    impeachment?" cried Sawbridge. "Lord North is quite sure of the
+    Bishops and the Scotch Peers in the Upper House, and could not
+    fail to be acquitted!" But although these ardent patriots might
+    differ a little as to the means, they were bent on one and the
+    same end; and the Remonstrance which was at last agreed upon,
+    appears to have been framed by their united wisdom. As thus drawn
+    up it teemed with silly vagaries fit only to please the lowest
+    order of intellects. Thus it prayed that His Majesty would for
+    ever remove from his presence and councils all his Ministers and
+    Secretaries of State, especially Lord Mansfield (who by the way
+    was not one of them), and that His Majesty would not again admit
+    any Scotchman into the administration!
+
+
+                         THE CHARACTER OF WILKES.
+
+    He was born in 1727, the son of a rich distiller. Early in life he
+    set up a brewery for himself, but soon relinquished the wearisome
+    business. Early in life also he improved his fortune by his
+    marriage with the daughter and heiress of the celebrated Dr. Mead,
+    the author of the "Treatise on Poisons." But this lady, being of
+    maturer age than himself, and of slight personal attractions, was
+    speedily slighted, and he left her with as much disgust as he had
+    his brewery. In 1757 he was elected Member of Parliament for
+    Aylesbury, but never obtained any success as an orator, his
+    speeches being, though flippant, yet feeble. In truth he had no
+    great ability of any kind, but dauntless courage and high animal
+    spirits. Nor should we deny him another much rarer praise,--a vein
+    of good humor and kindliness, which did not forsake him through
+    all his long career, amidst the riot of debauchery or the rancor
+    of faction. So agreeable and insinuating was his conversation,
+    that more than one fair dame as she listened found herself forget
+    his sinister squint and his ill-favored countenance. He used to
+    say of himself in a laughing strain, that though he was the
+    ugliest man in England, he wanted nothing to make him even with
+    the handsomest but half an hour at starting! Politics indeed
+    seemed at first wholly alien from Wilkes's sphere; gayety and
+    gallantry were his peculiar objects. For some time he reigned the
+    oracle of green-rooms and the delight of taverns. In conjunction
+    with other kindred spirits, as Paul Whitehead and Sir Francis
+    Dashwood, amounting in all to twelve, he rented Medmenham Abbey,
+    near Marlow. It is a secluded and beautiful spot on the banks of
+    the Thames, with hanging woods that slope down to the crystal
+    stream, a grove of venerable elms, and meadows of the softest
+    green. In days of old it had been a convent of Cistercian monks,
+    but the new brotherhood took the title of Franciscans in
+    compliment to Sir Francis Dashwood, whom they called their Father
+    Abbot. On the portal, now again in ruins, and once more resigned
+    to its former solitude and silence, I could still a few years
+    since read the inscription placed there by Wilkes and his friends:
+    fay �e que voudras. Other French and Latin inscriptions, now with
+    good reason effaced, then appeared in other parts of the grounds,
+    some of them remarkable for wit, but all for either profaneness or
+    obscenity, and many the more highly applauded as combining both.
+    In this retreat the new Franciscans used often to meet for summer
+    pastimes, and varied the round of their debauchery by a mock
+    celebration of the principal Roman Catholic rites.
+
+
+                         WILKES'S ESSAY ON WOMAN.
+
+    It appears that Wilkes had, several years before, and in some of
+    his looser hours, composed a parody of Pope's "Essay on Man." In
+    this undertaking, which, according to his own account, cost him a
+    great deal of pains and time, he was, it is said, assisted by
+    Thomas Potter, second son of the late Archbishop of Canterbury,
+    who had been Secretary of Frederick Prince of Wales, and had since
+    shown ability and gained office in the House of Commons, but was
+    (as well became one of Wilkes's friends) of lax morals in his
+    private life. The result of their joint authorship, however, has
+    little wit or talent to make any amends for the blasphemy and
+    lewdness with which it abounds. As the original had been inscribed
+    by Pope to Lord Bolingbroke, so was the parody by Wilkes to Lord
+    Sandwich; thus it began, "Awake my Sandwich!" instead of "Awake my
+    St. John!" Thus also, in ridicule of Warburton's well-known
+    commentary, some burlesque notes were appended in the name of the
+    Right Reverend the Bishop of Gloucester.
+
+    This worthless poem had remained in manuscript, and lain in
+    Wilkes's desk, until in the previous spring he had occasion to set
+    up a press at his own house, and was tempted to print fourteen
+    copies only as presents to his boon companions. Of one of these
+    copies the Government obtained possession, through a subordinate
+    agent, and by not very creditable means, and Lord Sandwich holding
+    it forth in his hand with the air of injured innocence, denounced
+    it as not only scandalous and impious, but also as a breach of
+    Privilege against the Bishop as a Peer of Parliament. He likewise
+    complained of another profane parody, written by the same hand,
+    and printed on the same occasion; this last was entitled, "The
+    VENI CREATOR paraphrased." The most offensive passages of both
+    were now by Lord Sandwich's order read aloud to the House, until
+    Lord Lyttleton with a groan entreated that they might hear no
+    more!
+
+    In the discussion which ensured, Bishop Warburton, forgetting that
+    such ribaldries could not really tarnish his character, showed a
+    heat which little became it. He exclaimed that the blackest fiends
+    in Hell would disdain to keep company with Wilkes,--and then asked
+    pardon of Satan for comparing them together! Both the Earl and
+    Bishop in their passion would have readily over-leaped the common
+    forms of justice. The former, after producing evidence at the Bar
+    as to the authorship of Wilkes, wished the House to take measures
+    for his prosecution, without the least delay. But the Peers,
+    although readily agreeing to vote the two parodies blasphemous and
+    breaches of Privilege, resolved, on the motion of Lord Mansfield,
+    to adjourn all further questions until the day after the next, so
+    as to give Wilkes the opportunity, if he desired it, of alleging
+    any matter in denial or defence.
+
+
+                              LORD THURLOW.
+
+    With all his faults and shortcomings there was that in Thurlow
+    which overawed and daunted his contemporaries, and of which the
+    impression is not wholly lost even on posterity. It was a saying
+    of Mr. Fox, that no man ever yet was so wise as Thurlow looked.
+    His countenance was fraught with sense; his aspect stately and
+    commanding; his brow broad, massy, and armed with terrors like
+    that of the Olympian Jove, to which indeed it was often compared.
+    His voice loud, sonorous, and as rolling thunder in the distance,
+    augmented the effect of his fierce and terrible invective. Few
+    indeed were they who did not quail before his frown; fewer still
+    who would abide his onset in debate. Perhaps no modern English
+    statesman, in the House of Lords at least, was ever so much
+    dreaded. In parliament, as at the bar, his speeches were home
+    thrusts, conveying the strongest arguments or keenest reproofs in
+    the plainest and clearest words. His enemies might accuse his
+    style of being coarse, and sometimes even ungrammatical, but they
+    could never deny its energy or its effect. In private life Thurlow
+    was remarkable for his thorough knowledge of the Greek and Latin
+    writers; and no less for his skill in argument and brilliant
+    powers of conversation. While yet at the bar, Dr. Johnson said of
+    him to Boswell: "I honor Thurlow, sir; Thurlow is a fine fellow;
+    he fairly puts his mind to yours." And after he became Chancellor,
+    the same high authority added: "I would prepare myself for no man
+    in England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to meet him, I should wish
+    to know a day before." Unless with ladies, his manner was always
+    uncouth, and his voice a constant growl. But beneath that rugged
+    rind there appears to have lurked much warmth of affection and
+    kindliness of heart. Many acts of generous aid and unsolicited
+    bounty are recorded of him. Men of learning and merit seldom
+    needed any other recommendation to his favor. Thus, on reading
+    Horsley's "Letters to Dr. Priestly," he at once obtained for the
+    author a stall at Gloucester, saying--what I earnestly wish all
+    other Chancellors had borne in mind--"that those who supported the
+    Church should be supported by it." Nevertheless his temper, even
+    when in some measure sobered down by age, was always liable to
+    violent and unreasonable starts of passion. It is related by a
+    gentleman who dined with him at Brighton only a few months before
+    his death--for I must ever hold that great characters are best
+    portrayed by little circumstances--that a plateful of peaches being
+    brought in, the ex-Chancellor, incensed at their ill appearance,
+    ordered the window to be opened, and not only the peaches but the
+    whole desert to be thrown out!
+
+
+                              EDMUND BURKE.
+
+    In pamphlets, however, and political essays--and even speeches,
+    when revised and sent forth singly, may be comprehended in that
+    class,--the personal disadvantages of Burke could no longer apply;
+    and as regards that class of writings, it may be doubted whether
+    he has ever, in any age, or in any country, been excelled. The
+    philosophy and deep thought of his reflections--the vigor and
+    variety of his style--his rich flow of either panegyric or
+    invective--his fine touches of irony--the glowing abundance and
+    beauty of his metaphors--all these might separately claim applause;
+    how much more, then, when all blended into one glorious whole! To
+    give examples of these merits would be to transcribe half his
+    works. Yet still if one single and short instance from his maxims
+    be allowed me, I will observe that the generous ardor and activity
+    of mind called forth by competition has formed a theme of
+    philosophic comment from a very early age. It is touched both by
+    Cicero and Quintilian; it has not been neglected either by Bacon
+    or Montaigne. Yet still, as handled by Burke, this trite topic
+    beams forth, not only with the hues of eloquence, but even with
+    the bloom of novelty. He invites us to "an amicable conflict with
+    difficulty. Difficulty is a severe instructor set over us by the
+    supreme ordinance of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows
+    us better than we know ourselves, as he loves us better too. He
+    that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our
+    skill. Our antagonist is our helper!" If amidst so much of
+    eloquence and feeling as Burke's writings display we are desired
+    to seek for faults, we shall find them, not in the want, but only
+    in the exuberance and overflow of beauties. The palate becomes
+    cloyed by so much richness, the eye dazzled by so much glare. His
+    metaphors, fraught with fancy though they be, are often bold; they
+    seem both too numerous and strained too far; they sometimes cease
+    to please, and occasionally border even on the ludicrous and low.
+    Of this defect, as of his excellences, a single instance shall
+    suffice me. In the "Letter to a Noble Lord," in 1796, Burk
+    compares the Duke of Bedford to a lamb already marked for
+    slaughter by the Marats and Robespierres of France, but still
+    unconscious of his doom, "pleased to the last," and who "licks the
+    hand just raised to shed his blood." Thus far the simile is
+    conducted with admirable force and humor. But not satisfied with
+    his success, Burke goes further; he insists on leading us into the
+    shambles, and makes the revolutionary butchers inquire as to their
+    ducal victim, "how he cuts up? how he tallows in the caul or on
+    the kidneys?" Apart from the beauty of the style, the value, as I
+    conceive, of Burke's writings, is subject to one not unimportant
+    deduction. For most lofty and far-sighted views in politics they
+    will never be consulted in vain. On the other hand, let no man
+    expect to find in them just or accurate, or even consistent,
+    delineations of contemporary character. Where eternal principles
+    are at stake, Burke was inaccessible to favor or to fear. Where
+    only persons are concerned, he was often misled by resentments or
+    by partialities, and allowed his fancy full play. The rich stores
+    of Burke's memory and the rare powers of his mind were not
+    reserved solely for his speeches or his writings; they appeared to
+    no less advantage in his familiar conversation. Even the most
+    trivial topics could elicit, even the most ignorant hearers could
+    discern, his genius. "Sir," said Dr. Johnson, "if Burke were to go
+    into a stable to see his horse dressed, the hostler would say, We
+    have had an extraordinary man here!" On other occasions, also, the
+    author of "Rasselas" extols him as "never unwilling to begin
+    conversation, never at a loss to carry it on, never in haste to
+    leave it off." His attempts at wit, indeed, were not always
+    successful, and he might be accused of an inordinate affection for
+    quibbles and puns. His favorite niece, and latterly his guest, was
+    sometimes provoked into a--"Really, uncle, that is very poor." But
+    upon the whole it may be asserted, that in social converse Burke
+    was equalled by none of his contemporaries and his countrymen,
+    except only Dr. Johnson himself and perhaps Lord Thurlow.
+
+
+We have no more room for further extracts; those we have made illustrate
+the temper and the style of the work, and will commend it to the favorable
+consideration of American readers. Among subjects treated most elaborately
+is that of the authorship of Junius; but Lord Mahon has no new facts for
+the vindication of his judgment, that Sir Philip Francis was
+unquestionably the writer of the famous letters under that name.
+
+There is an appendix to each volume; and in the appendix of one, and in
+the notes of both, are some curious illustrations of the worthlessness of
+Mr. Sparks's editions of the writings of Washington and Franklin. We first
+called attention to this subject some five years ago, and after the
+changes, &c. of Mr. Sparks had been pointed out in _The International_, a
+series of carefully prepared criticisms appeared in the _Evening Post_, in
+which the discrepancies between the original letters of Washington were
+exhibited to a degree that at once and for ever destroyed the good
+reputation of Mr. Sparks in this department. He chose not to take any
+notice of the disclosures to which we refer, but it may be that Lord
+Mahon's criticism will secure his attention, and an attempt, at least, for
+his vindication. Besides his comparisons of MS. and printed letters in the
+appendix, Lord Mahon has several allusions to the subject, of which we
+quote specimens:
+
+
+    "Some samples of the manner in which that gentleman (Mr. Sparks)
+    has thought himself at liberty to tamper with the original MSS.,
+    will be found," &c.
+
+    "Mr. Sparks has printed no part of the correspondence precisely as
+    Washington wrote it, but has greatly altered, and as he thinks,
+    corrected and embellished it. Such a liberty with the writings of
+    such a man might be justifiable, nay, even in some respects
+    necessary, if Washington and his principal contemporaries had been
+    still alive; but the date of this publication, the year (1838),
+    leaves, as I conceive, no adequate vindication for _tampering with
+    the truth of history_."
+
+    "Washington, however, in his public letter to Congress (unless Mr.
+    Jared Sparks has _improved_ this passage), says," &c.
+
+    "I know not whether my readers will concur with me in liking
+    Washington's own and though home-spun, excellent cloth, much
+    better than the 'Cobweb schemes and gauze coverings' which have,
+    it seems, been manufactured in its place."
+
+
+A complete errata to Mr. Sparks's editions of Washington, Franklin, and
+Gouverneur Morris, would occupy several volumes; and we do not remember
+one instance in which his alterations were justifiable, or in which they
+were really an improvement in point of style. The reprobation with which
+Mr. Sparks has been visited by the learned and judicious of his own
+country and England will be a warning to future laborers in the same
+field. The works edited by Mr. Sparks are no longer, we believe, regarded
+by historical students as of the slightest value as authorities, and no
+faithfulness or excellence which may be displayed in future works from his
+hand will retrieve his lost reputation.
+
+These volumes will be reprinted immediately by the Appletons.
+
+
+
+
+
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+
+
+It were well if writers on the origin of typography would obey the
+injunction of Sir Thomas Browne, who thought it not inexpedient for those
+who seek to enlighten mankind on any particular subject, first to acquire
+some knowledge thereof themselves, so that the labor of readers should not
+so generally be profitless. In an article by Bishop McIlvaine, and another
+in Frazer's Magazine, by an anonymous contributor, the exercise of
+_necromancy_ is imputed to Fust, the inventor or supposed inventor of
+printing. Nine of every ten persons who write any thing on the subject
+fall into the same error; they have something always to say of Fust and
+the devil; curious anecdotes to rehearse of the multiplication of copies
+of the Scriptures in Paris and elsewhere; spells and incantations by the
+inventor of the "black" art to describe, &c. But this is all induced by
+ignorance of the facts. John Fust, the putative inventor of printing, was
+a shrewd silversmith, and we suspect a knavish one, for without having any
+thing to do with the _invention_ of the "art preservative of arts," he
+managed to rob another of the credit and profit of it. He was, however,
+never in Paris; he was never in his lifetime accused of the exercise of
+magical arts; he simply endeavored to make as much money as he could in
+Germany by underselling the copyists in the book market. All stories in
+which necromancy is attributed to him or to any other printer; all
+accounts of the opposition of the priests to typography as an infernal
+invention; in fine, the whole popular idea of Faust and the devil, is a
+modern contrivance, and originated in this manner: Some bookmaker, about
+the year 1580, undertook to write a history of printing; he had an
+indistinct recollection of Professor Faustus of the University of
+Wittenberg, and in his book blended as many of his adventures as he could
+remember with the memoirs of John Fust the printer; and from that day a
+succession of ignorant chroniclers have considered two men, of totally
+different characters, living at different times, as one individual.
+
+Faust, the necromancer, was born in the duchy of Weimer in 1491,
+twenty-five years after the printer is understood to have died. He is
+mentioned by Melancthon, Wierus, and many other cotemporary writers, and
+was probably in his time not less distinguished as a magician than Agrippa
+or Albertus Magnus. It is related of him by Godwin, that he was in his
+youth adopted by an uncle, dwelling in the city of Wittenberg, who had no
+children. Here he was sent to college, and was soon distinguished by the
+greatness of his talents, and the rapid progress he made in every species
+of learning that was put before him. He was destined by his relative to
+the profession of theology. But he is said ungraciously to have set at
+naught his uncle's pious intentions. He went through his examinations with
+applause, and carried off all the first prizes among sixteen competitors;
+he therefore obtained the degree of doctor in divinity; but his success
+only made him proud and headstrong. He disdained his theological eminence,
+and sighed for distinction as a man of the world. He took his degree as a
+doctor of medicine, and aspired to celebrity as a practitioner of physic.
+About the same time he fell in with certain cotemporaries, of tastes
+similar to his own, and associated with them in the study of Chaldean,
+Greek, and Arabic science, of strange incantations and supernatural
+influences, in short, of all the arts of a sorcerer.
+
+Having made such progress as he could by dint of study and intense
+application, he at length resolved to prosecute his purposes still further
+by actually raising the devil. He happened one evening to walk in a thick,
+dark wood, within a short distance from Wittenberg, when it occurred to
+him that that was a fit place for executing his design. He stopped at a
+solitary spot where four roads met, and made use of his wand to mark out a
+large circle, and then two small ones within the larger. In one of these
+he fixed himself, appropriating the other for the use of his expected
+visitor. He went over the precise range of charms and incantations,
+omitting nothing. It was now dark night, between the ninth and tenth
+hours. The devil manifested himself by the usual signs of his appearance.
+"Wherefore am I called?" said he, "and what is it that you demand?" "I
+require," rejoined Faustus, "that you should sedulously attend unto me,
+answer my inquiries, and fulfil my behests."
+
+Immediately upon Faustus pronouncing these words, there followed a tumult
+overhead, as if heaven and earth were coming together. The trees in their
+topmost branches bended to their very roots. It seemed as if the whole
+forest were peopled with devils, making a crash like a thousand wagons,
+hurrying to the right and left, before and behind, in every possible
+direction, with thunder and lightning, and the continual discharge of
+great cannon. Hell appeared to have emptied itself to have furnished the
+din. There succeeded the most charming music from all sorts of
+instruments, and sounds of hilarity and dancing. Next came a report as of
+a tournament, and the clashing of innumerable lances. This lasted so long,
+that Faustus was many times about to rush out of the circle in which he
+had inclosed himself, and to abandon his preparations. His courage and
+resolution, however, got the better; and he remained immovable. He pursued
+his incantations without intermission. Then came to the very edge of the
+circle a griffin first, and next a dragon, which in the midst of his
+enchantments grinned at him horribly with his teeth, but finally fell down
+at his feet, and extended his length to many a rood. Faustus persisted.
+Then succeeded a sort of fireworks, a pillar of fire, and a man on fire at
+the top, who leaped down; and there immediately appeared a number of
+globes here and there red-hot, while the man on fire went and came to
+every part of the circle for a quarter of an hour. At length the devil
+came forward in the shape of a gray monk, and asked Faustus what he
+wanted. Faustus adjourned their further conference, and appointed the
+devil to comes to him at his lodging.
+
+He in the mean time busied himself in the necessary preparations. He
+entered his study at the appointed time, and found the devil waiting for
+him. Faustus told him that he had prepared certain articles, to which it
+was necessary that the demon should fully accord,--that he should attend
+him at all times, when required, for all the days of his life; that he
+should bring him every thing he wanted; that he should come to him in any
+shape that Faustus required, or be invisible, and Faustus should be
+invisible too whenever he desired it; that he should deny him nothing, and
+answer him with perfect veracity to every thing he demanded. To some of
+these requisitions the spirit could not consent, without authority from
+his master, the chief of devils. At length all these concessions were
+adjusted. The devil on his part also prescribed his conditions. That
+Faustus should abjure the Christian religion and all reverence for the
+supreme God; that he should enjoy the entire command of his attendant
+demon for a certain term of years; and that at the end of that period the
+devil should dispose of him, body and soul, at his pleasure [the term was
+fixed for twenty-four years]; that he should at all times steadfastly
+refuse to listen to any one who should desire to convert him, or convince
+him of the error of his ways, and lead him to repentance; that Faustus
+should draw up a writing containing these particulars, and sign it with
+his blood; that he should deliver this writing to the devil, and keep a
+duplicate of it himself, that so there might be no misunderstanding. It
+was further appointed by Faustus, that the devil should usually attend him
+in the habit of a cordelier, with a pleasing countenance and an
+insinuating demeanor. Faustus also asked the devil his name, who answered
+that he was usually called Mephistophiles.
+
+Numerous adventures of Faustus are related in the German histories. It is
+said that the emperor Charles V. was at Inspruck, at a time when Faustus
+also resided there. His courtiers informed the emperor that Faustus was in
+the town, and Charles expressed a desire to see him. He was introduced.
+Charles asked him whether he could really perform such wondrous feats as
+were reported of him. Faustus modestly replied, inviting the emperor to
+make trial of his skill. "Then," said Charles, "of all the eminent
+personages I have ever read of, Alexander the Great is the man who most
+excites my curiosity, and whom it would most gratify my wishes to see in
+the very form in which he lived." Faustus rejoined that it was out of his
+power truly to raise the dead, but that he had spirits at his command who
+had often seen that great conqueror, and that Faustus would willingly
+place him before the emperor as he required. He conditioned that Charles
+should not speak to him, nor attempt to touch him. The emperor promised
+compliance. After a few ceremonies, therefore, Faustus opened a door, and
+brought in Alexander exactly in the form in which he had lived, with the
+same garments, and every circumstance corresponding. Alexander made his
+obeisance to the emperor, and walked several times round him. The queen of
+Alexander was then introduced in the same manner. Charles just then
+recollected he had read that Alexander had a wart on the nape of his neck;
+and with proper precautions Faustus allowed the emperor to examine the
+apparition by this test. Alexander then vanished.
+
+As Faustus was approaching the last year of his term, he seemed resolved
+to pamper his appetite with every species of luxury. He carefully
+accumulated all the materials of voluptuousness and magnificence. He was
+particularly anxious in the selection of women who should serve for his
+pleasures. He had one Englishwoman, one Hungarian, one French, two of
+Germany, and two from different parts of Italy, all of them eminent for
+the perfections which characterized their different countries.
+
+At length he arrived at the end of the term for which he had contracted
+with the devil. For two or three years before it expired his character
+gradually altered. He became subject to fits of despondency, was no longer
+susceptible of mirth and amusement, and reflected with bitter agony on the
+close in which the whole must terminate. He assembled his friends together
+at a grand entertainment, and when it was over, addressed them, telling
+them that this was the last day of his life, reminding them of the wonders
+with which he had frequently astonished them, and informing them of the
+condition upon which he had held this power. They, one and all, expressed
+the deepest sorrow at the intelligence. They had had the idea of something
+unlawful in his proceedings; but their notions had been very far from
+coming up to the truth. They regretted exceedingly that he had not been
+unreserved in his communications at an earlier period. They would have had
+recourse in his behalf, to the means of religion, and have applied to
+pious men, desiring them to employ their power to intercede with Heaven in
+his favor. Prayer and penitence might have done much for him; and the
+mercy of Heaven was unbounded. They advised him to still call upon God,
+and endeavor to secure an interest in the merits of the Saviour.
+
+Faustus assured them that it was all in vain, and that his tragical fate
+was inevitable. He led them to their sleeping apartment, and recommended
+to them to pass the night as they could, but by no means, whatever they
+might happen to hear, to come out of it; as their interference could in no
+way be beneficial to him, and might be attended with the most serious
+injury to themselves. They lay still, therefore, as he had enjoined them;
+but not one of them could close his eyes. Between twelve and one in the
+night they heard first a furious storm of wind round all sides of the
+house, as if it would have torn away the walls from their foundations.
+This no sooner somewhat abated, than a noise was heard of discordant and
+violent hissing, as if the house was full of all sorts of venomous
+reptiles, but which plainly proceeded from Faustus's chamber. Next they
+heard the doctor's room-door vehemently burst open, and cries for help
+uttered with dreadful agony, but in a half-suppressed voice, which
+presently grew fainter and fainter. Then every thing became still, as if
+the everlasting motion of the world was suspended.
+
+When at length it became broad day, the students went in a body to the
+doctor's apartment. But he was nowhere to be seen. Only the walls were
+found smeared with his blood, and marks as if his brains had been dashed
+out. His body was finally discovered at some distance from the house, his
+limbs dismembered, and marks of great violence about the features of his
+face. The students gathered up the mutilated parts of his body, and
+afforded them private burial at the temple of Mars, in the village where
+he died.
+
+
+
+
+
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+
+
+             WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+A PROLOGUE.
+
+  Without, the winds of Winter blow;
+  Without, the Winter sifts its snow:
+  Within, the hearths are warm and bright,
+  And all the chambers full of light,
+  And we again are gathered here,
+  To greet the advent of the year.
+
+  Pile on the wood, and stir the fires,
+  And in our souls the sweet desires;
+  And let us frame a mingled rhyme,
+  To suit the singers and the time;
+  With different stops, and keys of art,
+  In quaint old measures, got by heart.
+
+BY THE SEA.
+
+  By the rolling waves I roam,
+    And look along the sea,
+  And dream of the day and the gleaming sail,
+    That bore my love from me.
+
+  His bark now sails the Indian seas,
+    Far down the summer zone:
+  But his thoughts, like swallows, fly to me
+    By the Northern waves alone.
+
+  Nor will he delay, when winds are fair,
+    To waft him back to me;
+  But haste, my love! or my grave will be made
+    By the sad and moaning sea!
+
+WHEAT AND SHEAVES.
+
+  Before me now the village stands,
+    Its cottages embowered in bloom;
+  Behind me lies the burying ground,
+    Its sepulchres in cypress gloom.
+
+  The bells before me ring aloud,
+    A p�an for the live and bold;
+  The bells behind are tolling low,
+    A requiem for the dead and cold.
+
+  The crowd before me tramp away,
+    And shout until the winds are stirred;
+  The crowd behind no longer move,
+    And never breathe a single word.
+
+  Before me many moan, and weep:
+    Behind, there is not one who grieves;
+  For blight but wastes the standing wheat.
+    It cannot touch the garnered sheaves!
+
+FRAGMENT.
+
+  The gray old Earth goes on
+    At its ancient pace,
+  Lifting its thunder voice
+    In the choir of Space;
+      And the Years, as they go,
+      Are singing slow,
+  Solemn dirges, full of woe!
+
+  Tears are shed, and hearts are broken,
+  And many bitter words are spoken,
+    And many left unsaid;
+  And many are with the living,
+  That were better--better dead!
+
+  Tyrants sit upon their thrones,
+  And will not hear the people's moans,
+    Nor hear their clanking chains;
+  Or if they do, they add thereto,
+    And mock, not ease, their pains;
+    But little liberty remains--
+  There is but little room for thee,
+  In this wide world, O Liberty!
+  But where thou hast once set thy foot,
+    Thou wilt remain, though oft unseen;
+  And grow like thought, and move like wind,
+  Upon the troubled sea of Mind,
+    No longer now serene.
+  Thy life and strength thou dost retain,
+  Despite the cell, the rack, the pain,
+  And all the battles won--in vain!
+  And even now thou seest the hour
+  That lays in dust the tyrant's power,
+  When man shall once again be free,
+  And Earth renewed, and young like thee,
+    O Liberty! O Liberty!
+
+CERTAIN MERRY STANZAS.
+
+  I often wish that I could know
+    The life in store for me,
+  The measure of the joy and woe
+    Of my futurity.
+  I do not fear to meet the worst
+    The gathering years can give;
+  My life has been a life accurst
+    From youth, and yet I live;
+  The Future may be overcast,
+  But never darker than the Past!
+
+  My mind will grow, as years depart
+  With all the wing�d hours;
+  And all my buried seeds of Art
+  Will bloom again in flowers;
+  But buried hopes no more will bloom,
+  As in the days of old;
+  My youth is lying in its tomb,
+  My heart is dead and cold!
+  And certain sad, but nameless cares
+  Have flecked my locks with silver hairs!
+
+  No bitter feeling clouds my grief,
+  No angry thoughts of thee;
+  For thou art now a faded leaf
+  Upon a fading tree.
+  From day to day I sea thee sink,
+  From deep to deep in shame;
+  I sigh, but dare not bid thee think
+  Upon thine ancient fame--
+  For oh! the thought of what thou art
+  Must be a hell within thy heart!
+
+  My life is full of care and pain--
+  My heart of old desires;
+  But living embers yet remain
+  Below its dying fires;
+  Nor do I fear what all the years
+  May have in store for me,
+  For I have washed away with tears
+  The blots of Memory:
+  But thou--despite the love on high--
+  What is there left thee but to die!
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.(4)
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY A. OAKEY HALL.
+
+The hurrying pedestrian in Wall-street, or in some of its bisecting
+avenues of commercial bustle, if he have time to glance over his shoulder,
+is sure to observe a freshly-painted piece of tin (its brief rhetoric
+revelling in the pride and pomp of gold leaf alphabetically shaped),
+denominated by lawyers "a shingle"--setting forth that some sanguine
+gentleman has then and there established himself as an Attorney and
+Counsellor at Law.
+
+The sign is by the front door, shining with self-conceit at the passers
+by; and its owner is up some weary stairway, yawning over "twice told
+tales" of legal lore, copying precedents for the sake of practice, or
+keeping hope alive upon the back benches of the court-rooms in listening
+to the eloquence of his seniors while _he_ is waiting for clients.
+
+Heaven help many a young attorney in this "babel" of money-getting. The
+race should be prayed for in churches: and it should meet with a
+consideration as nearly divine as mortals can call up from crowded
+heart-chambers.
+
+Well: the sign keeps nailed up: and by and by the sun blisters it, and
+dries out the pomp of the gilded letters, and perhaps the owner yawns over
+his one case, or sitting upon a front bench in the court-room while case
+number thirty is being heard, waits for case nine hundred and thirty,
+against which on the calendar that is reposing by the side of the
+complaisant clerk in the corner, his name is placed as counsel--shining
+there like a pebble on a wide and extended beach.
+
+The Physiology of the Medical Student from facetious pens was reached to
+us over the Atlantic by friendly booksellers some years ago; and we should
+have had by this time "the Physiology of the young Attorney." He is a good
+subject for dissection; there's plenty of venous humor in his composition;
+and oh! a deal of nerve!
+
+Talk of exploring expeditions to the Arctic regions as offering specimens
+of courage and prowess; or of scientific excursions into the wilds of
+Africa to the same purport! These instances are trivial compared to the
+courage and prowess yearly displayed by hundreds of attorneys who plunge
+into the ocean of litigation in order to swim towards the distant buoys
+which the sun of prosperity always cheers with enlivening beams.
+
+Don't waste sympathy in this connection for the young Sawbones. _His_
+thirst for action can be slaked at pauper fountains. For _him_ the
+emigrant's chamber, the cabin of the arriving ship, the dispensary, the
+asylums, the hospitals, and the poor-houses, are always open; and if his
+"soul be in arms," there are (Heaven knows) "frays" in this city numerous
+enough for any ambitious surgical eagerness.
+
+But for the aspiring attorney where are the avenues open for gratuitous
+action? Do merchants nail up promissory notes upon awning posts for
+attorneys to seize and put in suit? What "old nobs" of Wall-street are
+willing to put themselves "in chancery" to oblige Hopper Tape, Esq., your
+humble attendant upon the Where are the courts possessing suits without
+counsel?
+
+We may be told of unfortunate wretches who murder in drunken fits to whom
+counsel are assigned. But what are ten crusts of bread per annum among a
+thousand hungry dogs?
+
+Thou must face the truth, young college boy, who now and then dost stroll
+into court-rooms, or who dost lounge away an hour in a friend's law office
+admiring his books and piles of papers--thinking the while of the time when
+thou wilt have graduated and obtained permission to hang up thy
+pomp-gilded "shingle:" _thou must face the truth_! The counsel who so
+attracts thy admiration, in thy court-room lounging, has fought weary
+years with myriad obstacles; there are the ashes of many nights and days
+of toil and struggle sprinkled upon his hair; he has fought his way (from
+where thou sittest a listener to where he stands a speaker), as if through
+an Indian gauntlet file. There were a hundred mouths waiting for the first
+crumbs which came to his impatient legal digestion; and a hundred envious
+heads and hearts to worry him if possible into a dyspepsia over those
+crumbs. He has began with an office in a fifth story, and _climbed down_
+towards the street. He commenced to hive his honey near the roof! While
+out of his office he climbed a professional ladder, the holding on to
+which tasked all his powers of physical, mental, and pecuniary endurance.
+Face the truth!
+
+Reach me yonder diary and legal register. Two thousand practising lawyers
+in the city of New-York! Out of these one hundred are "notables;" fifty
+are "distinguished;" twenty-five are eminent.
+
+A large body of them are "conveyancers" growing thin in person and thinner
+in mind over deeds and titles; a larger body "attorneys"--getters up and
+supervisors of suits--providers of ammunition for "distinguished counsel"
+to discharge with loud reports (the said counsel brilliant by the flash:
+the attorney obscured in the smoke); many, very many, chained to
+"larcenies" at the Sessions, "landlord dispossessions" at the Marine
+Court, suits on butcher's bills at Ward Courts, or "malicious
+prosecutions" in the Common Pleas.
+
+Yet there are hundreds of coral reefs and pearls for persevering divers in
+this ocean of litigation. Three thousand pending cases every month are
+three thousand nutshells where the meat is often fresh and oily, even with
+the weary keeping on the calendar for months and years. There are _some_
+counsel who pocket fees and costs to the tune of twenty thousand a year.
+We know many a Quirk, Gammon and Snap, who realize an undoubted "ten
+thousand a year," with no Tittlebat Titmouse for a standing annoyance. And
+we can taper off on the finger many who do not realize five hundred a
+year, and work like negro slaves at that: they are continually rough
+hewing, but no divinity shapes their ends.
+
+Five years of "starvation," and five more years of toil and trouble,
+constitute the depth of a lawyer's slough of despond in New-York; to say
+nothing of the giants' castles to storm upon the way, or the fights with
+the Apolyons of Envy. Obviously so!
+
+A man now-a-days will let a young Sawbones advise ice for his child's
+croup, or even experiment with his own much-abused liver, when he would
+not intrust a young attorney with the suing a note where ten witnesses saw
+the note signed and the "consideration money" paid over. And if the public
+really knew how much danger their pockets were in when the "buttons" were
+under the control of inexperienced lawyers, the number of "starvers" would
+be doubled. What "eminent" lawyer is there who does not look back to the
+"practice" of his youth, in perfect terror to witness the mistakes he
+made, as the helmsman, who has scudded through the breakers to the open
+sea, glances back at the dangers he escaped?
+
+The young lawyers of a year back are, however, five years--perhaps ten--in
+advance of the lawyers of this year's growth. The latter have greater
+rivalry in the _hordes_ of practitioners from the interior whom the "new
+code" have driven from their _trespass quare clausum fregit_ into the
+city. Many of them, too, were men of mark in their ports of departure,
+bold and confident in their new haven!
+
+One field, however, in the legal township of this city, offers room upon
+its face for tillers--_the field of advocacy_! It is ploughed by some
+twenty or thirty, and _harrowed_ by some fifty or sixty. There are a
+_dozen_ whom the ghosts of Nisi Prius flock to hear upon great occasions.
+And these will long hold the monopoly.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the advocate and barrister must have had vast experience at Nisi
+Prius (or the court where matters of fact are investigated by judge and
+jury); have acquired a practised tact; have had opportunities of testing
+their own calibre to know if they are fitted for emergencies--as the
+gunsmith tests his barrels before he "stocks" them. And the young lawyer
+has small opportunity afforded him to acquire this tact--to permit this
+testing. If he can play "devil" for a few years to some barrister of
+extended practice, or scent "occasions" like a blood-hound on the trail of
+the valuable fugitive from justice, then he is a happy man, and is in the
+fair way of soon becoming a monopolist himself.
+
+Any juryman of two years' standing will corroborate our statement as to
+the openness of the field of legal advocacy. How often has he seen cause
+after cause "set down," "reserved," or "put off," because counsel are
+engaged elsewhere? How often has he heard the same advocate in four or
+five causes in the same week, in the same court, changing positions like
+the queen of an active chess-board; profiting his fame and pocket by means
+of only a hurried glance at the elaborate brief which his junior has "got
+up" for him?
+
+Some one has said that the barrister works hard, lives well, and dies
+poor. Regarding the first two conditions of his life there is little doubt
+upon the question of truth; the dying in poverty _may be_ problematical.
+Yet in a recent print, professing to furnish a list of wealthy tax-payers,
+the list contained four lawyers, and only one was a barrister. The
+instance proves little, for a lawyer may be very rich and yet pay no
+taxes. The assessors may fight shy of his bell-pull as they go their
+rounds, because of his penchant to find flaws in their actions and bring
+them official discredit in an apparently laborious task, but in reality a
+sinecure of an employment.
+
+We have often asked ourselves if barristers have stomachs. Bowels of
+compassion they have not, that is certain; but have they stomachs? Say
+nine times in a year they dine at the same hour of the day; and then spoon
+their soup with the blood all drawn from the digestive apparatus to feed
+the brain. Yet they eat like aldermen and drink like German princes....
+
+This much of idle reverie, as, with pen in hand, we laid down the two
+bulky and elaborately-published volumes whose title we have taken as text;
+this much of glance at the condition of the young and old advocate of
+to-day, before we digest our reflections upon the advocate and jurist of
+the past.
+
+It was our privilege in our legal novitiate (this is but _a phrase_; for a
+lawyer is always in his novitiate) to have been, at the Cambridge Law
+School, a pupil of Mr. Justice Story; and thus to have drank at the very
+fountain head of constitutional law--that branch of our national
+jurisprudence which can least fluctuate. Judges of a day and not of a
+generation, or crazy legislators with spasmodic wisdom, may alter, and
+overturn, and mystify by simplification, the laws and usages of every-day
+life; but it is scarcely to be apprehended that the current of our
+constitutional law will ever be diverted from original channels. There is
+danger rather of its being dammed into stagnation.
+
+While fully aware of his faults and foibles as a man, and his
+idiosyncracies as a judge and a legal writer, we have never wavered in
+loyalty to his judicial majesty, or found a flaw in the regard we paid to
+his memory. And no book was more welcome to Zimmerman in his solitude than
+these volumes regarding the illustrious judge, prepared by his son, were
+welcome to our Christmas-holiday leisure.
+
+Joseph Story was the eldest of eleven children, and lived to be indeed the
+"Joseph" of mark and renown to his father and brothers. He was born in
+Marblehead, September 18th, 1779. His father was a physician, and served
+during a portion of the Revolution as army surgeon. He died when the
+future judge was twenty-six years of age: yet what the son then was is
+best told by one sentence from the father's will--after making his wife
+sole executrix, he recommends her to his son Joseph, adding, "and although
+this perhaps is needless, I do it to mark my special confidence in his
+affections, skill, and abilities." From the father, our lawyer thus
+panegyrized received friendly geniality and broad understanding; from the
+mother, indomitable will, vigor and enthusiasm.
+
+Habit of observation and desire of knowledge were the prominent attributes
+of his childish character; nevertheless he was ardent in all the sports of
+boyhood. To the last he maintained a regard for his honor, which induced
+him while yet a lad, and under promise not to divulge the name of a
+schoolmate offender, to receive a severe flogging rather than to yield up
+his knowledge upon the subject. At the age of sixteen, in the midst of a
+Freshman term at Harvard College, he thought of matriculation; but upon
+inquiry learned that he must not only be examined upon the works of
+ordinary preparatory reading, but that it was necessary for him to expect
+a call upon the volumes which his class had dispatched during the past
+half year. At first he was daunted, but remembering there yet remained six
+weeks of vacation, he addressed himself to the necessary labor--the
+severity of which is best evidenced by the fact that in the short time
+above mentioned he read Sallust, the odes of Horace, two books of Livy,
+three books of the Anabasis, two books of the Iliad, and certain English
+treatises. This sounds like the railroad instruction now much in vogue;
+but its effects were permanent in value upon his mind. Few readers of his
+works will accuse him of a want of proficiency in Latin! But the _often_
+reading--the _saepe legendo_ was ever his habit: for he remembered the
+couplet:
+
+  Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo
+  Sic homo fit doctus non vi sed saepe legendo.
+
+He passed muster with the college tutors in January, 1795. Among his
+classmates were the (afterwards Reverends) Dr. Tuckerman and Wm. E.
+Channing--to the genius and character of the latter of whom he always bore
+the most enthusiastic and hearty testimony. Indeed he contested with
+Channing for the highest honor. Channing won it, but always gave the honor
+himself to Story; while the latter always declared that the former won the
+just meed of his genius and scholarship.
+
+Their graduation was in the summer of 1798: and immediately upon quitting
+college Mr. Story commenced the study of the law with Mr. Samuel Sewall,
+afterwards Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Fourteen
+hours a day was over his quantum of study. Although sometimes
+disheartened, he never surrendered his determination to master the
+elements and details of his new profession.
+
+_Studying_ law in those days was a far different thing from its _reading_
+now. Then it was _multum_: now it is _multa_. No copious indexes and
+multifarious treatises were counted by thousands: no digests (directories
+to the streets, the avenues, the fountains and the temples of the
+science), abounded by scores. Libraries were carried about in wheelbarrows
+and not in processions of vans, when the inexorable moving day came
+around. Learned judges were not then compelled to hold courts in remote
+villages (resorting hereby to a _coup de loi_), in order to escape the
+_cacoethes loquendi_ of case lawyers and presuming juniors. Legal lore was
+builded up like the massive stone and hard grained mortar of the edifices
+of that olden time--slowly, carefully, but lastingly; not as are builded
+now the brick and stuccoed mansions of the snob and parvenu. Not that
+abounding treatises and familiarizing digests forbid the idea of the
+perfect lawyer now-a-days: only that to-day the law student in the midst
+of a large library stands more in need (when thinking of the _otium_ which
+accompanies certain dignity), to utter the ejaculation, "lead us not into
+temptation"--the temptation of possessing that knowledge which teaches
+where to seek for information, and not the kind which is information of
+itself.
+
+In 1801 Mr. Story came to the Salem bar while at the age of twenty-two.
+After being three years at practice he married his first wife, who died
+within two years afterward, plunging him into the deepest grief. During
+his courtship he dabbled (as almost every young lawyer does until he finds
+that clients are severe critics) in poetry, and wrote a didactic poem of
+two parts in heroic verse, entitled "The Power of Solitude." Adopting the
+criticism of the biographers--its prominent defects were exaggeration of
+feeling, confusion of imagery, want of simplicity of expression, stilted
+and artificial style. But though dull as a poem, it shows facility and
+talent for versification, breathes a warm aspiration for virtue and truth,
+and is creditable to the scholarship of its author.
+
+After the loss of his wife he sought relief from painful thoughts in the
+laborious duties of a large and increasing business. His position at the
+bar was prominent, and he was engaged in nearly all the cases of
+importance. His manner to the jury was earnest and spirited; he managed
+his causes with tact (that great acquirement of the successful lawyer:
+being, as a distinguished barrister now dead and gone said to Dr. Hosack,
+the same sheet anchor to the advocate which mercury or bark is to the
+physician), was ready in attack or defence, and possessed great eloquence
+of expression. As an advocate he showed a sagacity of perception which no
+intricacy of detail could blind, no suddenness of attack confuse, and
+which afterwards so distinguished him as a Judge. He was thrown among the
+leading lawyers; and undaunted as all young lawyers should be (although
+preserving their modesty of deportment and learning), he measured swords
+with the most accomplished. Although sometimes vanquished, he always
+received honors from even the victors.
+
+It is a prevailing opinion with the junior members of the legal
+profession, that their seniors delight in snubbing them; that they are
+fond of being discourteous, and arrogant; that they are envious of some
+and insulting to others. But it is rare indeed that the seniors err on
+other ground in this respect than magnanimity. The industrious youngster,
+the self-reliant youngster, the firm but respectful youngster, the versed
+in elementary principles among youngsters, are always received with open
+arms. Law begets law. If the junior commences a suit a senior may answer
+it: and the reverse. The parson and the doctor are in perpetual
+interference with the neighbors and brethren of their particular calling.
+But lawyers, like bees in the beehive, must of necessity assist and succor
+each other, or there will be less honey laid away when the summer is past
+and the harvest ended.
+
+Early in his professional career he became an ardent politician. He was a
+Jeffersonian Democrat, and at the bar of his residence stood almost alone
+in his partisan position. As such a party man he went into the State
+Legislature, and became an acknowledged leader. He possessed that great
+quality for a leader, the faculty of extempore speaking, joined with the
+ability to condense and elucidate the topics he took in hand. But he never
+submitted the convictions of his judgment to party dictation; and soon
+after his entering the arena of legislative warfare, he bravely stemmed
+party tide in advocating an increase of salaries for the State judges. The
+latter were all federalists, and it was not to be wondered that the
+republicans of that day, who wore in their noses the rings of party,
+should shrug their shoulders at the prospect of benefiting political
+opponents. But by his firm conduct, and by his confident assertion and
+able arguments in favor of the measure, it was carried. And to Joseph
+Story, more than any other man, Massachusetts is indebted for the
+opportunity of employing ablest judicial officers, without making their
+families beggars.
+
+It is the disgrace of our country that its judicial officers are the most
+poorly paid of all professions and pursuits. And in every section of the
+Union, that distinguished lawyer who accepts a seat upon the bench, must
+hold the glories of his honor at a very high price, to surrender his
+ordinary professional emoluments for the wretched pittance which the
+various States dole out for days of public toil and nights of private
+study. We desire to look no further than this Empire State for examples.
+This Empire State, with its magnificent resources and proudly developing
+energies, should be the last to unite in adjudging its judicial officers
+to the labors of galley slaves, and to then pay them by the year less than
+a ballet-dancer receives by the month in all its principal cities. Two
+thousand five hundred dollars per year is the astounding sum which this
+same Empire State pays to its highest judicial officers. If we reverse the
+saying of Walpole, and read "_every price has its man_," we may not wonder
+if Dogberries and grandmothers are occasionally found upon the bench,
+dispensing their honest but destructive platitudes, and their Malaprop
+constructions of commercial law, to juries of astounded merchants.
+
+From the arena of State politics, Mr. Story next changed his position to
+the temple of national discussions at Washington. His career in Congress
+was, however, limited to one session, and to a vacancy-seat occasioned by
+a death. He declined re-election; for in the words of his autobiographical
+account of this portion of his career, he had lost all relish for
+political controversy, and had found that an entire obedience to party
+projects required such constant sacrifices of opinion and feeling, that he
+preferred to devote himself with singleness of heart to the study of the
+law, which was at all times the object of his admiration and almost
+exclusive devotion. Public sentiment, however, forced him again into the
+State councils at home, where more liberty of professional engagement was
+permitted. He was in political life but a brief period again, before, in
+his thirty-second year, President Madison pressed his acceptance of a
+vacant Associate Justiceship in the Supreme Court of the United States,
+which had been declined by Levi Lincoln and by John Quincy Adams, then in
+Russia. Although the acceptance involved the surrender of heavy
+professional emolument, the high honor, the permanence of the tenure, and
+the opportunity of gratifying his juridical studies that he so much loved,
+joined in compelling his acquiescence.
+
+"The atrocious crime of being a young man," which had compelled a hatred
+of William Pitt the younger, in a former day, was now brought up against
+him by many whose party subserviency fairly blushed before his manly
+integrity, and by others who envied him his success. But one year at the
+Circuit silenced all complaint. And in his thirty-third year he was
+acknowledged to be the able jurist whom, at his death in his sixty-sixth
+year of age, a whole nation mourned.
+
+Dismissing for the present all consideration of his judicial life, and all
+estimate of his ability upon the bench, and passing over nearly twenty
+years of his life, we meet him in the possession of his fourth great honor
+in life--but an honor which was ever the first prized by him in all his
+after career--the appointment of Law Professor in Cambrige Law School.
+
+Mr. Nathan Dane, whose Abridgement of American law in many volumes had
+obtained for him the gratitude of the profession at large, and the more
+substantial testimonial of pecuniary profit, had determined, about the
+fiftieth year of Judge Story's life, to repay the law some of the profits
+which its votaries had bestowed upon him, by donating ten thousand dollars
+for the establishment of a new professorship.  He annexed to his donation,
+however, the condition that Judge Story should be the incumbent. To the
+great delight of the donor, and of the College Fellows, the Judge
+assented, and was inaugurated as Dane Professor of Law, with a special
+view to Lectures upon the Law of Nations, Commercial and Maritime Law,
+Federal Law and Equity--a station which he filled to the day of his
+lamented death.
+
+This brief survey of his life presents him then in several public aspects;
+as a student, as an advocate, as a statesman, as a judge, and as an
+expounder of the great principles of law, which he worshipped with an
+idolatry of love.
+
+To speak of his political career would not belong to the scope of our
+article. And to sit in judgment upon his judicial career would be our
+presumption. Older and abler pens must render their tributes to the extent
+and varied richness of his legal lore, which, taking root in principles,
+branched into the minuti� of detail, under every sun and in every clime
+where law is recognized as a rule of human action. His judicial fame can
+never be increased or diminished by individual estimate. The law of
+patents, of admiralty and prizes, the jurisprudence of equity, and above
+all, his luminous explorations of what were once constitutional
+labyrinths, are monuments as indestructible as the Pyramids. If every
+trace of their original oneness be lost, they will yet live in the hours
+of future judicial days, in professional acts, and in the guiding policy
+of a remote posterity. His library of treatises are legal classics; and
+the worst defects which flippant carpers and canvassers of their claims to
+merit have discovered in their pages, have been their richness of detail
+and polish of learning! And no one can deny that as a judge he was the
+very example which 'Hobbes' in his 'Leviathan,' carried in mind when he
+thus wrote--"the things that make a good judge or good interpreter of the
+laws, are first--a right understanding of that principal law of nature
+called Equity, which depending not on the reading of other men's writings,
+but on the goodness of a man's own natural reason and meditation, is
+presumed to be in those most who have had most leisure and the most
+inclination to meditate thereon; second--contempt of unnecessary riches and
+preferments; third--to be able in judgment to divest himself of all fear,
+anger, hatred, love and compassion; fourthly and lastly--patience to hear,
+diligent attention in hearing, and memory to retain, digest, and apply
+what he hath heard."
+
+Not the least amiable phase of the life of Judge Story, was the attention
+which he gave to letters and literary pursuits. He was no _mere_ lawyer:
+no stringer of professional centos. He never hid his heart with the veil
+of dignity; nor smothered his fresh impulses (preserved intact from
+worldly rust since boyhood) with the weight of his judicial and
+professional labors. While he believed that the law was a jealous
+mistress, he knew that this mistress was too stable and sensible to decree
+that a gentle dalliance or seasonable flirtation with her maids of
+honor--Poetry, or the Arts, or Literature, or Love--was an unloyal act. He
+could turn from Grotius to Dickens, from Vattel to Thackeray. He could
+digest the points of the elaborate arguments of eminent counsel, and then
+turn aside to a gentle tonic from the administrating hand of Smollett or
+Walter Scott. Method was his master-key to all the combinations in the
+locks of labor.
+
+Twice married he never ceased to eulogize the bliss of domesticity.
+Surrounded by loving eyes, the currents of his freshened affection flowed
+deeper and clearer every year. How he treasured home and home joys may be
+collected in the following lines from his poem on solitude (before
+referred to), written in his twenty-second year.
+
+  "Grandeur may dazzle with its transient glare
+  The herd of folly, and the tribe of care,
+  Who sport and flutter through their listless days,
+  Like motes that bask in Summer's noontide blaze,
+  With anxious steps round vacant splendor while,
+  Live on a look, and banquet on a smile;
+  But the firm race whose high endowments claim
+  The laurel-wreath that decks the brow of fame;
+  Who warmed by sympathy's electric glow,
+  In rapture tremble, and dissolve in woe,
+  Blest in _retirement_, scorn the frowns of fate,
+  And feel a transport power can ne'er create."
+
+Touching the poem from which these lines are taken, we remember being
+shown the only copy of the published book which was known to exist, by the
+family of the Judge. The Assistant Librarian (who was born for his station
+in all that regards enthusiastic love of his duties), of the Harvard
+College library, showed us, with great triumph, a small sheep-bound
+volume, entitled "Solitude and other Poems, by Joseph Story," printed
+sometime in the commencement of this century: saying, "the Judge has
+burned all the copies he can pick up, and this is only to be read here."
+This poem was a sore subject to the author. He viewed it as not only a
+blot upon his dignity, but an annoyance to his professional fame. Numerous
+critics have laughed at it; but apart from the shorter poems, the main
+theme showed much aptitude of poetic imagery, invention, and harmony of
+expression. Glance at the following lines, which contain much of the
+genuine spark:
+
+  "Till nature's self the Vandal torch should raise,
+  And the vast alcove of creation blaze."
+
+Or this--
+
+  "Blaze the vast domes inwrought with fretted gold,
+  The sumptuous pavements veins or pearl unfold,
+  Arch piled on arch with columned pride ascend,
+  Grove linked to grove their mingling shadows blend."
+
+Or this--
+
+  "Let narrow prudence boast its grovelling art
+  To chill the generous sympathies of heart,
+  Teach to subdue each thought sublimely wild,
+  And crush, like Herod, fancy's new-born child."
+
+It is highly probable that the learned Justice, knowing his taste for the
+poetical and fanciful, and his aptitude at the harmony of language, often
+erred in his judicial writings and treatises, by avoiding beauty of
+expression, in fear lest the dignity of his subject should be injured by
+too much association with the creatures of fancy. We have known most
+accomplished lawyers err through this same caution. Our biographer himself
+(Mr. William W. Story) has certainly done himself great injustice as a
+writer in his work on "Contracts," when, in the pages before us, he
+presents us with so much delicacy of fancy and rhetorical finish.
+Blackstone in his "Commentaries," Jones in his "Bailment" treatise,
+Stephens in his essay upon "Pleading," time-honored Fearne in his
+"Contingent Remainders," have shown how grateful and how suitable it is
+for the legal readers to find brilliancy of rhetoric adorning the most
+profound learning.
+
+But certainly Judge Story possessed to a remarkable degree the faculty of
+condensation in his poetical works. His rhyme was not reason run mad; but
+reason in modest holiday attire. Where are lines at once so compact and so
+searching in their wisdom as the following, penned in 1832, as matters of
+advice to a young law student:
+
+  "Whene'er you speak, remember every cause
+  Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws--
+  Pregnant in matter, in expression brief,
+  Let every sentence stand in bold relief;
+  On trifling points nor time nor talents waste,
+  A sad offence to learning and to taste;
+  Nor deal with pompous phrase; nor e'er suppose
+  Poetic flights belong to reasoning prose,
+  Loose declamation may deceive the crowd,
+  And seem more striking as it grows more loud;
+  But sober sense rejects it with disdain,
+  As nought but empty noise, and weak as vain.
+  The froth of words, the school-boy's vain parade
+  Of books and cases--all his stock in trade--
+  The pert conceits, the cunning tricks and play
+  Of low attorneys, strung in long array,
+  The unseemly jest, the petulent reply,
+  That chatters on, and cares not how, or why,
+  Studious, avoid--unworthy themes to scan,
+  They sink the speaker and disgrace the man.
+  Like the false lights, by flying shadows cast,
+  Scarce seen when present, and forgot when past.
+    Begin with dignity: expound with grace
+  Each ground of reasoning in its time and place;
+  Let order reign throughout--each topic touch,
+  Nor urge its power too little, or too much.
+  Give each strong thought its most attractive view,
+  In diction clear, and yet severely true,
+  And as the arguments in splendor grow,
+  Let each reflect its light on all below.
+  When to the close arrive make no delays
+  By petty flourishes, or verbal plays,
+  But sum the whole in one deep solemn strain,
+  Like a strong current hastening to the main."
+
+If Mr. Story had never been elevated to the bench it is not likely his
+name would ever have become national property. Although plunged into
+politics in his earlier life, he was not fitted for the life. His devotion
+to the law, and his dread of becoming that slave to party usages which all
+public men must necessarily more or less fashion of themselves, would have
+retained him in his native state, and made his usefulness sectional. To
+the politicians of the school of General Jackson, and to the
+administration of that President, he was particularly distasteful. His
+tenacious conservatism drew forth from the "old hero," on one occasion,
+the remark, that "he was the most dangerous man in the country." Lord
+Eldon, with his doubts and pertinacious toryism was not more unpopular
+among the reformers in England than was Judge Story--the last of the old
+regime of federal judges--with the bank radicals of 1832.
+
+When Chief Justice Marshall died he felt almost broken-hearted. A new race
+of constitutional expounders had arisen around him. Brother justices, with
+modern constructions, and more liberal notions of national law, were by
+his side. In many decisions he was now a sole dissenter. His pride was
+invaded; his self-love tortured; his adoration of certain legal
+constructions which he had deemed immutable in their nature, was
+desecrated. And, for many years previous to his decease, he had
+contemplated resigning from the federal judiciary, and living alone for
+his darling law school.
+
+This school was his adopted child. He had taken it in a feeble and
+helpless infancy. He had given it strength and increased vitality. He
+brought it up to a vigorous and useful maturity. It was loved by only a
+handful of students when he gave his name and talents to aid its life: but
+when he died, a hundred and fifty pupils were its warm suitors, and
+hundreds of lawyers over the whole union cherished its prosperity as a
+link in their own chains of happiness.
+
+And, although he thought not of it, his labors in the law school secure
+for his memory in the present generation a more brilliant existence than
+his array of judicial decisions, and his thousands of written pages, can
+ever bestow. In some pine forest settlement of Maine, or in some rude
+court-house in California, there are lawyers who bring before them every
+day his genial smiles and his impressive lectures, looked upon and heard
+by them in former times at Cambridge. Over all the Union, in almost every
+village, town, and city, are his pupils. Each one of them may sometimes
+reflect with rapture upon their days of college life, or remember with
+pride their first professional success: but not one of these
+considerations of reminiscence is so grateful to his mind as the thought
+of his novitiate with Justice Story. Depend upon it he treasures up those
+Cambridge text-books, those Cambridge note-books whose leaves
+daguerreotype the learning of the eminent deceased, those catalogues of
+students where his name is proudly found, as the most valuable portions of
+his library. He will never part with them: but they will descend to his
+children.
+
+It was our privilege and pleasure also to know Mr. Justice Story at
+Cambridge; to have spent days of pleasure in the hours of his society; to
+have rendered to his teachings the tribute of delighted attention and
+grateful recollection. We, too, have been fascinated with that
+conversation, whose variety of exuberance and sometimes egotism, were its
+greatest ornaments. In the sunshine of his intellect our mind has sunned
+itself, and been warmed into zealous and proselyting admiration. To his
+gray-haired teachings we have paid personal reverence, and we unaffectedly
+hope to have caught from his society and intercourse a spark of that
+professional enthusiasm which is the only true guiding-star of the
+plodding lawyer.
+
+The December blasts are hoarsely sobbing to-night through Mount Auburn,
+the garden of his mortal repose--the hallowed spot which his eloquence
+consecrated in its origin, and which his religious love in his lifetime
+sacredly cherished. The snows of winter and the autumn-woven carpet of
+fallen leaves are heaped upon his honored grave, the sodded paths to
+which, in the glowing spring-time and fragrant summer, are pressed most
+frequent with the tread of faithful mourners. Years have passed since that
+honored grave was first closed upon him. Longer years have flown since we
+were under his teachings. But we seem to view him the same as of yore.
+Again the class is assembled in the hushed lecture-room as his familiar
+tread is heard at the door; or as the burst of applause, where there is no
+sycophantic flattery known or felt, greets his entrance to his seat. Again
+we see him adjusting his genial spectacles, and looking around upon the
+upturned faces with parental pride. Again we hear his mellowed, although
+often impetuous accents, expounding familiar principles of law, and
+descending to the consideration of "first things" with as much pride and
+carefulness as the artist treats his Rubens or Titian, which for years and
+years has hung before him in all lights and shades and in every
+combination of position.
+
+Again, we occupy a modest corner of the library while he is holding his
+moot court; infusing into the dignity of his manner a marked suavity of
+disposition which never forsook him; or he is perpetrating some
+appropriate legal joke to his audience, who never played upon his ease or
+good nature.
+
+Again, we have stolen into the self-same library while he is holding an
+equity term of his circuit, to listen to the words of judicial wisdom
+which came from his utterance, exuberant as pearls of fancy from the mouth
+of an inspired poet.
+
+Again, we see him at the summer twilight, seated by the trellised portico
+of his hospitable and happy homestead, surrounded by family or friends,
+enjoying the amenities of life with unaffected pleasure, and sometimes
+awakening the garden echoes with his cheerful ringing laugh; or we see him
+in the same hour of the day driving under the venerable elms of the
+numerous commons, gazing and bowing around with all the pleasure which the
+king of the fairy book marked upon his face when the love of his subjects,
+among whom he passed, came forth with the evening breeze to bless and
+greet him.
+
+And then we pass into "reverie," and live a few minutes of "dream-life,"
+recalling to mind the maxims and sayings which were uttered in our
+presence; and the many bright exemplars placed before his pupils, and the
+kindly greetings which were showered all about--for he was no distinguisher
+of persons so long as honor of feeling and uprightness of motive abounded
+in his presence.
+
+He is gone! Yet in these pages of biography before us he will always live.
+From infancy to the ripened greatness of old age, his life is preserved to
+posterity by the hand of his faithful and grateful son, whose duty has
+been most ably and interestingly performed. The very minuti� of his life
+are presented with fidelity and modesty of reference. Some may carp at
+this; to these let us say with the French proverbialist, _Rien n'est
+indiff�rent dans la vie d'un grand homme; le genie se rev�le dans ses
+moindres actions_. The straws of every day life mark the direction of the
+breezes of individual action.
+
+To the hearts of his pupils we would send this epitaph, and ask them if
+aught less tributary could be said of one who was and is to them a father.
+
+Here sleeps the mortality of Joseph Story, who lived his days so well that
+he won in a short lifetime an immortality of fame. His career as a _Man_
+reflected lustre upon the lustre of an honored father's manhood, and added
+to the virtues which his mother bequeathed him. As a _Politician_, he
+rendered obeisance only to his conscience. As a _Lawyer_, he never
+disgraced his profession by a thought, and even honored it by his
+slightest acts. The colleague of Marshall, the two now shine together as
+twin stars in the often contemplated firmament of _Judicial Renown_. Not
+selfish of his _Learning_, it is scattered to the uttermost parts of the
+earth, and is treasured wherever it has fallen. The learning which he
+borrowed from continental Europe he repaid with magnificent interest. In
+Westminster Hall his name is associated with Nottingham, Hale, Mansfield,
+and Stowell. Counting as dross the wealth of professional eminence, he
+became from the love of it an expounder of law to its tyros. He has spread
+for thousands of adopted children a banquet of the treasures of legal
+lore, and next to reverencing his paternal love they cherish with profound
+gratitude the memory of his slightest instructions. While the Union of his
+birthplace exists, her citizens will regard with unfeigned admiration his
+constitutional teachings.
+
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "NILE NOTES OF A HOWADJI."
+
+Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa in 1437. In 1851 the Genoese are
+finishing his monument.
+
+  I am Columbus: will ye let me in?
+  Or Doria in his palace by the sea.
+  Proud Andrea Doria named il Principe,
+  In your Republic named il Principe,
+  By Charles the Fifth, the Emperor of Spain,
+  Monopolizes he your meed of fame
+  Before the awful Judgment seat of Time.
+    Well, and Pisani, the Venetian, he,
+  Venice as Doria was Genoa,--
+  Why, wide-mouthed Europe clanged their stunning praise,
+  And history with their names adorns herself,
+  Dazzing the eyes of pious pilgrims, who
+  Press flowers from Doria's garden, dreaming float
+  Upon Pisani's silent waters, and
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate.
+  And they had pleasures, palaces. They stood,
+  And sat, and went, all men admiring,
+  Men of a day, in its brief life they lived,
+  In its swift dying died. Men of a day,
+  Brave, generous, and noble--not enough.
+  Voluptuous Venice, Genoa superb,
+  Far fascinating meteors that flashed,
+  Then fell forgotten. Do I carp? Not I.
+  Ye love your own, I mine, mine me, amen!
+  O pious pilgrims and ye Genoese,
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate,
+  And meditate this well.
+        A wanderer driven
+  By every adverse gust of evil times.
+  Wrecked upon barren reefs of blandest smiles,
+  Wan victim of a solitary thought
+  Too masculine to die unrealized.
+  Tortured with tortuous diplomacy,
+  Beseeching monarchs still in vain besought,
+  Not to give kingdoms but to take a world,
+  Unloved of Fortune, best beloved of Hope,--
+  When Doria was a lisping boy at school,--
+  This wanderer puts forth one summer morn,
+  Among the other fishers of the sea,
+  And with a world returns.
+        Nay! nay! no words.
+  Your hemisphere was only half enough,
+  And Christopher Columbus globed his fame.
+    And now ye build my statue, Genoese,
+  After three silent centuries have died,
+  When the old fourth is failing, ye do well
+  With lagging stones to pile the pedestal,
+  And shape my sculptured seeming. Not with wrath,
+  Nor scorn. Good God and less with gratitude,
+  Be those worn features wreathed. I love ye not,
+  Ye are no friends of mine. I did not ask
+  A block of marble for my memory,
+  But gold to carve my hope. It was not much--
+  Nay, had it been your all, was it not well
+  To wreck your fortune on a hope sublime?
+  And, Merchants! The brave chance; a small outlay,
+  And income inconceivable! You chose.
+  My stately Spain was wiser. So much gold,
+  A little fleet,--some sailors--leaders known--
+  If not investment, speculation safe,
+  The honor of the enterprise, and chance--
+  Always the siren chance--Spain risked and won,
+  And Genoa lost a world.
+        Sir Advocate!
+  I understand your meaning; it were hard
+  Fame drafts upon the Future should be paid
+  Ere present recognition! 'Twere unjust
+  That hope unhazarded in act, were crowned
+  With the same coronal that crowns success.
+  The starving mariner upon your shore--
+  The riddle of the West unsolved--stood not
+  In the same light to set his worthiness,
+  As when an unimagined Future streamed
+  All over him in glory. Yet he stood
+  In that light lonely, as in the old dark,
+  Lonely, but looking to that light for life.
+  Spring-pinioned Hope impetuously flew,
+  And saw, through the deep Future shedding balm,
+  His fame a tree in flower.
+        If that were all?
+  If in his vision of America
+  He saw but Christopher made famous? Look!
+  Not for himself; but for that martyr, Thought,
+  Which struggles fainting in a foolish world,
+  To ope a gate to wisdom, his heart swelled
+  When his fixed eye beheld his soul's belief
+  Fulfilled in Western twilight. Thou my land!
+  Shalt thunder to the ages evermore
+  That dreams and hopes are holy. Thou shalt still
+  The croaking voice of souls that shake at dawn,
+  Loving the dimness of their own decay,--
+  The lone desire, entreaty and despair,
+  The wasting weariness that breeds disgust,
+  All woes but Doubt that, wasp-like, stings Hope back,
+  There are ye justified. And never Time
+  Goldening this page can slip its moral too:
+  And never Thought, loving this sweet success,
+  But still shall love its own wild dreams the more.
+  And still shall brighter gild all skiey peaks
+  Of noble daring, with this perfect day.
+    Regard your leisure with my monument,
+  My Genoese, for centuries to be
+  Will yet retain Its reason as to day.
+  There, where my hope was builded, stands my Fame,
+  The youngest children of the youngest race.
+  The wide worlds heritors, arch-heirs of Time,
+  Pronounce my name with reverence, and call
+  Your sometime outcast, Father. Be it so.
+  Andrea's palace claims repairs perhaps,
+  The sculptured letters must be cut anew,
+  That on the crumbling girdle of his house
+  Proclaim him Principe. That be your task,
+  And pare your miserable marble, me.
+
+
+
+
+
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+
+
+              WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.
+
+"Dickon," cried Mother Rigby, "a coal for my pipe!"
+
+The pipe was in the old dame's mouth, when she said these words. She had
+thrust it there after filling it with tobacco, but without stooping to
+light it at the hearth; where, indeed, there was no appearance of a fire
+having been kindled, that morning. Forthwith, however, as soon as the
+order was given, there was an intense red glow out of the bowl of the
+pipe, and a whiff of smoke from Mother Rigby's lips. Whence the coal came,
+and how brought thither by an invisible hand, I have never been able to
+discover.
+
+"Good!" quoth Mother Rigby, with a nod of her head. "Thank ye, Dickon! And
+now for making this scarecrow. Be within call, Dickon, in case I need you
+again!"
+
+The good woman had risen thus early (for as yet it was scarcely sunrise),
+in order to set about making a scarecrow, which she intended to put in the
+middle of her corn patch. It was now the latter week of May, and the crows
+and blackbirds had already discovered the little, green, rolled-up leaf of
+the Indian corn, just peeping out of the soil. She was determined,
+therefore, to contrive as lifelike a scarecrow as ever was seen, and to
+finish it immediately, from top to toe, so that it should begin its
+sentinel's duty that very morning. Now, mother Rigby (as every body must
+have heard) was one of the most cunning and potent witches in New England,
+and might, with very little trouble, have made a scarecrow ugly enough to
+frighten the minister himself. But, on this occasion, as she had awakened
+in an uncommonly pleasant humor, and was further dulcified by her pipe of
+tobacco, she resolved to produce something fine, beautiful, and splendid,
+rather than hideous and horrible.
+
+"I don't want to set up a hobgoblin in my own corn-patch, and almost at my
+own doorstep," said Mother Rigby to herself, puffing out a whiff of smoke;
+"I could do it if I pleased; but I'm tired of doing marvellous things, and
+so I'll keep within the bounds of everyday business, just for variety's
+sake. Besides, there is no use in scaring the little children, for a mile
+roundabout, though 'tis true I'm a witch!"
+
+It was settled, therefore, in her own mind, that the scarecrow should
+represent a fine gentleman of the period, so far as the materials at hand
+would allow. Perhaps it may be as well to enumerate the chief of the
+articles that went to the composition of this figure.
+
+The most important item of all, probably, although it made so little show,
+was a certain broomstick, on which Mother Rigby had taken many an airy
+gallop at midnight, and which now served the scarecrow by way of a spinal
+column, or, as the unlearned phrase it, a backbone. One of its arms was a
+disabled flail which used to be wielded by Goodman Rigby, before his
+spouse worried him out of this troublesome world; the other, if I mistake
+not, was composed of the pudding-stick and a broken rung of a chair, tied
+loosely together at the elbow. As for its legs, the right was a
+hoe-handle, and the left an undistinguished and miscellaneous stick from
+the wood pile. Its lungs, stomach, and other affairs of that kind, were
+nothing better than a meal bag, stuffed with straw. Thus, we have made out
+the skeleton and entire corporcity of the scarecrow, with the exception of
+its head; and this was admirably supplied by a somewhat withered and
+shrivelled pumpkin, in which Mother Rigby cut two holes for the eyes and a
+slit for the mouth, leaving a bluish-colored knob in the middle, to pass
+for a nose. It was really quite a respectable face.
+
+"I've seen worse ones on human shoulders, at any rate," said Mother Rigby.
+"And many a fine gentleman has a pumpkin head, as well as my scarecrow!"
+
+But the clothes, in this case, were to be the making of the man. So the
+good old woman took down from a peg an ancient plum-colored coat, of
+London make, and with relics of embroidery on its seams, cuffs,
+pocket-flabs, and button-holes, but lamentably worn and faded, patched at
+the elbows, tattered at the skirts, and threadbare all over. On the left
+breast was a round hole, whence either a star of nobility had been rent
+away, or else the hot heart of some former wearer had scorched it through
+and through. The neighbors said, that this rich garment belonged to the
+Black Man's wardrobe, and that he kept it at Mother Rigby's cottage for
+the convenience of slipping it on whenever he wished to make a grand
+appearance at the governor's table. To match the coat, there was a velvet
+waistcoat of very ample size, and formerly embroidered with foliage, that
+had been as brightly golden as the maple-leaves in October, but which had
+now quite vanished out of the substance of the velvet. Next came a pair of
+scarlet breeches, once worn by the French governor of Louisbourg, and the
+knees of which had touched the lower step of the throne of Louis le Grand.
+The Frenchman had given these small-clothes to an Indian powwow, who
+parted with them to the old witch for a gill of strong waters, at one of
+their dances in the forest. Furthermore, Mother Rigby produced a pair of
+silk stockings, and put them on the figure's legs, where they showed as
+unsubstantial as a dream, with the wooden reality of the two sticks making
+itself miserably apparent through the holes. Lastly, she put her dead
+husband's wig on the bare scalp of the pumpkin, and surmounted the whole
+with a dusty three-cornered hat, in which was stuck the longest tail
+feather of a rooster.
+
+Then the old dame stood the figure up in a corner of her cottage, and
+chuckled to behold its yellow semblance of a visage, with its nobby little
+nose thrust into the air. It had a strangely self-satisfied aspect, and
+seemed to say, "Come look at me!"
+
+"And you are well worth looking at--that's a fact!" quoth Mother Rigby, in
+admiration at her own handiwork: "I've made many a puppet, since I've been
+a witch; but methinks this is the finest of them all. 'Tis almost too good
+for a scarecrow. And, by the by, I'll just fill a fresh pipe of tobacco,
+and then take him out to the corn-patch."
+
+While filling her pipe, the old woman continued to gaze with almost
+motherly affection at the figure in the corner. To say the truth, whether
+it were chance, or skill, or downright witchcraft, there was something
+wonderfully human in this ridiculous shape, bedizened with its tattered
+finery; and as for the countenance, it appeared to shrivel its yellow
+surface into a grin--a funny kind of expression, betwixt scorn and
+merriment, as if it understood itself to be a jest at mankind. The more
+Mother Rigby looked, the better she was pleased.
+
+"Dickon," cried she sharply, "another coal for my pipe!"
+
+Hardly had she spoken than, just as before, there was a red-glowing coal
+on the top of the tobacco. She drew in a long whiff, and puffed it forth
+again into the bar of morning sunshine, which struggled through the one
+dusty pane of her cottage window. Mother Rigby always liked to flavor her
+pipe with a coal of fire from the particular chimney corner whence this
+had been brought. But where that chimney corner might be, or who brought
+the coal from it--further than that the invisible messenger seemed to
+respond to the name of Dickon--I cannot tell.
+
+"That puppet, yonder," thought Mother Rigby, still with her eyes fixed on
+the scarecrow, "is too good a piece of work to stand all summer in a
+corn-patch, frightening away the crows and blackbirds. He's capable of
+better things. Why, I've danced with a worse one, when partners happened
+to be scarce, at our witch-meetings in the forest! What if I should let
+him take his chance among the other men of straw and empty fellows, who go
+bustling about the world?"
+
+The old witch took three or four more whiffs of her pipe, and smiled.
+
+"He'll meet plenty of his brethren at every street-corner!" continued she.
+"Well; I didn't mean to dabble in witchcraft to-day, further than the
+lighting of my pipe; but a witch I am, and a witch I'm likely to be, and
+there's no use trying to shirk it. I'll make a man of my scarecrow, were
+it only for the joke's sake!"
+
+While muttering these words, Mother Rigby took the pipe from her own
+mouth, and thrust it into the crevice which represented the same feature
+in the pumpkin-visage of the scarecrow.
+
+"Puff, darling, puff!" said she. "Puff away, my fine fellow! your life
+depends on it!"
+
+This was a strange exhortation, undoubtedly, to be addressed to a mere
+thing of sticks, straw, and old clothes, with nothing better than a
+shrivelled pumpkin for a head; as we know to have been the scarecrow's
+case. Nevertheless, as we must carefully hold in remembrance, Mother Rigby
+was a witch of singular power and dexterity; and, keeping this fact duly
+before our minds, we shall see nothing beyond credibility in the
+remarkable incidents of our story. Indeed, the great difficulty will be at
+once got over, if we can only bring ourselves to believe, that, as soon as
+the old dame bade him puff, there came a whiff of smoke from the
+scarecrow's mouth. It was the very feeblest of whiffs, to be sure; but it
+was followed by another and another, each more decided than the preceding
+one.
+
+"Puff away, my pet! puff away, my pretty one!" Mother Rigby kept
+repeating, with her pleasantest smile. "It is the breath of life to ye;
+and that you may take my word for!"
+
+Beyond all question the pipe was bewitched. There must have been a spell
+either in the tobacco or in the fiercely glowing coal that so mysteriously
+burned on top of it, or in the pungent aromatic smoke which exhaled from
+the kindled weed. The figure, after a few doubtful attempts, at length
+blew forth a volley of smoke, extending all the way from the obscure
+corner into the bar of sunshine. There it eddied and melted away among the
+motes of dust. It seemed a convulsive effort; for the two or three next
+whiffs were fainter, although the coal still glowed, and threw a gleam
+over the scarecrow's visage. The old witch clapt her skinny hands
+together, and smiled encouragingly upon her handiwork. She saw that the
+charm worked well. The shrivelled, yellow face, which heretofore had been
+no face at all, had already a thin, fantastic haze, as it were, of human
+likeness, shifting to and fro across it; sometimes vanishing entirely, but
+growing more perceptible than ever with the next whiff from the pipe. The
+whole figure, in like manner, assumed a show of life, such as we impart to
+ill-defined shapes among the clouds, and half-deceive ourselves with the
+pastime of our own fancy.
+
+If we must needs pry closely into the matter, it may be doubted whether
+there was any real change, after all, in the sordid, worn-out, worthless,
+and ill-jointed substance of the scarecrow; but merely a spectral
+illusion, and a cunning effect of light and shade, so colored and
+contrived as to delude the eyes of most men. The miracles of witchcraft
+seem always to have had a very shallow subtlety; and, at least, if the
+above explanation do not hit the truth of the process, I can suggest no
+better.
+
+"Well puffed, my pretty lad!" still cried old Mother Rigby. "Come, another
+good, stout whiff, and let it be with might and main! Puff for thy life, I
+tell thee! Puff out of the very bottom of thy heart; if any heart thou
+hast, or any bottom to it! Well done, again! Thou didst suck in that
+mouthfull as if for the pure love of it."
+
+And then the witch beckoned to the scarecrow, throwing so much magnetic
+potency into her gesture, that it seemed as if it must inevitably be
+obeyed, like the mystic call of the loadstone, when it summons the iron.
+
+"Why lurkest thou in the corner, lazy one?" said she. "Step forth! Thou
+hast the world before thee?"
+
+Upon my word, if the legend were not one which I heard on my grandmother's
+knee, and which had established its place among things credible before my
+childish judgment could analyze its probability, I question whether I
+should have the face to tell it now!
+
+In obedience to Mother Rigby's word, and extending its arm as if to reach
+her out-stretched hand, the figure made a step forward--a kind of hitch and
+jerk, however, rather than a step--then tottered, and almost lost its
+balance. What could the witch expect? It was nothing, after all, but a
+scarecrow, stuck upon two sticks. But the strong-willed old beldam
+scowled, and beckoned, and flung the energy of her purpose so forcibly at
+this poor combination of rotten wood, and musty straw, and ragged
+garments, that it was compelled to show itself a man, in spite of the
+reality of things. So it stepped into the bar of sunshine. There it
+stood--poor devil of a contrivance that it was!--with only the thinnest
+vesture of human similitude about it, through which was evident the stiff,
+ricketty, incongruous, faded, tattered, good-for-nothing patchwork of its
+substance, ready to sink in a heap upon the floor, as conscious of its own
+unworthiness to be erect. Shall I confess the truth? At its present point
+of vivification, the scarecrow reminds me of some of the lukewarm and
+abortive characters, composed of heterogeneous materials, used for the
+thousandth time, and never worth using, with which romance-writers (and
+myself, no doubt, among the rest), have so over-peopled the world of
+fiction.
+
+But the fierce old hag began to get angry, and show a glimpse of her
+diabolic nature (like a snake's head, peeping with a hiss out of her
+bosom,) at this pusillanimous behavior of the thing, which she had taken
+the trouble to put together.
+
+"Puff away, wretch!" cried she, wrathfully. "Puff, puff, puff, thou thing
+of straw and emptiness!--thou rag or two!--thou meal-bag!--thou
+pumpkin-head!--thou nothing!--where shall I find a name vile enough to call
+thee by! Puff, I say, and suck in thy fantastic life along with the smoke;
+else I snatch the pipe from thy mouth, and hurl thee where that red coal
+came from!"
+
+Thus threatened, the unhappy scarecrow had nothing for it, but to puff
+away for dear life. As need was, therefore, it applied itself lustily to
+the pipe, and sent forth such abundant volleys of tobacco-smoke, that the
+small cottage-kitchen became all vaporous. The one sunbeam struggled
+mistily through, and could but imperfectly define the image of the cracked
+and dusty window-pane on the opposite wall. Mother Rigby, meanwhile, with
+one brown arm akimbo, and the other stretched towards the figure, loomed
+grimly amid the obscurity, with such port and expression as when she was
+wont to heave a ponderous nightmare on her victims, and stand at the
+bedside to enjoy their agony. In fear and trembling did this poor
+scarecrow puff. But its efforts, it must be acknowledged, served an
+excellent purpose; for, with each successive whiff, the figure lost more
+and more of its dizzy and perplexing tenuity, and seemed to take denser
+substance. Its very garments, moreover, partook of the magical change, and
+shone with the gloss of novelty, and glistened with the skilfully
+embroidered gold that had long ago been rent away. And, half-revealed
+among the smoke, a yellow visage bent its lustreless eyes on Mother Rigby.
+
+At last, the old witch clenched her fist, and shook it at the figure. Not
+that she was positively angry, but merely acting on the principle--perhaps
+untrue, or not the only truth, though as high a one as Mother Rigby could
+be expected to attain--that feeble and torpid natures, being incapable of
+better inspiration, must be stirred up by fear. But here was the crisis.
+Should she fail in what she now sought to effect, it was her ruthless
+purpose to scatter the miserable simulacre into its original elements.
+
+"Thou hast a man's aspect," said she, sternly. "Have also the echo and
+mockery of a voice! I bid thee speak!"
+
+The scarecrow gasped, struggled, and at length emitted a murmur, which was
+so incorporated with its smoky breath that you could scarcely tell whether
+it were indeed a voice, or only a whiff of tobacco. Some narrators of this
+legend, hold the opinion, that Mother Rigby's conjurations, and the
+fierceness of her will, had compelled a familiar spirit into the figure,
+and that the voice was his.
+
+"Mother," mumbled the poor stifled voice, "be not so awful with me! I
+would fain speak; but being without wits, what can I say?"
+
+"Thou canst speak, darling, canst thou?" cried Mother Rigby, relaxing her
+grim countenance into a smile. "And what shalt thou say, quoth-a! Say,
+indeed! Art thou of the brotherhood of the empty skull, and demandest of
+me what thou shalt say? Thou shalt say a thousand things, and saying them
+a thousand times over, thou shalt still have said nothing! Be not afraid,
+I tell thee! When thou comest into the world (whither I purpose sending
+thee, forthwith), thou shalt not lack the wherewithal to talk. Talk! Why,
+thou shalt babble like a mill-stream, if thou wilt. Thou hast brains
+enough for that, I trow!"
+
+"At your service, mother," responded the figure.
+
+"And that was well said, my pretty one!" answered Mother Rigby. "Then thou
+spakest like thyself, and meant nothing. Thou shalt have a hundred such
+set phrases, and five hundred to the boot of them. And now, darling, I
+have taken so much pains with thee, and thou art so beautiful, that, by my
+troth, I love thee better than any witch's puppet in the world; and I've
+made them of all sorts--clay, wax, straw, sticks, night-fog, morning-mist,
+sea-foam, and chimney-smoke! But thou art the very best. So give heed to
+what I say!"
+
+"Yes, kind mother," said the figure, "with all my heart!"
+
+"With all thy heart!" cried the old witch, setting her hands to her sides,
+and laughing loudly. "Thou hast such a pretty way of speaking! With all
+thy heart! And thou didst put thy hand to the left side of thy waistcoat,
+as if thou really hadst one!"
+
+So now, in high good humor with this fantastic contrivance of hers, Mother
+Rigby told the scarecrow that it must go and play its part in the great
+world, where not one man in a hundred, she affirmed, was gifted with more
+real substance than itself. And, that he might hold up his head with the
+best of them, she endowed him, on the spot, with an unreckonable amount of
+wealth. It consisted partly of a gold mine in Eldorado, and of ten
+thousand shares in a broken bubble, and of half a million acres of
+vineyard at the North Pole, and of a castle in the air and a chateau in
+Spain, together with all the rents and income therefrom accruing. She
+further made over to him the cargo of a certain ship, laden with salt of
+Cadiz, which she herself, by her necromantic arts, had caused to founder,
+ten years before, in the deepest part of mid-ocean. If the salt were not
+dissolved, and could be brought to market, it would fetch a pretty penny
+among the fishermen. That he might not lack ready money, she gave him a
+copper farthing, of Birmingham manufacture, being all the coin she had
+about her, and likewise a great deal of brass, which she applied to his
+forehead, thus making it yellower than ever.
+
+
+
+
+
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,
+
+
+BY RICHARD COE.
+
+  "Art thou happy, little child,
+    On this clear bright summer's day,
+  In the garden sporting wild,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I had that pretty thing,
+    That has flown to yonder tree,
+  I would laugh, and dance, and sing--
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then I caught the butterfly,
+    Placed it in his hands securely,
+  Now, methought, his pretty eye
+    Never more will look demurely!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" said I,
+  Tears were sparkling in his eye;
+  Lo! the butterfly was dead--
+  In his hands its life had sped!
+
+  "Art thou happy, maiden fair,
+    On this long, bright summer's day,
+  Culling flowerets so rare,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my Henry were but here,
+    To enjoy the scene with me;
+  He whose love is so sincere,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Soon I heard her lover's feet,
+    Sounding on the gravel lightly,
+  To his loving words so sweet,
+    Tender glances answered brightly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said,
+  Down she hung her lovely head,
+  Henry leaves for foreign skies--
+  Tears were in the maiden's eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, mother mild,
+    On this bright, bright summer's day,
+  Gazing on thy cherub child,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my baby-boy were well,"
+    Thus the mother spake to me,
+  "Gratitude my heart would swell--
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the cordial I supplied,
+    Soon the babe restored completely;
+  Cherub-faced and angel-eyed,
+    On his mother smiled he sweetly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Would his father were not dead!"
+  Thus she answered me with sighs,
+  Scalding tear-drops in her eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, aged man,
+    On this glorious summer's day,
+  With a cheek all pale and wan,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I were but safe above,"
+    Spake the old man unto me,
+  "To enjoy my Saviour's love,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the angel Death came down,
+    And he welcomed him with gladness,
+  On his brow so pale and wan,
+    Not a trace was seen of sadness:
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Yes!" he answered with his head;
+  Tears of joy were in his eyes,
+  Dew-drops from the upper skies!
+
+
+
+
+
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+
+
+Archbishop Hughes, in a late speech attempted an exposition of the
+relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Liberty, with special
+reference to the position assumed by him and other prelates, that the
+Roman Catholics are, not less than Protestants, upholders of freedom in
+opinion and in discussion. The interesting brochure of his Grace will be
+better appreciated by our readers, perhaps, if we mention a few recent
+facts illustrative of the subject, as it affects "authors and books." The
+French Roman Catholic Bishop of Lucan has a pastoral in the _Univers_
+condemning Walter Scott's works, without exception. He does the same by
+Chateaubriand, and the _Arabian Nights_, and _Don Quixote_--the first as
+Protestant, the second as insufficiently Catholic, the third as no
+Christian, the fourth as of no religion at all. One unhappy writer of
+school-books is condemned because he cites Guizot and Thierry; another
+because he blames the massacres of Saint Bartholomew, and thinks they were
+caused by "religious fanaticism." But first of all, and more than all, the
+bishop condemns "that irreligious" Parisian journal, _La Presse_. "The
+number of its subscribers is deplorable; but they are becoming and shall
+become less; no priest must subscribe to it. No priest must be seen with
+it. No priest must 'ordinarily' read it." This is all very proper,
+according to antecedents, but we should not like it if Bishop Hughes
+deprived us of the _Tribune_, the _Herald_, or the _Journal of Commerce_,
+all of which are as bad, in the same way, as the _Presse_. Another example
+of the prohibition of books, we add from the cyclic letter just issued by
+Cardinal Lambruschini, condemning Professor Nuytz's works on
+ecclesiastical law:
+
+
+    "And further, although we derive great consolation from the
+    promise of Jesus Christ, that the gates of hell shall never
+    prevail against the Church, our soul cannot but feel excruciating
+    pain, upon considering how daring outrages against divine and
+    sacred things daily flow from the unbridled licentiousness, the
+    perverse effrontery and impiety of the press. Now in this
+    pestilence of corrupt books which invades us on all sides, the
+    work entitled _Institutes of Ecclesiastical Law_, by John Nepomue
+    Nuytz, Professor in the Royal University of Turin, as also the
+    work entitled _Essays on Ecclesiastical Law_, by the same author,
+    claim a conspicuous place, inasmuch as the doctrines contained in
+    the said nefarious works are so widely disseminated from one of
+    the chairs of that university, that uncatholic theses selected
+    from them are proposed as fit subjects for discussion to
+    candidates aspiring to the doctor's degree. For in the above
+    mentioned works and essays, such errors are taught under the
+    semblance of asserting the rights of the priesthood and of the
+    secular power, that instead of sound doctrines, thoroughly
+    poisoned cups are offered to youth. For the said author hath not
+    blushed to reproduce under a new form, in his impious propositions
+    and comments, all those doctrines which have been condemned by
+    John II., Benedict XIV., Pius VI., and Gregory XVL., as well as by
+    the decrees of the fourth Council of Lateran, and those of
+    Florence and Trent. _He openly asserts for example, that the
+    Church has no right to enforce her authority by might, and that
+    has no temporal power whatever, whether direct or indirect._"
+
+
+One of the latest miracles is described is the Paris _Univers_, as
+follows--in the most perfect good faith:--
+
+
+    "There is much talk at Rome of an extraordinary cure which has
+    taken a place in the very palace of the Vatican. The following is
+    the manner in which this prodigious fact is described,--which will,
+    without doubt, become the subject of a judicial inquiry: 'A young
+    girl of about twenty years of age, whose family is employed in the
+    domestic side of the palace, had contracted a bad fever, owing to
+    the loss of her father a little time before, as well as to the
+    influence of the season, which has multiplied at Rome diseases of
+    this kind, and by which a great number of victims have fallen
+    within the last few months. Notwithstanding the enlightened
+    efforts of the doctor of the Pontifical 'family,' and of her
+    parents, the young invalid was soon at the last extremity. The
+    vice-cur� of the palace (which, as is known, is a foundation), a
+    member of the Augustin order (Monseigneur the Sacristan of the
+    same order is the titular cur�), had administered to her the
+    sacrament of extreme unction, and had recited the prayer
+    recommending her soul. Her last sigh was hourly expected. For the
+    sake of enabling our readers to understand the prodigy about to be
+    related, it is necessary to state that during the course of the
+    malady the vice-cur� had several times engaged the pious patient
+    to invoke the aid of a venerable servant of God, of the Augustin
+    order, whose beatification is about to be declared, and he had
+    even mixed in the potions given to such girl some little fragments
+    of the clothes of the venerable man. On the other hand, according
+    to the usage of religious families, they had carried into the
+    chamber of the dying person the Santo-Bambino del'Ara Coeli,
+    demanding of these last resources of the faithful a cure no longer
+    in the reach of human science to bestow. Let us return to the bed
+    of the dying girl, whom we find in a profound sleep, from which
+    she shall soon awaken to relate with smiles on her lips how she
+    had seen the infant Jesus, having at his side a venerable servant
+    of God, clad in the habit of the order of St. Augustin. She adds
+    that she feels herself cured, but very weak, and she asks for a
+    cup of broth to give her strength. The broth is given, to her,
+    although the request is regarded as coming from one in the last
+    agitation of dying; but the sick girl, who had felt the action of
+    grace, and who knew well that she was cured, rises, throws off all
+    the blisters, of which not a trace was left on her body, and on
+    the following day repaired to the church of Ara Coeli, at more than
+    half a league distant, to thank the Santo Bambino and the servant
+    of God, who had restored her to life and health. You may easily
+    comprehend the sensation that a fact of this kind must have
+    produced upon a population so full of faith, especially on the eve
+    of the ceremony of the 21st, which will put solemnly upon the
+    altar, in placing him among the blest, the venerable Father
+    Clavier, of the Society of Jesus, and at the close of the
+    expiatory _triduo_ which has been celebrated at Saint Andre della
+    Valle in reparation of a sacrilegious outrage committed against
+    the Madonna du Vicolo dell' Abate Luigi.'"
+
+
+Of course the girl never was ill at all.
+
+Miraculous agencies, it appears, have been applied to by the highest
+powers at Rome, with the purpose which actuates the old ladies who study
+Zadkiel. A young peasant girl living at Sezza, near the Neapolitan
+frontier, has been for some time in a kind of ecstatic, or, as
+non-believers in miracles would call it, magnetic state, and in that part
+of the province of Marittima and Campagna, is already known under the
+denomination of St. Catherine. Her fame seems to have originated in a
+miracle which she worked some time ago on the person of an old woman, who
+came to her in great distress because her daughter had died in childbed,
+leaving the grandmother of the infant without pecuniary means for its
+support. "St. Catherine" is said to have directed the old woman to suckle
+the baby herself, assuring her that, before she reached home, she would
+find herself in a condition to do so--a direction which the venerable
+applicant strictly obeyed, and found her hopes realized! Other
+supernatural answers were subsequently given by the saint to various
+applications of the neighboring peasantry, and stolen fowls and stray
+cattle were recovered by her indications. But the concourse of people at
+last grew so great that that the ecclesiastical authorities interfered in
+behalf of the sybil, whom they placed in safety and repose within the
+walls of a convent, prohibiting, at the same time, any one from coming to
+consult her without the express permission of the bishop:--
+
+
+    "From the accounts of dispassionate spectators," writes the
+    correspondent of the _Daily News_, "I am led to infer that there
+    is really something extraordinary in the mental or physical
+    organization of this young girl, as she alternates between a
+    dormant state, resembling magnetic sleep, and a strong degree of
+    hysterical or nervous excitability; but whatever may be the real
+    cause of the second sight or preternatural knowledge which she
+    has, according to public rumor, so frequently displayed, it is
+    certain that many persons of this city, including ecclesiastics of
+    high rank, have profited by the opportunity of getting a peep into
+    the future, and knowing betimes what they have to prepare for.
+    Cardinals Lambruschini and Franzoni and the Duke Don Marino
+    Torlonia are amongst the number of distinguished individuals who
+    have applied to this modern oracle. The advocate Zaccaleoni,
+    Monseigneur Appoloni, and many prelates have followed their
+    example; indeed, the surprising replies and alarming prognostics
+    of the Pythoness so far roused the fears and curiosity of the Pope
+    himself, that he caused her to be sent for from the convent at
+    Sezza, and brought to Rome, a few days ago, in the carriage of a
+    respectable and religious couple, who went there for that express
+    purpose. An interview took place between Pio Nono and the
+    prophetess, immediately after which she was sent back to her
+    retirement. The result of the interview has not transpired, but
+    the girl's revelations were probably similar to those with which
+    she has already excited the terrors of her exalted applicants;
+    namely, predictions of imminent and sanguinary disturbances, in
+    which, though not of long duration, many persons will fall victims
+    to popular fury."
+
+
+The Bolognese paper, _Vero Amico_, which is thoroughly devoted to the
+ecclesiastical cause, occasionally devotes some of its columns to war in
+favor of miracles, especially as wrought by images. The following is its
+account of a recent miraculous change of the weather at the intercession
+of the Virgin:--
+
+
+    "The inhabitants of Tossignano not long ago obtained a new
+    demonstration of love and favor from the prodigious image of the
+    most Holy Mary, from that extremely ancient image which, saved
+    from iconoclastic fury, always engaged the devout worship of their
+    ancestors; and which their not degenerate descendants keep as a
+    noble and precious heirloom of their hereditary religion, finding
+    in it all comfort and support against public and private
+    calamities. The late incessant and unseasonable rains having
+    hindered the gathering in of autumn fruits, and impeded
+    cultivation for the coming year, the active pastor, the very
+    revered arch-priest Agnoli, in order to avert so heavy a calamity,
+    called the inhabitants of Tossignano together, and with eloquent
+    and touching words brought them before the most prodigious image,
+    so that, by the intercession of the Virgin, God might restore
+    serene weather. For this purpose, on the 7th of October, the flock
+    and their beloved pastor met to depose their humble supplications
+    at the foot of the altar, sacred to their distinguished
+    benefactress; at the first prayer, whilst the pastor was offering
+    the propitiatory wafer, a ray of sun gladdened the sacred temple,
+    like a rainbow of peace smiling on the assembled faithful, and in
+    a few hours all appearance of clouds vanished from the sky! The
+    Tossignanesi rightly attributing this to the peculiar favor of
+    their protectress, and full of gratitude to her, resolved to
+    sanctify the 12th inst. by solemn acts of thanksgiving."
+
+
+These poor absurdities, so suggestive of pity and contempt, may he
+compared with the tricks of Rochester knockers and travelling mountebanks
+generally in this country, and no "authority of the church" can raise
+them, in the minds of sensible men, to a higher respectability.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+
+
+Our excellent friend JAMES T. FIELDS, now in Europe, sends us from his
+note book the following fine apostrophe to Jenny Lind:
+
+WRITTEN IN A CONCERT ROOM, LONDON, 1847.
+
+  Look on her! there she stands, the world's prime wonder
+  The great queen of song! Ye rapt musicians,
+  Touch your golden wires, for now ye prelude strains
+  To mortal ears unwonted. Hark! she sings.
+  Yon pearly gates their magic waves unloose,
+  And all the liberal air rains melody
+  Around. O night! O time! delay, delay,--
+  Pause here, entranced! Ye evening winds, come near,
+  But whisper not,--and you ye flowers, fresh culled
+  From odorous nooks, where silvery rivulets run,
+  Breath silent incense still.
+        Hail, matchless queen!
+  Thou, like the high white Alps, canst hear, unspoiled,
+  The world's artillery (thundering praises) pass.
+  And keep serene and safe thy spotless fame!
+
+
+
+
+
+LOVE SONG.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY R. S. CHILTON.
+
+  White and silent shines the moonlight,
+    And the earth, in slumber deep,
+  Smiles, as of the silver splendor
+    Conscious in her sleep!
+  How the moonbeams dance and glimmer--
+    Hunted by the summer breeze--
+  On the bosom of the river,
+    Through the branches of the trees!
+  May this night of quiet beauty
+    Be the symbol and the sign,
+  Of the holy love that wraps us
+    In its light divine!
+  So shalt thou still reign forever,
+    While the glow of life abides,
+  As thou now dost, dearest--empress
+    Of my heart's deep tides!
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTUMN LINES.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY J. R. THOMPSON.
+
+  Gone is the golden October
+    Down the swift current of time,
+  Month by the poets called sober,
+    Just for the sake of the rhyme.
+
+  Tints of vermilion and yellow
+    Margined the forest and stream;
+  Poets then told us 'twas mellow,
+    How inconsistent they seem!
+
+  Now, while the mountain in shadow
+    Dappled and hazy appears,
+  While the late corn in the meadow,
+    Culprit-like, loses its ears--
+
+  Get some choice spirits together,
+    Bring out the dogs and the guns,
+  Follow the birds o'er the heather,
+    Where the 'cold rivulet' runs.
+
+  Look for them under the cover,
+    Just as the pole-star at sea
+  Always is sought by the rover,
+    Near where the pointers may be.
+
+  Yet if your field-tramping brothers
+    Should not be fellows of mark,
+  Leave the young partridge for others,
+    Only make sure of a lark.
+
+  Thus shall the charms of the season
+    Gently throw round you their spell,
+  Thus enjoy nature in reason,
+    If in the country you dwell.
+
+  But if condemned as a denizen
+    In a great town to reside,
+  Take down a volume of Tennyson,
+    Make him do service as guide;
+
+  Borne upon poesy's pinion,
+    Rise the heights that he gains,
+  Range over Fancy's dominion,
+    Walk hypothetical plains.
+
+  Soon shall the wintry December
+    Darken above us the sky--
+  Winds their old custom remember
+    All, in a spree, to get high;
+
+  And, as they wail through the copses,
+    Dirge-like and solemn to hear,
+  Nature's own grand Thanatopsis
+    Sadly shall strike on the ear.
+
+  But all impressions so murky
+    Instantly banish like care,
+  Turn to the ham and the turkey
+    Christmas shall shortly prepare.
+
+  None than yourself can be richer,
+    Seated at night by the hearth,
+  With an old friend and a pitcher
+    Lending a share of the mirth.
+
+  Then to the needy be given
+    Aid from your generous boards,
+  And to a bountiful Heaven
+    Thanks for the wealth it affords.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+
+
+                   From Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+There was much bustle and commotion in the Castle of Visinara. Servitors
+ran hither and thither, the tire-maidens stood in groups to gossip with
+each other, messengers were dispatched in various directions, and skilful
+leeches and experienced nurses were brought in. Then came a long silence.
+Voices were hushed, and footsteps muffled; the apartments of the countess
+were darkened, and nought was heard save the issued whisper, or the
+stealthy tread of the sick chamber. The Lady Adelaide was ill. Hours
+elapsed--hours of intolerable suspense to the Lord of Visinara; and then
+were heard deep, heartfelt congratulations; but they were spoken in a
+whisper, for the lady was still in danger, and had suffered almost unto
+death. There was born an heir to Visinara. And as Giovanni, Count of
+Visinara, bent over his child, and embraced his young wife, he felt repaid
+for all he had suffered in voluntarily severing himself from Gina Montani;
+and from that time he forgot her, or something very like it. And for this
+he could not be condemned, for it was in the line of honor and of duty.
+Yet it was another proof, if one were wanting, of the fickle nature of
+man's love. It has been well compared to words written on the sands. Many
+weeks elapsed ere the Lady Adelaide was convalescent; and some more before
+she ventured to join in the gayeties and festal meetings of the land. A
+two days' _f�te_, given at the Capella Palace, was the signal for her
+reappearance in the world. It was to be of great magnificence, rumor ran,
+and the Lady Adelaide consented to attend it early on the morning of the
+second day. She placed herself in front of the large mirror in her
+dressing-chamber while she was prepared for the visit, the same mirror
+before which she had sat on the evening of her wedding-day. The Signora
+Lucrezia and Gina were alone present. The former was arranging her rich
+tresses, whilst Gina handed the signora what things she required--combs,
+and the like. Whilst thus engaged, the count entered, dressed.
+
+"Giovanni," exclaimed Adelaide, "Lucrezia thinks that I should wear
+something in my hair--a wreath, or my diamond coronet; but I feel tired
+already, and wish the dressing was over. Need I be teased with ornaments?"
+
+"My sweet wife, wear what you best like. _You_ need no superficial
+adorning."
+
+"You hear, Lucrezia: make haste and finish my hair. Do not put it in curls
+to-day; braids are less trouble, and sooner done. You may put aside the
+diamond casket, Gina. Oh, there's my darling!" continued the countess,
+hearing the baby pass the door with its nurse. "Call him in." The count
+himself advanced, opened the door, and took his infant. "The precious,
+precious child!" exclaimed Adelaide, bending over the infant, which he
+placed on her knees. "Giovanni," she added, looking up eagerly to her
+husband's face, "do you think there ever was so lovely a babe sent on
+earth?"
+
+He smiled at her earnestness--men are never so rapturously blind in the
+worship of their first-born as women. But he stooped down, and fondly
+pressed his lips upon her forehead, while he played with the little hand
+of the infant; and she yielded to the temptation of suffering her face to
+rest close to his.
+
+"But it grows late," resumed the young mother, "and I suppose we ought to
+be going. Take the baby to its nurse, Lucrezia," she continued, kissing it
+fifty times as she resigned it.
+
+The count had drawn behind the Lady Adelaide, where stood Gina. As his
+eyes happened to fall upon her, he was struck by the pallid sorrow which
+sat in her countenance. Ill-fated Gina! and he had been so absorbed these
+last few weeks in his new happiness! A rush of pity, mingled perhaps with
+self-reproach, flew to his heart. What compensation could he offer her? In
+that moment he remembered her last words at the interview in his wife's
+embroidery-room, and gave her _a look_. It was not to be mistaken.
+Love--love, pure and tender--gleamed from his eyes, and she answered him
+with a smile which told of her thanks, and that he was perfectly
+understood. Had any one been looking on, they could scarcely fail to
+become aware of their existing passion, and that there was a secret
+understanding between them.
+
+_And one was looking on._ The Lady Adelaide's back was towards them, but
+in the large glass before her she had distinctly seen the reflection of
+all that took place. Her countenance became white as death, and her anger
+was terrible. "You may retire for the present," she said, in a calm,
+subdued tone, to the startled Gina, upon whose mind flashed somewhat of
+the truth; "and tell the Signora Lucrezia not to return until I call for
+her."
+
+To describe the scene that ensued would be difficult. The shock to the
+young wife's feelings had been very great. That her husband was faithless
+to her, not only in deed but in heart, she doubted not. It was in vain he
+endeavored to explain all; she listened to him not. She thought he was
+uttering falsehoods, which but increased his treachery. Gina had once
+spoken of her fierce jealousy, but what was hers compared with the Lady
+Adelaide's? In the midst of her explosions of passion, Lucrezia, who had
+either not received, or misunderstood, her lady's message by Gina,
+entered. The maiden stood aghast, till, admonished by a haughty wave of
+the hand from the count, she hastened from the room. Later in the day, the
+Lord of Visinara quitted the castle, to pay the promised visit. His wife
+refused to go. "Mercy! mercy!" she exclaimed, in anguish, as she sat alone
+in her apartments, "to be thus requited by Giovanni--whom I so loved, my
+husband! my own husband! Is it possible that a man can be guilty of
+treachery so deep? Would that I had died ere I had known his
+faithlessness, or ever seen him! Shame--shame upon it! to introduce his
+paramour into my very presence; an attendant on my person! Holy Virgin,
+that I should be so degraded! Sure a wife, young and beautiful, was never
+treated as I have been. Lowered in the eyes of my own servants; insulted
+by him who ought to have guarded me from insult; laughed at--ridiculed by
+_her_! Oh! terrible! terrible!"
+
+As she spoke the last words, she rose, and unlocking the bright green
+cabinet, that of malachite marble already spoken of, took from thence a
+small bag of silver gilt. Touching the secret spring of this, she drew
+forth a letter, opened, and read it:
+
+
+    "_'To the Lady Adelaide, Countess of Visinara._
+
+    "'You fancy yourself the beloved of Giovanni. Count of Visinara;
+    but retire not to your rest this night, lady, in any such vain
+    imagining. The heart of the count has long been given to another;
+    and, you know, by your love for him, that such passion can never
+    change its object. Had he met you in earlier life, it might have
+    been otherwise. He marries you, for your lineage is a high one;
+    and she, in the world's eye and in that of his own haughty race,
+    was no fit mate for him."
+
+
+"Ay," she shuddered, "it is explained now. So, Gina Montani was this
+beloved one. I am his by sufferance--she, by love. Holy Mother, have mercy
+on my brain! I _know_ they love--I see it all too plainly. And I could
+believe his deceitful explanation, and trust him. I _told_ him I believed
+it on our wedding night. _He did not know why he went to her house; habit,
+he supposed, or, want of occupation._ Oh, shame on his false words! Shame
+on my own credulity!"
+
+None of us forget the stanzas in Collins's Ode to the Passions:
+
+  "Thy numbers, Jealousy, to nought were fixed,
+    Sad proof of thy distressful state:
+  Of differing themes the veering song was mixed,
+    And now it courted love--now, raving, calling on hate."
+
+And calling, indeed, upon hate, as she strode her chamber in a frenzy near
+akin to madness, was the lady Adelaide, when her attendant, Lucrezia,
+entered.
+
+"My dear lady," she exclaimed, bursting into tears, as any crocodile might
+do--"my dear, dear young lady, I cannot know that you are thus suffering,
+and keep away from your presence. Pardon me for intruding upon you against
+orders."
+
+The Lady Adelaide smoothed her brow, and the lines of her face resumed
+their haughtiness, as she imperiously ordered Lucrezia to quit the room.
+The heart most awake to the miseries of life wears to the world the
+coldest surface; and it was not in the Lady Adelaide's nature to betray
+aught of her emotions to any living being, save, perhaps, her husband.
+
+"Nay, my lady, suffer me to remain yet a a moment: at least, while I
+disclose what I know of that viper."
+
+The Lady Adelaide started; but she suppressed all excitement, and Lucrezia
+began her tale--an exaggerated account of the interview she had been a
+witness to between the Lord of Visinara and Gina Montani. The countess
+listened to its conclusion, and a low moan escaped her.
+
+"What think you now, madam, she deserves?"
+
+"_To die!_" burst from the pale lips of the unhappy lady.
+
+"To die," acquiesced Lucrezia, calmly. "No other punishment would meet her
+guilt; and no other, that I am aware of, could be devised to prevent it
+for the future."
+
+"Oh! tempt me not," cried the lady, wringing her hands. "I spoke hastily."
+
+"Give but the orders, madam," resumed Lucrezia, "and they shall be put in
+practice."
+
+"How can I?" demanded the Lady Adelaide, once more pacing the room in her
+anguish; "how could I ever rest afterwards, with the guilt of murder upon
+my soul?"
+
+"It will be no guilt, lady."
+
+"Lucrezia!"
+
+"I have made it my business to inquire much about this girl--to ascertain
+her history. I thought it my duty, and very soon I should have laid the
+whole matter before you."
+
+"Well?"
+
+"You may destroy her, madam, as you would destroy that little bird there
+in its golden cage, without sin and without compunction."
+
+"Oh, Lucrezia, Lucrezia! once more I say unto thee, tempt me not. Wicked
+and artful as she is, she is still one of God's creatures."
+
+"Scarcely, my lady," answered Lucrezia, with a gesture which spoke of deep
+scorn for the culprit. "I have cause to believe--good cause," she repeated,
+lowering her voice, and looking round, as if she feared the very walls
+might hear the fearful words she was about to utter, "that she is one of
+those lost creatures who are enemies to the Universal Faith, a descendant
+of the Saxons, and an apostate; as too many of that race have become."
+
+"_What_ say you?" gasped the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"That we have been harboring a heretic, madam," continued Lucrezia, her
+passion rising; "a spy, it may be, upon our holy ceremonies. No wonder
+that evil has fallen upon this house."
+
+"Go to the cell of Father Anselmo," shivered the Lady Adelaide, her teeth
+chattering with horror, "and pray his holiness to step hither: this
+fearful doubt shall at once be set at rest."
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+Gina Montani, her head aching with suspense and anxiety, was shut up alone
+in her chamber when she received a summons to the apartments of her
+mistress. Obeying at once, she found the confessor, Father Anselmo,
+sitting there, by the side of the countess. The monk cast his eyes
+steadfastly upon Gina, as if examining her features. "Never, my daughter,
+never!" he said, at length, turning to the countess. "I can take upon
+myself to assert that this damsel of thine has never once appeared before
+me to be shriven."
+
+"Examine her," was the reply of the lady.
+
+"Daughter," said the priest, turning to Gina, "for so I would fain call
+thee, until assured that thou canst have no claim to the title, what faith
+is it that thou professest."
+
+Gina raised her hand to her burning temples. She saw that all was
+discovered. But when she removed it, the perplexity in her face had
+cleared away, and her resolution was taken. "The truth, the truth," she
+murmured; "for good, or for ill, I will tell it now."
+
+"Hearest thou not?" inquired the priest, somewhat more sternly. "Art thou
+a child of the True Faith?"
+
+"I am not a Roman Catholic," she answered, timidly, "if you call that
+faith the true one."
+
+The Lady Adelaide and the priest crossed themselves simultaneously, whilst
+Gina grasped the arm of the chair against which she was standing. She was
+endeavoring to steel her heart to bravery; but in those days, and in that
+country, such a scene was a terrible ordeal.
+
+"Dost thou not worship the One True God," continued the priest, "and
+acknowledge his Holiness, our Father at Rome, to be His sole
+representative here?"
+
+"I worship the One True God," replied Gina, solemnly, joining her hands in
+a reverent attitude; "but for the Pope at Rome, I know him not."
+
+The Lady Adelaide shrieked with aversion and terror, and the pale face of
+the monk became glowing with the crimson of indignation. "Knowest thou
+not," he said, "that to the Pope it is given to mediate between earth and
+heaven?"
+
+"I know," faltered Gina, shrinking at the monk's looks and tone, yet still
+courageous for the truth, "that there is One Mediator between God and
+man."
+
+"And he--?"
+
+"Our Saviour."
+
+"Miserable heretic!" scowled the monk, "hast thou yet to learn that of all
+the living souls this world contains, not one can enter the fold of Heaven
+without the sanction of our Holy Father, the Pope?"
+
+"I shall never learn it," whispered Gina, "and to me such doctrines savor
+of blasphemy. Therefore, I beseech you, dilate not on them."
+
+"Lost, miserable wretch!" cried the priest, lifting his hands in dismay.
+"Need I tell thee, that in the next world there is a place of torture kept
+for such as thee--a gulf of burning flames, never to be extinguished.
+
+"We are told there is such a place," she answered, struggling with her
+tears, for the interview was becoming too painful. "May the infinite love
+and mercy of God keep both you and me from it!"
+
+"Thou art hopeless--hopeless!" ejaculated the monk, sternly. "Yet, another
+question ere I send thee forth. Where hast thou imbibed these deadly
+doctrines?"
+
+"My mother wedded with an Italian," answered Gina, "but she was born on
+the free soil of England, and reared in its Reformed Faith."
+
+"A benighted land--an accursed land!" screamed the priest, vehemently; "the
+time will come when it shall be deluged from one end to the other with its
+apostates' blood."
+
+"It is an enlightened land--a free, blessed land!" retorted Gina, in
+agitation; "and God's mercy will rest upon it, and keep it powerful
+amongst nations, so long as its sons remain true to their Reformed Faith."
+
+"Insanity has fallen upon them," raved the monk, endeavoring to drown the
+bold words of Gina,--"nothing but insanity. But," he added, dropping his
+voice, "let them beware. Quem Deus vult perdere, prius dementat."
+
+Gina understood not the tongue; but the Lady Adelaide did, and crossed
+herself.
+
+"And this mother of thine," sneered the monk, turning again to Gina,
+"where may she be?"
+
+"She is dead," gasped Gina, bursting into tears.
+
+"Good!" assented the monk; "then she is meeting with her deserts."
+
+"God grant she may be!" aspirated the maiden, "for she died in the faith
+of Christ."
+
+"And who have been thy worthy instructors since?" proceeded the priest.
+
+"I have had but one guide since," answered Gina.
+
+"Disclose the name."
+
+"My Bible."
+
+The monk uttered what seemed very like a scream of passion, and the Lady
+Adelaide, as she heard the words, half rose from her chair.
+
+"Be calm, my daughter," interrupted the monk, waving his hand towards the
+countess; "I will guard thee from the harm caused by contact with this
+heretical being. Desire her, I pray thee, to fetch this Book hither, that
+I may glance at it."
+
+"Go," cried the Lady Adelaide, imperiously, to Gina; "bring this Bible
+instantly!"
+
+Gina obeyed, and the sacred volume was placed in the hands of the monk.
+The Lady Adelaide shrank from touching it.
+
+"Ha!" cried the monk, perceiving it to be printed in the English tongue,
+"dost thou speak this language, then?"
+
+"It is familiar to me as my own," replied Gina.
+
+"I will summon thy attendants for a light, my daughter," he remarked to
+the Lady Adelaide. And when one was brought, the priest advanced to a part
+of the room where the marble floor was uncovered by tapestry, and tearing
+the leaves from the Book, he set light to them, till all, both the Old and
+New Testament, were consumed, and the ashes scattered on the ground. "It
+is the most dangerous instructor that can be placed in the hands of the
+people," he observed, complacently watching the black mass smouldering
+there. And Gina Montani pressed her hands upon her chest, which was
+throbbing with agitation, but she did not dare to utter a word of
+remonstrance.
+
+"Oh, father, father!" cried the Lady Adelaide, sinking at his feet, after
+Gina had been conducted to her chamber, and giving vent involuntarily to
+sobs of agony, "she has dared to come between me and my husband--he has
+known her long, it seems. If she should have tainted him with this black
+heresy?"
+
+The monk turned as white as the lady's dress at the suggestion. It was
+enough to make him. That that docile and faithful servant of the Church,
+the powerful Chief of Visinara, who was ever ready, at only half a hint,
+to endow it with valuable offerings and presents--entire robes of point
+lace for the Virgin Mary, and flounces and tuckers for all the female
+saints in the calendar, not to speak of his donations in hard cash, and
+his frequent offerings of paintings, most of them representing the popes
+working miracles, particularly that very pious one, Alexander VI.--that
+_he_ should have had dissent instilled into him, perhaps even been made
+familiar with the principles of this upstart creed! Had his reverence
+swooned outright, it would have only been what might be expected.
+
+"It will not be a crime to remove her, father," faltered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"_Crime_!" cried the ruffled priest; "canst thou connect the word--in that
+sense--with so degraded a being?"
+
+"To remove her in _any way_," persisted the lady, in a whisper. "Yet the
+world might call it MURDER."
+
+"No punishment in this world is adequate to her sin," answered the monk.
+"And she must not be suffered to remain in it."
+
+"Thou wilt then grant me absolution beforehand, holy father," implored the
+Lady Adelaide.
+
+"And what canst thou do, my child?" resumed the monk, smiling upon the
+countess. "Thou hast not been used to such work, and wouldst prove a sad
+novice at it."
+
+"Too true," she uttered; "my heart is trembling now. Indeed, I could think
+but of one way--the moat. And though the order seems easy enough to give, I
+fear I should, when the moment came, shrink from issuing it."
+
+"And who hast thou in this castle that will do thy bidding in secret and
+in silence? It were better that this deed were not known: and thou canst
+not stop tongues, my daughter."
+
+"There are many bound to my interests, who would, I believe, lay down
+their lives for me," deliberated the Lady Adelaide; "yet, alas! the tongue
+is an unruly member, and is apt to give utterance in unguarded moments to
+words against the will."
+
+"Thou hast reason, my child. I but put the question to try thee. I will
+undertake this business for thee. That evil one's sin has been committed
+against the Church, and it is fitting that the Church should inflict the
+punishment."
+
+"Thou wilt cause her to be flung into the moat?" shuddered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"The moat!" echoed the priest. "Thinkest thou, my daughter, that the
+Church is wont to carry out her dealings by ordinary means? Signal as this
+woman's sin has been, signal must be her expiation."
+
+"_Can_ it be expiated?"
+
+"Never, either in this world or the next. And every moment of delay that
+we voluntarily make in hurling her to her doom, must draw down wrath on
+our own heads from the saints on high."
+
+The Lady Adelaide meekly bowed _her_ head, as if to deprecate any wrath
+that might just then be falling.
+
+"Thy lady in waiting, Lucrezia, is true, I have reason to believe,"
+continued the monk.
+
+"I believe her to be true," answered the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"We may want her co-operation," he concluded, "for I opine that thou, my
+daughter, wilt not deign to aid in this; neither do I think thou art
+fitted for it."
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+The castle was wrapped in silence, it being past the hour at which the
+household retired to repose. Gina Montani was in her nightdress, though as
+yet she had not touched her hair, which remained in long curls, as she had
+worn it in the day. Suspense and agitation caused her to linger, and she
+sat at her dressing-table in a musing attitude, her head resting on her
+hand, wondering what would be the ending to all that the day had brought
+forth. She had dismissed her attendant some time before. With a deep sigh
+she rose to continue her preparations for rest, when the door softly
+opened, and the Signora Lucrezia appeared.
+
+"You need not prepare yourself for bed," she observed, in a low, distinct
+whisper; "another sort of bed is preparing for you."
+
+"What do you mean?" demanded the startled girl.
+
+"That you are this night to die."
+
+Gina shrieked.
+
+"I may tell you," interrupted the lady, "that screams and resistance will
+be wholly useless. Your doom is irrevocable, therefore it may save you
+trouble to be silent."
+
+"You are speaking falsely to me. I have done nothing to deserve death."
+
+"Equivocation will be alike unavailing," repeated Lucrezia. "And if you
+ask what you have done--you have dared to step with your ill-placed passion
+between my lord and the Lady Adelaide: you have brought discredit upon the
+long-upheld religion of this house."
+
+"I have disturbed no one's faith," returned Gina. "I wish to disturb none.
+It is true that I love Giovanni, Count di Visinara, but I loved him long
+ere he saw the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"What!" cried the signora, her cheeks inflamed, and her brow darkening,
+"do you dare to avow your shame to my face?"
+
+"It is no shame," answered Gina, sadly; there is nothing of guilt in such
+a love as mine."
+
+"Follow me," repeated Lucrezia. "You have no time to waste in
+lamentations."
+
+"By whose orders do I die?" demanded the indignant girl. "Not by _his_;
+and no one else has a right to condemn me."
+
+Lucrezia expected this, and was prepared. Alas, that the Lord of Visinara
+should that day have left his signet ring behind him!
+
+"Do you know this ring!" demanded Lucrezia, holding out the jewel.
+
+"Too well. It is the Count of Visinara's."
+
+"You may then know who has condemned you."
+
+"Oh, Giovanni!" wailed Gina, as she sank prostrate on the floor in her
+anguish, "this from you!" All idea of resistance vanished with the thought
+that it was him she so loved who doomed her to destruction. "I thought he
+was still at the Capella Palace," she inquired, looking up at Lucrezia, a
+doubt possibly finding its way to her heart. "When did he return?"
+
+"I came not to waste the moments in idle words," returned Lucrezia, as she
+prepared to utter the falsehood; "it is sufficient for you to know that he
+_has_ returned, and has given the orders that you seem inclined to
+resist."
+
+"Implore him to come to me for one moment, for a last farewell."
+
+"I may not ask it. He is with the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"First, my happiness, then, my life, sacrificed to appease the Lady
+Adelaide! Oh, Giovanni! false, but dear Giovanni--"
+
+"I have no orders to call those who will use violence," interrupted the
+signora, "but I must do so if you delay to follow me."
+
+"I am about to dress myself," returned Gina.
+
+"The dress you have on will serve as well as another--and better, for a
+night-gown bears some resemblance to a shroud."
+
+"One moment for prayer," was the next imploring petition.
+
+"Prayer for you!" broke contemptuously from the signora.
+
+"A single moment for prayer," reiterated the victim. "If I am, indeed,
+about to meet my Maker, I stand awfully in need of it; for I have of late
+worshipped but one, but it has not been Him."
+
+"Prayer for _you_, a _heretic_!" repeated Lucrezia; "you may as well offer
+it up to blocks of wood or stone. The creed you profess forfeits all
+inheritance for you in heaven."
+
+Yet still Gina repeated it--"A few moments for prayer, in mercy!"
+
+"Then pray away where you are going," returned Lucrezia, impatiently. "You
+will have time enough, and to spare--minutes, and hours, and days,
+perhaps."
+
+The signora evidently took a savage pleasure in urging on the death of
+Gina Montani. What could be the reason? Women in general are not so
+frightfully cruel. The motive was, that she herself loved the count. As
+Bianca had said, when watching the bridal cavalcade, could any be brought
+into daily contact with one so attractive and not learn to love him? so it
+had proved with Lucrezia. Being the favorite attendant of her mistress,
+she was much with her, and consequently daily and frequently in the
+company of Giovanni. He had many a gay word and passing jest for her, for
+he was by nature a gallant, free-spoken man; and this had its effect.
+Whilst he never glanced a thought towards her but as one necessary to wait
+upon his wife, he became to her heart dangerously dear; and excessively
+jealous had she been of Gina ever since she had heard the conversation in
+the embroidery-room. Pushing the unfortunate girl on before her, Lucrezia
+silently passed from Gina's bed-chamber to the secret passages, plenty of
+which might be found in the castle. She bore a lantern in her hand, which
+emitted a dim, uncertain light. At length they came to a passage, a little
+beyond the chapel, far removed from the habited apartments; and in the
+middle of this were two male forms, busily occupied at work of some
+description. A lantern, similar to the one Lucrezia carried, was hanging
+high up against the opposite wall; another stood on the ground. Gina
+stopped and shivered, but Lucrezia touched her arm, and she walked on.
+They were nearing the men, who were habited as monks, and their faces
+shielded beneath their cowls, when the signora halted and pressed her hand
+upon her brow, as if in thought. Presently she turned to Gina. A second
+lie was in her mouth; but how was the ill-fated young lady to know it?
+"_He_ sent you a message," she whispered. "It is his last request to you.
+Will you receive it?" The unhappy victim looked up eagerly.
+
+"He requests, then, by his love for you--by the remembrance of the happy
+moments you once spent together, that you neither resist nor scream."
+
+Her heart was too full to speak; but she bowed her head in acquiescence.
+Lucrezia moved to go on. "How is my life to be taken? By the dagger? By
+blows?"
+
+"By neither--by nothing. Not a hair of your head will be touched."
+
+"Ah! I might have guessed. It is by poison."
+
+"It will be taken by _nothing_, I tell you. Why do you not listen to me?"
+
+"You speak in riddles," said Gina, faintly. "But I will bear my fate,
+whatever it may be."
+
+"And in silence? _He_ asks it by your mutual love."
+
+"All, all, for his sake," she answered. "Tell him, as I have loved, so
+will I obey him to the last."
+
+Lucrezia walked on, and Gina followed. She saw and understood the manner
+of her death, but, faithful to the imagined wish of her lover, she uttered
+neither remonstrance nor cry. The clock was upon the stroke of one, when
+smothered groans of fear and anguish told that her punishment had begun;
+but no louder sound broke the midnight silence, or carried the appalling
+deed to the inhabitants of the castle. An hour passed before all was
+completed: they were long in doing their deed of vengeance; and, when it
+was over, Gina Montani had been removed from the world forever.
+
+"Madame, she is gone!" was the salutation of Lucrezia, her teeth
+chattering, and her face the hue of a corpse, when she entered the chamber
+of her mistress.
+
+The Lady Adelaide had not retired to rest. She was pacing her apartment in
+unutterable misery. The social conditions of life, its forms and objects,
+were to her as nothing since her terrible awaking to reality.
+
+Morning had dawned before the return of the Lord of Visinara. He was
+fatigued both in body and mind, and, throwing himself upon a couch, slept
+for some hours. And he probably would have rested longer, had not an
+unusual disturbance and commotion in his household aroused him. They were
+telling a strange tale: one that, for the moment, drove the life-blood
+away from his heart. It was, that the wicked dealings of Gina Montani with
+Satan had been brought to light on the previous day. The holy Father
+Anselmo had taxed her with her guilt, and she had openly confessed all
+without reserve; and that the Evil One had appeared in the night, and had
+run away with her--a just reward.
+
+In those times, a reputed visit of the devil in _propria persona_ would
+have been likely to obtain more credence than it could in these: but it
+would probably be going too far to say that the Lord of Visinara
+participated in the belief of his horror-stricken household. Certain it
+is, he caused minute inquiries to be made, although at the express
+disapprobation of the spiritual directors of the neighboring monastery,
+some of whom were attached to the services of his chapel, and pointed out
+to him the grievous sin it was thus to be solicitous about the fate of an
+avowed heretic. But he could learn nothing. The maid who waited on her
+testified that she assisted Gina to undress on the previous night. In
+proof of which, the garments she had taken off were found in the chamber.
+The remainder of her clothes were in their places undisturbed; the only
+article missing being a nightdress, which the attendant in question said
+she saw her put on; and her bed had not been slept in. Giovanni spoke to
+his wife, but she observed a haughty silence, and it was useless to
+question her. He had the moat dragged, and the neighborhood for miles
+round scoured, but no tidings could be obtained. Yet, strange to say, in
+passing on that first morning through the remote corridors, he fancied he
+heard her voice pronounce his name in a tone of imploring agony. He
+searched in every nook and corner, but found nothing, and soon thought no
+more of it, except to marvel how his imagination could so have deceived
+him.
+
+After a time, peace was restored between the count and the Lady Adelaide;
+but all bliss for her, all mutual confidence, had ceased for ever.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+It was midnight. In the nursery at the castle sat the head nurse, and on
+her lap was the dying heir of Visinara, now eight or ten months old. Until
+nine days previous, he had been a healthy child, but, from that time, a
+wasting fever had attacked him, and now he was ill unto death. The Lady
+Adelaide, her eyes blinded with tears, knelt beside him, gazing on his
+colorless face. The count himself was gently rubbing his little hands to
+try and excite some warmth in them.
+
+"Do you not think he looks a little, a _very_ little better?" demanded the
+lady, anxiously.
+
+The nurse hesitated. She did not think so, but she was unwilling to say
+what she thought.
+
+"His hands--are they any warmer, Giovanni?"
+
+The count shook his head, and the nurse spoke. "There will be hope, madam,
+if this last medicine should take effect."
+
+The Lady Adelaide pressed her lips upon the infant's forehead, and burst
+into tears.
+
+"You will be ill, Adelaide," said her husband. "This incessant watching is
+bad for you. Let me persuade you to take rest."
+
+She motioned in the negative.
+
+"Indeed, madam, but you ought to do so," interrupted Lucrezia, who was
+present: "these many nights you have passed without sleep; and your health
+so delicate!"
+
+"Lie down--lie down, my love," interposed her husband, "if only for a short
+time."
+
+Again she refused; but at length they induced her to comply, her husband
+promising to watch over the child, and to let her know if there should be
+the slightest change in him. He passed his arms round his wife to lead her
+from the chamber, for she was painfully weak; but they had scarcely gone
+ten steps from the door, when a prolonged, shrill scream, as of one in
+unutterable terror, reached their ears. They rushed back again. The nurse
+sat, still supporting the child, but with her eyes dilating and fixed on
+one corner of the room, and her face rigid with horror. It was she who had
+screamed.
+
+"My child! my child!" groaned the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"Nurse, what in the name of the Holy Virgin is the matter?" exclaimed the
+count, perceiving no alteration in the infant. "You look as if you had
+seen a spectre!"
+
+"I have seen one," shuddered the nurse.
+
+"What _have_ you been dreaming of?" he returned, angrily.
+
+"As true as that we are all assembled here, my lord," continued the nurse,
+solemnly, "I saw the spirit of Gina Montani!"
+
+A change came over the Lord of Visinara's countenance, but he spoke not;
+whilst the Lady Adelaide clung to her husband in fear, and Lucrezia darted
+into the midst of the group, and laid hold of the nurse's chair.
+
+"What absurdity!" uttered the count, recovering himself. "How could such
+an idea enter your head?"
+
+"Were it the last word I had to speak, my lord," continued the woman, "and
+to my dying day, I will maintain what I assert. I saw but now the ghost of
+Gina Montani. It was in a night-dress, and stood _there_, far away, where
+the lamp casts its shade."
+
+"Nonsense!" said the count abstractedly. "Pray did you see anything?" he
+continued, banteringly, to Lucrezia, and to another attendant who was in
+the room. They answered that they had not: but Lucrezia was white, and
+shook convulsively. A wild, frantic sob, burst from the Lady Adelaide. The
+child was dead!
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+Many months again slipped by, with little to distinguish them save the
+decreasing strength of the Lady Adelaide. She had been wasting slowly
+since the shock given her heart at discovering her husband's love for Gina
+Montani. She loved him passionately, and she _knew_ her love was
+unrequited; for affections once bestowed, as his had been, can never be
+recalled and given to another. The illness of the mind had its effect upon
+the body; she became worse and worse, and, after the birth of a second
+child, it was evident that she was sinking rapidly. She lay upon the
+stately bed in her magnificent chamber, about which were scattered many
+articles consecrated to her girlhood, or to her happy bridal, and, as
+such, precious. Seated by the bedside was her husband; one hand clasping
+hers, in the other he held a cambric handkerchief, with which he
+occasionally wiped her languid brow. "Bear with me a little longer," my
+husband--but a short time."
+
+"Bear with you, Adelaide!" he repeated; "would to the Blessed Virgin you
+might be spared to me!"
+
+"It is impossible," she sighed, pressing his hand upon her wasted bosom.
+
+"Adelaide"--he hesitated; after awhile--"I would ask you a question--a
+question which, if you can, I entreat that you will answer."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, and he resumed, in a low voice: "What
+became of Gina Montani?"
+
+Even amidst the pallid hue of death, a flush appeared in her cheeks at the
+words. She gasped once or twice with agitation before she could speak.
+"Bring not up that subject now; the only one that came between us to
+disturb our peace--the one to which I am indebted for my death. I am lying
+dying before you, Giovanni, and you can think but of her."
+
+"My love, why will you so misunderstand me?"
+
+"These thoughts excite me dreadfully," she continued. "Let us banish them,
+if you would have peace visit me in dying."
+
+"May your death be far away yet," he sighed.
+
+"Ah! I trust so--a little longer--a few days with you and my dear child!"
+And the count clasped his hands together as he silently echoed her prayer.
+
+"Will you reach me my small casket?" she continued; "I put a few trinkets
+in it, yesterday, to leave as tokens of remembrance. I must show you how I
+wish them bestowed."
+
+He rose from his seat, and looked about the room; but he could not find
+the jewelcase. "The small one, Giovanni," she said; "not my diamond
+casket. I thought it was in the mosaic cabinet. Or, perhaps, they may have
+taken it into my dressing-room."
+
+He went into the adjoining apartment, and had found the missing casket,
+when a shriek of horror from the lips of the Lady Adelaide smote his ear.
+He was in an instant at her bedside, supporting her in his arms; the
+attendants also came running in. "My dearest Adelaide, what is it that
+excites you thus?" But his inquiries were in vain. She lay in his arms,
+sobbing convulsively, and clinging to him as if in terror. Broken words
+came from her at length: "I looked up--when you were away--and saw--there, in
+that darkened recess--_her_. I did--I did, Giovanni!"
+
+"Whom?" he said becoming very pale.
+
+"Her--Gina Montani. She was in white--a long dress it seemed. Oh! Giovanni,
+leave me not again."
+
+"I will never leave you, Adelaide. But this--it must have been a fancy--an
+illusion of the imagination. We had just been speaking of her."
+
+"You remember," she sobbed, "the night our child died--nurse saw the same
+spectre. It may--"
+
+The lady's voice failed her, and her husband started, for a rapid change
+was taking place in her countenance.
+
+"I am dying, Giovanni," she said, clinging to him, and trembling with
+nervous terror. "Oh, support me! A doctor--a priest--Father Anselmo--where
+are they? He gave me absolution, he said. Then why does the remembrance of
+the deed come back again now? They would not have done it without my
+sanction. Giovanni, my husband--protect and love our child--desert him
+never. Giovanni, I say, can they indeed forgive--or does it rest above? If
+so, oh! why did I have her killed? Giovanni, who is it--Father
+Anselmo?--God?--_who_ is to forgive me? It _was_ murder! Giovanni, where are
+you? My sight is going--Giovanni--" Her voice died away, and the count bowed
+his head in his anguish, whilst the attendants pressed forwards to look at
+her countenance. The Lady Adelaide had passed to another world!
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+It was years after the death of Lady Adelaide, that workmen were making
+some alterations in the Castle of Visinara, preparatory to the second
+marriage of its lord, who was about to espouse the lovely Elena di
+Capella. They were taking down the walls of a secret passage, or corridor,
+leading out of the chapel to the neighboring monastery. Standing, looking
+on, was the count, still, to all appearance, youthful, though he was, in
+reality, some years past thirty, but his features were of a cast that do
+not quickly take the signs of age. By his side stood a fair boy of seven
+years old--his heir--open-hearted, engaging, with a smiling countenance, on
+which might be traced his father's features, whilst he had inherited his
+mother's soft blue eyes and her sunny hair.
+
+"What a while you are!" exclaimed the child, looking on, with impatience,
+to see the walls come down. "You should hit harder."
+
+"The walls are very thick, Alberto," observed his father. "All these
+niches, which have been blocked up, and in the olden time contained
+statues, have to come down also."
+
+"They are taking down a niche now, are they not, papa?"
+
+"Not yet. They are removing the wall which has been built before it. It
+appears fresher, too, than the rest; of more recent date."
+
+"It seems extraordinarily fresh, my lord," observed one of the workmen.
+"The materials are old, but it has certainly been rebuilt within a few
+years--within ten, I should say."
+
+"Not it," laughed the count. "These corridors have not been touched during
+my lifetime."
+
+"This portion of them has, my lord, you may rely upon it."
+
+As he spoke, the remainder came down with a tremendous crash, leaving the
+niches exposed, There was no statue there--but the corpse of the
+unfortunate Gina Montani, standing upright in her night-dress, was
+revealed to their sight--nearly as fresh as if she had died but yesterday,
+having been excluded from the air. The features, it is true, were scarcely
+to be recognized, but the hair--the long brown curls falling on her
+neck--was the same as ever. This was her horrible death then--to be walled
+up alive! The count grew sick and faint as he gazed. Before he had time to
+collect his startled thoughts, the child pulled at and clung to his arm.
+"Take me away. What is that dreadful thing? You look white and cold too,
+not as you always do. Oh, what is it? Dear papa, take me from here!"
+
+The workmen were affrighted--perhaps more so, though less shocked, than the
+count. But one of them, partially recovering himself, touched the corpse
+with an implement he had been using, and it came down a heap of dust. The
+Lord of Visinara turned, and with steps that tottered under him, bore his
+child back to the castle.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+You may hear in Italy unto this day, various versions of this tradition.
+One will tell you that the Lord of Visinara offered moneys and treasures,
+to the half of his possessions, to the monks, if they would lay the
+troubled spirit of Gina Montani, but that, although they tried hard, they
+could not do it. According to another version, the friars would not try,
+for that no heretic's soul may be prayed for in the Roman Church. But,
+however the monks may have settled it amongst themselves, all versions of
+the history agree in one particular, that the ghost _was not_ laid; that
+it never would be, and never could be, but still wanders on the earth. And
+you were wise to profess faith in it too, if you go amongst the Italians,
+unless you would be looked on as an unbeliever, not a degree better than
+the poor Protestant maiden Montani.
+
+Several descendants of Giovanni and Adelaide of Visinara, are still
+scattered about Italy, though greatly reduced in station. And the
+accredited belief is, that whenever death is going to remove one of these,
+the spirit of the ill-fated Gina appears and shows itself to them in the
+moments of their last and most terrible agonies.
+
+
+
+
+
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+
+
+                          From Sharpe's Magazine
+
+
+We are in the habit of laughing incredulously at stories of visions and
+supernatural apparitions, yet some are so well authenticated, that if we
+refuse to believe them, we should, in consistency, reject all historical
+evidence. The fact I am about to relate is guaranteed by a declaration
+signed by four credible witnesses; I will only add, that the prediction
+contained in this declaration was well known, and generally spoken of,
+long before the occurrence of the events which have apparently fulfilled
+it.
+
+Charles XI., father of the celebrated Charles XII., was one of the most
+despotic, but, at the same time, wisest monarchs, who ever reigned in
+Sweden. He curtailed the enormous privileges of the nobility, abolished
+the power of the Senate, made laws on his own authority; in a word, he
+changed the constitution of the country, hitherto an oligarchy, and forced
+the States to invest him with absolute power. He was a man of enlightened
+and strong mind, firmly attached to the Lutheran religion; his disposition
+was cold, unfeeling, and phlegmatic, utterly destitute of imagination. He
+had just lost his queen, Ulrica Eleonora, and he appeared to feel her
+death more than could have been expected from a man of his character. He
+became even more gloomy and silent than before, and his incessant
+application to business proved his anxiety to banish painful reflections.
+
+Towards the close of an autumn evening, he was sitting in his
+dressing-gown and slippers, before a large fire, in his private apartment.
+His chamberlain, Count Brahe, and his physician, Baumgarten, were with
+him. The evening wore away, and his majesty did not dismiss them as usual;
+with his head down and his eyes fixed on the fire, he maintained a
+profound silence, weary of his guests, and fearing, half unconsciously, to
+remain alone. The count and his companion tried various subjects of
+conversation, but could interest him in nothing. At length Brahe, who
+supposed that sorrow for the queen was the cause of his depression, said
+with a deep sigh, and pointing to her portrait, which hung in the room,
+
+"What a likeness that is! How truly it gives the expression, at once so
+gentle and so dignified!"
+
+"Nonsense!" said the king, angrily, "the portrait is far too flattering;
+the queen was decidedly plain."
+
+Then, vexed at his unkind words, he rose and walked up and down the room,
+to hide an emotion at which he blushed. After a few minutes he stopped
+before the window looking into the court; the night was black, and the
+moon in her first quarter.
+
+The palace where the kings of Sweden now reside was not completed, and
+Charles XI. who commenced it, inhabited the old palace, situated on the
+Ritzholm, facing Lake Modu. It is a large building in the form of a
+horseshoe: the king's private apartments were in one of the extremities;
+opposite was the great hall where the States assembled to receive
+communications from the crown. The windows of that hall suddenly appeared
+illuminated. The king was startled, but at first supposed that a servant
+with a light was passing through; but then, that hall was never opened
+except on state occasions, and the light was too brilliant to be caused by
+a single lamp. It then occurred to him that it must be a conflagration;
+but there was no smoke, and the glass was not broken; it had rather the
+appearance of an illumination. Brahe's attention being called to it, he
+proposed sending one of the pages to ascertain the cause of the light, but
+the king stopped him, saying, he would go himself to the hall. He left the
+room, followed by the count and doctor, with lighted torches. Baumgarten
+called the man who had charge of the keys, and ordered him, in the king's
+name, to open the doors of the great hall. Great was his surprise at this
+unexpected command. He dressed himself quickly, and came to the king with
+his bunch of keys. He opened the first door of a gallery which served as
+an antechamber to the hall. The king entered, and what was his amazement
+at finding the walls hung with black.
+
+"What is the meaning of this?" asked he.
+
+The man replied, that he did not know what to make of it, adding, "When
+the gallery was last opened, there was certainly no hanging over the oak
+panelling."
+
+The king walked on to the door of the hall.
+
+"Go no further, for heaven's sake," exclaimed the man; "surely there is
+sorcery going on inside. At this hour, since the queen's death, they say
+she walks up and down here. May God protect us!"
+
+"Stop, sire," cried the count and Baumgarten together, "don't you hear
+that noise? Who knows to what dangers you are exposing yourself! At all
+events, allow me to summon the guards."
+
+"I will go in," said the king, firmly; "open the door at once."
+
+The man's hand trembled so that he could not turn the key.
+
+"A fine thing to see an old soldier frightened," said the king, shrugging
+his shoulders; "come, Count, will you open the door?"
+
+"Sire," replied Brahe, "let your majesty command me to march to the mouth
+of a Danish or German cannon, and I will obey unhesitatingly, but I cannot
+defy hell itself."
+
+"Well," said the king, in a tone of contempt, "I can do it myself."
+
+He took the key, opened the massive oak door, and entered the hall,
+pronouncing the words, "With the help of God." His three attendants, whose
+curiosity overcame their fears, or who, perhaps, were ashamed to desert
+their sovereign, followed him. The hall was lighted by an innumerable
+number of torches. A black hanging had replaced the old tapestry. The
+benches round the hall were occupied by a multitude, all dressed in black;
+their faces were so dazzlingly bright that the four spectators of this
+scene were unable to distinguish one amongst them. On an elevated throne,
+from which the king was accustomed to address the assembly, sat a bloody
+corpse, as if wounded in several parts, and covered with the ensigns of
+royalty; on his right stood a child, a crown on his head, and a sceptre in
+his hand; at his left an old man leant on the throne; he was dressed in
+the mantle formerly worn by the administrators of Sweden, before it became
+a kingdom under Gustavus Vasa. Before the throne were seated several
+grave, austere looking personages, in long black robes. Between the throne
+and the benches of the assembly was a block covered with black crape; an
+axe lay beside it. No one in the vast assembly appeared conscious of the
+presence of Charles and his companions. On their entrance they heard
+nothing but a confused murmur, in which they could distinguish no words.
+Then the most venerable of the judges in the black robes, he who seemed to
+be their president, rose, and struck his hand five times on a folio volume
+which lay open before him. Immediately there was a profound silence, and
+some young men, richly dressed, their hands tied behind their backs,
+entered the hall by a door opposite to that which Charles had opened. He
+who walked first, and who appeared the most important of the prisoners,
+stopped in the middle of the hall, before the block, which he looked at
+with supreme contempt. At the same time the corpse on the throne trembled
+convulsively, and a crimson stream flowed from his wounds. The young man
+knelt down, laid his head on the block, the axe glittered in the air for a
+moment, descended on the block, the head railed over the marble pavement,
+and reached the feet of the king, and stained his slipper with blood.
+Until this moment surprise had kept Charles silent, but this horrible
+spectacle roused him, and advancing two or three steps towards the throne,
+he boldly addressed the figure on its left in the well-known formulary,
+"If thou art of God, speak; if of the other, leave us in peace."
+
+The phantom answered slowly and solemnly, "King Charles, this blood will
+not flow in thy time, but five reigns after." Here the voice became less
+distinct, "Woe, woe, woe to the blood of Vasa!" The forms of all the
+assembly now became less clear, and seemed but colored shades: soon they
+entirely disappeared; the lights were extinguished; still they heard a
+melodious noise, which one of the witnesses compared to the murmuring of
+the wind among the trees, another to the sound a harp string gives in
+breaking. All agreed as to the duration of the apparition, which they said
+lasted ten minutes. The hangings, the head, the waves of blood, all had
+disappeared with the phantoms, but Charles's slipper still retained a
+crimson stain, which alone would have served to remind him of the scenes
+of this night, if indeed they had not been too well engraven on his
+memory.
+
+When the king returned to his apartment, he wrote an account of what he
+had seen, and he and his companions signed it. In spite of all the
+precautions taken to keep these circumstances private, they were well
+known, even during the lifetime of Charles, and no one hitherto has
+thought fit to raise doubts as to their authenticity.
+
+
+
+
+
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+
+
+                   From the Dublin University Magazine.
+
+
+It seems strange that so obvious a case as that of Barlaam and the monks
+of Mount Athos has not been brought into the mesmerical collection of
+_pi�ces justificatives_. The first compiler of the authorities on which it
+rests is Ughelli. The story is told in modern language by Mosheim, by
+Fleury, and by Gibbon at the years 1341-51. In taking the version of it by
+the last (Decline and Fall, c. 63,) we shall run least risk of being
+imposed on by over-credulity.
+
+"The Fakirs of India and the monks of the Oriental Church," says the
+complacent philosopher of Lausanne, "were alike persuaded that in total
+abstraction of the mind and body, the purer spirit may ascend to the
+enjoyment and vision of the Deity. The opinions and practices of the
+monasteries of Mount Athos will be best represented in the words of an
+abbot who flourished in the eleventh century. 'When thou art alone in thy
+cell,' says the ascetic teacher, 'shut thy door and seat thyself in a
+corner: raise thy mind above all things vain and transitory; recline thy
+beard and chin on thy breast; turn thine eyes and thy thoughts towards the
+middle of thy belly, the region of the naval; and search the place of the
+heart, the seat of the soul. At first all will be dark and comfortless;
+but if you persevere day and night you will feel an ineffable joy; and no
+sooner has the soul discovered the place of the heart, than it is involved
+in a mystic and etherial light.' This light, the production of a
+distempered fancy, the creature of an empty stomach and an empty brain,
+was adored by the Quietists as the pure and perfect essence of God
+himself; and as long as the folly was confined to Mount Athos, the simple
+solitaries were not inquisitive how the divine essence could be a
+_material_ substance, or how an _immaterial_ substance could be perceived
+by the eyes of the body. But in the reign of the younger Andronicus these
+monasteries were visited by Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, who was equally
+skilled in philosophy and theology. The indiscretion of an ascetic
+revealed to the curious traveller the secrets of mental prayer, and
+Barlaam embraced the opportunity of ridiculing the Quietists who placed
+the soul in the naval; of accusing the monks of Mount Athos of heresy and
+blasphemy. His attack compelled the more learned to renounce or dissemble
+the simple devotion of their brethren; and Gregory Palamas introduced a
+scholastic distinction between the essence and operation of God."
+
+Gregory illustrated his argument by a reference to the celestial light
+manifested in the transfiguration of our Lord on Mount Thabor. On this
+distinction issue was taken by the disputatious Calabrian, and the result
+was the convocation of a synod at Constantinople, whose decree
+"established as an article of faith the uncreated light of Mount Thabor;
+and, after so many insults, the reason of mankind was slightly wounded by
+the addition of a single absurdity."
+
+Of the truth of facts so long and openly discussed, there can be no
+question. The monks of Mount Athos did indeed put themselves into a state
+which may with safety be called one of mental lucidity, by fixing their
+eyes intently on a point. Mr. Robertson, who used to induce the mesmeric
+sleep by causing his votaries to fix their eyes on a wafer, had better
+precedent than he supposed for his practice; and Miss Martineau, who, in
+her artificial trances, saw all objects illuminated has been unconsciously
+repeating a monastic method of worship. The contemptuous indifference of
+Gibbon for once arises from defect of information; and when in a note he
+observes that Mosheim "unfolds the causes with the judgment of a
+philosopher," while Fleury "transcribes and translates with the prejudices
+of a Catholic priest," himself gives a luculent example of the errors of
+philosophy, and of the often unsuspected approach of prejudice to truth.
+Mosheim's observation, notwithstanding the damaging approval of Gibbon, is
+not without its value. "There is no reason," he says, "for any to be
+surprised at this account, or to question its correctness. For among the
+precepts and rules of all those in the East who teach men how to withdraw
+the mind from the body, and to unite it with God, or inculcate what the
+Latins call a contemplative and mystic life, whether they are Christians,
+or Mohammedans, or Pagans, there is this precept, viz., _that the eyes
+must be fixed every day for some hours upon some particular object_, and
+that whoever does this will be rapt into a kind of ecstasy. See what
+Engelbert Kempfer states concerning the monks and mystics of Japan; and
+the account of those of India by Francis Bernier." Strange that Mosheim,
+observing the uniformity both of the process and of its results in so many
+different parts of the world, should not have suspected that there was
+something more in this species of lucidity than the merely casual effects
+of a distempered imagination. By fixing the gaze even of the lower animals
+on an immovable point, they fall into a condition equally unnatural, and
+which, if they had language to express their visions, would probably be
+found equally clairvoyant.
+
+A favorite subject of medi�val art is the life of the Christian ascetic in
+the Desert. In these representations a human skull may generally be seen
+placed before the eyes of the devotee. Such an object would fix the gaze
+and induce the ecstasy as well as any other. The charm of this species of
+contemplation must have been intense, since in search of its exaltations
+and illuminations the very convents were deserted; and during the fourth
+and fifth centuries the deserts of Idumea, of Egypt, and of Pontus,
+swarmed with anchorites, who seemed to live only for the sake of escaping
+from life, and in their fasts and mortifications rivalled, if they did not
+for a time even surpass, the Fakirs of the East. To such an extent was
+this religious enthusiasm carried, that in Egypt the number of the monks
+was thought to equal that of the rest of the male population. Strange
+consideration, if it be the fact, that a few passes of a mesmeric operator
+should produce the same effects which these multitudes procured through
+toils so painful and sacrifices to themselves and to society so costly.
+
+The Egyptian method of inducing clairvoyance in boys, by causing them to
+gaze on a pool of ink in the palm of the hand, has already been identified
+with the practice of Dr. Dee, whose blank spherical mirror is now said to
+be in the possession and use of a distinguished modern mesmeriser.
+Divination by the crystal is a well-known medi�val practice; and from the
+accounts of it which Delrio and others have handed down it appears to have
+resembled, in some remarkable particulars, the method now in use among the
+soothsayers of Cairo. It does not appear to make any difference whether
+the polished object be black or white, a mirror, a solid ball, or a
+transparent globe containing water: the same extraordinary series of
+appearances is alleged to follow an earnest inspection of it. Before
+proceeding to Delrio's singular corroboration of this use of the crystal,
+it will be well to state what is known of divination by the phial and by
+the mirror. Divination by the phial is technically known as
+_gasteromancy_. "In this kind of divination," says Peucer, "the response
+is given by pictures, not by sounds. They procured glass vessels of a
+globular shape, filled with fair water, and set round them lighted tapers;
+and after invoking the demon with a muttered incantation, and proposing
+the question, they brought forward a pure boy-child, or a pregnant woman,
+who, gazing intently on the glass, and searching it with their eyes,
+called for, and demanded, a solution of the question proposed. The devil
+then answered these inquiries by certain images, which, by a kind of
+refraction, shone from the water on the polished and mirror-like surface
+of the phial."
+
+_Catoptromancy_, or divination by the mirror, is as old as the time of the
+Roman Emperors. In one of the passages relating to this method of inducing
+what is called clairvoyance, we have an illustration of the early
+acquaintance of mankind with some of the forms of mesmerism. The passage
+is found in Spartian's life of Ditius Julian, the rich Roman who purchased
+the Empire when it was put up to auction by the Pr�torian guards. "Julian
+was also addicted to the madness of consulting magicians, through whom he
+hoped either to appease the indignation of the people, or to control the
+violence of the soldiery. For they immolated certain victims (human?) not
+agreeable to the course of Roman sacrifice; and they performed certain
+profane incantations; and those things, too, which are done at the mirror,
+in which boys with their eyes blindfolded are said, by means of
+incantations, to see objects with the top of the head, Julian had recourse
+to. And the boy is said to have seen (in the mirror) both the approach of
+Severus and the death of Julian."
+
+The passage may be variously rendered, according to different readings and
+punctuations, either as "boys, who can see with their eyes blindfolded, by
+reason of incantations made over the top of the head;" or, "boys, who,
+having their eyes blindfolded, can see with the top of the head, by reason
+of incantations;" or, "boys, who, having their eyes blindfolded, can see
+with the top of the head, it being operated on by way of incantation."
+This seeing, or seeming to see, with the top of the head, is one alleged
+variety of the modes of modern clairvoyance. It seems difficult to imagine
+that the boy Horner, whose case is related by Mr. Topham, in a letter to
+Dr. Elliotson, dated May 31, 1847, could have heard any thing of these
+pagan practices. Mr. Topham, a barrister and man of credit, states: "After
+five or six weeks' mesmerism, he began spontaneously to exhibit instances
+of clairvoyance. The first occasion was on the 11th of September. It was
+in the dusk of the evening, so that the room where he was mesmerised was
+nearly dark. My previous mode of mesmerising him had been by pointing at
+his eyes, but on this occasion I began by making passes over the top of
+his head, and continued them after he was in the sleep. In the course of
+five or six minutes after the sleep was induced, he suddenly exclaimed
+that he could see into the room above us (the drawing-room). I said, 'Your
+eyes are closed; how can you see?' And he replied, 'I don't see with my
+eyes; I see from the top of my head. All the top of my head seems open.'
+He then described, &c. I found every thing as he had described, &c." Mr.
+Topham, it need scarcely be added, does not appear to have been at all
+aware of the passage in Spartian, which, indeed, has not been cited or
+referred to in any published work for nearly two hundred years back.
+
+A like use of the suspended ring, indicating the early acquaintance of
+practitioners in these arts with one of the alleged evidences of the
+so-called _odylic_ force, is thus described by Peucer among various modes
+of hydromancy: "A bowl was filled with water, and a ring suspended from
+the finger was librated in the water; and so, according as the question
+was propounded, a declaration or confirmation of its truth, or otherwise,
+was obtained. If what was proposed was true, the ring, of its own accord,
+without any impulse, struck the sides of the goblet a certain number of
+times. They say that Numa Pompilius used to practise this method, and that
+he evoked the gods, and consulted them in water, in this way."
+
+_Crystallomancy_ is the art of divining by figures, which appear on the
+surface of a crystal ball, in like manner as on the phial filled with
+water. Concerning this practice, Delrio has the following remarkable
+passage, citing his contemporary, Spengler: "A man well versed in the
+Greek and Latin fathers, and happy, if he had not presumed, with unclean
+hands, to dabble in the mysteries of our faith (Spenger), has published in
+Germany a learned commentary on the nature of demons, which he has
+prefixed to Plutarch's Essay, _De Defectu Oraculorum_. From this (says
+Delrio) I extract, in his own words, the following narrative. There are
+some (he says) who, being consulted on matters unknown, distinctly see
+every thing that is inquired after in _crystals_; and a little further on
+proceeds to state, that he once had an acquaintance, a man of one of the
+best families of Nuremberg, and that this acquaintance of his came to him
+on one occasion, bringing with him a crystal gem, of a round form, wrapped
+up in a piece of silk, which he told him he had received from a stranger,
+who encountering him several years before in the market-place, had asked
+his hospitality, and whom he had brought home with him and lodged for the
+space of three days; and that when the stranger was departing, he had left
+him the crystal as a present, in token of his obligation, and had taught
+him the use of it; thus, that if there was any thing he particularly
+wished to be informed of, he should take out this crystal and desire a
+pure male child to look into it and say what he should see there; and that
+it would come to pass that whatever he desired to be informed of, would be
+indicated by appearances seen by the boy. And he affirmed that he never
+was deceived in any instance, and that he learned matters of a wonderful
+kind from the representations of those boys, although no one else, by the
+closest inspection, could see any thing except the clear and shining gem.
+At a certain time, however, when his wife was pregnant of a male child,
+appearances were visible to her also in the crystal. First of all, there
+used to appear the form of a man clad in the ordinary habit of the times,
+and then would open the representation of whatever was inquired after; and
+when all was explained, the same figure of the man would depart and
+disappear; but in his departure would often appear to perambulate the town
+and enter the churches. But the report of these appearances having spread
+in all directions, they began to be threatened by the populace. It also
+appeared, that certain men of learning had read in the crystal some
+statements respecting doubts entertained by them in their studies; and
+moved by these and other reasons, Spengler stated that the owner of the
+crystal came to him, representing that he thought the time was come when
+he ought to cease making such a use of it; for that he was now persuaded
+he had sinned in no light degree in doing so, and had for a long time
+suffered grievous pangs of a disturbed conscience on that account, and had
+come to the determination of having nothing further to do with experiments
+of that kind, and had accordingly brought the crystal to him to do with it
+whatever he pleased. Then Spengler, highly approving his resolution,
+states that he took the crystal, and having pounded it into minute
+fragments, threw them, together with the silk wrapper, into a draw-well."
+So far Delrio.
+
+Another variety of this process is found in the _Onuchomanteia_, or
+nail-divinition, also spoken of by Delrio. "In this species," says he,
+"male children, before they have lost their purity, smear their nails with
+oil and lamp-black, and then, holding up the nail against the sun,
+repeating some charm, see in it what they desire. This mischief," he goes
+on to say, "has gone even farther in our own time. I myself knew one
+Quevedo, a veteran Spanish soldier, but more distinguished in war and arms
+than in piety, who, being in Brussels at the time when the Duke of Medina
+C�li set sail from Gallicia for Belgium, clearly showed in more than one
+of his nails the fleet leaving the port of Corunna, and soon after
+dreadfully tossed by a tempest. Thus this man, who could also cure the
+wounds of others by his words alone, rendered his own spiritual state
+incurable by any one."
+
+The like use of the crystal ball and spherical phial, containing water,
+suggests a version of the epigrams of Claudian--"De crystallo in quo aqua
+inclusa"--which has not been afforded by any of the commentators. Globules
+of water are sometimes found inclosed in crystals, as well as in amber. On
+one of those singular gems Claudian has composed a series of epigrams,
+which ascribe properties to the stone, and make allusion to uses of it
+hardly reconcileable with the idea of its being a merely puerile
+curiosity. The earlier epigrams of the series are neat and playful, but
+insignificant:--
+
+  "The icy gem its aqueous birth attests,
+  Part turned to stone, while part in fluid rests;
+  Winter's numbed hand achieved the cunning feat,
+  The perfecter for being incomplete.
+
+  "Nymphs who your sister nymphs in glassy thrall
+  Hold here imprisoned in the crystal ball;
+  Waters that were and are, declare the cause
+  That your bright forms at once congeals and thaws.
+
+  "Scorn not the crystal ball, a worth it owns,
+  Greater than graven Erythrean stones;
+  Rude though it seems, a formless mass of ice,
+  'Tis justly counted 'mongst our gems of price."
+
+And so on through several others, until he comes to that one which seems
+to indicate something beyond a merely figurative use of the word "nymphs;"
+though, after all, it is possible that the word was originally written
+with an _l_, instead of _n_, which would make all the difference between
+"nymphs" and "waters":--
+
+  "While the soft boy the slippery crystal turns,
+  To touch the waters in their icy urns,
+  Safe in its depths translucent he beholds
+  The nymphs, unconscious of the winter colds:
+  And the dry ball exploring with his lip,
+  Seems, while he fails, the illusive lymph to sip."
+
+The Latin is subjoined:--
+
+  "Dum crystalla puer contingere lubrica gaudet
+    Et gelidum tenero pollice versat onus,
+  Videt perspicuo deprensas in marmore nymphas,
+    Dura quibus solis parcere novit hyems:
+  Et siccum religens labiis sitientibus orbem,
+    Irrita qu�sitis oscula figit aquis."
+
+Not the least remarkable of the qualities here ascribed to the crystal
+ball is its energy in imparting the sensation of cold. Dom Chifflet, who,
+in 1665, published his learned treatise at Antwerp on the objects then
+recently discovered in the supposed tomb of King Childeric, at Tournay,
+says of the crystal ball which was found amongst them, "You would say it
+was petrified ice; so cold it was, that my palm and fingers, after
+handling it, were quite torpid." And cites Anslem Boetius, in his book on
+stones and gems, as saying, "the crystal is of so cold and dry a nature,
+that placed beneath the tongue of a feverish person, it allays the thirst;
+and held in the hands even of those violently fevered, it refreshes and
+cools them, especially if it be of considerable size, and of a spherical
+figure;" and another writer on the same subject, Andreas Cisalpinus, who
+states of the marble called ophite, that "they make of it little globes,
+for the handling of such as are in burning fever, the coldness of the
+stone expelling the disease." So far Dom Chifflet. It seems almost as if
+we were reading Reichenbach. "He (Reichenbach) found that crystals are
+capable of producing all the phenomena resulting from the action of a
+magnet on cataleptic patients. Thus, for instance, a large piece of rock
+crystal, placed in the hand of a nervous patient, affects the fingers so
+as to make them grasp the crystal involuntarily, and shut the fist.
+Reichenbach found that more than half of all the persons he tried were
+sensible of its action." Chifflet probably was a man of a nervous
+temperament. Those who desire to see the crystal ball in question, may
+inspect it, where it is still preserved, with other objects found in the
+tomb, at the Gallerie de Medailles, in Paris. Two similar balls may be
+seen here in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.
+
+The use of water in communicating an ecstacy similar to the mesmeric
+lucidity, is largely dwelt on by the mystical writers known as the
+Neo-Platonists. Psellus describes a mode of divinition among the Assyrians
+by a basin, which smacks strongly of the mesmeric practice. "The water,
+which is poured into the basin, seems, as to its substance, to differ in
+nothing from other water; but it possesses a certain virtue, infused into
+it by incantations, whereby it is rendered more apt for the reception of
+the demon." The effect of the waters of some sacred places on those
+accustomed to their influence, was also such as is claimed for the
+mesmerized waters of our present practitioners. Jamblichus gives this
+account of the Colophonian oracle:--"There was a subterranean place at
+Colophon, near Ephesus, in which was a fountain. The priest on stated
+nights sacrificed, then drank the water, and afterwards prophesied, being
+rendered invisible to the spectators. It might seem," he says, "to some
+that the Divine Spirit passed into the priest through the water. But this
+is not so; for the divine influence is not transmitted thus according to
+the laws of distance and division, through these things which participate
+in it, but comprehends them from without, and inwardly illuminates and
+fills them with lucidity, and fills the water also with a certain virtue
+conducive to the prophetic faculty, that is, a clarifying virtue; so that
+when the priest drinks, it purifies the luminous spirit which is implanted
+in him, and accommodates it to God, and by that purifying and
+accommodating process, enables him to apprehend the deity. But there is
+another kind of presence of the god, besides the virtue infused into the
+wafer, which illumines all around, above, and within us, and which no man
+wants, if he can only attain to the necessary state of congruity. And so
+of a sudden it falls on the prophet, and makes use of him as an
+instrument; and he in the meantime has no command of himself, and knows
+not what he says, nor where he is, and with difficulty comes to himself
+again, after the response given. Moreover, before drinking the water, he
+abstains for a day and night from food, and partakes of certain mysteries
+inaccessible to the vulgar; from which it is to be collected that there
+are two methods by which man may be prepared for the reception of the
+divine influence: one by the drinking of purgatorial water, endowed by the
+Deity with a clarifying virtue; the other, by sobriety, solitude, the
+separation of the mind from the body, and the intent contemplation of the
+Deity."
+
+One might here suppose he read of the rites of St. Patrick's Purgatory.
+The water of the lake there is usually called wine, and it may be that on
+minds and bodies "which have attained to the needful congruity," it has
+operated as wonderful effects as the Colophonian fount itself. The
+proceedings of the priestess at Brancid�, who also, from amongst other
+sources, derived the afflatus, or _Waren_, from a fountain, are to the
+same purpose. "The prophetic priestess at Brancid� either sits on an axis
+[exposing herself to the influence, as the Pythoness on her Tripod], or
+holds a wand in her hand, given by some god, or dips the hem of her
+garment, in water, or inhales a certain vapor of water, and by these
+methods is filled with the divine illumination, receives the god, and
+prophesies. But, that the prophetic faculty comes from no corporeal or
+animal source, and from no local or material instrumentality, but solely
+and extrinsically from the presence of the incoming deity, appears from
+this, that the priestess, before she gives her oracle, performs many
+ceremonious rites, observes strict purity, bathes, abstains for three days
+from food, dwells apart, and so, by little and little, begins to be
+illuminated and enraptured." What the exact meaning of sitting on an axis
+may be, it is difficult to divine; but those who allege that a patient may
+be thrown into the mesmeric trance by holding a magnetized branch--and
+those also who have read of all the phenomena of exorcism being as fully
+elicited by a satchel of feathers as by a bag of reliques--will readily
+apply the wand "presented by some deity," and placed in the hand of the
+priestess at the moment when she should receive the final cataleptic
+impulse. If there be truth in the alleged modern cases of _clairvoyance_,
+we need not be surprised at the singular coincidences which have sustained
+the credit of Colophon and Delphi.
+
+Not to dwell on other methods of inducing the afflatus, such as by
+characters and amulets, by music, by dancing, and by movements of the
+body, I shall now proceed with the effects alleged to have been produced
+on the _afflati_. Jamlichus must still be our principal authority.
+Lucidity and prevision have already been sufficiently indicated, and have
+doubtless been readily recognized: the other symptoms will be found not
+less remarkable and equally familiar:--"Man has a double life--one annexed
+to the body, the other separate from every thing bodily.... In sleep we
+have the capacity of being wholly loosed from the chains that confine our
+spirit, and can make use of the life which is not dependent on generation.
+When the soul is thus separate from the body in sleep, then that (latter)
+kind of life which usually remains separable and separate by itself,
+immediately awakes within us, and acts according to its proper nature,...
+and in that state has a presaging knowledge of the future." Then, omitting
+a distinction between sleeping and waking inspiration, and coming to the
+latter, in which, also, the _offlati_ have a presaging power, he
+proceeds:--"Yet those (latter) are so far awake that they can use their
+senses, yet are not capable of reasoning,... for they neither (properly
+speaking) sleep when they seem to do so, nor awake when they seem awake;
+for they do not of themselves foresee, nor are they moved by any human
+instrumentality; neither know they their own condition; nor do they exert
+any prerogative or motion of their own; but all this is done under the
+power and by the energy of the deity. For that they who are so affected do
+not live an ordinary animal life is plain, because many of them, on
+contact with fire, are not burnt, the divine inward afflatus repelling the
+heat; or, if they be burnt, they do not feel it; neither do they feel
+prickings, or scratchings, or other tortures. Further, that their actions
+are not (merely) human, is apparent from this, that they make their way
+through pathless tracks, and pass harmless through the fire, and pass over
+rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself also does in the
+Cataballa. By this it is plain that the life they live is not human, nor
+animal, nor dependent on the use of senses, but divine, as if the soul
+were taking its rest, and the deity were there instead of the soul.
+Various sorts there are of those so divinely inspired, as well by reason
+of the varying divinity of the inspiring gods as of the modes of
+inspiration. These modes are of this sort--either the deity occupies us, or
+we join ourselves to the deity, &c.... According to these diversities,
+there are different signs, effects, and works of the inspired; thus, some
+will be moved in their whole bodies, others in particular members; others,
+again, will be motionless. Also they will perform dances and chants, some
+well, some ill. The bodies, again, of some will seem to dilate in height,
+of others in compass; and others, again, will seem to walk in air."
+
+Taking these various manifestations in order, and beginning with the
+alleged power of resisting the action of fire, the reader will not need to
+be reminded of many seemingly well-authenticated cases of escape from the
+fire-ordeal. It has been usual to ascribe the preservation of those who
+have walked bare-footed over heated ploughshares to the use of astringent
+lotions: and where opportunity existed for preparation of that kind, their
+escape may perhaps be so explained. But in most instances the accused was
+in the custody of the accusers, and not likely to have access to such
+phylacteries. The exemption from the effects of fire was not confined to
+those cases of exaltation attendant on the enthusiasm of conscious virtue.
+Bosroger (La Pi�te Afflig�e, Rouen, 1752) states of one of the possessed
+sisters of St. Elizabeth at Louviers, in 1642: "One morning Sister
+Saint-Esprit was rapt as in an ecstasy. The bishop commanded the devil to
+leave her. Immediately she experienced dreadful contortions, and an access
+of rage, and, on a sudden, says the exorcist, her demon left her like a
+flash of lightning, and threw the young woman into the fire, which was a
+considerable one, casting her with her face and one hand direct between
+the two andirons; and when they ran to drag her away, they found that
+neither her face nor her hand were in anywise burnt."
+
+It would be idle to multiply instances of this sort from the monkish
+writers. The preservation of the three youths in the Chald�an furnace was
+one of the miracles most adapted to the servile yet audacious imitations
+of the Thaumaturgists. It is only when their statements correspond in
+unsuspected particulars with the phenomena of experience--as, for example,
+in the case of Barlaam and the monks of Mount Athos--that they can be
+adduced without offending the judgment of rational inquirers. But the
+action of burning is an operation of mechanical and chemical forces; and
+how any amount of spiritual or electrical effusion could prevent the
+expansion of the fluids in the tissues and the disruption of the skin,
+seems hard to imagine. Something more must, one should think, have been
+needed; and if the mesmeric and Pagan oracular ecstasies be identical,
+this testimony of Jamblichus would lead us to suppose that that something
+was supplied by the mind. However this may be, we shall be better able to
+judge after the investigation of some other of the alleged concomitants of
+Pagan inspiration.
+
+The insensibility to prickings and pinchings is perhaps the commonest test
+of the cataleptic condition; and, as will doubtless suggest itself to
+every reader, was, until modern times, a popular test of witchcraft. That
+the unhappy wretches who were put to death in such numbers during the
+middle ages for this offence were actually in an unnatural and detestable
+state of mind and body, cannot be doubted. They really were insensible to
+punctures; for if they had winced when pricked with pins and needles by
+their triers, it would have been deemed a proof of their innocence. A
+person feigning the mesmeric sleep, and whose interest it is to feign, may
+endure such prickings with seeming insensibility; but it was not the
+interest of the ancient witch to affect an insensibility, which would be
+taken as one of the surest proofs of guilt. A perverse desire to be
+believed guilty is the only motive that can be suggested as likely to lead
+to such conduct; and those who have studied human nature most profoundly
+will be disposed to give great credit to that suggestion. The same nature
+which in the fourth century ran into the epidemic frenzy of anchoritism,
+and impelled the Circumcellionist multitudes to extort the boon of
+martyrdom from reluctant tribunals, may be admitted capable even of the
+madness of a voluntary aspiration to the stake and pyre of the witch.
+Certain it is that many of the convicts boasted of their interviews with
+the Devil, and seemed to be, if they were not, possessed with the
+conviction of having actually partaken of the orgies imputed to them. Had
+they really been there in imagination? Was it that the popular mind had
+realized to itself an epidemic idea, and that the effect of the contagion
+was to put its victims _en rapport_ with the distempered picture present
+to the minds of the multitude? In a moral epidemic the crowd, possessed
+with one idea, are the operators: it is the _Panic_ possession of the
+ancients, which was not confined to general terrors, but applied to
+general delusions of every kind. The multitude itself radiates its own
+madness; witness the Crusaders, the Flagellants, the Dancing Fanatics of
+the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; perhaps even we might add the
+Mathewites of our own day.
+
+The next symptom of possession was the power of passing through trackless
+places, the disposition to run to wilds and mountains, like that rage of
+the votary of Bacchus:
+
+  "Quo me Bacche, rapis tui
+  Plenum? Qu� in nemora aut quos agor in specus
+  Velox mente nova?"
+
+The Bacchic ecstasy was not merely drunkenness, but an epidemic madness
+induced by long-continued dancing and gesticulating to the sound of
+cymbals and other noisy instruments, in all respects identical with the
+methods of inducing the Hindoo _Waren_. The dancing mania also of the
+fifteenth century, described by Hecker in his _Epidemics of the Middle
+Ages_, was induced in the same manner, and its effects were the
+same,--possession, illumination, and insensibility to external influences.
+That the Bacchic and Corybantic frenzies were, in all respects, identical
+with the middle age dancing manias, and with the possession of those who
+still exhibit the influences of _Waren_ in Hindoostan, can hardly be
+doubted. "As for the Bacchanalian motions and friskings of the
+_Corybantes_," says Plutarch in his Essay on Love, "there is a way to
+allay these extravagant transports, by changing the measure from the
+_Trochaic_ to the _Spondaic_, and the tone from the _Phrygian_ to the
+_Doric_:" just as with the dancers of St. Vitus, and those bit by the
+Tarantula. Hecker states, "The swarms of St. John's dancers were
+accompanied by minstrels playing those noisy instruments which roused
+their morbid feelings; moreover, by means of intoxicating music, a kind of
+demoniacal festival for the rude multitude was established, which had the
+effect of spreading this unhappy malady wider and wider. Soft harmony was,
+however, employed to calm the excitement of those affected, and it is
+mentioned as a character of the tunes played with this view to the St.
+Vitus's dancers, that they contained transitions from a quick to a slow
+measure, and passed gradually from a high to a low key." After the
+termination of the frenzy the conduct of the dancers, as well indeed as of
+all the victims of this species of possession, whether _Taratati_,
+convulsionnaires, or revivalists, tallied precisely with that of the
+Bacchic women. Plutarch, in his thirteenth example of the Virtues of
+Woman, has this graphic picture of the condition of a band of Bacchante
+after one of their orgies. "When the tyrants of Phocea had taken Delphos,
+and the Thebans undertook that war against them which was called the Holy
+War, certain women devoted to Bacchus (which they called _Thyades_) fell
+frantic, and went a gadding by night, and, mistaking their way, came to
+Amphissa, and being very much tired, and not as yet in their right wits,
+they flung themselves down in the market-place and fell asleep, as they
+lay scattered up and down here and there. But the wives of the
+Amphisseans, fearing because the city was engaged to aid in the Phocean
+war, and abundance of the tyrants' soldiers were present in the city, the
+_Thyades_ should have any indignity put upon them, ran forth all of them
+into the market-place, and stood silently round about them; neither would
+offer them any disturbance while they slept, but when they were awake they
+attended their service particularly, and brought them refreshments; and,
+in fine, by persuasion, obtained leave of their husbands that they might
+accompany them in safety to their own borders."
+
+In the same way, throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, might
+groups of both sexes be seen lying, exhausted from their agitations, in
+the streets of Aix-la-chapelle, Cologne, Strasburg, Naples, and elsewhere;
+and even in our own century sights not dissimilar have been witnessed at
+revival assemblages in Wales and Scotland, and at camp-meetings in North
+America. The rending of Pentheus on Mount Citheron by his own mother and
+sisters, who, while under the influence of the Bacchic _afflatus_,
+imagined they saw in his form the appearance of a wild beast, might be
+adduced as an example at once of the furious character of the frenzy, and
+of the liability of the afflated to optical illusions. Has what we read of
+fairy-gifts and glamour any foundation in this alleged power of the
+biologist to make his patient imagine different forms for the same object?
+But we are still among the mountain tops, and must descend to the
+remaining symptoms enumerated by Jamblichus.
+
+"They pass over rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself
+also does in the Cataballa." We here again encounter the _indicia_, of
+that possession which went by the name of witchcraft in the middle ages. A
+witch, really possessed, could not sink in the water, any more than she
+could feel the insertion of a needle. The vulgar belief is, that the
+suspected witch was cast into a pond, where, if she floated, she was
+burned, and if she sank she was drowned. The latter alternative was not
+so; if she betrayed no preternatural buoyancy, the trial was so far in her
+favor, and she was taken up.
+
+Nor was water the only test, in some parts of Germany the triers, less
+philosophically, employed scales; and had fixed weights (from 14 to 15
+lbs.), which, if the accused did not counterpoise, they concluded them to
+be possessed. But it will be asked, how can there be degrees of philosophy
+in practices equally insane, and which have been condemned by the common
+consent of enlightened nations for near three hundred years? Insanity
+there certainly was, and on a prodigious scale, in these ages; but the
+judges and executioners were not so insane as the multitudes who either
+believed themselves possessed by others, or believed that they themselves
+exercised the power of possessing. To us, living in an age of comparative
+rest from spiritual excitement, it seems almost incredible that thousands
+of persons, in all ranks and conditions of life, should simultaneously
+become possessed with the belief that they were in direct communication
+with the devil: should cease to attend to their duties and callings,
+passing their time in hysterical trances and cataleptic fits, during which
+they seemed to themselves to be borne through the air to witch orgies and
+assemblies for devil-worship, in deserts and mountains; and that while one
+portion of society gave themselves up to these hallucinations, another
+class should, with an equal abandonment of every duty of life, have
+betaken themselves to mope and pine, going into convulsions, and wasting
+to skeletons, under the idea of having been bewitched; yet nothing is more
+certain than that it was such a frenzy as this the heads of the Church and
+the temporal Government had to contend against in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. There were no mad-houses; if there had been, even to
+the extent we now possess them, they would not have sufficed to hold a
+tenth part of the numbers whose contact and example would have been fatal
+to the peace, perhaps even to the existence, of society. If such frenzies
+were, unhappily, to burst out among mankind at present, civilized nations
+might transport their _energumeni_ to distant possessions; but the
+middle-age magistrates had no facilities of that kind: they should deal
+with the terrible plague by the only means at their disposal; and these
+were, either to let the madness wear itself out, or to repress it by the
+rope and faggot. If they had adopted the former course, the epidemic would
+probably have passed through the usual stages of popular distempers; would
+have had its access, its crisis, and decline; and when the scourge had
+passed, the public would have awakened to a full sense of the madness of
+which they had been the victims; but in that process there was the danger
+of society going to pieces--of the visionary frenzy of the possessed being
+taken up by fanatics as the foundation of a new and abominable religion,
+and of the hostility of the ignorant and uneducated class, among whom
+chiefly the possession prevailed, being directed against the restraints of
+government and the principle of property. Having adopted the other course,
+they pushed it to cruel and inexcusable lengths; punished many innocent
+persons, and suffered many of the really possessed to go free. For they
+whose madness was most to be apprehended, as most contagious, were not the
+wretches who fancied they possessed the power of bewitching others; but
+the _convulsionnaires_, who deemed themselves bewitched, and were their
+accusers. Certainly if the same epidemic should ever again break out among
+a European population, or even among a British population, the arm of the
+magistrate would be again required to suppress it, and we would be better
+able to judge of the conduct of those whom it has been the fashion of
+modern historians to represent as altogether ignorant and brutal
+executioners. So long as possession is only the result of manual passes,
+or of fixing the gaze on indifferent objects; so long as the effects are
+regarded as physical or psychological phenomena, due to a physical cause,
+and the pretensions of the practitioner are not rested on any peculiar
+religious sanction, there is no danger of mesmerism degenerating into a
+dangerous epidemic; but we might have seen a very different state of
+affairs if the magnetizers and biologists had referred their powers to any
+species of supernatural agency; and possibly would have found ourselves
+long since under the necessity of reviving those penal proceedings which
+we have so generally been taught to abhor, as among the most revolting
+remnants of medi�val superstition.(5) Even as it is, these powers of the
+biologist, if in truth they exist, are capable of fearful abuse. Let us
+take, for example, one of the oldest methods of exercising influence, for
+good or evil, on an absent person:--
+
+  "As fire this figure hardens, made of clay,
+  And this of wax with fire consumes away;
+  Such let the soul of cruel Daphnis be,
+  Hard to the rest of women, soft to me."
+
+If the waxen or clay image be but a concentrator of the good or evil will
+of the operator towards the distant object, and the witchcraft of the
+love-sick magician in Virgil, or of the evil-disposed wizard of the middle
+ages, be in truth no more than an exertion of biological power, it behoves
+society to take care how individuals should be suffered to acquire
+mesmerical relations with others, over whom they may exercise malignant as
+well as healing influences. If the pretensions of the biologists be
+established, biology must soon be put under medical supervision. But to
+return to the phenomena of possession.
+
+The propriety of trying alleged witches by water, has been impugned and
+defended with abundance of scholastic learning; and, singular to say, its
+opponents have been chiefly found among the Roman Catholic writers, and
+its advocates among the Reformers. Delrio, by far the most learned of all
+the writers on demonology, vigorously assails Rickius, the only notable
+Roman Catholic advocate of the practice. The arguments on both sides being
+based entirely on scholastic definitions and distinctions respecting the
+nature of demons, and the baptismal and other spiritual virtues of water,
+are of little relevance in the present method of discussing physical
+phenomena. Both parties assume that the persons of witches exhibit a
+preternatural levity--Delrio admitting that something less than fourteen or
+fifteen pounds was the actual weight which popular belief throughout
+Germany ascribed to persons in that possessed state, no matter how large
+or fat they might seem to the eye; and Rickius gives an example of a
+woman, executed by drowning in 1594, whom the executioner could hardly
+keep under with repeated thrusts of his pole, so high did she bound
+upwards from the surface, and "so boil up," as it were, out of the depths
+of the water. The levity of possessed persons in water might be accounted
+for by a phenomenon attendant on those preternatural conditions of the
+body which follow excitements of an analogous kind. The victims of the
+flogging and dancing manias in the middle ages, and subjects of the
+fanatical fervors of camp-meetings and revivals, alike experienced a windy
+intestinal distension, consequent on the departure of their mental frenzy.
+To control this disagreeable symptom, the candidates for both species of
+afflatus used to come to their meetings provided with napkins and rollers
+with which to bind their middles, and prevent the supervening inflation.
+Persons so puffed up would certainly float with all the buoyancy ascribed
+to the German witches, if cast into water; but they would still preserve
+their proper corporeal gravity if placed in a scale. Unless, then, we
+suppose Delrio to have been the dupe of some singular and unaccountable
+delusion on this point, the typanitic affections of the _convulsionnaires_
+will not account for the anti-gravitating phenomena ascribed to medieval
+witchcraft. There are some reasons, however, for the belief that these
+appearances may not have been wholly imaginary; for if any reliance can be
+placed on the concurrent traditions of all religions, Pagan as well as
+Christian, supported by wide-spread popular belief, the high mental
+exaltation induced by religious abstraction, and also by other vehement
+affections of the mind, is actually attended with a diminished specific
+gravity. Of alleged ecclesiastical miracles of this kind it is better to
+say nothing. The Roman Catholic and the Hindoo devotees equally claim for
+their adepts in religious contemplation an exemption from (among other
+earthly liabilities) the hindrance of weight. In the rapture of prayer,
+the ascetic and the saint alike rise in the air, and spurn the law of
+gravitation with the other incidents of matter. Suspected evidences of
+this kind are, however, of no weight in philosophical inquiry. It will be
+safer to leave the Etstaticas and the Fakirs to their respective
+believers, and to take a story of the people, into which religious
+considerations do not so directly enter. The native Irish, then, have a
+remarkable tradition, as old, at least, as the seventh or eighth century,
+that phrenetic madmen lose the corporeal quality of weight. A picturesque
+and romantic example of this belief is found in the story of the fate of
+Suibhne, son of Colman, King of Dalnaraidhe, as related in the bardic
+accounts of the battle of Moyra. Suibhne, a valiant warrior, has offered
+an insult to Saint Ere, Bishop of Slane; the affront is avenged by a
+curse, the usual retaliation of aggrieved ecclesiastics in those days. The
+curse falls on Sweeny in the most grievous form of visitation that could
+afflict a warrior:--a fit of cowardice seizes him in the very onset of the
+battle, and drives him frantic with terror. "Giddiness came over him at
+the sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity of the Gaels; at the
+fierce looks, brilliance, and ardor of the foreigners; at the rebounding
+furious shouts of the embattled tribes on both sides, rushing against and
+coming into collision with one another. Huge, flickering, horrible, a�rial
+phantoms, rose up (around him), so that from the uproar of the battle, the
+frantic pranks of the demons, the clashing of arms, and the sound of the
+heavy blows reverberating on the points of heroic spears, and keen edges
+of swords, and warlike borders of broad shields, the hero Suibhne was
+filled and intoxicated with horror, panic, and imbecility; his feet
+trembled as if incessantly shaken by the force of a stream; the inlets of
+his hearing were expanded and quickened by the horrors of lunacy; his
+speech became faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his very soul
+fluttered with hallucinations, and with many and various phantasms. He
+might be compared to a salmon in a weir, or to a bird after being caught
+in the strait prison of a crib," &c. "When he was seized with this frantic
+fit, he made a supple, very light leap, and where he alighted he was on
+the boss of the shield of the warrior next him; and he made a second leap,
+and perched on the crest of the helmet of the same hero, who,
+nevertheless, did not feel him. Then he made a third active, very light
+leap, and perched on the top of the sacred tree which grew on the smooth
+surface of the plain in which the inferior people and the debilitated of
+the men of Erin were seated, looking on at the battle. These shouted at
+him when they saw him, to press him back into the battle again; and he in
+consequence made three furious leaps to shun the battle, but through the
+giddiness and imbecility of his hallucination, he went back into the same
+field of conflict; but it was not on the earth he walked, but alighted on
+the shoulders of men and the tops of their helmets," &c.
+
+In this state, Suibhne flits off the field of battle like a bird, or a
+waif of the forest, without weight, and betakes himself to the wilds,
+where he "herds with the deer, runs races with the showers, and flees with
+the birds," as a wild denizen of the wilderness; but with his ecstacy of
+terror, he receives the gift of prophecy. Dr. O'Donovan, in a note on this
+curious passage, observes, "it was the ancient belief in Ireland, and
+still is in the wilder mountainous districts, that lunatics are as light
+as feathers, and can climb steeps and precipices like the
+somnambulists."--See _Buile Suibhne_, a bardic romance on the madness of
+this unfortunate warrior. This latter romance is occupied with Suibhne's
+adventures as a mad prophet, _Omadh_, in Irish. Query did the Bacchus
+_Omadios_ of the Greeks derive his name from a similar source? It would be
+a singular coincidence that would make a Greek god an _omadran_. Keats,
+with a fine intuition, has depicted those _mores afflatorum_, in the
+satyrs who do the benevolent biddings of Pan:
+
+  "Thou, to whom every faun and satyr flies,
+  For willing service; whether, to surprise
+  The squatted hare, while, in half-sleeping fit,
+  Or upward ragged precipices flit
+  To save poor lambkins from the eagle's maw;
+  Or by mysterious enticement draw
+  Bewildered shepherds to their paths again."
+
+Compare with this picture of the Irish lunatic among the boughs of the
+tree on the field of Moira, the following extracts from Bosroger's account
+of the possession of the nuns of Louviers, in A.D. 1642. One of the
+sisters, surnamed De Jesus, conceived herself to be possessed by a demon
+whom she called _Arracon_. "On the occasion of a procession of the host by
+Monseigneur the Bishop of Evreux, _Arracon_ exhibited another example of
+his quality, causing sister De Jesus to pour forth a torrent of
+blasphemies and furious expressions all the time of the procession. When
+she was brought into the choir, and held fast by an exorcist, for fear of
+her offering some insult, the holy sacrament was borne past her. Arracon
+immediately caused her to be shot forward through the air to a
+considerable distance, so as to strike the gilt sun in which the adorable
+eucharist was placed, out of the hands of the lord bishop; and the
+exorcist making an effort to detain her, the demon lifted her up in the
+air over an accoudoir, or leaning place, of three feet in height,
+intending to lift her, as he declared, into the vault, but the exorcist
+holding fast, all he could do was to cast the nun and exorcist back to the
+floor together," &c. _Putiphar_, the possessor of Sister Saint Sacrement,
+"made her with wonderful impetuosity run up a mulberry tree, of which the
+stem was easy enough of ascent; but when she got up the stem, he forced
+her onward till she approached the extremities of the slenderest branches,
+and caused her to make almost the entire circuit of the mulberry tree, in
+such sort that a man who saw her from a distance cried out that she flew
+like a bird. Then the demon permitted her to see her peril; she grew pale,
+and cried out with alarm. They ran in haste to bring a ladder, but
+_Putiphar_ mocked them, crying, 'As I made this _chienne_ get up without a
+ladder, so she shall go down,' and caused her descend the same slender
+branches to the stem, and thence to the ground."
+
+Pere de la Menarday, in his _Examen Critique de l'Histoire des Diables de
+London_, gives a letter from a missionary priest in Cochin China,
+describing a case of demonopathy, in the course of which, if we could
+believe the narrator, the patient seemed for a time to have conquered all
+the ordinary tendencies of gravitation. The missionary, M. Delacourt,
+writing from Paris, 25th November, 1738, begins by protesting his
+unwillingness to expose himself to the repulses of public incredulity; but
+for his friends' sake consents to give the particulars. "Voici donc le
+fait dans ses principales circonstances _tel que je l'ai vu de mes propres
+yeux_." In the month of May, 1733, a young native communicant, named Dodo,
+residing at the town of Cheta, in the province of Cham, and kingdom of
+Cochin China, being reproached by his conscience for the suppression of
+some facts in his confession, fell into violent convulsions on attempting
+to take the host in his mouth. He was brought to the missionary, foaming,
+leaping, and blaspheming in the manner usual among victims of his malady.
+After many exorcisms, both by the missionary and by two other
+ecclesiastics, which only increased his sufferings, he was at length, by
+gentler entreaties, brought to make a confession. The missionary then
+renewed his exorcisms, which he continued for a month with little success.
+"At last," says he, "I determined to make a last effort, and to imitate
+the example of Monseigneur the Bishop of Tilopolis on a like occasion,
+namely, in my exorcism to command the demon in Latin to transport him to
+the ceiling of the church, feet up and head down. On the instant his body
+became rigid, and as though he were impotent of all his members, he was
+dragged from the middle of the church to a column, and there, his feet
+joined fast together, his back closely applied to the pillar, without
+aiding himself with his hands, he was transported in the twinkling of an
+eye to the ceiling, just like a weight run up by a cord, without any
+visible agency. While he hung there, with his feet glued to the ceiling,
+and his head down, I made the demon, for I had determined to confound and
+humiliate him, confess the falsehood of the Pagan religion. I made him
+confess that he was a deceiver, and at the same time admit the holiness of
+Christianity. I kept him for better than half an hour in the air, and not
+possessing enough of constancy to hold him there any longer, so frightened
+was I myself at what I saw, I at length commanded him to lay the patient
+at my feet without harming him. Immediately he cast him down before me
+with no more hurt to him than if he had been a bundle of foul linen." It
+is by no means improbable that Pere Delacourt himself had become infected
+with the madness of the monomaniac whom he was engaged in exorcising,
+before his eyes conceived that extraordinary image of the patient
+ascending by invisible agency to the ceiling of the church. But his letter
+bears evident marks of having been written under a sincere belief of the
+reality of all that he describes, and he refers to several living
+witnesses of the scene.
+
+Reverting to this subject of optical illusion, already glanced at, we find
+still another resemblance between the mysticism of the ancients and
+moderns. The priestess rendering herself invisible to the bystanders,
+appears to transcend all the rest of Jamblichus's wonders. Strange to say,
+even this pretension of the Colophonian prophetess is not without
+something analogous among the alleged phenomena of mesmerism. "I requested
+a young lady," says Dr. Elliotson, "whom I had long mesmerised, with the
+never-tiring devotion of a parent, and in whom I produced a variety of
+phenomena, to promise to be unable on waking to see her maid, who always
+sat in the room at work during my visit, till I left the room, and then at
+once to discern her. On waking, she said she did not see the maid, but
+said she saw the chair on which the maid sat. Presently, however, she saw
+the maid, was agitated, had an hysteric fit, and passed into the
+sleep-waking state. I now inquired how she came to see her maid, as I had
+not left the room, and told her she must not (see the maid), when I awoke
+her again. I then awoke her again; she could not see the maid, was
+astonished at the maid's absence, and at first supposed she was in an
+adjoining room; but presently rang the bell twice, though the woman was
+standing before her, I moved just out of the room, leaving the door open,
+and she saw the maid instantly, and was astonished, and laughed." In the
+Colophonian oracle, they were the spectators, not the prophetess, who had
+need thus to be put under the influence of the mesmeric _glamour_. Can it
+be that, in certain diseased states of the optic nerve, it really is
+subject to the illusion of seeing objects rise in air, as well as go round
+in horizontal motion? They who saw these sights in the _adyta_ of temples,
+in caves and sacred groves, in initiations and oracular consultations,
+were all prepared by fasting, watching, and prayer, for the reception of
+biological influence, and possibly may have seemed to themselves to see
+what others desired they should believe themselves to have actually seen.
+Was Lord Shrewsbury under this influence at Caldaro?
+
+But the reader will begin to suspect that his credulity is about to be
+solicited for the a�rial flights of witches on their sweeping brooms. This
+apprehension may be dismissed. Witchcraft, or, to call it by its proper
+pathological name, demonopathy, was a true delusion, true so far as the
+belief of the monomaniacs themselves was concerned, but resting wholly in
+their own distempered imagination.
+
+From a learned and philosophic review of the great work of Calmeil, _De la
+Folie_, in the _Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medicine_, we extract the
+following _resum�_ of the symptoms of this dreadful epidemic malady: "The
+leading phenomenon was the belief of the sufferers that Satan had obtained
+full mastery over them; that he was the object of their most fervent
+worship, a certain portion of their life being spent in the actual company
+of himself and his legion of darkness, when every crime that a diseased
+imagination could suggest was committed by them. Both sexes attended at
+the Devil's Sabbaths, as they were termed, where the sorcerers met,
+danced, and enjoyed every wild pleasure. To these meetings they travelled
+through the air, though, by the power of Satan, their bodies seemed to
+remain at home. They killed children, poisoned cattle, produced storms and
+plagues, and held converse with Succubi and Incubi, and other fallen
+spirits. At the Sabbath all agreed, that from every country the sorcerers
+arrived transported by demons. Women perched on sticks, or riding on
+goats, naked, with dishevelled hair, arrived in thousands; they passed
+like meteors, and their descent was more rapid than that of the eagle or
+hawk, when striking his prey. Over this meeting Satan presided; indecent
+dances and licentious songs went on, and an altar was raised, where Satan,
+with his head downward, his feet turned up, and his back to the altar,
+celebrated his blasphemous mass."
+
+Each individual sufferer believed herself or himself to have seen these
+sights, to have gone through these origies, and to have been transported
+to them through the air. If there had been but a few confessions, and
+these exacted by torture, it might be thought that the fancies of the
+examiners supplied the phenomena, to which the sufferers merely gave an
+enforced and worthless assent. But the confessions were as often voluntary
+as forced, and were indeed rather triumphant bravadoes than confessions of
+anything that the sufferers themselves deemed shameful. It was a true
+belief in the minds of the parties affected. The question has already been
+asked, were they _en rapport_ with the rest of the diseased multitude, in
+whose minds the common delusion existed? The question presupposes a mental
+sympathy and participation, by one mind, of images existing in another,
+which is one of the alleged manifestations of clairvoyance. But there is
+another mode of accounting for these and similar phenomena, which as yet
+obtains the approval of physicians, more than any suggestions of
+clairvoyant communications. It is, that there are certain states of the
+body in which the patient truly believes himself to see particular
+objects, to do particular acts, and to possess special powers, which to
+the rest of the world have no existence, but in respect of the patient
+himself are realities as visible, tangible, and perceptible, as the actual
+existences which surround him. For example, it is a fact which admits of
+no dispute, that a certain quantity of alcohol taken into the human
+stomach will cause the drinker to fall into _delirium tremens_; and that
+in that state the patient will, with his waking eyes, see objects of a
+particular kind; in nine cases out of ten, the forms of rats and mice
+running over his bed, and about his person. There is no public delusion
+here, no popular mind possessed with a fixed idea of these appearances, to
+which the individual delusions might be referred; yet the swallower of the
+alcohol in Dublin, and the swallower of the alcohol in Calcutta, will both
+see exactly the same sorts of appearances, and will both express precisely
+the same horror and disgust at their supposed tormentors. Is it the case,
+then, that, as the forms of rats and mice come into the minds of men in
+one kind of mental sickness, the forms of men and women riding on goats
+and broomsticks through the air, and the other apparatus of the
+witch-sabbaths, may have been but the manifestations of another disordered
+state of the mental organism, a symptom merely and concomitant of an
+epidemical disease? It is easy enough to understand how symptoms so simple
+as the appearance of what are usually called "blue devils" should be
+constant in their attendance on a particular state of cerebral disorder;
+but when the hallucination becomes so complex as in the fantasies of
+witchcraft, it is difficult to suppose that that long train of appearances
+and imaginary transactions should follow on a merely pathological
+derangement of the brain. Between the two alternatives of referring these
+hallucinations to such a cause, on the one hand, or to a mesmeric
+sympathy, as above suggested, between the individual and the crowd of the
+possessed, on the other, it is hard to choose; but, perhaps, the latter
+will appear to offer the less amount of difficulty. In the present state
+of knowledge, however, it would be rash to say that a particular state of
+diseased cerebral action might not be attended with a perfect set of
+supposed phenomena as complex and constant in the minds of the sufferers,
+as those which existed among the victims of demonomania.
+
+An example less difficult of reconcilement with the theory of cerebral
+disorder than that of the witchcraft of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, and yet more complex than that of the fantasies of _delirium
+tremens_, may be found in the case of _lycanthropism_, or that form of
+mania in which men have fancied themselves transformed into wolves. This
+disease also is contagious; and on many occasions has exhibited itself in
+all the terrors of a maniacal epidemic. As early as the time of Herodotus
+the belief was rife among the Gr�co-Scythian colonies that a people called
+the Neuri were subject to this species of metamorphosis; and Giraldus
+Cambrensis, in the twelfth century, found the same superstition in full
+force in Ireland. It again broke forth in Livonia, its ancient seat, with
+all the symptoms of a periodical annual epidemic, in the sixteenth
+century. Peucer gives the following account of what these maniacs
+themselves believed to happen to them. "Immediately after Christmas day,
+in each year, a club-footed boy appears, who goes round the country, and
+summons all those slaves of Satan, of whom there are great numbers, to
+assemble and follow him. If they hesitate or refuse, a tall man appears,
+armed with a whip of flexible iron wires, and compels them with blows of
+his scourge to come forth and proceed. He whips them so severely, that
+oft-times the stripes left by the iron thongs remain impressed on their
+bodies and torment them cruelly. As soon as they go out and follow in the
+train, they seem to lose their human form, and to put on the appearance of
+wolves. Several thousands thus assemble. The leader walks before with his
+iron scourge; the crowd of those who, in their delusion, imagine that they
+have become wolves, follow after. Wherever they meet with cattle they rush
+upon them and rend them; they carry off such portions as they can, and do
+much destruction; but to touch or injure mankind is not permitted to them.
+When they come to rivers, the leader with a stroke of his whip divides the
+waters, which stand apart, leaving a dry channel by which they cross.
+After twelve days the band disperses, and every man resumes his own form,
+the vulpine mask dropping off him. The way in which the change takes place
+is this, as they allege: those who undergo the change, which occupies but
+a moment, drop suddenly down as if struck with a fit, and so lie senseless
+and like dead persons; but they do not in fact go away or change their
+places at all; nor while lying in that seemingly lifeless state do they
+exhibit any vulpine appearance whatever, but they go out of themselves
+(and leave themselves) like dead bodies; and save that they are convulsed,
+and roll about somewhat, they exhibit no sign or evidence of life. Hence
+the opinion has arisen that their spirits only are taken forth of their
+bodies, and put for a time into the phantasms of vulpine forms; and then,
+after doing the bidding of the devil in that way, are remitted back to
+their proper bodies, which thereupon are restored to animation; and the
+were-wolves themselves confirm this belief by acknowledging that in truth
+the human form is not withdrawn from their bodies, nor the vulpine
+appearance substituted for it; but that it is their spirits only which are
+impelled to leave their human bodily prisons, and enter into the bodies of
+wolves, in which they dwell and are carried about for the prescribed space
+of time. Some of those who have stated that they came long distances after
+escaping from the chains of their wolfish imprisonment, being questioned
+how they got out of that confinement, and why they returned, and how they
+could cross such wide and deep rivers, gave answer that the imprisoning
+forms no longer confined them, that they felt coerced to come out of them,
+and passed over the rivers by a�rial flight."
+
+The same features marked the outbreak of lycanthropy in the years
+1598-1600, among the Vaudois. The possessed fell into catalepsy, and lay
+senseless during the time they imagined themselves in their bestial
+transformation. The disease was almost uniformly complicated with
+demonopathy, or the possession of witchcraft.
+
+There seems no reason to doubt that lycanthropism was a disease as
+constant in its character and as well defined in its symptoms as _delirium
+tremens_, or any of the ordinary forms of mania. The evidences of its
+existence are, however, considerably stronger than those of witchcraft;
+for where on the one hand no credible witness ever saw a witch either at
+the sabbath, or on her way to it, or on her return from it, there are not
+wanting distinct proofs on oath, corroborated by admitted facts in
+judicial proceedings, of persons afflicted with lycanthropy traversing the
+woods on all-fours, and being found bloody from the recent slaughter both
+of beasts and human victims; and in one of these cases, that of Jacques
+Roulet, tried before the Parliament of Paris in 1598, the body of a newly
+slain child, half mangled, and with all the marks of having been gnawed by
+canine teeth, was found close to the place where the maniac was arrested.
+It is worthy of remark that both lycanthropists and witches ascribed the
+power of disembodying themselves to the use of ointments. Antiquity
+furnishes no parallel to the horrors of these malignant and homicidal
+manias. Their analogues may be found in the fabled styes of Circe, or in
+the frenzied raptures of the Sybilline and Delphic priestesses; but the
+extent, the variety, and the hideousness of the disease in modern times,
+infinitely surpass all that was ever dreamt of in Pagan credulity. The
+points of resemblance, however, are not yet exhausted.
+
+"A chief sign of the divine afflatus," says Jamblichus, citing Porphyry,
+"is, that he who induces the _numen_ into himself, sees the spirit
+descending, and its quantity and quality. Also, he who receives the
+_numen_ sees before the reception a certain likeness of a fire; sometimes,
+also, this is beheld by the bystanders, both at the advent and the
+departure of the god. By which sign, they who are skilful in these matters
+discern, with perfect accuracy, what is the power of the numen, and what
+its order, and what are the things concerning which it can give true
+responses, and what it is competent to do.... Thus it is that the
+excellence of this divine fire, and appearance, as it were, of ineffable
+light, comes down upon, and fills, and dominates over the possessed
+person, and he is wholly involved in it, so that he cannot do any act of
+himself.... But after this comes ecstacy, or disembodiment."
+
+Thomas Bartholin (brother of Gaspar) has anticipated the inquiries of Sir
+Henry Marsh, and of Reichenbach himself, on the subject of light from the
+human body. In a treatise, full of singular learning, "De luce Animalium,"
+he has adduced a multitude of examples of the evolution of light from the
+living as well as the dead body, and in the cases of secular and pagan, as
+well as of ecclesiastical and Christian, persons; and this, without having
+recourse to any testimony of the Hagiologists. The _Aureol�_ of the
+Christian saints may not, after all, have been the merely fanciful
+additions of superstitious artists.
+
+The convulsive distortions of the Pythoness were but a feeble type of the
+phenomena of demonopathy, or the supposed possession of the middle ages.
+It was chiefly in convents, among the crowd of young girls and women, that
+these dreadful disorders were used to break out; but the visitation was
+not confined to convents, nor to the profession of any particular creed.
+Wherever religious excitation prevailed among the young and susceptible,
+especially when they happened to be brought together in considerable
+numbers, there the pest was attracted, as a fever or other malady would be
+attracted by a foul atmosphere. No patient in the magnetic coma ever
+exhibited such prodigies of endurance as thousands of the involuntary
+victims of these contagious manias. Who in any modern _seance_ has beheld
+a patient supported only on the protuberance of the stomach, with the head
+and limbs everted, and the arms raised in the air, and so remaining curved
+into the appearance of a fish on a stall, tied by the tail and gills,
+motionless for hours at a time? Or what rigidity of muscle in magnetic
+catalepsy has ever equalled that of a convulsionnaire, who would weary the
+strongest man, inflicting blows of a club, to the number of several
+thousands a day, on her stomach, while sustaining herself in an arc solely
+by the support of the head and the heels? Madame de Sazilli, who was
+exorcised in presence of the Duke of Orleans, at London, in 1631, "became,
+at the command of Pere Elisce, supple as a plate of lead. The exorcist
+plaited her limbs in various ways, before and behind, to this side and to
+that, in such sort that her head would sometimes almost touch the ground,
+her demon (say her malady) retaining her in each position immovably until
+she was put into the next. Next came the demon Sabulon, who rolled her
+through the chapel with horrible convulsions. Five or six times he carried
+her left foot up higher than her shoulder; all the while her eyes were
+fixed, wide open, without winking; after that he threw out her limbs till
+she touched the ground, with her legs extended straight on either side,
+and while in that posture, the exorcist compelled her to join her hands,
+and with the trunk of the body in an erect posture, to adore the holy
+sacrament." We seem to read the proceedings of an electro-biologist,
+rather than of a pastor of the church: but the parallel is not yet at an
+end. "The same nun," says Calmeil, "towards the close of her exorcism,
+executed a command which the Duke imparted secretly to her exorcist." Then
+follows this remarkable admission of the learned and cautious
+physiologist:--"On hundreds of occasions one might believe, in effect, that
+the Energumenes read the thoughts of the ecclesiastics who were charged
+with the combating of their demons. It is certain that these young women
+were endowed, during their excesses of hysteria or nervous exaltation,
+with a penetration of mind altogether unique." The children of the
+fanatics of the Cevennes, while in their supposed prophetic ecstacies,
+spoke the purest dialect of French, and expressed themselves with singular
+propriety. The same facility of speaking in a fluent and exalted style
+while in the divinatory ecstacy, was remarked of old in the case of the
+Pythian priestess. "Though it cannot be divined," says Plutarch, in his
+"Inquiry," "why the Pythian priestess ceases to deliver her oracles in
+verse; but that her parentage was virtuous and honest, and that she always
+lived a sober and chaste life, yet her education was among poor, laboring
+people, so that she was advanced to the oracular sect rude and unpolished,
+void of all the advantages of art or experience. For, as it is the opinion
+of Xenophon, that a virgin, ready to be espoused, ought to be carried to
+the bridegroom's house before she has either seen or heard the least
+communication, so the Pythian priestess ought to converse with Apollo
+illiterate and ignorant almost of every thing, still approaching his
+presence with a truly virgin soul."
+
+We might here, without any stretch of imagination, suppose we are reading
+a commentary on the birth and character of Joan of Arc, or of any of the
+prophetesses of the Swiss Anabaptists. But to return to the possessions
+recorded by Calmeil.
+
+The biological relations alleged by the mesmerists appear in still
+stronger development in the case of the nuns of Auxonne in 1662. The
+Bishop of Chalons reports, speaking of the possessed, "that all the
+aforesaid young women, being in number eighteen, as well seculars as
+regulars, and without a single exception, appeared to him to have obtained
+the gift of tongues, inasmuch as they accurately replied to the matters in
+Latin, which were addressed to them by their exorcists, and which were not
+borrowed from the ritual, still less arranged by any preconcert; they
+frequently explained themselves in Latin--sometimes in entire periods,
+sometimes in broken sentences;" "that all or almost all of them were
+proved to have introvision (_cognizance de l'interieur_) and knowledge of
+whatever thought might be secretly addressed to them, as appeared
+particularly in the case of the internal commands which were often
+addressed to them by the exorcists, and which in general they obeyed
+implicitly, although without any external signification of the command,
+either verbal or by way of sign; as the said Lord Bishop experienced in
+many instances, among others, in that of Denise Parisot, whom the exorcist
+having commanded, in the depths of his own mind, to come to him for the
+purpose of being exorcised, she came incontinently, though dwelling in a
+remote part of the town; telling the Lord Bishop that she had received his
+commands and was come accordingly; and this she did on several occasions;
+likewise in the person of Sister Jamin, a novice, who, on recovering from
+her fit, told him the internal commandment which he had given to her demon
+during the exorcism; also in the case of the Sister Borthon, to whom
+having issued a mental commandment in one of her paroxysms to come and
+prostrate herself before the Holy Sacrament, with her face to the ground
+and her arms stretched forward, she executed his command at the very
+instant that he willed it, with a promptitude and precipitation altogether
+wonderful."
+
+Sister Denise Parisot, one of those who exhibited these singularities,
+also displayed a farther and very remarkable manifestation of what would
+now be called biological influence. "Being commanded by his Lordship to
+make the pulse of her right arm entirely cease beating while that of the
+left continued, and then to transfer the pulsation so as to beat in the
+right arm while it should stop in the left, she executed his orders with
+the utmost precision in the presence of the physician (Morel), who
+admitted and deposed to the fact, and of several ecclesiastics. Sister de
+la Purification did the same thing two or three times, causing her pulse
+to beat or to stop at the command of the exorcist."
+
+Instead of exorcist we may, without much apprehension of offending either
+the reason or the belief of any candid person, read "Mesmerist." The
+passes seem similar, the phenomena identical. Again, in the case of the
+girls of the parish of Landes, near Bayeux, in 1732, the orders given by
+the exorcists in Latin appeared to be well understood by the patients. "In
+general," says Calmeil, quoting the contemporaneous account of their
+possession, "during the ecstatic access, the sense of touch was not
+excited even by the application of fire; nevertheless the exorcists affirm
+that their patients yielded immediate attention to the thoughts which they
+(the exorcists) refrained from expressing, and that they described with
+exactness the interior of distant houses which they had never before
+seen."
+
+This long and varied survey of different forms of physical and mental
+malady brings us to a point where we may, with some confidence, take our
+stand on inductive conclusions. It seems evident, then, that all the
+phenomena of animal magnetism have been from an early period known to
+mankind under the various forms of divinatory ecstasy, demonopathy or
+witchmania, theomania, or fanatical religious excitation, spontaneous
+catalepsy, and somnambulism. That, in addition to the ordinary
+manifestations of insensibility to pain, rigidity, and what is called
+clairvoyance, the patients affected with the more intense conditions of
+the malady have at all times exhibited a marvellous command of languages;
+a seeming participation in the thoughts, sensations, and impulses of
+others; a power of resisting, for some short time at least, the action of
+fire; and, perhaps, a capacity of evolving some hitherto unknown energy
+counteractive of the force of gravitation. That the condition of mind and
+body in question can be induced by means addressed to each and all of the
+senses, as well as involuntarily by way of sympathy or contagion. That the
+fixing of the eyes on a particular point, as a wafer, or the umbilicus, or
+on a polished ball or mirror, is one of the most general and efficacious
+means of artificially inducing the condition of clairvoyance. That it may
+also, on those prepared for its reception by strong mental excitement, be
+induced by tumultuous music, as by the sound of drums and cymbals, by
+odors, and, perhaps, by unguents; and that the same condition also
+frequently supervenes on long-continued and intense emotion, as well as on
+those hysterical and convulsive movements of the body which sometimes
+attend on excessive religious excitation. That, induced by the latter
+means, clairvoyance has a tendency to become contagious, and has often
+afflicted whole communities with the most dangerous and deplorable
+epidemic hallucinations, as in the fancied witch-sabbaths of the
+domonomaniacs, and prowling excursions of lycanthropes and vampyres; but
+that, although in these demotic frenzies, the prevailing ideas and images
+presented to the minds of the sufferers are merely illusory, they possess
+the capacity of being put in such a relation with ideas and images derived
+from actual existence in the mind of others, as to perceive and
+appropriate them. Beyond this it would be difficult to advance our
+speculation with any degree of certainty; but if speculation may be at all
+indulged in such a question, it might, perhaps, be allowed to a sanguine
+speculator to surmise that, possibly, the mind in that state may be put
+_en rapport_ with not only the ideas and emotions of another particular
+mind, but with the whole of the external world, and with all its minds.
+Another step would carry us to that participation in the whole scheme of
+nature, pretended to by divinators and seers; but it must be owned that,
+in the present state of the evidences, there is no solid ground on which
+to rest the foot of conjecture in taking either the one step or the other.
+
+In the mean time, many practitioners are playing with an agency, the
+dangerous character of which they little suspect. In ancient exorcisms, it
+sometimes happened that the exorcist himself became the involuntary
+recipient of the contagious frenzy of the patient. If such an event
+happened now, it would not be more wonderful than when it befel the Pere
+Surin, at Loudon, in 1635, as he has himself described his disaster in his
+letter to the Jesuit Attichi: "For three months and a half I have never
+been without a devil in full exercise within me. While I was engaged in
+the performance of my ministry, the devil passed out of the body of the
+possessed, and coming into mine, assaulted me and cast me down, shook me,
+and traversed me to and fro, for several hours. I cannot tell you what
+passed within me during that time, and how that spirit united itself with
+mine, leaving no liberty either of sensation or of thought, but acting in
+me like another self, or as if I possessed two souls; these two souls
+making, as it were, a battle ground of my body. When I sought, at the
+instigation of the one, to make the sign of the cross on my mouth, the
+other suddenly would turn round my hand and seize the fingers with my
+teeth, making me bite myself with rage. When I sought to speak, the word
+would be taken out of my mouth; at mass I would be stopped short; at table
+I could not carry the food to my mouth; at confession I forgot my sins; in
+fine, I felt the devil go and come within me as if he used me for his
+daily dwelling-house."
+
+Or, if instead of passing into a single operator, as in the case of Surin,
+the diseased contagion should suddenly expand itself among a crowd of
+bystanders, there would be nothing to wonder at, although enough to
+deplore, in such a catastrophe. It would be no more than has already
+happened in all the epidemics of lycanthropy and witchmania, of the
+dancers of St. Vitas, of the Jumpers, Quakers, and Revivalists, of the
+Mewers, Barkers, and Convulsionnaires. The absence of religious
+pretensions among the operators seems as yet to be the chief guarantee
+against such results. If instead of being made rigid and lucid by the
+manipulations of a professor, the patients should find themselves cast
+into that state by contact with the tomb of a preacher, or with the
+reliques of a saint, society would soon be revisited with all the evils of
+_pseudo_-miracles and supposed demoniacal possessions. The comparatively
+innocent frenzy of the followers of Father Mathew, was the nearest
+approach to a social disturbance of that kind that our country has been
+visited by since the barking epidemic of the fourteenth century. "In the
+county of Leicester, a person travelling along the road," says Camden,
+"found a pair of gloves, fit for his hands, as he thought; but when he put
+them on, he lost his speech immediately, and could do nothing but bark
+like a dog; nay, from that moment, the men and women, old and young,
+throughout the whole country, barked like dogs, and the children like
+whelps. This plague continued, with some eighteen days, with others a
+month, and with some for two years; and, like a contagious distemper, at
+last infected the neighboring counties, and set them a barking too."
+
+If mesmerism did no more than demonstrate, as it has done, that all the
+supposed evidences of modern inspiration, as well as of modern demoniacal
+possession and ghost-craft, are but the manifestations of a physical
+disorder, capable of being induced by ordinary agencies, it would have
+done a great service to the cause of social and religious stability. In
+addition to this, it has furnished surgery with a new narcotic, perhaps
+with a new anti-spasmodic. It is not impossible that here, at length, a
+means may have been found for combating the horrors of hydrophobia. Its
+higher pretensions of clairvoyance and provision, if not proved, are at
+least not yet satisfactorily disproved. Its admitted usefulness may,
+perhaps, counterbalance its perils; but in every exercise of it, whether
+curative or speculative, it is never to be forgotten, that the phenomena
+are those of disease, and that the production of disease, save for the
+counteraction of other maladies more hurtful, is in itself an evil.
+
+                                                                     S. F.
+
+
+
+
+
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+
+
+                          From Sharp's Magazine.
+
+
+By F. Lawrence.
+
+The best epitaphs, according to our notion, are generally the shortest and
+the plainest. In no description of composition is elaborate and ornate
+phraseology so much out of place.  Where a world-wide reputation has been
+achieved, the name alone, with the addition perhaps of a date, is often
+calculated to produce a more impressive effect than an ostentatious
+inscription. It has been observed that the simple words--
+
+                 CATHERINE THE GREAT TO PETER THE FIRST,
+
+inscribed on the monument erected by the Empress Catherine to the memory
+of her husband, arrogant as they are, contain the essence of the sublime.
+And, in like manner, among the most impressive memorials in Westminster
+Abbey are the words, "O rare Ben Jonson," chiselled beneath the great
+play-wright's bust, and the name of J. DRYDEN, with the date of his birth
+and death, and the simple statement, that the tomb was erected, in 1720,
+by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. We doubt whether the effect of the
+latter would have been improved by the addition of the couplet written for
+it by Pope, admirable as it is:
+
+  This Sheffield raised: the sacred dust below
+  Was Dryden once--the rest who does not know?
+
+Among the best epitaphs in the Poet's Corner, we are inclined to number
+that on Spenser, which combines in an eminent degree dignity and
+simplicity, and possesses a character which at once attracts attention.
+The monument on which it appears had been originally erected by Anne,
+Countess of Dorset, and having fallen into decay, was restored, in 1768,
+precisely in its old form:
+
+  Heare lyes (expecting the second
+  Comminge of our Savior CHRIST
+  JESUS) the body of Edmond Spencer,
+  The Prince of Poets in his tyme,
+  Other witnesse than the works
+  Which he left behinde him.
+  He was borne in London in the yeare 1553,
+    And died in the year 1598.
+
+The epitaph of Michael Drayton, another of the Elizabethan poets, said by
+some to be the composition of Ben Jonson, and by others to be by Quarles,
+has also a species of quaint beauty and solemnity which raises it above
+the ordinary level. It was originally in gilt letters:
+
+                          MICHAEL DRAITON, Esq.
+
+                      A memorable poet of this age,
+              Exchanged his laurell for a crowne of glorye,
+                                Ao. 1631.
+
+    Doe, pious Marble! let thy readers knowe
+    What they and what their children owe
+    To DRAITON'S name, whose sacred dust
+    We recommend unto thy TRUST:
+  Protect his memory, and preserve his storye,
+  Remaine a lastinge monument of his glorye;
+    And when thy ruines shall disclaime
+    To be the treas'rer of his name,
+    His name that cannot fade shall be
+    An everlasting monument to thee.
+
+We cannot say that the Latin compositions of this sort in Westminster
+Abbey are much to our taste. One however, we cannot pass over--that to the
+memory of Goldsmith, by Dr. Johnson--a scholar-like production, dictated by
+affection, and full of grace and tenderness. In the delineation of the
+personal and literary character of his friend, we recognize all the
+grander traits of the honest giant's loving heart and powerful pen.
+Nothing can be in better taste than his commendation of Goldsmith's
+genius:
+
+  Affectuum _potens et lenis Dominator_;
+  Ingenio sublimis--vividus, versatilis,
+  Oratione grandis, nitidus, venustus--
+
+Of the English epitaphs, one of the most remarkable for elegance and
+simplicity is that on Purcell, the composer, reputed, on the authority of
+Malone, to be by Dryden, It certainly is not unworthy of his pen:
+
+  Here lyes
+  HENRY PURCELL, Esq.
+  Who left this life,
+  And is gone to that blessed place
+  Where only his Harmony
+  Can be exceeded.
+  Obiit 21 die Novembris
+  Anno �tatis su� 37
+  Annoque Domini 1695.
+
+Among more modern inscriptions, those on the great engineers, Watt and
+Telford, are particularly worthy of notice. The former is from the pen of
+Lord Brougham:
+
+  Not to perpetuate a name,
+  Which must endure while the peaceful arts flourish,
+  But to show
+  That mankind have learned to know those
+  Who best deserve their gratitude,
+  The King,
+  His ministers, and many of the nobles
+  And commoners of the realm
+  Raised this monument to
+  JAMES WATT,
+  Who, directing the force of an original genius,
+  Early exercised in philosophic research,
+  To the improvement of the Steam Engine,
+  Enlarged the resources of his country,
+  Increased the power of man,
+  And rose to eminent place
+  Among the most illustrious  followers of science,
+  And the real benefactors of the world.
+
+The inscription on Telford's monument is equally chaste and beautiful. It
+presents this noble summary of his life and character:
+
+  The orphan son of a shepherd, self-educated,
+  He raised himself,
+  By his extraordinary talents and integrity,
+  From the humble condition of an operative mason,
+  And became one of the
+  Most eminent Civil Engineers of the age.
+  This marble has been erected near the spot
+  Where his remains are deposited,
+  By the friends who revered his virtues,
+  But his noblest monuments are to be found amongst
+  The great public works of his country.
+
+Every visitor will reverently pause before the magnificent cenotaph of the
+great Earl of Chatham, which, though somewhat too confused and elaborate
+in its decorations, is not unworthy of the greatest of English ministers.
+Having achieved a higher reputation as a statesman and orator than any
+other public man which his country had produced, and having fallen, as it
+were, in her service, the national gratitude was displayed in an
+unprecedented manner by honors paid his memory. His body lay in state
+three days in the painted chamber in the House of Lords--his public funeral
+exceeded in splendor the obsequies of princes--his debts were paid by the
+nation--and finally, the stately tomb to which we have drawn attention, was
+placed over his remains. The inscription whilst exceedingly plain and
+simple, is impressive and appropriate:
+
+  Erected by the King and Parliament
+  As a testimonial to
+  The Virtues and Ability
+  of
+  WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM,
+  During whose administration, in the reigns of
+  George II. and George III.
+  Divine Providence
+  Exalted Great Britain
+  To a height of Prosperity and Glory
+  Unknown in any former age.
+
+Of poetical epitaphs in the Abbey some of the most important are by Pope.
+Like everything else from his pen, they are carefully written, but viewed
+as monumental inscriptions, not distinguished for any striking excellence.
+Among the best of them is that on the Honourable James Craggs, a secretary
+of state, rather discreditably mixed up with the South Sea Bubble:--
+
+  Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,
+  In action faithful, yet in honour clear!
+  Who broke no promise, served no private end,
+  Who gained no title, and who lost no friend;
+  Ennobled by Himself, by all approved,
+  Praised, wept, and honored by the Muse he loved.
+
+The one on Gay is interesting as a tribute of friendship, and as a
+faithful portrait of that pleasing and amiable poet, the simplicity of
+whose character is admirably delineated in the first couplet:--
+
+  Of manners gentle, and affections mild,
+  _In wit a man, simplicity a child_.
+
+Altogether it is a beautiful and appropriate composition, and we cannot
+but regret that the monument on which it appears should be disfigured by
+the doggerel, said to have been written by Gay himself, and inscribed on
+the ledge just above Pope's epitaph;
+
+  Life is a jest, and all things show it;
+  I thought so once, but now I know it.
+
+That of Nicholas Rowe, the dramatist (also by Pope), has been admired for
+the pathos of the concluding lines, the beauty of which, however, it is a
+matter of notoriety, was considerably marred by a prosaic circumstance,
+which proves the danger of assuming facts even in poetical compositions.
+The monument is commemorative of the poet and of his only daughter, the
+wife of Henry Fane. His widow survived him, and her inconsolable
+affliction was beautifully depicted:-
+
+  To these so mourned in death, so loved in life,
+  The childless parent and the widowed wife,
+  With tears inscribes this monumental stone,
+  That holds their ashes, _and expects her own_.
+
+Almost, however, before "the monumental stone" was finished, the
+disconsolate widow dried her eyes, and married a gallant colonel of
+dragoons, without considering that she was spoiling the beauty of her
+husband's epitaph.
+
+Among the most flagrant instances of false taste, we must specify that on
+the tomb of David Garrick. The tomb itself has been described as "a
+theatrical conceit, of which the design exhibits neither taste nor
+invention." The epitaph was the production of Pratt, author of Harvest
+Home and other lucubrations which have long since been consigned to the
+tomb of the Capulets; and both epitaph and monument are thus spoken of by
+Charles Lamb in the _Essays of Elia_. Alluding principally to the
+eccentric attitude of the actor's effigy, he observes, "Though I would not
+go so far, with some good Catholics abroad, as to shut players altogether
+out of consecrated ground, yet I own I was not a little scandalized at the
+introduction of theatrical airs and gestures into a place set apart to
+remind us of the saddest realities. Going nearer, I found inscribed under
+this burlesque figure a farrago of false thought and nonsense." The
+farrago in question is in verse, and represents Shakspeare and Garrick as
+"twin stars," who as long as time shall last are to "irradiate earth with
+a beam divine."
+
+There are but few epitaphs in St. Paul's Cathedral--the other great
+resting-place of illustrious dead--worthy of remark or reproduction. The
+best in the whole edifice, and one of the most perfect compositions of its
+kind, is the well-known inscription commemorative of its renowned
+architect, Sir Christopher Wren:
+
+  Subditus conditur hujus Ecelesi� at Urbis
+  Conditor, CHRISTOPHERUS WREN, qui vixit
+  Annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed
+  Bono publico. _Lector, si monumentum requiris,_
+  _Circumspice._
+
+We need not point out the beauties of this celebrated epitaph:--its
+terseness of phraseology (to which no translation could do justice)--its
+suggestiveness, grandeur and dignity. Another Latin inscription in St.
+Paul's is also deserving notice, both on account of its merit, and the
+individual it commemorates--that on Dr. Samuel Johnson, written by the
+famous Dr. Parr. Of English inscriptions in this Cathedral, the most
+striking is that on the monument of John Howard. It concludes with the
+well-known sentence: "He trod an open and unfrequented path,to
+immortality, in the ardent and unremitting exercise of Christian charity.
+May this tribute to his fame excite an emulation of his truly glorious
+achievements."
+
+It is no very easy matter to produce a good epitaph. Great practice in
+composition is required--great power of condensation--and the exercise of
+judgment and discrimination. In efforts at epitaph-writing, few English
+poets have appeared to advantage. One or two perfect specimens, indeed, we
+possess, but the success of a single writer must be set against the
+failure of a great many. Of our good epitaphs, the very best, in our
+opinion, is that on the Countess Dowager of Pembroke, the sister of Sir
+Philip Sidney, by Ben Jonson. Although it has been often quoted, we cannot
+exclude it from this paper:
+
+  Underneath this sable hearse
+  Lies the subject of all verse,
+  Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother:
+  Death, ere thou hast slain another,
+  Fair, and wise, and good as she,
+  Time shall throw his dart at thee.
+
+Another of Jonson's epitaphs, although more rugged in versification, is
+also deserving of quotation;
+
+  Underneath this stone doth lie
+  As much virtue as could die;
+  Which, when alive, did vigor give
+  To as much beauty as could live.
+  If she had a single fault,
+  Leave it buried in this vault.
+
+Not a few of Pope's epitaphs, as we have before hinted, appear tame,
+insipid, and characterized by a false taste. We except the well-known
+couplet for the monument of Sir Isaac Newton, in which there are dignity
+of language and boldness of conception:
+
+  Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;--
+  God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light.
+
+David Garrick is the author of some very good and characteristic epitaphs.
+The best, is that on Claudius Philips, the musician, who lived and died in
+great poverty. It was some time ascribed to Dr. Johnson, but is now known
+to be the production of Garrick:
+
+  Philips, whose touch harmonious could remove
+  The pangs of guilty power and hapless love,
+  Rest here, distress'd by poverty no more,
+  Here find that calm thou gav'st so oft before;
+  Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,
+  Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.
+
+Another of Garnet's epitaphs, is that on Mr. Havard, the comedian, who
+died in 1778. It is described by the author as a tribute "to the memory of
+a character he long knew and respected." Whatever its merits as a
+composition, the professional metaphor introduced is sadly out of place:
+
+  "An honest man's the noblest work of God."
+  Havard, from sorrow rest beneath this stone;
+  An honest man--beloved as soon as known;
+  Howe'er defective in the mimic art,
+  In real life he justly played his part!
+  The noblest character he acted well,
+  And heaven applauded when the curtain fell.
+
+The one on William Hogarth, in Chiswick Churchyard, by Garrick, is in
+better taste:
+
+  Farewell, great painter of mankind,
+    Who reach'd the noblest point of art;
+  Whose pictur'd morals charm the mind,
+    And through the eye correct the heart!
+  If genius fire thee, reader, stay;
+    If nature touch thee, drop a tear:-
+  If neither move thee, turn away,
+    For Hogarth's honor'd dust lies here.
+
+Some distinguished men have amused themselves, while living, by inditing
+epitaphs for themselves. Franklin, and the great lawyer and orientalist,
+Sir William Jones, have left characteristic performances of this kind in
+prose, and from Matthew Prior we have a mock-serious one in verse. The
+latter has been often quoted, but it will bear repetition:
+
+  Nobles and heralds, by your leave,
+    Here lie the bones of Matthew Prior:
+  The son of Adam and of Eve,
+    Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?
+
+In the same spirit, but superior in tone and quality, is the following,
+the authorship of which is unknown, "on a poor but honest man:"
+
+  Stop, reader, here, and deign to look
+    On one without a name,
+  Ne'er enter'd in the ample book
+    Of fortune or of fame.
+  Studious of peace, he hated strife;
+    Meek virtues fill'd his breast;
+  His coat of arms, "a spotless life,"
+    "An honest heart" his crest.
+  Quarter'd therewith was innocence,
+    And thus his motto ran:
+  "A conscience void of all offence,
+    Before both God and man."
+  In the great day of wrath, through pride
+    Now scorns his pedigree,
+  Thousands shall wish they'd been allied
+    To this great family.
+
+The thought in Prior's is ludicrously expressed in the following, from a
+monument erected in 1703, in the New Church burying-ground, Dundee, to the
+memory of J. R.
+
+  Here lies a Man,
+  Com'd of Adam and Eve;
+  If any will climb higher,
+  I give him leave.
+
+Amongst poetical epitaphs, of the more elaborate class, we must notice two
+by Mason; one to the memory of his mother, in Bristol Cathedral, and the
+other on a young lady named Drummond, in the church of Brodsworth,
+Yorkshire. We have space for only the latter.
+
+  Here sleeps what once was beauty, once was grace;
+    Grace, that with tenderness and sense combined
+  To form that harmony of soul and face,
+    Where brainy shines the mirror of the mind.
+  Such was the maid that, in the morn of youth,
+    In virgin innocence, in nature's pride,
+  Blest with each art that owes its charms to truth,
+    Sank in her father's fond embrace, and died.
+  He weeps; O venerate the holy tear!
+    Faith lends her aid to ease affliction's load;
+  The parent mourns his child upon the bier,
+    The Christian yields an angel to his God.
+
+Of whimsical and satirical epitaphs--some actually inscribed on tombstones,
+and others intended for pasquinades--a large collection might be made. We
+have little taste for these anomalous compositions, nor do we consider it
+creditable to the national character, that so many English churchyards can
+be pointed out where they occur. But there are those who will make even
+the tomb a subject of pleasant humors. The epitaph for the tomb of Sir
+John Vanbrugh, distinguished as a dramatist and architect, and reflecting
+on his achievements in the latter capacity, is as follows:
+
+  Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he
+  Laid many a heavy load on thee.
+
+The original of the following is among the epigrams of Boileau:--
+
+  Here lies my wife; there let her lie;
+  She is at rest--and so am I.
+
+We do not suppose that this was ever engraved on a tombstone, either in
+French or English; but the following lines are said to have been copied
+from a slab in an English church:--
+
+  Here lies the body of Sarah Sexton,
+  Who as a wife did never vex one;
+  We can't say that for her at the next stone.
+
+The next specimen is also known to have appeared on a tomb in Essex:--
+
+  Here lies the man Richard,
+    And Mary his wife;
+  Their surname was Pritchard;
+    They lived without strife;
+  And the reason was plain;
+    They abounded in riches,
+  They no care had nor pain,
+    And the wife wore the breeches.
+
+We will not multiply examples of these compositions. Lines of the
+description we have quoted have often found their way into print, and we
+have selected one or two of the least offensive as examples of
+eccentricity.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+
+
+                        AN ADVENTURE WITH ROBBERS.
+
+
+From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.
+
+The world, since it was a world at all, has ever been fond of singing the
+praises of the good old times. It would seem a general rule, that so soon
+as we get beyond a certain age, whatever that may be, we acquire a high
+opinion of the past, and grumble at every thing new under the sun. One
+cause of this may be, that distance lends enchantment to the view, and
+that the history of the past, like a landscape travelled over, loses in
+review all the rugged and wearisome annoyances that rendered it scarcely
+bearable in the journey. But it is hardly worth while to speculate upon
+the causes of an absurdity which a little candid retrospection will do
+more to dissipate than whole folios of philosophy. We can easily
+understand a man who sighs that he was not born a thousand years hence
+instead of twenty or thirty years ago, but that any one should encourage a
+regret that his lot in life was not cast a few centuries back, seems
+inexplicable on any rational grounds. The utter folly of praising the good
+old times may be illustrated by a reference to the wretched condition of
+most European cities; but we shall confine ourselves to the single case of
+Paris, now one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.
+
+In the thirteenth century the streets of Paris were not paved; they were
+muddy and filthy to a very horrible degree, and swine constantly loitered
+about and fed in them. At night there were no public lights, and
+assassinations and robberies were far from infrequent. At the beginning of
+the fourteenth century public lighting was begun on a limited scale; and
+at best only a few tallow candles were put up in prominent situations. The
+improvement, accordingly, did little good, and the numerous bands of
+thieves had it still pretty much their own way. Severity of punishment
+seldom compensates the want of precautionary measures. It was the general
+custom at this period to cut off the ears of a condemned thief after the
+term of his imprisonment had elapsed. Thia was done that offenders might
+be readily recognized should they dare again to enter the city, banishment
+from which was a part of the sentence of such as were destined to be
+cropped. But they often found it easier to fabricate false ears than to
+gain a livelihood away from the arena of their exploits; and this measure,
+severe and cruel as it was, was found inefficient to rid the capital of
+their presence.
+
+Among the various adventures with thieves, detailed by an author
+contemporaneous with Louis XIII., the following affords a rich example of
+the organization of the domestic brigands of the time, and of the wretched
+security which the capital afforded to its inhabitants.
+
+A celebrated advocate named Polidamor had by his reputation for riches
+aroused the covetousness of some chiefs of a band of brigands, who
+flattered themselves that could they catch him they would obtain
+possession of an important sum. They placed upon his track three bold
+fellows, who, after many fruitless endeavors, encountered him one evening
+accompanied only by a single lackey. Seizing fast hold of himself and
+attendant, they rifled him in a twinkling; and as he had accidentally left
+his purse at home, they took his rich cloak of Spanish cloth and silk,
+which was quite new, and of great value. Polidamor, who at first resisted,
+found himself compelled to yield to force, but asked as a favor to be
+allowed to redeem his mantle. This was agreed to at the price of thirty
+pistoles; and the rogues appointed a rendezvous the next day, at six in
+the evening, on the same spot, for the purpose of effecting the exchange.
+They recommended him to come alone, assuring him that his life would be
+endangered should he appear accompanied with an escort. Polidamor repaired
+to the place at the appointed hour, and after a few moments of expectation
+he saw a carriage approaching in which were seated four persons in the
+garb of gentlemen. They descended from the vehicle, and one of them,
+advancing towards the advocate, asked him in a low voice if he were not in
+search of a cloak of Spanish cloth and silk. The victim replied in the
+affirmative, and declared himself prepared to redeem it at the sum at
+which it had been taxed. The thieves having assured themselves that he was
+alone, seized him, and made him get into the carriage; and one of them
+presenting a pistol to his breast, bade him hold his tongue under pain of
+instant death, while another blindfolded him. As the advocate trembled
+with fear, they assured him that no harm was intended, and bade the
+coachman drive on.
+
+After a rapid flight, which was yet long enough to inspire the prisoner
+with deadly terror, the carriage stopped in front of a large mansion, the
+gate of which opened to receive them, and closed again as soon as they had
+passed the threshold. The robbers alighted with their captive, from whose
+eyes they now removed the bandage. He was led into an immense saloon,
+where were a number of tables, upon which the choicest viands were
+profusely spread, and seated at which was a company of gentlemanly-looking
+personages, who chatted familiarly together, without the slightest
+demonstration of confusion or alarm. His guardians again enjoined him to
+lay aside all fear, informed him that he was in good society, and that
+they had brought him there solely that they might enjoy the pleasure of
+his company at supper. In the mean while water was served to the guests,
+that they might wash their hands before sitting at table. Every man took
+his place, and a seat was assigned to Polidamor at the upper and
+privileged end of the board. Astonished, or rather stupefied at the
+strange circumstances of his adventure, he would willingly have abstained
+from taking any part in the repast; but he was compelled to make a show of
+eating, in order to dissemble his mistrust and agitation. When the supper
+was ended and the tables were removed, one of the gentlemen who had
+assisted in his capture accosted him with polite expressions of regret at
+his want of appetite. During the interchange of courtesies which ensued,
+one of the bandits took a lute, another a viol, and the party began to
+amuse themselves with music. The advocate was then invited to walk into a
+neighboring room, where he perceived a considerable number of mantles
+ranged in order. He was desired to select his own, and to count out the
+thirty pistoles agreed upon, together with one for coach-hire, and one
+more for his share of the reckoning at supper. Polidamor, who had been
+apprehensive that the drama of which his mantle had been the occasion
+might have a very different _d�nouement_, was but too well pleased to be
+quit at such a cost, and he took leave of the assembly with unfeigned
+expressions of gratitude. The carriage was called, and before entering it
+he was again blindfolded; his former conductors returned with him to the
+spot where he had been seized, where, removing the bandage from his eyes,
+they allowed him to alight, presenting him at the same moment with a
+ticket sealed with green wax, and having these words inscribed in large
+letters, _"Freed by the Great Band_." This ticket was a passport securing
+his mantle, purse, and person against all further assaults. Hastening to
+regain his residence with all speed, he was assailed at a narrow turning
+by three other rascals, who demanded his purse or his life. The advocate
+drew his ticket from his pocket, though he had no great faith in it as a
+preservative, and presented it to the thieves. One of them, provided with
+a dark lantern, read it, returned it, and recommended him to make haste
+home, where he at last arrived in safety.
+
+Early in the seventeenth century the Parisian rogues availed themselves of
+the regulations against the use of snuff to pillage the snuff-takers. As
+the sale of this article was forbidden by law to any but grocers and
+apothecaries, and as even they could only retail it to persons provided
+with the certificate of a medical man, the annoyance of such restrictions
+was loudly complained of. The rogues, ever ready to profit by
+circumstances, opened houses for gaming--at that period almost a universal
+vice--where "snuff at discretion" was a tempting bait to those long
+accustomed to a gratification all the more agreeable because it was
+forbidden. Here the snuff-takers were diligently plied with wine, and then
+cheated of their money; or, if too temperate or suspicious to drink to
+excess, they were unceremoniously plundered in a sham quarrel. To such a
+length was this practice carried, that an ordinance was at length issued
+in 1629, strictly forbidding all snuff-takers from assembling in public
+places or elsewhere, "_pour satisfaire leur go�t_!"
+
+The thieves of the good old times were not only more numerous in
+proportion to the population than they are at present, but were also
+distinguished by greater audacity and cruelty. They had recourse to the
+most diabolical ingenuity to subdue the resistance and to prevent the
+outcries of their victims. Under the rule of Henry IV. a band of brigands
+arose, who, in the garb, and with the manners of gentlemen, introduced
+themselves into the best houses under the pretext of private business, and
+when alone with the master, demanded his money at the dagger's point. Some
+of them made use of a gag--a contrivance designated at the period the
+_poire d'angoisse_. This instrument was of a spherical shape, and pierced
+all over with small holes; it was forced into the mouth of the person
+intended to be robbed, and upon touching a spring sharp points protruded
+from every hole, at once inflicting the most horrible anguish, and
+preventing the sufferer from uttering a single cry. It could not be
+withdrawn but by the use of the proper key, which contracted the spring.
+This device was adopted universally by one savage band, and occasioned
+immense misery not only in Paris but throughout France.
+
+An Italian thief, an enterprising and ingenious rogue, adopted a singular
+expedient for robbing women at their devotions in church. He placed
+himself on his knees by the side of his intended prey, holding in a pair
+of artificial hands a book of devotion, to which he made a show of the
+most devout attention, while with his natural hands he cut the watch or
+purse-string of his unsuspecting neighbor. This stratagem, favored by the
+fashion, then general, of wearing mantles, met with great success, and of
+course soon produced a host of clumsy imitators, and excited the vigilance
+of the police, who at length made so many seizures of solemn-faced
+devotees provided with wooden kid-gloved hands, that it fell into complete
+discredit, and was at last abandoned by the profession.
+
+Cunning as were the rogues of a past age, they were liable to capture like
+their modern successors. A gentleman having resorted to Paris on business,
+was hustled one day in the precincts of the palace, and robbed of his
+well-filled purse. Furious at the loss of a considerable sum, he swore to
+be avenged. He procured a clever mechanic, who, under his directions,
+contrived a kind of hand-trap for the pocket, managed in such a manner as
+to preclude the possibility of an attempt at purse-stealing without
+detection. Having fixed the instrument in its place, impatient for the
+revenge he had promised himself, he sallied forth to promenade the public
+walks, mingled with every group, and stopped from time to time gazing
+about him with the air of a greenhorn. Several days passed before any
+thing resulted from his plan; but one morning, while he was gaping at the
+portraits of the kings of France in one of the public galleries, he finds
+himself surrounded and pushed about, precisely as in the former instance;
+he feels a hand insinuating itself gently into the open snare, and hears
+immediately the click of the instrument, which assures him that the
+delinquent is safely caught. Taking no notice, he walks on as if nothing
+had happened, and resumes his promenade, drawing after him the thief, whom
+pain and shame prevented from making the least effort to disengage his
+hand. Occasionally the gentleman would turn round, and rebuke his
+unwilling follower for his importunity, and thus drew the eyes of the
+whole crowd upon his awkward position. At last, pretending to observe for
+the first time the stranger's hand in his pocket, he flies into a violent
+passion, accuses him of being a cut-purse, and demands the sum he had
+previously lost, without which he declares the villain shall be hanged. It
+would seem that compounding a felony was nothing in those days; for it is
+upon record that the thief, though caught in the act, was permitted to
+send a messenger to his comrades, who advanced the money, and therewith
+purchased his liberty.
+
+The people were forbidden to employ particular materials in the
+fabrication of their clothing, to ride in a coach, to decorate their
+apartments as they chose, to purchase certain articles of furniture, and
+even to give a dinner party when and in what style they chose. Under the
+Valois r�gime strict limits were assigned to the expenses of the table,
+determining the number of courses of which a banquet should consist, and
+that of the dishes of which each course was to be composed. Any guest who
+should fail to denounce an infraction of the law of which he had been a
+witness, was liable to a fine of forty livres; and officers of justice,
+who might be present, were strictly enjoined to quit the tables of their
+hosts, and institute immediate proceedings against them. The rigor of
+these regulations extended, even to the kitchen, and the police had the
+power of entry at all hours, to enforce compliance with the statutes.
+
+But it was during the prevalence of an epidemic that it was least
+agreeable to live in France in the good old times. No sooner did a
+contagious malady, or one that was supposed to be so, make its appearance,
+than the inhabitants of Paris were all forbidden to remove from one
+residence to another, although their term of tenancy had expired, until
+the judge of police had received satisfactory evidence that the house they
+desired to leave had not been affected by the contagion. When a house was
+infected, a bundle of straw fastened to one of the windows warned the
+public to avoid all intercourse with the inmates. At a later period two
+wooden crosses were substituted for the straw, one of which was attached
+to the front door, and the other to one of the windows in an upper story.
+In 1596 the provost of Paris having learned that the tenants of some
+houses infected by an epidemic which was then making great ravages, had
+removed these badges, issued an ordinance commanding that those who
+transgressed in a similar manner again should suffer the loss of the right
+hand--a threat which was found perfectly efficient.
+
+By an ordinance of 1533, persons recovering from a contagious malady,
+together with their domestics, and all the members of their families, were
+forbidden to appear in the streets for a given period without a white wand
+in their hands, to warn the public of the danger of contact. Three years
+after the authorities were yet more severe against the convalescents, who
+were ordered to remain shut up at home for forty days after their cure;
+and even when the quarantine had expired, they were not allowed to appear
+in the streets until they had presented to a magistrate a certificate from
+the commissary of their district, attested by a declaration of six
+householders, that the forty days had elapsed. In the preceding century
+(in 1498) an ordinance still more extraordinary had been issued. It was at
+the coronation of Louis XII. when a great number of the nobles came to
+Paris to take part in the ceremony. The provost, desiring to guard them
+from the danger of infection, published an order that all persons of both
+sexes, suffering under certain specified maladies, should quit the capital
+in twenty-four hours, _under the penalty of being thrown into the river_!
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+
+
+                          From Household Words.
+
+
+A strange story was once told me by a Levantine lady of my acquaintance,
+which I shall endeavor to relate--as far as I am able with the necessary
+abridgments--in her own words. The circumstances under which she told it
+were peculiar. The family had just been disturbed by the visit of a
+ghost--a real ghost, visible, if not palpable. She was not what may be
+called superstitious; and though following with more or less assiduity the
+practices of her religion, was afflicted now and then with a fit of
+perfect materialism. I was surprised, therefore, to hear her relate, with
+every appearance of profound faith, the following incidents:--
+
+There is an old house in Beyrout, which, for many successive years, was
+inhabited by a Christian family. It is of great extent, and was of yore
+fitted for the dwelling of a prince. The family had, indeed, in
+early-times been very rich; and almost fabulous accounts are current of
+the wealth of its founder, Fadlallah Dah�n. He was a merchant; the owner
+of ships, the fitter-out of caravans. The regions of the East and of the
+West had been visited by him; and, after undergoing as many dangers and
+adventures as Sinbad, he had returned to spend the latter days of his life
+in his native city. He built, accordingly, a magnificent dwelling, the
+courts of which he adorned with marble fountains, and the chambers with
+silk divans; and he was envied on account of his prosperity.
+
+But, in the restlessness of his early years, he had omitted to marry, and
+now found himself near the close of his career without an heir to inherit
+his wealth and to perpetuate his name. This reflection often disturbed
+him; yet he was unwilling to take a wife because he was old. Every now and
+then, it is true, he saw men older than he, with fewer teeth and whiter
+beards, taking to their bosoms maidens that bloomed like peaches just
+beginning to ripen against a wall; and his friends, who knew he would give
+a magnificent marriage-feast, urged him to do likewise. Once he looked
+with pleasure on a young person of not too tender years, whose parents
+purposely presented her to him; but having asked her in a whisper whether
+she would like to marry a withered old gentleman like himself, she frankly
+confessed a preference for his handsome young clerk, Harma, who earned a
+hundred piastres a month. Fadlallah laughed philosophically, and took care
+that the young couple should be married under happy auspices.
+
+One day he was proceeding along the street gravely and slowly--surrounded
+by a number of merchants proud to walk by his side, and followed by two or
+three young men, who pressed near in order to be thought of the company,
+and thus establish their credit--when an old woman espying him, began to
+cry out, "Yeh! yeh! this is the man who has no wife and no child--this is
+the man who is going to die and leave his fortune to be robbed by his
+servants or confiscated by the governor! And yet, he has a sagacious
+nose"--(the Orientals have observed that there is wisdom in a nose)--"and a
+beard as long as my back! Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Fadlallah Dah�n stopped, and retorted, smiling: "Yeh! yeh! this is the
+woman that blames an old man for not marrying a young wife. Yeh! yeh! what
+a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Then the woman replied, "O my lord, every pig's tail curls not in the same
+direction, nor does every maiden admire the passing quality of youth. If
+thou wilt, I will bestow on thee a wife, who will love thee as thou lovest
+thyself, and serve thee as the angels serve Allah. She is more beautiful
+than any of the daughters of Beyrout, and her name is Selima, a name of
+good augury."
+
+The friends of Fadlallah laughed, as did the young men who followed in
+their wake, and urged him to go and see this peerless beauty, if it were
+only for a joke. Accordingly, he told the woman to lead the way. But she
+said he must mount his mule, for they had to go some distance into the
+country. He mounted, and, with a single servant, went forth from the
+gates--the woman preceding--and rode until he reached a village in the
+mountains. Here, in a poor little house, he found Selima; clothed in the
+very commonest style, engaged in making divan cushions. She was a
+marvellously beautiful girl, and the heart of the merchant at once began
+to yearn towards her; yet he endeavored to restrain himself, and said,
+"This beautiful thing is not for me." But the woman cried out, "Selima,
+wilt thou consent to love this old man?" The girl gazed in his face
+awhile, and then, folding her hands across her bosom, said, "Yes; for
+there is goodness in his countenance." Fadlallah wept with joy; and,
+returning to the city, announced his approaching marriage to his friends.
+According to custom, they expressed civil surprise to his face; but, when
+his back was turned, they whispered that he was an old fool, and had been
+the dupe of a she-adventurer.
+
+The marriage took place with ceremonies of royal magnificence; and Selima,
+who passed unmoved from extreme poverty to abundant riches, seemed to
+merit the position of the greatest lady in Beyrout. Never was woman more
+prudent than she. No one ever knew her previous history, nor that of her
+mother. Some said that a life of misery, perhaps of shame, was before
+them, when this unexpected marriage took place. Selima's gratitude to
+Fadlallah was unbounded; and out of gratitude grew love. The merchant
+daily offered up thanks for the bright diamond which had come to shine in
+his house.
+
+In due time a child was born; a boy lively as his mother; and they named
+him Halil. With what joy he was received, what festivities announced the
+glad intelligence to the town, may easily be imagined. Selima and
+Fadlallah resolved to devote themselves to his education, and determined
+that he should be the most accomplished youth of Bar-er-Sh�m. But a long
+succession of children followed, each more beautiful than the former--some
+boys, some girls; and every new comer was received with additional delight
+and still grander ceremonies; so that the people began to say, "Is this a
+race of sovereigns?"
+
+Now, Halil grew up to the age of twelve--still a charming lad; but the
+parents always fully occupied by the last arrival, had not carried out
+their project of education. He was as wild and untamed as a colt, and
+spent more of his time in the street than in the company of his mother;
+who, by degrees, began to look upon him with a kind of calm friendship due
+to strangers. Fadlallah, as he took his accustomed walk with his merchant
+friends, used from time to time to encounter a ragged boy fighting in the
+streets with the sons of the Jew butcher; but his eyes beginning to grow
+dim, he often passed without recognizing him. One day, however, Halil,
+breathless and bleeding, ran up and took refuge beneath the skirts of his
+mantle from a crowd of savage urchins. Fadlallah was amazed, and said, "O,
+my son--for I think thou art my son--what evil hath befallen thee, and
+wherefore do I see thee in this state?" The boy, whose voice was choked by
+sobs, looked up into his face, and said, "Father, I am the son of the
+richest merchant of Beyrout, and behold, there is no one so little cared
+for as I."
+
+Fadlallah's conscience smote him, and he wiped the boy's bleeding face
+with the corner of his silk caftan, and blessed him; and, taking him by
+the hand, led him away. The merchants smiled benignly one to the other,
+and, pointing with their thumbs, said, "We have seen the model youth!"
+
+Whilst they laughed and sneered, Fadlallah, humbled yet resolved, returned
+to his house, leading the ragged Halil, and entered his wife's chamber.
+Selima was playing with her seventh child, and teaching it to lisp the
+word "Baba"--about the amount of education which she had found time to
+bestow on each of her offspring. When she saw the plight of her eldest son
+she frowned, and was about to scold him; but Fadlallah interposed, and
+said, "Wife, speak no harsh words. We have not done our duty by this boy.
+May God forgive us; but we have looked on these children that have bloomed
+from thee, more as playthings than as deposits for which we are
+responsible. Halil has become a wild out-of-doors lad, doubting with some
+reason of our love. It is too late to bring him back to the destiny we had
+dreamt of; but he must not be left to grow up thus uncared for. I have a
+brother established in Bassora; to him will I send the lad to learn the
+arts of commerce, and to exercise himself in adventure, as his father did
+before him. Bestow thy blessing upon him, Selima (here the good old man's
+voice trembled), and may God in his mercy forgive both thee and me for the
+neglect which has made this parting necessary. I shall know that I am
+forgiven, if, before I go down into the tomb, my son return a wise and
+sober man; not unmindful that we gave him life, and forgetting that, until
+now, we have given him little else."
+
+Selima laid her seventh child in its cradle of carved wood, and drew Halil
+to her bosom; and Fadlallah knew that she loved him still, because she
+kissed his face, regardless of the blood and dirt that stained it. She
+then washed him and dressed him, and gave him a purse of gold, and handed
+him over to his father; who had resolved to send him off by the caravan
+that started that very afternoon. Halil, surprised and made happy by
+unwonted caresses, was yet delighted at the idea of beginning an
+adventurous life; and went away, manfully stifling his sobs, and
+endeavoring to assume the grave deportment of a merchant. Selima shed a
+few tears, and then, attracted by a crow and a chuckle from the cradle,
+began to tickle the infant's soft double chin, and went on with her
+interrupted lesson, "Baba, Baba!"
+
+Halil started on his journey, and having passed through the Valley of
+Robbers, the Valley of Lions, and the Valley of Devils--this is the way in
+which Orientals localize the supposed dangers of travelling--arrived at the
+good city of Bassora; where his uncle received him well, and promised to
+send him, as supercargo on board the first vessel he dispatched to the
+Indian seas. What time was spent by the caravan upon the road, the
+narrative does not state. Travelling is slow work in the East; but almost
+immediately on his arrival in Bassora, Halil was engaged in a love
+adventure. If travelling is slow, the approaches of manhood are rapid. The
+youth's curiosity was excited by the extraordinary care taken to conceal
+his cousin Miriam from his sight; and having introduced himself into her
+garden, beheld, and, struck by her wonderful beauty, loved her. With an
+Oriental fondness he confessed the truth to his uncle, who listened with
+anger and dismay, and told him that Miriam was betrothed to the Sultan.
+Halil perceived the danger of indulging his passion, and promised to
+suppress it; but whilst he played a prudent part, Miriam's curiosity was
+also excited, and she too beheld and loved her cousin. Bolts and bars
+cannot keep two such affections asunder. They met and plighted their troth
+and were married secretly, and were happy. But inevitable discovery came.
+Miriam was thrown into a dungeon; and the unhappy Halil, loaded with
+chains, was put on board a vessel, not as supercargo, but as prisoner,
+with orders that he should be left in some distant country.
+
+Meanwhile a dreadful pestilence fell upon Beyrout, and among the first
+sufferers was an eighth little one that had just learned to say "Baba!"
+Selima was almost too astonished to be grieved. It seemed to her
+impossible that death should come into her house, and meddle with the
+fruits of so much suffering and love. When they came to take away the
+little form which she had so often fondled, her indignation burst forth,
+and she smote the first old woman who stretched out her rough
+unsympathetic hand. But a shriek from her waiting-woman announced that
+another victim was singled out; and the frantic mother rushed like a
+tigress to defend the young that yet remained to her. But the enemy was
+invisible; and (so the story goes) all her little ones drooped one by one
+and died; so that on the seventh day Selima sat in her nursery gazing
+about with stony eyes, and counting her losses upon her fingers--Iskender,
+Selima, Wardy, Fadlallah, Hanna, Hennenah, Gereges--seven in all. Then she
+remembered Halil, and her neglect of him; and, lifting up her voice, she
+wept aloud; and, as the tears rushed fast and hot down her cheeks, her
+heart yearned for her absent boy, and she would have parted with worlds to
+have fallen upon his breast--would have given up her life in return for one
+word of pardon and of love.
+
+Fadlallah came in to her; and he was now very old and feeble. His back was
+bent, and his transparent hand trembled as it clutched a cane. A white
+beard surrounded a still whiter face; and as he came near his wife, he
+held out his hand towards her with an uncertain gesture, as if the room
+had been dark. This world appeared to him but dimly. "Selima," said he,
+"the Giver hath taken. We, too, must go in our turn. Weep, my love, but
+weep with moderation, for those little ones that have gone to sing in the
+golden cages of Paradise. There is a heavier sorrow in my heart. Since my
+first-born, Halil, departed for Bassora, I have only written once to learn
+intelligence of him. He was then well, and had been received with favor by
+his uncle. We have never done our duty by that boy." His wife replied, "Do
+not reproach me; for I reproach myself more bitterly than thou canst do.
+Write, then, to thy brother to obtain tidings of the beloved one. I will
+make of this chamber a weeping chamber. It has resounded with merriment
+enough. All my children learned to laugh and to talk here. I will hang it
+with black, and erect a tomb in the midst; and every day I will come and
+spend two hours, and weep for those who are gone and for him who is
+absent." Fadlallah approved her design; and they made a weeping chamber,
+and lamented together every day therein. But their letters to Bassora
+remained unanswered; and they began to believe that fate had chosen a
+solitary tomb for Halil.
+
+One day a woman, dressed in the garb of the poor, came to the house of
+Fadlallah with a boy about twelve years old. When the merchant saw them he
+was struck with amazement, for he beheld in the boy the likeness of his
+son Halil; and he called aloud to Selima, who, when she came, shrieked
+with amazement. The woman told her story, and it appeared that she was
+Miriam. Having spent some months in prison, she had escaped and taken
+refuge in a forest in the house of her nurse. Here she had given birth to
+a son, whom she had called by his father's name. When her strength
+returned, she had set out as a beggar to travel over the world in search
+of her lost husband. Marvellous were the adventures she underwent, God
+protecting her throughout, until she came to the land of Persia, where she
+found Halil working as a slave in the garden of the Governor of Fars.
+After a few stolen interviews, she had again resumed her wanderings to
+seek for Fadlallah, that he might redeem his son with wealth; but had
+passed several years upon the road.
+
+Fortune, however, now smiled upon this unhappy family, and in spite of his
+age, Fadlallah set out for Fars. Heaven made the desert easy, and the road
+short for him. On a fine calm evening he entered the gardens of the
+governor, and found his son gaily singing as he trimmed an orange tree.
+After a vain attempt to preserve an incognito, the good old man lifted up
+his hands, and shouting, "Halil, my first-born!" fell upon the breast of
+the astonished slave. Sweet was the interview in the orange grove, sweet
+the murmured conversation between the strong young man and the trembling
+patriarch, until the perfumed dew of evening fell upon their heads.
+Halil's liberty was easily obtained, and father and son returned in safety
+to Beyrout. Then the Weeping Chamber was closed, and the door walled up;
+and Fadlallah and Selima lived happily until age gently did its work at
+their appointed times: and Halil and Miriam inherited the house and the
+wealth that had been gathered for them.
+
+The supernatural part of the story remains to be told. The Weeping Chamber
+was never again opened; but every time that a death was about to occur in
+the family, a shower of heavy tear-drops was heard to fall upon its marble
+floor, and low wailings came through the walled doorway. Years, centuries
+passed away, and the mystery repeated itself with unvarying uniformity.
+The family fell into poverty, and only occupied a portion of the house,
+but invariably before one of its members sickened unto death, a shower of
+heavy drops, as from a thunder-cloud, pattered on the pavement of the
+Weeping Chamber, and was heard distinctly at night through the whole
+house. At length the family quitted the country in search of better
+fortunes elsewhere, and the house remained for a long time uninhabited.
+
+The lady who narrated the story went to live in the house, and passed some
+years without being disturbed; but one night she was lying awake, and
+distinctly heard the warning shower dripping heavily in the Weeping
+Chamber. Next day the news came of her mother's death, and she hastened to
+remove to another dwelling. The house has since been utterly abandoned to
+rats, mice, beetles, and an occasional ghost seen sometimes streaming
+along the rain-pierced terraces. No one has ever attempted to violate the
+solitude of the sanctuary where Selima wept for the seven little ones
+taken to the grave, and for the absent one whom she had treated with
+unmotherly neglect.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+
+
+                    BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CASTILIAN."
+
+
+It was one of those clear, bright days, peculiar to a Spanish summer, when
+the deep blue skies seem to reflect their warmth in radiance over the
+earth; a slumberous influence hung over the tranquil streets of Madrid,
+and although it was still early in the morning, the fervid rays of the sun
+gave a certain indication of the meridian power he was about to display in
+a few hours.
+
+Such was the day appropriated for the splendid and soul-stirring
+celebration of a bull-fight; and accordingly, the inhabitants soon began,
+by an unusual bustle, to evince the absorbing interest they are accustomed
+to take in this favorite amusement. Before the hour of nine, the beautiful
+street of Alcala was thronged with a promiscuous multitude, eager to
+witness the first exhibition of the morning; the Spanish bull-fight being
+in fact composed of two acts, if I may so term them, the morning and the
+evening encounters.
+
+On such days, a general cessation of labor takes place throughout the
+city, and the whole population is occupied with speculations on the
+approaching festival. On the morning in question, the inhabitants of
+Madrid, the lower classes in particular, attired in their holiday finery,
+began at an early hour to issue from their narrow and obscure dormitories,
+and, with tolerably cleanly appearance and much importance of demeanor, to
+take up a position in that famous _Puerta del sol_ which, on less
+momentous occasions, seems destined only as a lounge for all the
+_ennuy�s_, news-hunters, and _petit-maitres_ of Madrid. The Manolos, too,
+began to congregate in great numbers, casting around those terrible
+glances of recklessness and conscious courage, which, in the estimation of
+foreigners, are the certain prognostics of as many concealed daggers.
+
+I soon made up my mind to add one to the vast concourse now on the alert
+to witness this grand and terrific spectacle, although, for many reasons,
+I prudently resolved to postpone my share of the entertainment until the
+evening.
+
+It is at this hour that the higher classes prefer visiting the arena: a
+number of the more desperate _amateurs_, however, regardless of the
+influence of a meridian sun, do not hesitate to present themselves at the
+morning exhibitions.
+
+At about four in the afternoon, the _Calle de Alcala_ was, if possible,
+more crowded than it had been in the morning. This majestic street, which
+commands a full view of the superb triumphal arch which bears its name,
+now presented a most striking and animated scene: various groups,
+fancifully contrasted in dress and deportment, were all hurrying towards
+the same spot. Here you might see the gorgeous equipage of the haughty
+grandee, sweeping by in all the imposing consciousness of pomp and
+greatness, while carriages of more humble pretensions were rattling as
+briskly, if not as proudly, along the gay and lively street. The
+_Calesines_, too, were seen in great numbers hurrying to the scene of
+anticipated pleasure, and diversifying, by the singularity of their
+appearance, and the ringing of small bells, the stately _cortege_ of more
+splendid equipages.
+
+Next, an army of _majos_ attracted attention by their fanciful dresses,
+and the easy swagger with which they accompanied their _morenas_, who were
+not the less conspicuous for their graceful though somewhat confident
+demeanor. They were all, of course, attired in their peculiar costume,
+bedizened with ribbons, and the short saya reaching only to the middle of
+the calf, and showing the most polished ancle and the prettiest foot in
+the world. These gay and lively individuals were picturesquely contrasted
+with crowds of monks and friars, of all orders and colors--
+
+  White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery--
+
+here and there intermingled with military idlers, in the uniforms of their
+several regiments.
+
+Here you might see the rosy and jolly abbate, ambling along upon a mule,
+having an appearance scarcely less clerical than himself, jostling the
+less fortunate friar on the back of the humbler donkey, and the sturdy
+mendicant, as he strode along on foot, supported only by his staff. The
+streets, and every avenue leading to the _Plaza de los Toros_, were lined
+with noisy vendors of delicious fruits, who made a grateful display upon
+their stalls of the Seville orange and the cooling water-melon; whilst a
+number of Valencians carried about large _vasijas_, or trays of lemonade,
+and other refreshments, for the accommodation of the thirsty pedestrians,
+who had no time to squander upon a visit to the _neveras_, or ice-houses.
+The effect of this animated picture was farther heightened by the cries of
+the venders, the harmony of some neighboring barber's guitar, the
+continual jingling of the mules' bells, and the clicking of castanets.
+
+Amidst this stunning, yet not unpleasing variety of sounds, we at length
+reached the _Plaza de los Toros_, and it was with some difficulty we
+obtained places in the stage seats. A vast concourse of persons of all
+classes were already assembled, and I observed with a smile the effect
+which the novelty of the scene had produced upon an English friend, whom I
+had, with great difficulty, prevailed upon to accompany me; having, as he
+declared, but little taste for such brutal and demoralizing exhibitions.
+He seemed quite excited, and made some passing observation relative to the
+Roman Circus, to which the present exhibition bore no unapt resemblance. I
+directed his attention to many of his countrymen, as well as other
+foreigners, who, after having been quite as clamorous as himself against
+the sport, had terminated their philosophical philippics by becoming
+constant visitors both at the morning and afternoon encounters. We arrived
+at the scene of action just in time to witness _El despejo_, or the
+clearing of the arena; a ceremony which is effected by a band of soldiers,
+who enter the place and drive every loiterer away, to the sound of drums
+and fifes. In a few minutes, not a single person was to be seen in the
+circus; and, consequently, the body of spectators, thus driven back upon
+the crowd, gave rise to various energetic expostulations, hearty curses,
+and not a few random cuffs. The only inconvenience, however, of these
+frequent _mel�es_, was the loss of a few ribbons and a quantity of hair,
+of which the _manolus_ most assiduously set about easing themselves. This
+operation is a source of considerable amusement to those who stand aloof
+from the field of strife. We had been happy in securing good places, and
+had nothing to complain of but the immediate vicinity of an amateur, or
+_aficionado_, who kept his tongue in continual motion, and favored his
+neighbors with a tremendous display of erudition on the _tauromachia_.
+
+Whilst the immense multitude were beguiling their impatience in a thousand
+ways, and among others by bandying jests--eating
+oranges--smoking--whistling--love-making and quarrelling--the champions of the
+f�te, namely, the _picadores_, the _espadas_, and the _chulos_, were very
+piously engaged in prayer in a chapel contiguous to the circus, it being
+customary for combatants to solicit the protection of the holy Virgin
+against the tremendous animal they are about to encounter before they
+venture to provoke its ferocity.
+
+While they proceed in their laudable occupation, we will return to the
+circus, which now presented a most striking spectacle. The corregidor and
+the corporation of the town had already taken their seats near the
+splendid box fitted up for the use of the king, directly opposite to the
+entrance from which the bull was expected to rush into the arena. Above
+this entrance was a platform, occupied by a band of musicians, who
+continued at intervals to mingle their animating strains with the clamor
+of the noisy multitude. An officer of the town now entered the arena,
+mounted on a fine charger. He was dressed in complete sables, and carried
+in his hand the staff of office. Attended by alguazils, he
+advanced,--saluted the box where the king was _not_,--and then proceeded to
+the master of the ceremonies, from whom he received the keys of the cells,
+where the terrible animals who were to take so conspicuous parts in the
+evening spectacle were confined.
+
+At this critical juncture, a breathless silence pervaded the spectators,
+who by their eager looks evinced the absorbing interest they took in the
+soul-stirring spectacle. Anon, a band of martial instruments struck up;--a
+general buzz arose on every side, and, amidst the overwhelming din that
+prevailed throughout the circus, the _picadores_ and the rest of their
+party made their entrance into the arena. First came the _picadores_, with
+their horses blindfold, wearing enormous boots to protect them from the
+blows of the bull; next paced on the _espadas_, or _matadores_, on foot,
+attired in rich silk dresses, each wearing a robe of a different color,
+together with ribbons or some other distinctive mark of favor from his
+mistress. The procession closed with a numerous troop of _chulos_, or
+_banderilleros_, a set of young men lightly and fancifully apparelled,
+whose business is to distract the attention of the bull from a fallen
+cavalier, and to harass the animal with the _banderillas_. In this
+splendid troop we perceived some traces of the ancient spirit of chivalry,
+although, strange to say, the favorite sport of the fine cavaliers of the
+land is now confined to the lowest orders. It is only from the
+slaughter-house that the bull-fighters now, for the most part, proceed.
+
+The procession moved on, at a slow and stately pace, amidst strains of
+music and the vociferations of the lower classes, many of whom soon
+recognized in the heroes of the f�te, some near relation, some dear
+friend, or at least, well-known acquaintance, whom they were desirous of
+encouraging by their shouts. The champions having made their respective
+obeisances to the royal box and to the corregidor, retired to the places
+set apart for them in the arena.
+
+The _picadores_, according to the order of precedence, ranged themselves
+in the circus, close to the _baranda_, or wooden barrier, which, though
+elevated to the height of five feet, is sometimes scarcely sufficient to
+prevent the most furious amongst the bulls from breaking over it. Suddenly
+the music ceased--the silence was intense--the signal is given--the doors
+were flung open--and, with one tremendous burst, forth sprang the bull into
+the middle of the circus! It was a fearful animal; not large, but of that
+peculiar color and breed which are accounted the most ferocious.
+
+  Dark is his hide on either side, but the blood within doth boil,
+  And the dun hide glows as if on fire, as he paws to the turmoil,
+  His eyes are jet, and they are set in crystal rings of snow;
+  But now they stare with one red glare of brass upon the foe.
+  Upon the forehead of the bull the horns stand close and near,
+  From out the broad and wrinkled skull like daggers they appear;
+  His neck is massy, like the trunk of some old knotted tree,
+  Whereon the monster's shagged mane like billows curled ye see.
+  His legs are short, his hams are thick, his hoofs are black as night,
+  Like a strong flail he holds his tail in the fierceness of his might;
+  Like something molten out of iron, or hewn forth from the rock,
+  Harpado of Xarama stands, to bide the Alcayde's shock.(6)
+
+The appearance of the bull was hailed by loud acclamations from the
+multitude; whilst hats, handkerchiefs, and scarfs fluttered in the air, in
+every direction.
+
+The noble animal appeared at first as though he were undecided how to act,
+or on whom to wreak his fierce vengeance. He turned on every side, and
+scanned the appalling number and firmness of his tormentors; gradually he
+became more and more excited, till, exasperated by the clamors of the
+impatient multitude, he tore the ground with his hoofs, tossed his head in
+proud indignation, and then stared intently before him, as if to awe the
+circus with the lightnings of his angry eye. Again he lowered his head,
+and blew the dust in clouds with the burning breath of his distended
+nostrils, and lashed his sides with his tail, as if to work himself up to
+the proper pitch of frenzy; at length, with a sudden bound, he rushed
+furiously against the first _picador_. The cavalier received the charge
+with perfect coolness and intrepidity, and having succeeded in planting
+his _pica_ in the higher part of the animal's neck, the theatre rung with
+acclamations at the strength and dexterity with which he kept his
+tremendous opponent for some moments fixed to the spot. Smarting with
+pain, the bull then retired for a short time; but his rage prevailing over
+his fears, he again rushed forward, and was received by a second
+_picador_. Less fortunate, however, than his companion, he was unable to
+withstand the overwhelming shock; and, after a fruitless effort to stem
+the animal's fury with his _pica_, it at length broke, and the bull, with
+one tremendous thrust on the horse's breast, overthrew its rider.
+Fortunately for the fallen _picador_, he was protected by the bulk of his
+horse; and the bull, as it often happens, sated his fierceness on the
+helpless animal, whose blood spouted round the arena, from a wound
+evidently mortal. The excitement of the spectators now became intense;
+when the bull, having fully disabled his enemy, advanced toward the third
+cavalier. The champion, however, had penetration enough to perceive that
+the bull was of a dangerous kind, and evinced no particular solicitude to
+come to closer quarters with him. He kept, therefore, retreating, under
+pretext of gaining an advantageous position; but the people, who guessed
+his real motive, unanimously protested against such dilatory proceedings.
+Men and women, old and young, began to assail the luckless, or rather,
+prudent _picador_, with a violent storm of abuse.
+
+During the whole of this noisy altercation, our erudite neighbor, the
+_aficionado_, had been very scientifically descanting on the various
+points of the combat, to our no small annoyance; for he could not rest a
+moment in his seat, and was continually intercepting our view. The
+_picador_, provoked by the bitter sarcasms lavished upon him by the more
+vulgar part of the spectators, now advanced with an air of determination a
+little farther into the arena; but the sagacious bull kept retreating as
+his enemy advanced, in order to render escape more difficult, and his
+vengeance certain. At length he rushed on the cavalier with such fury and
+overwhelming force, that both _picador_ and horse rolled on the ground:
+unluckily, the man not being very dexterous, could seek no protection from
+the horse, but lay exposed to the fury of his powerful antagonist.
+
+Cries of horror and alarm for the safety of the unfortunate _picador_ were
+now heard on every side, and strange to say, those very persons, who had
+but just driven him to encounter the danger, were now the most clamorous
+in shouting for protection for him. The _chulos_ lost no time in applying
+their art to extricate their companion, by harassing the animal on all
+sides, who was thus compelled to abandon his prey in order to meet his new
+tormentors. Thus the fallen cavalier was rescued from his jeopardy, whilst
+his poor horse, dreadfully gored, ran wildly about the arena. The bull, as
+if satisfied with these feats, now stood tranquilly looking on the
+spectators, who filled the air with _vivas_ in praise of his prowess.
+
+The trumpet again sounded the signal for the second part of the combat,
+and forthwith the _chulos_ advanced nimbly with their _banderillas_, each
+striving to fix his weapon in the neck of the animal, as in their
+hazardous course he passed under their extended arms. The smart of the
+_banderillas_ tended to goad the bull to greater fury, and tormented on
+every side he bellowed out in agony, and bounded from place to place,
+turning first to one, and then to another of his aggressors.
+
+Thus, after he had vented his rage, foaming at the mouth and flashing fire
+from his eyes, the moment arrived when it was deemed expedient to put an
+end to his protracted sufferings, and at a given signal the _chulos_
+retired and made place for the _prima-espada_.
+
+This was Candido, who though arrived at an advanced age, still retained
+much of the strength and agility of his youth, which, combined with the
+experience he had acquired in the game, rendered him a very formidable
+opponent. He advanced with a stately pace, bearing in one hand a piece of
+scarlet cloth to entice the animal, and in the other his sword. Having
+arrived in front of the seat of the presiding authorities, he made a
+graceful salute, and then performed the same ceremony before his friends,
+who hailed him with many hearty _vivas_; whilst a deadly silence was
+observed on the part of the admirers of his rival Leoncito. Candido
+proceeded slowly, and warily towards the bull, endeavoring to entice him
+by waving the red cloth. The animal, however, would not suddenly rush
+against his foe; but calmly watched for the moment when he might find him
+less upon his guard.
+
+Candido, with all the skill of a practised _matador_, appeared to guess
+the sinister intentions of the bull, and followed his every movement with
+an active eye--nay, he seemed to penetrate into the inmost feelings of the
+animal.--Irritated by the defiance, the bull sprang upon his foe; but was
+baffled in his vengeance, for he pierced only the floating piece of cloth;
+the _matador_ very adroitly turning aside, and plunging his sword into his
+flank as he passed. The wound however was not mortal, and the combat was
+renewed. The bull, somewhat intimidated, did not again charge his
+adversary; but preferred awaiting his approach;--after some appropriate
+evolutions, Candido at last boldly advanced towards him, and with a
+successful thrust pierced him to the heart. Nothing had been wanting to
+complete the success of Candido but the solitary triumph of retaining his
+sword in his hand after the death-blow was inflicted, this being
+considered the _ne plus ultra_ of the art. The bull had no sooner fallen
+to the ground than a set of most beautiful mules, splendidly caparisoned,
+and ornamented with a profusion of ribbons and small flags, were brought
+into the circus to convey from it the lifeless carcass. This operation was
+performed amid the stormy sounds of martial music, and the shouts of the
+multitude; the tremendous animal was dragged from the field, leaving in
+its progress a long crimson track upon the scattered sand.
+
+The signal now sounded for a second fight; the doors were once more thrown
+open, and a huge bull rushed forward, and without a moment's loss ran
+furiously at the nearest _picador_. He was, however, soon sobered, and
+smarting with the pain of the first wound he received, prudently
+retreated, in no hurry to taste a like favor from the second cavalier. In
+vain did the _picadores_ provoke him by advancing into the arena, he
+invariably declined the re-offered combat. The spectators, impatient at
+this delay, grew expressively clamorous, some crying shame! shame! and
+others _vaca! vaca!_ (poor cow! poor cow!)--but all these energetic
+remonstrances were lost upon the pacific animal.
+
+With much difficulty, and after a pretty long interval, the three wounds
+of the _pica_ (according to rule) were at length inflicted; and the
+_chulos_ came forward to perform their part. It was here that the same
+difficulty arose, for alas! it could not be expected that the poor bull,
+who had shown no relish whatever for the _pica_, should evince any taste
+for the _banderillas_. Consequently a great confusion arose, and a
+simultaneous call for _banderillas de fuego_, was heard on every side.
+This it was expected would prove a stimulus to the too tranquil
+temperament of the animal.
+
+Accordingly the furs was planted upon his neck; but scarcely had the
+fireworks began to crack and whiz around his head, than stunned no doubt
+by the noise as well as the pain, he actually turned and fled. The
+_chulos_ ran after him, and thus continued _nolens volens_ to thrust their
+spears into his unresisting carcass, until it was thought expedient to
+desist in order to give him the _coup de grace_. Leoncito the second
+_espada_ then came forward, and was hailed with joyful acclamations by his
+partisans, especially the _manolas_, for he was a young, light-made,
+dapper man. It proved however an exceedingly difficult task to kill the
+bull according to the rules of art, owing to the animal's unequivocal
+disinclination for the combat. Leoncito was a brave, daring man; but
+hardly so well skilled as Candido. He rushed boldly against the bull, and
+strove to inflict upon him a mortal wound. He missed, however, his aim at
+the right place, and the animal began to pour forth its blood in a stream.
+This is considered an enormous fault in the art--and it met with a becoming
+storm of groans and hisses. The bull, agonized by his wounds, ran wildly
+about. Leoncito gave him another blow--when he sat down, and quietly looked
+around him, as the wounds were not immediately mortal. This reposing
+attitude gave immense annoyance both to the combatants and the spectators.
+Of course it was out of all question to inflict on so gentle and resigned
+an enemy another _estocada_--and yet the public could not afford to wait
+the bull's leisure to die, as it was necessary to continue the sport. To
+expedite, therefore, the animal's last moments, and the progress of public
+business, the _eachetero_, a butcher, came forward and performed his
+function of inflicting the death-blow on occasions when, owing to the
+perversity of the bull or the clumsiness of the _matador_, his final
+assistance becomes requisite. Grasping firmly a short sharp dagger, he by
+a steady and well directed blow put a period to the agonies of the
+animal--applauses and abuse were then liberally bestowed upon Leoncito;
+after which the fight was suffered to proceed, and the third bull sprang
+into the arena. We will not, however, follow the perils and chances of
+this encounter. It may e sufficient to mention, that the sport went on
+much upon the same principle as before. The usual number of horses were
+killed, good spanking falls were endured by the combatants, and the same
+tumult and confusion prevailed throughout the circus. The combat had now
+lasted three hours, and the shadows of evening were gradually descending
+over the scene. Yet the spectators appeared by no means satisfied; some
+even grew clamorous, and required that a fourth bull should be brought
+forward. Amongst these unreasonable requisitionists, the _aficionado_
+particularly distinguished himself. He was (unhappily for his neighbors)
+blessed with most stentorian lungs, of which he made a liberal use, upon
+the most trifling occasion,--no other bull, however, was produced, and
+accordingly the spectators began slowly and discontentedly to disperse.
+
+The fight being ended, the _picadores_ and the rest of the troop withdrew
+to the little chapel, to return thanks for their escape. However, the
+veracity expected from an historian compels me to say, that their evening
+prayers were by no means of the same length as those which had preceded
+the encounter of the morning. At the entrance of the chapel we perceived
+many a dark-complexioned _manola_--many a terrible looking,
+fierce-whiskered, cigar-smoking _majo_--awaiting the egress of their
+friends; who, as soon as their devotions were concluded, stalked out with
+a martial and haughty air to receive the congratulations of their
+comrades. Meantime, the vast concourse of people so lately assembled
+together, had gradually dispersed through the various avenues of the
+Prado, affording the beholder a most striking and enlivening picture. The
+Prado itself, that beautiful promenade, which has attracted the attention
+of all who have visited Spain, now presented a most brilliant spectacle:
+it was crowded with carriages, as well as with pedestrians, all pressing
+to enjoy the coolness of the evening in that delightful spot. Having
+strolled a few times up and down this fashionable promenade, we retired to
+the _Neverria de Solos_, contiguous to the Prado, to take our _refresco_.
+To this place, as to many others of the like nature, the more elegant
+class of society retire early in the evening to eat ices, and drink
+lemonade and other refreshing beverages. From hence each person retires to
+his own _tertulia_ for the evening, and thus ends a day wholly consecrated
+to pleasure.
+
+Bull fights are now daily decreasing, both in number and splendor of
+appearance, from what they were in former times. Either the Spaniards are
+losing their relish for such spectacles, or the scarcity of good
+_picadores_ and _espades_ detracts from the interest which attaches to
+them. Not long since, the _matadores_ were favorites with the public, and
+were regarded with considerable interest even by their superiors. Many
+singular and gallant adventures are related of them and ladies of rank. It
+was a common custom, no great while ago, to throw purses of gold to the
+combatants, upon the achievement of some skilful feat. But unhappily the
+secret of long purses is lost, and there is but little chance of a
+stranger seeing any money thrown away in Spain at the present time.
+
+The most renowned of the Matadores were Romero and Pepe-Hillo, the author
+of a treatise entitled Tauromachia. The first retired from the arena full
+of honors and considerable wealth. But being desirous of obtaining for his
+son a canonship, he was commanded, in order to obtain that favor from the
+queen, Maria Louisa, to re-appear in the arena, on some grand festival.
+
+Romero joyfully obeyed; but his age and feebleness were inadequate to cope
+with the fearful bull, and he would certainly have been killed, had not
+his friends forcibly withdrawn him from the arena.
+
+The will, however, was taken for the deed, and his son was accordingly
+made a canon. With regard to Pepe-Hillo, like a gallant general, he met
+his death in the field of his exploits. On a certain occasion, contrary to
+the opinion of his friends, who knew him to be suffering from a wound in
+the hand, he appeared in the arena. Unhappily he had to encounter a
+tremendous animal. The bull hurled him on high twice; and when the
+unfortunate man fell on the ground he was frightfully gored, and shortly
+afterwards expired, amidst the most excruciating torments.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+  There be of British arms and deeds,
+    Who sing in noble strain,
+  Of Poictiers' field, and Agincourt,
+    And Cressy's bloody plain.
+
+  High tales of merry England,
+    Full often have been told,
+  For never wanted bard to sing
+    The actions of the bold.
+
+  But now I tune another string,
+    To try my minstrel power,
+  My story's of a gallant knight,
+    A lady, and a flower.
+
+  The noble sun that shines on all,
+    The little or the great,
+  As bright on cottage doorway small,
+    As on the castle gate,
+
+  Came pouring over fair Guienne
+    From the far eastern sea;
+  And glistened on the broad Garonne,
+    And slept on Blancford lea.
+
+  The morn was up, the morn was bright,
+    In southern summer's rays,
+  And Nature caroll'd in the light,
+    And sung her Maker's praise.
+
+  Fair Blancford, thou art always fair,
+    With many a shady dell,
+  And bland variety and change,
+    Of forest and of fell.
+
+  But Blancford on that morn was gay,
+    With many a pennon bright,
+  And glittering arms and panoply
+    Shone in the morning light.
+
+  For good Prince Edward, England's pride,
+    Now lay in Blancford's towers,
+  And weary sickness had consumed,
+    The hero's winter hours.
+
+  But now that brighter hopes had come,
+    With summer's brighter ray,
+  He called his gallant knights around,
+    To spend a festal day.
+
+  With tournament and revelry,
+    To pass away the hours,
+  And win fair Mary from her sire,
+  The Lord of Blancford's towers.
+
+  But why fair Mary's brow was sad
+    None in the castle knew,
+  Nor why she watched one garden bed,
+  Where none but wild pinks grew.
+
+  Some said that seven nights before
+    A page had sped away,
+  To where Lord Clifford with his power,
+    On Touraine's frontier lay.
+
+  To Blancford no Lord Clifford came,
+    And many a tale was told,
+  For well 'twas known that he had sought,
+    Fair Mary's love of old.
+
+  And some there said Lord Clifford's love
+    Had cooled at Mary's pride,
+  And some there said that other vows
+    His heart inconstant tied.
+
+  Foul slander, ready still to soil,
+    All that is bright and fair,
+  With more than Time's destructiveness,
+    Who never learned to spare.
+
+  The morn was bright, but posts had come,
+    Bringing no tidings fair,
+  For knit was Edward's royal brow,
+    And full of thoughtful care.
+
+  The lists were set, the parted sun
+    Shone equal on the plain,
+  And many a knight there manfully
+    Strove fresh applause to gain.
+
+  Sir Henry Talbot, and Sir Guy
+    Of Brackenbury, he
+  Who slew the giant Iron-arm,
+    On Cressy's famous lea,
+
+  Were counted best, and claimed the Prince
+    To give the sign that they
+  Might run the tilt, and one receive
+    The honors of the day.
+
+  "Speed, knights, perhaps those arms that shine
+    In peace," prince Edward said,
+  "Before a se'nnight pass, may well,
+    In Gallic blood be died.
+
+  "For here we learn that hostile bands,
+    Have gathered in Touraine,
+  And Clifford, with his little troop,
+    Are prisoners or slain.
+
+  "For with five hundred spears, how bold
+    Soe'er his courage show,
+  He never could withstand the shock,
+    Of such a host of foe."
+
+  Fair Mary spoke not, but the blood
+    Fled truant from her cheek,
+  And left it pale, as when day leaves
+    Some mountain's snowy peak.
+
+  But then there camp the cry of horse,
+    The east lea pricking o'er,
+  And to the lists a weary page
+    A tattered pennon bore.
+
+  Fast came a knight with blood-stained arms,
+    And dusty panoply,
+  And beaver down, and armed lance,
+    In chivalric array.
+
+  No crest, no arms, no gay device,
+    Upon his shield he wore,
+  But a small knot beside his plume,
+    Of plain wild pinks he bore.
+
+  For love, for love and chivalry,
+    Lord Clifford rides the plain,
+  And foul he lies who dares to say,
+    His honor e'er know stain.
+
+  And Mary's cheek 'gan blushing bright,
+    And Mary's heart beat high,
+  And Mary's breath that fear oppressed
+    Came in a long glad sigh.
+
+  Straight to the Prince the knight he rode,
+    "I claim these lists," he cried,
+  "Though late into the field I come,
+    My suit be not denied;
+
+  "For we have fought beside the Loire,
+    And stained our arms in blood;
+  Not ever lost one step of ground,
+    So long as rebels stood.
+
+  "Hemmed in, I one time never thought
+    To die in British land,
+  Or see my noble prince again,
+    Or kiss his royal hand.
+
+  "But well fought every gallant squire,
+    And well fought every knight;
+  And rebels have been taught to feel
+    The force of British might.
+
+  "And now in humble terms they sue,
+    To know thy high command,
+  And here stand I these lists to claim,
+    For a fair lady's hand.
+
+  "For Mary's love, and chivalry,
+    I dare the world to fight,
+  And foul and bitterly he lies,
+    Who dares deny my right"
+
+  "No, no, brave Clifford," Edward said,
+    "No lists to-day for thee,
+  Thy gallant deeds beside the Loire,
+    Well prove thy chivalry.
+
+  "Sir Guy, Sir Henry, and the rest,
+    Have well acquit their arms,
+  But Edward's thanks are Clifford's due,
+    As well as Mary's charms."
+
+  "My lord, you are her sire," he said,
+    "Give kind consent and free,
+  And who denies our Clifford's right,
+    Shall ride a tilt with me."
+
+  Gay spake the prince, gay laughed the throng,
+    And Mary said not nay,
+  And bright with smile, and dance, and song,
+    Went down the festal day.
+
+  And when Lord Clifford to the board
+    Led down his Mary fair,
+  A knot of pinks was in his cap,
+    A knot was in her hair.
+
+  For it had been their sign of love,
+    And loved by them was still,
+  Till death came quietly on their heads,
+    And bowed them to his will.
+
+  And now, though years have passed away,
+    And all that years have seen,
+  And Clifford's deeds and Mary's charms,
+    Are as they ne'er had been,
+
+  Some wind, as if in memory
+    Has borne the seeds on high,
+  To deck the ruin's crumbling wall,
+    And catch the passing eye.
+
+  It tells a tale to those who hear;
+    For beauty, strength, and power,
+  Are but the idols of a day,
+    More short-lived than a flower.
+
+  Joy on, joy on, then, while ye may,
+    Nor waste the moments dear;
+  Nor give yourself a cause to sigh,
+    Nor teach to shed a tear.
+
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.
+
+
+                    From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.
+
+
+I went once to the south of France for my health; and being recommended to
+choose the neighborhood of Avignon, took my place, I scarcely know why, in
+the diligence all the way from Paris. By this proceeding I missed the
+steam-voyage down the Rhone, but fell in with some very pleasant people,
+about whom I am going to speak. I travelled in the _int�rieur_, and from
+Lyon had no one for companion but a fussy little lady, of a certain age,
+who had a large basket, a parrot in a cage, a little lapdog, a bandbox, a
+huge blue umbrella, which she could never succeed in stowing any where,
+and a moth-eaten muff. In my valetudinarian state I was not pleased with
+this inroad--especially as the little lady had a thin, pinched-up face, and
+obstinately looked out of the window, while she popped about the
+_int�rieur_ as if she had just taken lodgings and was putting them in
+order, throwing me every now and then some gracious apology in a not
+unpleasant voice. "Mince as you please, madam," thought I; "you are a
+bore." I am sorry to add that I was very unaccommodating, gave no
+assistance in the stowing away of the umbrella, and when Fanfreluche came
+and placed his silken paws upon my knees, pushed him away very rudely. The
+little old maid--it was evident this was her quality--apologized for her dog
+as she had done for herself, and went on arranging her furniture--an
+operation not completed before we got to St. Saphorin.
+
+For some hours a perfect silence was preserved, although my companion
+several times gave a short dry cough, as if about to make an observation.
+At length, the digestion of a hurried dinner being probably completed, I
+felt all of a sudden quite bland and sociable, and began to be mightily
+ashamed of myself. "Decidedly," thought I, "I must give this poor woman
+the benefit of my conversation." So I spoke, very likely with that
+self-satisfied air assumed sometimes by men accustomed to be well
+received. To my great vexation the old maid had by this time taken
+offence, and answered in a very stiff and reserved manner. Now the whole
+absurdity of my conduct was evident to me, and I determined to make
+amends. Being naturally of a diplomatic turn, I kept quiet for awhile, and
+then began to make advances to Fanfreluche. The poor animal bore no
+malice, and I won his heart by stroking his long ears. Then I gave a piece
+of sugar to the parrot; and having thus effected a practicable breach,
+took the citadel by storm by pointing out a more commodious way of
+arranging the great blue umbrella.
+
+We were capital friends thenceforward; and I soon knew the history of
+Mlle. Nathalie Bernard by heart. A mightily uninteresting history it was
+to all but herself; so I shall not repeat it: suffice to say, that she had
+lived long on her little income, as she called it, at Lyon, and was now on
+her way to Avignon, where a very important object called her. This was no
+other than to save her niece Marie from a distasteful marriage, which her
+parents, very good people, but dazzled by the wealth of the unamiable
+suitor, wished to bring about.
+
+"And have you," said I, "any reasonable hope of succeeding in your
+mission?"
+
+"_Parbleu!_" replied the old maid, "I have composed a little speech on
+ill-assorted unions, which I am sure will melt the hearts of my sister and
+my brother-in-law; and if that does not succeed--why, I will make love to
+the _futur_ myself, and whisper in his ear that a comfortable little
+income available at once, and a willing old maid, are better than a
+cross-grained damsel with expectations only. You see I am resolved to make
+any sacrifice to effect my object."
+
+I laughed at the old maid's disinterestedness, which was perhaps greater
+than at first appeared. At least she assured me that she had refused
+several respectable offers, simply because she liked the independence of a
+single life; and that if she had remained single to that age, it was a
+sign that marriage had nothing attractive for her in itself. We discussed
+the point learnedly as the diligence rolled; and what with the original
+turn of my companion's mind, the sportive disposition of Fanfreluche, and
+the occasional disjointed soliloquies of Coco, the parrot, our time passed
+very pleasantly. When night came Mlle. Nathalie ensconced herself in the
+corner behind her parcels and animals, and endeavored to sleep; but the
+jolting of the diligence, and her own lively imagination, wakened her
+every five minutes; and I had each time to give her a solemn assurance, on
+my word of honor as a gentleman, that there was no particular danger of
+our being upset into the Rhone.
+
+We were ascending a steep hill next day; both had got out to walk. I have
+omitted to note that it was autumn. Trees and fields were touched by the
+golden fingers of the season. The prospect was wide, but I forget the
+precise locality. On the opposite side of the Rhone, which rolled its
+rapid current in a deepening valley to our right, rose a range of hills,
+covered with fields that sloped wonderfully, and sometimes gave place to
+precipices or wood-lined declivities. Here and there the ruins of some old
+castle--reminiscences of feudal times--rose amid lofty crags, and traced
+their jagged outline against the deep blue sky of Provence. Nathalie
+became almost sentimental as she gazed around on this beautiful scene.
+
+We had climbed about half of the hill: the diligence was a little way
+behind: the five horses were stamping and striking fire from the pavement
+as they struggled up with the ponderous vehicle: the other passengers had
+lingered in the rear with the conductor, who had pointed out a little
+_auberge_ among some trees. We here saw a man preceding us upon the road
+carrying a little bundle at the end of a stick over his shoulder: he
+seemed to advance painfully. Our attention was attracted--I scarcely knew
+why. He paused a moment--then went on with an uncertain step--paused again,
+staggered forward, and fell on his face just as we came up. Mlle.
+Nathalie, with a presence of mind that surprised me, had her
+smelling-bottle out in an instant, and was soon engaged in restoring the
+unfortunate traveller to consciousness. I assisted as well as I was able,
+and trust that my good-will may atone for my awkardness. Nathalie did
+every thing; and, just as the diligence reached us, was gazing with
+delight on the languid opening of a pair of as fine eyes as I have ever
+seen, and supporting in her lap a head covered with beautiful curls. Even
+at that moment, as I afterwards remembered, she looked upon the young man
+as a thing over which she had acquired a right of property. "He is going
+our way," said she: "let us lift him into the diligence."
+
+"A beggarly Parisian; yo, yo!" quoth the postilion as he passed, clacking
+his long whip.
+
+"Who will answer for his fare?" inquired the conductor.
+
+"I will," replied Nathalie, taking the words out of my mouth.
+
+In a few minutes the young man, who looked bewildered and could not speak,
+was safely stowed among Nathalie's other parcels; and the crest of the
+hill being gained, we began rolling rapidly down a steep descent. The
+little old maid, though in a perfect ecstasy of delight--the incident
+evidently appeared to her quite an adventure--behaved with remarkable
+prudence. While I was puzzling my head to guess by what disease this poor
+young man had been attacked, she was getting ready the remedies that
+appeared to her the most appropriate, in the shape of some excellent cakes
+and a bottle of good wine, which she fished out of her huge basket. Her
+_prot�g�_, made tame by hunger, allowed himself to be treated like a
+child. First she gave him a very small sip of Burgundy, then a diminutive
+fragment of cake; and then another sip and another piece of cake--insisting
+on his eating very slowly. Being perfectly useless, I looked quietly on,
+and smiled to see the suhmissiveness with which this fine, handsome fellow
+allowed himself to be fed by the fussy old maid, and how he kept his eyes
+fixed upon her with an expression of wondering admiration.
+
+Before we arrived at Avignon we knew the history of the young man. He was
+an artist, who had spent several years studying in Paris, without friends,
+without resources, except a miserable pittance which his mother, a poor
+peasant woman living in a village not far from Aix, had managed to send
+him. At first he had been upheld by hope; and although he knew that his
+mother not only denied herself necessaries, but borrowed money to support
+him, he was consoled by the idea that the time would come when, by the
+efforts of his genius, he would be able to repay every thing with the
+accumulated interest which affection alone would calculate. But his
+expenses necessarily increased, and no receipts came to meet them. He was
+compelled to apply to his mother for further assistance. The answer was
+one word--"impossible." Then he endeavored calmly to examine his position,
+came to the conclusion that for several years more he must be a burden to
+his mother if he obstinately pursued his career, and that she must be
+utterly ruined to insure his success. So he gave up his art, sold every
+thing he had to pay part of his debts, and set out on foot to return to
+big village and become a peasant, as his father had been before him. The
+little money he had taken with him was gone by the time he reached Lyon.
+He had passed through that city without stopping, and for more than two
+days, almost for two nights, had incessantly pursued his journey, without
+rest and without food, until he had reached the spot where, exhausted with
+fatigue and hunger, he had fallen, perhaps to perish had we not been there
+to assist him.
+
+Nathalie listened with eager attention to this narrative, told with a
+frankness which our sympathy excited. Now and then she gave a convulsive
+start, or checked a hysterical sob, and at last fairly burst into tears. I
+was interested as well as she, but retained more calmness to observe how
+moral beauty almost vainly straggled to appear through the insignificant
+features of this admirable woman. Her little eyes, reddened with weeping;
+her pinched-up nose, blooming at the point; her thin lips, probably
+accustomed to sarcasm; her cheeks, with a leaded citron hue; her hair that
+forked up in unmanageable curls--all combined to obscure the exquisite
+expression of respect and sympathy, perhaps already of love, sparkling
+from her kindled soul, that could just be made out by an attentive eye. At
+length, however, she became for a moment perfectly beautiful, as, when the
+young painter had finished his story, with an expression that showed how
+bitterly he regretted his abandoned art, she took both his hands in hers,
+and exclaimed: "No, _mon enfant_, you shall not be thus disappointed. Your
+genius"--she already took it for granted he had genius--"shall have an
+opportunity for development. Your mother cannot do what is necessary--she
+has played her part. I will be a--second mother to you, in return f�r the
+little affection you can bestow on me without ingratitude to her to whom
+you owe your life."
+
+"My life has to be paid for twice," said he, kissing her hand. Nathalie
+could not help looking round proudly to me. It was so flattering to
+receive the gallant attentions of so handsome a young man, that I think
+she tried to forget how she had bought them.
+
+In the exuberance of her hospitality, the little old maid invited both
+Claude Richer and myself to spend some time in the large farmhouse of her
+brother-in-law. I declined, with a promise to be a frequent visitor; but
+Claude, who was rather commanded than asked, could do nothing but accept.
+I left them at the diligence office, and saw them walk away, the little
+Nathalie affecting to support her feeble companion. For the honor of human
+nature let me add, that the conductor said nothing about the fare. "It
+would have been indelicate," he said to me, "to remind Mlle. Nathalie of
+her promise in the young man's presence. I know her well; and she will pay
+me at a future time. At any rate I must show that there is a heart under
+this waistcoat." So saying, the conductor thumped his breast with simple
+admiration of his own humanity, and went away, after recommending me to
+the Caf� de Paris--indeed and excellent house.
+
+I shall say nothing of a variety of little incidents that occurred to me
+at Avignon, nor about my studies on the history of the popes who resided
+there. I must reserve myself entirely for the development of Nathalie's
+romance, which I could not follow step by step, but the chief features of
+which I was enabled to catch during a series of visits I paid to the
+farmhouse. Nathalie herself was very communicative to me at first, and
+scarcely deigned to conceal her sentiments. By degrees, however, as the
+catastrophe approached, she became more and more reserved; and I had to
+learn from others, or to guess the part she played.
+
+The farmhouse was situated on the other side of the river, in a small
+plain, fertile and well wooded. Old Cossu, the owner, was a fine jolly
+fellow, but evidently a little sharp in money matters. I was surprised at
+first that he received the visit of Claude favorably; but when it came out
+that a good part of his capital belonged to Nathalie, every circumstance
+of deference to her was explained. M�re Cossu was not a very remarkable
+personage; unless it be remarkable that she entertained the most profound
+veneration for her husband, quoted his commonest sayings as witticisms,
+and was ready to laugh herself into convulsions if he sneezed louder than
+usual. Marie was a charming little person; perhaps a little too demure in
+her manners, considering her wicked black eyes. She was soon very friendly
+with Claude and me, but seemed to prefer passing her time in whispered
+conversations with Nathalie. I was let into the secret that their
+conversation turned principally on the means of getting rid of the
+husband-elect--a great lubberly fellow, who lived some leagues off, and
+whose red face shone over the garden-gate, in company with a huge nosegay,
+regularly every Sunday morning. In spite of the complying temper of old
+Cossu in other respects when Nathalie gave her advice, he seemed
+obstinately bent on choosing his own son-in-law. Parents are oftener
+correct than romancers will allow, in their negative opinions on this
+delicate subject, but I cannot say as much for them when they undertake to
+be affirmative.
+
+I soon observed that Nathalie was not so entirely devoted to the
+accomplishment of the object for which she had undertaken her journey as
+she had promised; and, above all, that she spoke no more of the
+disinterested sacrifice of herself as a substitute for Marie. I
+maliciously alluded to this subject in one of our private confabulations,
+and Nathalie, instead of being offended, frankly answered that she could
+not make big Paul Boneau happy and assist Claude in his studies at the
+same time. "I have now," she said, "an occupation for the rest of my
+life--namely, to develop this genius, of which France will one day be
+proud; and I shall devote myself to it unremittingly."
+
+"Come, Nathalie," replied I, taking her arm in mine as we crossed the
+poplar-meadow, "have you no hope of a reward?"
+
+"I understand," quoth she frankly; "and I will not play at cross-purposes
+with you. If this young man really loves his art, and his art alone, as he
+pretends, could he do better than reward me--as you call it--for my
+assistance? The word has a cruel signification, but you did not mean it
+unkindly."
+
+I looked at her wan, sallow countenance, that had begun for some days to
+wear an expression of painful anxiety. At that moment I saw over a
+hedge--but she could not--Claude and Marie walking in a neighboring field,
+and pausing now and then to bend their heads very close together in
+admiration of some very common flower. "Poor old maid," thought I, "you
+will have no reward save the consciousness of your own pure intentions."
+
+The minute development of this drama without dramatic scenes would perhaps
+be more instructive than any elaborate analysis of human passions in
+general; but it would require a volume, and I can only here give a mere
+summary. Nathalie, in whom alone I felt particularly interested, soon
+found that, she had deceived herself as to the nature of her sentiments
+for Claude--that instead of regarding him with almost maternal solicitude,
+she loved him with an intensity that is the peculiar characteristic of
+passions awakened late in life, when the common consolation is
+inadmissible--"after all, I may find better." This was her last, her only
+chance of a happiness, which she had declared to me she had never dreamed
+of, but which in reality she had only declined because it did not present
+itself to her under all the conditions required by her refined and
+sensitive mind. Claude, who was an excellent fellow, but incapable of
+comprehending her or sacrificing himself, never swerved from grateful
+deference to her; but I could observe, that as the state of her feelings
+became more apparent, he took greater care to mark the character of his
+sentiments for her, and to insist with some affectation on the depth of
+his filial affection. Nathalie's eyes were often red with tears--a fact
+which Claude did not choose perhaps to notice, for fear of an explanation.
+Marie, on the contrary, became more blooming every day, while her eloquent
+eyes were still more assiduously bent upon the ground. It was evident to
+me that she and Claude understood one another perfectly well.
+
+At length the same thing became evident to Nathalie. How the revelation
+was made to her I do not know; but sudden it must have been, for I met her
+one day in the poplar-field, walking hurriedly along with an extraordinary
+expression of despair in her countenance. I know not why, but the thought
+at once occurred to me that the Rhone ran rapid and deep not far off, and
+I threw myself across her path. She started like a guilty thing, but did
+not resist when I took her hand and led her back slowly towards the
+farmhouse. We had nearly reached it in silence when she suddenly stopped,
+and bursting into tears turned away into a by-lane where was a little
+bench under an elm. Here she sat down and sobbed for a long time, while I
+stood by. At length she raised her head and asked me: "Do morality and
+religion require self-sacrifice even to the end--even to making half a life
+a desert, even to heart-breaking, even unto death?"
+
+"It scarcely belongs to a selfish mortal to counsel such virtue," I
+replied; "but it is because it is exercised here and there, now and then,
+once in a hundred years, that man can claim some affinity with the divine
+nature."
+
+A smile of ineffable sweetness played about the poor old girl's lips. She
+wiped her eyes, and began talking of the changing aspect of the season,
+and how the trees day by day more rapidly shed their leaves, and how the
+Rhone had swelled within its ample bed, and of various topics apparently
+unconnected with her frame of mind, but all indicating that she felt the
+winter was coming--a long and dreary winter for her. At this moment
+Fanfreluche, which had missed her, came down the lane, barking with fierce
+joy; and she took the poor little beast in her arms, and exhaled the last
+bitter feeling that tormented her in these words: "Thou at least lovest
+me--because I have fed thee!" In her humility she seemed now to believe
+that her only claim to love was her charity; and that even this claim was
+not recognized except by a dog!
+
+I was not admitted to the secret of the family conclave that took place,
+but learned simply that Nathalie pleaded with feverish energy the love
+that had grown up between Marie and Claude as an insuperable bar to the
+proposed marriage between Paul Boneau and her niece. Matters were arranged
+by means of large sacrifices on the part of the heroic maid. Paul's face
+ceased to beam over the garden-gate on a Sunday morning; and by degrees
+the news got abroad that Marie was betrothed to the young artist. One day
+a decent old woman in _sabots_ came to the farmhouse: it was Claude's
+mother, who had walked from Aix to see him. It was arranged that Claude
+should pursue his studies a year longer, and then marry. Whether any
+explanation took place I do not know; but I observed that the young man
+sometimes looked with the same expression of wondering admiration I had
+observed in the diligence at the little Nathalie--more citron-hued than
+ever. At length she unhooked the cage of Coco, the parrot, took
+Faufreluche under one arm and her blue umbrella under the other, and went
+away in company with the whole family, myself included, every one carrying
+a parcel or a basket to the diligence office. What a party that was! Every
+one was in tears except Nathalie. She bore up manfully, if I may use the
+word; laughed, and actually joked; but just as I handed Coco in, her
+factitious courage yielded, and she burst into an agony of grief. With
+officious zeal I kept at the window until the diligence gave a lurch and
+started; and then turning round I looked at Claude and Marie, who were
+already mingling their eyes in selfish forgetfulness of their
+benefactress, and said solemnly: "There goes the best woman ever created
+for this unworthy earth." The artist, who, for an ordinary man, did not
+lack sentiment, took my hand and said: "Sir, I will quarrel with any man
+who says less of that angel than you have done."
+
+The marriage was brought about in less time than had been agreed upon.
+Nathalie of course did not come; but she sent some presents and a pleasant
+letter of congratulation, in which she called herself "an inveterate old
+maid." About a year afterwards I passed through Lyon and saw her. She was
+still very yellow, and more than ever attentive to Fanfreluche and Coco. I
+even thought she devoted herself too much to the service of these two
+troublesome pets, to say nothing of a huge cat which she had added to her
+menagerie, as a kind of hieroglyphic of her condition. "How fare the
+married couple?" cried she, tossing up her cork-screw curls. "Still cooing
+and billing?"
+
+"Mademoiselle," said I, "they are getting on pretty well. Claude, finding
+the historic pencil not lucrative, has taken to portrait-painting; and
+being no longer an enthusiastic artist, talks even of adopting the more
+expeditious method of the Daguerreotype. In the meantime, half the
+tradesmen of Avignon, to say nothing of Aix, have bespoken caricatures of
+themselves by his hand. Marie makes a tolerable wife, but has a terrible
+will of her own, and is feared as well as loved."
+
+Nathalie tried to laugh; but the memory of her old illusions coming over
+her, she leaned down towards the cat she was nursing, and sparkling tears
+fell upon its glossy fur.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+
+
+From advance sheets of a capital book entitled "Men and Women of the XIXth
+           Century, by Argene Houssaye," in press by Redfield.
+
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo almost came into the world dancing. It is related
+that Gritry, when he was scarcely four years of age, had an idea of
+musical tunes. Mademoiselle de Camargo danced at a much earlier age. She
+was still in arms when the combined airs of a violin and a hautboy caught
+her ear. She jumped about full of life, and during the whole time that the
+music was playing, she danced, there is no other word for it, keeping time
+with great delight. It must be stated that she was of Spanish origin. She
+was born at Brussels, the 15th of April, 1710, of a noble family, that had
+supplied several cardinals to the sacred college, and is of considerable
+distinction in Spanish history, both ecclesiastical and national. Her name
+was Marianne. Her mother had danced, but with the ladies of the court, for
+her own pleasure, and not for that of others. Her father, Ferdinand de
+Cupis de Camargo, was a frank Spanish noble, that is to say he was poor;
+he lived at Brussels, upon the crumbs of the table of the Prince de Ligne,
+without counting the debts he made. His family, which was quite numerous,
+was brought up by the grace of God; the father frequented the tavern,
+trusting to the truth that there is a God that rules over children!
+
+Marianne was so pretty that the Princess de Ligne used to call her her
+fairy daughter. Light as a bird, she used to spring into the elms, and
+jump from branch to branch. No fawn in its morning gayety had more
+capricious and easy movements; no deer wounded by the huntsman ever sprang
+with more force and grace. When she was ten years old, the Princess de
+Ligne thought that this pretty wonder belonged of right to Paris, the city
+of wonders, Paris, where the opera was then displaying its thousand and
+thousand enchantments. It was decided that Mademoiselle de Camargo should
+be a dancing-girl at the opera. Her father objected strenuously:
+"Dancing-girl! the daughter of a gentleman, a grandee of Spain!"--"Goddess
+of dance, if you please," said the Princess of Ligne, in order to quiet
+him. He resigned himself to taking a journey to Paris in the prince's
+carriage. He arrived in the style of a lord at the house of Mademoiselle
+Pr�vost, whom the poets of the day celebrated under the name of
+Terpsichore. She consented to give lessons to Marianne de Camargo. Three
+months after his departure, M. de Camargo returned to Brussels, with the
+air of a conqueror. Mademoiselle de Pr�vost had predicted that his
+daughter would be his glory and his fortune.
+
+After having danced at a f�te given by the Prince de Ligne, Marianne de
+Camargo made her first appearance at the Brussels theatre, where she
+reigned for three years as first _danseuse_. Her true theatre was not
+there; in spite of her triumph at Brussels, her imagination always carried
+her to Paris; notwithstanding when she quitted Brussels she went to Rouen.
+Finally, after a long residence in that city, she was permitted to make
+her first appearance at the opera. It was on the 5th of May, 1726, for the
+famous day of her deb�t has not been forgotten, that she appeared with all
+the brilliancy of sixteen upon the first stage in the world. Mademoiselle
+Pr�vost, already jealous, from a presentiment perhaps, had advised her to
+make her first appearance in the _Characters of the Dance_, a step almost
+impossible, which the most celebrated dancers hardly had dared to attemp,
+at the height even of their reputation. Mademoiselle de Camargo, who
+danced like a fairy, surpassed all her predecessors; her triumph was so
+brilliant that on the next day all the fashions took their name after her:
+hair _� la Camargo_, dresses _� la Camargo_, sleeves _� la Camargo_. All
+the ladies of the court imitated her grace; there were not a few that
+would have liked to have copied her face!
+
+I have not told all yet: Mademoiselle de Camargo was made by love and for
+love. She was beautiful and pretty at the same time. There could be
+nothing so sweet and impassioned as her dark eyes, nothing so enchanting
+as her sweet smile! Lancret, Pater, J. B. Vanloo, all the painters that
+were then celebrated, tried to portray her charming face.
+
+On the second night of Mademoiselle de Camargo's appearance on the stage,
+there were twenty duels and quarrels without end at the door of the opera;
+every one wanted to get in. Mademoiselle Pr�vost, alarmed at such a
+triumph, intrigued with such success that Mademoiselle de Camargo was soon
+forced to fall back to the position of a mere _figurante_. She and her
+admirers had reason to be indignant. She was obliged to resign herself to
+dancing unobserved with the company. But she was not long in avenging
+herself with effect. One day, while she was dancing with a group of
+demons, Demoulins, called the devil, did not make his appearance to dance
+his solo, when the musicians had struck up, expecting his entrance. A
+sudden inspiration seizes Mademoiselle de Camargo; she leaves the other
+_figurantes_, she springs forward to the middle of the stage, and
+improvises Demoulins's _pas de seul_, but with more effect and capricious
+variety. Applause re-echoed throughout the theatre. Mademoiselle de
+Pr�vost swore that she would ruin her youthful rival; but it was too late.
+Terpsichore was dethroned. Mademoiselle de Camargo was crowned on that day
+queen of the opera, absolute queen, whose power was unlimited! She was the
+first who dared to make the discovery that her petticoats were too long.
+Here I will let Grimm have his say: "This useful invention, which puts the
+amateur in the way of forming an intelligent judgment of the legs of a
+dancing-girl, was thought at that time to be the cause of a dangerous
+schism. The Jansenists of the pit exclaimed heresy, scandal; and were
+opposed to the shortened petticoats. The Molinists, on the contrary, held
+that this innovation was in character with the spirit of the primitive
+church, which was opposed to the sight of pirouettes and pigeon-wings,
+embarrassed by the length of a petticoat. The Sorbonne of the opera had
+for a long time great trouble in establishing the wholesome doctrine on
+this point of discipline, which so much divided the faithful."
+
+Monsieur Ferdinand de Camargo grew old with a severe anxiety about the
+virtue and the salary of his daughter: he only preserved the salary.
+Intoxicated with her triumph, Mademoiselle de Camargo listened too
+willingly to all the lords of the court that frequented the company of the
+actresses behind the scenes; it would have been necessary for the king to
+appoint an historiographer, in order to record all the passions of this
+_danseuse_. There was a time when all the world was in love with her.
+Every one swore by Camargo; every one sang of Camargo; every one dreamed
+about Camargo. The madrigals of Voltaire and of the gallant poets of that
+gallant era are not forgotten.
+
+However, the glory of Mademoiselle de Camargo was extinguished by degrees.
+Like fashion that had patronized her, she passed away by degrees, never to
+return. When she insisted upon retiring, although she was only forty years
+of age, no one thought of preventing her: she was hardly regretted. There
+was no inquiry made as to whither she had gone; she was only spoken of at
+rare intervals, and then she was only alluded to as a memory of the past.
+She had become something of a devotee, and very charitable. She knew by
+name all the poor in her neighborhood. She occasionally was visited by
+some of the notabilities of a past day, forgotten like herself.
+
+In the _Amusements of the Heart and Mind_, a collection designed, as is
+well known, to form the mind and the heart, Mademoiselle de Camargo is
+charged with having had a thousand and more lovers! Without giving the lie
+to this accusation, can I not prove it false by relating, in all its
+simplicity, a fact which proves a profound passion on her part? A pretty
+woman may dance at the opera, smile upon numberless admirers, live
+carelessly from day to day, in the noisy excitement of the world; still,
+there will be some blessed hours, when the heart, though often laid waste,
+will flourish again all of a sudden. Love is like the sky, which looks
+blue, even when reflected in the stream formed by the storm. It is thus
+that love is occasionally found pure in a troubled heart. But, moreover,
+this serious passion of Mademoiselle de Camargo was experienced by her in
+all the freshness of her youth.
+
+One morning, Grimm, Pont-de-Veyle, Duclos, Helvetius, presented themselves
+in a gay mood, at the humble residence of the celebrated dancer. She was
+then living in an old house in the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre. An aged
+serving-woman opened the door.--"We wish to see Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, who had great difficulty in keeping his countenance. The
+old woman led them into a parlor that was furnished with peculiar and
+grotesque-looking furniture. The wainscoting was covered with pastels
+representing Mademoiselle de Camargo in all her grace, and in her
+different characters. But the parlor was not adorned by her portraits
+only; there was a _Christ on_ _the Mount of Olives_, a _Magdalen at the
+Tomb_, a _Veiled Virgin_, a _Venus_, the _Three Graces_, some _Cupids_,
+half concealed beneath some rosaries and sacred relics, and _Madonnas_,
+covered with trophies from the opera!
+
+The goddess of the place did not keep them a long time waiting; a door
+opened, half-a-dozen dogs of every variety of breed sprang into the
+parlor: it must be said, to the praise of Mademoiselle de Camargo, that
+these were not lap-dogs. She appeared behind them, carrying in her arms
+(looking like a fur muff) an Angora cat of fine growth. As she had not
+followed the fashion for ten years or more, she appeared to have come from
+the other world.--"You see, gentlemen," pointing to her dogs, "all the
+court I have at present, but in truth those courtiers there are well worth
+all others. Here, Marquis! down, Duke! lie down, Chevalier! Do not be
+offended, gentlemen, that I receive you in such company; but how was I to
+know?..."--Grimm first spoke.--"You will excuse, mademoiselle, this
+unannounced visit when you know the important object of it."--"I am as
+curious as if I were only twenty years old," said Mademoiselle de Camargo;
+"but, alas! when I was twenty, it was the heart that was curious; but now,
+in the winter of life, I am no longer troubled on that score."--"The heart
+never grows old," said Helvetius, bowing.--"That is a heresy, sir: those
+only dare to advance such maxims who have never been in love. It is love
+that never grows old, for it dies in childhood. But the heart--"--"You see,
+madame, that your heart is still young; what you have just said proves
+that you are still full of fire and inspiration."--"Yes, yes," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo, "you are perhaps right; but when the hair is gray
+and the wrinkles are deep, the heart is a lost treasure; a coin that is no
+longer current."--While saying this, she lifted up Marquis by his two paws,
+and kissed him on the head: Marquis was a fine setter-dog, with a
+beautiful spotted skin.--"They, at least, will love me to the last. But it
+seems to me we are talking nonsense; have we nothing better to talk about?
+Come, gentlemen, I am all attention!"
+
+The visitors looked at each other with some embarrassment; they seemed to
+be asking of each other who was to speak first. Pont-de-Veyle collected
+his thoughts, and spoke as follows: "Mademoiselle, we have been
+breakfasting together; we had a gay time of it, like men of spirit.
+Instead of bringing before us, as the Egyptians in olden times, mummies,
+in order to remind us that time is the most precious of all things, we
+called up all those gay phantoms which enchanted our youth: need I say
+that you were not the least charming of them? who did not love you? who
+did not desire to live with you one hour, even at the expense of a wound?
+Happiness never costs too much--" Mademoiselle Camargo interrupted the
+speaker: "O gentlemen, do not, I beg, blind me with the memory of the
+past; do not awaken a buried passion! Let me die in peace! See, the tears
+are in my eyes!"--The visitors, affected, looked with a certain degree of
+emotion at the poor old lady who had loved so much. "It is strange," said
+Helvetius to his neighbor, "we came here to laugh, but we are travelling
+quite another road; however, I must say, nothing could be more ludicrous
+than such a caricature, if it were not of a woman." "Proceed, sir," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo to Pont-de-Veyle. "To tell you the truth, madame,
+the worst fellow in the company, or rather he who had drank the most,
+declared that he was, of all your lovers, the one you most loved. 'The
+mere talk of a man who has had too much wine,' said one of us. But our
+impertinent emptied his glass, and backed his statement. The discussion
+became very lively. We talked, we drank, and we talked. When the last
+bottle was empty, and the dispute was likely to end in a duel, and we
+talked without knowing, probably, what we said, the most sober of the
+company proposed to go and ask you yourself which of your lovers you loved
+the most. Is it the Count de Melun? is it the Duke de Richelieu? is it the
+Marquis de Croismare? the Baron de Viomesnil? the Viscount de Jumilhac? is
+it Monsieur de Beaumont, or Monsieur d'Aubigny? is it a poet? is it a
+soldier? is it an abb�?" "Pshaw! pshaw!" said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+smiling; "you had better refer to the _Court Calendar_!" "What we want to
+know is not the names of those who have loved you, but, I repeat, the name
+of him whom you loved the most." "You are fools," said Mademoiselle de
+Camargo, with an air of sadness and a voice that showed emotion; "I will
+not answer you. Let us leave our extinct passions in their tombs, in
+peace. Why unbury all those charming follies which have had their day?"
+"Come," says Grimm to Duclos, "do not let us grow sentimental; that would
+be too absurd. Mademoiselle de Camargo," said he, playing with the dogs at
+the same time, "which was the epoch of short petticoats? for that is one
+of the points of our philosophical dispute."
+
+The aged _danseuse_ did not answer. Taking Pont-de-Veyle by the hand, all
+of a sudden, she said in rising: "Monsieur, follow me." He obeyed with
+some surprise. She conducted him to her bedchamber; it was like a basket
+of odds and ends; it looked like a linendraper's shop in confusion; it was
+all disorder; it was quite evident that the dogs were at home there.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo went to a little rosewood chest of drawers,
+covered with specimens of Saxony porcelain, more or less chipped and
+broken. She opened a little ebony box, exposing its contents to the eyes
+of Pont-de-Veyle. "Do you see?" said she, with a sigh. Pont-de-Veyle saw a
+torn letter, the dry bouquet of half a century, the kind of flowers of
+which it was composed could hardly be recognized. "Well?" asked
+Pont-de-Veyle. "Well, do you understand?" "Not at all." "Look at that
+portrait." She pointed with her finger to a wretched portrait in oils,
+covered with dust and spider's web. "I begin to understand." "Yes," said
+she, "that is his portrait. As for myself, I never look at it. The one
+here," striking her breast, "is more like. A portrait is a good thing for
+those who have no time for memory."
+
+Pont-de-Veyle looked in turn with much interest at the letter, the faded
+bouquet, and the wretched portrait. "Have you ever met this person?"
+"Never." "Let us return, then." "No; I beg let me hear the story." "Is it
+not enough to have seen his portrait? You can now settle your dispute with
+a word, since you know whether he whom I loved the most resembles your
+friend who had taken so much wine." "He does not resemble him the least in
+the world." "Well, that is all: I forgive your visit. Farewell! When you
+breakfast with your friends, you can take up my defence somewhat. You can
+tell those libertines without pity, that I have saved myself by my heart,
+if we can be saved that way.... Yes, yes; it is my plank of safety, in the
+wreck!"
+
+Saying these words, Mademoiselle de Camargo approached the door of the
+saloon. Pont-de-Veyle followed her, carrying the ebony-box. "Gentlemen,"
+said he, to his merry friends, "our drunken toper was a coxcomb; I have
+seen the portrait of the best beloved of the goddess of this mansion; now,
+you must join your prayers to mine, to prevail upon Mademoiselle de
+Camargo to relate to us the romance of her heart; I only know the preface,
+which is melancholy and interesting; I have seen a letter, a bouquet, and
+a portrait." "I will not tell you a word," muttered she; "women are
+charged with not being able to keep a secret; there is, however, more than
+one that they never tell. A love-secret is a rose which embalms our
+hearts; if it is told, the rose loses its perfume. I who address you,"
+said Mademoiselle de Camargo, in brightening up, "I have only kept my love
+in all its freshness by keeping it all to myself. There were only La
+Carton and that old rogue Fontenelle who ever got hold of my secret.
+Fontenelle was in the habit of dining frequently with me; one day, finding
+me in tears, he was so surprised, he who never wept himself, from
+philosophy, doubtless, that he tormented me for more than an hour for a
+solution of the enigma. He was almost like a woman; he drew from me, by
+his cat-like worrying, the history of my love. Would you believe it? I
+hoped to touch his heart, but it was like speaking to the deaf. After
+having listened to the end without saying a word, he muttered with his
+little weak voice, '_It is pretty!_' La Carton, however, wept with me. It
+is worth being a poet and a philosopher in order not to understand such
+histories."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo was silent; a deep silence followed, and every
+look was upon her. "Speak, speak! we are all attention," said Helvetius,
+"we are more worthy of hearing your story than the old philosopher, who
+loved no one but himself." "After all," she replied, carried away by the
+delight of her remembrance, "it will be spending a happy hour; I speak of
+myself, and as for happy or unhappy hours, not many more are to pass
+during my life, for I feel that I am passing away. But I do not know how
+to begin; a fire flashes before my eyes; I cannot see, I am so overcome.
+To begin: I was twenty.... But I shall never have the courage to read my
+history aloud before so many people." "Fancy, Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, "that you are reading a romance." "Well, then," said she,
+"I will begin without ceremony."
+
+"I was twenty years old. You are all aware, for the adventure caused a
+great deal of scandal, you all know how the Count de Melun carried me off
+one morning along with my sister Sophy. This little mad-cap, who had a
+great deal of imagination, having discovered me reading a letter of the
+count's, in which he spoke of his design, she swore upon her thirteen
+years that he must carry her off too. I was far from conceding any such
+claim. It was always taken for granted that children know nothing; but at
+the opera, and in love, there are no children. The Count de Melun, by
+means of a bribe, had gained over the chambermaid. I was very culpable; I
+knew all, and had not informed my father. But my father wearied me
+somewhat; he preached in the desert; that is to say he preached to me
+about virtue. He was always talking to me about our noble descent, of our
+cousin, who was a cardinal, of our uncle, who was a grand inquisitor of
+the Inquisition. Vanity of vanities! all was vanity with him, while with
+me all was love. I did not trouble myself about being of an illustrious
+family; I was handsome, I was worshipped, and, what was still better, I
+was young.
+
+"In the middle of the night I heard my door open; it was the Count de
+Melun. I was not asleep, I was expecting him. It is not every woman who
+would like it that is run away with. I was going to be run away with.
+
+"Love is not only charming in itself, it is so also from its romance. A
+passion without adventure is like a mistress without caprice. I was seated
+upon my bed. 'Is it you, Jacqueline?' I said, affecting fright. 'It is I,'
+said the count, falling upon his knees. 'You, sir! Your letter was not a
+joke then?' 'My horses are at hand; there is no time to lose; leave this
+sad prison: my hotel, my fortune, my heart, all are at your service.' At
+that moment a light appeared at the door. 'My father!' I cried, with
+affright, as I concealed myself behind the bed curtains. 'All is lost,'
+muttered the count. It was Sophy. I recognized her light step. She
+approached with the light in her hand, and in silence, toward the count.
+'My sister,' said she, with some degree of excitement, but without losing
+her presence of mind, 'here I am, all ready.' I did not understand; I
+looked at her with surprise; she was all dressed, from head to foot. 'What
+are you saying? You are mad.' 'Not by any means; I want to be run away
+with, like yourself.' The Count de Melun could not help laughing.
+'Mademoiselle,' he said to her, 'you forget your dolls and toys. 'Sir,'
+replied she, with dignity, 'I am thirteen years old. It was not yesterday
+that I made my _d�but_ at the opera; I take a part on the stage in the
+ravishment of Psyche.' 'Good,' says the count, 'we will carry you off
+too.' 'It is as well,' whispered the count in my ear; 'this is the only
+way of getting rid of her.'
+
+"I was very much put out by this contretemps, which gave a new
+complication to our adventure. My father might forgive my being carried
+off, but Sophy! I tried to dissuade her from her mad enterprise. I offered
+her my ornaments; she would not listen to reason. She declared, that if
+she was not carried off with me she would inform against us, and thus
+prevent the adventure. 'Do not oppose her.' said the count; 'with such a
+tendency she will be sure to be carried off sooner or later.'--'Well, let
+us depart together,' The chambermaid, who had approached with the
+stealthy, quiet step of a cat, told us to hurry, for she was afraid that
+the noise of the horses, that were pawing the ground near by, would awaken
+Monsieur de Camargo. We were off; the carriage drove us to the count's
+hotel, rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais. Sophy laughed and sung. In the
+morning I wrote to the manager of the opera, that by the advice of my
+physician it was impossible for me to appear for three weeks. To tell you
+the truth, gentlemen, in a week's time I went myself to inform the manager
+that I would dance that evening. This, you perceive, is not very
+flattering to the Count de Melun; but there are so few men in this world
+who are sufficiently interesting for a week together. I loved the count,
+doubtless, but I wanted to breathe a little without him. I desired the
+excitement of the theatre. I opened my window, constantly, as if I would
+fly out of it.
+
+"As soon as I appeared at the opera my father followed my track, and
+discovered the retreat of his daughters. One evening behind the scenes, he
+went straight to the count and insulted him. The count answered him, with
+great deference, that he would avoid the chance of taking the life of a
+gallant gentleman who had given birth to such a daughter as I was. My
+father did his best to prove and establish his sixteen quarterings, the
+count was not willing to fight him. It was about that time that my father
+presented his famous petition to the Cardinal de Fleury: 'Your petitioner
+would state to the Lord Cardinal, that the Count de Melun, having carried
+off his two daughters in the night, between the 10th and 11th of the month
+of May, 1728, holds them imprisoned in his hotel, rue de la
+Culture-Saint-Gervais. Your petitioner having to do with a person of rank,
+is obliged to have recourse to his majesty's ministers; he hopes, through
+the goodness of the king, justice will be done him, and that the Count de
+Melun will be commanded to espouse the elder daughter of your petitioner,
+and endow the younger.'
+
+"A father could not have done better. The Cardinal de Fleury amused
+himself a good deal with the petition, and recommended me, one day that we
+were supping together, for full penance, to make over to my father my
+salary at the opera. But I find I am not getting on with my story. But
+what would you have? The beginning is always where we dwell with the
+greatest pleasure. I had been living in the count's hotel a year; Sophy
+had returned to my father's house, where she did not remain long; but it
+is not her history that I am relating. One morning a cousin of the count
+arrived at the hotel in a great bustle; he was about spending a season in
+Paris, in all the wildness of youth. He took us by surprise at breakfast;
+he took his seat at table, without ceremony, on the invitation of the
+count.
+
+"In the beginning he did not strike my fancy; I thought him somewhat of a
+braggadocio. He cultivated his mustachios with, great care (the finest
+mustachios in the world), and spoke quite often enough of his prowess in
+battle. Some visitor interrupting us, the count went into his library, and
+left us together, _t�te-�-t�te_. Monsieur de Marteille's voice, until then
+proud and haughty in its tone, softened a little. He had at first looked
+at me with the eye of a soldier; he now looked at me with the eye of a
+pupil.--'Excuse, madame,' said he, with some emotion, 'my rude soldier-like
+bearing; I know nothing of fine manners; I have never passed through the
+school of gallantry. Do not be offended at any thing I may say.'--'Why,
+sir,' said I, smiling, 'you do not say any thing at all.'--'Ah, if I knew
+how to speak! but, in truth, I would feel more at home before a whole army
+than I do before your beautiful eyes. The count is very happy in having
+such a beautiful enemy to contend with.'--While speaking thus, he looked at
+me with a supplicating tenderness which contrasted singularly with his
+look of the hero. I do not know what my eyes answered him. The count then
+came in, and the conversation took another turn.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille accepted the earnest invitation of his cousin to
+stay at his hotel. He went out; I did not see him again till evening. He
+did not know who I was; the count called me Marianne, and,
+unintentionally, perhaps, he had not spoken a word to his cousin about the
+opera, or my grace and skill as a dancer. At supper, Monsieur de Marteille
+had no longer the same frank gayety of the morning; a slight uneasiness
+passed like a cloud over his brow; more than once I caught his melancholy
+glance.--'Cheer up your cousin,' I said to the count.--'I know what he
+wants,' answered Monsieur de Melun; 'I will take him to-morrow to the
+opera. You will see that in that God-forsaken place he will find his
+good-humor again.'--I felt jealous, without asking myself why.
+
+"Next day the _Triumph of Bacchus_ was played. I appeared as Ariadne, all
+covered with vine-leaves and flowers. I never danced so badly. I had
+recognized Monsieur de Marteille among the gentlemen of the court. He
+looked at me with a serious air. I had hoped to have had an opportunity to
+speak with him before the end of the ballet, but he had already gone. I
+was offended at his abrupt departure.--'How!' said I to myself, 'he sees me
+dance, and this is the way he makes me his compliments.'--Next morning, he
+breakfasted with us; he did not say a word about the evening; finally, not
+being able to resist my impatience, 'Well, Monsieur de Marteille,' said I
+to him, somewhat harshly, 'you left early last night; it was hardly polite
+of you.'--'Ah! when you were to dance no more!' said he, with a sigh. This
+was the first time that I was ever spoken to thus. Fearing that he had
+said too much, and in order to divert Monsieur de Melun, who observed him
+with a look of surprise, he began to speak of a little singer of no great
+moment, who had a voice of some freshness.
+
+"In the afternoon, the count detained at home for some reason or other,
+begged his cousin to accompany me in a ride to the woods. He was to join
+us on horseback. The idea of this ride made my heart beat violently. It
+was the first time that I had listened with pleasure to the beatings of my
+heart.
+
+"We started on a fine summer's day. Every thing was like a holyday: the
+sky, the houses, the trees, the horses, and the people. A veil had fallen
+from my eyes. For some minutes we remained in the deepest silence; not
+knowing what to do, I amused myself by making a diamond that I wore
+glisten in the rays of the sun that entered the carriage. Monsieur de
+Marteille caught hold of my hand. We both said not a word the whole time.
+I tried to disengage my hand; he held it the harder. I blushed; he turned
+pale. A jolt of the carriage occurred very opportunely to relieve us from
+our embarrassment; the jolt had lifted me from my seat; it made me fall
+upon his bosom.--'Monsieur,' said I, starting. 'Ah, madame, if you knew how
+I love you!'--He said this with a tenderness beyond expression; it was love
+itself that spoke! I had no longer the strength to get angry. He took my
+hand again and devoured it with kisses. He did not say another word; I
+tried to speak, but did not know what to say myself. From time to time our
+looks met each other; it was then that we were eloquent. Such eternal
+pledges, such promises of happiness!
+
+"Notwithstanding, we arrived at the woods. All of a sudden, as if seized
+with a new idea, he put his head out of the window, and said something to
+the coachman. I understood, by the answer of La Violette, the coachman,
+that he was not willing to obey; but Monsieur de Marteille having alluded
+to a caning and fifty pistoles, the coachman made no further objections. I
+did not understand very well what he was about. After an hour's rapid
+travelling, as I was looking with some anxiety as to where we were, he
+tried to divert me by telling me some episodes of his life. Although I did
+not listen very intelligently to what he said, I heard enough to find out
+that I was the first woman he had ever loved. They all say so, but he told
+the truth, for he spoke with his eyes and his heart. I soon found out that
+we were no longer on our right road; but observe how far the feebleness of
+a woman in love will go: I hadn't the courage to ask him why he had
+changed our route. We crossed the Seine in a boat, between S�vres and St.
+Cloud; we regained the woods, and after an hour's ride through them, we
+reached an iron park-gate, at the extremity of the village of Velaisy.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille had counted without his host. He expected not to
+have found a soul in his brother's chateau, but, since the evening before,
+his brother had returned from a journey to the coast of France. Seeing
+that the chateau was inhabited, Monsieur de Marteille begged me to wait a
+little in the carriage. As soon as he had gone, the coachman came to the
+door.--'Well, madame, we breathe at last! my opinion is that we should make
+our escape. Depend upon the word of La Violette, we shall be in less than
+two hours at the hotel.'--'La Violette,' said I, 'open the door.'--I ran a
+great risk. La Violette obeyed.--'Now,' said I to him, when I had alighted
+upon the ground, 'you may go!'--He looked at me with the eye of an old
+philosopher, mounted his box, and snapped his whip; but he had hardly
+started, when he thought it better to return.--'I will not return without
+madame, for if I return alone, I shall be sure of a good heating, and of
+being discharged.'--'Indeed, La Violette! as you please.' At that moment I
+saw the count returning.--'It is all for the best,' he cried out, in the
+distance; 'my brother has only two days to spend in Paris: he has stopped
+here to give his orders; he wishes, at all hazards, to see Camargo dance!
+I told him that she was to appear this evening. He will leave in a moment.
+You must wait in the park till he is gone. I will return to him, for I
+must take my leave of him, and wish him a pleasant journey.
+
+"An hour afterward we were installed in the chateau. La Violette remained,
+at our order, with his carriage and horses. In the evening there was great
+excitement at the opera. It was solemnly announced to the public that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo had been carried off! The Count de Melun surprised
+at not finding us in the woods, had gone to the theatre. He was hissed; he
+swore revenge. He sought every where; he found neither his horses, nor his
+carriage, nor his mistress. For three months the opera was in mourning!
+Thirty bailiffs were on my track; but we made so little noise in our
+little chateau, hid away in the woods, that we were never discovered."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo became pale; she was silent, and looked at her
+listeners as if she would say by her looks that had been lighted up at
+that celestial flame which had passed over her life: "Oh, how we loved
+each other during those three months!"
+
+She continued as follows: "That season has filled a greater space in my
+life than all the rest of my days. When I think of the past, it is there
+where my thoughts travel at once. How relate to you the particulars of our
+happiness? When destiny protects us, happiness is composed of a thousand
+charming nothings that the hearts of others cannot understand. During
+those three months I was entirely happy; I wished to live for ever in this
+charming retreat for him that I loved a thousand times more than myself. I
+wished to abandon the opera, that opera that the Count de Melun could not
+make me forget for a week!
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille possessed all the attraction of a real passion; he
+loved me with a charming simplicity; he put in play, without designing it,
+all the seductions of love. What tender words! what impassioned looks!
+what enticing conversation! Each day was a holyday, each hour a rapture. I
+had no time to think of the morrow.
+
+"Our days were spent in walks, in the shade of the woods, in the thousand
+windings of the park. In the evening I played the harpsichord, and I sang.
+It often occurred that I danced, danced for him. In the middle of a dance
+that would have excited a furor at the opera, I fell at his feet,
+completely overcome; he raised me up, pressed me to his heart and forgave
+me for having danced. I always hear his beautiful voice, which was like
+music, but such music as I dream of, and not such as Rameau has
+composed... But now I am speaking without knowing what I say."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo turned toward Pont-de-Veyle. "Monsieur," said she,
+"open that box or rather hand it to me." She took the box, opened it, and
+took the bouquet from it. "But above all, gentlemen, I must explain to you
+why I have preserved this bouquet." While saying this she attempted to
+smell the vanished odor of the bouquet.
+
+"One morning," she resumed, "Monsieur de Marteille awoke me
+early--'Farewell!' he said, pale and trembling.--'What are you saying?'
+cried I with affright.--'Alas,' replied he, embracing me, I did not wish to
+tell you before, but for a fortnight I have had orders to leave.
+Hostilities are to be resumed in the Low Countries; I have no longer a
+single hour either for you or for me; I have over forty leagues to travel
+to-day.'--'Oh, my God, what will become of me?' said I weeping. 'I will
+follow you.'--'But, my dear Marianne, I shall return.'--'You will return in
+an age! Go, cruel one, I shall be dead when you return.'
+
+"An hour was spent in taking leave and in tears; he was obliged to go; he
+went.
+
+"I returned to weep in that retreat, that was so delightful the evening
+before. Two days after his departure, he wrote me a very tender letter, in
+which he told me that on the next day, he would have the consolation of
+engaging in battle. 'I hope,' added he, 'that the campaign will not be a
+long one; some days of hard fighting, and then I return to your feet.'
+What more shall I tell you? He wrote me once again."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo unfolded slowly the torn letter. "Here is the
+second letter:--
+
+
+                                                               Oct 17.
+
+    "'No, I shall not return, my dear, I am going to die, but without
+    fear, without reproach. Oh! if you were here, Marianne! What
+    madness! in a hospital where, all of us, all, be we what we may,
+    are disfigured with wounds, and dying! What an idea to dash ahead
+    in the fight, when I only thought of seeing you again. As soon as
+    I was wounded, I asked the surgeon if I should live long enough to
+    reach Paris: "You have but an hour," he answered me pitilessly...
+    They brought me here with the others. In a word, we should learn
+    to resign ourselves to what comes from Heaven. I die content with
+    having loved you; console yourself; return to the opera. I am not
+    jealous of those who shall succeed me, for will they love you as I
+    have done? Farewell, Marianne, death approaches, and death never
+    waits; I thank it for having left me sufficient time to bid you
+    farewell. Now, it will be I who will wait for you.
+
+    "'Farewell, farewell, I press you to my heart, which ceases to
+    beat.'"
+
+
+After having wiped her eyes, Mademoiselle de Camargo continued as follows:
+"Shall I describe to you all my sorrows, all my tears, all my anguish!
+Alas! as he had said, I returned to the opera. I did not forget Monsieur
+de Marteille, in the tempest of my folly. Others have loved me. I have
+loved no one but Monsieur de Marteille; his memory has beamed upon my life
+like a blessing from heaven. When I reappeared at the opera, I was seen
+attending mass; I was laughed at for my devotion. They did not understand,
+philosophers as they were, that I prayed to God, in consequence of those
+words of Monsieur de Martielle: 'Now it will be I who will wait for you.'
+
+"When I left the chateau, I plucked a bouquet in the park, thinking that I
+was plucking the flowers that had bloomed for him; I brought away this
+bouquet, along with the portrait that you see there. I had vowed, in
+leaving our dear retreat, to go every year, at the same season, to gather
+a bouquet in the park. Will you believe it? I never went there again!"
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo thus finished her history. "Well, my dear
+philosopher," said Helvetius to Duclos, in descending the steps, "you have
+just read a book that is somewhat curious."--"A bad book," answered Duclos,
+"but such books are always interesting."
+
+In April, 1770, the news spread that Mademoiselle de Camargo had just died
+a good catholic. "This created a great surprise," says a journal of the
+day, "in the republic of letters, for she was supposed to have been dead
+twenty years." Her last admirer and her last friend, to whom she had
+bequeathed her dogs and her cats, had caused her body to be interred with
+a magnificence unexampled at the opera. "All the world," says Grimm,
+"admired that white pall, the symbol of chastity, that all unmarried
+persons are entitled to in their funeral ceremony."
+
+
+
+
+
+MY NOVEL:
+
+
+                    OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.(7)
+
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IX.--INITIAL CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now that I am fairly in the heart of my story, these preliminary chapters
+must shrink into comparatively small dimensions, and not encroach upon the
+space required by the various personages whose acquaintance I have picked
+up here and there, and who are now all crowding upon me like poor
+relations to whom one has unadvisedly given a general invitation, and who
+descend upon one simultaneously about Christmas time. Where they are to be
+stowed, and what is to become of them all, heaven knows; in the meanwhile,
+the reader will have already observed that the Caxton family themselves
+are turned out of their own rooms, sent a-packing, in order to make way
+for the new comers.
+
+And now that I refer to that respected family, I shall take occasion
+(dropping all metaphor) to intimate a doubt, whether, should these papers
+be collected and republished, I shall not wholly recast the Initial
+Chapters in which the Caxtons have been permitted to reappear. They assure
+me, themselves, that they feel a bashful apprehension lest they may be
+accused of having thrust irrelevant noses into affairs which by no means
+belong to them--an impertinence which, being a peculiarly shy race, they
+have carefully shunned in the previous course of their innocent and
+segregated existence. Indeed, there is some cause for that alarm, seeing
+that not long since, in a journal professing to be critical, this _My
+Novel, or Varieties in English Life_, was misnomed and insulted as "a
+Continuation of _The Caxtons_," with which biographical work it has no
+more to do (save in the aforesaid introductions to previous Books in the
+present diversified and compendious narrative) than I with Hecuba, or
+Hecuba with me. Reserving the doubt herein suggested for maturer
+deliberation, I proceed with my new Initial Chapter. And I shall stint the
+matter therein contained to a brief comment upon PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+Were you ever in public life, my dear reader? I don't mean by that
+question, to ask whether you were ever Lord Chancellor, Prime Minister,
+Leader of the Opposition, or even a member of the House of Commons. An
+author hopes to find readers far beyond that very egregious but very
+limited segment of the Great Circle. Were you ever a busy man in your
+vestry, active in a municipal corporation, one of a committee for
+furthering the interests of an enlightened candidate for your native
+burgh, town, or shire?--in a word, did you ever resign your private
+comforts as men in order to share the public troubles of mankind? If ever
+you have so far departed from the Lucretian philosophy, just look back--was
+it life at all that you lived?--were you an individual distinct existence--a
+passenger in the railway?--or were you merely an indistinct portion of that
+common flame which heated the boiler and generated the steam that set off
+the monster train?--very hot, very active, very useful, no doubt; but all
+your identity fused in flame, and all your forces vanishing in gas.
+
+And you think the people in the railway carriages care for you?--do you
+think that the gentleman in the worsted wrapper is saying to his neighbor
+with the striped rug on his comfortable knees, "How grateful we ought to
+be for that fiery particle which is crackling and hissing under the
+boiler! It helps us on the fraction of an inch from Vauxhall to Putney?"
+Not a bit of it. Ten to one but he is saying--"Not sixteen miles an hour!
+What the deuce is the matter with the stoker?"
+
+Look at our friend Audley Egerton. You have just had a glimpse of the real
+being that struggles under the huge copper;--you have heard the hollow
+sound of the rich man's coffers under the tap of Baron Levy's friendly
+knuckle--heard the strong man's heart give out its dull warning sound to
+the scientific ear of Dr. F vanishes the separate existence, lost again in
+the flame that heats the boiler, and the smoke that curls into air from
+the grimy furnace.
+
+Look to it, O Public Man, whoever thou art, and whatsoever thy degree--see
+if thou canst not compound matters, so as to keep a little nook apart for
+thy private life; that is, for _thyself_! Let the great Popkins Question
+not absorb wholly the individual soul of thee, as Smith or Johnson. Don't
+so entirely consume thyself under that insatiable boiler, that when thy
+poor little monad rushes out from the sooty furnace, and arrives at the
+stars, thou mayest find no vocation for thee there, and feel as if thou
+hadst nothing to do amidst the still splendors of the Infinite. I don't
+deny to thee the uses of "Public Life;" I grant that it is much to have
+helped to carry that great Popkins Question; but Private Life, my friend,
+is the life of thy Private soul; and there may be matters concerned with
+that which, on consideration, thou mayest allow, cannot be wholly mixed up
+with the great Popkins Question--and were not finally settled when thou
+didst exclaim--"I have not lived in vain--the Popkins Question is carried at
+last!" O immortal soul, for one quarter of an hour _per diem_--de-Popkinise
+thine immortality!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+It had not been without much persuasion on the part of Jackeymo, that
+Riccabocca had consented to settle himself in the house which Randal had
+recommended to him. Not that the exile conceived any suspicion of the
+young man beyond that which he might have shared with Jackeymo, viz., that
+Randal's interest in the father was increased by a very natural and
+excusable admiration of the daughter. But the Italian had the pride common
+to misfortune,--he did not like to be indebted to others, and he shrank
+from the pity of those to whom it was known that he had held a higher
+station in his own land. These scruples gave way to the strength of his
+affection for his daughter and his dread of his foe. Good men, however
+able and brave, who have suffered from the wicked, are apt to form
+exaggerated notions of the power that has prevailed against them. Jackeymo
+had conceived a superstitious terror of Peschiera, and Riccabocca, though
+by no means addicted to superstition, still had a certain creep of the
+flesh whenever he thought of his foe.
+
+But Riccabocca--than whom no man was more physically brave, and no man, in
+some respects, more morally timid--feared the Count less as a foe than as a
+gallant. He remembered his kinsman's surpassing beauty--the power he had
+obtained over women. He knew him versed in every art that corrupts, and
+void of all the conscience that deters. And Riccabocca had unhappily
+nursed himself into so poor an estimate of the female character, that even
+the pure and lofty nature of Violante did not seem to him a sufficient
+safeguard against the craft and determination of a practised and
+remorseless intriguer. But of all the precautions he could take, none
+appeared more likely to conduce to safety, than his establishing a
+friendly communication with one who professed to be able to get at all the
+Count's plans and movements, and who could apprise Riccabocca at once
+should his retreat be discovered. "Forewarned is forearmed," said he to
+himself, in one of the proverbs common to all nations. However, as with
+his usual sagacity he came to reflect upon the alarming intelligence
+conveyed to him by Randal, viz., that the Count sought his daughter's
+hand, he divined that there was some strong personal interest under such
+ambition; and what could be that interest save the probability of
+Riccabocca's ultimate admission to the Imperial grace, and the Count's
+desire to assure himself of the heritage to an estate that he might be
+permitted to retain no more? Riccabocca was not indeed aware of the
+condition (not according to usual customs in Austria) on which the Count
+held the forfeited domains. He knew not that they had been granted merely
+on pleasure; but he was too well aware of Peschiera's nature to suppose
+that he would woo a bride without a dower, or be moved by remorse in any
+overture of reconciliation. He felt assured, too--and this increased all
+his fears--that Peschiera would never venture to seek an interview himself;
+all the Count's designs on Violante would be dark, secret, and
+clandestine. He was perplexed and tormented by the doubt, whether or not
+to express openly to Violante his apprehensions of the nature of the
+danger to be apprehended. He had told her vaguely that it was for her sake
+that he desired secrecy and concealment. But that might mean any thing:
+what danger to himself would not menace her? Yet to say more was so
+contrary to a man of his Italian notions and Machiavellian maxims! To say
+to a young girl, "There is a man come over to England on purpose to woo
+and win you. For heaven's sake take care of him; he is diabolically
+handsome; he never fails where he sets his heart." "Cospetto!" cried the
+doctor aloud, as these admonitions shaped themselves to speech in the
+camera-obscura of his brain; "such a warning would have undone a Cornelia
+while she was yet an innocent spinster." No, he resolved to say nothing to
+Violante of the Count's intention, only to keep guard, and make himself
+and Jackeymo all eyes and all ears.
+
+The house Randal had selected pleased Riccabocca at first glance. It stood
+alone, upon a little eminence; its upper windows commanded the high road.
+It had been a school, and was surrounded by high walls, which contained a
+garden and lawn sufficiently large for exercise. The garden doors were
+thick, fortified by strong bolts, and had a little wicket lattice, shut
+and opened at pleasure, from which Jackeymo could inspect all visitors
+before he permitted them to enter.
+
+An old female servant from the neighborhood was cautiously hired;
+Riccabocca renounced his Italian name, and abjured his origin. He spoke
+English sufficiently well to think he could pass as an Englishman. He
+called himself Mr. Richmouth (a liberal translation of Riccabocca). He
+bought a blunderbuss, two pair of pistols, and a huge house-dog. Thus
+provided for, he allowed Jackeymo to write a line to Randal and
+communicate his arrival.
+
+Randal lost no time in calling. With his usual adaptability and his powers
+of dissimulation, he contrived easily to please Mrs. Riccabocca, and to
+increase the good opinion the exile was disposed to form of him. He
+engaged Violante in conversation on Italy and its poets. He promised to
+buy her books. He began, though more distantly than he could have
+desired--for her sweet stateliness awed him in spite of himself--the
+preliminaries of courtship. He established himself at once as a familiar
+guest, riding down daily in the dusk of evening, after the toils of
+office, and retiring at night. In four or five days he thought he had made
+great progress with all. Riccabocca watched him narrowly, and grew
+absorbed in thought after every visit. At length one night, when he and
+Mrs. Riccabocca were alone in the drawing-room, Violante having retired to
+rest, he thus spoke as he filled his pipe:--
+
+"Happy is the man who has no children! Thrice happy he who has no girls."
+
+"My dear Alphonso!" said the wife, looking up from the wristband to which
+she was attaching a neat mother-o'-pearl button. She said no more; it was
+the sharpest rebuke she was in the custom of administering to her
+husband's cynical and odious observations. Riccabocca lighted his pipe
+with a thread paper, gave three great puffs, and resumed:
+
+"One blunderbuss, four pistols, and a house-dog called Pompey, who would
+have made mince-meat of Julius C�sar!"
+
+"He certainly eats a great deal, does Pompey!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+simply. "But if he relieves your mind!"
+
+"He does not relieve it in the least, ma'am," groaned Riccabocca; "and
+that is the point I was coming to. This is a most harassing life, and a
+most undignified life. And I who have only asked from Heaven dignity and
+repose! But, if Violante were once married, I should want neither
+blunderbuss, pistol, nor Pompey. And it is that which would relieve my
+mind, _cara mia_;--Pompey only relieves my larder!"
+
+Now Riccabocca had been more communicative to Jemima than he had been to
+Violante. Having once trusted her with one secret, he had every motive to
+trust her with another; and he had accordingly spoken out his fears of the
+Count di Peschiera. Therefore she answered, laying down the work, and
+taking her husband's hand tenderly--
+
+"Indeed, my love, since you dread so much (though I own that I must think
+unreasonably) this wicked, dangerous man, it would be the happiest thing
+in the world to see dear Violante well married; because, you see, if she
+is married to one person, she cannot be married to another; and all fear
+of this Count, as you say, would be at an end."
+
+"You cannot express yourself better. It is a great comfort to unbosom
+one's self to a wife, after all!" quoth Riccabocca.
+
+"But," said the wife, after a grateful kiss--"but where and how can we find
+a husband suitable to the rank of your daughter?"
+
+"There--there--there," cried Riccabocca, pushing back his chair to the
+farther end of the room--"that comes of unbosoming one's self! Out flies
+one's secret; it is opening the lid of Pandora's box; one is betrayed,
+ruined, undone!"
+
+"Why, there's not a soul that can hear us!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+soothingly.
+
+"That's chance, ma'am! If you once contract the habit of blabbing out a
+secret when nobody's by, how on earth can you resist it when you have the
+pleasurable excitement of telling it to all the world? Vanity,
+vanity--woman's vanity! Woman never could withstand rank--never!" The Doctor
+went on railing for a quarter of an hour, and was very reluctantly
+appeased by Mrs. Riccabocca's repeated and tearful assurances that she
+would never even whisper to herself that her husband had ever held any
+other rank than that of Doctor.--Riccabocca, with a dubious shake of the
+head, renewed--
+
+"I have done with all pomp and pretension. Besides, the young man is a
+born gentleman; he seems in good circumstances; he has energy and latent
+ambition; he is akin to L'Estrange's intimate friend; he seems attached to
+Violante. I don't think it probable that we could do better. Nay, if
+Peschiera fears that I shall be restored to my country, and I learn the
+wherefore, and the ground to take, through this young man--why, gratitude
+is the first virtue of the noble!"
+
+"You speak, then, of Mr. Leslie?"
+
+"To be sure--of whom else?"
+
+Mrs. Riccabocca leaned her cheek on her hand thoughtfully. "Now you have
+told me _that_, I will observe him with different eyes."
+
+"_Anima mia_, I don't see how the difference of your eyes will alter the
+object they look upon!" grumbled Riccabocca, shaking the ashes out of his
+pipe.
+
+"The object alters when we see it in a different point of view!" replied
+Jemima, modestly. "This thread does very well when I look at it in order
+to sew on a button, but I should say it would never do to tie up Pompey in
+his kennel."
+
+"Reasoning by illustration, upon my soul!" ejaculated Riccabocca, amazed.
+
+"And," continued Jemima, "when I am to regard one who is to constitute the
+happiness of that dear child, and for life, can I regard him as I would
+the pleasant guest of an evening? Ah, trust me, Alphonso--I don't pretend
+to be wise like you--but, when a woman considers what a man is likely to
+prove to woman--his sincerity--his honor--his heart--oh, trust me, she is
+wiser than the wisest man!"
+
+Riccabocca continued to gaze on Jemima with unaffected admiration and
+surprise. And, certainly, to use his phrase, since he had unbosomed
+himself to his better half--since he had confided in her, consulted with
+her, her sense had seemed to quicken--her whole mind to expand.
+
+"My dear," said the sage, "I vow and declare that Machiavelli was a fool
+to you. And I have been as dull as the chair I sit upon, to deny myself so
+many years the comfort and counsel of such a--but _corpo di Baccho!_ forget
+all about rank; and so now to bed."
+
+"One must not holloa till one's out of the wood," muttered the ungrateful,
+suspicious villain, as he lighted the chamber candle.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Riccabocca could not confine himself to the precincts within the walls to
+which he condemned Violante. Resuming his spectacles, and wrapped in his
+cloak, he occasionally sallied forth upon a kind of outwatch or
+reconnoitring expedition--restricting himself, however, to the immediate
+neighborhood, and never going quite out of sight of his house. His
+favorite walk was to the summit of a hillock overgrown with stunted
+bushwood. Here he would seat himself musingly, often till the hoofs of
+Randal's horse rang on the winding road, as the sun set, over fading
+herbage, red and vaporous, in autumnal skies. Just below the hillock, and
+not two hundred yards from his own house, was the only other habitation in
+view--a charming, thoroughly English cottage, though somewhat imitated from
+the Swiss--with gable ends, thatched roof, and pretty projecting casements,
+opening through creepers and climbing roses. From his height he commanded
+the gardens of this cottage, and his eye of artist was pleased, from the
+first sight, with the beauty which some exquisite taste had given to the
+ground. Even in that cheerless season of the year, the garden wore a
+summer smile; the evergreens were so bright and various, and the few
+flowers, still left, so hardy and so healthful. Facing the south, a
+colonnade, or covered gallery, of rustic woodwork had been formed, and
+creeping plants, lately set, were already beginning to clothe its columns.
+Opposite to this colonnade there was a fountain which reminded Riccabocca
+of his own at the deserted Casino. It was indeed singularly like it: the
+same circular shape, the same girdle of flowers around it. But the jet
+from it varied every day--fantastic and multiform, like the sports of a
+Na�ad--sometimes shooting up like a tree, sometimes shaped as a
+convolvulus, sometimes tossing from its silver spray a flower of
+vermilion, or a fruit of gold--as if at play with its toy like a happy
+child. And near the fountain was a large aviary, large enough to inclose a
+tree. The Italian could just catch a gleam of rich color from the wings of
+the birds, as they glanced to and fro within the network, and could hear
+their songs, contrasting the silence of the free populace of air, whom the
+coming winter had already stilled.
+
+Riccabocca's eye, so alive to all aspects of beauty, luxuriated in the
+view of this garden. Its pleasantness had a charm that stole him from his
+anxious fear and melancholy memories.
+
+He never saw but two forms within the demesnes, and he could not
+distinguish their features. One was a woman, who seemed to him of staid
+manner and homely appearance: she was seen but rarely. The other a man,
+often pacing to and fro the colonnade, with frequent pauses before the
+playful fountain, or the birds that sang louder as he approached. This
+latter form would then disappear within a room, the glass door of which
+was at the extreme end of the colonnade; and if the door were left open,
+Riccabocca could catch a glimpse of the figure bending over a table
+covered with books.
+
+Always, however, before the sun set, the man would step forth more
+briskly, and occupy himself with the garden, often working at it with good
+heart, as if at a task of delight; and then, too, the woman would come
+out, and stand by as if talking to her companion. Riccabocca's curiosity
+grew aroused. He bade Jemima inquire of the old maid-servant who lived at
+the cottage, and heard that its owner was a Mr. Oran--a quiet gentleman,
+and fond of his book.
+
+While Riccabocca thus amused himself, Randal had not been prevented,
+either by his official cares or his schemes on Violante's heart and
+fortune, from furthering the project that was to unite Frank Hazeldean and
+Beatrice di Negra. Indeed, as to the first, a ray of hope was sufficient
+to fire the ardent and unsuspecting lover. And Randal's artful
+misrepresentation of Mrs. Hazeldean's conversation with him, removed all
+fear of parental displeasure from a mind always too disposed to give
+itself up to the temptation of the moment. Beatrice, though her feelings
+for Frank were not those of love, became more and more influenced by
+Randal's arguments and representations, the more especially as her brother
+grew morose, and even menacing, as days slipt on, and she could give no
+clue to the retreat of those whom he sought for. Her debts, too, were
+really urgent. As Randal's profound knowledge of human infirmity had
+shrewdly conjectured, the scruples of honor and pride, that had made her
+declare she would not bring to a husband her own incumbrances, began to
+yield to the pressure of necessity. She listened already, with but faint
+objections, when Randal urged her not to wait for the uncertain discovery
+that was to secure her dowry, but by a private marriage with Frank escape
+at once into freedom and security. While, though he had first held out to
+young Hazeldean the inducement of Beatrice's dowry as reason of
+self-justification in the eyes of the Squire, it was still easier to drop
+that inducement, which had always rather damped than fired the high spirit
+and generous heart of the poor Guardsman. And Randal could conscientiously
+say, that when he had asked the Squire if he expected fortune with Frank's
+bride, the Squire had replied, "I don't care." Thus encouraged by his
+friend and his own heart, and the softening manner of a woman who might
+have charmed many a colder, and fooled many a wiser man, Frank rapidly
+yielded to the snares held out for his perdition. And though as yet he
+honestly shrank from proposing to Beatrice or himself a marriage without
+the consent, and even the knowledge, of his parents, yet Randal was quite
+content to leave a nature, however good, so thoroughly impulsive and
+undisciplined, to the influences of the first strong passion it had ever
+known. Meanwhile, it was easy to dissuade Frank from even giving a hint to
+the folks at home. "For," said the wily and able traitor, "though we may
+be sure of Mrs. Hazeldean's consent, and her power over your father, when
+the step is once taken, yet we cannot count for certain on the Squire--he
+is so choleric and hasty. He might hurry to town--see Madame di Negra,
+blurt out some compassionate, rude expressions which would wake her
+resentment, and cause her instant rejection. And it might be too late if
+he repented afterwards--as he would be sure to do."
+
+Meanwhile Randal Leslie gave a dinner at the Clarendon Hotel (an
+extravagance most contrary to his habits), and invited Frank, Mr.
+Borrowell, and Baron Levy.
+
+But this house-spider, which glided with so much ease after its flies,
+through webs so numerous and mazy, had yet to amuse Madame di Negra with
+assurances that the fugitives sought for would sooner or later be
+discovered. Though Randal baffled and eluded her suspicion that he was
+already acquainted with the exiles, ("the persons he had thought of were,"
+he said, "quite different from her description;" and he even presented to
+her an old singing-master, and a sallow-faced daughter, as the Italians
+who had caused his mistake), it was necessary for Beatrice to prove the
+sincerity of the aid she had promised to her brother, and to introduce
+Randal to the Count. It was no less desirable to Randal to know, and even
+win the confidence of this man--his rival.
+
+The two met at Madame di Negra's house. There is something very strange,
+and almost mesmerical, in the _rapport_ between two evil natures. Bring
+two honest men together, and it is ten to one if they recognize each other
+as honest; differences in temper, manner, even politics, may make each
+misjudge the other. But bring together two men, unprincipled and
+perverted--men who, if born in a cellar, would have been food for the hulks
+or gallows--and they recognize each other by instant sympathy. The eyes of
+Franzini, Count of Peschiera, and Randal Leslie no sooner met, than a
+gleam of intelligence shot from both. They talked on indifferent
+subjects--weather, gossip, politics--what not. They bowed and they smiled;
+but, all the while, each was watching, plumbing the other's heart; each
+measuring his strength with his companion; each inly saying, "This is a
+very remarkable rascal; am I a match for him?" It was at dinner they met;
+and, following the English fashion, Madame di Negra left them alone with
+their wine.
+
+Then, for the first time, Count di Peschiera cautiously and adroitly made
+a covered push towards the object of the meeting.
+
+"You have never been abroad, my dear sir? You must contrive to visit me at
+Vienna. I grant the splendor of your London world; but, honestly speaking,
+it wants the freedom of ours--a freedom which unites gayety with polish.
+For as your society is mixed, there are pretension and effort with those
+who have no right to be in it, and artificial condescension and chilling
+arrogance with those who have to keep their inferiors at a certain
+distance. With us, all being of fixed rank and acknowledged birth,
+familiarity is at once established." "Hence," added the Count, with his
+French lively smile--"hence there is no place like Vienna for a young
+man--no place like Vienna for _bonnes fortunes_."
+
+"Those make the paradise of the idle," replied Randal, "but the purgatory
+of the busy. I confess frankly to you, my dear Count, that I have as
+little of the leisure which becomes the aspirer to _bonnes fortunes_ as I
+have the personal graces which obtain them without an effort;" and he
+inclined his head as in compliment.
+
+"So," thought the Count, "woman is not his weak side. What is?"
+
+"_Morbleu!_ my dear Mr. Leslie--had I thought as you do some years since, I
+had saved myself from many a trouble. After all, Ambition is the best
+mistress to woo; for with her there is always the hope, and never the
+possession."
+
+"Ambition, Count," replied Randal, still guarding himself in dry
+sententiousness, "is the luxury of the rich, and the necessity of the
+poor."
+
+"Aha," thought the Count, "it comes, as I anticipated from the first--comes
+to the bribe." He passed the wine to Randal, filling his own glass, and
+draining it carelessly: "_Sur mon �me, mon cher_," said the Count, "luxury
+is ever pleasanter than necessity; and I am resolved at least to give
+ambition a trial--_je vais me r�fugier dans le sein du bonheur
+domestique_--a married life and a settled home. _Peste!_ If it were not for
+ambition, one would die of ennui. Apropos, my dear sir, I have to thank
+you for promising my sister your aid in finding a near and dear kinsman of
+mine, who has taken refuge in your country, and hides himself even from
+me."
+
+"I should be most happy to assist in your search. As yet, however, I have
+only to regret that all my good wishes are fruitless. I should have
+thought, however, that a man of such rank had been easily found, even
+through the medium of your own ambassador."
+
+"Our own ambassador is no very warm friend of mine; and the rank would be
+no clue, for it is clear that my kinsman has never assumed it since he
+quitted his country."
+
+"He quitted it, I understand, not exactly from choice," said Randal,
+smiling. "Pardon my freedom and curiosity, but will you explain to me a
+little more than I learn from English rumor (which never accurately
+reports upon foreign matters still more notorious), how a person who had
+so much to lose, and so little to win, by revolution, could put himself
+into the same crazy boat with a crew of hare-brained adventurers and
+visionary professors?
+
+"Professors!" repeated the Count; "I think you have hit on the very answer
+to your question; not but what men of high birth were as mad as the
+_canaille_. I am the more willing to gratify your curiosity, since it will
+perhaps serve to guide your kind search in my favor. You must know, then,
+that my kinsman was not born the heir to the rank he obtained. He was but
+a distant relation to the head of the house which he afterwards
+represented. Brought up in an Italian university, he was distinguished for
+his learning and his eccentricities. There, too, I suppose, brooding over
+old wives' tales about freedom, and so forth, he contracted his
+_carbonaro_, chimerical notions for the independence of Italy. Suddenly,
+by three deaths, he was elevated, while yet young, to a station and honors
+which might have satisfied any man in his senses. _Que diable!_ what could
+the independence of Italy do for _him_! He and I were cousins; we had
+played together as boys; but our lives had been separated till his
+succession to rank brought us necessarily together. We became exceedingly
+intimate. And you may judge how I loved him," said the Count, averting his
+eyes slightly from Randal's quiet, watchful gaze, "when I add, that I
+forgave him for enjoying a heritage that, but for him, had been mine."
+
+"Ah, you were next heir?"
+
+"And it is a hard trial to be very near a great fortune, and yet just miss
+it."
+
+"True," cried Randal, almost impetuously. The Count now raised his eyes,
+and again the two men looked into each other's souls.
+
+"Harder still, perhaps," resumed the Count, after a short pause--"harder
+still might it have been to some men to forgive the rival as well as the
+heir."
+
+"Rival! How?"
+
+"A lady, who had been destined by her parents to myself, though we had
+never, I own, been formally betrothed, became the wife of my kinsman."
+
+"Did he know of your pretensions?"
+
+"I do him the justice to say he did not. He saw and fell in love with the
+young lady I speak of. Her parents were dazzled. Her father sent for me.
+He apologized--he explained; he set before me, mildly enough, certain
+youthful imprudences or errors of my own, as an excuse for his change of
+mind; and he asked me not only to resign all hope of his daughter, but to
+conceal from her new suitor that I had ever ventured to hope."
+
+"And you consented?"
+
+"I consented."
+
+"That was generous. You must indeed have been much attached to your
+kinsman. As a lover I cannot comprehend it; perhaps, my dear Count, you
+may enable me to understand it better--as a man of the world."
+
+"Well," said the Count, with his most _rou�_ air, "I suppose we _are_ both
+men of the world?"
+
+"_Both!_ certainly," replied Randal, just in the tone which Peachum might
+have used in courting the confidence of Lockit.
+
+"As a man of the world, then, I own," said the Count, playing with the
+rings on his fingers, "that if I could not marry the lady myself (and that
+seemed to me clear), it was very natural that I should wish to see her
+married to my wealthy kinsman."
+
+"Very natural; it might bring your wealthy kinsman and yourself still
+closer together."
+
+"This is really a very clever fellow!" thought the Count, but he made no
+direct reply.
+
+"_Enfin_, to cut short a long story, my cousin afterwards got entangled in
+attempts, the failure of which is historically known. His projects were
+detected--himself denounced. He fled, and the Emperor, in sequestrating his
+estates, was pleased, with rare and singular clemency, to permit me, as
+his nearest kinsman, to enjoy the revenues of half those estates during
+the royal pleasure; nor was the other half formally confiscated. It was no
+doubt his Majesty's desire not to extinguish a great Italian name; and if
+my cousin and his child died in exile, why, of that name, I, a loyal
+subject of Austria--I, Franzini, Count di Peschiera, would become the
+representative. Such, in a similar case, has been sometimes the Russian
+policy towards Polish insurgents."
+
+"I comprehend perfectly; and I can also conceive that you, in profiting so
+largely, though so justly, by the fall of your kinsman, may have been
+exposed to much unpopularity--even to painful suspicion."
+
+"_Entre nous, mon cher_, I care not a stiver for popularity; and as to
+suspicion, who is he that can escape from the calumny of the envious? But,
+unquestionably, it would be most desirable to unite the divided members of
+our house; and this union I can now effect, by the consent of the Emperor
+to my marriage with my kinsman's daughter. You see, therefore, why I have
+so great an interest in this research?"
+
+"By the marriage articles you could no doubt secure the retention of the
+half you hold; and if you survive your kinsman, you would enjoy the whole.
+A most desirable marriage; and, if made, I suppose that would suffice to
+obtain your cousin's amnesty and grace?"
+
+"You say it."
+
+"But even without such marriage, since the Emperor's clemency has been
+extended to so many of the proscribed, it is perhaps probable that your
+cousin might be restored?"
+
+"It once seemed to me possible," said the Count, reluctantly; "but since I
+have been in England, I think not. The recent revolution in France, the
+democratic spirit rising in Europe, tend to throw back the cause of a
+proscribed rebel. England swarms with revolutionists; my cousin's
+residence in this country is in itself suspicious. The suspicion is
+increased by his strange seclusion. There are many Italians here who would
+aver that they had met with him, and that he was still engaged in
+revolutionary projects."
+
+"Aver--untruly."
+
+"_Ma foi_--it comes to the same thing; _les absens ont toujours tort_. I
+speak to a man of the world. No; without some such guarantee for his
+faith, as his daughter's marriage with myself would give, his recall is
+improbable. By the heaven above us, it shall be _impossible_!" The Count
+rose as he said this--rose as if the mask of simulation had fairly fallen
+from the visage of crime--rose tall and towering, a very image of masculine
+power and strength, beside the slight bended form and sickly face of the
+intellectual schemer. Randal was startled; but, rising also, he said
+carelessly--
+
+"What if this guarantee can no longer be given?--what if, in despair of
+return, and in resignation to his altered fortunes, your cousin has
+already married his daughter to some English suitor?"
+
+"Ah, that would indeed be, next to my own marriage with her, the most
+fortunate thing that could happen to myself."
+
+"How? I don't understand!"
+
+"Why, if my cousin has so abjured his birthright, and forsworn his rank--if
+this heritage, which is so dangerous from its grandeur, pass, in case of
+his pardon, to some obscure Englishman--a foreigner--a native of a country
+that has no ties with ours--a country that is the very refuge of levellers
+and Carbonari--_mort dema vie_--do you think that such would not annihilate
+all chance of my cousin's restoration, and be an excuse even to the eyes
+of Italy for formally conferring the sequestered estates on an Italian?
+No; unless, indeed, the girl were to marry an Englishman of such name and
+birth and connection as would in themselves be a guarantee, (and how in
+poverty is this likely?) I should go back to Vienna with a light heart, if
+I could say, 'My kinswoman is an Englishman's wife--shall her children be
+the heirs to a house so renowned for its lineage, and so formidable for
+its wealth?' _Parbleu!_ if my cousin were but an adventurer, or merely a
+professor, he had been pardoned long ago. The great enjoy the honor not to
+be pardoned easily."
+
+Randal fell into deep but brief thought. The Count observed him, not face
+to face, but by the reflection of an opposite mirror. "This man knows
+something; this man is deliberating; this man can help me," thought the
+Count.
+
+But Randal said nothing to confirm these hypotheses. Recovering from his
+abstraction, he expressed courteously his satisfaction at the Count's
+prospects, either way. "And since, after all," he added, "you mean so well
+to your cousin, it occurs to me that you might discover him by a very
+simple English process."
+
+"How?"
+
+"Advertise that, if he will come to some place appointed, he will hear of
+something to his advantage."
+
+The Count shook his head. "He would suspect me, and not come."
+
+"But he was intimate with you. He joined an insurrection;--you were more
+prudent. You did not injure him, though you may have benefited yourself.
+Why should he shun you?"
+
+"The conspirators forgive none who do not conspire; besides, to speak
+frankly, he thought I injured him."
+
+"Could you not conciliate him through his wife--whom--you resigned to him?"
+
+"She is dead--died before he left the country."
+
+"Oh, that is unlucky! Still I think an advertisement might do good. Allow
+me to reflect on that subject. Shall we now join Madame la Marquise?"
+
+On re-entering the drawing-room, the gentlemen found Beatrice in full
+dress, seated by the fire, and reading so intently that she did not remark
+them enter.
+
+"What so interests you, _ma soeur_?-the last novel by Balzac, no doubt?"
+
+Beatrice started, and, looking up, showed eyes that were full of tears.
+"Oh, no! no picture of miserable, vicious Parisian life. This is
+beautiful; there is _soul_ here."
+
+Randal took up the book which the Marchesa laid down; it was the same that
+had charmed the circle at Hazeldean--charmed the innocent and
+fresh-hearted--charmed now the wearied and tempted votaress of the world.
+
+"Hum," murmured Randal; "the Parson, was right. This is power--a sort of a
+power."
+
+"How I should like to know the author! Who can he be--can you guess?"
+
+"Not I. Some old pedant in spectacles."
+
+"I think not--I am sure not. Here beats a heart I have ever sighed to find,
+and never found."
+
+"Oh, _na�ve enfant_!" cried the Count; "_comme son imagination s'�gare en
+r�ves enchant�s_. And to think that, while you talk like an Arcadian, you
+are dressed like a princess."
+
+"Ah, I forgot--the Austrian ambassador's. I shall not go to-night. This
+book unfits me for the artificial world."
+
+"Just as you will, my sister. I shall go. I dislike the man, and he me;
+but ceremonies before men!"
+
+"You are going to the Austrian Embassy?" said Randal. "I too shall be
+there. We shall meet." And he took his leave.
+
+"I like your young friend prodigiously," said the Count, yawning. "I am
+sure that he knows of the lost birds, and will stand to them like a
+pointer, if I can but make it his interest to do so. We shall see."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Randal arrived at the ambassador's before the Count, and contrived to mix
+with the young noblemen attached to the embassy, and to whom he was known.
+Standing among these was a young Austrian, on his travels, of very high
+birth, and with an air of noble grace that suited the ideal of the old
+German chivalry. Randal was presented to him, and, after some talk on
+general topics, observed, "By the way, Prince, there is now in London a
+countryman of yours, with whom you are doubtless familiarly acquainted--the
+Count di Peschiera."
+
+"He is no countryman of mine. He is an Italian. I know him but by sight
+and by name," said the Prince, stiffly.
+
+"He is of very ancient birth, I believe."
+
+"Unquestionably. His ancestors were gentlemen."
+
+"And very rich."
+
+"Indeed! I have understood the contrary. He enjoys, it is true, a large
+revenue."
+
+A young _attach�_, less discreet than the Prince, here observed, "Oh,
+Peschiera!--Poor fellow, he is too fond of play to be rich."
+
+"And there is some chance that the kinsman whose revenue he holds, may
+obtain his pardon, and re-enter into possession of his fortunes--so I hear,
+at least," said Randal, artfully.
+
+"I shall be glad if it be true," said the Prince with decision; "and I
+speak the common sentiment at Vienna. That kinsman had a noble spirit, and
+was, I believe, equally duped and betrayed. Pardon me, sir; but we
+Austrians are not so bad as we are painted. Have you ever met in England
+the kinsman you speak of?"
+
+"Never, though he is supposed to reside here; and the Count tells me that
+he has a daughter."
+
+"The Count--ha! I heard something of a scheme--a wager of that--that
+Count's--a daughter. Poor girl! I hope she will escape his pursuit; for, no
+doubt, he pursues her."
+
+"Possibly she may already have married an Englishman."
+
+"I trust not," said the Prince, seriously; "that might at present be a
+serious obstacle to her father's return."
+
+"You think so?"
+
+"There can be no doubt of it," interposed the _attach�_ with a grand and
+positive air; "unless, indeed, the Englishman were of a rank equal to her
+own."
+
+Here there was a slight, well-bred murmur and buzz at the doors; for the
+Count di Peschiera himself was announced; and as he entered, his presence
+was so striking, and his beauty so dazzling, that whatever there might be
+to the prejudice of his character, it seemed instantly effaced or
+forgotten in that irresistible admiration which it is the prerogative of
+personal attributes alone to create.
+
+The Prince, with a slight curve of his lip at the groups that collected
+round the Count, turned to Randal and said, "Can you tell me if a
+distinguished countryman of yours is in England--Lord L'Estrange?"
+
+"No, Prince--he is not. You know him?"
+
+"Well."
+
+"He is acquainted with the Count's kinsman; and perhaps from him you have
+learned to think so highly of that kinsman?"
+
+The Prince bowed, and answered as he moved away, "When a man of high honor
+vouches for another, he commands the belief of all."
+
+"Certainly," soliloquized Randal, "I must not be precipitate. I was very
+nearly falling into a terrible trap. If I were to marry the girl, and
+only, by so doing, settle away her inheritance on Peschiera!--How hard it
+is to be sufficiently cautious in this world!"
+
+While thus meditating, a member of Parliament tapped him on the shoulder.
+
+"Melancholy, Leslie! I lay a wager I guess your thoughts."
+
+"Guess," answered Randal.
+
+"You were thinking of the place you are so soon to lose."
+
+"Soon to lose!"
+
+"Why, if ministers go out, you could hardly keep it, I suppose."
+
+This ominous and horrid member of Parliament, Squire Hazeldean's favorite
+county member, Sir John, was one of those legislators especially odious to
+officials--an independent "large-acred" member, who would no more take
+office himself than he would cut down the oaks in his park, and who had no
+bowels of human feeling for those who had opposite tastes and less
+magnificent means.
+
+"Hem!" said Randal, rather surlily. "In the first place, Sir John,
+ministers are not going out."
+
+"Oh yes, they will go. You know I vote with them generally, and would
+willingly keep them in; but they are men of honor and spirit; and if they
+can't carry their measures, they must resign; otherwise, by Jove, I would
+turn round and vote them out myself!"
+
+"I have no doubt you would, Sir John; you are quite capable of it; that
+rests with you and your constituents. But even if ministers did go out, I
+am but a poor subaltern in a public office. I am no minister--why should I
+go out too?"
+
+"Why? Hang it, Leslie, you are laughing at me. A young fellow like you
+could never be mean enough to stay in, under the very men who drove out
+your friend Egerton!"
+
+"It is not usual for those in the public offices to retire with every
+change of Government."
+
+"Certainly not; but always those who are the relations of a retiring
+minister--always those who have been regarded as politicians, and who mean
+to enter Parliament, as of course you will do at the next election. But
+you know that as well as I do--you who are so decided a politician--the
+writer of that admirable pamphlet! I should not like to tell my friend
+Hazeldean, who has a sincere interest in you, that you ever doubted on a
+question of honor as plain as your A, B, C."
+
+"Indeed, Sir John," said Randal, recovering his suavity, while he inly
+breathed a dire anathema on his county member, "I am so new to these
+things, that what you say never struck me before. No doubt you must be
+right; at all events, I cannot have a better guide and adviser than Mr.
+Egerton himself."
+
+"No, certainly--perfect gentleman, Egerton! I wish we could make it up with
+him and Hazeldean."
+
+_Randal_, (sighing)--"Ah, I wish we could!"
+
+_Sir John._--"And some chance of it now; for the time is coming when all
+true men of the old school must stick together."
+
+_Randal._--"Wisely, and admirably said, my dear Sir John. But, pardon me, I
+must pay my respects to the ambassador."
+
+Randal escaped, and, passing on, saw the ambassador himself in the next
+room, conferring in a corner with Audley Egerton. The ambassador seemed
+very grave--Egerton calm and impenetrable, as usual. Presently the Count
+passed by, and the ambassador bowed to him very stiffly. As Randal, some
+time later, was searching for his cloak below, Audley Egerton unexpectedly
+joined him. "Ah, Leslie," said the minister, with more kindness than
+usual, "if you don't think the night air too cold for you, let us walk
+home together. I have sent away the carriage."
+
+This condescension in his patron was so singular that it quite startled
+Randal, and gave him a presentiment of some evil. When they were in the
+street, Egerton, after a pause, began--"My dear Mr. Leslie, it was my hope
+and belief that I had provided for you at least a competence; and that I
+might open to you, later, a career yet more brilliant. Hush! I don't doubt
+your gratitude; let me proceed. There is a possible chance, after certain
+decisions that the Government have come to, that we may be beaten in the
+House of Commons, and of course resign. I tell you this beforehand, for I
+wish you to have time to consider what, in that case, would be your best
+course. My power of serving you would then probably be over. It would, no
+doubt (seeing our close connection, and my views with regard to your
+future being so well known)--be expected that you should give up the place
+you hold, and follow my fortunes for good or ill. But as I have no
+personal enemies with the opposite party--and as I have sufficient position
+in the world to uphold and sanction your choice, whatever it may be, if
+you think it more prudent to retain your place, tell me so openly, and I
+think I can contrive that you may do it without loss of character and
+credit. In that case confine your ambition merely to rising gradually in
+your office, without mixing in politics. If, on the other hand, you should
+prefer to take your chance of my return to office, and so resign your own;
+and, furthermore, should commit yourself to a policy that may then be not
+only in opposition, but unpopular; I will do my best to introduce you into
+parliamentary life. I cannot say that I advise the latter."
+
+Randal felt as a man feels after a severe fall--he was literally stunned.
+At length he faltered out--"Can you think, sir, that I should ever desert
+your fortunes--your party--your cause?"
+
+"My dear Leslie," replied the minister, "you are too young to have
+committed yourself to any men or to any party, except, indeed, in that
+unlucky pamphlet. This must not be an affair of sentiment, but of sense
+and reflection. Let us say no more on the point now; but, by considering
+the _pros_ and _cons_, you can better judge what to do, should the time
+for option suddenly arrive."
+
+"But I hope that time may not come."
+
+"I hope so too, and most sincerely," said the minister, with deliberate
+and genuine emphasis.
+
+"What could be so bad for the country?" ejaculated Randal. "It does not
+seem to me possible in the nature of things, that you and your party
+should ever go out."
+
+"And when we are once out, there will be plenty of wiseacres to say it is
+out of the nature of things that we should ever come in again. Here we are
+at the door."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+Randal passed a sleepless night; but, indeed, he was one of those persons
+who neither need, nor are accustomed to much sleep. However, towards
+morning, when dreams are said to be prophetic, he fell into a most
+delightful slumber--a slumber peopled by visions fitted to lure on, through
+labyrinths of law, predestined chancellors, or wreck upon the rocks of
+glory the inebriate souls of youthful ensigns--dreams from which Rood Hall
+emerged crowned with the towers of Belvoir or Raby, and looking over
+subject lands and manors wrested from the nefarious usurpation of
+Thornhills and Hazeldeans--dreams in which Audley Egerton's gold and
+power--rooms in Downing Street, and saloons in Grosvenor Square--had passed
+away to the smiling dreamer, as the empire of Chald�a passed to Darius the
+Median. Why visions so belying the gloomy and anxious thoughts that
+preceded them should visit the pillow of Randal Leslie, surpasses my
+philosophy to conjecture. He yielded, however, passively to their spell,
+and was startled to hear the clock strike eleven as he descended the
+stairs to breakfast. He was vexed at the lateness of the hour, for he had
+meant to have taken advantage of the unwonted softness of Egerton, and
+drawn therefrom some promises or proffers to cheer the prospects which the
+minister had so chillingly expanded before him the preceding night. And it
+was only at breakfast that he usually found the opportunity of private
+conference with his busy patron. But Audley Egerton would be sure to have
+sallied forth--and so he had--only Randal was surprised to hear that he had
+gone out in his carriage, instead of on foot, as was his habit. Randal
+soon despatched his solitary meal, and with a new and sudden affection for
+his office, thitherward bent his way. As he passed through Piccadilly, he
+heard behind a voice that had lately become familiar to him, and turning
+round, saw Baron Levy walking side by side, though not arm-in-arm, with a
+gentleman almost as smart as himself, but with a jauntier step and a
+brisker air--a step that, like Diomed's, as described by Shakspeare--
+
+  "Rises on the toe--that spirit of his
+  In aspiration lifts him from the earth."
+
+Indeed, one may judge of the spirits and disposition of a man by his
+ordinary gait and mien in walking. He who habitually pursues abstract
+thought, looks down on the ground. He who is accustomed to sudden
+impulses, or is trying to seize upon some necessary recollection, looks up
+with a kind of jerk. He who is a steady, cautious, merely practical man,
+walks on deliberately, his eyes straight before him; and even in his most
+musing moods observes things around sufficiently to avoid a porter's knot
+or a butcher's tray.--But the man with strong ganglions--of pushing lively
+temperament, who, though practical, is yet speculative--the man who is
+emulous and active, and ever trying to rise in life--sanguine, alert,
+bold--walks with a spring--looks rather above the heads of his
+fellow-passengers--but with a quick, easy turn of his own, which is lightly
+set on his shoulders; his mouth is a little open--his eye is bright, rather
+restless, but penetrative--his port has something of defiance--his form is
+erect, but without stiffness. Such was the appearance of the Baron's
+companion. And as Randal turned round at Levy's voice, the Baron said to
+his companion, "A young man in the first circles--you should book him for
+your fair lady's parties. How d'ye do, Mr. Leslie? Let me introduce you to
+Mr. Richard Avenel." Then, as he hooked his arm into Randal's, he
+whispered, "Man of first-rate talent--monstrously rich--has two or three
+parliamentary seats in his pocket--wife gives parties--her foible."
+
+"Proud to make your acquaintance, sir," said Mr. Avenel, lifting his hat.
+"Fine day."
+
+"Rather cold, too," said Leslie, who, like all thin persons with weak
+digestion, was chilly by temperament; besides, he had enough on his mind
+to chill his body.
+
+"So much the healthier,--braces the nerves," said Mr. Avenel; "but you
+young fellows relax the system by hot rooms and late hours. Fond of
+dancing, of course, sir?" Then, without waiting for Randal's negative, Mr.
+Richard continued rapidly, "Mrs. Avenel has a _soir�e dansante_ on
+Thursday--shall be very happy to see you in Eaton Square. Stop, I have a
+card;" and he drew out a dozen large invitation cards, from which he
+selected one and presented it to Randal.--The Baron pressed that young
+gentleman's arm, and Randal replied courteously that it would give him
+great pleasure to be introduced to Mrs. Avenel. Then, as he was not
+desirous to be seen under the wing of Baron Levy, like a pigeon under that
+of a hawk, he gently extricated himself, and, pleading great haste, walked
+quickly on towards his office.
+
+"That young man will make a figure some day," said the Baron. "I don't
+know any one of his age with so few prejudices. He is a connection by
+marriage to Audley Egerton, who"--
+
+"Audley Egerton!" exclaimed Mr. Avenel; "d ungrateful fellow?"
+
+"Why, what do you know of him?"
+
+"He owed his first seat in Parliament to the votes of two near relations
+of mine, and when I called upon him some time ago, in his office, he
+absolutely ordered me out of the room. Hang his impertinence; if ever I
+can pay him off, I guess I shan't fail for want of good will!"
+
+"Ordered you out of the room? That's not like Egerton, who is civil, if
+formal--at least, to most men. You must have offended him in his weak
+point."
+
+"A man whom the public pays so handsomely should have no weak point. What
+is Egerton's?"
+
+"Oh, he values himself on being a thorough gentleman--a man of the nicest
+honor," said Levy with a sneer. "You must have ruffled his plumes there.
+How was it?"
+
+"I forget now," answered Mr. Avenel, who was far too well versed in the
+London scale of human dignities since his marriage, not to look back with
+a blush at his desire of knighthood. "No use bothering our heads now about
+the plumes of an arrogant popinjay. To return to the subject we were
+discussing. You must be sure to let me have this money next week."
+
+"Rely upon it."
+
+"And you'll not let my bills get into the market; keep them under lock and
+key."
+
+"So we agreed."
+
+"It is but a temporary difficulty--royal mourning, such nonsense--panic in
+trade, lest these precious ministers go out. I shall soon float over the
+troubled waters."
+
+"By the help of a paper boat," said the Baron, laughing; and the two
+gentlemen shook hands and parted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+Meanwhile Audley Egerton's carriage had deposited him at the door of Lord
+Lansmere's house, at Knightsbridge. He asked for the Countess, and was
+shown into the drawing-room, which was deserted. Egerton was paler than
+usual; and, as the door opened, he wiped the unwonted moisture from his
+forehead, and there was a quiver in his firm lip. The Countess, too, on
+entering, showed an emotion almost equally unusual to her self-control.
+She pressed Audley's hand in silence, and seating herself by his side,
+seemed to collect her thoughts. At length she said: "It is rarely indeed
+that we meet, Mr. Egerton, in spite of your intimacy with Lansmere and
+Harley. I go so little into your world, and you will not voluntarily come
+to me."
+
+"Madam," replied Egerton, "I might evade your kind reproach by stating
+that my hours are not at my disposal; but I answer you with plain truth--it
+must be painful to both of us to meet."
+
+The Countess colored and sighed, but did not dispute the assertion. Audley
+resumed. "And therefore, I presume, that on sending for me, you have
+something of moment to communicate."
+
+"It relates to Harley," said the Countess, as if in apology; "and I would
+take your advice."
+
+"To Harley! speak on, I beseech you."
+
+"My son has probably told you that he has educated and reared a young
+girl, with the intention to make her Lady L'Estrange, and hereafter
+Countess of Lansmere."
+
+"Harley has no secrets from me," said Egerton, mournfully.
+
+"This young lady has arrived in England--is here--in this house."
+
+"And Harley too?"
+
+"No, she came over with Lady N her daughters. Harley was to follow
+shortly, and I expect him daily. Here is his letter. Observe, he has never
+yet communicated his intentions to this young person, now intrusted to my
+care--never spoken to her as the lover."
+
+Egerton took the letter and read it rapidly, though with attention.
+
+"True," said he, as he returned the letter: "and before he does so, he
+wishes you to see Miss Digby and to judge of her yourself--wishes to know
+if you will approve and sanction his choice."
+
+"It is on this that I would consult you--a girl without rank;--the father,
+it is true, a gentleman, though almost equivocally one,--but the mother, I
+know not what. And Harley for whom I hoped an alliance with the first
+houses in England!" The Countess pressed her hands convulsively together.
+
+_Egerton._--"He is no more a boy. His talents have been wasted--his life a
+wanderer's. He presents to you a chance of re-settling his mind, of
+re-arousing his native powers, of a home besides your own. Lady Lansmere,
+you cannot hesitate!"
+
+_Lady Lansmere._--"I do, I do! After all that I have hoped, after all that
+I did to prevent"--
+
+_Egerton_ (interrupting her).--"You owe him now an atonement: that is in
+your power--it is not in mine."
+
+The Countess again pressed Audley's hand, and the tears gushed from her
+eyes. "It shall be so. I consent--I consent. I will silence, I will crush
+back this proud heart. Alas! it wellnigh broke his own! I am glad you
+speak thus. I like to think he owes my consent to you. In that there is
+atonement for both--both."
+
+"You are too generous, madam," said Egerton, evidently moved, though
+still, as ever, striving to repress emotion. "And may I see the young
+lady? This conference pains me; you see even my strong nerves quiver; and
+at this time I have much to go through--need of all my strength and
+firmness."
+
+"I hear, indeed, that the government will probably retire. But it is with
+honor: it will be soon called back by the voice of the nation."
+
+"Let me see the future wife of Harley L'Estrange," said Egerton, without
+heed of this consolatory exclamation.
+
+The Countess rose and left the room. In a few minutes she returned with
+Helen Digby. Helen was wondrously improved from the pale, delicate child,
+with the soft smile and intelligent eyes, who had sat by the side of
+Leonard in his garret. She was about the middle height, still slight but
+beautifully formed; that exquisite roundness of proportion, which conveys
+so well the idea of woman, in its undulating pliant grace--formed to
+embellish life, and soften away its rude angles--formed to embellish, not
+to protect. Her face might not have satisfied the critical eye of an
+artist--it was not without defects in regularity; but its expression was
+eminently gentle and prepossessing; and there were few who would not have
+exclaimed, "What a lovely countenance!" The mildness of her brow was
+touched with melancholy--her childhood had left its traces on her youth.
+Her step was slow, and her manner shy, subdued, and timid. Audley gazed on
+her with earnestness as she approached him; and then coming forward, took
+her hand and kissed it. "I am your guardian's constant friend," said he;
+and he drew her gently to a seat beside him, in the recess of a window.
+With a quick glance of his eye towards the Countess, he seemed to imply
+the wish to converse with Helen somewhat apart. So the Countess
+interpreted the glance; and though she remained in the room, she seated
+herself at a distance, and bent over a book.
+
+It was touching to see how the austere man of business lent himself to
+draw forth the mind of this quiet, shrinking girl; and if you had
+listened, you would have comprehended how he came to possess such social
+influence, and how well, some time or other in the course of his life, he
+had learned to adapt himself to women. He spoke first of Harley
+L'Estrange--spoke with tact and delicacy. Helen at first answered by
+monosyllables, and then, by degrees, with grateful and open affection.
+Audley's brow grew shaded. He then spoke of Italy; and though no man had
+less of the poet in his nature, yet, with the dexterity of one long versed
+in the world, and who has been accustomed to extract evidences from
+characters most opposed to his own, he suggested such topics as might
+serve to arouse poetry in others. Helen's replies betrayed a cultivated
+taste, and a charming womanly mind; but they betrayed also one accustomed
+to take its colorings from another's--to appreciate, admire, revere the
+Lofty and the Beautiful, but humbly and meekly. There was no vivid
+enthusiasm, no remark of striking originality, no flash of the
+self-kindling, creative faculty. Lastly, Egerton turned to England--to the
+critical nature of the times--to the claims which the country possessed
+upon all who had the ability to serve and guide its troubled destinies. He
+enlarged warmly on Harley's natural talents, and rejoiced that he had
+returned to England, perhaps to commence some great career. Helen looked
+surprised, but her face caught no correspondent glow from Audley's
+eloquence. He rose, and an expression of disappointment passed over his
+grave, handsome features, and as quickly vanished.
+
+"Adieu! my dear Miss Digby; I fear I have wearied you, especially with my
+politics. Adieu, Lady Lansmere; no doubt I shall see Harley as soon as he
+returns."
+
+Then he hastened from the room, gained his carriage, and ordered the
+coachman to drive to Downing-street. He drew down the blinds, and leant
+back. A certain languor became visible in his face, and once or twice he
+mechanically put his hand to his heart.
+
+"She is good, amiable, docile--will make an excellent wife, no doubt," said
+he, murmuringly. "But does she love Harley as he has dreamed of love? No!
+Has she the power and energy to arouse his faculties, and restore to the
+world the Harley of old? No! Meant by heaven to be the shadow of another's
+sun--not herself the sun--this child is not the one who can atone for the
+Past and illume the Future."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+That evening Harley L'Estrange arrived at his father's house. The few
+years that had passed since we saw him last, had made no perceptible
+change in his appearance. He still preserved his elastic youthfulness of
+form, and singular variety and play of countenance. He seemed unaffectedly
+rejoiced to greet his parents, and had something of the gayety and the
+tenderness of a boy returned from school. His manner to Helen bespoke the
+chivalry that pervaded all the complexities and curves of his character.
+It was affectionate but respectful. Hers to him, subdued--but innocently
+sweet and gently cordial. Harley was the chief talker. The aspect of the
+times was so critical, that he could not avoid questions on politics; and,
+indeed, he showed an interest in them which he had never evinced before.
+Lord Lansmere was delighted.
+
+"Why, Harley, you love your country, after all?"
+
+"The moment she seems in danger--yes!" replied the Patrician; and the
+Sybarite seemed to rise into the Athenian.
+
+Then he asked with eagerness about his old friend Audley; and, his
+curiosity satisfied there, he inquired the last literary news. He had
+heard much of a book lately published. He named the one ascribed by Parson
+Dale to Professor Moss; none of his listeners had read it. Harley pished
+at this, and accused them all of indolence and stupidity in his own
+quaint, metaphorical style. Then he said--"And town gossip?"
+
+"We never hear it," said Lady Lansmere.
+
+"There is a new plough much talked of at Boodle's," said Lord Lansmere.
+
+"God speed it. But is there not a new man much talked of at White's?"
+
+"I don't belong to White's."
+
+"Nevertheless, you may have heard of him--a foreigner, a Count di
+Peschiera."
+
+"Yes," said Lord Lansmere; "he was pointed out to me in the Park--a
+handsome man for a foreigner; wears his hair properly cut; looks
+gentlemanlike and English."
+
+"Ah, ah! He is here then!" And Harley rubbed his hands.
+
+"Which road did you take? Did you pass the Simplon?"
+
+"No; I came straight from Vienna."
+
+Then, relating with lively vein his adventures by the way, he continued to
+delight Lord Lansmere by his gayety till the time came to retire to rest.
+As soon as Harley was in his own room, his mother joined him.
+
+"Well," said he, "I need not ask if you like Miss Digby? Who would not?"
+
+"Harley, my own son," said the mother, bursting into tears, "be happy your
+own way; only be happy; that is all I ask."
+
+Harley, much affected, replied gratefully and soothingly to this fond
+injunction. And then gradually leading his mother on to converse of Helen,
+asked abruptly--"And of the chance of our happiness--her happiness well as
+mine--what is your opinion? Speak frankly."
+
+"Of _her_ happiness, there can be no doubt," replied the mother proudly.
+"Of yours, how can you ask me? Have you not decided on that yourself?"
+
+"But still it cheers and encourages one in any experiment, however well
+considered, to hear the approval of another. Helen has certainly a most
+gentle temper."
+
+"I should conjecture so. But her mind--"
+
+"Is very well stored."
+
+"She speaks so little--"
+
+"Yes. I wonder why? She's surely a woman!"
+
+"Pshaw," said the Countess, smiling in spite of herself. "But tell me more
+of the process of your experiment. You took her as a child, and resolved
+to train her according to your own ideal. Was that easy?"
+
+"It seemed so. I desired to instil habits of truth--she was already by
+nature truthful as the day; a taste for nature and all things natural--that
+seemed inborn: perceptions of Art as the interpreter of Nature--those were
+more difficult to teach. I think they may come. You have heard her play
+and sing?"
+
+"No."
+
+"She will surprise you. She has less talent for drawing; still, all that
+teaching could do has been done--in a word, she is accomplished. Temper,
+heart, mind--these are all excellent." Harley stopped, and suppressed a
+sigh. "Certainly, I ought to be very happy," said he; and he began to wind
+up his watch.
+
+"Of course she must love you?" said the Countess, after a pause. "How
+could she fail?"
+
+"Love me! My dear mother, that is the very question I shall have to ask."
+
+"Ask! Love is discovered by a glance; it has no need of asking."
+
+"I have never discovered it, then, I assure you. The fact is, that before
+her childhood was passed, I removed her, as you may suppose, from my roof.
+She resided with an Italian family, near my usual abode. I visited her
+often, directed her studies, watched her improvement--"
+
+"And fell in love with her?"
+
+"Fall is such a very violent word. No; I don't remember to have had a
+fall. It was all a smooth inclined plane from the first step, until at
+last I said to myself, 'Harley L'Estrange, thy time has come. The bud has
+blossomed into flower. Take it to thy breast.' And myself replied to
+myself meekly, 'So be it.' Then I found that Lady N daughters, was coming
+to England. I asked her Ladyship to take my ward to your house. I wrote to
+you, and prayed your assent; and, that granted, I knew you would obtain my
+father's. I am here--you give me the approval I sought for. I will speak to
+Helen to-morrow. Perhaps, after all, she may reject me."
+
+"Strange, strange--you speak thus coldly, thus lightly; you so capable of
+ardent love!"
+
+"Mother," said Harley, earnestly, "be satisfied! _I_ am! Love, as of old,
+I feel, alas! too well, can visit me never more. But gentle companionship,
+tender friendship, the relief and the sunlight of woman's smile--hereafter
+the voices of children--music that, striking on the hearts of both parents,
+wakens the most lasting and the purest of all sympathies: these are my
+hope. Is the hope so mean, my fond mother?"
+
+Again the Countess wept, and her tears were not dried when she left the
+room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Oh! Helen, fair Helen--type of the quiet, serene, unnoticed, deep-felt
+excellence of woman! Woman, less as the ideal that a poet conjures from
+the air, than as the companion of a poet on the earth! Woman who, with her
+clear sunny vision of things actual, and the exquisite fibre of her
+delicate sense, supplies the deficiencies of him whose foot stumbles on
+the soil, because his eye is too intent upon the stars! Woman, the
+provident, the comforting angel--whose pinions are folded round the heart,
+guarding there a divine spring unmarred by the winter of the world! Helen,
+soft Helen, is it indeed in thee that the wild and brilliant "lord of
+wantonness and ease" is to find the regeneration of his life--the rebaptism
+of his soul? Of what avail thy meek prudent household virtues to one whom
+Fortune screens from rough trial?--whose sorrows lie remote from thy
+ken?--whose spirit, erratic and perturbed, now rising, now falling, needs a
+vision more subtle than thine to pursue, and a strength that can sustain
+the reason, when it droops, on the wings of enthusiasm and passion?
+
+And thou thyself, O nature, shrinking and humble, that needest to be
+courted forth from the shelter, and developed under the calm and genial
+atmosphere of holy, happy love--can such affection as Harley L'Estrange may
+proffer suffice to thee? Will not the blossoms, yet folded in the petal,
+wither away beneath the shade that may protect them from the storm, and
+yet shut them from the sun? Thou who, where thou givest love, seekest,
+though meekly, for love in return; --to be the soul's sweet necessity, the
+life's household partner to him who receives all thy faith and
+devotion--canst thou influence the sources of joy and of sorrow in the
+heart that does not heave at thy name? Hast thou the charm and the force
+of the moon, that the tides of that wayward sea shall ebb and flow at thy
+will? Yet who shall say--who conjecture how near two hearts may become,
+when no guilt lies between them, and time brings the ties all its own?
+Rarest of all things on earth is the union in which both, by their
+contrasts, make harmonious their blending; each supplying the defects of
+the helpmate, and completing, by fusion, one strong human soul! Happiness
+enough, where even Peace does but seldom preside, when each can bring to
+the altar, if not, the flame, still the incense. Where man's thoughts are
+all noble and generous, woman's feelings all gentle and pure, love may
+follow, if it does not precede;--and if not,--if the roses be missed from
+the garland, one may sigh for the rose, but one is safe from the thorn.
+
+The morning was mild, yet somewhat overcast by tho mists which announce
+coming winter in London, and Helen walked musingly beneath the trees that
+surrounded the garden of Lord Lansmere's house. Many leaves were yet left
+on the boughs; but they were sere and withered. And the birds chirped at
+times; but their note was mournful and complaining. All within this house,
+until Harley's arrival, had been strange and saddening to Helen's timid
+and subdued spirits. Lady Lansmere had received her kindly, but with a
+certain restraint; and the loftiness of manner, common to the Countess
+with all but Harley, had awed and chilled the diffident orphan. Lady
+Lansmere's very interest in Harley's choice--her attempts to draw Helen out
+of her reserve--her watchful eyes whenever Helen shyly spoke, or shyly
+moved, frightened the poor child, and made her unjust to herself.
+
+The very servants, though staid, grave, and respectful, as suited a
+dignified, old-fashioned household, painfully contrasted the bright
+welcoming smiles and free talk of Italian domestics. Her recollections of
+the happy warm Continental manner, which so sets the bashful at their
+ease, made the stately and cold precision of all around her doubly awful
+and dispiriting. Lord Lansmere himself, who did not as yet know the views
+of Harley, and little dreamed that he was to anticipate a daughter-in-law
+in the ward whom he understood Harley, in a freak of generous romance had
+adopted, was familiar and courteous, as became a host. But he looked upon
+Helen as a mere child, and naturally left her to the Countess. The dim
+sense of her equivocal position--of her comparative humbleness of birth and
+fortunes, oppressed and pained her; and even her gratitude to Harley was
+made burthensome by a sentiment of helplessness. The grateful long to
+requite. And what could she ever do for him?
+
+Thus musing, she wandered alone through the curving walks; and this sort
+of mock country landscape--London loud, and even visible, beyond the high
+gloomy walls, and no escape from the windows of the square formal
+house--seemed a type of the prison bounds of Rank to one whose soul yearns
+for simple loving Nature.
+
+Helen's reverie was interrupted by Nero's joyous bark. He had caught sight
+of her, and came bounding up, and thrust his large head into her hand. As
+she stooped to caress the dog, happy at his honest greeting, and tears
+that had been long gathering to the lids fell silently on his face, (for I
+know nothing that more moves us to tears than the hearty kindness of a
+dog, when something in human beings has pained or chilled us,) she heard
+behind the musical voice of Harley. Hastily she dried or repressed her
+tears, as her guardian came up, and drew her arm within his own.
+
+"I had so little of your conversation last evening, my dear ward, that I
+may well monopolize you now, even to the privation of Nero. And so you are
+once more in your native land?"
+
+Helen sighed softly.
+
+"May I not hope that you return under fairer auspices than those which
+your childhood knew?"
+
+Helen turned her eyes with ingenuous thankfulness to her guardian, and the
+memory of all she owed to him rushed upon her heart. Harley renewed, and
+with earnest though melancholy sweetness--"Helen, your eyes thank me; but
+hear me before your words do. I deserve no thanks. I am about to make to
+you a strange confession of egotism and selfishness."
+
+"You!--oh, impossible!"
+
+"Judge yourself, and then decide which of us shall have cause to be
+grateful. Helen, when I was scarcely your age--a boy in years, but more,
+methinks, a man at heart, with man's strong energies and sublime
+aspirings, than I have ever since been--I loved, and deeply--" He paused a
+moment in evident struggle. Helen listened in mute surprise, but his
+emotion awakened her own; her tender woman's heart yearned to console.
+Unconsciously her arm rested on his less lightly. "Deeply, and for sorrow.
+It is a long tale, that may be told hereafter. The worldly would call my
+love a madness. I did not reason on it then--I cannot reason on it now.
+Enough; death smote suddenly, terribly, and to me mysteriously, her whom I
+loved. The love lived on. Fortunately, perhaps, for me, I had quick
+distraction, not to grief, but to its inert indulgence. I was a soldier; I
+joined our armies. Men called me brave. Flattery! I was a coward before
+the thought of life. I sought death: like sleep, it does not come at our
+call. Peace ensued. As when the winds fall the sails droop--so when
+excitement ceased, all seemed to me flat and objectless. Heavy, heavy was
+my heart. Perhaps grief had been less obstinate, but that I feared I had
+cause for self-reproach. Since then I have been a wanderer--a self-made
+exile. My boyhood had been ambitious--all ambition ceased. Flames, when
+they reach the core of the heart, spread, and leave all in ashes. Let me
+be brief: I did not mean thus weakly to complain--I to whom heaven has
+given so many blessings! I felt, as it were, separated from the common
+objects and joys of men. I grew startled to see how, year by year, wayward
+humors possessed me. I resolved again to attach myself to some living
+heart--it was my sole chance to rekindle my own. But the one I had loved
+remained as my type of woman, and she was different from all I saw.
+Therefore I said to myself, 'I will rear from childhood some young fresh
+life, to grow up into my ideal.' As this thought began to haunt me, I
+chanced to discover you. Struck with the romance of your early life,
+touched by your courage, charmed by your affectionate nature, I said to
+myself, 'Here is what I seek.' Helen, in assuming the guardianship of your
+life, in all the culture which I have sought to bestow on your docile
+childhood, I repeat, that I have been but the egotist. And now, when you
+have reached that age, when it becomes me to speak, and you to listen--now,
+when you are under the sacred roof of my own mother--now I ask you, can you
+accept this heart, such as wasted years, and griefs too fondly nursed,
+have left it? Can you be, at least, my comforter? Can you aid me to regard
+life as a duty, and recover those aspirations which once soared from the
+paltry and miserable confines of our frivolous daily being? Helen, here I
+ask you, can you be all this, and under the name of--Wife?"
+
+It would be in vain to describe the rapid, varying, indefinable emotions
+that passed through the inexperienced heart of the youthful listener as
+Harley thus spoke. He so moved all the springs of amaze, compassion,
+tender respect, sympathy, childlike gratitude, that when he paused and
+gently took her hand, she remained bewildered, speechless, overpowered.
+Harley smiled as he gazed upon her blushing, downcast, expressive face. He
+conjectured at once that the idea of such proposals had never crossed her
+mind; that she had never contemplated him in the character of a wooer;
+never even sounded her heart as to the nature of such feelings as his
+image had aroused.
+
+"My Helen," he resumed, with a calm pathos of voice, "there is some
+disparity of years between us, and perhaps I may not hope henceforth for
+that love which youth gives to the young. Permit me simply to ask, what
+you will frankly answer--Can you have seen in our quiet life abroad, or
+under the roof of our Italian friends, any one you prefer to me?"
+
+"No, indeed, no!" murmured Helen. "How could I!--who is like you?" Then,
+with a sudden effort--for her innate truthfulness took alarm, and her very
+affection for Harley, childlike and reverent, made her tremble lest she
+should deceive him--she drew a little aside, and spoke thus: "Oh, my dear
+guardian, noblest of all human beings, at least in my eyes, forgive,
+forgive me if I seem ungrateful, hesitating; but I cannot, cannot think of
+myself as worthy of you. I never so lifted my eyes. Your rank, your
+position--"
+
+"Why should they be eternally my curse? Forget them and go on."
+
+"It is not only they," said Helen, almost sobbing, "though they are much;
+but I your type, your ideal!--I!--impossible! Oh, how can I ever be any
+thing even of use, of aid, of comfort to one like you!"
+
+"You can, Helen--you can," cried Harley, charmed by such ingenuous modesty.
+"May I not keep this hand?"
+
+And Helen left her hand in Harley's, and turned away her face, fairly
+weeping. A stately step passed under the wintry trees.
+
+"My mother," said Harley L'Estrange, looking up, "I present to you my
+future wife."
+
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.(8)
+
+
+BY JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., LL. D.
+
+When the great defender of the Constitution delivered the oration at
+Bunker Hill, he pointed to the just completed monument and exclaimed,
+"There stands the Orator of the Day." In humble imitation of that
+significant act, I also, in attempting to illustrate the interests and the
+meaning of this occasion, would point you, gentlemen, to the fact of your
+presence here to-night--to the union at one banquet of printers, editors,
+publishers, authors, and professional men--as the best evidence of the
+importance and attractiveness of the occasion. The art of printing, among
+other inestimable blessings, has fused together the most productive
+elements of society; it has established a vital relation between intellect
+and mechanics, between labor and thought. I see before me in this assembly
+those who have achieved enduring literary fame, and those who are the
+present guides of public opinion. I see them side by side with the men who
+have just put their thoughts and sentiments into a bodily form and
+disseminated them on the wings of the press. The association is not only
+appropriate, but it is honorable to his memory who united in his life the
+humblest manual toil and the loftiest flights of genius; who both set up
+types and drew the lightning from heaven, and combined in his own person
+the practical printer and the scientific philosopher.
+
+By your courtesy, gentlemen, I have been invited to say a few words
+appropriate to the New York-Typographical Society. It is with unfeigned
+reluctance that I assume the task. In this presence I behold so many
+better qualified for the undertaking than myself, that I am apprehensive I
+shall be able neither to do justice to my theme nor satisfy the
+expectations which you in your clemency have anticipated. True it is, that
+in my early life I was connected with your fraternity by more immediate
+ties than at present exist. Circumstances have modified my career, but I
+should prove recreant to the best feelings of my heart, turn ingrate to
+the pleasantest associations of memory, and forget the most efficient
+causes which have favored my journey thus far to mellow years, were I
+unmindful of the gratifications I enjoyed while a fellow laborer in your
+noble pursuits. The press is the representative of the intellectual man on
+earth; it is the expositor of his cogitative powers; the promulgator of
+his most recondite labors; the strong arm of his support in the defence
+and maintenance of his inherent rights as a member of the social compact;
+the vindicator of his claims to the exalted station of one stamped in the
+express image of God; it is the charter of freedom to ameliorated man in
+the glorious strife of social organization, in the pursuits of life,
+liberty, and happiness. Hence I have ever cherished the deepest regard for
+those who have appropriated their time and talents to this vast engine of
+civilization. I have ever looked upon the vocation as holding the
+integrity of our highest privileges on earth; freedom of inquiry, freedom
+of utterance, and the vast behests of civil communion, with the kindred of
+every nation, and the tongues of every speech.
+
+When I was a boy of ten years of age, I became acquainted with the
+biography of Franklin. I had purchased at auction a Glasgow edition of his
+Life and Essays. I had read _Robinson Crusoe_, _George Barnwell_, _The
+House That Jack Built_, _�sop's Fables_, the duodecimo edition of Morse's
+_Geography_, and other common publications of the times. No work that I
+have perused, from that juvenile period of my existence up to the present
+day, has ever yielded the peculiar gratification which Franklin's memoirs
+gave me, and my admiration and reverence for our illustrious sage have
+through all subsequent inquiry into his actions and services, increased in
+intensity, in proportion as I have contemplated his wondrous character and
+his unparalleled achievements. I think I owe something to my mother for
+this happy appreciation of our Franklin. She was by birth a Philadelphian,
+and for years, during her residence in Arch street, was favored with
+opportunities of again and again beholding Dr. Franklin pass her door, in
+company with Dr. Rush and Thomas Paine. "There," the children of the
+neighborhood would cry out, "goes Poor Richard, Common Sense, and the
+Doctor." It is recorded that Franklin furnished many thoughts in the
+famous pamphlet of _Common Sense_, while Paine wrote it, and Rush gave the
+title. There is something in the hereditary transmission of the moral and
+of the physical qualities; yet I have thought that the benevolent schemes
+of Rush, the intrepid patriotism of Paine, and the honest maxims of
+Franklin--the topics of daily converse in that day--had some influence in
+strengthening the principles which my mother inculcated in her children.
+
+You have told me, gentlemen, that you would be gratified with some
+reminiscences touching New-York--social, literary, personal--of men and
+books--all having a bearing, more or less immediate, either on the progress
+of human development, or the character of our metropolitan city. I know
+not how to satisfy either you or myself. To do justice to the subject
+would require a different opportunity from the one here enjoyed, and
+leisure such as I cannot now command.
+
+The locality upon which we are assembled to-night has its associations. We
+meet this evening on the memorable spot in our city's early topography
+denominated the Bayard Farm--a property once in the possession of the
+affluent Bayards, of him who was companion in his strife with Governor
+Leisler, and whose death for high treason was the issue of that protracted
+contest. That he fell a martyr to freedom, our friend Charles F. Hoffman
+has ably demonstrated. Within a few doors of this place, on Broadway, very
+many years after, but within my recollection, lived that arch negotiator
+in public counsels, Talleyrand, the famous ambassador of France to the
+United States. He published a small tractate on America, once much read,
+and it was he who affirmed that the greatest sight he had ever beheld in
+this country, was the illustrious Hamilton, with his pile of books under
+his arms, proceeding to the court-room in the old City Hall, in order to
+obtain a livelihood, by expounding the law, and vindicating the rights of
+his clients.
+
+Here too is the spot where, some short while after, the antics of the
+Osage tribe of Indians were displayed for the admiration of the belles and
+beaux of New-York, and on that occasion my old colleague, Dr. Mitchill,
+gave translations into English of their songs and war-whoop sounds, for
+the increased gratification of the literary public of that day, when
+Indian literature stood not so high as in these times of Congressional
+appropriation, and of Henry Schoolcraft, the faithful and patriotic
+expositor of the red-man's excellences. I think I am safe in saying, also,
+that near these grounds occurred the execution of Young, a play-actor,
+convicted of murder--a remarkable event in New-York annals, owing to
+peculiar circumstances which marked his imprisonment in our old jail, now
+converted into the Hall of Records. There were, about the period to which
+I now refer, other occurrences of singular influence in those days.
+
+Crowther and Levi Weeks were both confined in this debased prison because
+of high crimes, and many were incarcerated for debt. There was,
+nevertheless, an atmosphere of some intellect immolated within its cells;
+and for the first, and I believe the only time in this country, a
+newspaper was issued for some months' duration from its walls, entitled
+_The Prisoner of Hope_. The Wilberforce impulse of that crisis had much to
+do with the movement; and no abolition paper of even later dates plead
+more earnestly in behalf of enslaved humanity, by graphic illustrations
+and literary talent, than did _The Prisoner of Hope_. At that day, many
+newspapers had their specific motto, and that of _The Prisoner of Hope_
+was in these words:
+
+  Soft, smiling Hope--thou anchor of the mind;
+  The only comfort that the wretched find;
+  All look to thee when sorrow wrings the heart,
+  To heal, by future prospect, present smart.
+
+Naturalists tell us that this eligible site was once characterized by the
+graceful foliage of the pride of the American forests, the lofty
+plane-tree, the _platanus occidentalis_. It must further increase our
+interest in the spot, to be assured that through its shades strolled our
+Franklin, in company with that lover of rural scenery, the botanist
+Kalm--an occurrence not unlike the interesting one of the excursions of
+Linn�us with Hans Sloane, in the Royal Gardens, near London. Here, too,
+the wild pigeon was taken in great abundance; while in the Common (now
+Park) those primitive inhabitants of the city, the Beekman family, with
+the old doctor at their head, shot deer and other game in their field
+sports. But enough at present of the locality where this anniversary is
+held.
+
+The history of the American periodical press, if given with any thing like
+fidelity and minuteness, would occupy several hours; it is a noble
+specimen of our triumphs as a free people, and of our determination so to
+remain; it has demonstrated the progress of knowledge, and the intrepidity
+of New-Yorkers, as much as any one series of facts or occurrences we could
+summon for illustration. Everybody within this hall is aware that William
+Bradford was the first in time of the newspaper publishers of New-York.
+His gazette made its earliest appearance in October, 1725, four years
+after James, the brother of Benjamin Franklin, began the _New England
+Courant_--this being seventeen years after the commencement of the _Boston
+News Letter_, the first regular newspaper commenced in North America. I
+advert to this circumstance because we possess the completed file of that
+earliest of the journals of our land now in existence. The copy in the
+library of the Massachusetts Historical Society was presented that
+institution by the famous antiquary, Dr. Eliot; that in our own Historical
+Society is the file which was preserved by Professor McKean, of Harvard
+University, who bequeathed it to the Rev. T. Alden, from whom I purchased
+it and deposited it where it now remains.
+
+From Franklin's representations, Bradford was a sorry individual, of low
+cunning, and sinister; yet I must not deal harshly with him. His, I
+believe, was the first printing press set up in New-York: he published the
+laws, and other state papers, and he was the grandfather of Bradford,
+afterwards Attorney-General of the United States; and as from his loins
+proceeded Thomas Bradford, the adventurous and patriotic publisher of
+Rees's _Cyclop�dia_--the most enterprising of the craft, and our greatest
+patron of engravers--I desire to hold him in grateful memory. Our second
+newspaper was the _New-York Weekly Journal_, commenced about three years
+after Bradford's. John Peter Zenger, its proprietor, was a German by
+birth, a palatine, and something of a scholar; a man of enlarged
+liberality, patriotic, and an advocate of popular rights. He attacked the
+measures of the provincial Governor and Council, was subjected to a
+prosecution by the officers of the crown, and was brought to trial in
+1735, when Andrew Hamilton, the Recorder of Philadelphia, came to this
+city and successfully defended him. I have before stated that the late
+illustrious Governor Morris considered the decision of that case in behalf
+of the press as the dawn of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized
+America. To the ladies now present, the lovers of sweet sounds, it may not
+be uninteresting to know that the first piano forte (harpsichord) imported
+into America, arrived in this city for the musical gratification of the
+family of the noble Zenger.
+
+But I can say at this time little concerning newspapers. Our worthy
+associate in good works, Edwin Williams, has lately issued a memoir of
+much value on the subject, to which I must refer you. I regret that his
+catalogue of early journals is somewhat defective. As he justly observes,
+our Historical Society is wonderfully rich in these interesting documents.
+Our most precious treasures in that way are, unquestionably, the Rivington
+_Royal Gazette_, the old _New-York Daily Advertiser_, containing debates
+on the State Constitution, the _American Citizen and Republican Watch
+Tower_, the _New-York Evening Post_, and the _Commercial Advertiser_,
+through a long series, the _New-York American_, the _Independent
+Reflector_, containing the patriotic Essays on Toleration, by William
+Livingston, of New Jersey, and the _Time-Piece of New-York_, replete with
+invective against the Washington Administration--whose editor, Philip
+Freneau, verbally assured me that its most vituperative features were from
+suggestions of Jefferson, during the crisis in our public affairs provoked
+by Citizen Genet. But I must hasten to other topics.
+
+Among the most conspicuous editors and publishers of gazettes whom I have
+personally known was Noah Webster, now so famous for his Dictionary. At
+the time I knew him, some forty years ago, he was in person somewhat above
+the ordinary height, slender, with gray eyes, and a keen aspect;
+remarkable for neatness in dress, and characterized by an erect walk, a
+broad hat, and a long cue, much after the manner of Albert Gallatin, as
+depicted in the engraving in Callender's _Prospect Before Us_. If with
+philologists he is deemed a man of merit, it may with equal justice be
+said that he is to be recognized by medical men as an author of
+importance, for his _History of Pestilence_.
+
+Next I may note William Coleman, usually called in earlier days, by his
+antagonist Cheetham, Field-Marshal Coleman. Mr. Bryant, the able editor of
+the _Post_, in his biography of the first fifty years of that prominent
+gazette, has well described him. He was a sensitive man, of great tenacity
+of opinion, which he cherished by intercourse with many of the leading
+patriots and politicians who were among us some thirty years ago. He
+almost leaned on the arm of the inflexible Timothy Pickering, and had, in
+his younger days, held communion with Hamilton, John Wells and Rufus King.
+I shall never forget how the death of the immortal Hamilton subdued his
+feeling. When Gouverneur Morris delivered his felicitous eulogy from the
+portals of old Trinity Church, over the dead body of the noble martyr,
+with grief in every countenance, and anguish in every heart, Coleman's
+acuteness of feeling paralyzed every movement of his frame, and drowned
+every faculty of his mind. While on this topic, the decease of Hamilton, I
+may state an anecdote, the import of which can be readily understood. It
+was not long prior to the time of his death that the new and authentic
+edition of _The Federalist_ was published by George F. Hopkins. Hopkins
+told me of the delicacy with which Hamilton listened to his proposition to
+print a new edition of these papers. "They are demanded by the spirit of
+the times and the desire of the people," said Hopkins. "Do you really
+think, Mr. Hopkins, that those fugitive essays will be read, if
+reprinted?" asked Hamilton; "well, give me a few days to consider," said
+he. "Will this not be a good opportunity, Gen. Hamilton," rejoined
+Hopkins, "to revise them, and, if so, to make, perhaps, alterations, if
+necessary, in some parts?" "No, sir, if reprinted, they must stand exactly
+as at first, not a word of alteration. A comma may be inserted or left
+out, but the work must undergo no change whatever."
+
+A few days had elapsed when, on the next interview, General Hamilton
+agreed to the reprint, with the express condition that he himself must
+inspect the revised proofs. Not a word was ever altered. "You think
+something of the papers?" says Hamilton to the printer. "Mr. Hopkins, let
+them be issued. Heretofore, sir, I have given the people common milk;
+hereafter, shortly, sir, I shall give them strong meat." What the Union
+lost by that fatal duel, the Deity only knows.
+
+Coleman was a writer of grammatical excellence, though occasionally sadly
+at fault in force of diction. Under the influence of some perverse
+conceits, he would labor for months to establish a theoretical doctrine,
+or to elucidate a useless proposition. It was hardly in the power of
+mortals ever to alter his opinions when once formed. That yellow fever was
+as contagious as small-pox; that skull-cap (the _scutellaria_) was a
+specific for hydrophobia; that Napoleon wanted the requisites of a
+military chieftain, were among the crotchets of his brain. The everlasting
+tractates which he put forth on these and other subjects, would in the
+present day of editorial prowess scarcely be tolerated in a chronicle
+depending on public patronage. Coleman had read extensively on medical
+topics, and was the principal writer of that able and elaborate Criticism
+of Miller's Report on the Yellow Fever in New-York, addressed to Governor
+Lewis, and printed in the second volume of the _American Medical and
+Philosophical Register_.
+
+Coleman would underrate the best public services, if rendered by a
+political opponent. Chancellor Livingston found no quarters with him for
+his instrumentality in the Louisiana purchase. He would ride a hobby to
+death. During the many years in which I read the _Post_, I can summon to
+recollection no contributions on any subject, made to that paper, that
+ever awakened one half the attention which was enlisted by the felicitous
+productions of our poet Halleck, and the lamented Dr. Drake, under the
+names of Croaker, and Croaker & Co.
+
+For numerous years I have well known Charles Holt, once editor of the
+_Bee_, during John Adams's administration, and afterwards of the New-York
+_Columbian_, during Dewitt Clinton's gubernatorial career. I am unable to
+tell you whether he is still among the living. I would estimate his age,
+if so, as approaching ninety years. He was a lump of benevolence, and a
+strenuous advocate of the great internal improvement policy of New-York.
+He comes forcibly to my mind this evening, because in 1798 he wrote a
+history of the yellow fever in New London, and every now and then I find
+him quoted in medical books as Dr. Holt, just as his predecessor, who
+wrote on the yellow fever in Philadelphia, of 1793, stands in bold relief
+as Dr. Matthew Carey.
+
+Nathaniel Carter is vividly impressed on my recollection; he had very
+considerable literary taste; was many years editor of the New-York
+_Statesman_; and after his visit to Europe, published his _Letters_ on his
+tour, in two large volumes. His merit was only equalled by his modesty. He
+was strongly devoted to Dewitt Clinton and the Erie Canal; with becoming
+tenacity he cherished much regard for his eastern brethren, and was the
+first I think who introduced his personal friend, our constitutional
+expositor, Daniel Webster, to the Bread and Cheese Lunch, founded by J.
+Fenimore Cooper, at which sometimes met, in familiar discussions, such
+minds as those of Chief Justice Jones, Peter A. Jay, Henry Storrs,
+Professor Renwick, John Anthon, Charles King, John Duer, and others of
+like intellectual calibre. Carter was of a feeble frame, struggling with
+pulmonary annoyance, from which he died early. He was little initiated in
+the trickery of political controversy. His heart was filled with the
+kindliest feelings of which nature is susceptible.
+
+My acquaintance with the late Colonel Stone, so long connected with the
+_Commercial Advertiser_, commenced while he was the efficient editor of
+the _Albany Daily Advertiser_. His devotion to the best interests of the
+state and country; his extensive knowledge of American history; his
+patriotic feeling evinced on all occasions in behalf of our injured
+Aborigines; his biographies of Red Jacket and Brandt; his great political
+consistency during so many years--all commend him to our kindest and most
+grateful recollections. That he was cut off at a comparatively early age,
+was the result of his severe and unremitting literary toils. With a
+touching patience, he endured an agonizing illness, nor did he cease his
+useful labors till exhausted nature forbade further efforts.
+
+About the time of the death of Colonel Stone, New-York lost a valuable
+promoter of its substantial interests by the demise of John Pintard. His
+career is still fresh in the memories of those who cherish the actions of
+the benevolent and humane. He was a native of this city (born in 1759),
+where he passed the greater part of his life, and died in 1844, in his
+eighty-sixth year. He was connected with the newspaper press in the
+earlier times of the _Daily Advertiser_. Pintard was well acquainted with
+nearly all the distinguished public characters at the period of the
+adoption of our constitution. Possessed of sound attainments by his
+Princeton College education, the ardor of his patriotism displayed itself
+by his uniting with a body of his college companions, in a military
+movement, in the revolutionary contest. He afterwards returned for a while
+to his _alma mater_, with the approbation of President Witherspoon. He was
+next appointed a sub-commissioner for American prisoners in New-York, and
+had frequent intercourse with the notorious Cunningham, the keeper of the
+Provost; visited the Sugar House, occupied by the unfortunate prisoners of
+war, in Crown street (now Liberty street); the Dutch Church in Nassau
+street, the Scotch Church in Little Queen street (now Cedar street), and
+also the Friends' Meeting House in Queen street (now Pearl street), near
+Cherry street, all tilled with the wretched victims of tyranny. He
+interceded in their behalf with the German General Heister, and with Henry
+Clinton, the British commander. He became acquainted with Knyphausen,
+William Smith the historian of New-York, Lord Howe, and others, and he has
+described, as an eye-witness, the scenes occurring at Washington's
+inauguration, in 1789. He was an advocate of the Federal policy of that
+day, and was a member of our State Legislature when it held its sessions
+in this city. Time forbids my detailing the objects to which he directed
+his attention during a long career of usefulness. Several of our important
+municipal regulations still in force were suggested by him. He was an
+earnest champion and successful advocate for the incorporation of the Bank
+of New-York. He was one of the founders of the Tammany Society, in those
+days made up of gentlemen of all political parties, and the express object
+of which was to preserve the history and habits of our red brethren. He
+urged the plan of a Registry of Mortality in this city, and was appointed
+the first City Inspector. The New-York Historical Society must look upon
+him as its chief founder. Some of its most precious treasures are fruits
+of his munificence. He was among the most strenuous, with Bishop Hobart,
+in establishing and increasing the library of the Protestant Episcopal
+Seminary, and was not deficient of contributions towards it. He was active
+with Elias Boudinot in projecting the American Bible Society. The first
+Bank of Savings mainly originated with him. He revived the Chamber of
+Commerce after its long repose. He convened the first assemblage of our
+citizens at the Park; for the purpose of obtaining a public expression of
+opinion in favor of the Canal policy for connecting the Erie and the
+Hudson, and this at a period when the spirit of party strife had widely
+scattered doubts and ridicule on the contemplated movement. In the war of
+1812, when paper money in small bills largely became our currency, Mr.
+Pintard was the person who caused those well-known mottoes, "Mind your own
+business," "Never despair," "Economy is wealth," and others of a like
+import, chiefly drawn from Franklin, to surround the designations of the
+value of the money. He had, I believe, done a like service in our
+revolutionary times. He carried the measure of having the British names of
+our streets changed to the modern ones they are now known by. I have
+noticed these few circumstances concerning him, because I wish it to be
+impressed on your memories that the editors and proprietors of public
+journals are often zealous in good measures not necessarily connected with
+their immediate vocation. Pintard enjoyed an intimacy with booksellers and
+authors. He and Freneau, a native also of this city, and his contemporary,
+had often been in close communion, as patriots of the revolution. This
+essential difference, however, obtained between them. Pintard was a
+federalist; Freneau an antifederalist. Old Rivington had often a hard time
+with them. The sordid tory could neither endure the conservative
+republican principles of Pintard, nor the relentless bitterness of the
+sarcasm of Freneau. I shall only add that he was a student of many books,
+and an observer of men in every walk of life. He was of grave thought, yet
+often facetious in conversation. During forty years of medical practice, I
+have rarely fell in with one richer in table-talk, or better supplied with
+topics in life and letters. In his death, he manifested the strength of
+his religious faith, and resigned his spirit with a benignant composure.
+But I am forbidden to enlarge on the many excellences and services of the
+public-spirited John Pintard.
+
+Were we to dwell upon the excellence of a gazette according to its merits,
+I should have much to say of the _Morning Chronicle_, a paper established
+in this city in the year 1802. The leading editor was Dr. Peter Irving, a
+gentleman of refined address, scholastic attainments, and elegant
+erudition. It exhibited great power in its editorial capacity, and was the
+vehicle of much literary matter from the abundance and ability of its
+correspondence. If I do not greatly err, in this paper Washington Irving
+first appeared as an author, by his series of dramatic criticisms, over
+the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle. The only poetic writer of whose
+effusions I now retain any recollection was Miss Smith, the sister of the
+late Thomas E. Smith. Her pieces were known by the signature of Clara; and
+in bringing together the effusions of the early female poets, Dr.
+Griswold, in his praiseworthy zeal in behalf of American literature, might
+well have increased in value his interesting collection by specimens of
+the productions of Miss Smith.
+
+The omission, in these reminiscences, of some notice of John Lang, would
+be so quickly discovered, that I am necessarily compelled to dwell for a
+moment on the character and services of one who, for a long succession of
+years, filled a notable place in our newspaper annals. Lang was of Scotch
+descent, but the place of his birth, I believe, was New-York. For some
+forty or more years, Lang's _Gazette_ was recognized as the leading
+mercantile advertiser, and the patronage which it received from the
+business world was such as doubtless secured ample returns to its
+proprietor. The distinction of the paper was unquestionably its attention
+to the shipping interests of this commercial emporium. As a journal of
+either political or miscellaneous matter it was sadly deficient. Lang
+adhered to his "arrivals" as the prominent object of consideration, and
+the mightiest changes of revolutions, in actions or opinions, found but a
+stinted record in his widely-diffused journal. Rarely, indeed, did our
+acknowledged politicians or essayists seek its columns for the
+promulgation of their ideas, and its editorial displays were generally
+tormentingly feeble. Nevertheless, it was in this gazette, then under the
+control of Lang and McLean, that General Hamilton first gave to the public
+his numbers of _The Federalist_. There is often to be found in one daily
+issue of the _Post_, the _Courier and Enquirer_, the _Journal of
+Commerce_, the _Herald_, the _Tribune_, or the _Times_ of these days, more
+thought, nice disquisition, and real knowledge which awakens the
+contemplation of the statesman and politician, than the _New-York Gazette_
+contained during a twelvemonth; and yet it flourished. The traits of
+Lang's character were unwavering devotion to his pursuits; no one could
+excel him in the kindness of his demeanor; unconscious of the penury of
+his intellectual powers, he at times, unwittingly became the pliant agent
+of designing individuals, and from the blunders into which he was led, his
+baptismal name, John, seemed easily converted into that of Solomon, by
+which specification much of his correspondence was maintained. He bore the
+pleasantry with grateful composure.
+
+With a characteristic anecdote I must dismiss the name of Lang. The
+discussions of a point in chronology, which occurred on the commencement
+of the present century, awakened some attention with mathematicians and
+astronomers abroad, and among many with us. The learned and pious Dr.
+Kunze, after much investigation, addressed a communication on the vexed
+question to Mr. Lang. He had adverted to the Gregorian style in his
+letter, and had mentioned Pope Gregory. The faithful _Gazette_ printed the
+article Tom Gregory: the venerable Doctor hastened to his friend, and
+remonstrated on the injury he had done him, and requested the _erratum_ to
+specify, instead of Tom Gregory, Pope Gregory XIII. Again an alteration
+was made, and the _Gazette_ requested its readers, for Tom Gregory to read
+Pope Tom Gregory XIII. Only one more attempt at correction was made, when
+the compositor had its typography so changed that it read Tom Gregory, the
+Pope. The learned divine, with a heavy heart, in a final interview with
+the erudite editor, begged him to make no further improvements, as he
+dreaded the loss of all the reputation his years of devotion to the
+subject had secured to him. This Dr. Kunze was long a prominent minister
+of the German Lutheran Church of this city. He was the preceptor in
+Philadelphia of Henry Stuber, author of the continuation of the life of
+our Socrates, Dr. Franklin: a work executed with much ability. He was a
+physician, and a most delectable character. Many years ago, I was so
+fortunate as to procure some materials for a biography of him, and Dr.
+Sparks has courteously given them a place in his invaluable edition of Dr.
+Franklin's works. Justice to the departed Lang demands that I should add
+that he was a gentleman of the old school, of great moral excellence, and
+as a husband and a father most exemplary; deeply devoted to the interests
+of this city, and evincing a philanthropic spirit on every becoming
+occasion. He died at an advanced age; but his career was shortened by the
+great fire, in this city, in 1835. That vast destruction in his beloved
+New-York was an oppressive weight upon his heart.
+
+Major Noah has so recently departed from among us, and the expectation
+that his active life will soon find a biographer is so general, that it
+seems unnecessary on the present occasion to speak at any length
+concerning him. I knew him well some thirty-five years. In religion a Jew,
+he was tolerant of all creeds, with equal amenity; his natural parts were
+of a remarkable order; few excelled him in industry, none in temperance
+and sobriety. He wrote for many journals, and established several. By his
+_Travels in Africa_ he became known as an author. His work on the
+_Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt_ was widely read. He was lively in
+converse, and a most social companion. His literary compositions, though
+not always pure in style, often showed a nice sense of the ludicrous and a
+love of humor. He abounded in anecdote. Mr. Matthews, from his personal
+knowledge, has not overdrawn the character of Noah. He possessed the organ
+of benevolence on a large scale. It is to be regretted that by his
+political vacillations his talents finally lost all influence in public
+councils and affairs.
+
+We are susceptible of the pleasures and the pains of memory. A retrospect
+will confirm this declaration on many occasions. It is so in our
+contemplations of a newspaper; and in no instance have I been more
+sensible of this than when considering the origin, the career, and the
+termination of the _New-York American_. Its prominent projector was
+Johnson Verplanck, a native of this city, of a conspicuous family, whose
+mental qualities were of a robust order, and whose classical attainments
+entitled him to distinction. With the countenance and assistance of
+enlightened associates, he soon acquired for the _American_ a reputation
+for eminent talents, great independence in opinion, and the most perfect
+freedom in scrutinizing public acts, and in literary and artistic
+criticism. Mr. Verplanck was one of the writers of the _Buck Tail Bards_,
+a satirical poem, of Hudibrastic flavor. He died in 1829. The _American_
+fell then into other hands, and for a long succession of years was
+editorially sustained by one who had often previously enriched its columns
+with his lucubrations. I allude to Charles King, now President of Columbia
+College. It was soon demonstrated to the satisfaction of its patrons,
+that, although under a new government, and its supplies derived from
+another source, its nutrition was not less wholesome and productive. For
+many years it claimed the admiration of the conservators of constitutional
+right and of critical taste. It was conducted with a manly boldness. Its
+tone gave dignity to political disquisition, though its manner was
+sometimes dreaded by objects of its animadversion: if its censures were
+occasionally severe, its approbation was the more highly appreciated: it
+was a record of historical value; nor can I comprehend why, in this age of
+universal reading in journalism, its career was closed. Its many volumes
+must hereafter be ranked with the once famous _National Gazette_ of Robert
+Walsh, and the _National Intelligencer_ of Gales & Seaton. Its
+distinguished editor, satisfied that for so long a period he had performed
+his part in the promotion of sound principles, with singleness of purpose,
+in behalf of the city, the state and the nation, may have sought that
+relief from mental care which is often secured by change of occupation.
+When I cast a thought over the hours I have spent in reading the
+_American_, I feel as Whitfield has expressed himself on a different
+occasion, "I am glad, but I am sorry;" glad that I have had so long the
+pleasure of being informed by its perusal; sorry that the opportunity no
+longer exists.
+
+In closing this short list of editors, I feel justified in deviating for a
+moment in my chronology by a word or two on the character and death of one
+whom I have ever considered the ablest writer we have had in our public
+journals. He has been already incidentally mentioned. I allude to James
+Cheetham. He succeeded as editor of Greenleaf's paper, calling it the
+_American Citizen_. Cheetham was an English radical; had left Manchester
+for this country, and was by trade a hatter. His personal appearance was
+impressive; tall, athletic, with a martial bearing in his walk, a forehead
+of great breadth and dimensions, and penetrating gray eyes, he seemed
+authoritative wherever he might be. He arrived in this country at a period
+of perplexing excitement in the times of Adams's administration and
+Jefferson's entrance into the presidency. He found many to countenance his
+radicalism, as Tennis Wortman, James Dennison, Charles Christian and
+others--men whom we might call liberals, both in religion and in politics.
+Accidental circumstances made me well acquainted with him, so early as the
+summer of 1803. He was then universally known as the champion of
+Jefferson, of Governor George Clinton, and of De Witt Clinton. He was a
+most unflinching partisan writer, and with earnestness asserted the
+advantages arising from the possession of Louisiana, countenanced Blind
+Palmer, the lecturer on Deism, and congratulated the public on the return
+to America of Thomas Paine. He ever remained an active advocate of old
+George Clinton, but his friendship was suddenly turned into hatred of
+Paine, and his life of that once prominent but wretched individual
+demonstrates the rancor of his temper. The murderous death of Hamilton, I
+think, had a strong influence on him. No sooner had he breathed his last
+than Cheetham extolled him as the greatest of patriots. Many speak of
+Cheetham as at times holding the pen of Junius--a judgment sustained by
+some of his political assaults and essays. He possessed a magnificent
+library, was a great reader, and studied Burke and Shakspeare more than
+any other authors. I know nothing against his moral character. His death,
+however, was most remarkable: he had removed with his family to a country
+residence, some three miles from the city, in the summer of 1809. A few
+days afterwards he exposed himself to malaria, by walking without a hat,
+through the fields, under a burning September sun. He was struck with a
+complication of ills--fever, congestion of the brain, and great cerebral
+distress. The malignancy of his case soon foretold to his physician, Dr.
+Hosack, the uncertainty of his recovery. Being at that time a student of
+medicine, I was requested to watch him; on the second day of his sickness,
+his fever raging higher, he betrayed a disturbed intellect. On the night
+of the third day raving mania set in. Incoherently he called his family
+around him, and addressed his sons as to their peculiar avocations for
+life, giving advice to one ever to be temperate in all things, and to
+another urging the importance of knowledge. After midnight he became much
+worse, and was ungovernable. With herculean strength he now raised himself
+from his pillow; with eyes of meteoric fierceness, he grasped his bed
+covering, and in a most vehement but rapid articulation, exclaimed to his
+sons, "Boys! study Bolingbroke for style, and Locke for sentiment." He
+spoke no more. In a moment life had departed. His funeral was a solemn
+mourning of his political friends.
+
+Paine has been referred too. I have often seen him at the different places
+of his residence in this city, now in Partition-street, now in
+Broome-street, &c. His localities were not always the most agreeable. In
+Partition-street, near the market, a portion of his tenement was occupied
+for the display of wild beasts. Paine generally sat, taking an airing, at
+the lower front windows, the gazed-at of all passers by. Jarvis, the
+painter, was often his visitor, and was fortunate enough to secure that
+inimitable plaster cast of his head and features, which at his request, I
+deposited with the New-York Historical Society. While at that work, Jarvis
+exclaimed, "I shall secure him to a nicety, if I am so fortunate as to get
+plaster enough for his carbuncled nose." Jarvis thought this bust of Paine
+his most successful undertaking as a sculptor.
+
+I shall trespass some moments by giving a few reminiscences concerning
+booksellers and publishers. There are many of this professional order,
+whose character and influence might justly demand a detailed account.
+Spence himself would find among them anecdotes worthy consideration in the
+world of letters. I must, however, write within circumscribed limits. The
+first in my immediate recollection is Everet Duyckinck. He was a
+middle-aged man, when I, a boy, was occasionally at his store, an ample
+and old-fashioned building, at the corner of Pearl-street and Old Slip. He
+was grave in his demeanor, and somewhat taciturn; of great simplicity in
+dress; accommodating and courteous. He must have been rich in literary
+recollections. He for a long while occupied his excellent stand for
+business, and was quite extensively engaged as a publisher and seller. He
+was a sort of Mr. Newbury, so precious to juvenile memories in the olden
+times. He largely dealt with that order of books, for elementary
+instruction, which were popular abroad, just about the close of our
+revolutionary war and at the adoption of our Constitution--Old Dyche, and
+his pupil Dilworth, and Perry, and Sheridan. As education and literature
+advanced, he brought forward, by reprints, Johnson and Chesterfield, and
+Vicissimus Knox, and a host of others. His store was the nucleus of the
+Connecticut teachers and intellectual products, and Barlow and Webster,
+and Morse and Riggs, found in him a patron of their works in poetry and
+their school books. Bunyan, Young, Watts, Doddridge and Baxter, must have
+been issued by his enterprise in innumerable thousands throughout the old
+thirteen States; and the _English Primer_, now improved into the _American
+Primer_, with its captivating emendations, as
+
+  The royal oak, it was the tree
+  That saved his Royal Majesty;
+
+changed to the more simple couplet--
+
+  Oak's not as good
+  As hickory wood;
+
+and the lines--
+
+  Whales in the sea
+  God's voice obey;
+
+now modified without loss of its poetic fire--
+
+  By Washington,
+  Great deeds were done--
+
+led captivity captive, and had an unlimited circulation, for the better
+diffusion of knowledge and patriotism throughout the land. As our city
+grew apace, and both instructors and their functions enlarged, he engaged
+in the Latin classics. Having a little Latin about me, it became my duty
+to set up at the printing office of Lewis Nicholls, Duyckinck's reprint of
+_De Bello Gallico_. The edition was edited by a Mr. Rudd. He was the first
+editor I ever saw; I looked on him with school-boy admiration when I took
+him the proofs. What alterations or improvements he made in the text of
+Oudendorp, I never ascertained. This, however, must have been among the
+beginnings of that American practice, still prevailing among us, of having
+in reprints of even the most important works from abroad, for better
+circulation, the name of some one as editor, inserted on the title-page.
+Mr. Duyckinck was gifted with great business talents, and estimated as a
+man of punctuality and of rigid integrity in fiscal matters. He was the
+first who had the entire Bible, in duodecimo, preserved--set up in
+forms--the better to supply, at all times, his patrons. This was before
+stereotype plates were adopted. He gave to the Harpers the first job of
+printing they executed--whether Tom Thumb or Wesley's Primitive Physic, I
+do not know. The acorn has become the pride of the forest--the Cliff-street
+tree, whose roots and branches now ramify all the land. Duyckinck
+faithfully carried out the proverbs of Franklin, and the sayings of Noah
+Webster's _Prompter_. He was by birth and action a genuine Knickerbocker.
+
+There was, about forty years ago, an individual somewhat remarkable in
+several respects, whose bookstore was in Maiden Lane--William Barlas. He
+was by birth a Scotchman, and was brought up to the ministry; but from
+causes which I never learned, he relinquished that vocation in his native
+land, and assumed that of a bookseller in this city. He was reputed to be
+a ripe scholar. He dealt almost exclusively in the classics, and for
+numerous years imported the editions--_in usum Delphini_, for the students
+in our schools and colleges. Hardly a graduate among us, of the olden
+time, can have forgotten him--Irving, Verplanck, John Anthon, and Paulding,
+can doubtless tell much of him. When, on a large scale, was commenced in
+Philadelphia, reprints of the Latin and Greek writers, poor Mr. Barlas's
+functions were nearly annihilated. I mention him here from his relation to
+the advancement of learning in my juvenile days. His opinion on the
+various editions was deemed conclusive; and he controlled the judgment as
+well as the pocket of the purchaser. He was long in epistolary
+correspondence with "the friend of Cowper," as some call him--old John
+Newton of London; and I have often wondered that no enterprise has yet
+brought forward, in a new edition of the writings of Newton, their
+correspondence. It is not for me to dwell on the contrast, so striking,
+between the present period and that to which I have just adverted, when
+even professors of Colleges were controlled in their opinions of books by
+the dicta of a bookseller. Such was the fact some forty or fifty years
+ago. What would be the reply of our Professor Anthon, of Columbia College,
+to a bookseller who assumed such authority? of him whose love and devotion
+to the philosophy of the classics has led him already in so many works to
+spread before the cogitative scholars, of both worlds, the deepest
+researches of antiquarian disquisition and philological lore, evincing
+that America is not tardy in a just appreciation of the excellencies of
+those treasures which enriched a Bentley, a Horseley, a Porson, and a
+Parr.
+
+Those of our literary connoisseurs who cast a retrospective glance over
+days long past, may awaken into memory that delicately constructed and
+pensive-looking man, of Pearl-street, recognized by the name of Charles
+Smith. I believe he was a New-Yorker. Pulmonary suffering was his physical
+infirmity--his relief, tobacco, the fumes of which aver surrounded him like
+a halo. He abounded in the gloom and glory of the American Revolution, and
+published, with portraits, numerous diagrams of the campaigns of the war
+in the _Military Repository_, a work of great fidelity, in which it is
+thought he was aided by Baron Steuben and General Gates. As a
+bibliopolist, little need be said of him. But the curious in knowledge
+will not overlook him as the first who popularly made known to the English
+reader the names of Kotzebue and Schiller. Several of the novels and plays
+of these German authors were done into English by him; and, with William
+Dunlap, both as a translator and as a theatrical manager, _The Stranger_
+and other plays were presented to the cultivators of the drama in New-York
+long before their appearance in London, or the publication of Thompson's
+_German Theatre_. It is a circumstance worthy of notice, that the Rev. Mr.
+Will, then of this city, added to the stock of our literary treasures, by
+other translations into the English, such as the _Constant Lovers, &c._,
+of Kotzebue, before, I believe, any recognized English version appeared
+abroad. But I must leave this subject for the fuller investigation of the
+learned Dr. Schmidt professor of German, in Columbia College.
+
+David Longworth's name is a good deal blended with the progress of
+American literature during years gone by. He was by birth a New Jerseyman;
+and the publication of his _City Directory_, for some thirty or more
+years, gave him sufficient notoriety; while his Shaksperean Gallery
+introduced him to many of the cultivators of the fine arts, at a period,
+when Trumbull and Jarvis were our prominent painters. Longworth had been
+brought up as a printer, at a daily press, but he seems early to have got
+a taste for copper-plate engraving, accurate printing, and elegant
+binding. With determined energy he issued an edition of Telemachus, which,
+for beauty of typography and paper, was looked upon, by the lovers of
+choice books, as a rich specimen of our art. His _Belles-Lettres
+Repository_ no less evinced his taste in the _eleganti� literarum_. He
+was, nevertheless, a man of many strange notions. It is well known that
+about the commencement of the eighteenth century, in our English books,
+printed in the mother country, the substantive words were almost always
+begun with a capital; the like practice obtained in many newspapers; but
+Longworth, not content with the partial change which time had brought
+about, of sinking these prominent and advantageous upper case type, waged
+a war of extermination against almost every capital in the case, and this
+curious deformity is found in many of his publications, as _british
+america_, and _london docks_. Even in poetry, of the first word, he
+tolerated only small letters at the beginning of the lines. His practice,
+however, found no imitators, though 'tis said that it first began in
+Paris. His bookstore, at a central situation by the Park, with works of
+taste classically displayed, afforded an admirable lounge for the
+litterateurs of that day. Here, when Hodgkinson, and Hallam, and Cooper,
+and Cooke were at the zenith of their histrionic career in the Park
+Theatre, adjacent, might be seen a group of poets and prose writers, who,
+in their generation, added to the original off-spring of the American
+press--Brockden Brown, Dunlap, Verplanck, Paulding Fessenden, Richard
+Alsop, Peter Irving, and the now universally famed Washington Irving.
+
+I must note a circumstance of some import on the state of letters among us
+about those times. Longworth had secured from abroad a copy of the first
+edition, in quarto, of Scott's _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, and determined
+to reprint it; yet, not satisfied with his own judgment, he convened a
+meeting of his literary friends to settle the matter. The committee, after
+solemn deliberation, suggested his venturing to reproduce only the
+introductions to the cantos, as an experiment, in order to ascertain the
+public taste. Would I speak in terms too strong if I affirmed that since
+that committee sat, millions of copies of the numerous volumes of Sir
+Walter Scott have been bought by the reading world in America. My circle
+of literary acquaintance was a good deal enlarged by the coteries I now
+and then found at Longworth's, as he was not backward in seizing
+opportunities of issuing new works, when from their nature they might
+excite the appetite of the curious. No publication of his so effectually
+secured this end, as the _Salmagundi_, in 1807, sent forth in bi-weekly
+numbers by young Irving and his friend Paulding. When we are apprised that
+some few of our middle-aged citizens, who sustained the stroke of that
+literary scimetar so long ago, still survive among us, I think we may
+argue from strong data for the salubrity of our climate. At Longworth's, I
+first saw the youngest dramatic genius of the time, Howard Payne, then
+about fourteen years old, and who, a short while after, appeared as young
+Norval on the boards of the theatre. He was editor of the _Thespian
+Mirror_.
+
+Originally of Ireland, Hugh Gaine, upon his emigration to this country
+during our colonial dependence, set up in this city in 1753 his Royal
+Gazette, the _New-York Mercury_. His fame as well as his patriotism is
+embalmed in the irony of Freneau. It is only as a bookseller that I knew
+him, in Hanover Square. He was then at a very advanced age. His savings
+rendered him in due time independent in pecuniary matters. We may safely
+infer that he was not surpassed in industry, and that he was ever awake to
+the main chance, when we are assured that at the commencement of his
+journal, he collected his own news, set up his types, worked off his
+papers, folded his sheets, and personally distributed them to his
+subscribers. Franklin had done pretty nearly the same things before.
+Gaine, who in his after-life was an object of a good deal of curiosity to
+the citizens of the republic, enjoyed the consideration due to an honest
+man, and many kindly feelings.
+
+Many as were his merits, and great as was his enterprise, Isaac Collins
+was most widely known, the latter part of his long career, by his editions
+of the works on grammar, and other school books, by the prolific Lindley
+Murray. As in the case of Franklin, his earliest effort of magnitude was
+the printing Sewell's _History of the Quakers_. The neatness and accuracy
+of his printing were familiarly remarked among readers; and these
+excellencies he displayed in his quarto Bible, the first of that form
+which was printed in this country in 1790. Collins was a native of
+Delaware. He projected a weekly paper, the _New Jersey Gazette_, which he
+published at Burlington during the Revolution, and, some time after, upon
+strenuous Whig principles. He had authority, like Franklin, for the
+emission of paper money for the State Government. He removed to this city
+in 1796, and a few years after this time I knew him. As his career was,
+many portions of it, like Franklin's, I had the greater admiration of him.
+He died in 1817. That he enjoyed the acquaintance of Franklin, of
+Rittenhouse and Rush, of Livingston of New Jersey, and others of the
+truest patriots in the great struggles of the country, may be inferred
+from his profession, his public station, his integrity, and his general
+character. In the society of Friends he was prominent, and, like Thomas
+Eddy and Robert Bowne, he was occupied with hospitals, and ever zealous in
+good works. He did vast service to the city as a printer, and as such he
+is here introduced.
+
+The oldest inhabitants of our city may well recollect the bookstore of the
+Swords, Thomas and James. Some sixty years ago they began operations in
+Pearl-street. They commenced when New-York was little more than a village
+in population, and when literary projects were almost unknown. They
+deserve ample notice as most efficient pioneers, in their day, as printers
+and booksellers, and through a long career they held a high rank; they
+were assiduous and economical almost to a fault: their integrity was never
+doubted; their word was as good as their bond. They printed good works in
+more acceptations of the phrase than one. They did a great service to our
+scientific enterprise, in issuing the _Medical Repository_, the earliest
+journal of that kind, in the country. A literary periodical, of many years
+duration, was also printed by them, called the _New-York Magazine_. It was
+remarkable for the contributions of a society, self-named the Drone.
+Brockden Brown, William Dunlap, Anthony Bleucker, Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+and James Kent (afterwards the great Chancellor), were among the writers.
+William Johnson, the well-known Reporter, who died recently, was the last
+survivor of this club. Their store for a number of years was a rendezvous
+for professional men of different callings--divines, physicians, lawyers,
+with a sprinkling of the professed authors of those times, as Clifton,
+Low, Davis, &c. Its theological feature was its strongest; and the
+interest of episcopacy were here descanted on with the unction of
+godliness, by such men as Seabury of Connecticut, and Moore of New-York,
+with good old Dr. Bowden, and Dr. Hawks, my friends Drs. Berrian and
+McVicker of Columbia College, and the energetic Bishop Hobart, the busiest
+and most stirring man I ever knew. The Messrs. Swords were largely
+occupied in printing works on divinity, and were confessed the printers of
+sound orthodoxy long before "the novelties which disturb our peace" had
+invoked polemical controversy.
+
+I should do injustice to my feelings were I in this rapid sketch to
+overlook the late James Eastburn, the founder of the first reading-room on
+a becoming scale, in this country, and the publisher of the American
+edition of the Edinburgh and London Quarterly Reviews. He was a gentleman
+deserving of much estimation, of bland manners, and enthusiastic in his
+calling. He was curious in antiquarian literature and a great importer of
+the older authors. Many are the libraries enriched by his perseverance.
+Consumption wasted his generous frame, and he died at a comparatively
+early age, to the deep regret of the scholar and the philanthropist.
+
+I should like, before I close this portion of these reminiscences, to
+awaken recollections of one or two other estimable individuals with whom I
+was long acquainted--George F. Hopkins and Jonathan Seymour. Hopkins merits
+a biography; he justly boasted that his edition of Robertson's Charles V.
+was the most accurately printed work of the time. He was fastidious almost
+to a fault in typographical neatness. He printed only works of positive
+merit. His enterprise led him, now fifty years ago, to urge the craft to
+render themselves independent of imported types, by establishing
+type-foundries in the country. There were few indeed among us who knew
+practically much about the founts of Caslon, the Coryph�us of
+letter-founders. The Scotch hard-faced letter was then extensively in use.
+Hopkins induced the immigration to this country of the famous Binney and
+Ronaldson, whose great skill in the art was soon recognized, and from that
+era up to the present day competent judges affirm that our Bruce, White,
+Conner, and others, have accomplished all that is requisite in the
+type-founding business. Of Jonathan Seymour, it is enough to say, that at
+one period of his life he was more largely engaged than any of his rivals
+in printing from manuscripts--so well known and appreciated was his
+devotion to his calling, and the accuracy of its results. In his death,
+the art lost one who had given it elevation, and society a man possessed
+of the qualities of industry, temperance, honesty, and Christian
+philanthropy in the fullest measure.
+
+Within a few days has departed from among us, at the age of eighty years,
+a supporter of the press who long contributed to the diffusion of
+wholesome knowledge. I allude to Thomas Kirk. I shall terminate these
+notices by a striking occurrence, which involved him in great loss. He had
+determined, about the year 1801, to give the Christian community an octavo
+edition, in large type, of the _Book of Common Prayer_, the first of that
+size from an American press. To secure the utmost accuracy, he engaged,
+for a pecuniary consideration, the Rev. John Ireland, of Brooklyn, to
+revise the proofs. When the sheets were worked off, it was ascertained
+that the copy was an exact reprint, save in one particular. The critical
+acumen of Ireland had discovered, in the Apostles' Creed, a "tautological
+error," in the words, "from thence he shall come." The word "from" was
+superfluous, ungrammatical, and inelegant, according to Ireland, and,
+accordingly, it was not in Kirk's edition. Upon the sale of a few copies
+the omission was remarked; the fact became known to the bishop of the
+church; the book was pronounced defective, and the ecclesiastical
+authorities prohibited its circulation. The whole edition fell a dead
+weight upon the hands of the well-meaning publisher. I had this anecdote
+from Mr. Kirk himself, years ago, and he repeated it to me not long prior
+to his death, in last November.
+
+This allusion to Kirk brings to my mind the notorious John Williams,
+better known as Anthony Pasquin, under which name he was doomed to
+everlasting infamy by Gifford, in his satire of the _Baviad and M�viad_,
+in judgments afterwards confirmed in a celebrated trial for libel in which
+the famous Erskine delivered one of his best forensic speeches. Williams
+was the associate in London of a small but ambitious set of mutual
+admirers in literature, of whom Mr. Merry and his future wife were the
+"Della Crusca" and "Rosa Matilda," and all three of these worthies came to
+New-York about the year 1798. I have an impression that Kirk came at the
+same time. The character of Williams was infamous, and a large share of
+his infamy consisted in his ministering to, if not creating, the passion
+for personal scandal, and setting the example of black-mail collections,
+in newspapers. In the report of the great case of Williams vs. Faulder, it
+is said of his paper, called _The World_, that "In this were given the
+earliest specimens of those unqualified and audacious attacks on all
+private character which the town first smiled at for their quaintness,
+then tolerated for their absurdity--and will have to lament to the last
+hour of British liberty." After he came to this country he associated
+himself with the enemies of Hamilton, and published a satire called _The
+Hamiltoniad_, edited a magazine entitled _The Columbian_, and was a
+pioneer in that species of journalism which still subsists here upon the
+most scandalous invasions of private life and reputation. He was doubly
+detestable, in that he was the corruptor and worst specimen of the
+editorial calling in Europe and in America. I remember frequently seeing
+Williams, in the latter part of his life, in his shabby pepper-and-salt
+dress, in the obscure parts of the city. I believe he died during the
+first prevalence of the cholera in Brooklyn. Fancy may depict his
+expression as illustrating Otway's lines, "as if all hell were in his
+eyes, and he in hell." It must not be supposed that I in any degree
+associate the fame of the worthy Kirk with that of this literary vagabond.
+
+To a suggestion that I might refer to the late William Cobbett, as
+associated with the periodical press of this country, I may say that I see
+in it no impropriety. Unquestionably a minute record would include his
+_Porcupine Gazette_ and his _Weekly Register_; the one an offspring of his
+juvenile life, the other of his ripened years. I had some personal
+acquaintance with him at the time of his last residence in New-York.
+Hazlitt has, in his attractive manner, described him to the life. He was
+deemed the best talker of his day, and his forcible pen has given us
+indubitable proofs of his powers in literary composition. It was not
+unusual with him to make a visit to the printing office at an early
+morning hour, take his seat at the desk, and after some half dozen lines
+were written, to throw off MSS. with a rapidity that engaged eleven
+compositors at once in setting up. Thus a whole sheet of the _Register_
+might be completed ere he desisted from his undertaking. I think that in
+quickness he surpassed even the lamented William Leggett, of the _Evening
+Post_. The circumstance is certainly interesting in a psychological point
+of view; and yet may not be deemed more curious than the fact that
+Priestley made his reply to Lind, quite a voluminous pamphlet, in
+twenty-four hours, or that Hodgkinson, the actor, was able to peruse
+crosswise, the entire five columns of a newspaper, and within two hours
+recite it thus by memory. I visited Cobbett, when his residence was within
+a couple of miles of this city, in company with a few professional
+gentlemen. It was in October, and a delightful day. He heard our approach,
+and came to the door without our knocking. "Walk in, gentlemen--am I to
+consider this as a visit to me?--walk in and be seated on these benches,
+for I have no chairs--you may be fatigued--will you have a bowl of milk? I
+live upon milk and Indian corn--I never drink spirit or wine, and yet I am
+a tolerable example of English health." And, indeed, he was a most ample
+specimen of the genuine John Bull. His nearly oval face, and florid
+countenance, with strong gray piercing eyes and head thickly covered with
+white hair, closely trimmed; his huge frame, of some two hundred and
+seventy pounds weight, corresponding abdominal development, and
+well-proportioned limbs, all demonstrated, with anatomical accuracy, the
+truth of his observation. His superior intellect seemed roused in all its
+functions. The United States, England, the reform measures, the union of
+church and state, and its absurdity, were only a few of the subjects of
+his caustic remark. "I have just performed a duty, gentlemen, which has
+been too long delayed; you have neglected the remains of Thomas Paine; I
+have done myself the honor to disinter his bones; I have removed them from
+New Rochelle; I have dug them up; they are now on their way to England;
+when I return, I shall cause them to speak the Common Sense of the great
+man; I shall gather together the people of Liverpool and Manchester in one
+assembly with those of London, and those bones will effect the reformation
+of England in Church and State." After some two or three hours we took our
+leave, with unlimited admiration of his brave utterance and his colloquial
+talents.
+
+With such a hastily written and imperfect sketch of the newspaper
+periodical press, of printers, editors, booksellers, and authors, I must
+close this portion of my present reminiscences. I have depended on a
+memory somewhat tenacious as my authority, in most instances, having no
+leisure at command for reference. A volume might be written of pertinent
+details. Nevertheless, enough has been said to illustrate, in part, the
+advancement of one species of knowledge in this metropolis. Did we
+institute a comparative view of the past and present condition of the
+press, we might be better enabled to announce the existing condition of
+our city as a Literary Emporium, That it is in accordance with the spirit
+of the age, seems demonstrable. Abroad, in England, in 1701, when the
+stamp duty was levied upon every number of a periodical paper consisting
+of a sheet, the whole quantity of printed paper was estimated at twenty
+thousand reams annually. Nearly at this period (1704), when the Boston
+_News Letter_ made its appearance in the American colonies, some two or
+three hundred copies weekly may have been its circulation. What is the
+quantity of paper demanded by the present British periodical press, I am
+unable to state. In this month of January, 1852, it is calculated that
+there are about three thousand different newspapers and other periodicals
+printed in this country, the entire issues of which approach the yearly
+aggregate of four hundred and twenty-three millions of numbers.
+
+When Franklin was a printer it was a hard task to work off over a thousand
+sheets on both sides in a day, by the hand press. Since his time we have
+had the Clymer, the Napier, the Ramage, the Adams, and now Hoe's Lightning
+press. By this last-named achievement in the arts, so honorable to a son
+of New-York, and so stupendous in its results to the world at large,
+twenty thousand papers may be printed in one hour.
+
+If we advert to the instructive fact, of the enormous circulation of many
+of the journals of New-York, as the _Herald_, the _Sun_, the _Tribune_,
+the _Times_, the _Express_, the _Mirror_, and others issued daily; if we
+calculate the copies of the _Observer_, the _Home Journal_, the _Christian
+Advocate_, and others of the weekly press; the circulation of the monthly
+and other periodicals; if we look at the Methodist Book Concern, the Tract
+Society, the American Bible Society, the publications of the Appletons, of
+Putnam, and of the enterprising booksellers of this city generally, what
+bounds can we set to the offspring of the typographic art? The _Herald_
+and the _Tribune_ in their distinct circulation, consume an aggregate of
+fifty thousand reams per year. The Harpers, who have thrown John
+Baskerville, and other eminent typographers of Europe in the shade by the
+magnitude of their operations, use one hundred reams of paper daily, at
+six dollars per ream, and make about ten volumes a minute or six thousand
+a day. On a former occasion I stated to you the agency which Franklin had
+in bringing forward stereotype plates, as projected by Dr. Colden, in this
+city, in 1779, and the fact that the art was communicated to Didot in
+Paris, by Franklin himself. I well remember the anxious John Watts, when
+he showed me his first undertaking in this branch of labor in New-York,
+just forty years ago. It was a copy of the Larger Catechism, the one I now
+hold in my hand. Notwithstanding the doubts of many, he felt confident of
+its ultimate success, yet suffered by hope deferred. What is now the state
+of the business in the matter of stereotyping? The Harpers alone--a single
+firm--have within their vaults plates for more than two thousand volumes.
+
+Need I dwell on the improved appliances in the great art, which enrich the
+present day, or on the influences now at work on the intellectual man?
+Justly has it been stated, that the press of a single office in this city
+issues more matter than the industry of the world, with all its scribes
+and illuminators, in an entire year, previous the time of Faust. Let us,
+then, reverence the press, as our Franklin did. Let us cherish its
+freedom, as the triumph of our fathers, if we love the name of patriot.
+Let us teach our children to acknowledge it the palladium of our altars
+and our firesides. Let us recognize it as the Great Instructor, knocking
+at every door, and rendering every hovel, as well as every palace, a
+school-house.
+
+Nor is it solely on the score of quantity, that we are to contemplate the
+measures now in force for the disciplining of intellect, and the rearing
+the moral edifice of the nation. I have already remarked on the superior
+ability of the press of our days in comparison with that of the period
+through which some of us have lived. The same energy which has swelled its
+dimensions, has increased the excellence of its material. Libraries so
+abound, knowledge is so diffused, that individuals qualified by scholastic
+powers, can be called in requisition for the duties of every department a
+successful journal demands. There is moreover a happier recognition of
+intellectual merit; reward is higher and more certain; and there exists
+throughout the community a noble estimation of productive intellect.
+Instead of a scattered recruit here and there in the ranks of literature,
+we have armies at command, of well-disciplined men; and the belief is not
+altogether idle that, in due season, of these armies there will be
+legions. Lovesick tales and Della Cruscan poetry, have yielded to stately
+essays on the business of life, in philosophy and in criticism, while the
+native muse has often stronger claims to our homage than the verses Dr.
+Johnson has embalmed, and that have made the fame of ancient bards. We no
+longer gaze at the author as a drone in the hive of industry.
+
+Our youth are taught that a true man may be found among the luxurious and
+refined as well in the humble avocations of life. Ambitious of a national
+literature, we honor those who have laid its foundations, in the persons
+of an Irving, a Prescott, and a Bancroft, a Longfellow, and a Hawthorne.
+We gratefully remember our historical obligations to Sparks. We feel the
+dignity of the scholar when we summon to our aid the classical Everett.
+Mourning with no feigned sorrow the demise of that true son of our soil,
+the lamented Cooper, we rejoice that a Bryant and a Halleck, a Verplanck
+and a Paulding, are still left with us. Warm in our feelings, and made
+happier by the relations of intercourse, we extend the cordial hand to
+Tuckerman, our classical essayist and poet; to Willis, for his felicitous
+comments on passing events; to Griswold, for his admirable works in
+criticism and biography; to Dr. Mayo, for his _Kaloolah_; to Stoddard, for
+his exquisite poems; to the generous Bethune, the orator and bard; to
+Morris, for his _Melodies_; to Kimball, for his _St. Leger Papers_; to
+Clark, for his _Knickerbocker_; to Melville, for _Typee_; to Ik. Marvell,
+for his _Reveries_; to Ripley, for his fine reviews; to Bigelow, for his
+book on _Jamaica_; to Bayard Taylor, for his _Views A-Foot_; to Greeley,
+for his _Crystal Palace_ labors; and to Duyckinck, the son of our old
+friend, the bookseller, for his _Literary World_. In the name of the
+Republic, we give our heartiest thanks to our intimate friend, the learned
+Dr. Cogswell, as we look at the spacious walls of the Astor Library.
+
+The very great length to which I have unconsciously extended these
+reminiscences, forbids me from dwelling, as my heart and your wishes
+dictate, upon the most glorious name in American Printing, the immortal
+Franklin's. His character and deeds, however, are familiar to you all; and
+the language of eulogy is needless in regard to one whose fame increases
+with time, and whose transcendent merits, the constant development of that
+element he brought under human dominion render daily more evident and
+memorable. It is related, gentlemen, that when the statues of the Roman
+Emperors were carried in a triumphal procession, one was omitted, and the
+name of that one was shouted with more zeal than all the others inspired.
+So I know it to be with us to-night. The memory of Franklin is too ripe in
+our hearts to require words; it is a spell that sheds eternal glory on the
+typographical art; it is the best encouragement of youthful energy; it is
+revealed in every telegraphic despatch; it hallows the name of our country
+to the civilized world.
+
+
+
+
+
+NOCTES AMIC�.
+
+
+Of tipsy drollery, a correspondent of the _Evening Post_ (Mr. Bryant
+himself, we have no doubt), writes: "It is esteemed a mark of a vulgar
+mind, to divert one's self at the expense of a drunken man; yet we allow
+ourselves to be amused with representations of drunkenness on the stage
+and in comic narratives. Nobody is ashamed to laugh at Cassio in the play
+of Othello, when he has put an enemy into his mouth to steal away his
+brains. The personation which the elder Wallack used to give us some years
+ago, of Dick Dashall, very drunk, but very gentlemanly, was one of the
+most irresistibly comic things ever known. I have a mind to give you a
+translation of a German ballad on a tipsy man, which has been set to
+music, and is often sung in Germany; it is rather droll in the original,
+and perhaps it has not lost all of its humor in being _overset_, as they
+call it, into English. Here it is:"
+
+                         OUT OF THE TAVERN, ETC.
+
+  Out of the tavern I've just stepped to-night
+  Street! you are caught in a very bad plight.
+  Right hand and left hand are both out of place;
+  Street, you are drunk, 'tis a very clear case.
+
+  Moon, 'tis a very queer figure you cut;
+  One eye is staring while t'other is shut.
+  Tipsy, I see; and you're greatly to blame;
+  Old as you are 'tis a terrible shame.
+
+  Then the street lamps, what a scandalous sight!
+  None of them soberly standing upright.
+  Rocking and staggering; why, on my word,
+  Each of the lamps is drunk as a lord.
+
+  All is confusion; now isn't it odd?
+  I am the only thing sober abroad.
+  Sure it were rash with this crew to remain,
+  Better go into the tavern again.
+
+This is parodied or stolen by the clever author of the _Bon Gaultier
+Ballads_, in one of his best pieces.
+
+
+
+
+
+The famous Quaker _Anthony Benezet_, was accustomed to feed the rats in
+the area before his house in Philadelphia. An old friend who found him so
+engaged, expressed some surprise that he so kindly treated such pernicious
+vermin, saying, "They should rather be killed and out of the way." "Nay,"
+said good Anthony, "I will not treat them so; thou wouldst make them
+thieves by maltreating and starving them, but I make them honest by
+feeding them, for being so fed, they never prey upon any goods of mine."
+This singular fact is very characteristic. When feeding rats, the
+benevolent philosopher used to stand in the area, and they would gather
+round his feet like chickens. One of the family once hung a collar about
+one of them, which was seen for years after, feeding in the group.
+
+
+
+
+
+DES CARTES fought at the siege of Rochelle, and after a variety of
+adventures, established himself in Holland, where he composed most of his
+works. These abound in singular theories and curious speculations, and
+their spirit of independence aroused the same spirit wherever they were
+read. Scholars and theologians vied with each other in battling the new
+opinions. The followers of Aristotle and the followers of Locke arrayed
+themselves against him. His novelties even drew the attention of women
+from their fashions. "The ladies of quality here, of late," says a writer
+from Paris, in 1642, "addict themselves to the study of philosophy, as the
+men; the ladies esteeming their education defective, if they cannot
+confute Aristotle and his disciples. The pen has almost supplanted the
+exercise of the needle; and ladies' closets, formerly the shops of female
+baubles, toys, and vanities, are now turned to libraries and sanctuaries
+of learned works. There is a new star risen in the French horizon, whose
+influence excites the nobler females to this pursuit of human science. It
+is the renowned Monsieur Des Cartes, whose lustre far outshines the aged
+winking tapers of Peripatetic Philosophy, and has eclipsed the stagyrite,
+with all the ancient lights of Greece and Rome. 'Tis this matchless soul
+has drawn so many of the fairer sex to the schools. And they are more
+proud of the title--Cartesian--and of the capacity to defend his principles,
+than of their noble birth and blood."
+
+
+
+
+
+We find in _The Courts of Europe at the Close of the last Century_, by
+Henry Swinburne, the following illustration of American manners:
+
+"An English officer, Colonel A in a stage to New-York, and was extremely
+annoyed by a free and enlightened citizen's perpetually spitting across
+him, out of the window. He bore it patiently for some time, till at last
+he ventured to remonstrate, when the other said, 'Why, colonel, I estimate
+you're a-poking fun at me--that I do. Now, I'm not a-going to chaw my own
+bilge-water, not for no man. Besides, you need not look so thundering
+ugly. Why, I've _practised_ all my life, and could squirt through the eye
+of a needle without touching the steel, let alone such a great saliva-box
+as that there window.' Colonel A at last his anger got up, and he spat
+bang in his companion's face, exclaiming, 'I beg you a thousand pardons,
+squire, but I've not practised as much as you have. No doubt, by the time
+we reach New-York, I shall be as great a dabster as you are.' The other
+rubbed his eye, and remained _bouche close_."
+
+In support of the hydropathic practice, and in illustration of the effect
+of cold, we cite an anecdote MIGNET tells of the celebrated French
+physician Broussais:
+
+
+    "Seized with a violent fever at Nim�guen, Broussais was attended
+    by two of his friends, who each prescribed opposite remedies.
+    Embarrassed by such contradictory opinions, he resolved to follow
+    neither. Believing himself to be seriously in danger, he jumped
+    out of bed in the midst of this raging fever, and almost naked sat
+    down to his escrutoire to arrange his papers. It was in the month
+    of January; the streets were covered with snow. While thus
+    settling his affairs the fever abated, a sensation of freshness
+    and comfort diffused itself throughout his frame. Amazed at this
+    result, Broussais, like a bold theorist as he was, converted his
+    casual forgetfulness into an experience. He boldly _threw open the
+    window_, and for some time inspired the cold winter air that blew
+    in upon him. Finding himself greatly benefited, he concluded that
+    cool drink would be as refreshing to his stomach as cold air had
+    been to his body. He deluged his stomach with cold lemonade, and
+    in less than forty-eight hours he was well again!"
+
+
+
+
+
+The following amusing anecdote is told in a work recently published in
+London of Tom Cooke, the actor and musician:
+
+
+    "At a trial in the Court of King's Bench, June, 1833, betwixt
+    certain publishing tweedledums and tweedledees, as to the alleged
+    piracy of an arrangement of the 'Old English Gentleman,'--an old
+    English air, by the bye--Cooke was subpoenaed as a witness. On his
+    cross-examination by Sir James Scarlet, afterwards Lord Abinger,
+    for the opposite side, that learned counsel rather flippantly
+    questioned him thus: 'Now, sir, you say that the two melodies are
+    the same, but different; now what do you mean by that, sir?' To
+    this Tom promptly answered, 'I said that the notes in the two
+    copies were alike, but with a different accent, the one being in
+    common time, the other in sixth-eight time; and, consequently, the
+    position of the accented notes was different.' Sir James--'What is
+    musical accent?' Cooke--'My terms are a guinea a lesson, sir.' (A
+    loud laugh.) Sir James (rather ruffled)--'Never mind your terms
+    here. I ask you what is musical accent. Can you see it?'
+    Cooke--'No.' Sir James--'Can you feel it?' Cooke--'A musician can.'
+    (Great laughter.) Sir James (very angry)--'Now, pray sir, don't
+    beat about the bush, but explain to his lordship and the jury, who
+    are supposed to know nothing about music, the meaning of what you
+    call accent.' Cooke--'Accent in music, is a certain stress laid
+    upon a particular note, in the same manner as you would lay a
+    stress upon any given word for the purpose of being better
+    understood. Thus, if I were to say, 'You are an _ass_--it rests on
+    ass; but if I were to say, '_You_ are an ass--it rests on you, Sir
+    James.' Reiterated shouts of laughter by the whole court, in which
+    the bench itself joined, followed this repartee. Silence having
+    been at length obtained, the Judge, with much seeming gravity,
+    accosted the chop-fallen counsel thus: Lord Denman--'Are you
+    satisfied, Sir James?' Sir James (deep red as he naturally was, to
+    use poor Jack Reeve's own words, had become scarlet in more than
+    name), in a great huff, said, 'The witness may go down!'"
+
+
+
+
+
+A Portuguese paper gives some statistics which could only be obtained
+under the spy and secret police system. There are said to be in Portugal
+872,634 married couples, of which the present condition is very nearly as
+follows:--"Women who have left their husbands for their lovers, 1,262.
+Husbands who have left their wives for other women, 2,361. Couples who
+have agreed to live separately, 33,120. Couples who live in open warfare,
+under the same roof, 13,263. Couples who cordially hate each other, but
+dissemble their aversion under the appearance of love, 162,320. Couples
+who live in a state of tranquil indifference, 510,132. Couples who are
+thought by their acquaintances to be happy, but are not themselves
+convinced of their own felicity, 1,102. Couples that are happy as compared
+with those that are confessedly unhappy, 131. Couples indisputably happy
+in each other, 0. Total, 872,634."
+
+
+
+
+
+The first duel in New England, was fought with sword and dagger, between
+two servants. Neither of them was killed, but both were wounded. For this
+disgraceful offence, they were formally tried before the whole company
+(the first settlers), and sentenced to have their "heads and feet tied
+together, and so to be twenty-four hours, without meat or drink." Their
+bravery all exploded in a little while, and they plead piteously to be
+released, which was finally done by the Governor on their promising better
+behavior. "Such was the origin," says Dr. Morse, "and such, I may almost
+venture to say, was the termination of the odious practice of duelling in
+New England, for there have been very few fought there since."
+
+
+
+
+
+We are told by Ariosto of a warrior who was so happily gifted that when
+his arms, his legs, or even his head, happened to be chopped off in
+battle, he could jump down from his horse and replace the dissevered
+member. Many modern humbugs are of this description; they are real polipi;
+chop them into a thousand pieces, and each piece will start up as brisk
+and as lively as ever. Metaphysical humbugs are the most difficult kind to
+deal with. Contending with them is like wrestling with spectres; there is
+not substance enough to catch hold of.
+
+
+
+
+
+Lately, at a sitting of the Norwegian legislature at Christiana, a
+petition was presented from the world-known fiddler, Ole Bull, in which he
+solicited the creation of a national theatre in that town, to receive a
+subvention from the government, and to which a dramatic school was to be
+attached. The Assembly voted that the petition should be taken into
+consideration, and appointed a committee to draw up a report on it. M.
+Bull has already founded, at his own cost, a theatre in his native town,
+Bergen. M. Bull visits this country now in search only of pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHORS AND BOOKS
+
+
+GUTZKOW'S _Ritter vom Geiste_ (Knights of the Spirit) is at last finished,
+the ninth volume having made its appearance. It has faults of detail, and
+there are deficiencies in spots, but as a whole it is praised as eminently
+successful, and truly a new work. The idea in some respects recalls the
+Wilhelm Meister of Goethe, and the Nathan the Wise of Lessing, but the
+execution has more force and a larger and more imperious movement than
+either. The Knights of the Spirit are a body of men who are combined in an
+order to which they give that name, and this book is their history and
+that of the order. At the same time there is nothing mystical,
+supernatural, or merely fantastic about it, though its spirit is
+humanitary and even socialistic. The scene is in modern times, but though
+the names of the heroes are German, and the circumstances in which they
+are placed German, the author has succeeded in producing a truly
+cosmopolitan romance. The nine volumes are sold in Germany for about $8
+00.
+
+
+
+
+
+HENRY TAYLOR, the author of Philip Van Artevelde, is the subject of an
+article in the _Grenzboten_. The writer takes him, as the acknowledged
+first living dramatic poet of England, to be the best illustration of the
+nature and characteristics of the English drama. This drama is said to be
+more remarkable for sharply-outlined and detailed characters, than for the
+invention of exciting and consistent action. The characters in all their
+peculiarities are first created, and situations are made and arranged for
+them afterward. The evil of this is, that the whole thus becomes
+fragmentary, and the particulars outweigh and obscure the general spirit
+and intention of the piece. Even Shakspeare, with his gigantic genius, was
+not free from this defect. His Merry Wives of Windsor, for instance, is
+rich in comic situations and figures, but they are arbitrarily put
+together, and every scene has the character of an episode; the action does
+not go forward in a true and consistent course. Now-a-days the evil is
+worse, because it is the fashion to substitute reflection for natural
+feeling. Taylor is like those portrait painters who paint the features so
+carefully as to destroy the general character of the face. His men and
+women are not alive and genuine. Still their language is grave and noble,
+their thoughts comprehensive, often striking, and their emotions, though
+artificial, are elaborated with great insight and knowledge of the world.
+Compared with the wretched creations of the French romanticists, they are
+worthy of all praise. The critic then proceeds to analyze Isaac Comnenus,
+Philip Van Atevelde, and Fair Edwin, setting forth with great fairness the
+excellencies and faults of each.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new contribution to an obscure but most interesting part of European
+history is _Deutschland in der Revolutions periode von_ 1522-26, (Germany,
+in the Revolutionary Period from 1522 to 26,) by JOSEPH EDMUND J�RG. The
+author has had access to a great mass of original and hitherto unused
+materials, especially diplomatic correspondence and other documents in the
+Bavarian archives. His view of the subject is very different from that
+taken by ZIMMERMANN, in his _Peasants' War_, or by any other writer. He
+mocks at the idea that this revolution grew out of the evils and
+oppressions suffered by the people, and finds its most powerful impulse in
+the passion for innovation that sprung up along with the revival of
+classical studies in the middle ages.
+
+
+
+
+
+The antique fashion of presenting poetic works to the public, is revived
+in Germany with great success. Professor GRIEPENKERL of Brunswick, whose
+tragedy of Robespierre made a great sensation a year or more since, is now
+reading his new play of the Girondists to large audiences in the principal
+cities. He has already been heard at Brunswick, Leipzig, Dresden, and
+Bremen, and proposes to visit other places on the same errand. The play,
+which is a tragedy of course, is much admired, though it is not thought to
+be adapted to the stage. The Girondists were not men of action, but
+orators and thinkers. The final scene in the play is the famous banquet
+before they were taken to execution. Charlotte Corday is among the
+characters; the women are said not to be drawn as truly and powerfully as
+the men.
+
+
+
+
+
+CARLYLE'S Life of Stirling is criticised in the _Grenzboten_, which calls
+Carlyle the strangest of all philosophers. This book is said, however, to
+be, on the whole, clearer and more intelligible than most of his former
+productions. Still, like most works of the new romantic school in England,
+of which Carlyle is the chief, it aims rather to give expression to the
+ideas and abilities of the author, than to do justice to its subject. But
+it is in Warren's _Lily and the Bee_, that the school appears in full
+bloom. This is said to consist mostly of exclamation points, and is
+written in a sort of lapidary style, that deals in riddles, pathos without
+object, sentimentality with irony, world-pain, and allusions to all the
+kingdoms of heaven and earth, without any explanation as to what relation
+these allusions bear to each other, and with a Titanic pessimism as its
+predominating tone, which first rouses itself up to take all by storm, and
+finishes by being soothed into happy intoxication by the odors of a lily.
+This is better treatment than _The Lily and the Bee_ gets at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+In the second volume of _Shakspeare as Protestant, Politician,
+Psychologist and Poet_, by DR. ED. VEHSE--spoken of as being "even more
+uninteresting than the first," we find the two following extraordinary
+ideas. Firstly, that Shakspeare followed a theory of physical
+_temperaments_ in his characters--that Hamlet was a representative of the
+melancholy or nervous, Othello of the choleric, Romeo of the sanguine, and
+Falstaff of the phlegmatic. Secondly, that in Falstaff, Shakspeare
+parodied--himself! Or to give his own words, "We may suppose that
+Shakspeare's physical constitution inclined to corpulence, and inspired in
+him the disposition to the life of a _bon vivant_. His intimacy with the
+Earl of Southampton may have favored this disposition, since they led for
+a long time a dissipated tavern-life, and were rivals in love matters!"
+The work is principally made up of extracts from Shakspeare's plays, to
+every which extract we find appended "How admirable,"--"Excellent," and
+similar aids to those who are not familiar with the English bard.
+
+
+
+
+
+We commend to the attention of philologists Das _Gothische Runenalphabet_,
+(or The Gothic Runic Alphabet,) recently published by HERTZ of Berlin.
+"Before Wulfila, the Goths had an alphabet of twenty-five letters, formed
+according to the same principles, and bearing nearly the same names as the
+_Runes_ of the Anglo-Saxons and Northmen, and probably arranged in the
+same order of succession. _Wulfila_ adopted the Grecian alphabet, which
+through his modification was received by the Goths to the old twenty-five
+letters." This is the theory propounded in the work, which is not wanting,
+as we learn, in instructive information. In connection with this we may
+notice a book which has been deemed worthy of a modern English
+republication in elegant style, the often referred to _Scriptural Poems_
+of C�DMON, in Anglo-Saxon, an edition of which, by R. W. BOUTERWEK, with
+an Anglo-Saxon Glossary, has recently been published by B�deher of
+Elberfeldt.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Preussische Zeitung_ states that M. HANKE, a learned Bohemian, is
+publishing, in Prague, a _fac-simile_ of the Gospels on which the Kings of
+France have always been sworn at their coronation at Rheims. The
+manuscript volume is in the Slavonian language, and has been preserved at
+Rheims ever since the twelfth century, but it has only been lately
+discovered in what language it was written.
+
+
+
+
+
+The eleventh volume of the _Monumenta Germani� Historica_ inde ab anno
+Christi 500 usque ad annum 1500 auspiciis societ, aperiendis fontibus
+serum German medii �vi edid, G. H. PERTZ, has just made its appearance.
+This work is regarded as a stupendous effort of erudition and historical
+acumen, even in Germany.
+
+DR. HAGBERG, a professor at the University of Upsal, has just published at
+Stockholm a version of the complete works of Shakspeare, the first ever
+made in the Swedish language. It is in twelve thick octavo volumes. The
+Shaksperian Society of London having received a presentation copy of this
+translation, has returned a vote of thanks to Dr. Hagberg, accompanied by
+forty volumes of the Society's publications, all relating to the great
+dramatist and the state of dramatic art in his time.
+
+
+
+
+
+DUNLOP'S _History of Fiction_ has been translated into German by Professor
+Liebrecht of Liege, and enlarged so as to be much more complete than the
+original. The version bears the title of _Geschichte der Prosadichtung
+oder, Geschichte der Romane, Novellen und M�hrchen_ (History of Prose
+Poetry, or History of Romances, Novels and Traditional Tales). It gives a
+complete account of the most prominent fictions from the Greek romances
+down to the present day, and is quite as valuable for those who like to
+take their novels condensed, as for those who make a historical study of
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+
+HOLTEI, the German poet, has published a four-volume novel, called _Die
+Vagabunden_ (The Vagabonds). It is a curious and successful book. It
+treats of the various classes that get their living by amusing others, not
+merely of theatrical and musical artists, but of circus-riders,
+ventriloquists, jugglers, rope-dancers, puppet-showmen, &c. Indeed, actors
+and musicians are only introduced casually, while the lower classes, if we
+may so call them, of wandering artists, make up the book; and they make it
+up not in the form of caricatures or exaggerations, but as genuine living
+characters, with the faults and virtues that really belong to men of their
+respective professions The story is a good one, and is varied with all
+sorts of strange adventures.
+
+
+
+
+
+In poetry we observe the attractive title of _The �olian Harp of the
+World's Poetry_, a collection of poems of all countries and ages,
+"dedicated to German ladies and maidens," by FERD. SCHMIDT. Also by the
+same collector, a Household Treasury of the most beautiful Ballads,
+Romances, and Poetic Legends of all Times and Nations; by BRUNO LINDNER,
+_Four Tales_, and from the Countess AGNES SCHWERIN, a new edition of _What
+I heard from the bird_. Were we confident that the Countess were
+intimately familiar with English poetry, we should feel half inclined to
+accuse her of having taken this title from
+
+  "High diddle ding, I heard a bird sing."
+
+G. PUSLITZ has "thrown forth," as Bacchus threw the wreath of Ariadne, a
+"garland of Stories," entitled _What the Forest Tells_. Whether, like the
+wreath alluded to, it will reach the stars, we must leave our readers or
+his to decide.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Science, we observe the publication of a piece of eccentric nonsense
+such as emanates at the present day only from a weak brother in Germany,
+or occasionally from a would-be _original_ in New England. The work to
+which we refer is the _Natur und Geist_ (or _Nature and Spirit_) of DR.
+JOHANN RIOHERS. In the second volume he attempts to utterly overwhelm,
+confound, and destroy Newton's Theory of Attraction, by such an argument
+as the following. "Let any man jump from a height, in descending he feels
+no _attraction_ to the Earth. How hasty and absurd therefore is it to
+attribute the movement in question to such an attraction."
+
+
+
+
+
+A new collection of German Domestic Legends (_Haus M�hrchen_) has been
+published at Leipzig, by J.W. WOLF, a distinguished German philologist.
+His Legends closely resemble those collected by Grimm, and, like them, are
+curious and instructive. He obtained them, one from a Gipsey, others from
+peasants in the mountain districts, and others from some companies of
+Hessian soldiers. He remarks that many such ancient legends are yet
+floating about among the German people, and that they ought to be
+collected before they are lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+ZEND AVESTA, or On the things of Heaven and the World beyond the Grave, is
+the title of a new book in three volumes just published at Leipzig, in
+German, of course, by GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNOR. The author attempts to prove
+the possibility, if not the certainty, of a future life of the individual
+after death. His demonstrations are drawn from the analogies of the
+natural world. He exhibits a wide acquaintance with nature and with
+literature, but is not thought to have made any positive additions to
+psychological science.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those who are conversant with the curiosities of the Middle Ages, and have
+read the entertaining history of "_Ye Nigromancer Virgilius_," in which
+the Mantuan bard lives no longer in the magic of song, but that of literal
+sorcery, will peruse with pleasure the _Virgil's Fortleben im
+Mittelalter_, or The Life of Virgil continued in the Middle Ages, by G.
+RAPPERT. Of all the wild romantic legends which the romantic time brought
+forth, none surpass in singularity and interest this singular narration.
+
+
+
+
+
+TEMPERANCE TALES are produced in Germany as well as elsewhere. JEREMIAS
+GOTTHELF is the best author who there cultivates this style of
+composition. His _D�rsli, the Brandy drinker_, has just passed through a
+fourth edition, and _How five Maidens miserably perished in Brandy_, to a
+second. Gotthelf has the talent of combining great dramatic interest and
+artistic freshness of narration, with a moral purpose. Hence the
+popularity of these little books.
+
+
+
+
+
+NIEHL'S _B�rgerliche Gesellschaft_ (Civil Society) is greatly praised by
+critics, as the most valuable work lately published in Germany, or indeed
+in Europe, upon the State of Society and the causes operating to change
+it. Especially good are its pictures of the different classes in Germany,
+such as the nobility, the peasantry, the industrious middle class, and the
+proletaries. These pictures are said to have the minuteness and fidelity
+of daguerreotypes. The chapter on the "proletaries of intellectual labor,"
+gives any thing but a flattering account of the literary classes on the
+continent. Those classes are held up as in a great measure perverted,
+empty, and dangerous. Niehl divides Society in Germany into four great
+classes, namely: the peasantry, the aristocracy, the _bourgeoisie_ or
+middle class, and the proletariat, or mere laborers for wages. The last he
+regards as the decaying and corrupting class, a sort of scum in hot
+effervesence. This is, however, one of the classes that produce social
+movement; the other is the middle class; the conservative or stationary
+classes are the peasantry and aristocracy. The learned professions he
+reckons among the middle class. He makes no distinction between the
+proletaries who live by the soil, and those who live by working in
+connection with manufactures and mechanical trades.
+
+
+
+
+
+Another contribution to Goethean literature is the Correspondence between
+the great Poet and his intimate friend Knebel, which has just appeared in
+Germany in two volumes. The letters extend from 1774 to 1832, and contain
+the free expression of Goethe's opinions on a great variety of important
+subjects, as well as many interesting particulars in his personal history,
+hitherto unknown.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. WETZSTEIN, Prussian Consul at Damascus, has returned to Europe,
+bringing a valuable collection of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts,
+which he expects to sell to the Royal Library at Berlin. Of especial value
+is a history of Persia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which
+casts light on several portions of Persian history that have hitherto been
+obscure.
+
+
+
+
+
+LONGFELLOW'S _Evangeline_ has been translated into German and published at
+Hamburg. The name of the translator is not given. The critics find that
+the poem has a very marked resemblance to Goethe's Herman and Dorothea.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. MAYO'S _Berber_ has been translated into the German by Mr. L. Dubois,
+and published at Leipzig.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new and splendid edition of the _Pilgrim's Progress_ has been published
+at Leipzig, in German. It is curious to see the good old book discussed by
+the critics as if it were a new production.
+
+
+
+
+
+German Historical Literature has lately been enriched by numerous valuable
+works. Among these we notice WENCK'S _Fr�nkische Reich_ (Frankish Empire),
+which treats that subject, from A.D. 843 to 861, with instructive
+thoroughness and philosophical insight; two essays by FICKER, the one on
+Reinhald von Dassel, the Chancellor of Ferdinand I., and the other on the
+attempt of Henry VI. to render the German empire hereditary; ARNTHEN'S
+_History of Carinthia_; RINK'S _Tirol_; PALAZKY'S _History of Bohemia_;
+MINUTOLI'S _History of the Elector Frederic I._; RIEDEL'S _Ten years of
+the History of the Ancestors of the Royal House of Prussia_; the _History
+of Schleswig Holstein_, by GEORGE WAITZ; RUCKERT'S _Annals of German
+History_; G. PHILIP'S _Outlines of the History of the German Empire and
+German Law_; GENGLER'S _History of German Law_; the _Coins of the German
+Emperors and Kings in the Middle Ages_, a large work by CAPPE; the _Celts
+and Ancient Helvetians_, by J. B. BROZI; and the _Campaigns of the
+Bavarians_ from 1643 to 1645, by J. HELLMANN; MAYR'S _Mann von Rinn_ (Man
+of Rinn) deserves special mention. The man of Rinn is Joseph Speckbacher,
+the hero of the war of 1809 in the Tyrol. His deeds, and those of his
+countrymen, are here narrated in a style as attractive as the facts are
+authentic.
+
+
+
+
+
+In all the States of the German Confederation there are 2,651 booksellers,
+400 of whom deal only in their own publications, 2,200 sell books, but do
+not publish, and 451 keep general assortments of books, and publish also.
+At Berlin there are 129 booksellers, at Leipzic, 145, at Vienna, 52, at
+Stuttgard, 50, and at Frankfort, 36. A hundred years ago there were only
+31 at Leipzic and 6 at Berlin, and at two fairs held at Leipzic in 1750,
+only 350 German booksellers' establishments were represented. No one is
+allowed in Germany to become a bookseller without a license from the
+government, and in Prussia the applicant has to pass a special
+examination.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those desirous of acquiring languages by wholesale, may try a recent work
+by Captain J. NEPOMUK SZ�LL�ZY, with which the scholar can learn,
+according to the Ollendorffian system, French, German, English, Italian,
+Russian, Spanish, Hungarian, Wallachian and Turkish. Phrases and
+vocabularies of all the languages are appended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A second edition of ADOLF STAHR'S _Preussische Revolution_, has appeared
+in Germany, revised by the author and dedicated to Macaulay. No recent
+book in Germany has been more successful than this.
+
+
+
+
+
+MAX SCHLESINGER'S _Wanderings through London_ are announced at Berlin; the
+first volume is already published. One of the chapters treats of
+"Linkoln's-In-Fields."
+
+
+
+
+
+We learn from the last number of the _Journal Asiatique_, that M. W�PCKE,
+a mathematician who devotes himself to Arabic studies, has discovered in
+some Arabic manuscripts two works purporting to be by Euclid, which have
+not been preserved in the Greek original, nor are any where referred to as
+his by ancient mathematical writers. One is a treatise on the lever, and
+the other on the division of planimetric figures. The authenticity of the
+two is thought to be perfectly established by collateral evidence.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Hungarian author. Baron E�tv�s, has just published a work called
+_Ueber den Einfluss der Neuen Ideen auf den Staat_ (On the influence of
+new ideas upon the State). He argues that the students of social and
+political science should confine themselves strictly to the method
+received in the natural sciences, and employed there with such success;
+first establish what are the genuine experimental phenomena, and then by
+induction settle the law which produces and governs them.
+
+
+
+
+
+We expect a treat from MORITZ WAGNER'S _Reise nach Persien und dem Lande
+der Kurden_ (Journey to Persia and Kurdistan) the first volume of which is
+advertised in our last files of German papers. Wagner is one of the best
+of travellers, and we shall look for the book itself with some impatience.
+The second volume is announced as to appear in three weeks after the
+first.
+
+
+
+
+
+The second part of the third volume of HUMBOLDT'S _Kosmos_, has just
+appeared at Stuttgart. It treats of the heavenly nebulae, suns, planets,
+comets, aurora borealis, zodiacal light, meteors, and meteoric stones.
+This completes the uranological part of the description of the physical
+universe. Humboldt has already begun his fourth volume, and expects to
+finish it before June next.
+
+
+
+
+
+KOSSUTH is speculated on by a German bookseller, who advertises a work
+giving a complete account of his sayings and doings since the capitulation
+at Vilagos, including his flight to Turkey and his residence there, the
+negotiations for his release, his journey from Kutahia to England, and his
+tarry there up to sailing for America, with a portrait.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE REV. HENRY T. CHEEVER'S _Life in the Sandwich Islands_ (noticed by us
+lately in the _International_), is reprinted in London, by Bentley, and
+translated in German for a publisher at Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+SILVIO PELLICO, so famous for his works, his imprisonments and sufferings,
+is passing the winter in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+The complete works of CLEMENS BRENTANO, have been brought out at
+Frankfort, in seven volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Two books of travels in Scandinavia have just appeared in Germany. One is
+the _Bilder aus dem Norden_ (Pictures of the North), by Professor OSCAR
+SCHMIDT of Jena; and the other _H�gringar_, or a Journey through Sweden,
+Lapland, Norway, and Denmark, in 1850, by a young author. Professor
+Schmidt amply repays the reader, which is more than can always be said of
+the author of _H�gringar_. Both works are, however, especially worthy the
+attention of those who wish to study the natural history and ethnography
+of the countries in question.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADAME VON WEBER, widow of the composer, who has for some years resided at
+Vienna, has applied to the Emperor of Austria for permission to dispose of
+the three original MSS. scores of her husband's operas, _Der Freisch�tz,
+Eutryanthe_, and _Oberon_. These were in the Royal Library at Vienna; and
+she purposes offering them to the three sovereigns of Saxony, Prussia, and
+England,--in which respective countries they were originally produced. The
+Emperor has caused the MSS. to be delivered to her.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR NUYTZ, whose work on canon law was recently condemned by the
+Holy See, has resumed his lectures at Turin. The lecture-room was crowded,
+and the learned professor was received with loud applause. He adverted to
+the hostility of the clergy, and to the Papal censures of his work, which
+censures he declared to be in direct opposition to the rights of the civil
+power. He expressed his thanks to the ministry for having refused to
+deprive him of his chair.
+
+
+
+
+
+A valuable contribution to Italian history is _Die Carafa von Maddaloni,
+Neapel unter Spanische Herrschaft_ (Naples under Spanish Domination), just
+published in Germany, by ALFRED VON REUMONT, a member of the Prussian
+Legation at Florence, who, more than almost any other man, has made a
+study of the history of that part of Italy, and who in this work has had
+access to a great mass of new documents. He writes as a monarchist, but
+his facts may be relied on. The work is in two volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Every body remembers the noise made in New-York some fifteen years since
+by the revelations of MARIA MONK. We notice a translation of her famous
+disclosures advertised, with all sorts of trumpet blowing, in our German
+papers.
+
+
+
+
+
+An edition of the complete works of KEPLER is preparing in Germany, under
+the supervision of Prof. FRISCH, of Stuttgart. The manuscripts of the
+great astronomer, preserved at St. Petersburg, have been examined for the
+purpose, with rich results. It is also proposed to erect a monument to
+Kepler at Stuttgart.
+
+
+
+
+
+Sixteen German books were prohibited in Russia in August last; among them
+were FONTAINE'S _Poems_, G�RRE'S _Christian Mysticism_, KUTZ'S _Manual of
+Sacred History_, SCHMIDT'S _Death of Lord Byron_, KINKEL'S _Truth without
+Poetry_, and STRAUSS'S _Life Questions_. Of eleven other works, a few
+pages from each were prohibited; among these was the German version of
+Lieutenant LYNCH'S _United States Expedition to the Jordan and the Dead
+Sea_. These works are allowed to enter Russia after having the
+objectionable pages cut out.
+
+
+
+
+
+The science of landscape gardening is enriched by a new work of value just
+published at Leipzig, by RUDOLPH LIEBECK, the director of the public
+garden in that city. It is called _Die bildenden Garten Kunst in seinen
+Modernen Formen_ (The Modern Constructive Art of Gardening). It has twenty
+colored plates.
+
+
+
+
+
+COTTA, of Stuttgart, is preparing to publish a splendid illustrated
+edition of Goethe's _Faust_. The designs are to be by an artist well known
+in Germany, Engelbert Seibertz. The work is to be published in numbers.
+
+
+
+
+
+The historical remains and letters of George Spalatin have been published
+at Weimar. They are a valuable addition to the history of the Reformation.
+
+
+
+
+
+It is remarkable that the only oriental nation whose literature has much
+resemblance to ours, and has a direct practical value for us, is the
+Chinese. For instance, the works of this people upon agriculture abound in
+practical information, which may be made immediately useful in Europe and
+America. We noticed, some time since, the treatise on the raising and care
+of silk worms, translated and published at Paris, by M. STANISLAS JULIEN,
+which was so warmly welcomed in France as a timely addition to what was
+there known upon the subject. It seems that this work was but a small
+portion of an extensive Cyclopedia of Agriculture in use in China, where
+the science of tilling the soil has in many respects been developed to an
+astonishing degree of perfection. This cyclopedia, M. Hervey, a French
+scholar, whose knowledge of the Eastern languages is accompanied by an
+equally profound love of farming, has undertaken to translate entire. This
+is a difficult and tedious enterprise, especially on account of the mass
+of botanical and technical expressions which occur in the work, and of
+which the dictionaries furnish no explanation. Meanwhile M. Hervey has
+published some of the results of his studies in a work called
+_Investigations on Agriculture and Gardening among the Chinese_. He
+mentions several varieties of fruits, vegetables, and trees, which might
+advantageously be introduced into France and Algiers; he also analyzes the
+Cyclopedia, and shows what are the difficulties in translating it.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable contribution to our knowledge of China, is M. BIOT's recent
+translation of the book called _Tscheu-li_. It seems that in the twelfth
+century before Christ, the second dynasty that had ruled the country, that
+of _Thang_, fell by its own vices, and the empire passed into the hands of
+Wu-wang, the head of the princely family of _Tscheu-li_. Wu-wang was a
+great soldier and statesman; he confided to his brother Tscheu-Kong, a man
+evidently of extraordinary political genius, the moral and administrative
+reformation of the empire. He first laid the foundation of a reform in
+moral ideas by an addition to the Y-King or sacred book, which the Chinese
+revere and incessantly study, but which still remains an unintelligible
+mystery for Europeans. Of his administrative reforms a complete record is
+preserved in the _Tscheu-li_, and nothing could be easier to understand.
+
+When the Tscheus thus came into power, they found in existence a powerful
+feudal aristocracy, from which they themselves proceeded, and which they
+must tolerate. Accordingly, they recognized within the imperial dominions
+sixty-three federal jurisdictions, which were hereditary, but whose rulers
+were obliged to administer according to the laws and methods of the
+empire. Having made this concession, they abolished all other hereditary
+offices, and established instead, a vast system of centralization, such as
+the world has never seen equalled elsewhere. The administration, according
+to the _Tscheu-li_, is divided among six ministries, which were also
+divided into sections, and the executive functions descend regularly and
+systematically to the lowest official, and include the entire movement of
+society. The emperor and the feudal princes are restrained by formalities
+and usage, as well as by the expression of disapprobation; and the
+officials of every grade by their hierarchical dependency, and by a system
+of incessant oversight; and finally, the people by proscription, and the
+education, industrial, as well as mental and moral, which the State
+dispenses to them. The sole idea in which this astonishing system rests,
+is that of the State, whose office is to care for all that can contribute
+to the public good, and which regulates the action of every individual
+with a view to this end. In his organization, Tscheu-Kong excelled every
+thing that the most centralized governments of Europe have devised.
+
+The Tscheu family remained in power for five centuries, and was finally
+broken down by the feudal element they had preserved. But so deep was the
+impress of Tscheu-Kong upon the nation, that after centuries of
+revolutions and civil war, it returned to his institutions and principles,
+and it is by them and in a great degree in their exact forms, that China
+is now governed.
+
+In form the _Tscheu-li_ is like an imperial almanac of our own times. It
+is, however, much more complete, because Tscheu-Kong gives in it a mass of
+detailed instructions, in order to make the officials aware of their
+duties and the precise limits of their authority. Thus the work affords a
+quite exact picture of the social condition of China at that time. There
+is no other monument of antiquity with which it can be compared, except
+the _Manus_, the Indian book of law. The difference is, that in China the
+intellectual activity was altogether political, and the public
+organization altogether imperial and political; while in India the mental
+activity was metaphysical, and the public organization altogether
+municipal.
+
+The translation of the _Tscheu_ was not published till after M. Biot's
+decease; it was brought out by his father, with the assistance of M.
+Stanislas Julien.
+
+
+
+
+
+The library of the famous Cardinal Mezzofanti is about to be sold, and the
+catalogue is already printed--in Italian, of course. It is one of the most
+extensive and valuable collection of works in various languages ever made,
+and it is to be hoped that it may not be disposed of at the sale, but pass
+all together into some public library--that of some university would be
+most appropriate. To indicate the contents of the catalogue, we give the
+titles of the different parts: Books in Albanian or Epirotic, Arabic,
+Armenian, American (Indian dialects of Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru,
+United States), Bohemian, Chaldaic, Chinese (Cochin-Chinese, Trin-Chinese,
+Japanese), Danish (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Laplandic), Hebrew
+(Antique, Rabbinic, Samaritan), Egyptian, or Coptic-Egyptian and Coptic,
+Arabic, Etrusean, Phoenician, Flemish, French (Breton-French,
+Lorraine-French, Proven�al), Gothic and Visi-Gothic, and Greek and
+Greek-Latin, Modern Greek, Georgian or Iberian, Cretian or Rhetian,
+Illyrian, Indo-oriental (Angolese, Burmese or Avian, Hindostanee, Malabar,
+Malayan, Sanscrit), English (Arctic, Breton or Celtic, Scotch-Celtic,
+Scotch, Irish, Welch), Italian (Fineban dialect, Maltese, Milanese,
+Sardinian, Sicilian), Kurdistanee or Kurdic, Latin, Maronite and Syriac
+Maronite, Oceanic (Australian), Dutch, Persian, Polish, Portuguese
+(various dialects), Slavonian (Carniolan, Serbian, Ruthenian,
+Slavo-Wallachian), Syriac, Spanish (Catalan, Biscayan), Russian, Turkish,
+Hungarian, Gipsey.
+
+
+
+
+
+The French historian MICHELET, deprived of his professorship in the
+College of France, is devoting himself more than ever to literature. His
+last work, of which an authorized translation has just appeared in London,
+is _The Martyrs of Russia_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MICHEL NICOLAS, one of the ablest among the French theologico-ethical
+writers, has published a translation of the _Considerations on the Nature
+and Historical Developments of Christian Philosophy_, by Dr. RITTER, of
+the University of Gottingen.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. SCHONENBERGER, a music-publisher at Paris, has purchased from the heirs
+of Paganini the copyright of his works, and is now publishing them, under
+the editorial supervision of M. ACHILLE PAGANINI, the son of the great
+violinist. The edition will comprise every thing that he left behind in
+writing. Hector Berlioz speaks with enthusiasm in the _Journal des Debats_
+of the two grand concertos which have just appeared, one of them
+containing the marvellous rondo of the _campanella_. Berlioz speaks in
+high praise of Paganini's genius as a composer. A volume would be
+required, he says, to indicate the new effects, the ingenious methods, the
+grand and noble forms which he discovered, and even the orchestral
+combinations, which before him were not suspected. In spite of the rapid
+progress which, thanks to Paganini, the violin is making at the present
+day in respect of mechanical execution, his compositions are yet beyond
+the skill of most violinists, and in reading them it is hardly possible to
+conceive how their author was able to execute them. Unfortunately he was
+not able to transmit to his successors the vital spark which animated and
+rendered _human_ those astonishing prodigies of mechanism.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. PHILARETE CHASLES, one of the literary critics of the _Journal des
+Debats_, has published, at Paris, a book called _Etudes sur la Litterateur
+et les M�urs des Anglo-Americanis_, which abounds in those curious
+blunders that some French authors seem to be destined to when they write
+upon topics connected with foreign countries. For instance, he makes the
+pilgrims of Plymouth to have been the founders of Philadelphia, New-York,
+and Boston. Buffalo he sets down opposite to Montreal, speaks of the
+puritans of Pennsylvania as near neighbors of Nova Scotia, and extends
+Arkansas to the Rocky Mountains. At New-York his regret is that a railroad
+has destroyed the beauty of Hoboken, and at New Orleans he laments that
+marriages between whites and Creoles are interdicted. Of Cooper, Irving,
+Bryant, Audubon, and Longfellow, he speaks in terms of just praise, but
+Willis is not mentioned. Bancroft and Hildreth are mentioned as
+historians, Prescott is spoken of briefly in connection with his Ferdinand
+and Isabella, while his other works are not alluded to. To Herman
+Melville, M. Chasles devotes fifty pages, while Mr. Ticknor has not even
+the honor of a mention. The author of this work is very far from doing
+justice either to American literature or to himself.
+
+
+
+
+
+Five of the nine intended volumes of LAFUENTE'S _General History of Spain_
+from the remotest times to the present day, have appeared in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Paris a new edition is announced of the best French versions of
+FENIMORE COOPER'S works--six or eight illustrated volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. GUIZOT is about to publish a new volume at Paris, with the title of
+_Shakspeare et son Temps_ (Shakspeare and his Times). It is to be composed
+of his Life of Shakspeare, and the articles that he has written at various
+times upon different plays. The only novelty in it is a notice on Hamlet
+which was prepared expressly for this publication. He regards both Macbeth
+and Othello as better dramas than Hamlet, but thinks the last contains
+more brilliant examples of Shakspeare's sublimest beauties and grossest
+faults. "Nowhere," says Guizot, "has he unveiled with more originality,
+depth and dramatic effect, the inmost state of a great soul: but nowhere
+has he more abandoned himself to the caprices, terrible or burlesque, of
+his imagination, and to that abundant intemperance of a mind pressed to
+get out its ideas without choosing among them, and bent on rendering them
+striking by a strong, ingenious, and unexpected mode of expression,
+without any regard to their truth and natural form." The French critic
+also thinks that on the stage the effect of Hamlet is irresistible.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Capital work on Paris has just been published at Berlin, from the pen of
+FRIEDRICH SZARVADY, a Hungarian, who has resided for several years in
+Paris. The titles of the chapters are:--Paris in Paris; Strangers in Paris;
+Parisian Women; Street Eloquence; the Temple of Jerusalem (the Bourse);
+Salons and Conversation; Dancing, Song, and Flowers; the Ball at the Grand
+Opera; Artist Life; the Press; the Feuilleton; History on a Public Square;
+Lamartine, Cavaignac, Thiers; Louis Bonaparte. Szarvady observes sharply,
+and writes with as much grace and _esprit_ as a Frenchman. Nothing can be
+more taking than his pages. They deserve a translation from the German
+into English.
+
+
+
+
+
+VILLERGAS, the Spanish historian, who in one of his recent works drew a
+parallel between Espartero and Narvaez which excited great attention at
+Madrid and in other parts of Spain, has just been condemned by the court
+which has charge of the offences of the press, to a fine of twenty
+thousand reals, or twenty-five hundred dollars, for the sin against public
+order and private character contained in that parallel.
+
+
+
+
+
+An interesting and valuable series of articles reviewing historically the
+systems of land tenure which have prevailed in different countries, is
+appearing in the _Journal des D�bats_ from the pen of M. HENRY TRIANON.
+The systems of India and China have already been examined.
+
+
+
+
+
+The termagant wife of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton has just published _The
+School for Husbands_, a novel founded on the life and times of Moliere.
+Probably her own husband is shot at in all the chapters.
+
+
+
+
+
+The books on modern French history would already fill an Alexandrian
+library, and every month produces new ones. M. LEONARD GALLOIS, a
+well-known historical writer, announces a _History of the Revolution of
+February, 1848_, in _five_ large octavos, with forty-one portraits. M.
+BARANTE's _History of the Convention_ will consist of six octavos, of
+which three are published, and the last is accompanied by it biographical
+sketch of each of the seven hundred and fifty members. The period embraced
+in this work is from 1792 to 1795, inclusive. There is a new _History of
+the City of Lyons_, in three octavos, by the city librarian.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Letters and unpublished Essays of Count_ JOSEPH DE MAISTRE have been
+brought out at Paris, in two volumes octavo. The letters show the
+celebrated author in a new and pleasing light; a tone of genial unreserve
+prevails in many of them, which those who have become familiar with his
+brilliant, dogmatic, and paradoxical intellect, in his more elaborate
+writings, would hardly suppose him capable of. No writer, of this century
+at least, has more powerfully set forth the doctrines of the Roman
+Catholic Church than he.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Political Situation of Cuba_, a volume published in Paris, by Don
+ANTONIO SACO, is commended in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_. Don Antonio was
+one of the most distinguished intelligences and liberals of the precious
+island: he argues against independence, or annexation to the American
+Union: he suggests various arrangements by which Spain could safely
+establish political freedom in Cuba, and he thinks administrative and
+judicial reforms to counteract the worst ills of her present situation,
+might be accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+
+A New edition of SHARON TURNER's _History of the Anglo-Saxons_ has just
+appeared in London, with important additions and revision. The first
+edition of Turner's History was published in London more than fifty years
+ago. At the time when the first volume appeared, the subject of
+Anglo-Saxon antiquities had been nearly forgotten by the British public,
+although the most venerated laws, customs, and institutions of the nation
+originated before the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon manuscripts lay
+unexamined in archives, and the important information they contained had
+never been made a part of general history. Mr. Turner undertook a careful
+and patient investigation of all the documents belonging to the period
+preserved in the kingdom, and the result of his labors was the work in
+question, which at once gave rise to an almost universal passion for the
+records and remains of the Anglo-Saxon people, and called forth general
+applause from the best minds of England. A good edition of his History was
+published several years ago by Carey and Hart of Philadelphia, but it is
+now, we believe, out of print.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Rev. JOHN HOWARD HINTON, author of a well-known History of the United
+States, has published, in London, a volume under the title of _The Test of
+Experience_, in which he has presented a masterly argument for the
+voluntary principle in matters of religion. The "test of experience" is in
+this, as in all other things, the best of tests, and the religious
+institutions of the United States can well bear its application. One of
+the most noticeable results of the non-interference of the State is
+pointed out in the following passage:
+
+
+    "To travellers in the United States, no fact has been more
+    immediately or more powerfully striking than the total absence of
+    religious rivalry. Amidst such a multitude of sects, an inhabitant
+    of the old world naturally, and almost instinctively looks for one
+    that sets up exclusive pretensions and possesses an actual
+    predominance. But he finds nothing of the kind. Neither
+    presbyterianism, or prelacy, nor any other form of
+    ecclesiasticism, makes the slightest effort to lift its head above
+    its fellow. And with the resignation of exclusive pretensions, the
+    entire ecclesiastical strife has ceased, and the din of angry war
+    has been hushed; and here, at length, the voluntary principle is
+    able to exhibit itself in its true colors, as a lover of peace and
+    the author of concord. It is busied no longer with the arguing of
+    disputed claims, but throws its whole energy into free and
+    combined operations for the extension of Christianity. The general
+    religious energy embodies itself in a thousand forms; but while
+    there is before the church a vast field to which the activities of
+    all are scarcely equal, there is, also, 'a fair field and no
+    favor,'--a field in which all have the same advantages, and in
+    which each is sure to find rewards proportionate to its wisdom and
+    its zeal. This inestimable benefit of religious peace is clearly
+    due to the voluntary principle."
+
+
+
+
+
+JUNIUS, since the publication of his Letters, never figured more
+conspicuously than during the last month. The _Paris Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ has a very long article on the great secret by M. Charles Remusat,
+a member of the Institute, well known in historical criticism. He arrays
+skilfully the facts and reasonings which British inquirers have adduced in
+favor of Sir Philip Francis, and the other most probable author, Lord
+George Sackville. He seems to incline to the latter, but does not decide.
+He pronounces that, on the whole, Junius was not "a great publicist." His
+powers and influence are investigated and explained by M. de Remusat with
+acuteness and comprehensive survey. Lord Mahon, in his new volumes, says,
+"From the proofs adduced by others, and on a clear conviction of my own, I
+affirm that the author of Junius was no other than Sir Philip Francis." We
+think not. The London _Athen�um_, last year, we thought, settled this
+point. It is understood that the editor of the _Grenville Papers_, now on
+the eve of publication, in London, is in favor of Lord Temple as a
+claimant for the authorship of Junius. The January number of the
+_Quarterly Review_ contains an article on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Natural History of the Human Species_, by Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES
+HAMILTON SMITH, is the title of a duodecimo volume from the press of Gould
+& Lincoln of Boston. An American editor (Dr. Kneeland) has added an
+introductory survey of recent literature on the subject. The whole
+performance is feeble. The author and his editor endeavor to make out
+something like the infidel theory of Professor AGASSIZ, which, a year or
+two ago, attracted sufficient attention to induce an investigation and an
+intelligent judgment, in several quarters, as to the real claims of that
+person to the distinctions in science which his advertising managers claim
+for him. We have not space now for any critical investigation of the work,
+and therefore merely warn that portion of our readers who feel any
+interest in ethnological studies, of its utter worthlessness.
+
+
+
+
+
+An Englishman, Mr. FRANCIS BONYNGE, recently from the East Indies, has
+come to this country at the instance of our minister in London, for the
+purpose of bringing before us the subject of introducing some twenty of
+the most valuable agricultural staples of the East, among which are the
+tea, coffee, and indigo plants, into the United States. He gives his
+reasons for believing that tea and indigo would become articles of export
+from this country to an amount greater than the whole of our present
+exports. He says that tea, for which we now pay from sixty-five to one
+hundred cents per lb. may be produced for from two to five cents, free
+from the noxious adulterations of the tea we import. He has published a
+small volume under the title of _The Future Wealth of America_, in which
+his opinions are fully explained and illustrated.
+
+
+
+
+
+The first volume of a work on _Christian Iconography_, by M. DIDRON, of
+Paris, opens to the curious reader a new source of intellectual enjoyment,
+both in the department of ancient religious art, and in the arch�ology of
+the early paintings of the Catholic Church. The rich, profuse, and quaint
+plates of the original work are used in a translation ably made by E.J.
+Millington, published in London by Bohn, and in New-York by Bangs.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS BOND HEAD, so well known in this country as one of the former
+governors of Canada, and as an author of remarkable versatility and
+cleverness, has published an agreeable but superficial book on Paris--the
+Paris of January, 1852--under the quaint title of _A Bundle of French
+Sticks_; and Mr. Putnam has reprinted it in his new library.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable book published in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847, by J. D.
+NOURSE, under the title of _Remarks on the Past, and its Legacies to
+American Society_, has just been reprinted in London, with an introduction
+by D. T. COULTON.
+
+
+
+
+
+The following works, all of which have promising titles, will soon be
+published by J. S. REDFIELD: _Men of the Times in 1852_, comprising
+biographical sketches of all the celebrated men of the present day;
+_Characters in the Gospels_, by Rev. E. H. Chapin; _Tales and Traditions
+of Hungary_, by Theresa Pulzky; _The Comedy of Love_, and the _History of
+the Eighteenth Century_, by Arsene Houssaye; Aytoun's _Lays of the
+Scottish Cavaliers_; _The Cavaliers of England_, and _The Knights of the
+Olden Time, or the Chivalry of England, France and Spain_, by Henry W.
+Herbert; _Lectures and Miscellanies_, by Henry James; and _Isa: a
+Pilgrimage_, by Caroline Chesebro.
+
+
+
+
+
+_The Westminster Review_ says of ALICE CAREY, whose _Clovernook_ we
+noticed favorably in the last _International_, that "no American woman can
+be compared to her for genius;" the Paris _D�bats_ refers to her as a poet
+of the rank of Mrs. ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING in England; the literary
+critic of _The Tribune_ (the learned and accomplished RIPLEY whose
+judgment in such a matter is beyond appeal) prefers her _Clovernook_ to
+Miss MITFORD'S _Our Village_, or Professor WILSON'S _Lights and Shadows of
+Scottish Life_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. DANIEL S. CURTISS has availed himself well of large opportunities for
+personal observation, in his volume just published under the title of
+_Western Portraiture, and Emigrant's Guide_, a description of Wisconsin,
+Illinois, and Iowa, with remarks on Minnesota and other territories. It is
+the most judicious and valuable book of the kind we have seen.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR FREUND, the Philologist, is in London, engaged in constructing a
+German-English and English-German dictionary upon his new system; and
+Professor SMITH, the learned editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, announces a dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, the
+articles to be written by the principal contributors to his previous
+works.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS BOOKS of the present season in England have not been very
+remarkable. Mr. DICKENS, in an extra number of his Household Words,
+printed _What Christmas is to Everybody_; and we have from WILKIE COLLINS,
+_A New Christmas Story_; by the author of "The Ogilvies," _Alice Learmont,
+a Fairy Tale of Love_; by the author of "The Maiden Aunt," a pleasant
+little book entitled _The Use of Sunshine_.
+
+
+
+
+
+Under the title of _Excerpta de P. Ovidii Nastonis_, Blanchard & Lea of
+Philadelphia have published a series of selections from a poet whose
+works, for obvious reasons, are not read entire in the schools. The
+extracts present some of the most beautiful parts of this graceful and
+versatile poet.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FINE ARTS
+
+
+The American Art Unions have not been successful in the last year, unless
+an exception may be made in regard to that of New England, at Boston. The
+American, at New-York, deferred indefinitely its annual distribution of
+pictures, on account of the small number of its subscriptions; and the
+Pennsylvanian, at Philadelphia, by a recent fire in that city has lost its
+admirably-engraved plates of Huntington's pictures from the _Pilgrim's
+Progress_, the last of which was just completed and placed in the hands of
+the printer. It will make no distribution.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Sicilian artist, residing at Naples, has amused himself, and probably
+pleased his sovereign, by composing a life-sized group, representing
+Religion supporting King Ferdinand, and guarded by an angel, who places
+his foot on an evil spirit. On the other side of this group is a child
+bearing the scales of justice. "How much," writes a correspondent of the
+_Athen�um_, "the artist is to get for this plaster blasphemy, I know not;
+but a more impudent caricature (at the present moment) it would be
+difficult to imagine." Another artist has, however, beaten the Sicilian
+sculptor quite out. A small bronze group represents Religion triumphing
+over Impiety and Anarchy. Impiety is represented by a female figure, under
+whose arm are two books inscribed Voltaire and Luther! Anarchy has taken
+off her mask, and let fall two scrolls, on which are written _Communismo_
+and _Constituto_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR ZAHN, who has been engaged during a period of more than twenty
+years in examining the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has exhibited at
+Berlin a collection of casts unique in their kind. These are 8,000 in
+number; and comprise all the remarkable sculptures of the above places,
+besides those found at Stabi�, and those of the vast collection of the
+Museo Borbonico and other museums of the Two Sicilies. The casts from the
+Museo Borbonico are the first ever made,--the King of Naples having
+accorded the privilege of taking these copies to M. Zahn alone, in royal
+recompense for the Professor's great work on Pompeii and Herculaneum.
+
+
+
+
+
+A book which all students of art should possess, is DR. KUGLER'S
+_Geschichte der Kunst_ (History of Art), with the Illustrations
+(_Bilderatlos_) which accompany it, and which are now being published at
+Stuttgart. The ancient and modern schools of Art--Painting, Sculpture, and
+Architecture--are here represented in outlines of their most celebrated and
+characteristic works. Eleven numbers of these Illustrations have appeared,
+and the whole work will be completed in the course of the coming year.
+
+
+
+
+
+In our musical world there have been several noticable facts in the last
+month. The opera company, perhaps from the utter incapacity of its
+director, has been divided, and the best portion of it has been singing at
+Niblo's Theatre. Jenny Lind's farewell series of concerts was prevented by
+intelligence of the death of the great singer's mother, in Sweden.
+Catherine Hayes has been successful in several concerts at Tripler Hall,
+and Mrs. Bostwick, whom the best critics of the city regard as superior to
+any singer who has appeared among us, except Jenny Lind, has given a
+second series of her subscription concerts, which were extremely well
+attended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of the _Athen�um_, writing from Egypt, urges that a few
+young artists should be sent out with orders to copy all the hieroglyphics
+on the most important temples, as well as the numerous tablets and
+fragments which are daily brought to light. "A work pursued with such
+materials--all theories and arbitrary classification being excluded--would
+ever remain as a lasting monument, and would reflect great credit on the
+Government which should order its execution." Less than one-half of the
+money required for the removal of the Obelisk would amply cover all
+expenses.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of _Kuhne's Europa_ writes from Dresden that a number of
+humorous drawings, sketched by the pencil of Schiller, and accompanied by
+descriptions in his own hand, have been found in the possession of a
+Swabian family, with whom the great poet became acquainted during his
+residence at Loschwitz.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Berlin, M. von Prinz, a pupil of Kiss, the sculptor, is erecting a
+group which he calls _The Lion-killer_ in imitation of the _Amazon_. Kiss
+himself is engaged on a set of groups from a fox-hunt, Rauch has almost
+completed a bust of Humboldt, and statues of General Gneisenau and of
+_Hope_.
+
+
+
+
+
+A colossal statue of the Emperor Napoleon, thirty feet high, is to be
+placed on the top of the Triumphal Arch, at the end of the Champs Elys�es,
+in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+KAULBACH has undertaken to draw a set of sketches for an illustrated
+edition of Shakspeare, which will shortly be published by Nicolai, At
+Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. GREENOUGH, is now in New-York, awaiting the arrival of his splendid
+group for the Capitol, from Italy. He will soon be engaged on his statue
+of his friend the late Mr. Cooper, to be erected in this city.
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MONTH
+
+
+The extraordinary abilities of Kossuth as orator, hid attractive personal
+qualities, and grandeur of his propositions, continue to occupy the
+generous regard of the people of the United States, but the impression
+which obtained at one time that the national government would in any
+manner or degree enter into his plans for confining a future contest for
+the liberty of Hungary exclusively to the two parties most immediately
+interested, appears to have been very generally given up. This country
+will continue to encourage and aid oppressed peoples by showing how wisely
+and efficiently its servants can attend to her own affairs. At the same
+time it is not to be doubted that citizens in their private capacity may
+and will do much for the illustrious exile who pleads among us for the
+means of opposing the oppressors of his nation. Kossuth has been
+entertained at public banquets since he left New-York by the authorities
+of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Annapolis, and Harrisburg; he has
+been received by the President of the United States, the two houses of
+Congress, and the legislatures of Maryland and Pennsylvania; and on the
+7th of January he dined with the representatives, senators, and other
+persons connected with the government, at Washington, and Daniel Webster,
+Lewis Cass, William H. Seward, and Stephen A. Douglass, made speeches on
+the occasion expressive of their personal respect and sympathy, and their
+anxiety as individuals to see Hungary independent. Mr. Cass indeed went so
+far as entirely to endorse the doctrine of Kossuth respecting intervention
+to insure non-intervention. Kossuth is now in the state of Ohio, and he
+probably will remain in this country long enough--since the French
+revolution has at least deferred any great and united movement of the
+European democracy--to visit all the principal cities of the valley of the
+Mississippi.
+
+But little important business has yet been accomplished in Congress,
+though numerous bills have been introduced, as is usual in the early weeks
+of the session. On the morning of the 24th of December, a portion of the
+capitol, occupied by the national library, was destroyed by fire, with
+nearly sixty thousand printed volumes, and many MSS., maps, medals,
+portraits, sculptures, and other works of art.
+
+The legislature of several of the states are now in session. Those of
+Ohio, Michigan, Mississippi, Wisconsin and California, met on the 5th of
+January; those of New-York, Pennsylvania and Delaware, on the 7th; those
+of Maryland and Massachusetts, on the 7th; that of Indiana, on the 8th;
+those of Virginia and Illinois, on the 12th; that of New Jersey, on the
+13th; that of Maine, on the 14th, and that of Louisiana, on the 19th. No
+great national questions have been prominently before the state
+legislatures, except that of our foreign relations, with special reference
+to Hungary, upon which the assemblies in the several states appear to be
+less conservative than Congress. The most important subject of local
+administration, is that of the suppression of the sales of intoxicating
+liquors. The law of Maine, enacted last year, will probably be sustained
+in that state; in Massachusetts a petition with more than one hundred
+thousand signatures, has been offered in the legislature for such a law,
+and similar efforts are being made in New-York and other States.
+
+In Mexico there is a continuance of the imbecility of the government and
+the agitations of factions. Rumors, constantly varying, in regard to the
+conduct and prospects of Caravajal, leave us in doubt whether any thing of
+real importance will grow out of his attempts at revolution in the
+northern provinces. The administration appears to have acted with
+decision, but probably with impotence so far as the final result is
+concerned, in regard to the Tehuantepee railroad contract.
+
+South America presents the usual series of disturbances, with some facts
+which indicate a prospect of repose; but all such prospects in the Spanish
+states of this continent are apt to be deceptive. The birthday of Bolivar
+was celebrated at Caracas on the 28th of October with great public
+festivities. Treaties between Brazil and Uruguay were formed for alliance,
+military aid, commerce and navigation, and the mutual surrender of
+criminals, on the 12th of October. We learn from Buenos Ayres that,
+through November, Rosas was making great preparations to meet Urquiza. He
+had established a corps of observation in the direction of Entre Rios to
+look out for an invasion. A considerable emigration was taking place from
+Buenos Ayres to Montevideo, mostly of previous residents of the latter
+city.
+
+In Great Britain the most important recent event is the retirement of Lord
+Palmerston from the cabinet, in which he held the place of Secretary of
+State for Foreign Affairs. This occurred on the 22d of December. The
+causes of Lord Palmerston's retirement are a subject of much
+unsatisfactory speculation, and the fact is generally regretted by the
+friends of political liberty in Europe. His successor is Lord Granville, a
+nobleman of manly and liberal character, heretofore connected with the
+government. It is apprehended that the popular feeling may induce the
+recall of Lord Palmerston to be the head of a new Ministry. Great Britain
+has now no envoy resident in the United States, but it is not improbable
+that Sir Henry Bulwer will return to this country for the final settlement
+of affairs connected with Central America. It is understood officially
+that the attack of a British man-of-war on the United States steamer
+Prometheus, at Greytown, was entirely unauthorized.
+
+The Admiralty have determined not to send another expedition in search of
+Sir John Franklin, by way of Behring's Straits. The Plover is to be
+communicated with each year by a man-of-war--the Amphitrite is the next.
+The proposed overland expedition of Lieut. Pym has been abandoned.
+
+The English war at the Cape of Good Hope continues with little change,
+though a few important successes by the English are reported. The war
+appears to be condemned by a large and respectable portion of the journals
+and the people at home. In its character and details it continues to
+resemble our own contest with the Indians in Florida.
+
+The month of December, 1851, witnessed, in FRANCE, the successful
+accomplishment of a _coup d'�tat_ not less daring than any that marked the
+earlier annals of that country. It is asserted that the personal security
+of the President was menaced with imminent danger, when, on the evening of
+the 1st of December, he came to the resolution to strike the first blow.
+The measures he immediately took were, to issue an appeal to the people
+denouncing the conduct of the Assembly, and declaring it dissolved; a
+proclamation to the army, telling them that "to-day, at this solemn
+moment, I wish the voice of the army to be heard;" and a decree "in the
+name of the French people," of which the articles were--"1. The National
+Assembly is dissolved; 2. Universal Suffrage is re-established--the law of
+the 31st May is abrogated; 3. The French people is convoked in its
+elective colleges from the 14th of December to the 21st of December
+following; 4. The state of siege is decreed through the first military
+division; 5. The Council of State is dissolved; 6. The Minister of the
+Interior is charged with the execution of the present decree." The appeal
+to the people contained these further propositions; "Persuaded that the
+instability of power, that the preponderance of a single Assembly, are the
+permanent causes of trouble and discord. I submit to your suffrages the
+fundamental basis of a constitution which the Assemblies will develop
+hereafter--1. A responsible chief named for ten years; 2. The Ministers
+dependent on the executive alone; 3. A Council of State formed of the most
+distinguished men, preparing the law, and maintaining the discussion
+before the legislative corps; 4. A legislative corps, discussing and
+voting the laws, named by universal suffrage, without the _scrutin de
+liste_ which falsifies the election; 6. A second Assembly formed of all
+the illustrious persons of the nation--a preponderating power, guardian of
+the fundamental pact and of public liberty." At an early hour, on the 2d,
+these manifestoes were found covering the walls of Paris, and at the same
+time the principal thoroughfares were filled with troops of the line.
+
+The President had taken precautions that the National Guard should not be
+called out. The Generals Changarnier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamorici�re,
+Leflo, Colonel Charras, MM. Baz�, Thiers. Brun, the Commissary of Police
+of the Assembly, and others of the leading heads of parties, were arrested
+before they had risen for the day. Many members of the Assembly gathered
+at the house of M. Daru, one of their Vice-Presidents and, having him at
+their head, proceeded to their ordinary place of meeting, but found access
+effectually barred by the Chasseurs de Vincennes, a corpse recently
+returned from Algeria. These men forcibly withstood the entrance of the
+members, some of whom were slightly wounded. Returning with M. Daru, they
+were invited by General Lauriston to the Marie of the 10th arrondissement,
+where they formed a sitting, presided over by two of their
+Vice-Presidents, M. Vitel and M. Benuist d'Azy (M. Daru having meanwhile
+been arrested), and proceeded to frame a decree to the following effect:
+"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is deprived of his functions as President of the
+Republic, and the citizens are commanded to refuse him obedience; the
+executive power passes in full right to the National Assembly; the judges
+of the High Court of Justice are required to meet immediately, on pain of
+dismissal, to proceed to judgment against the President and his
+accomplices. It is enjoined on all functionaries and depositaries of
+authority that they obey the requisition made in the name of the Assembly,
+under penalty of forfeiture and the punishment prescribed for high
+treason." While this decree was being signed, another was unanimously
+passed, naming General Oudinot commander of the forces, and M. Tamisier
+chief of the staff. These decrees had scarcely been signed by all present,
+when a company of soldiers entered, and required them to disperse. The
+Assembly refused to do so, when, after some parley, two commissaries de
+police were brought, the presidents were arrested, and the whole body of
+members present, 230 in number, were marched across the city to the
+barracks of the Quai d'Orsay. The next day they were distributed to the
+prisons of Mount Valerien, Mazas, and Vincennes; and the generals
+Cavaignac, Lamorici�re, Bedeau, and Changarnier, were sent to Ham. During
+the day the population viewed the soldiers in the streets merely as a
+spectacle, and no violent excitement occurred. At ten o'clock on Wednesday
+morning some members of the Mountain appeared in the Rue d'Antoine, and
+raised the cry _Aux armes!_ The party they collected immediately began to
+erect a barricade at the corner of the Rue St. Marguerite. Troops were
+quickly at the spot, when the barricade was carried, and the
+representative Baudin was killed. Some other barricades were raised in the
+afternoon, but as quickly destroyed. General Magnan, the
+Commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, seeing the day was passed in
+insignificant skirmishes, now determined to withdraw his small posts, to
+allow the discontented to gather to a head. On the morning of the 4th it
+was reported that the insurrection had its focus in the Quartiers St.
+Antoine, St. Denis, and St. Martin, and that several barricades were in
+progress. The General deferred his attack until two o'clock, when the
+various brigades of troops acted in concert. The barricades were attacked
+in the first instance by artillery, and then carried at the point of the
+bayonet. There were none which offered very serious resistance, and the
+whole contest was over about five o'clock. In the evening, however, fresh
+barricades were raised in the Rues Montmartre and Montorgueil, and others
+in the Rues Pagevin and des Fosses Montmartre, which were successfully
+attacked in the night by the officers in command of those quarters. On the
+5th the last remains of street-fighting were effectually quelled. The loss
+to the military in these operations was twenty-five men killed, of whom
+one was Lieut-Col. Loubeau, of the line, and 184 wounded, of whom
+seventeen were officers. The number of insurgents killed is unknown, but
+they are estimated it from two to three thousand, including,
+unfortunately, many indifferent persons, who were accidentally passing
+along the boulevards when the soldiery suddenly opened their sweeping
+fire. The insurgents taken with arms in their hands were carried to the
+Champ de Mars, and there shot by judgment of court martial. Most of the
+political prisoners arrested were discharged after a few days, some of the
+more formidable only being longer detained.
+
+By a decree of the President dated the 2d December, the French people were
+convoked in their respective districts for the 14th of the month to accept
+or reject the following _pl�biscite_: "The French people wills the
+maintenance of the authority of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, and delegates to
+him the powers necessary to frame a Constitution on the bases proposed in
+his proclamation of the 2d December." On that day the voting consequently
+commenced by universal suffrage; and the President has been re-elected for
+ten years by a majority greatly exceeding that of his contest with
+Cavaignac. In Paris, of 394,049 registered voters 197,091 have voted in
+the affirmative; 95,511, in the negative; and 96,819 abstained from
+voting. The majority for Louis Napoleon being 191,500. In the provinces he
+has had a majority of eight to one. The inauguration of the usurper took
+place in the church of Notre Dame on the 3d of January, and the new order
+of things has been recognized by all the courts of Europe.
+
+On the 25th of November a French squadron appeared before Salee, to claim
+satisfaction for an act of piracy committed by the inhabitants of that
+town. The Caid asked for six days to take the orders of the Emperor of
+Morocco; and the Caid of Rabat sent a similar evasive reply. The next day
+the French bombarded the place for seven hours, the fire being returned by
+both forts of Rabat and Salee. The Admiral, however, confined his
+chastisement to the latter, which he thoroughly performed, and fired the
+town in several places. The French fleet arrived at Tangier on the morning
+of the 29th, when the Consul-General for Morocco and several officers of
+the squadron landed, and had an interview with the Bashaw of the province,
+which ended in a satisfactory arrangement, to the great relief of the
+people of Tangier, who were in consternation at the prospect of sharing
+the fate of their neighbors.
+
+From Austria we learn the partial amelioration in private business of the
+financial difficulties. The Emperor published, on the 1st of January,
+decrees, that whereas the provisions of the constitution were cancelled by
+the imperial edict of August 20, 1851, the last principles of political
+right conceded by the constitution are now disavowed. There now exists no
+political right in the empire. The Austrian government continues to watch
+with the keenest anxiety the proceedings of the exiled Italians and
+Hungarians, and by very stringent arrangements in regard to the press, and
+the interdiction of most foreign journals, keeps the "dangerous classes"
+in ignorance of the sympathy with which they are regarded from abroad.
+
+The Queen of Spain, by a spontaneous act of her royal clemency, granted a
+pardon to all such prisoners, made in the last expedition against the Isle
+of Cuba, as are citizens of the United States, whether they be already in
+Spain, undergoing the punishments they have incurred, or whether they be
+still in Cuba. The queen on the 20th of December gave birth to a princess,
+who is heir to the throne.
+
+From China there are reports that the Emperor has been compelled to resign
+in favor of the revolutionary general, whose triumphant march through many
+revolted provinces has, from time to time, been noticed in the last half
+year. The statement, however, does not appear to be credited by some of
+the best informed London journals.
+
+The Queen of Madagascar is bent on exterminating Christianity in her
+dominions, and has long mercilessly persecuted those who prefer the "new
+religion." In the last outburst of this protracted persecution, four
+persons were burnt alive; fourteen precipitated from a high rock and
+crushed to death; a hundred and seventeen persons condemned to work in
+chains as long as they live; twenty persons cruelly flogged with rods,
+besides 1,748 other persons mulcted in heavy penalties, reduced into
+slavery, and compelled to buy themselves back, or deprived of their wives
+and families. Persons of rank have been degraded, and sent as forced
+laborers to carry stone for twelve months together to build houses; and,
+in an endless variety of other ways have the maddened passions of one
+wicked woman been permitted now for years past to plunge a great country
+in ruin.
+
+There has been a serious Mussulman riot at Bombay, occasioned by the
+Parsee editor of an illustrated newspaper, in each number of which is
+given a life and portrait of some remarkable historical character, having
+published--in the series (next to one of Benjamin Franklin)--a life and
+portrait of Mahomet. Both are said to have been unexceptionable according
+to European ideas, but the whole Mussulman population (145,000 in number)
+considered their faith insulted and outraged by the publication, holding
+it sacrilege and idolatry to imagine and print any likeness whatever of so
+sacred a personage.
+
+The Wahabees, who inhabit the interior and highland portion of Arabia,
+have pillaged the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, destroying the mosques,
+sacking the cities, and carrying off numbers of women and children into
+the desert. It is supposed to be in revenge for the punishment inflicted
+on them thirty years ago, when they had conquered the same cities.
+
+The Turkish government has introduced the culture of cotton in the
+vicinity of Damascus, with seed procured from the United States. It is
+successful.
+
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
+
+
+In London, among the scientific questions of a practical kind much
+discussed, is that of a patent process for contracting the fibres of
+calico, and of obtaining on calico thus prepared colors of much
+brilliancy. It is regarded by chemists as likely to lead to valuable
+results. In the British Association, it was described as the discovery
+that a solution of cold but caustic soda acts peculiarly on cotton fibre,
+immediately causing it to contract; and although the soda can be readily
+washed out, yet the fibre has undergone a change. Thus, taking a coarse
+cotton fabric, and acting upon it by the proper solution of caustic soda,
+this could be made much finer in appearance; and if the finest calico made
+in England--known as one hundred and eighty picks to the web--be thus acted
+on, it immediately appears as fine as two hundred and sixty picks.
+Stockings of open weaving assume a much finer texture by the condensation
+process; but the effect of the alteration is most strikingly shown by
+colors: the tint of pink cotton velvet becomes deepened to an intense
+degree; and printed calicoes, especially with colors hitherto applied with
+little satisfaction--such as lilac--come out with strength and brilliancy,
+besides producing fabrics finer than could be possibly woven by hand. The
+strength, too, is increased by this process; for a string of calico which
+breaks with a weight of thirteen ounces when not soaked, will bear twenty
+ounces when half condensed by the caustic soda.
+
+
+
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Paris _Academy of Sciences_, M. YVART read an
+important practical Memoir on the production of Wool, in the Merino race.
+He teaches that the only means of obtaining fine wool--taking into account
+the weight of the sheep's body,--is the employment of races of small size.
+When the skin is very delicate, it secretes less of wool than when it is
+otherwise;--the fineness of the wool is proportioned to that of the skin.
+Those countries in which the winter is long or cold, or where the sheep
+remains in the fold the greater part of the year, and does not lie on
+ploughed lands, are especially suited to the production of the finest and
+most elastic wools, those chiefly sought after for manufacture of cloth.
+
+
+
+
+
+Experiments on the application of electro-magnetism as a motive power,
+have been made with some striking results in Paris, as well as in this
+country. M. Dumont, in a paper on the subject submitted to the _Female
+Academy_, states, "that if in the production of great power the
+electro-magnetic force is inferior to that of steam, it becomes equal to
+it, and perhaps superior in the production of small power, which may be
+subdivided, varied, and introduced into employments or trades requiring
+but little capital, and where the absolute value of the mechanical power
+is less essential than the facility of producing instantaneously and at
+pleasure the power itself. In this point of view electro-magnetic power
+comes to complete, not to supersede, that of steam."
+
+
+
+
+
+In the papers of the celebrated Lalande, recently presented to the Paris
+_Academy of Sciences_, by M. Arago, there is a note to the effect that so
+far back as the 25th of October, 1800, he and Burckhardt were of opinion,
+from calculations, that there must be a planet beyond Uranus, and they
+occupied themselves for some time in trying to discover its precise
+position. This is a very curious fact for astronomers.
+
+
+
+
+
+RECENT DEATHS.
+
+
+JOEL R. POINSETT, LL.D., long distinguished in society and in affairs,
+died at his residence in Statesburg, South Carolina, on the 12th of
+December. The first American ancestor of Mr. Poinsett came to this country
+from Soubisi, near Rochelle, in France, soon after the revocation of the
+edict of Nantz. His father was a physician, and served in the Revolution
+under Count Pulaski. He himself was born at Charleston on the second of
+March, 1779, and, after having passed some time at the school of the Rev.
+Timothy Dwight (afterward President of Yale College), at Greenfield,
+Connecticut, he was sent, at the close of the Revolution, to England, to
+complete his studies, and for the advantages of foreign travel. Returning
+in 1800, when he was twenty-one years of age, he commenced the study of
+law in the office of Mr. Desaussure, afterwards Chancellor of South
+Carolina, Before his admission to the bar, he again embarked for Europe,
+extending his travels to Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, and the northern
+countries of the continent. At St. Petersburg he became acquainted with
+the Emperor Alexander, soon after his accession, and was received by him
+with marked partiality, and often questioned respecting the peculiar
+institutions of this country. On one occasion, after he had been
+expatiating at large on the advantages of America, the Czar exclaimed,
+"Were I not an emperor, I would be a republican." Declining the offer of a
+place in the service of the Emperor, he commenced a tour into the East,
+travelling through Persia and Armenia, and, returning to Europe, resided
+for some time in its principal capitals. On the breaking out of
+difficulties between the United States and Great Britain, in 1808, he
+returned to his own country, and applied to Mr. Madison for a commission
+in the army. Owing to some objections by the Secretary of War, he did not
+obtain the commission, but was sent by the President to South America, to
+ascertain the result of the revolutions which had recently occurred in
+that quarter. While in Chili, he heard of the declaration of war between
+England and America. Embarking in the frigate Essex, to return to this
+country, with a view to enter the army, he was made a prisoner on the
+surrender of that vessel to the British by Commodore Porter. The British
+Commander refused to allow his return home with the rest of the prisoners,
+regarding him as a dangerous enemy of England, and he therefore determined
+to cross the continent to the Atlantic. He passed the Andes in the month
+of April, when they were covered with snow, and, after great difficulties,
+reached Buenos Ayres. He succeeded, in a Portuguese vessel, in reaching
+Madeira, where, on his arrival, he learned that a treaty of peace had been
+concluded. Soon after he reached South Carolina, he was elected to the
+Legislature of that State, in which he devoted himself chiefly to the
+establishment of a system of internal improvements. In 1821 he was elected
+to Congress, from the Charleston District, and was twice re-elected to
+that body. In 1822, he was sent to Mexico, by President Monroe, to obtain
+information with regard to the government under Iturbide. He performed
+this mission with signal success. Foreseeing the speedy downfall of the
+imperial administration, he gave his advice against all connection with
+it, on the part of this country. He had scarcely returned home, when
+Iturbide abdicated the throne. Soon after the election of Mr. Adams, which
+he had strongly opposed, Mr. Poinsett was again appointed Minister to
+Mexico, whore he remained until the summer of 1829. His important services
+in this period are amply detailed in a memoir of his political life, in
+the first volume of the _Democratic Review_, and were warmly approved in
+the first annual message of President Jackson. On returning to the United
+States, he devoted himself to the pursuits of private life, in South
+Carolina. When the States Rights controversy broke out, he again engaged
+in political affairs, and became a prominent advocate of the principles of
+the Union party, as opposed to Nullification. In 1836, he was nominated by
+his friends as a candidate for the State Senate, and was elected with but
+little opposition. On the formation of Mr. Van Buren's cabinet, Mr.
+Poinsett accepted the office of Secretary of War. On the election of Gen.
+Harrison he retired to his home in South Carolina, where he devoted
+himself to those literary pursuits which formed the pleasure of his life;
+and thence he issued, only two years ago, those stirring appeals against
+secession, which were among the most powerful influences for the
+preservation of the endangered peace of the Union at that period. Mr.
+Poinsett received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in
+this city, and he was a member of many learned societies in this country,
+and in Europe. Besides his _Notes on Mexico_, written soon after his last
+return from that country, he published several addresses, was a large
+contributor to the _Southern Quarterly Review_ and other periodicals, and
+furnished some important papers to the Paris Geographical Society, and
+other learned associations abroad and at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+MOSES STUART, D.D., of the Theological Seminary at Andover, died at his
+residence in that town on the 4th of January, in the seventy-second year
+of his age. He was born in Wilton, Conn., March 16, 1780; was graduated at
+Yale College in 1799; and was a tutor in that institution from 1802 to
+1804. After having studied the profession of the law, he turned his
+attention to theology, and in 1806 was ordained pastor of the Central
+Congregational church in New Haven. He was called to the Professorship of
+Sacred Literature in Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, and continued
+for nearly forty years to discharge its important duties. Professor Stuart
+was a man of great natural abilities, honorable principles, and a strong
+will; for a long period he occupied the first place among cultivators of
+sacred learning in this country; and though younger men, with larger
+opportunities, have recently attained to greater eminence, no one in the
+same field has ever exercised a more important and advantageous influence.
+His first considerable work was a _Hebrew Grammar_, published in 1823. It
+scarcely deserves comparison with the more celebrated performance of
+Gesenius, of which Professor Stuart himself gave to the public a
+translation, more than twenty years after the publication of his own work;
+but for some time after its original appearance it was the best Hebrew
+Grammar in the English language. In 1825 he was associated with Professor
+Robinson in the production of a _Greek Grammar of the New Testament_; in
+1827 he published his _Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews_; in 1829
+his _Hebrew Chrestomathy_, and in 1830 his _Course of Hebrew Study_. His
+Commentary on the Hebrews, was received as an accession to the body of
+permanent theological literature. It was spoken of in England as "the most
+valuable philological aid" that had been published "for the critical study
+of that important, and in many respects difficult book;" and the late Dr.
+Pye Smith, one of the first biblical, theological, and classical scholars
+in Great Britain, stated, that he felt it to be his duty to describe it as
+"the most important present to the cause of sound biblical interpretation
+that had ever been made in the English language." In Germany also it
+secured for Professor Stuart the highest consideration; and it continues
+in all countries to be regarded as one of the noblest examples of
+philological theology and exegetical criticism. In 1832 Professor Stuart
+published another great work of a similar character: his _Commentary on
+the Epistle to the Romans_. It was distinguished for a profoundness of
+research, for an intensity and minuteness of philological labor, and a
+singleness of purpose to arrive at the meaning of the apostle, without
+regard to any preconceived or partisan opinions, which obtained for it a
+regard as an authority equal to that awarded to its predecessor. In 1845
+he published a _Commentary on the Apocalypse_; a profoundly learned and
+critical work, in which the interpretation of this difficult book varies
+much from that which has been most generally received. In the same year he
+also gave to the church a _Critical History and Defence of the Old
+Testament Canon_. His devotion to biblical criticism continued to the
+close of his life, and we believe, his last use of the pen was in the
+correction of the concluding sheets of a volume of Commentaries.
+
+In his later years Professor Stuart entered into political controversies,
+and was particularly distinguished for his defence of the policy of Mr.
+Webster, in a pamphlet entitled _Conscience and the Constitution_. He also
+ventured very injudiciously into the field of classical criticism, in an
+edition of _Cicero_, which was sharply reviewed by Professor Kingsley of
+Yale College; and he lost reputation in his more legitimate sphere by a
+controversy with Professor Conant, of Madison University, growing out of
+his translation of the _Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius_. It is not to be
+denied that in measuring his strength against that of these accomplished
+scholars, he was signally unfortunate.
+
+In his personal character he was simple, sincere, enthusiastic, brave, and
+religious. He was well entitled to the great respect in which he was held
+by the church. He had been ordained for high services, and he had
+accomplished them. Every duty of which he was capable was finished, and he
+could have added nothing to his good reputation if his years had been
+prolonged.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, born in Ireland in 1781, but nearly all his life a
+resident of this country, where he was for many years well known as a
+writer, died near Philadelphia on the 8th of January. Besides editing and
+rewriting a considerable portion of Baine's _History of the Wars growing
+out of the French Revolution_, he was the author of Histories of Great
+Britain, France, and several other countries, which for a long time were
+very generally used as text-books in schools, and he also wrote _The
+American Chesterfield_, _The Ladies' Lexicon_, and numerous smaller
+volumes, which were creditable to his abilities. His reading was
+extensive, and his knowledge of events during his lifetime, particularly
+in British affairs, was minute and accurate. His mind lost none of its
+vigor with the approach of age, and in his fine countenance, and imposing
+figure, there were no appearances of decay. His love of reading continued
+to the last, and within a year he frequently employed his pen on such
+subjects as he took an especial interest in.
+
+
+
+
+
+NICHOLAS GRAN DE DIEU SOULT, Marshal General of France, Duke of Dalmatia,
+&c., died on the 26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg, near the
+place where he was born. We have given in another part of this magazine an
+estimate of his character. The Paris _Pays_ furnishes us a brief abstract
+of his history. He was born at St. Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His
+father, who was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his own
+profession, allowed him to enter the army. The future Marshal of France
+entered the Royal Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon remarked
+by his aptitude for the functions of instructor. He was made
+non-commissioned officer in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the
+intermediate grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General of the
+Staff, when General Lefebvre attached him to his own service with the
+grade of Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through the campaigns
+of 1794 and 1795 with the army of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as
+well as to his republican principles, a rapid promotion. Successively
+raised to the rank of General of Brigade, and then to that of General of
+Division, he took part in all the campaigns of Germany until 1799, when he
+followed Massena into Switzerland, and thence to Genoa, where he was
+wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after the battle of Marengo,
+and raised to the command of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace
+of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels of the Guard of the
+Consuls. When the Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominated Marshal
+of France, and during the campaign which terminated in Austerlitz, held
+the command of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the conquest of
+Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal Soult solicited and obtained the
+command of the second corps of the army of Spain, with which he overran
+Galicia and the Austrians, and passed into Portugal, where he fought the
+memorable battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that city, when delivered up
+by treason to the English, he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous
+retreat, which did the greatest honor to his energy and presence of mind.
+Being named Commander-in-Chief of the army of Spain, he marched to the
+succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish army, and his movement was
+crowned with full success. He continued in this command until March, 1813,
+when he was appointed in Saxony to the command-in-chief of the Imperial
+Guard. The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to again confer on
+Marshal Soult the command of the French troops in Spain. The point then
+was to defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced to fall back on
+Toulouse, he there terminated by a brilliant engagement, due to most able
+strategic arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On the announcement of
+the event at Paris he signed a suspension of arms, and adhered to the
+re�stablishment of Louis XVIII., who presented him with the Cross of St.
+Louis, and called him to the command of the 13th military division, and
+then to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March 8th, learning the
+landing from Elba, he published the order of the day which is so well
+known, and in which Napoleon is treated more than severely. On March 11th
+he resigned his portfolio as Minister of War, and declared for the
+Emperor, who, passing over the famous proclamation, raised him to the
+dignity of Peer of France and Major General of the Army. After Waterloo,
+where he fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge at Malzieu
+(Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret, his former aid-de-camp. Being set
+down on the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf on the banks
+of the Rhine, until 1819, when a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to
+France. He then went to live with his family at St. Amand, his native
+place, and on his reiterated representations his marshal's baton, which
+had been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles X. treated Marshal
+Soult with favor, creating him knight of his orders, and afterward making
+him Peer of France. After the revolution of July, 1830, the declaration of
+the Chamber of Deputies of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but he
+was restored to it four days later by a special nomination of Louis
+Philippe, who soon after appointed him Minister of War. We shall not
+follow Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative career. He
+always showed himself devoted to the constitutive principles of the
+Government of July. He was twice named President of the Council of King
+Louis Philippe, who elevated him to the dignity of Marshal General, of
+which Turenne had been the last possessor. Since the revolution of
+February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate, in the midst of his
+family, and almost forgotten in our present political agitations.
+
+
+
+
+
+KARL FRIEDERICH RUNGENHAGEN, late Royal Director of Music at Berlin, was
+born in that city on September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant. In
+1801 he became member of the Singing Academy, and studied under Zetter. In
+1814 he wrote the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful. In
+1815 he became director of the Singing Academy, with Zetter; most of his
+religious music was composed after this time. In 1825 he was appointed to
+the post of Royal Music Director, and in 1833, after Zetter's death, he
+became sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence has been
+considerable upon the culture of music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber
+was his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils. He died at Berlin on
+the 22d of last December.
+
+
+
+
+
+The journals of Moscow announce the death of the Armenian Archbishop,
+MICHAEL SALLANTIAN, the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the
+present day. He was born at Constantinople in 1782, and educated at the
+Armenian monastery at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at Moscow,
+where he had been professor of theology and literature for sixteen years
+before his elevation to the Archbishopric.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. GRAEFE, one of the most eminent veterans of European philology, died
+suddenly at St Petersburg on November 30th. He was born at Chemnitz, in
+Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to Russia in 1810, to assume the
+professorship of Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Russian General, Kiel, has died in Paris. He was employed by the
+Emperor Nicholas in directing works of art in the Russian empire.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR MEINHOLD, author of the _Amber Witch_, died in Germany in December.
+
+
+
+
+
+J. W. M. TURNER, the greatest of English artists, and the hero of Mr.
+Ruskin's brilliant book entitled _The Modern Painters_, died in London on
+the 20th of December, at the age of 77. He had always a reluctance to have
+his portrait taken, but the engraving accompanying this article--from a
+sketch made without his knowledge--is said, by the _Illustrated London
+News_ to be remarkably like him. It is understood that by his will he has
+left a million dollars (�200,000) for the purpose of founding an
+institution for the relief of of decayed artists, and has given it also
+the chief part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is to be
+occupied by it. The _Times_ says, "although it would be out of place to
+revive the discussions occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner's
+style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient proofs of the
+variety and fertility of his genius to establish an undoubted claim to a
+prominent rank among the painters of England. His life had been extended
+to the verge of human existence; for although he was fond of throwing a
+mystery over his precise age, we believe that he was born in Maiden-lane,
+Covent-garden, in the year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or
+77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of a barber), he enjoyed the
+advantages of an accurate rather than a liberal education. His first
+studies, some of which are still in existence, were in architectural
+design; and few of those who have been astonished or enchanted by the
+profusion and caprice of form and color in his mature pictures, would have
+guessed the minute and scientific precision with which he had cultivated
+the arts of linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood was spent
+partly on the coast, where he imbibed his inexhaustible attachment for
+marine scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and varied aspect of the
+ocean. Somewhat later he repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for
+several years the drawing to the _University Almanac_. But his genius was
+rapidly breaking through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of public
+opinion; for before he had completed his 30th year he was on the high road
+to fame. As early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water-colored
+drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at the exhibition of the Academy, and
+in 1793 his first oil painting. In November, 1799, he was elected an
+associate, and in February, 1802, he attained the rank of a Royal
+Academician. We shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of his
+paintings from his earlier productions, such as the "Wreck," in Lord
+Yarborough's collection, the "Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the
+_pendant_ to Lord Ellesmere's "Vanderwelde," or Mr. Munro's "Venus and
+Adonis," in the Titianesque manner, to the more obscure, original, and, as
+some think, unapproachable productions of his later years, such as the
+"Rome," the "Venice," the "Golden Bough," the "T�m�raire," and the
+"Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded rapidly from his
+palette, his powers of design were no less actively engaged in the
+exquisite water-colored drawings that have formed the basis of the modern
+school of "illustration." The "Liber studiorum" had been commenced in
+1807, in imitation of Claude's "Liber veritatis," and was etched, if we
+are not mistaken, by Turner's own hand. The title-page was engraved and
+altered half-a-dozen times, from his singular and even nervous attention
+to the most trifling details. But this volume was only the precursor of an
+immense series of drawings and sketches, embracing the topography of this
+country in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern Coast"--the scenery of the
+Alps, of Italy, and great part of Europe--and the ideal creations of our
+greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers, all imbued with the
+brilliancy of a genius which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to
+the world at large when it adopted the popular form of engraving. These
+drawings are now widely diffused in England, and form the basis of several
+important collections, such as those of Petworth, of Mr. Windus, Mr.
+Fawkes, and Mr. Munro. So great is the value of them that 120 guineas have
+not unfrequently been paid for a small sketch in water-colors; and a
+sketch-book, containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner's river tours on
+the continent, has lately fetched the enormous sum of 600 guineas. The
+prices of his more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last few
+years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas. All his works may now be said to
+have acquired triple or quadruple the value originally paid for them. Mr.
+Turner undoubtedly realized a very large fortune, and great curiosity will
+be felt to ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it. His personal
+habits were peculiar, and even penurious, but in all that related to his
+art he was generous to munificence; and we are not without hope that his
+last intentions were for the benefit of the nation, and the preservation
+of his own fame. He was never married, he was not known to have any
+relations, and his wants were limited to the strictest simplicity. The
+only ornaments of his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures by his
+own hand, which he had constantly refused to part with at any price, among
+which the "Rise and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the Brook," rank
+among the choicest specimens of his finest manner.
+
+"Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society, and only displayed in the
+closest intimacy the shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness of
+his wit. Every where he kept back much of what was in him, and while the
+keenest intelligence, mingled with a strong tinge of satire, animated his
+brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse him to be but half understood. His
+nearest social ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of which he
+was by far the oldest member, and to whose interests he was most warmly
+attached. He filled at one time the chair of Professor of Perspective, but
+without conspicuous success, and that science has since been taught in the
+Academy by means better suited to promote it than a course of lectures. In
+the composition and execution of his works, Mr. Turner was jealously
+sensitive of all interference or supervision. He loved to deal in the
+secrets and mysteries of his art, and many of his peculiar effects are
+produced by means which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.
+
+"We hope that the Society of Arts or the British Gallery will take an
+early opportunity of commemorating the genius of this great artist, and of
+reminding the public of the prodigious range of his pencil, by forming a
+general exhibition of his principal works, if, indeed, they are not
+permanently gathered in a nobler repository. Such an exhibition will serve
+far better than any observations of ours to demonstrate that it is not by
+those deviations from established rules which arrest the most superficial
+criticism that Mr. Turner's fame or merit are to be estimated. For nearly
+sixty years Mr. Turner contributed largely to the arts of this country. He
+lived long enough to see his greatest productions rise to uncontested
+supremacy, however imperfectly they were understood when they first
+appeared in the earlier years of this century; and, though in his later
+works and in advanced age, force and precision of execution have not
+accompanied his vivacity of conception, public opinion has gradually and
+steadily advanced to a more just appreciation of his power. He is the
+Shelley of English painting--the poet and the painter both alike veiling
+their own creations in the dazzling splendor of the imagery with which
+they are surrounded, mastering every mode of expression, combining
+scientific labor with an air of negligent profusion, and producing in the
+end works in which color and language are but the vestments of poetry. Of
+such minds it may be said in the words of Alastor:
+
+    "Nature's most secret steps
+  He, like her shadow, has pursued, where'er
+  The red volcano overcanopies
+  Its fields of snow and pinnacles of ice
+  With burning smoke; or where the starry domes
+  Of diamond and of gold expand above
+  Numberless and immeasurable halls,
+  Frequent with crystal column and clear shrines
+  Of pearl, and thrones radiant with chrysolite.
+  Nor had that scene of ampler majesty
+  Than gems or gold--the varying roof of heaven
+  And the green earth--lost in his heart its claims
+  To love and wonder...."
+
+                 [Illustration: THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER]
+
+                         THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER
+
+
+BASIL MONTAGU, an eminent philosophical and legal writer, was the
+illegitimate son of the well-known statesman, John fourth Earl of
+Sandwich, many years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the unfortunate Miss
+Margaret Reay, who was assassinated, in 1779, by her affianced lover, the
+Rev. Mr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited immense interest at the
+time, and which gave rise to various romantic stories, is to be found in
+most series of judicial investigations, and especially in a collection of
+celebrated trials recently published. It appears that Margaret Reay was
+the daughter of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her
+apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having attracted the attention of Lord
+Sandwich, he treated her from that period until her assassination, with
+the greatest tenderness and affection. He introduced to her a young ensign
+of the 68th Regiment, then in command of a recruiting party at Huntingdon,
+in the neighborhood of the mansion of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the
+first moment was desperately in love with her, and his passion increased
+with the daily opportunities afforded by invitations he received to Lord
+Sandwich's table. With the object of continuing his attentions, and the
+hope of ultimately engaging her affections, he quitted the army, and,
+taking orders, obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk. That Miss Reay
+had given him some encouragement, is proved by the tenor of their
+correspondence; but prudential motives induced her afterwards to refuse
+the offer of his hand, and to intimate a necessity for discontinuing his
+visits. Stung by this unexpected termination of his long-cherished
+expectations, Hackman's mind became unsettled; on the 7th of April, 1779,
+he was occupied all the morning in reading Blair's _Sermons_; but in the
+evening, as he was walking towards the Admiralty, he saw Miss Reay pass in
+her coach, accompanied by Signora Galli. He followed, and discovered that
+she alighted at Covent-garden Theatre, where she went to witness _Love in
+a Village_. He returned to his lodgings, armed himself with a brace of
+pistols, went back to the theatre, and when the performance was over, as
+Miss Reay was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in each hand, one
+of which he discharged at her, and killed her on the spot, and the other
+at himself, but it did not take effect. He then beat his head with the
+butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but was, after a struggle, secured
+and carried before Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell, and
+he was shortly after tried at the Old Bailey, before the celebrated
+Justice Blackstone, found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th of the
+month.
+
+Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received his education at the Charter
+House. He was called to the English bar by the Society of Gray's Inn, the
+19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained considerable practice as a
+conveyancer. It was, however, by his legal authorship and reporting that
+he became particularly distinguished in the profession. His various works
+and reports on the subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy, were of
+high estimation and lasting utility. In 1801, he produced his _Summary of
+the Law of Set Off_, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined in
+the Courts of Law and Equity, in one volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four
+volumes, _A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws_, with a Collection of the
+Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three editions, and brought him
+into immediate notice and considerable practice; and, some time afterward,
+he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts' Certificates. His fame in this branch
+of forensic learning procured him the appointment of a Commissioner of
+Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote also on philosophical subjects. Among his
+productions of this tendency were _Thoughts of Divines and Philosophers;
+Selections from Taylor, Hooker, Bishop Hall, and Bacon_. He edited an
+edition of Lord Bacon's works, in seventeen volumes. Another bent which
+his mind took, placed him by the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the
+cause of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorrence of depriving any
+living thing of life, and with regard to his own diet he totally abstained
+from animal food. This led him to bestow his active attention towards
+putting a stop to capital punishment. In 1809 he published _Opinions of
+Different Authors on the Punishment of Death_. The work was so well
+received, that he added a a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when
+the important question occupied Parliament, he edited _The Debates on a
+Bill for Abolishing the Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling
+House_. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally published in 1801, called
+_Hanging not Punishment enough for Murderers_. Mr. Basil Montagu, who had
+some years ago been made a Queen's counsel, died at Boulogne on the 27th
+of November, in the eighty-second year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+
+REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY GAGE MORRIS, entered the navy at the early age of
+twelve, and served as midshipman throughout the French and American wars.
+He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, April 2, 1793. He was engaged
+at the capture of the French frigate _Sybille_, in 1783, and at the attack
+on Martinique, in 1793. He was promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and
+was made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley, 24th ult. aged
+eighty-two. Admiral Morris was younger brother of the late Captain Amherst
+Morris, being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a member of the
+Governor's Council at New-York, by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse,
+of this city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity, deriving
+its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a famed chieftain of Wales in the
+eleventh century.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. SAPIO the once celebrated tenor singer, was born in London, in 1792.
+In his early life he was page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He
+made his first appearance on the metropolitan stage at Drury Lane, the 1st
+December, 1824, as the _Seraskier_, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and he
+soon attained and long preserved a high vocal reputation. He died in
+obscurity, in London, about the end of November.
+
+
+
+
+
+One of the most distinguished chiefs of the war of Greek independence,
+General JATRAKO, is just dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of
+Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for many generations back
+been famous for their hereditary medical talents, and the tradition exists
+among them that a branch of their family formerly passed from Sparta to
+Italy, translated their name into Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated
+family of that name.
+
+
+
+
+
+PRIESSNITZ, the celebrated founder of hydropathy, died at Graefenberg on
+the 26th of November, at the age of fifty-two. In the morning of that day
+Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early hour, but complained of the
+cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for
+some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy of the chest, and at
+their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming
+all the while, "It's of no use!" He would see no physician, but remained
+to the last true to his profession. About four o'clock in the afternoon of
+the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he
+expired! In early life he received serious injury in the chest from an
+accident, and he used to say himself that his constitution was bad; that
+nothing but his own mode of life and his own "cure" would have sustained
+him. It is not known what attempts will be made to carry on the
+establishment at Graefenberg, which was in full activity at the moment of
+his death. The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest daughter and
+her husband (a Hungarian of property) will carry it on, with the aid of
+some physician who has studied Priessnitz's method. This may succeed to a
+certain extent, for the place and neighborhood are admirably adapted for
+taking the water-cure, and the _prestige_ of Priessnitz's name, as well as
+the tradition of his practice, will long survive him: but the attraction
+which brought patients, not only from the neighboring cities, but from the
+remotest parts of the world, is gone. It is not exactly known what amount
+of property Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly �100,000.
+When it is considered how small, compared to that given to other
+physicians, was the remuneration he received from his patients, and that
+thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant, this fortune gives some
+measure of his immense success.
+
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE DUNBAR, the distinguished Professor of Greek Literature in the
+University of Edinburgh, died on the 6th of December, at his residence in
+that city. The natural decay attending even an otherwise green old age has
+been for some years aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which at the
+commencement of the present season compelled him to relinquish his
+academic duties. He was born at the village of Caldingham, in
+Berwickshire, in 1774. In early life he labored as a gardener, but an
+accidental lameness, which lasted throughout his subsequent life,
+incapacitated him from active bodily employment. His attention was then
+devoted to literature. He soon became a scholar, and in truth a ripe and
+good one. Going to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of his
+acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord Provost Fettes. Having
+been shortly after selected as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was
+appointed, on that professor's death, to the Greek chair in the Edinburgh
+University, in 1805. The duties of this responsible position he discharged
+most zealously and ably. The published works of Professor Dunbar are well
+known. The _Collectanea Minora_, the _Collectanea Majora_, and the _Greek
+Grammar_, have all had great reputation. His chief production--massive in
+every sense--the main object of his life of learned toil, was his Greek
+Lexicon, which was given to the world with his name in 1840.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. HENRY LUTTRELL, one of the ornaments of a society of what may be
+termed conversational wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion, _hand impari passu_,
+of Jeckyll, Mackintosh, Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of
+that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry, Rogers, Moore, and
+but a few others, are still left. A correspondent of the _Times_ says: "He
+charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance of his wit, the
+appropriateness and felicity of illustration, the shrewdness of his
+remarks, and the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Liveliness of
+fancy was tempered in him with good breeding and great kindness of
+disposition; and one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse and
+delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent sallies, without wounding
+the feelings of any one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature."
+
+
+
+
+
+English journals notice with expressions of regret the death in
+Philadelphia of R. C. TAYLOR, on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr.
+Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously well known as a Fellow
+both of the Antiquarian and of the Geological Societies. He had published
+a work of great care and research while resident in his native county,
+Norfolk, _Index Monasticus for East Anglia_; and had made some useful
+explorations into the fossil remains on the coast of Norfolk. In America
+he wrote for various philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his
+work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he was much known to the
+public of this country.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Royal University of Berlin has lost by death since Christmas, MM.
+Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi, Erman, and Dr. CHARLES THEODORE FRANZ, who died
+at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely age of forty-five. For eleven
+years Dr. Franz occupied the chair of Classical Philology in the
+University of Berlin. He is the author of a variety of works: in the first
+rank of which stand his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his
+several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions before unpublished.
+The London Morning Chronicle remarks that the continent never before lost
+so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM JACOB, F.R.S., a profound writer on science and agriculture, was
+born in 1762. His work, _An Inquiry into the Precious Metals_, has been
+held in high estimation. His other principal productions were
+_Considerations on the Price of Corn_; _Tracts on Corn-Laws_; and a _View
+of Agriculture in Germany_. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly Comptroller of
+Corn Returns in the Board of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his
+residence in London, aged eighty-eight.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. PAUL BARRAS, died in Paris from wounds received in the contests
+between the people and the military, on the second day of the usurpation
+of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in New-York about twenty years, and
+was engaged here as a teacher of his native language, and as a
+correspondent of one of the Parisian journals. He was an amiable man, of
+considerable talents, and enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism.
+He wrote several articles on American subjects in the _Revue de Paris_.
+
+
+
+
+
+LADIES' FASHIONS FOR FEBRUARY.
+
+
+                              [Illustration]
+
+In matters of fashion there have been very few changes since our last
+publication. We are in the midst of the gay season, but its modes, until
+disturbed by the approach of spring, were fixed before the holidays, and
+for the most part have already been reported. The Paris journals, we may
+remark, however, dwell much on the unusual ascendency of black, in furs,
+velvets, cloths, and other heavy stuffs, for walking and carriage dresses,
+and on the greater demand than in recent winters for every species of
+embroidery.
+
+In the first of the above figures, representing a promenade costume, we
+have a high dress of rich silk; the skirt has plaided tucks woven in the
+material; it is long, and very full. Manteau of velvet, very richly
+embroidered; a broad black lace is set on round the shoulders in the style
+of a cape, and the cloak is embroidered above it. Capote of white silk, of
+a very elegant form, with deep bavolet or curtain; a droop of small
+feathers on the left side.
+
+The second figure, or visiting costume, of heavy silk, with four flounces,
+and corresponding waistcoat. The waistcoat now takes the first place in a
+lady's toilette, and may be considered a triumph of luxury and elegance,
+reviving every description of embroidery, and forcing the jewellers to be
+constantly bringing out some novelty in buttons, &c. It is made very
+simple or very richly ornamented: for instance, those of the most simple
+description are made either of black velvet, embroidered with braid, and
+fastened with black jet buttons, or of cachemire; and a pretty style, of
+straw color, embroidered in the same colored silk, and closed with fancy
+silk bell buttons, whilst a few may be seen in white, quilted and
+embroidered with oak leaves and rose-buds. The rich style of waistcoat
+being covered with embroideries, and being closed up the front with
+buttons of brilliants. As a general rule, the waistcoat is made high up
+the throat, round which is a fall of lace, or opens _en coeur_, having a
+_fichu � plastron_ of embroidery, worn under. The waistcoat has also two
+pockets.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The large outer porch of Cowley's house had chambers above it and
+      beneath the window in front a tablet was affixed, upon which was
+      inscribed the epitaph "upon the living author" which Cowley had
+      written for himself, whilst living in retirement here, commencing
+
+        "Hic, O Viator, sub lare parvulo,
+        Couleius hic est conditus hic jacet."
+
+      It is represented in its original condition in the two views we have
+      engraved.
+
+    2 Some additional rooms have been added to the house by the same
+      occupant, who has, however, religiously preserved all the old rooms,
+      which still exhibit the "fittings" that existed in Cowley's time.
+      The bed-chambers are wainscotted with oaken panels. The staircase is
+      a very solid structure, with ornamental balusters, leading toward
+      the small study in which the poet wrote,--a little back room, about
+      five feet wide, looking upon the garden. It may be distinguished in
+      our back view of the house, by a figure placed at the window. Cowley
+      ended his life in this house at the early age of forty-nine.
+
+    3 Brayley, in his History of Surrey, states that Cowley accompanied by
+      his friend Dean Spratt, having been to see a "friend," did not set
+      out for his walk home until it was too late, and had drunk so deep,
+      that they both lay out in the fields all night; this gave Cowley the
+      fever that carried him off. Brayley's authority for this slander
+      (which is not borne out by the poet's previous course of life), is
+      "Spence's Anecdotes."
+
+    4 Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Associate Justice of the Supreme
+      Court of the United States, and Dane professor of law at Harvard
+      University. Edited by his son, William W. Story. Two vols. Boston:
+      Little & Brown, 1851.
+
+    5 As an example of the gravity and formality with which proceedings in
+      matters of this nature were conducted, even as late as the end of
+      the sixteenth century, take the subjoined palinode or recantation of
+      a Flemish ecclesiastic, who had been guilty of the offence of
+      doubting the evection, or bodily transport through the air, of
+      witches and wizards. The original may be found in Delrio, at the end
+      of the Appendix, in his 5th book:--
+
+      "I Cornelius Loseus Gallidius, born in the town of Gouda, in
+      Holland, now, by the command of the renowned and illustrious Lord
+      Nuncio Apostolic, the Lord Octavius Bishop of Tricaruis, arrested
+      and detained in the Imperial Monastery of St. Maximin, near Treves,
+      on account of certain tracts 'On True and False Witchcraft,' rashly
+      and presumptuously by me written, published, and sent to be printed
+      at Cologne, without the perusal or permission of the superiors of
+      this place: whereas I am informed for certain that in the aforesaid
+      books, and also in certain of letters on the same subject, sent
+      clandestinely to the clergy and senate of Treves, and others, for
+      the purpose of impeding the course of justice against witches and
+      magicians, there are contained many articles which are not only
+      erroneous and scandalous, but also suspected of heresy, and savoring
+      of sedition: I therefore hereby revoke, condemn, reject, and
+      repudiate, as if they had never been said or asserted by me, the
+      said articles, as seditious and temerarious, contrary to the common
+      judgment of learned theologians, to the decision and bulls of the
+      supreme Pontiffs, and to the practice, and statutes, and laws of the
+      magistrates and judges, as well as of this Archdiocese of Treves, as
+      of the other provinces and principalities, in the order in which the
+      same are hereunto annexed.
+
+      "1. _Imprimis._ I revoke, condemn, reject, and hold as disproved,
+      what both in words and writing I have often and to many persons
+      pertinaciously asserted; and what I would have had taken as the head
+      and chief ornament of my disputations, to wit, that what is written
+      touching the corporeal evection or translation from place to place
+      of witches and magicians, is to be held as a vain superstition and
+      figment, as well because that opinion savors of heretical pravity,
+      as because it partakes of sedition, and so also savors of the crimes
+      of _lese majest�_. 2. In the second place, I revoke what I have
+      pertinaciously, but without solid reasons, alleged against the
+      magistracy, in letters secretly sent to several, that is to say,
+      that the course of procedure against witches is erroneous and
+      fantastical: asserting, moreover, that those witches were compelled
+      by the severity of torture to confess acts that they had never done;
+      that innocent blood was shed by a cruel judicature; and that by a
+      new alchemy gold and silver were extracted from human blood. 3.
+      Thereby, and by the like assertions, partly diffused by private oral
+      communications among the vulgar, partly by various letters addressed
+      to both branches of the magistracy, imputing to superiors and judges
+      the exercise of tyranny towards the subjects. 4 And consequently,
+      inasmuch as the most reverend and illustrious Archbishop and Prince
+      Elector of Treves not only permits witches and magicians to be
+      subjected to deserved punishment in his diocese, but has also
+      ordained laws regulating the mode and cost of the procedure against
+      witches, thereby with inconsiderate temerity tacitly insinuating the
+      charge of tyranny against the said Elector of Treves. 5. _Item._ I
+      revoke and condemn these following conclusions, to wit, that there
+      are no such beings as sorcerers, who renounce God and worship the
+      Devil, who bring on tempests, and do the work of Satan and such
+      like, but that all these things are dreams. 6. Moreover that magic
+      is not to be called sorcery, nor its practisers to be deemed
+      sorcerers, and that that that place of Exod. xxii, ('Ye shall not
+      suffer sorcerers to live') is to be understood of those who slay
+      with material poison, naturally administered. 7. That no contract
+      exists or can exist between man and the demon. 8. That demons do not
+      assume bodies. 9. That the life of Hilary, written by St. Jerome, is
+      not authentic. 10. That the demon cannot carnally know mankind. 11.
+      That neither demons nor witches can excite tempests, rain, hail,
+      &c., and that what is alleged in that behalf is mere dreams. 12.
+      That spirits and forms can be seen by mankind separate from matter.
+      13. That it is rash to assert that whatever demons can do magicians
+      can also by the help of demons. 14. That the assertion that the
+      superior demon can expel the inferior is erroneous and derogatory to
+      Christ.--Luke xi. 15. That the Popes in the bulls do not allege that
+      magicians and sorcerers perpetrate such acts as above mentioned.
+
+      "All these and the like, my assertions, with my many calumnies,
+      falsehoods, and sycophancies, petulantly, indecorously, and
+      mendaciously expressed against the magistracy, as well secular as
+      ecclesiastical, wherewith my writings on witchcraft abound, I hereby
+      expressly and deliberately condemn, recant, and reject, earnestly
+      beseeching pardon of God and my superiors, and faithfully promising
+      that henceforth I will not, either by word of mouth or by writing,
+      by myself or others, in any place where I shall happen to be, teach,
+      promulgate, or assert the same or any of them. If I shall do to the
+      contrary, I subject myself thenceforth and henceforth to the pains
+      of the law against relapsed heretics, recusants, seditious
+      misdemeanants, and convicts of _lese majest�_, to the pains of
+      libellous sycophants publicly convicted, and also to those enacted
+      against perjurers. I submit myself also to arbitrary correction at
+      the pleasure of the Archbishop of Treves, and of the other
+      magistrates under whom I shall happen to live, and who may be
+      certified of my relapse or violated undertaking, that they may
+      punish me according to my deserts, in name, fame, goods, and body.
+      In testimony of all which I have, with my proper hand, subscribed
+      this my recantation of the aforesaid articles, in presence of the
+      notary and witnesses."
+
+      "(Signed,)   Cornelius Loseus Gallidius."
+
+      "Attestation.--These presents were done in the Imperial Monastery of
+      Saint Maximin Without, near Treves, in the abbatial chamber, there
+      being then present the Venerable and Excellent Lord Peter Binsfeldt,
+      Bishop of Azof, Vicar-General of the Most Reverend Lord Archbishop
+      of Treves, our Most Gracious Lord in matters spiritual; Reiner,
+      Abbot of the said monastery; Bartholomew Bodegem, Reader of either
+      Law in the Ecclesiastical Court of Treves; George Helffenster,
+      Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of the Collegiate Church of St.
+      Simon, in the city of Treves; and John Golmann, Doctor of Laws,
+      Canon of the said Church, and Seal-Bearer of the Court of Treves,
+      &c.; in the year of our Lord 1592, Treves style, on Monday, the 15th
+      day of the month of March, in presence of me, the Notary
+      underwritten, and of Nicholas Dolent, and Daniel Major, the
+      Amanuensis and Secretary respectively of the Reverend Lord Abbot,
+      trustworthy witnesses specially called and required hereto.
+
+      "Subscribed, Adam Tecton, Notary.
+
+      "Compared with the original and found to agree, by me, the
+      under-written Secretary of the town of Antwerp.
+
+                                                              S. Kieffel."
+
+    6 Lockhart's Spanish Ballads.
+
+    7 Continued from page 109.
+
+    8 We are indebted to Dr. Francis for a revised copy, with additions,
+      of his very interesting address here printed, which was delivered at
+      the Printers' Banquet in New-York on the 16th of January.
+
+
+
+
+
+***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
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+
+
+<div class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II by Various</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost
+          and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it,
+          give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project
+          Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this
+          eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2006 [Ebook #20102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page145">[pg 145]</span><a name="Pg145" id="Pg145" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Of Literature, Art, and Science.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Vol. V.<br />
+NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 1, 1852.<br />
+No. II.</p>
+
+<a name="fig1" id="fig1"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image01.png" width="640" height="964" alt="Illustration: THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA." title="THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1>
+<ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc2">MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</a></li><li><a href="#toc4">THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.</a></li><li><a href="#toc7">CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc21">TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA,
+TEXAS AND THE COLONIES.</a></li><li><a href="#toc23">A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.</a></li><li><a href="#toc25">A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.</a></li><li><a href="#toc27">LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</a></li><li><a href="#toc29">FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.</a></li><li><a href="#toc31">SOME SMALL POEMS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc33">MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc35">COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.</a></li><li><a href="#toc37">FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.</a></li><li><a href="#toc39">SMILES AND TEARS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc41">FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.</a></li><li><a href="#toc43">THE SONG QUEEN.</a></li><li><a href="#toc45">LOVE SONG.</a></li><li><a href="#toc47">AUTUMN LINES.</a></li><li><a href="#toc49">THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc51">III.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc53">IV.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc55">V.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc57">VI.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc59">VII.</a></li><li><a href="#toc61">VISION OF CHARLES XI.</a></li><li><a href="#toc63">DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.</a></li><li><a href="#toc65">A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc67">THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.</a></li><li><a href="#toc69">THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.</a></li><li><a href="#toc71">THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.</a></li><li><a href="#toc73">THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.</a></li><li><a href="#toc75">AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.</a></li><li><a href="#toc77">MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.</a></li><li><a href="#toc79">MY NOVEL:</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc81">BOOK IX. - INITIAL CHAPTER.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc83">CHAPTER II.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc85">CHAPTER III.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc87">CHAPTER IV.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc89">CHAPTER V.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc91">CHAPTER VI.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc93">CHAPTER VII.</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc95">CHAPTER VIII.</a></li><li><a href="#toc97">REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.</a></li><li><a href="#toc99">Noctes Amicæ.</a></li><li><a href="#toc101">Authors and Books</a></li><li><a href="#toc103">THE FINE ARTS</a></li><li><a href="#toc105">Historical Review of the Month</a></li><li><a href="#toc107">Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.</a></li><li><a href="#toc109">Recent Deaths.</a></li><li><a href="#toc112">Ladies' Fashions for February.</a></li></ul>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page146">[pg 146]</span><a name="Pg146" id="Pg146" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc2" id="toc2"></a>
+<a name="pdf3" id="pdf3"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the preceding page is a portrait, and under
+the head of Recent Deaths, in another
+part of this magazine, is a sketch of the history
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nicholas Jean-de-Dieu Soult</span></span>, the
+last of the great Marshals created by the Emperor
+Napoleon. He was unquestionably possessed
+of extraordinary abilities, fitting him
+for eminence in many and diverse capacities,
+but it cannot be said that he was of the first
+rank of illustrious generals, as the world has
+been led to suppose, chiefly by the masterly
+but partial delineations of his career in the
+Peninsula by General Napier. He had a genius
+for war which qualified him for every position
+in connection with it but that of leader
+in the field. The subtle and irreversible
+decisions of Napoleon followed his astonishingly
+quick apprehensions of facts, as suddenly
+as the thunderbolt follows lightning; but
+Soult, profoundly familiar with all the arts of
+war, and surpassing any of the great commanders
+with whom he was associated except
+only his chief, in the wisdom of his judgments,
+was yet so slow in his intellectual operations,
+so destitute of the enthusiasm, passion, and
+fire, which in high circumstance give an almost
+miraculous activity to the minds of the
+first order of men, that he could never have
+entitled himself to all the precedences he has
+received in history. Napoleon understood
+him, and in a few pregnant words addressed
+to O'Meara, gave that measure of his character
+which will be adopted as the final opinion
+of the world. "He is," said Napoleon,
+"an excellent minister at war, or major-general
+of an army, one who knows much
+better how to manage an army than to command
+in chief."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The course of Soult as a citizen, a legislator,
+and a minister, was not one upon which
+his best biographers will linger with much
+satisfaction. The glory he had achieved as
+one of the lieutenants of Napoleon, in that
+turbulent and grand career which has no
+parallel for interest or importance in human
+history, was his only claim to distinction in
+politics. His master had an ambition as fair
+in its proportions as it was vast in its extent,
+and brought to every purpose the same forces
+of character and preternatural energy of intelligence;
+but Soult had no love for civil
+duties, but little capacity for them, and he
+accepted place as a gratification of vanity or
+a means of success in mercenary aims. We
+see in all his private and political life "the
+soilure of his revolutionary origin,"—proofs
+that he loved money and power far more than
+he loved honor, and himself far more than his
+country or mankind.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The last of the imperial marshals, the last
+of that gigantic race who filled the world with
+a red glory like the gloom which will precede
+the judgment, closed his stormy life peacefully
+in the place where he was born, and
+thence was borne to the Invalides, to "sleep
+well" with his old companions.<span class="tei tei-sic">"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc4" id="toc4"></a>
+<a name="pdf5" id="pdf5"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have in the last <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Art Journal</span></span> another of
+the pleasant gossipping <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pilgrimages to
+English Shrines</span></span>, by Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">S. C. Hall</span></span>, and the
+following abridgement of it will please all who
+have perused the previous papers of the series.
+In Chertsey and its neighborhood are memorials
+of some of the noblest men of England.</p>
+
+<a name="fig6" id="fig6"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image02.png" width="347" height="418" alt="Illustration: ABRAHAM COWLEY." title="ABRAHAM COWLEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">ABRAHAM COWLEY.</div></div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a>
+<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The county of Surrey is rich to overflowing
+in memories, both of persons and events, and
+the little quaint and quiet town of Chertsey
+could tell of the gorgeous and gloomy past as
+much as many of its ancient neighbors within a
+day's drive of the city. Had its old abbey stones
+but tongues, how they could discourse of years
+when a visit to Chertsey was an undertaking;
+though now the distance is but half an hour.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nowhere within twenty miles of London
+does the Thames appear more queenly, or
+sweep with greater grace through its fertile
+dominions, than it does at Chertsey. It is,
+indeed, delightful to stand on the bridge in
+the glowing sunset of a summer evening, and
+turning from the refreshing green of the
+Shepperton Range, look into the deep clear
+blue of the flowing river, while the murmur
+of the waters rushing through Laleham Lock
+give a sort of spirit music to the scene. On
+the right, as you leave Chertsey, the river
+bends gracefully towards the double bridge of
+Walton, and to the left, it undulates smoothly
+along, having passed Runnymede and Staines,
+while the almost conical hill of St. Anne's attracts
+attention by its abrupt and singular form
+when viewed from the vale of the Thames.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About a mile, on the Walton side, from our
+favorite bridge (Old Camden tells us so), is the
+spot where Cæsar crossed the Thames. Were
+the peasantry as imaginative as their brethren
+of Killarney, what legends would have grown
+out of this tradition; how often would the
+"noblest Roman of them all" have been seen
+by the pale moonlight leading his steed over
+the waters of the rapid river—how many
+would have heard Cassivelaunus himself during<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page147">[pg 147]</span><a name="Pg147" id="Pg147" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the stillness of some particular Midsummer
+night working at the rude defence which can
+still be traced beneath the blue waters of the
+Thames. What hosts of pale and ghastly
+spectres would have risen from those tranquil
+banks, and from the deepest hollows of
+the rushing current, and—like the Huns, who
+almost live on the inspired canvas of Kaulbach,—fought
+their last earthly battle, again
+and again, in the spirit world, amid the stars!
+But ours is no region of romance; even remnants
+of history, which go beyond the commonest
+capacity, are rejected as dreams, or
+put aside as legends. But history has enough
+to tell to interest us all; and we may be satisfied
+with the abundant enjoyment we have
+in delicious rambles through the lanes and
+up the hills, along the fair river's banks, and
+among the many traditional ruins of ancient
+and beautiful Surrey.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Never was desolation more complete than
+in the ruin of the Mitred Abbey of Chertsey;
+hardly one stone remains above another to
+tell where this stately edifice—since the far-away
+year 664—grew and flourished, lording
+it with imperial sway over, not only the surrounding
+villages, but extending its paternal
+wings into Middlesex and even as far as London.
+The abbey was of the Benedictine order, and
+founded, almost as soon as the Saxons were
+converted from Paganism; but it was finished
+and chiefly endowed by Frithwald, Earl of
+Surrey. The endowment prospered rarely;
+the establishment increased in the reputation
+of wealth and sanctity; that it was "thickly
+populated" is certain, for when the abbey was
+sacked and burnt by the Danes, in the ninth
+century, the abbot, and ninety monks, were
+barbarously murdered by the invaders.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Standing upon the site of their now obliterated
+cloisters and towers, their aisles and
+dormitories, cells and confessionals, seeing
+nothing but the dank, damp grass, and the
+tracings of the fish-ponds—stagnant pools in
+our day—it is almost impossible to realize the
+onslaught of these wild barbarians panting
+for plunder, the earnest defence of men who
+fought (the monks of old could wield either
+sword or crosier) for life or death, the terrible
+destruction, the treasures and relics, and
+painted glass, and monuments, the plunder of
+the secret almerys, the intoxicated triumph
+of those rude northern hordes let loose in our
+fair and lovely island; what scenes of savagery,
+where now the jackdaw builds, and
+the blackbird whistles, and the wild water-rat
+plays with her brood amongst the tangled
+weeds!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fierce sea-kings being driven back to
+their frozen land, King Edgar, willing to
+serve God after the fashion of his times, refounded
+the Abbey of Chertsey, dedicating it
+to St. Peter, and vying with Pope Alexander
+in augmenting its privileges and its wealth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the abbots took great interest in
+home improvements, planting woods, conducting
+streams, enlarging ponds—building,
+now a mill, now a dove-cot, according to the
+wants of the abbey or their own fancies.
+Henry I. granted them permission to keep
+dogs, that, according to the old chronicle,
+they might take "hare, fox, and cats." King
+John, in the first year of his reign, gave them
+ample confirmation of all their privileges,
+which, it would seem, they had somewhat
+abused, for we find that the sovereign seized
+their manors of Egham and "Torp" (Thorp)
+on account of a servant of the abbot's having
+killed "Hagh de Torp." Oh, rare "old
+times!" The abbot was mulcted in a heavy
+fine. Then, while Bartholomew de Winchester
+was abbot, from 1272 until 1307, during
+the reign of our first Edward, complaints were
+made to Pope Gregory X. that the possessions
+of the abbey were alienated to civilians
+and laymen, whereupon the pope issued a
+bull ordering such grants to be revoked.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is worthy of note, that the Chertsey monastery
+sheltered, for a time, the remains of
+the pious, but unfortunate, Henry VI.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Poor key-cold figure of a Holy King,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And the reader of Shakespeare will recall the
+scene in which Richard meets the Lady Anne
+on her way to Chertsey with her husband's
+body. This poor king's remains had a claim to
+be well received by the monks of Chertsey Abbey,
+for he had granted to the abbot the privilege
+of holding a fair on St. Anne's-hill,
+then called Mount Eldebury, on the feast of
+St. Anne's (the 26th of July): the fair has
+changed its time and quarters as well as its
+patron, and is held in the town on the 6th of
+August, and called Black Cherry Fair. Manning,
+in his history of Surrey, says, that the
+tolls of this fair were taken by the abbot, and
+are now taken by the owner of the site of the
+Abbey House; thus the memory of King Henry
+VI. is commemorated in the town of Chertsey
+to this day, by the sale of black cherries
+in the harvest month of August!</p>
+
+<a name="fig9" id="fig9"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image03.png" width="549" height="689" alt="Illustration: &quot;THE NUN'S WELL.&quot;" title="&quot;THE NUN'S WELL.&quot;" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">"THE NUN'S WELL."</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Centuries passed over those magnificent
+abbeys, whose ruins in many places add so
+much beauty to our fertile landscapes; they
+grew and grew, and added acre to acre, and
+stone to stone, and knowledge to knowledge;
+but most they cherished the knowledge which
+blazed like a lamp under a bushel, and kept
+all but themselves in darkness; they preached
+no freedom in Christ to the Christian
+world, they abolished no serfdom, they taught
+no liberty, they enslaved even those who in
+their turn enslaved their "born thralls," and
+saw no evil in it. Oh, rare old times! Better
+it is for us that the site of Chertsey Abbey
+should be scarcely traceable now-a-days
+than that it should be as it was, with its proud
+pageants and pent-up learning!—Yet we have
+neither sympathy no respect for that foul
+king, who, to serve his own carnal purposes,
+overthrew the very faith which had hallowed
+his throne. But he did not attack and storm
+the Abbey of Chertsey, as he did other religious
+houses. He came to them, this Eighth<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page148">[pg 148]</span><a name="Pg148" id="Pg148" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Harry, with a fair show of kindness, saying
+that "to the honor of God, and for the health
+of his soul, he proposed and most nobly intended
+to refound the late Monastery, Priory,
+or Abbey of Bisham in Berks, and to incorporate
+and establish the Abbot and Convent
+of Chertsey, as Abbot and Convent of Bisham,
+and to endow them with all the Manors
+late belonging to Bisham." How the then
+Abbot John Cordrey, and his brethren, must
+have shivered at the conditions; how they
+must have grieved at quitting their cherished
+home, their stews and fish-ponds, their
+rich meadows of Thorpe, overlooked by the
+woods of Eldebury hill, their nursing ground
+where their calves and young lambs were
+stowed in luxurious safety in the pleasant farm
+of Simple Marsh at Addlestone!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But their star was setting, and they were
+forced to "give, sell, grant and confirm, to the
+king their house and all manors belonging to
+them."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The total destruction of the Abbey must
+have amazed the whole country. An earthquake
+could hardly have obliterated it more
+entirely. Aubrey, writing in the year 1673,
+says "of this great Abbey, scarce any thing
+of the old building remains, except the out
+walls about it. Out of this ruin, is built a
+'fair house,' which is now in possession of
+Sir Nicholas Carew, master of the Buckhounds."
+Dr. Stukeley alludes to this house,
+in a letter written in 1752; he speaks of the
+inveterate destruction, and of "the gardener"
+carrying him through a "court" where he
+saw the remains of the church of the Abbey.
+He says the "east end reached up to an artificial
+mount along the garden wall; that
+mount and all the terraces of the pleasure
+garden, to the back front of the house, are
+entirely made up of the sacred <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">rudera</span></span> or rubbish
+of continual devastations. Bones of abbots,
+monks, and great personages, who were
+buried in large numbers in the church and
+cloisters which lay on the south side of the
+church, were spread thick all over the garden,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">so that one may pick up whole handsfull
+of them every where amongst the garden stuff</span></span>."
+Brayley mentions in his pleasant History of
+Surrey, that this artificial mount was levelled
+in 1810, and its materials employed to fill
+up a pond. Many human skulls and bones
+were found intermixed with the chalk and
+mortar of which it had been formed. Fragments
+of old tiles were also frequently found,
+and are still sometimes turned up. No trace
+even of the "Abbey house" is left; it was
+purchased in 1809 by a stock-broker, who in
+the following year sold the materials—and so
+ends the great monastic history of Chertsey.
+Where are now its spiritualities in Surrey?—its
+temporalities in Berkshire and Hampshire?—its
+revenues of Stanwell, and rents of assize?—its
+spiritualities in Cardiganshire?
+Alas! they have left no sign, except on the yellow
+parchment—of rare value to the antiquary.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those who desire, like ourselves, to investigate
+what tradition has sanctified, will do
+well to turn down a lane beyond Chertsey
+Church, which leads directly to the Abbey<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page149">[pg 149]</span><a name="Pg149" id="Pg149" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+bridge, and there, amid tangled hedge rows
+and orchards, stands the fragment of an arch,
+partly built up, and so to say, disfigured by
+brick-work, and an old wall, both evidently
+portions of the Abbey. In the wall are a
+great number of what the people call "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">black
+stones</span></span>," a geological formation, making them
+seem fused by fire. Layers of tiles were also
+inserted in this wall, and where the cement
+has dropped away they can be distinctly
+traced; there is also an ivy, very aged indeed;
+it is so knotted and thick that it seems
+to grow through the stones, the soil has so
+evidently encroached on the wall that it is
+most probably rooted at the foundation. The
+pleasant market garden of Mr. Roake covers
+the actual ground on which the Abbey stood.
+The workmen frequently turn up broken tiles
+and human bones, and there is no doubt that
+by digging deeper much would be discovered
+that might elucidate the history of the past.
+At the farther end of the market garden a
+vault has been discovered which is of considerable
+length and breadth; but the water
+rises so high in it (except after a long continuance
+of dry weather has sealed the land
+springs) that it is impossible to get to the end
+without wading. An enormous quantity of
+richly-colored and decorated encaustic tiles
+have been found here; some are preserved in
+our local museum. But the most interesting
+remains in this place are the "stews," or fish-ponds,
+which run parallel to each other like
+the bars of a gridiron; these ponds do not
+communicate one with the other, nor has the
+water any outlet: a little care and attention
+might make them valuable for their old purposes;
+but they are deplorably neglected.
+Occasionally you see the fin of some huge
+fish, whose slow movement partakes of the
+character of the stagnant water he has inhabited
+for years;—who can tall how many?</p>
+
+<a name="fig10" id="fig10"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image04.png" width="640" height="372" alt="Illustration: &quot;THE GOLDEN GROVE.&quot;" title="&quot;THE GOLDEN GROVE.&quot;" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">"THE GOLDEN GROVE."</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Abbey River," as it is still called,
+travels slowly along its way, fertilizing the
+meadows and imparting life and freshness to
+the placid scene. The denizens of Chertsey
+have planted orchards, and in a few instances
+gardens on its banks. One, the garden of Mr.
+Herring, is a model of neatness, almost concealed
+by its roses and carefully tended shrubs.
+We wandered from orchard to orchard, amid
+the trees and over the uneven ground; all
+was so still and lonely that it required the
+suggestions of an active imagination to believe
+it had ever been the scene of contention
+by flood and field. From the Abbey Bridge
+the richness of the meadow scenery is exceedingly
+refreshing, the grass is deep and
+verdant, as it cannot fail to be, lying so low,
+and fertilized by perpetual moisture.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During their wide-spreading magnificence,
+the abbots of Chertsey erected a picturesque
+chapel on the lovely hill of St. Anne: this
+was done somewhat about the year 1334.
+Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, granted an indulgence
+of forty days to such persons as
+should repair to, and contribute to the fabric
+and its ornaments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is nowhere a more delightful road,
+than that which leads from the "Golden
+Grove," rendered picturesque by its old tree,
+the plantations of Monksgrove on one side,
+and those of the once residence of Charles
+James Fox on the other. The road is perfectly
+embowered, and so close is the foliage
+that you have no idea of the beautiful view
+which awaits you, until leaving the statesman's
+house to the left, you pass through a
+sort of wicket gate on the right, and follow a
+foot-path to where two magnificent trees crown
+the hill; it is wisest to wait until passing along
+the level ridge you arrive at the "view point,"
+and there, spread around you in such a panorama
+as England only can show, and show
+against the world for its extreme richness.
+On the left is Cooper's Hill, which Denham,
+that high-priest of "Local poetry," long ago
+made famous; in the bend just where it
+meets the plain, you see the towers of Windsor
+Castle; there is Harrow Hill, the sun<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page150">[pg 150]</span><a name="Pg150" id="Pg150" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+shining brightly on its tall church; a deep
+pall hovers over London, but you can see
+the dome of St. Paul's looming through the
+mist; nay, we have heard of those who have
+told the hour of the day upon its broad-faced
+clock, with the assistance of a good glass.
+How beautifully the Thames winds! Ay!
+there is the grand stand at Epsom, and there
+Twickenham, delicious, soft, balmy Twickenham;
+and Richmond Hill—a very queen of
+beauty!</p>
+
+<a name="fig11" id="fig11"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image05.png" width="640" height="465" alt="Illustration: REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY." title="REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yonder, beyond the valley, are Foxes Hills
+crowned with lofty pines—and that is the
+church at Staines, and as you turn, there again
+is Cooper's Hill; Laleham seems spread as a
+tribute at your feet, and there is no end to
+the villages and mansions—the parks, and
+cottages like snow-drops in a parterre, and
+church spires more than we can number;
+while close behind us are the stones piled
+thickly one on the other—the only relics of
+the holy Chapel of St. Anne.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">How grandly the promontory of St. George's
+Hill stands out—sheltering Weybridge, and
+forming a beautiful back-ground to Byfleet
+and the banks of the Way; not forgetting its
+ruins—a Roman encampment of two thousand
+years age, and its modern ornaments of
+rare trees, of which a generous nobleman has
+made common property, to be enjoyed daily
+by all who choose. At the foot of this richly
+planted hill, is the beautiful park of Oatlands—on
+the eve of becoming an assemblage of
+villa-grounds. How pleasant to feel that we
+can account, by our own knowledge of that
+glowing mount, for all the shades formed by
+the hills and hollows, and different growths
+of trees in the depths or heights of "the encampment,"
+which forms the delight of many
+a toilsome antiquary. Beyond are the more
+distant eminences of the North Downs, and
+a tract of country extending into Kent. But
+we have not yet explored the beauties of this
+our own hill of Chertsey; truly, to do so,
+would take a day as long as that of its own
+black cherry fair.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A path to the left, among the fern and
+heather, leads to a well, famed for its healing
+properties—it is called the Nun's Well; even
+now, the peasants believe that its waters are
+a cure for diseases of the eye; the path is
+steep and dangerous, and it is far pleasanter
+to walk round the brow of the hill and overlook
+the dense wood which conceals the well,
+fringing the meadows of Thorpe, than to
+seek its tangled hiding-place in the dell. The
+monks of old would be sorely perplexed if
+they could arise, to account for the long line
+of smoke which marks the passage of the
+different trains along their railroads. But we
+turn from them to enjoy a ramble round the
+brow of St. Anne's Hill; the coppice which
+clothes the descent into the valley, is so thick,
+that though it is intersected by many paths,
+you might lose yourself half-a-dozen times
+within an hour; if it be evening, the nightingales
+in the thickets of Monksgrove have commenced
+their chorus, and the town of Chertsey,
+down below, is seen to its full extent, its
+church tower toned into beauty by the rich
+light of the setting sun, while through the trees
+and holly thickets you obtain glimpses of the
+Guildford and Leatherhead hills, so softly blue,
+that they meet and mingle with the sky.</p>
+
+<a name="fig12" id="fig12"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image06.png" width="644" height="691" alt="Illustration: GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE." title="GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.</div></div>
+
+<a name="fig13" id="fig13"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image07.png" width="400" height="544" alt="Illustration: SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN." title="SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.</div></div>
+
+<a name="fig14" id="fig14"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image08.png" width="427" height="536" alt="Illustration: TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP." title="TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those who feel no interest in monkish
+chronicles, may reverence St. Anne's Hill,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page151">[pg 151]</span><a name="Pg151" id="Pg151" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+because of its having been the favorite residence
+of Charles James Fox, the contemporary
+of Pitt and Burke and Sheridan and
+Grattan, at a period when men felt strongly
+and spoke eloquently. The site of the house
+on the south-eastern site of the hill is extremely
+beautiful, and it is much regretted in
+the neighborhood that it finds so little favor
+in the heart of its present noble proprietor.
+The grounds are laid out with much taste;
+there is a noble cedar planted by Mrs. Fox
+when only the size of a wand. The statesman's
+widow survived her husband more than
+thirty-six years, but never outlived her friends
+or her faculties. There is a temple dedicated
+to Friendship, which was erected to perpetuate
+the coming of age of one of the late Lords
+Holland; on a pedestal ornamented by a vase,
+are inscribed some verses by General Fitzpatrick;
+another placed by Mrs. Fox to mark a<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page152">[pg 152]</span><a name="Pg152" id="Pg152" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+favorite spot where Mr. Fox loved to muse,
+is enriched by a quotation from the "Flower
+and the Leaf," concluded by two graceful
+stanzas:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Cheerful in this sequestered bower,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">From all the storms of life removed;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here Fox enjoyed his evening hour,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">In converse with the friends he loved.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And here these lines he oft would quote,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Pleased from his favorite poet's lay;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When challenged by the warbler's note,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">That breathed a song from every spray."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the bottom of the garden is a grotto,
+which must have once possessed many attractions,
+and above it there is a pretty little
+quaint chamber that was used as a tea-room,
+when, according to the custom of the time,
+the English drank tea by daylight; it is adorned
+by painted glass windows; there are portraits
+of the Prince of Wales and Mr. Fox,
+when both were looking their best, and the
+balcony in front commands a delicious view
+of the surrounding country.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The peasantry are still loud in their praise
+of "Madam Fox;" and some remember with
+gratitude the education they received at her
+school, and love to tell how the old lady was
+drawn there at "feast times," to see how they
+all looked in their new dresses. She certainly
+retained her sympathy with the young, and
+put away the feelings and habits of old age
+with a determined hand, for it is said, when
+she was eighty she took lessons on the harp.
+The present generation remember personally
+nothing of the great statesman; he has become
+history to us, and we must look to history,
+garbled as it always is, and always will
+be, by the opinions and feelings of its writers,
+to determine the position of Charles
+James Fox in the annals of his country.
+Those who were admitted to his society have
+written with enthusiasm of his social qualities,
+and bestow equal praise on his brilliant
+talents, his affability of manner, and the generosity
+of his disposition. He was the third
+son of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland,
+and his mother was the eldest daughter of
+Charles, second Duke of Richmond, and consequently
+great-granddaughter to Charles II.;
+the material descent is one of blotted royalty,
+of which a man like Fox could not have
+been proud. His academic course was unmarked
+by any of those honors of which Oxford
+men are so ambitious, and yet, like his
+great rival, William Pitt, he became a statesman
+before he was of age.</p>
+
+<a name="fig15" id="fig15"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image09.png" width="640" height="389" alt="Illustration: FOX'S ARBOR." title="FOX'S ARBOR." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">FOX'S ARBOR.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At St. Anne's Hill he enjoyed as many intervals
+of repose and tranquillity as could fall
+to a statesman's lot; in the time of wars and
+tumults, how he must have luxuriated in its
+delicious quiet, surrounded by friends who
+dearly loved him; and swayed only for good
+by the wife who (although it is known that
+her early intimacy with him was such as prevented
+her general recognition in society) according
+to the evidence of all who knew her,
+was the minister only to his better thoughts
+and nobler ambitions, and who weaned him
+from nearly all the follies and vices which
+stained his youth and earlier manhood. Various
+causes led to his death, before age had
+added infirmities to disease. He died at Chiswick
+House, and his last words, addressed to
+Mrs. Fox were, "I die happy." It is said he
+wished to be buried at Chertsey, but his remains
+were interred in Westminister Abbey.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The brilliant Sheridan pronounced so elegant
+an eulogium on his character, that it is
+pleasant to think of it in those shades where,
+as we have said, he so often sought and found
+repose: "When Mr. Fox ceased to live, the
+cause of private honor and friendship lost its
+highest glory, public liberty its most undaunted
+champion, and general humanity its
+most active and ardent assertor. In him was
+united the most amiable disposition with the
+most firm and resolute spirit; the mildest
+manners, with the most exalted mind. With
+regard to that great man it might, indeed, be
+well said, that in him the bravest heart and
+most exalted mind sat upon the seat of gentleness."</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page153">[pg 153]</span><a name="Pg153" id="Pg153" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<a name="fig16" id="fig16"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image10.png" width="640" height="433" alt="Illustration: COWLEY'S SEAT." title="COWLEY'S SEAT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COWLEY'S SEAT.</div></div>
+
+<a name="fig17" id="fig17"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image11.png" width="640" height="456" alt="Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE—STREET FRONT." title="COWLEY'S HOUSE—STREET FRONT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COWLEY'S HOUSE—STREET FRONT.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is, at all events, an imaginary pleasure
+in turning from the wearing out turmoil
+of a statesman's life, to what the world believes
+the tranquil dreams of a poet's existence.
+But there are few things the worldling
+so little understands as literary industry,
+or so little sympathizes with as literary care.
+We have no inclination to over-rate either its
+toils or its pleasures, and perhaps no life is
+more abundantly supplied with both. Its
+toils must be evident to any who have noted
+the increasing literary labor which is necessary
+to produce the ordinary sources of comforts;
+but its high and holy enjoyments are
+not so apparent; they are so different from
+those of almost all others as not to be easily
+explained or understood; but above all other
+gifts, the marvellous gift of poesy is a distinction
+conferred by the Almighty, and should
+be acknowledged and treasured as such. We
+know little of a poet's studies except by their
+imperishable produce, and it is a common but
+ill-founded prejudice to imagine regularity
+or diligence incompatible with high genius.
+Genius is neither above law, nor opposed to
+it; but as many have a poetic taste and temperament
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">without</span></span> the inspiration, the world is
+apt to mistake the eccentricity of the pretender
+for the outward and visible sign of
+genius. Whether or not the poet of the
+Porch-house of Chertsey had the actual poetic
+fire we do not venture to determine.
+Abraham Cowley takes a prominent position,
+amongst the poets of our land, and the eventful<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page154">[pg 154]</span><a name="Pg154" id="Pg154" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+times in which he lived, and his participation
+in their tumults give him additional
+interest in all the relations of his anxious and
+not over-happy life. It is recorded of him
+that he became a poet in consequence of
+reading the Faery Queene, which chance
+threw in his way while yet a child. In allusion
+to this, Dr. Johnson gave his well-known
+definition of genius: "A mind of large
+general powers, accidentally determined to
+some particular direction." We had almost
+dared to say this is rather the definition of a
+philosopher than of one who comprehended
+the spirituality of a marvellous gift. Abraham
+Cowley—the posthumous son of a London
+grocer—owed much to his mother. She,
+by her exertions, procured him a classical
+education at Westminster School. She lived
+to see him loved, honored, and great,
+and what was better still, and more uncommon,
+grateful. At the age of fifteen he published
+a volume called "Poetic Blossoms,"
+which he afterwards described as "commendable
+extravagancies in a boy." He obtained
+a scholarship in Trinity College, Cambridge,
+in 1686, and there took his degree;
+but was ejected by the Parliament, and thence
+removed to Oxford. Shortly after, he followed
+the Queen Henrietta to Paris, as Secretary
+to the Earl of St. Albans, and was employed
+in the court of the exiles in the most
+confidential capacity. In 1656 he returned
+to England, and was immediately arrested as
+a suspected spy. He submitted quietly—the
+royalists thought too quietly—to the dominion
+of the Protector, but his whole life proved
+that he was no traitor. At the Restoration,
+that great national disappointment, his claims
+upon the ungrateful monarch were met by a
+taunt and a false insinuation—he was told
+that his pardon was his reward! Wood said,
+"he lost the place by certain enemies of the
+Muses;" certain "friends of the Muses," however,
+procured for him the lease of the Porch-house
+and farm at Chertsey, held under the
+Queen, and the great desire of his life—solitude—was
+obtained.</p>
+
+<a name="fig18" id="fig18"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image12.png" width="640" height="467" alt="Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT." title="COWLEY'S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">COWLEY'S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The place still seems a meet dwelling for a
+poet, and is, perhaps, even more attractive
+to strangers than St. Anne's hill. The porch,
+which caused his residence to be called "The
+Porch-house," was taken down during the
+last century by the father of its present proprietor,
+the Rev. John Crosby Clarke, and
+the house is now known as "Cowley House."<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a>
+It is situated near the bridge which crosses a
+narrow and rapid stream, in a lonely part of
+Guildford Street; a latticed window which
+overhangs the road is the window of the
+room in which the poet expired; on the outside
+wall Mr. Clarke has recorded his reason
+for removing the porch. "The porch of this
+house, which projected ten feet into the highway,
+was taken down in the year 1786, for
+the safety and accommodation of the public."</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Here the last accents flowed from Cowley's tongue."</div>
+</div>
+
+<a name="fig19" id="fig19"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image13.png" width="527" height="798" alt="Illustration: STAIRCASE—COWLEY'S HOUSE." title="STAIRCASE—COWLEY'S HOUSE." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">STAIRCASE—COWLEY'S HOUSE.</div></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The appearance of the house from Guildford<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page155">[pg 155]</span><a name="Pg155" id="Pg155" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Street, is no index to its size or conveniences.<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a>
+You enter by a side gate, and the
+new front of the dwelling is that of a comfortable
+and gentlemanly home; the old part
+it is said was built in the reign of James the
+First, and what remains is sufficiently quaint
+to bear out the legend; the old and new are
+much mingled, and the modern part consists
+of one or two bed-rooms, a large dining-room,
+and a drawing-room, commanding a delicious
+garden view, the meanderings of the stream,
+and a long tract of luxuriant meadows, terminated
+by the high and richly timbered
+ground of St. Anne's Hill. A portion of the
+old stairway is preserved, the wood is not as
+has been stated oak, but sweet chestnut. One
+of the rooms is panelled with oak, and Cowley's
+study is a small closet-like chamber, the
+window looking towards St. Anne's Hill. It
+is never difficult to imagine a poet in a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">small
+chamber</span></span>, particularly when his mind may imbibe
+inspiration from so rich and lovely a
+landscape. Beside the group of trees, beneath
+whose shadow the poet frequently sat,
+there is a horse chestnut of such exceeding
+size and beauty, that it is worthy a pilgrimage,
+and no lover of nature could look upon
+it without mingled feelings of reverence and
+affection.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here then amid such tranquil scenes, and
+such placid beauty, the "melancholy Cowley,"
+passed the later days of big anxious existence;
+here we may fancy him receiving Evelyn and
+Denham, the poets and men of letters of his
+troubled day, who found the disappointments
+of courtly life more than their philosophy
+could endure. Here his friendly biographer,
+Doctor Spratt, cheered his lonely hours.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cowley was one of those fortunate bards
+who obtain fame and honor during life. His
+learning was deep, his reading extensive, his
+acquaintance with mankind large. "To him,"
+says Denham in his famous elegy,</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"To him no author was unknown,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Yet what he wrote was all his own."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">His biographer adds, "There was nothing
+affected or singular in his habit, or person, or
+gesture; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">he understood the forms of good
+breeding enough to practise them without burdening
+himself or others</span></span>." This indeed is the
+perfection of good breeding and good sense.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having obtained, as we have said, the
+Porch-house at Chertsey, his mind dwelt
+with pleasure—a philosophic pleasure—upon<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page156">[pg 156]</span><a name="Pg156" id="Pg156" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the hereafter, which he hoped for in this life
+of tranquillity, and the silent labor he so dearly
+loved; but he was destined to prove the
+reality of his own poesy:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Oh life, thou <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Nothing's</span></span> younger brother,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">So <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">like</span></span> that one might take one for the other."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The career of Abraham Cowley was never
+sullied by vice,<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a> he was loyal without being
+servile, and at once modest, independent and
+sincere. His character is eloquently drawn
+by Doctor Spratt. "He governed his passions
+with great moderation, his virtues were never
+troublesome or uneasy to any, whatever
+he disliked in others he only corrected by the
+silent reproof of a better practice."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He died at Chertsey on the 28th of July,
+1667, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.
+A throng of nobles followed him to
+his grave, and the worthless king who had
+deserted him is reported to have said, that
+Mr. Cowley had not left a better man behind
+him in England.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is said the body of Cowley was removed
+from Chertsey by water, thus making the
+Thames he loved so well, the highway to his
+grave; there is something highly poetic in
+this idea of a funeral, so still and solemn,
+with the oars dropping noiselessly in the blue
+water. Pope in allusion to it, says:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"What tears the river shed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When the sad pomp along his banks was led;"</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">which rather inclines us to the belief, that in
+this, as in many other instances, the poetic
+reading is not the true one,</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"The muses oft in lands of vision play:"</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">but the fact that he died at Chertsey, as much
+respected as a man, as he was admired as a
+poet, is certain, and his house is often visited
+by strangers, who are permitted to see his
+favorite haunts by the kindness of its proprietor,
+who honors the spot so hallowed by
+memories of "the melancholy Cowley:"—he
+who considered and described "business" as:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"The contradiction to his fate."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But we must postpone our farther rambles
+for the present.</p>
+
+<a name="fig20" id="fig20"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image14.png" width="640" height="763" alt="Illustration: TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL." title="TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL." /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.</div></div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-tb"> </div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Chertsey loses half its romantic interest by
+the intrusion of the progressive agents of our
+time—our noisy time, of which the spirit willingly
+brooks no souvenirs of monastic repose.
+The old quaint quiet town has now its railroad,
+and the shades of its heroes have departed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a>
+<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA,
+TEXAS AND THE COLONIES.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have at different times, by reviews
+or translations, endeavored to give our
+readers some idea of what people think of us,
+in continental Europe. But there are two
+sides to every thing—or there is an universal
+dualism, as Emerson declares—which is perfectly
+true as to the method which might be
+adopted in the execution of this self-imposed
+task. One class of readers understand by
+the word <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">people</span></span> the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">beau monde</span></span>, and would
+have us invariably follow the school of the
+Countesses Hahn-Hahn or Ladies Blessington
+or Milords Fitz-Flummery, contented if we
+have but a fair name in society. Another and
+more reasonable class would be satisfied to
+know the opinion of the literati, or perhaps
+the poets, particularly when they do fit homage
+to our "grand old woods," and to Niagara.
+Others regard with most respect a plain
+literal account of our branches of industry—our
+railroads, factories, and canals. They
+would have the country judged purely from a
+mechanical or practical point of view—contenting
+themselves as to other matters with
+the reflection. "Oh, sensible people care very
+little about any thing else. If they know
+what we produce, and what our resources
+are, they'll understand and respect us sufficiently."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now the opinion of each of these classes
+has its weight, and though not of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">greatest</span></span>
+ultimate importance, is always to be respected.
+If we were questioned as to the views
+of which of them we yielded full regard, we
+should candidly say, "to none." It is the
+general, universal opinion, of a nation at large
+that we deem authoritative, and none other. It
+is that popular opinion so readily yet often so
+falsely formed (at times from trifles of almost
+incredible levity), and which when once fairly
+developed, is well-nigh ineradicable. In a
+word, it is to the views of the people.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We propose, as opportunity shall offer, to
+make our readers familiar with the writings
+of all these different classes of travellers—and
+in the present article, we shall make
+a few extracts from a work interesting, as
+having probably contributed more than any
+other to a general knowledge of the United
+States in Germany. It is the book which has
+had the greatest currency among all classes,
+but particularly with the lower order of readers
+and emigrants.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before proceeding, however, to the work
+itself, it may be as well to answer a question
+which has perhaps been suggested to the
+minds of a certain class of readers. Of what
+great use, after all, is this nervous regard as
+to the opinion of the world? Is not our character
+established—are not our characteristics
+known, to the uttermost corners of the earth?
+To which question we may answer, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Not quite</span></span>.
+In avoiding that ridiculous sensitiveness which
+prompts so many Americans to feel personally
+insulted by the weak remarks of every
+wandering ignoramus, we would by no means
+fall into the opposite error of attaching no
+importance whatever to the good opinion or
+the degree of consciousness as to our existence
+entertained by the world at large.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Should any feel disposed to smile at such
+an expression, as "the consciousness of our
+existence," we will take the liberty of citing
+a few curious instances, for the authenticity
+of which we assume the entire responsibility—instances
+which may perhaps astonish a
+few even of the better informed. There are
+in many districts (not altogether provincial)
+of Italy and France great numbers, who
+would not even in America be classed as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ignorant</span></span>
+in regard to other matters, who have
+not the remotest idea as to the nature or geography
+of our country. An instance has
+come to our knowledge of an intelligent Hungarian
+who, by intercourse with the world,
+had acquired a fluency in five languages, and
+who inquired of an American gentleman if his
+country were not situated somewhere in England.
+The late Mr. Cooper, when placing
+his daughters at a celebrated seminary on the
+continent, found a great curiosity had been
+created by the rumor that they were coming,
+some supposing they were black, some that
+they were copper-colored, and all unprepared
+to see American girls looking for all the world
+like the young German ladies. We have
+heard of a similar instance in which an English
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gentleman</span></span>—a Cambridge graduate—inquired
+of an American what was the current
+language of the United States. Lastly, we
+may cite the case of an English author, well
+known to our own public, and favorably
+mentioned not long since in these pages, who
+was under the impression that owing to the
+great emigration from Germany, the English
+language must with us, in a very few years,
+yield to that of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vaterland</span></span>. Now our
+commercial and industrial relations are seriously
+hindered by this absurd ignorance of
+America, which in a word prevails to such
+an extent, that we have known an American,
+who—probably from having been over-questioned
+and speered at in New England—had
+imbibed such a wholesome hatred of inquisitiveness,
+that he wished the French government
+would hang up, for the benefit of all
+concerned, the following list of questions,
+with satisfactory answers annexed, in all the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cafés</span></span> of the politest nation in Europe:</p>
+
+<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Whether America is an island or a continent?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">What is the color of its inhabitants?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">What language do they speak?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Have they a religion and what is it?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">What is the state of their morals and cookery?</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Have they a correct state of feeling as regards the opera?</td></tr></tbody></table>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The reader is not to infer that this is the
+general state of knowledge regarding our
+country. But it is worth nothing as a curious
+illustration of the vast number of individuals
+who derive their ideas, not from what
+is going on at the present day, or from available
+sources of information, but from the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+antiquated views of a by-gone generation.
+And we trust it will not be deemed inappropriate
+that we here speak a word of the
+want of opportunities of acquiring very general
+information under which the ordinary
+readers of continental Europe suffer. With
+all their libraries, all their immense arrays of
+magazines and journals, we find among them
+an apathy in regard to the world without (to
+the Fan-Qui), which appears incredible until
+we reflect on the deadening influences of the
+censorship, which views with distrust all information
+in regard to the Land of Liberty.
+We are not aware, throughout the whole of
+continental Europe, of a single publication so
+thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so
+general in the scope of its information, or
+which is so universally disseminated among
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">all</span></span> classes of readers, as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The International</span></span>;
+and we trust we do not go too far when we
+assert, that it is to an extended sale of periodical
+publications somewhat approaching it
+in the concentration and dissemination of
+news from the world at large, that our countrymen
+owe that superior intelligence and
+citizen-of-the-world character which distinguish
+them from the insular Briton, self-important
+Frenchman, or abstracted German.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The work from which we propose to make
+some extracts, is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Traugott Bromme</span></span>'s <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hand
+und Reisebuch für Auswanderer nach den
+Vereinigten Staaten</span></span> (or Traugott Bromme's
+Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the
+United States). As we have already stated,
+no work on America is at the present day
+more familiarly known to that class of readers
+to whom it is addressed. Certain remarks
+on the present condition of German emigration
+with which it is prefaced, may not be
+devoid of interest to our readers, though not
+constituting a part of such observations as we
+have more particularly referred to:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"There is, it appears, implanted in every man
+an impulse to advance and better his condition—an
+impulse caused by poverty, dependent circumstances,
+or pressure from every side, vexing at
+times even the highest in rank, and which is the
+cause why thousands leave their fatherland, to
+seek afar a now home, and hundreds of thousands
+cast around them disturbed and anxious glances,
+restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons
+them at home. Such is very generally the case
+at present in our own country, where—despite the
+political concessions of March in the year 1848, of
+the published original privileges of the German
+people, and of the promising prospect of a free
+and united Germany, with a concluding general
+empire—emigration appears to be by no means on
+the decrease." "These emigrants of the present
+day consist not as formerly of poor people of the
+lower orders, who turn their backs on the German
+fatherland, or liberal declaimers, dreaming of an
+ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized
+in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the
+middle class, who, free from all delusive fancies,
+do not expect to find in the western world wealth
+and honorable offices, but desire only to inhabit
+a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and
+happily with their children." "What the German
+wants is </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">room</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—a new broad field for his abilities—and
+this America extends to him in unbounded
+space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain
+hills of gold without labor, but every one knows
+that the far more estimable treasure of perfect independence,
+or to speak more correctly, of perfect
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">self-dependence</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, with the prospect of a future free
+from care, may in America be obtained at the cost
+of a few years of earnest, honest industry. And
+what, to the man oppressed in his fatherland by
+all the cares incident upon the obtaining a bare
+subsistence, is two or three or even </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">four</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> years of
+hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty
+and misery?"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After accurately sketching the extreme
+misery and poverty oppressing the inhabitants
+of many districts of Germany, of late years
+sadly increased by the falling off in manufactures
+since the political disturbances, our author
+proceeds to set forth the advantages offered
+by America:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"That most emigrants should rather look to
+America, than Poland, Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen,
+is natural enough, since all of these countries
+together cannot offer so many attractions as
+America. Where on earth is there such a vast
+array of unoccupied lands, offered at such a moderate
+price—land so cheap that in many districts
+twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered
+with wood, are given at a price for which a single
+acre of similar land is sold in Germany?"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The richness of the soil, the excellence of
+the climate, and the demand for labor, are
+then described; to which, as the greatest inducement,
+he adds the fact that in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">America</span></span>
+the fullest "liberty of labor and mechanical
+calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the
+taxes are so light that an industrious man is
+able not only to live, but even to lay up something
+for his old age, or his children, or to
+employ in the extension of his business.</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"For as there exists in America no standing
+army, its inhabitants may retain their children, as
+the best possible assistants in labor, and train,
+govern, and discipline them as can only properly
+done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore,
+in that country every one is permitted to enjoy
+the fullest civil and religious liberty. These are
+the advantages to be expected from an emigration
+to America, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">and he who anticipates more will find
+himself bitterly deceived</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. But a man who can be
+content with this, and can live actively, moderately,
+and frugally, will here, better than in any
+other land in the world, ultimately attain to happiness
+and fortune. In times like ours, when
+every branch of industry is crowded, when tender
+parents think with grief and trouble on the future
+prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant
+no other resources save those held out by
+a full and bountiful nature, and no means of livelihood
+which may be so certainly depended upon
+as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that
+industry throws open the widest field, and affords
+the fullest opportunity of doing good."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the following extract, our author proceeds
+to set forth the national character of
+the American:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"The national character of the American has
+been greatly misunderstood; few travellers seem,</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+in fact, to have understood it, since they mention
+it as something as new and unfounded as the
+country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed—so
+well established in every elevated and noble characteristic
+of the human race, that it may confidently
+be placed in comparison with that of the
+most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing
+originally from England, they have the pride and
+manly confidence of the Briton, for through their
+ancestry they claim an equal share of all which
+gives dignity to those inheriting glory and a great
+name. Their forefathers were those brave religious
+pilgrims who were transferred by British
+laws (or rather by old German) and British genius
+to the shores of the new world—to there give to
+those laws and genius an immortality. Building
+still further on this new land, they opened the
+temple of the Lord to all his followers, and received
+with open arms all the unfortunate or oppressed
+exiles of Europe. For the first time in
+reality in this world they flung wide the flag of
+truth and freedom—fought under its folds an unequal
+fight against the mightiest power in the
+world—and overcame it. And when a second
+time they armed themselves to combat with England,
+they again came forth unconquered from the
+contest. Reason enough this for the national pride
+of the American, for nothing could more naturally
+cause a certain degree of self-content than to belong
+to a nation whose brilliant deeds in war as
+in politics, in commerce as in manufactures, have
+astonished the world. A second and not less characteristic
+trait of the American is seen in a certain
+earnestness, which appears to strangers to indicate
+a want of sociable feeling—and yet perhaps
+in </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">no</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> country is true noble sociability as developed
+in domestic life, so much at home, as in America.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on himself
+and his circumstances, the American from the
+first instant of his entry into active life is ever on
+the watch to improve their condition. Is he rich, and
+consequently more directly interested in the common
+wealth, then every new law, every change in
+the personal direction of the government, awakes in
+him a new care for the future, while on the other
+hand, if poor, then every change in the state may
+perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering
+his condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake—ever
+looking out for the future, not as a mere
+spectator, but as one playing a part and occupied
+in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in
+improving them. The entire mass of the population
+is continually in a state of political agitation,
+and, urged by hope of their aid or fear of their
+power, we see every one continually seeking for
+expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich
+or powerful that he need not fear them—none so
+wretched and poor but that he may venture to
+entertain the hope of being through them aided
+and relieved. Public opinion is in America the
+mightiest organ of justice—shielding no one, from
+the president to the simplest citizen, and proceeds,
+mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder all
+things which oppose it and deserve its condemnation.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"This condition of perpetual agitation gives
+the American an appearance of ceaseless restlessness,
+but it is in reality the true ground of peace
+and content. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">The American has no time to be
+discontented</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, and this is the most praiseworthy
+point of their constitution and popular life. The
+republican has necessarily as many severe and
+arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any
+monarchy—but their fulfilment is gratifying and
+consoling—for it is allied to the consciousness of
+power. The American has no desire for the quiet
+temper of the European, and least of all for the
+silent happiness of the German, which last, alas!
+appears since the dissipation of the intoxication
+of the Revolution of March, 1848, to consist, as
+far as the great mass of the population is concerned,
+merely in the egotistic repose of self-sufficiency,
+weakness, and ignorance. The American finds
+repose only in his house, in his family circle, and
+among his children; all without the walls of that
+home is an incessant working and striving, in politics
+as in trade—by the streets and canals, as in
+the woods of the West. Different as the elements
+are from which the inhabitants of the United
+States are formed, and different as the circumstances
+may be under which they live, there still
+prevails among them a certain unity of character,
+an equanimity of feeling, which it would be difficult
+to parallel, resulting perhaps from the very
+heterogeneousness and mixture of elements itself,
+since no one element allows to another pre-eminence.
+They have all something in common in
+their appearance, which gives them the air almost
+of relations—something in their gait and manners
+which declares them to be other than English,
+Germans, or French. Through the entire land,
+through every class, there is disseminated a certain
+refinement of manner, an appreciation of
+decency and nobility of character, which springs
+from a consciousness of their own rights and respect
+for mankind. Even emigrants, in America,
+soon learn to cast aside their rough prejudices as
+regards caste, for the proud affability of the aristocratic,
+the vanity of the small citizen, the want
+of confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish
+servitude and snappish insolence of liveried servants,
+find in America no place. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Man</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is there
+esteemed only as </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">man</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—only ability gains honor—and
+where </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">that</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> is, and there alone, can true
+nobility be found. No one there inquires who a
+man is, or who were his parents, but 'What can
+he </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">do</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, what are his capabilities, and what can he
+produce?' Rank and caste are in America unknown.
+Every man feels his freedom and independence,
+and expresses himself accordingly.
+Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true,
+hired his service, but not his entire existence.
+The American is polite, but over-refined, unmeaning
+compliments form no part of his manners, nor
+does he expect them from others. No man vexes
+or troubles himself for another, in consequence of
+which we find in American society very little
+stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every respect
+that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety
+and decency—particularly as regards the
+female sex, since in no country, not even in England,
+do ladies enjoy such respect and regard as
+in the United States. Ever depending upon, and
+confiding in himself, the American is in his manners
+free, open, and unreserved. The mass of the
+people is possessed of intelligence and spirit,
+though not so scientifically educated as in Europe,
+and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates
+even the lower class, who consequently form a
+marked and singular contrast with those of
+like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed
+in the higher branches of abstract learning and</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+science, but from the great amount of that direct
+practical knowledge which exerts the greatest influence
+in making life happy, that the Americans
+are distinguished from other nations, and for the
+acquisition of which they have made better provision
+and preparation than any other people.
+As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and
+Important, they are compelled to leave the development
+of the higher branches to the care and
+noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at
+the sums which are annually devoted to the establishment
+and maintenance of schools and universities,
+will suffice to evidence the liberality with
+which the proper education of the people is cared
+for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed
+esteemed, but only according to its use and applicability
+to the wants of life; so that a practical
+tanner is there worth more than a learned pedant.
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and universality
+of talent, is there more highly esteemed
+than learning,</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> while hospitality, patriotism, and
+toleration, allowing every one to think and feel as
+he likes, are universal characteristics. So that in
+the United States nothing is wanting to the attainment
+of a true civil and social freedom, even
+though the means thereto are not invariably correctly
+understood or admitted (as is indeed the
+case by us), and though—since men are every
+where subject to the same weaknesses—they
+measure happiness rather by the standard of their
+own intelligence and virtues, than by fortune and
+nature, which latter, impartially considered, is the
+basis of the physical happiness of the American.
+That, however, which constitutes his </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">moral</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> happiness
+is this; that in his country, domestic life enjoys
+the true supremacy, </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">and to this, public life
+and the state are subordinate</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">. It is true that the
+American statesmen have fallen into the same
+error as the European—</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">id est</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, to believe that
+without </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">them</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> the people could never prosper, and
+still live in the belief that home-happiness hangs
+on them, their theories and arts of governing;
+but the most superficial glance teaches that if wise
+laws are able to effect more for the happiness of
+man than they can bring about, still no one should
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">there</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> attempt to draw happiness from such a
+source when popular and private life have
+combined to bestow it. But should the happiness
+of the Americans ever be derived from this side, it
+will be more sensible to assume that the foundation
+thereof will be the release from that which
+in the recent culture has passed for the deepest
+political wisdom. The true secret of all the good
+fortune of America lies in the favorable condition
+of external things. 'It is not with them as in
+Europe, where the poor can only better their condition
+or become rich by making the rich poor,
+for therein lies the source of an infinite strife
+which hath been combated for centuries, with the
+axioms of religion and morals. But in America,
+men when striving to better their condition, instead
+of becoming enemies and turning their arms
+against each other, strive with </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Nature</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, and wring
+from her boundless stores that wealth which she
+so bountifully affords!'"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have made these quotations less on account
+of any merit which they possess, than
+to give our readers an idea of the general
+opinion prevailing in Germany in regard to
+our country; and to confirm an assertion
+made in a recent number of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International</span></span>,
+that in no country in Europe are we so impartially
+and favorably judged. There is one
+particular, however, in which we find this
+book worthy of especial praise. The author
+highly commends the flourishing state of religion
+in the United States, declaring that we
+are in this respect superior to the Germans,
+and that on the Sabbath the churches are
+filled to a degree unknown in Europe. It is
+from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic
+life, and our observance of religion, that he
+correctly deduces our true happiness, as separated
+from the natural advantages of the
+country. It is greatly to be desired that the
+majority of his countrymen resident in America,
+would allow themselves to be impressed
+in a similar manner as to the advantages of
+piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the
+United States a vast number of German newspapers—conducted
+we should imagine for the
+greater part by unprincipled and worthless
+adventurers of the red republican, socialist
+stamp, who, despite the protection which they
+here enjoy, incessantly and spitefully abuse
+every institution to which they are really indebted
+for their asylum among us, and most
+of all our observation of the Sabbath, in a
+style which entitles them to something severer
+than mere contempt. But Herr Bromme
+is right. Respect for morality and religion,
+a due regard for the Sabbath, and a dependence
+on the home-circle for pleasure and recreation,
+are the surest safeguard of peace,
+happiness, and prosperity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a>
+<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a recent number of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Russian Archives
+for Scientific Information</span></span>, is an account
+of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction,
+in company with her husband and sons,
+to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or
+Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia,
+lying on the Caspian Sea. We translate
+this interesting narrative for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International</span></span>,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In order the better to enjoy the spectacle
+of the fire, we chose the evening for our excursion
+thither; but a thick fog came on,
+which made the road difficult and dangerous.
+When we finally reached the place it was
+pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful
+purity to the peaceful sky of night, and
+the entire castle, within which was the temple,
+seemed to be surrounded by a circle of
+watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians
+from the neighborhood, who were busy
+burning lime and baking bread, dark forms
+like those which worked on the tower of
+Babel, and burnt lime for it. They were now
+brought here by the ease and cheapness of
+carrying on their occupations. All that is
+necessary is to make a hole in the ground,
+touch a burning coal to it, and an inexhaustible
+flame rises forth like a spring. Behind
+this range of little flames and fires, rose, in
+the pale light, the dirty white walls of the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page161">[pg 161]</span><a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+castle, in the centre of which there flashed from
+the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of
+the purest, clearest, and keenest flame, which
+were now bent down horizontally and wreathed
+like serpents by the force of the wind, and
+now rose perpendicularly to the sky, whose
+dome they lighted up like two vast altar tapers.
+We drove around the edifice, and stopped on
+one side where there were no flames rising
+from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we
+remained without while our guide went in to
+announce us. He came back immediately
+with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this
+man impressed me strangely, and I forgot
+that he belonged to a remote colony of a few
+individuals, and asked myself if we had been
+suddenly transported to India, or if India had
+been brought up to the Caspian.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We went into the court-yard, in which
+stands the temple, with its two fire-pillars.
+About half way up hang a couple of large
+bells, which the Hindoo sounded by way of
+preparing us for what we were to see. There
+was something fearful in the loud clangor,
+and my boys crowded close beside me. Except
+our party, no one was to be seen except
+the swart Geber, in his white turban and
+long brown robe, with just enough of a pair
+of light blue trowsers visible to bring into distinctness
+his naked black feet. His features
+were noble, and his beard long and black.
+He looked like a conjurer, like the lord of an
+enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The
+hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up
+more brightly at the crash of the bells; now
+it was clear as day around us, and now it was
+twilight as the wind lowered the flame. My
+husband and sons and the guide who had
+brought us to the place, were all dressed in
+oriental costume, and I alone seemed to
+belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness
+came over me, and at every moment
+I expected to see something monstrous, to
+behold all the cruelties of a heathenish and
+barbarous worship.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The interpreter now summoned us to
+follow the Geber. We were told that the
+castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who
+was a fire worshipper, and who, with his
+followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three
+Hindoos remain from that period of splendor.
+But nature remains eternally the same, and
+whether worshipped or not, the flames still
+shine and awe the superstitious, and so great
+is the fame of the place that many pilgrims
+come yearly from distant India to pray, and
+to have prayers said for them, here in the
+visible presence of the primeval light.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At last we came to the cell of the priest,
+and on his invitation entered it. We passed
+through a low door, and down a few steps,
+and found ourselves in a small, semicircular,
+low, but very white room, with a floor of
+mason-work, and a small altar in the centre.
+Around the wall were seats, also of mason-work.
+In the altar there was an opening as
+large as a gun-barrel, from which rose a slender
+flame that lighted the room very clearly.
+There were other little openings on the sides
+of the altar. The Hindoo took a wisp of
+straw, lighted it, and touched these openings,
+from which the most beautiful flames at once
+issued. The children, who had never seen
+gas lights, or at least did not remember them,
+regarded all this as the most perfect witchery.
+On a second altar, which, like the first, was
+about the height of a common table, lay or
+stood the idols and treasures of our priest.
+Small steps led up to it, which were used
+to hold muscles, stones, shells, and other
+instruments employed in the sacred rites.
+The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous,
+like Chinese images. Beside these
+figures, we were astonished to see crosses of
+various forms and sizes. We asked the Geber
+about them, and he answered with oriental
+emphasis: "There is one God, and no one
+has seen him; therefore every one adores
+him after his own way, and represents him
+after his own way." The reply was diplomatic
+enough, and we could not ascertain
+how the crosses had come there.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the altar and its steps lay a great number
+of singularly beautiful Indian stones,
+which the boys wanted very much, but
+which, in spite of our large offers, we could
+not obtain. They were mementoes from the
+distant fatherland, and possibly they served
+as sacred ornaments for the little cell. There
+were also several censers, lamps, and little
+silver plates and salvers. The air was stifling
+from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like
+that of a vapor bath. The priest took from
+the altar some pieces of red and white candied
+sugar, held them, praying, before his idols,
+sprinkled them with holy water, and handed
+them to us on a silver plate.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old
+man, whose name, as he told us, was Amintaas.
+He invited us into his cell, which was
+larger and differently arranged. In the centre
+was a large kettle, set in mason-work,
+with water in it, and a gas flame burning
+under it; the altar was in another apartment
+beyond, and separated from the first by a
+low wall or fence, with a passage through.
+Another apartment, similarly divided off,
+was spread with carpets for sleeping. After
+we had seen the stones, shells, and
+idols, which were richer and more numerous
+than in the former cell, the Hindoos
+asked us if they should pray for us. We
+agreed, and the ceremony began. A large
+muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the
+plates were set in order at the foot of the
+altar, a censer began to smoke, the silver
+plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp
+Between two bells, whose handles were the
+most monstrous figures of idols. These bells
+Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently.
+The other Hindoos stood behind him and
+beat two big cymbals, accompanying this
+noise with the most inhuman and frightful
+howling that a man's lungs ever produced.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page162">[pg 162]</span><a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Still, there was method and a regular cadence
+in it. Finally, they made a pause, bowed
+before the images, murmuring softly, after
+which they arranged the plates anew, and
+sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My
+husband whispered in my ear a line from
+the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of
+that scene rushed vividly into my memory.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas
+had recovered their power, for he now seized
+a conch shell, held it in both hands, and
+with incredible strength blew long wild notes,
+with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew
+dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once
+understood what is meant by the heathen
+making a "vain noise," This cannibalistic
+music was kept up for a long time, and
+seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites.
+The finale was a combination of wild shouting,
+banging of the cymbals, ringing and murmuring.
+At last the concert was over, and we
+breathed freely. Amintaas handed us the
+candied sugar, and my husband laid down
+two ducats in its place. They were received
+with warm expressions of gratitude, and laid
+upon the altar. We went out into the open
+air, but the scene had changed. The lonely
+castle was crowded with Persians who had
+come from their lime-burning to see the Europeans.
+Persian women were sitting around
+by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by
+the help of gas flames, they baked their
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tsheuks</span></span>, thin cakes of unleavened bread.
+Followed by the crowd, we were led a couple
+of hundred steps from the castle to a spring
+that was covered over; the cover was taken
+off, and a bundle of burning straw thrown in,
+when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid
+pillar of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars.
+This beautiful spectacle lasted but for a moment,
+and a quarter of an hour was necessary
+to collect gas enough to repeat the experiment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We returned to Baku in the rain, more
+dead than alive. It was the eve of Easter.
+The next morning, as I was sitting on the
+sofa with the children, there came in a tall,
+meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was
+dressed in a white robe, and brought me
+white and red sugar on a silver plate. He
+was the chief priest from the temple of the
+Gebers, and had come to Baku to see the
+Easter festivities. We took a few grains of
+his sugar, and I laid a silver rouble on the
+plate. While he was making his bows for
+this, my husband came in and told him,
+partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and partly
+in pantomime, that we had been to his temple
+the night before, and had prayers said there.
+He asked at once, with eagerness, how much
+we had given, and when he learned the sum,
+asked for a certificate to that effect, as, without
+it, the others would give him no part of
+the money. We sent him away without
+granting his request, for the two screamers
+of the night previous had earned all we gave
+them. We learned afterwards that the gifts
+of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often
+blows, in the romantic fire-castle. This disgusted
+me, and yet it is not the fault of these
+poor fellows. They must necessarily become
+covetous, since they profane their most sacred
+ceremonies as a means of living. They have
+neither fields nor gardens, and the only thing
+like vegetation that I saw was some lone
+boxes in the court yard, filled with shrubs
+and plants, remains, no doubt, from the time
+of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to
+establish cultivation in a soil impregnated
+with inflammable gas. However, I learned
+to my sorrow that grass at least grows there,
+for, in going through it to the spring, my feet
+became perfectly wet.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The air of the locality does not seem to be
+unwholesome for man. At least, the Geber
+priests, who had lived there for years, were
+perfect lions for health and vigor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a>
+<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the third volume of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the
+Romans under the Empire</span></span>, just published
+in London, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Merivale</span></span> gives some elaborate
+pieces of character writing, one of which
+has for its subject <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cicero</span></span>. It is not good for
+a man to think harshly of Cicero, and however
+easy it may seem to be to condemn manifest
+faults in his character, it is by no means
+easy to be fair in the estimate we make. Mr.
+Merivale sums up a character which has too
+often been roughly put down as that of a
+great writer and a little man, as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Many writers, it has been remarked, have related
+the death of Cicero, but Plutarch alone has
+painted it. In the narrative here laid before him
+the reader has the substance of this picturesque
+account, together with some touches introduced
+from collateral sources. In this, as in many other
+massages of his Lives, the Greek biographer has
+evidently aimed at creating an effect, and though
+he seems to have been mainly guided by the genuine
+narrative of Tiro, Cicero's beloved freedman,
+we may suspect him of having embellished
+it to furnish a striking termination to one of his favorite
+sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is
+mainly confirmed by a fragment of Livy's history,
+which has fortunately been preserved. The Roman
+author vies with the Greek in throwing dignity
+and interest over the great statesman's end.
+But in reviewing the uneven tenor of his career,
+Livy concludes with the stern comment, "He bore
+none of his calamities as a man should, except his
+death." These are grave words. In the mouth
+of one who had cast his scrutinizing glance over
+the characters and exploits of all the heroes of the
+great republic, and had learnt by the training of
+his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities
+and estimate desert, they constitute the most important
+judgment on the conduct of Cicero that
+antiquity has bequeathed to us. Few indeed
+among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resolution
+in the face of impending death. But it was
+in the endurance of calamity rather than the defiance
+of danger that the courage of Cicero was
+deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the
+arts of peace and persuasion, exhibited on more
+than one occasion a martial spirit worthy of other
+habits and a ruder training. In the contest with</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+Catilina he displayed all the moral confidence of
+a veteran general: in the struggle with Antonius
+he threw himself without reserve into a position
+where there was no alternative but to conquer or
+to perish. In the earlier conflict he had still his
+fame to acquire, his proud ascendency to establish;
+and the love of praise and glory inspired
+him with the audacity which makes and justifies
+its own success. But in the later, he courted danger
+for the sake of retaining the fame he so dearly
+prized. He had once saved his country, and
+he could not endure that it should be said he had
+ever deserted it. He loved his country; but it
+wan for his own honor, which he could preserve,
+rather than for his country's freedom, which he
+despaired of, that he returned to his post when
+escape was still possible. He might have remained
+silent, but he opened the floodgates of his eloquence.
+When indeed he had once launched himself
+on the torrent he lost all self-command; he
+could neither retrace nor moderate his career; he
+saw the rocks before him, but he dashed himself
+headlong against them. But another grave authority
+has given us the judgment of antiquity,
+that Cicero's defect was the want of steadfastness.
+His courage had no dignity because it lacked consistency.
+All men and all parties agreed that he
+could not be relied upon to lead, to co-operate, or
+to follow. In all the great enterprises of his party,
+he was left behind, except that which the nobles
+undertook against Catilina, in which they rather
+thrust him before them than engaged with him on
+terms of mutual support. When we read the vehement
+claims which Cicero put forth to the honor
+of association, however tardy, with the glories and
+dangers of Cæsar's assassins, we should deem the
+conspirators guilty of a monstrous oversight in
+having neglected to enlist him in their design, were
+we not assured that he was not to be trusted as a
+confederate either for good or for evil.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Of all the characters of antiquity Cicero is undoubtedly
+that with which we are most intimately
+acquainted; for he alone has left to us the record
+of his thoughts and actions for more than half
+his public career in a voluminous mass of familiar
+as well as political correspondence. No public
+character probably could pass unscathed through
+the fiery ordeal to which he has thus subjected
+himself. Cicero, it must be avowed, is convicted
+from his own mouth of vanity, inconstancy, sordidness,
+jealousy, malice, selfishness, and timidity.
+But on the other hand no character, public or private,
+could thus bare its workings to our view
+without laying a stronger claim to our sympathy,
+and extorting from us more kindly consideration
+than we can give to the mere shell of the human
+being with which ordinary history brings us in
+contact. Cicero gains more than he loses by the
+confessions he pours into our ear. We read in his
+letters what we should vainly search for in the
+meagre pages of Sallust and Appian, in the captious
+criticism of Dion, and even in the pleasant
+anecdotes of his friendly biographer Plutarch, his
+amiableness, his refined urbanity, his admiration
+for excellence, his thirst for fame, his love of truth,
+equity, and reason. Much indeed of the patriotism,
+the honesty, the moral courage he exhibited,
+was really no other than the refined ambition of
+attaining the respect of his contemporaries and
+bequeathing a name to posterity. He might not
+act from a sense of duty, like Cato, but his motives,
+personal and selfish as they in some sense
+were, coincided with what a more enlightened
+conscience would have felt to be duty. Thus
+his proconsulate is perhaps the purest and most
+honorable passage in his life. His strict and rare
+probity amidst the temptations of office arrests
+our attention and extorts our praise: yet assuredly
+Cicero had no nice sense of honor, and was
+controlled by no delicacy of sentiment, where public
+opinion was silent, or a transaction strictly private.
+His courting his ward Publilia for her
+dower, his caressing Dolabella for the sake of getting
+his debt paid, his soliciting the historian Lucceius
+to color and exaggerate the merits of his
+consulship, display a grievous want of magnanimity
+and of a predominant sense of right. Fortunately
+his instinct taught him to see in the constitution
+of the republic the fairest field for the display
+of his peculiar talents; the orator and the
+pleader could not fail to love the arena on which
+the greatest triumph of his genius had been or
+were yet, as he hoped, to be acquired. And Cicero
+indeed was not less ambitious than Cæesar or
+Pompeius, Antonius or Octavius. To the pursuit
+of fame he sacrificed many interests and friendships.
+He was not less jealous of a rival in his
+chosen career than any of the leaders of party and
+candidates for popular favor. He could not endure
+competition for the throne of eloquence and
+the sceptre of persuasion. It was on this account
+perhaps that he sought his associates among the
+young, from whose rivalry he had nothing to fear,
+rather than from his own contemporaries, the candidates
+for the same prize of public admiration
+which he aimed at securing for himself. From his
+pages there flows an incessant stream of abuse of
+all the great masters of political power in his
+time; of Cæsar and Pompeius; of Crassus and
+Antonius, not to mention his coarse vituperation
+of Piso and Gabinius, and his uneasy sneers at the
+impracticable Cato. We may note the different
+tone which his disparagement assumes towards
+these men respectively. He speaks of Cæsar with
+awe, of Pompeius with mortification, with dislike
+of Crassus, with bitter malice of Antonius. Cæsar,
+even when he most deeply reprobates him, he personally
+loves; the cold distrust of Pompeius vexes
+his self-esteem; between him and Crassus there
+subsists a natural antipathy of temperament: but
+Antonius, the hate of his old age, becomes to him
+the incarnation of all the evil his long and bitter
+experience of mankind have discovered in the human
+heart. While we suspect Cicero of injustice
+towards the great men of his day, we are bound
+also to specify the gross dishonesty with which he
+magnifies his own merits where they are trivial,
+and embellishes them where they are really important.
+The perpetual recurrence to the topic of
+his own political deserts must have wearied the
+most patient of friends, and more than balanced
+the display of sordidness and time-serving which
+Atticus doubtless reflected back in his share of the
+correspondence between them.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"But while Cicero stands justly charged with
+many grave infirmities of temper and defects of
+principle, while we remark with a sigh the vanity,
+the inconstancy, and the ingratitude he so often
+manifested, while we lament his ignoble subserviencies
+and his ferocious resentments, the high
+standard by which we claim to judge him is in itself
+the fullest acknowledgment of his transcendent</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+merits. For undoubtedly had he not placed
+himself on a higher moral level than the statesmen
+and sages of his day, we should pass over
+many of his weaknesses in silence, and allow his
+pretensions to our esteem to pass almost unchallenged.
+But we demand a nearer approach to
+the perfection of human wisdom and virtue in one
+who sought to approve himself the greatest of
+their teachers. Nor need we scruple to admit that
+the judgment of the ancients on Cicero was for the
+most part unfavorable. The moralists of antiquity
+required in their heroes virtues with which we
+can more readily dispense: and they too had less
+sympathy with many qualities which a purer religion
+and a wider experience have taught us to
+love and admire. Nor were they capable, from
+their position, of estimating the slow and silent
+effects upon human happiness of the lessons which
+Cicero enforced. After all the severe judgments
+we are compelled to pass on his conduct, we must
+acknowledge that there remains a residue of what
+is amiable in his character and noble in his teaching
+beyond all ancient example. Cicero lived and
+died in faith. He has made converts to the belief
+in virtue, and had disciples in the wisdom of
+love. There have been dark periods in the history
+of man, when the feeble ray of religious instruction
+paled before the torch of his generous philanthropy.
+The praise which the great critic pronounced
+upon his excellence in oratory may be
+justly extended to the qualities of his heart, and
+even in our enlightened days it may be held no
+mean advance in virtue to venerate the master of
+Roman philosophy."</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a>
+<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Incomparably the best history of our
+struggle for independence that has been
+written by a foreigner is that of which we
+have the larger portion in the just-published
+fifth and sixth volumes of Lord <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahon's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of England from the Peace of Utrecht</span></span>,
+comprising the period from 1763 to 1780—from
+the commencement of the popular discontents
+until the virtual conclusion of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The character of Lord Mahon as a historian
+has long been established. When Sismondi,
+in 1842, had brought his History of France
+down to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, he lamented
+that he could no longer be guided by
+Lord Mahon, and expressed a hope that his
+"brilliant labors" would be continued. The
+portion of his work on which the illustrious
+Frenchman thus set the seal of his approval
+has been reprinted in this country by the
+Appletons, in two large volumes (embracing
+the first four of the original impression), carefully
+and judiciously edited by Professor Henry
+Reed, of Philadelphia. It well indicates the
+right of its author to a place with the best
+British writers in this department. History
+was never before written so brilliantly or profoundly
+as in the last half century. Germany
+in this period has boasted her Schiller, Niebuhr,
+Von Hammer, Heeren, Ranke, and
+two Mullers; France her Sismondi, Barrante,
+Thierrys, Michelet, Mignet, Guizot, and
+Thiers; England her Mitford, Arnold, Thirlwall,
+Grote, Napier, Hallam, Mackintosh,
+Macaulay, Palgrave, and Mahon; and we
+have ourselves the noble names of Bancroft,
+Prescott, and Irving, to send to the next ages.
+Of the English authors we have mentioned,
+we regard Lord Mahon as in many respects
+the first; Hallam is a laborious and wise critic;
+Thirlwall and Grote, in their province,
+have greatly increased the fame of British
+scholarship; and Macaulay, brilliant and picturesque
+beyond any of his contemporaries,
+has an unprecedented popularity, which will
+last until the worthlessness of his opinions
+and the viciousness of his style are more justly
+appreciated than they are likely to be by
+the mobs of novel readers who in this generation
+have preferred him to James and Ainsworth.
+Lord Mahon is the most legitimate
+successor of the greatest historian of his country,
+David Hume.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although the chief subject of these new
+volumes is the American war, the general
+political history of England, from the decline
+of the fortunes of Bute through the administration
+of Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham,
+the Duke of Grafton, and Lord North, is illustrated
+and commented on as largely as the
+special purpose of the author permitted; and
+we have many striking passages respecting
+Wilkes and his various persecutions, the Letters
+of Junius and their authorship, and the
+common intellectual and material progress of
+the British empire. The spirit in which he regards
+our Revolution is illustrated by the following
+paragraph, on the rejection, by the
+House of Peers, of the conciliatory Bill by
+which Lord Chatham hoped, in 1775, to prevent
+the threatened separation of the colonies:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"It may be proper, or at least pardonable, here
+to pause for an inquiry, what probable issue might
+have attended an opposite decision in the British
+Parliament? If the ministers had been defeated
+on this Bill, if, in consequence, they had resigned,
+and it had in other hands been carried through,
+would the Americans have accepted the measure
+cheerfully and readily—would it for a long time
+to come have closed the breach, and cemented the
+union with the Mother Country? From all the
+facts and testimonies then or since made public, I
+answer without hesitation that it would. The
+sword was then slumbering in its scabbard. On
+both sides there were injuries to redress, but not
+as yet bloodshed to avenge. It was only a quarrel.
+It was not as yet a war. Even the boldest
+leaders of that war in after years, whether in
+council or the field, were still, in January, 1775,
+the firm friends of colonial subordination. Washington
+himself (and he at least was no dissembler—from
+him, at least, there never came any promise
+or assurance that did not deserve the most
+implicit credit) had only a few months before presided
+at a meeting of Fairfax County, in Virginia.
+That meeting, while claiming relief of grievances,
+had also at his instance adopted the following Resolve:—'That
+it is our greatest wish and inclination,
+as well as interest, to continue our connection
+with, and dependence upon, the British Government.'</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page165">[pg 165]</span><a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+But further still, although the first Congress
+was praised by Chatham for its moderate
+counsels, and although the calmer voice of history
+has ratified the praise, we learn that these moderate
+counsels did not lag behind, but rather exceeded
+and outran the prevailing sentiment in
+many of the colonies. To this fact we find an unimpeachable
+testimony in the letters of President
+Reed, who, writing to a friend in strict confidence,
+laments that 'The proceedings of Congress have
+been pitched on too high a key for some of those
+middle provinces.' With such feelings, how gladly,
+how gratefully would they have welcomed the
+hand of reconciliation stretched out by the Parliament
+of England! It may be true, indeed, that
+such feelings as these did not prevail in all, or
+nearly all, the colonies. It may be true, especially,
+that no amount of good government, of forbearance,
+or of kindness, would have won back
+Massachusetts. But herein lay, as I think, the especial
+force and efficacy of Lord Chatham's scheme,
+that it did not refer the questions of parliamentary
+supremacy and colonial taxation to the decision of
+any one province; but, as the Americans themselves
+desired, to the decision of a Congress composed
+from all the provinces, so that disaffection,
+however firmly rooted here and there, would of
+course be overpowered by a loyal and large majority.
+Nor do I believe that the proposal of a
+new grant to the Crown, and the consequent necessity
+of increased taxation to the people, would
+have interposed any serious obstacle. The load
+of taxation on the colonies was at this period light
+indeed: according to a calculation made by Lord
+North in that very year, each inhabitant of England
+paid in taxes, upon an average, not less than
+twenty-five shillings annually; but each inhabitant
+of British America no more than sixpence. The experience
+of the closely-following Revolutionary war
+proves how easily and readily, when their feelings
+were involved, the Americans could raise far
+greater supplies. And surely had Lord Chatham's
+scheme prevailed, their feelings would have
+been involved. They would have been pleased
+and proud to show that their previous refusal to
+pay taxes sprang from principle, and not from inability
+or disaffection; and that, when once their
+views of principle had been complied with, they
+could contribute with no sparing hand to the exigencies
+of their countrymen, and to the service of
+their king."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The opinion of Lord Mahon that, even after
+Burgoyne's surrender, and the treaty of alliance
+between France and America, the colonies
+might have been preserved, had Lord
+Chatham lived and returned to office, we
+think entirely erroneous. Our separation
+from England, though there had been no
+stamp act or tea tax, was inevitable.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lord Mahon is exceedingly fond of personal
+portraiture, in which he is sometimes very
+successful. One of his most carefully-elaborated
+performances in this way has for its subject
+Washington, and in the dozen pages he
+devotes to the analysis of the character of
+the great chief he has displayed his best abilities,
+though, we confess, without suggesting
+any thing very novel. He dislikes Franklin,
+and loses no opportunity of imputing to him
+personal dishonesty. We think the influence
+of Mr. William B. Reed's Life of President
+Reed is traceable in almost every allusion
+made by Lord Mahon to our philosopher.
+Without further observation upon the qualities
+of the work, we avail ourselves of the possession
+of an early copy of it to present our
+readers with some of the most striking passages
+pencilled in a hasty reading.</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">WASHINGTON.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">During many years did Washington continue
+to enjoy the pleasures and fulfil the duties
+of an independent country gentleman. Field-sports
+divided his time with the cultivation and
+improvement of his land, and the sales of his tobacco;
+he showed kindness to his dependents, and
+hospitality to his friends; and having been elected
+one of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, he
+was, whenever that House met, exact in his attendance.
+To that well-regulated mind nothing
+within the course of its ordinary and appointed
+avocations seemed unworthy of its care. His
+ledgers and day-books were kept by himself: he
+took note of all the houses where he partook of
+hospitality, so that not even the smallest courtesies
+might pass by unremembered; and until
+his press of business in the Revolutionary War he
+was wont every evening to set down the variations
+of the weather during the preceding day.
+It was also his habit through life, whenever he
+wished to possess himself perfectly of the contents
+of any paper, to transcribe it in his own
+hand, and apparently with deliberation, so that no
+point might escape his notice. Many copies of
+this kind were after his death found among his
+manuscripts.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">We may observe, however, that in the mind of
+Washington punctuality and precision did not, as
+we often find them, turn in any degree to selfishness.
+On the contrary, he was rather careless of
+small points where only his own comfort was concerned.
+Thus he could seldom be persuaded to
+take any remedy, or desist from any business,
+whenever he caught a cold, but used to say, "let
+it go as it came!"</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Nor yet was his constant regularity of habits
+attended by undue formality of manner. In one
+of his most private letters there appears given incidentally,
+and as it were by chance, a golden rule
+upon that subject:—"As to the gentlemen you
+mention I cannot charge myself with incivility, or
+what in my opinion is tantamount, ceremonious
+civility.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In figure Washington was thin and tall (above
+six feet high), in countenance grave, unimpassioned,
+and benign. An inborn worth, an unaffected
+dignity, beamed forth in every look as in every
+word and deed. His first appearance and address
+might not convey the idea of superior talents;
+such at least was the remark of his accomplished
+countryman, Mr. Gallatin; but no man,
+whether friend or enemy, ever viewed without respect
+the noble simplicity of his demeanor, the utter
+absence in him of every artifice and every affectation.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">It has been justly remarked that of General
+Washington there are fewer anecdotes to tell than
+perhaps of any other great man on record. So
+equally framed were the features of his mind, so
+harmonious all its proportions, that no one quality
+rose salient above the rest. There were none of
+those chequered ques, none of those warring emotions,
+in which Biography delights. There was no</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+contrast of lights and shades, no flickering of the
+flame; it was a mild light that seldom dazzled,
+but that ever cheered and warmed. His contemporaries
+or his close observers, as Mr. Jefferson
+and Mr. Gallatin, assert that he had naturally
+strong passions, but had attained complete mastery
+over them. In self-control indeed he has
+never been surpassed. If sometimes on rare occasions,
+and on strong provocation, there was
+wrung from him a burst of anger, it was almost
+instantly quelled by the dominion of his will. He
+decided surely, though he deliberated slowly;
+nor could any urgency or peril move him from his
+serene composure, his calm and clear-headed good
+sense. Integrity and truth were also ever present
+in his mind. Not a single instance, as I believe,
+can be found in his whole career when he was impelled
+by any but an upright motive, or endeavored
+to attain an object by any but worthy means.
+Such are some of the high qualities which have
+justly earned for General Washington the admiration
+even of the country he opposed, and not
+merely the admiration but the gratitude and affection
+of his own. Such was the pure and upright
+spirit to which, when its toils were over and
+its earthly course had been run, was offered the
+unanimous homage of the assembled Congress, all
+clad in deep mourning for their common loss, as
+to "the man first in war, first in peace, and first
+in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." At this day
+in the United States the reverence for his character
+is, as it should be, deep and universal, and
+not confined, as with nearly all our English statesmen,
+to one party, one province, or one creed.
+Such reverence for Washington is felt even by
+those who wander furthest from the paths in
+which he trod. A President when recommending
+measures of aggression and invasion can still refer
+to him whose rule was ever to arm only in
+self-defence as to "the greatest and best of men!"
+States which exult in their bankruptcy as a proof
+of their superior shrewdness, and have devised
+"Repudiation" as a newer and more graceful term
+for it, yet look up to their great General—the
+very soul of good faith and honor—with their reverence
+unimpaired!"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">PATRICK HENRY.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The colony of Virginia was the place, and the
+the year 1736 the time, of birth to Patrick Henry.
+His parents were in easy circumstances, but burthened
+with a numerous family; they resided at
+a country scat to which the ambitious name of
+Mount Brilliant had been given. In childhood
+Patrick Henry gave little promise of distinction.
+His person is represented as having been coarse,
+his manners extremely awkward, his dress slovenly,
+and his aversion to study invincible. No persuasion
+could bring him either to read or to work.
+At sixteen his father gave him means to open a
+small shop, which failed, however, in less than
+one year. Then he tried a small farm, and married;
+then again he entered upon the life of a
+tradesman, but in a few years more was a bankrupt.
+It was at this period that he became acquainted
+with Mr. Jefferson, afterwards President
+of the United States. "Mr. Henry," says Jefferson,
+"had a little before broken up his store (shop),
+or rather it had broken him up, but his misfortunes
+were not to be traced either in his countenance
+or conduct. His manners had something of
+coarseness in them; his passion was music, dancing,
+and pleasantry. He excelled in the last, and
+it attached every one to him."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">As a last resource, Patrick Henry now determined
+to make a trial of the law. It cannot be
+said that his preparatory studies were unduly arduous,
+since, as his biographer informs us, they
+were all comprised in the period of six weeks.
+Under such unpromising circumstances, and in the
+year 1763, he obtained a brief in the long-contested
+cause then raging in Virginia between the
+clergy on the one side, and the legislature on the
+other, as regarding the stipends which the former
+claimed. On this occasion Henry, to the astonishment
+of all who knew him, poured forth a strain
+of such impassioned eloquence as not only carried
+the cause, contrary to all previous expectation, but
+placed him ever afterwards at the head of his profession
+in the colony. To this very day, says Mr.
+Wirt, writing in 1818, the impression remains, and
+the old people of that district think that no higher
+compliment can be paid to any public speaker
+than to say of him in their homely phrase, "He is
+almost equal to Patrick when he plead (pleaded)
+against the parsons!"</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The natural eloquence which on this occasion
+flashed forth from the coarse and unlettered Henry,
+as the spark-of fire from the flint, continued to
+distinguished him both as a Member of the House
+of Burgesses at Williamsburg, and afterwards as
+a member of Congress. He took from the first a
+bold and active part against the pretensions of the
+mother country; indeed Mr. Jefferson goes so far
+as to declare that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the
+earliest impulse to the ball of revolution." His
+most celebrated burst of oratory, or rather turn of
+phrase, was in this very year 1765, when descanting
+in the House of Burgesses on the tyranny of
+the Stamp Act. "Cæsar—" he cried, in a voice
+of thunder and with an eye of fire—"Cæsar had
+his Brutus—Charles the First had his Cromwell—and
+George the Third"—"Treason!" here exclaimed
+the Speaker, "Treason! Treason!" re-echoed
+from every part of the House. Henry did
+not for an instant falter, but fixing his eye firmly
+on the Speaker, he concluded his sentence thus
+"—may profit by their example. If this be treason
+make the most of it!"</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Indolence and aversion to reading seemed almost
+as natural to Henry's mind as powers of debate.
+To the last he never overcame them. Thus,
+at his death, in 1799, his books were found to be
+extremely few, and these too consisting chiefly of
+odd volumes. But his gift of speech was (for his
+hearers) sufficiently supported by his fiery energy,
+his practical shrewdness, and his ever keen glance
+into the feelings and characters of other. Nor
+were these his only claims to his country's favor.
+He retained the manners and custom of the common
+people, with what his friendly biographer
+terms "religious caution.—He dressed as plainly
+as the plainest of them," continues Mr. Wirt, "ate
+only their homely fare, and drank their simple beverage,
+mixed with them on a footing of the most
+entire and perfect equality, and conversed with
+them even in their own vicious and depraved pronunciation."
+By such means he soon acquired and
+long retained a large measure of popularity, and
+he applied himself with zeal and success before
+any audience, and on every occasion which arose,
+to increase and perpetuate the estrangement between
+the North American Colonies and England.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">FRANKLIN.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Dr. Benjamin Franklin is one of those men who
+have made the task of succeeding biographers
+more difficult by having been in part their own.
+He was born at Boston in 1706, the youngest of
+ten sons. "My father," he says, "intended to devote
+me, as the tithe of his sons, to the service of
+the Church;" but on further reflection, the charges
+of a college education were thought too burthensome,
+and young Benjamin became a journeyman
+printer. From a very early age he showed a passionate
+fondness for reading, and much ingenuity
+in argument, but, as he acknowledges, had at first
+contracted a disputatious and wrangling turn of
+conversation. "I have since observed," he says,
+"that persons of good sense seldom fall into it, except
+lawyers, University-men, and generally men
+of all sorts who have been bred at Edinburgh."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Young Franklin was at first bound apprentice
+to one of his elder brothers, a printer at Boston;
+but some differences arising between them, he
+proceeded to Philadelphia, where he soon obtained
+employment, and ere long set up for himself. His
+success in life was secured by his great frugality,
+industry, and shrewdness. In his own words: "I
+spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of any
+kind; reading was the only amusement I allowed
+myself." His knowledge and shrewdness,—great
+zeal in urging any improvements, and great ingenuity
+in promoting them,—speedily raised him
+high in the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, and
+enabled him to take a forward part in all the affairs
+of his province. In England, and indeed all
+Europe, he became celebrated by his experiments
+and discoveries in electricity. These may deserve
+the greater credit when we recollect both their
+practical utility and their unassisted progress,—how
+much the pointed rods which he introduced
+have tended to avert the dangers of lightning, and
+how far removed was Franklin at the time from
+all scientific society, libraries, or patronage.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">It has also been stated by no less an authority
+in science than Sir Humphrey Davy, that "the
+style and manner of Dr. Franklin's publication on
+Electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as
+the doctrine it contains." The same remark may
+indeed be applied to all his writings. All of them
+are justly celebrated for their clear, plain, and
+lively style, free from every appearance of art,
+but, in fact, carefully pointed and nicely poised.
+In public speaking, on the other hand, he was
+much less eminent. His last American biographer
+observes of him, that he never even pretended to
+the accomplishments of an orator or debater. He
+seldom spoke in a deliberative assembly, except
+for some special object, and then only for a few
+minutes at a time.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">As a slight instance of Franklin's humor and
+shrewdness in all affairs of common life I may
+quote the following: "</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Question.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> I am about
+courting a girl I have had but little acquaintance
+with. How shall I come to a knowledge of her
+faults? </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">Answer.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> Commend her among her female
+acquaintance!"</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Whether in science and study, or in politics and
+action, the great aim of Franklin's mind was ever
+practical utility. Here again we may quote Sir
+Humphrey Davy as saying of Franklin that he
+sought rather to make philosophy a useful inmate
+and servant in the common habitations of man,
+than to preserve her merely as an object of admiration
+in temples and palaces. Thus, also, in affairs
+he had a keen eye to his own interest, but
+likewise a benevolent concern for the public good.
+Nor was he ever indifferent to cases of individual
+grievance or hardship. In the pursuit of his objects,
+public or private, he was, beyond most other
+men, calm, sagacious, and wary; neither above
+business nor yet below it; never turned aside from
+it by flights of fancy nor yet by bursts of passion.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Among the good qualities which we may with
+just cause ascribe to Franklin we cannot number
+any firm reliance on the truths of Revelation.
+Only five weeks before his death we find him express
+a cold approbation of the "system of morals"
+bequeathed to us by "Jesus of Nazareth." In his
+Memoirs he declares that he always believed in
+the existence of a Deity and a future state of rewards
+and punishments, but he adds that although
+he continued to adhere to his first—the Presbyterian—sect,
+some of its dogmas appeared to him
+unintelligible, and others doubtful. "I early absented
+myself from the public assemblies of the
+sect; and I seldom attended any public worship;
+Sunday being my studying day."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Such being Franklin's own practice, and such
+his own description of it as to public worship, it
+seems worthy of note that it was he who in the
+American Convention brought forward a motion
+for daily prayers. "I have lived, Sir," said he, "a
+long time, and the longer I live the more convincing
+proofs I see of this truth, that God governs
+in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot
+fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable
+that an empire can rise without his aid?" But in
+spite of this most earnest appeal the motion was
+rejected, since, as we are told, "the Convention,
+except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The accomplished American biographer, by
+whom this last incident is recorded, expresses in
+the same passage deep regret that Dr. Franklin
+did not bestow more attention than he seems to
+have done on the evidences of Christianity. And
+indeed there are several indications that he was
+less well acquainted with points of Christian faith
+and discipline than with almost any other subject.
+One of these indications, and surely a most strange
+one, occurs in the Private Diary which he kept at
+Passy during part of 1784. It appears that two
+young American gentlemen had come over to
+London with the view of entering Holy Orders,
+but that the Archbishop of Canterbury refused
+them Ordination unless they would take the Oath
+of Allegiance. In this dilemma Franklin actually
+applied to the Pope's Nuncio at Paris to ascertain
+whether a Roman Catholic Bishop in America
+might not perform the ceremony for them as Protestants,
+and he transcribes as remarkable the natural
+reply: "The Nuncio says the thing is impossible
+unless the gentlemen become Roman Catholics."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The religious scepticism or indifference of
+Franklin, which his present biographers justly lament,
+was, however, in his own day, a recommendation
+and a merit with the French philosophists.
+On the other hand, his hostility to England endeared
+him to the French politicians. On both
+these grounds, as well as from his high scientific
+attainments, he found himself during his residence
+of several years at Paris in no common measure
+courted, flattered, and caressed. A fine verse, one</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+of the noblest which modern Latinity can boast,
+describes him as having plucked the lightning from
+Heaven and the sceptre from tyrants.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Descending from such lofty flights to the regions
+of sober reality, we may observe that Franklin in
+his later years, and especially in France, adopted
+to a great extent the Quaker garb. He laid aside
+the huge wig which he used to wear in England,
+and allowed his long white hair to flow down nearly
+to his shoulders. His clothes were of the plainest
+cut and of the dunnest color. The Parisians
+of that period, ever swayed by external impressions,
+were greatly struck with, and in their writings
+frequently refer to, his venerable aspect, and
+they compared him by turns to all the sages of
+antiquity. It is also probable that his Quaker-like
+attire may have tended to invest him in their estimation
+with the other attributes which they assigned
+to the ideal Quaker character, as simplicity,
+guilelessness, inviolable truth.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">LA FAYETTE.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">It so chanced that in the summer of 1776, La
+Fayette, still in his teens, and serving as a subaltern
+with the French army, was stationed with his
+regiment at Metz. It happened also that in the
+course of a foreign tour their Royal Highnesses of
+Gloucester passed a few days in that town. The
+principal officers entertained the Duke at dinner,
+when the conversation turned to the last news
+from Philadelphia and the new Declaration of Independence.
+Being at that period offended with
+his Court, from its neglect of the Duchess, the
+Duke indulged in Opposition topics, and, in some
+degree at least, took the part of the Americans.
+The details were new to La Fayette. He listened
+with eagerness, and prolonged the conversation by
+asking questions of the Royal guest. The cause
+of the colonies that had risen against England
+seemed to him just and noble, even on the showing
+of one of the English princes; and before he
+left the table, the thought came into his head that
+he would go to America, and offer the Americans
+his services. He determined to return to Paris,
+and make further inquiries. His inquiries being
+mainly addressed to Silas Deane and other zealous
+friends of the insurgents, could not fail to confirm
+him in his first impressions. He became fired
+with an ardent zeal for Republican principles and
+the American cause. That zeal continued ever
+afterwards—for well nigh sixty years—the polar
+star of his course. That zeal, favored as it was by
+fortune, adapted to the times that came upon him,
+and urged forward by great personal vanity, laid
+the foundations of his fame far more, as I conceive,
+than any strength of mind or talents of his
+own. Few men have ever been so conspicuous
+from afar with so little, when closely viewed, of
+real weight or dimension. As a general, it can
+scarcely be pretended that his exploits were either
+many or considerable. As an orator, we look in
+vain for any high powers of debate. As a statesman,
+we find only an undistinguishing eagerness to
+apply the Transatlantic examples and to act the
+part of Washington, without duly estimating
+either the immense superiority of Washington's
+character above his own, or the manifold points of
+difference between America and Europe.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">It was said by Napoleon at St. Helena, that
+"La Fayette was a man of no ability, either in
+civil or military life; his understanding was confined
+to narrow bounds; his character was full of
+dissimulation, and swayed by vague ideas of liberty,
+which, in him, were undefined and ill-digested."
+No doubt there is some exaggeration in
+these words. No doubt the late Emperor, at that
+period, was stirred by personal resentment at the
+hostile conduct of the General in 1815; yet it will
+perhaps be found more easy by any admirer of
+La Fayette to impugn the good faith of the
+draughtsman than the general accuracy of the
+portrait.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">The fortune of La Fayette was ample, his yearly
+income being little short of two hundred thousand
+livres; and his connexions, as we have seen,
+were among the first at Court. Under such circumstances,
+Silas Deane felt the vast importance of
+securing him. An agreement was concluded between
+them, by the intervention of one Mr. Carmichael
+(for as yet La Fayette spoke no English,
+and Deane little French), according to the terms
+of which the Marquis de La Fayette was to join
+the American service, and to receive from Congress
+the rank of Major-General—no slight temptation
+to a stripling of nineteen! La Fayette was
+to be accompanied, or rather attended, by the
+Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers of lower
+rank, seeking service in America. He sent, in
+secret, an agent to Bordeaux, there to purchase
+and prepare a vessel for their voyage. Meanwhile
+he made an excursion of three weeks to
+London, where his kinsman, the Marquis de
+Noailles, was ambassador. He was presented to
+the King, and graciously received. He saw at the
+opera General Clinton, who had come home on a
+winter leave of absence, and who was next to
+meet him on a field of battle in America. But,
+mindful of his own hostile designs, he deemed it
+proper to forbear from prying into the military
+forces of the kingdom, and declined an invitation
+to visit the naval armament at Portsmouth.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">On his return to France, La Fayette bade farewell
+to his young wife, leaving her four months
+gone with child, and set out for Bordeaux. Thus
+far all had prospered according to his wishes. But
+at Bordeaux he found that his preparations had
+been discovered and complained of by Lord Stormont,
+and that a </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">lettre de cachet</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> for his arrest
+was already issued. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish
+his design. He crossed the Spanish frontier
+in the disguise of a courier, found his vessel at
+Pasages, and there embarked with his companions.
+Towards the middle of June he landed on the coast
+of Carolina; and after a few days' rest, pursued his
+route to Philadelphia. His reception by the Congress
+was not at first a warm one; but La Fayette
+declared that he would accept no pay, and was
+willing to serve as a volunteer; and under these
+circumstances, the Assembly fulfilled the terms of
+the secret agreement, and bestowed on him the
+rank of Major-General.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">At Philadelphia La Fayette saw the American
+troops for the first time, and, according to his own
+account, was struck with their grotesque appearance—with
+green boughs fastened to their hats—coarse
+hunting-shirts instead of uniforms—and
+muskets, many wanting bayonets, and all of unequal
+make and size. But he soon learnt to think
+more favorably of these raw levies, when, notwithstanding
+all their disadvantages, he observed their
+conduct in the field. With regard to their commander,
+his early impressions never changed. It
+was also at Philadelphia, and at a dinner-table,</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+comprising several members of the Congress, that
+La Fayette was introduced to Washington. The
+boy-general found himself warmly welcomed by
+the chief whom he had long admired. "When
+you come to the army," said Washington, "I shall
+be pleased if you will make my quarters your
+home, and consider yourself as one of my family."
+The invitation thus frankly tendered was no less
+frankly accepted. Thus did a cordial intimacy
+arise between them, Washington at all times
+treating La Fayette with fatherly kindness, and
+La Fayette looking up to Washington with filial
+regard.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">La Fayette had already begun to speak a little
+English, and by degrees acquired more. But to
+the last the difficulties of the language were a
+main obstacle, not only to himself, but to every
+other foreigner who served with, or under, the
+United States. Thus there are still preserved
+some of the ill-spelled and scarcely intelligible notes
+of Count Pulasky, during the short time that he
+served as general of cavalry. Still worse was the
+case of Baron Steuben, a veteran of the school of
+Frederick the Second, who joined the Americans a
+few months later than La Fayette, and who greatly
+aided them in the establishment of discipline. The
+Baron, it appears, could not teach and drill, nor
+even swear and curse, but by means of an interpreter!
+He was, therefore, most fortunate in securing
+as his aid-de-camp Captain Walker of New-York—most
+fortunate, if, as his American biographer
+assures us, "there was not, perhaps, another
+officer in the army, unless Hamilton be excepted,
+who could speak French and English so as to be
+well understood in both."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">La Fayette did not always confine himself to the
+bounds of his own profession; sometimes, and,
+perhaps, not greatly to his credit, he stepped beyond
+them. Here is one case recorded with much
+satisfaction by himself. He states, that soon after
+his arrival in America, and while attending on
+Sunday the service of the Church of England, he
+was displeased with the clergyman, because in his
+sermon he had said nothing at all of politics. "I
+charged him to his face," says La Fayette, "with
+preaching only about Heaven!... But next
+Sunday," continues the keen young officer, "I
+heard him again, when his loud invectives against
+'the execrable House of Hanover,' showed that he
+was ready and willing to take my good advice."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">JOHN HORNE TOOKE.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">His abilities were ill fitted for the profession
+of a clergyman, which indeed he at last renounced,
+but they highly qualified him for his favorite
+occupation as a demagogue. Between him and
+Wilkes there now arose a violent animosity and a
+keen altercation carried on in newspapers. Descending
+to the lowest and most selfish details,
+they were not ashamed thus publicly to wrangle
+respecting a Welsh pony and a hamper of claret!
+Even before the close of 1770 might be discerned
+the growing discord and weakness of Wilkes and
+his city friends. At a meeting which they convened
+to consider their course of action, some proposed
+a new Remonstrance to the King, while
+others urged an impeachment of Lord North in
+the House of Commons. "What is the use of a
+new Remonstrance?" cried Wilkes. "It would
+only serve to make another paper kite for His
+Royal Highness the Prince of Wales!"—"What
+is the use of an impeachment?" cried Sawbridge.
+"Lord North is quite sure of the Bishops and the
+Scotch Peers in the Upper House, and could not
+fail to be acquitted!" But although these ardent
+patriots might differ a little as to the means, they
+were bent on one and the same end; and the Remonstrance
+which was at last agreed upon, appears
+to have been framed by their united wisdom.
+As thus drawn up it teemed with silly vagaries
+fit only to please the lowest order of intellects.
+Thus it prayed that His Majesty would for
+ever remove from his presence and councils all his
+Ministers and Secretaries of State, especially Lord
+Mansfield (who by the way was not one of them),
+and that His Majesty would not again admit any
+Scotchman into the administration!</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">THE CHARACTER OF WILKES.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">He was born in 1727, the son of a rich distiller.
+Early in life he set up a brewery for himself,
+but soon relinquished the wearisome business.
+Early in life also he improved his fortune by his
+marriage with the daughter and heiress of the celebrated
+Dr. Mead, the author of the "Treatise on
+Poisons." But this lady, being of maturer age
+than himself, and of slight personal attractions,
+was speedily slighted, and he left her with as
+much disgust as he had his brewery. In 1757 he
+was elected Member of Parliament for Aylesbury,
+but never obtained any success as an orator, his
+speeches being, though flippant, yet feeble. In
+truth he had no great ability of any kind, but
+dauntless courage and high animal spirits. Nor
+should we deny him another much rarer praise,—a
+vein of good humor and kindliness, which did
+not forsake him through all his long career,
+amidst the riot of debauchery or the rancor of
+faction. So agreeable and insinuating was his
+conversation, that more than one fair dame as she
+listened found herself forget his sinister squint and
+his ill-favored countenance. He used to say of
+himself in a laughing strain, that though he was
+the ugliest man in England, he wanted nothing
+to make him even with the handsomest but half
+an hour at starting! Politics indeed seemed at
+first wholly alien from Wilkes's sphere; gayety
+and gallantry were his peculiar objects. For
+some time he reigned the oracle of green-rooms
+and the delight of taverns. In conjunction with
+other kindred spirits, as Paul Whitehead and Sir
+Francis Dashwood, amounting in all to twelve,
+he rented Medmenham Abbey, near Marlow. It
+is a secluded and beautiful spot on the banks of
+the Thames, with hanging woods that slope down
+to the crystal stream, a grove of venerable elms,
+and meadows of the softest green. In days of
+old it had been a convent of Cistercian monks, but
+the new brotherhood took the title of Franciscans
+in compliment to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+whom they called their Father Abbot. On the
+portal, now again in ruins, and once more resigned
+to its former solitude and silence, I could still
+a few years since read the inscription placed there
+by Wilkes and his friends: </span><span lang="fr" class="tei tei-foreign" xml:lang="fr"><span style="font-size: 90%">fay çe que voudras</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">.
+Other French and Latin inscriptions, now with
+good reason effaced, then appeared in other parts
+of the grounds, some of them remarkable for wit,
+but all for either profaneness or obscenity, and
+many the more highly applauded as combining
+both. In this retreat the new Franciscans used
+often to meet for summer pastimes, and varied
+the round of their debauchery by a mock celebration
+of the principal Roman Catholic rites.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">WILKES'S ESSAY ON WOMAN.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">It appears that Wilkes had, several years before,
+and in some of his looser hours, composed a
+parody of Pope's "Essay on Man." In this undertaking,
+which, according to his own account,
+cost him a great deal of pains and time, he was,
+it is said, assisted by Thomas Potter, second son
+of the late Archbishop of Canterbury, who had
+been Secretary of Frederick Prince of Wales,
+and had since shown ability and gained office in
+the House of Commons, but was (as well became
+one of Wilkes's friends) of lax morals in his private
+life. The result of their joint authorship,
+however, has little wit or talent to make any
+amends for the blasphemy and lewdness with
+which it abounds. As the original had been inscribed
+by Pope to Lord Bolingbroke, so was the
+parody by Wilkes to Lord Sandwich; thus it began,
+"Awake my Sandwich!" instead of "Awake
+my St. John!" Thus also, in ridicule of Warburton's
+well-known commentary, some burlesque
+notes were appended in the name of the Right
+Reverend the Bishop of Gloucester.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">This worthless poem had remained in manuscript,
+and lain in Wilkes's desk, until in the previous
+spring he had occasion to set up a press at
+his own house, and was tempted to print fourteen
+copies only as presents to his boon companions.
+Of one of these copies the Government obtained
+possession, through a subordinate agent, and by not
+very creditable means, and Lord Sandwich holding
+it forth in his hand with the air of injured innocence,
+denounced it as not only scandalous and
+impious, but also as a breach of Privilege against
+the Bishop as a Peer of Parliament. He likewise
+complained of another profane parody, written by
+the same hand, and printed on the same occasion;
+this last was entitled, "The </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-variant: small-caps">veni creator</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> paraphrased."
+The most offensive passages of both
+were now by Lord Sandwich's order read aloud
+to the House, until Lord Lyttleton with a groan
+entreated that they might hear no more!</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In the discussion which ensured, Bishop Warburton,
+forgetting that such ribaldries could not really
+tarnish his character, showed a heat which little
+became it. He exclaimed that the blackest fiends
+in Hell would disdain to keep company with
+Wilkes,—and then asked pardon of Satan for
+comparing them together! Both the Earl and
+Bishop in their passion would have readily over-leaped
+the common forms of justice. The former,
+after producing evidence at the Bar as to the authorship
+of Wilkes, wished the House to take
+measures for his prosecution, without the least delay.
+But the Peers, although readily agreeing to
+vote the two parodies blasphemous and breaches
+of Privilege, resolved, on the motion of Lord Mansfield,
+to adjourn all further questions until the day
+after the next, so as to give Wilkes the opportunity,
+if he desired it, of alleging any matter in denial
+or defence.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">LORD THURLOW.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">With all his faults and shortcomings there was
+that in Thurlow which overawed and daunted his
+contemporaries, and of which the impression is
+not wholly lost even on posterity. It was a saying
+of Mr. Fox, that no man ever yet was so wise
+as Thurlow looked. His countenance was fraught
+with sense; his aspect stately and commanding;
+his brow broad, massy, and armed with terrors
+like that of the Olympian Jove, to which indeed
+it was often compared. His voice loud, sonorous,
+and as rolling thunder in the distance, augmented
+the effect of his fierce and terrible invective. Few
+indeed were they who did not quail before his
+frown; fewer still who would abide his onset in
+debate. Perhaps no modern English statesman,
+in the House of Lords at least, was ever so much
+dreaded. In parliament, as at the bar, his
+speeches were home thrusts, conveying the
+strongest arguments or keenest reproofs in the
+plainest and clearest words. His enemies might
+accuse his style of being coarse, and sometimes
+even ungrammatical, but they could never deny
+its energy or its effect. In private life Thurlow
+was remarkable for his thorough knowledge of the
+Greek and Latin writers; and no less for his skill
+in argument and brilliant powers of conversation.
+While yet at the bar, Dr. Johnson said of him to
+Boswell: "I honor Thurlow, sir; Thurlow is a fine
+fellow; he fairly puts his mind to yours." And
+after he became Chancellor, the same high authority
+added: "I would prepare myself for no man
+in England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to
+meet him, I should wish to know a day before."
+Unless with ladies, his manner was always uncouth,
+and his voice a constant growl. But beneath
+that rugged rind there appears to have
+lurked much warmth of affection and kindliness
+of heart. Many acts of generous aid and unsolicited
+bounty are recorded of him. Men of learning
+and merit seldom needed any other recommendation
+to his favor. Thus, on reading Horsley's
+"Letters to Dr. Priestly," he at once obtained
+for the author a stall at Gloucester, saying—what
+I earnestly wish all other Chancellors
+had borne in mind—"that those who supported
+the Church should be supported by it." Nevertheless
+his temper, even when in some measure
+sobered down by age, was always liable to violent
+and unreasonable starts of passion. It is related
+by a gentleman who dined with him at Brighton
+only a few months before his death—for I must
+ever hold that great characters are best portrayed
+by little circumstances—that a plateful of
+peaches being brought in, the ex-Chancellor, incensed
+at their ill appearance, ordered the window
+to be opened, and not only the peaches but the
+whole desert to be thrown out!</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">EDMUND BURKE.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">In pamphlets, however, and political essays—and
+even speeches, when revised and sent forth
+singly, may be comprehended in that class,—the
+personal disadvantages of Burke could no longer
+apply; and as regards that class of writings, it
+may be doubted whether he has ever, in any age,
+or in any country, been excelled. The philosophy
+and deep thought of his reflections—the vigor and
+variety of his style—his rich flow of either panegyric
+or invective—his fine touches of irony—the
+glowing abundance and beauty of his metaphors—all
+these might separately claim applause; how
+much more, then, when all blended into one glorious
+whole! To give examples of these merits
+would be to transcribe half his works. Yet still
+if one single and short instance from his maxims
+be allowed me, I will observe that the generous
+ardor and activity of mind called forth by competition
+has formed a theme of philosophic comment
+from a very early age. It is touched both by Cicero
+and Quintilian; it has not been neglected
+either by Bacon or Montaigne. Yet still, as</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+handled by Burke, this trite topic beams forth, not
+only with the hues of eloquence, but even with
+the bloom of novelty. He invites us to "an amicable
+conflict with difficulty. Difficulty is a severe
+instructor set over us by the supreme ordinance
+of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows
+us better than we know ourselves, as he loves us
+better too. He that wrestles with us strengthens
+our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist
+is our helper!" If amidst so much of eloquence
+and feeling as Burke's writings display we are desired
+to seek for faults, we shall find them, not in
+the want, but only in the exuberance and overflow
+of beauties. The palate becomes cloyed by
+so much richness, the eye dazzled by so much
+glare. His metaphors, fraught with fancy though
+they be, are often bold; they seem both too numerous
+and strained too far; they sometimes cease
+to please, and occasionally border even on the ludicrous
+and low. Of this defect, as of his excellences,
+a single instance shall suffice me. In the
+"Letter to a Noble Lord," in 1796, Burk compares
+the Duke of Bedford to a lamb already marked
+for slaughter by the Marats and Robespierres of
+France, but still unconscious of his doom, "pleased
+to the last," and who "licks the hand just raised
+to shed his blood." Thus far the simile is conducted
+with admirable force and humor. But not
+satisfied with his success, Burke goes further; he
+insists on leading us into the shambles, and makes
+the revolutionary butchers inquire as to their ducal
+victim, "how he cuts up? how he tallows in
+the caul or on the kidneys?" Apart from the
+beauty of the style, the value, as I conceive, of
+Burke's writings, is subject to one not unimportant
+deduction. For most lofty and far-sighted views
+in politics they will never be consulted in vain.
+On the other hand, let no man expect to find in
+them just or accurate, or even consistent, delineations
+of contemporary character. Where eternal
+principles are at stake, Burke was inaccessible to
+favor or to fear. Where only persons are concerned,
+he was often misled by resentments or by
+partialities, and allowed his fancy full play. The
+rich stores of Burke's memory and the rare powers
+of his mind were not reserved solely for his
+speeches or his writings; they appeared to no less
+advantage in his familiar conversation. Even the
+most trivial topics could elicit, even the most ignorant
+hearers could discern, his genius. "Sir,"
+said Dr. Johnson, "if Burke were to go into a stable
+to see his horse dressed, the hostler would say,
+We have had an extraordinary man here!" On other
+occasions, also, the author of "Rasselas" extols
+him as "never unwilling to begin conversation,
+never at a loss to carry it on, never in haste to
+leave it off." His attempts at wit, indeed, were
+not always successful, and he might be accused of
+an inordinate affection for quibbles and puns. His
+favorite niece, and latterly his guest, was sometimes
+provoked into a—"Really, uncle, that is
+very poor." But upon the whole it may be asserted,
+that in social converse Burke was equalled
+by none of his contemporaries and his countrymen,
+except only Dr. Johnson himself and perhaps
+Lord Thurlow.</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have no more room for further extracts;
+those we have made illustrate the
+temper and the style of the work, and will
+commend it to the favorable consideration of
+American readers. Among subjects treated
+most elaborately is that of the authorship of
+Junius; but Lord Mahon has no new facts
+for the vindication of his judgment, that Sir
+Philip Francis was unquestionably the writer
+of the famous letters under that name.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is an appendix to each volume; and
+in the appendix of one, and in the notes of
+both, are some curious illustrations of the
+worthlessness of Mr. Sparks's editions of the
+writings of Washington and Franklin. We
+first called attention to this subject some five
+years ago, and after the changes, &amp;c. of Mr.
+Sparks had been pointed out in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The International</span></span>,
+a series of carefully prepared criticisms
+appeared in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evening Post</span></span>, in which the
+discrepancies between the original letters of
+Washington were exhibited to a degree that at
+once and for ever destroyed the good reputation
+of Mr. Sparks in this department. He chose
+not to take any notice of the disclosures to
+which we refer, but it may be that Lord Mahon's
+criticism will secure his attention, and
+an attempt, at least, for his vindication. Besides
+his comparisons of MS. and printed letters
+in the appendix, Lord Mahon has several
+allusions to the subject, of which we quote
+specimens:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Some samples of the manner in which that
+gentleman (Mr. Sparks) has thought himself at
+liberty to tamper with the original MSS., will be
+found," &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Mr. Sparks has printed no part of the correspondence
+precisely as Washington wrote it, but
+has greatly altered, and as he thinks, corrected
+and embellished it. Such a liberty with the writings
+of such a man might be justifiable, nay, even
+in some respects necessary, if Washington and his
+principal contemporaries had been still alive; but
+the date of this publication, the year (1838), leaves,
+as I conceive, no adequate vindication for </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">tampering
+with the truth of history</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">."</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Washington, however, in his public letter to
+Congress (unless Mr. Jared Sparks has </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">improved</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">
+this passage), says," &amp;c.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"I know not whether my readers will concur
+with me in liking Washington's own and though
+home-spun, excellent cloth, much better than the
+'Cobweb schemes and gauze coverings' which
+have, it seems, been manufactured in its place."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A complete errata to Mr. Sparks's editions
+of Washington, Franklin, and Gouverneur
+Morris, would occupy several volumes; and
+we do not remember one instance in which
+his alterations were justifiable, or in which
+they were really an improvement in point
+of style. The reprobation with which Mr.
+Sparks has been visited by the learned and
+judicious of his own country and England will
+be a warning to future laborers in the same
+field. The works edited by Mr. Sparks are
+no longer, we believe, regarded by historical
+students as of the slightest value as authorities,
+and no faithfulness or excellence which
+may be displayed in future works from his
+hand will retrieve his lost reputation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These volumes will be reprinted immediately
+by the Appletons.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a>
+<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It were well if writers on the origin of typography
+would obey the injunction of Sir
+Thomas Browne, who thought it not inexpedient
+for those who seek to enlighten mankind
+on any particular subject, first to acquire
+some knowledge thereof themselves, so that
+the labor of readers should not so generally
+be profitless. In an article by Bishop McIlvaine,
+and another in Frazer's Magazine, by
+an anonymous contributor, the exercise of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">necromancy</span></span> is imputed to Fust, the inventor
+or supposed inventor of printing. Nine of
+every ten persons who write any thing on the
+subject fall into the same error; they have
+something always to say of Fust and the devil;
+curious anecdotes to rehearse of the multiplication
+of copies of the Scriptures in Paris
+and elsewhere; spells and incantations by
+the inventor of the "black" art to describe,
+&amp;c. But this is all induced by ignorance of
+the facts. John Fust, the putative inventor
+of printing, was a shrewd silversmith, and
+we suspect a knavish one, for without having
+any thing to do with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">invention</span></span> of the
+"art preservative of arts," he managed to
+rob another of the credit and profit of it. He
+was, however, never in Paris; he was never
+in his lifetime accused of the exercise of magical
+arts; he simply endeavored to make
+as much money as he could in Germany by
+underselling the copyists in the book market.
+All stories in which necromancy is attributed
+to him or to any other printer; all accounts
+of the opposition of the priests to typography
+as an infernal invention; in fine, the whole
+popular idea of Faust and the devil, is a modern
+contrivance, and originated in this manner:
+Some bookmaker, about the year 1580,
+undertook to write a history of printing; he
+had an indistinct recollection of Professor
+Faustus of the University of Wittenberg, and
+in his book blended as many of his adventures
+as he could remember with the memoirs of
+John Fust the printer; and from that day a
+succession of ignorant chroniclers have considered
+two men, of totally different characters,
+living at different times, as one individual.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Faust, the necromancer, was born in the
+duchy of Weimer in 1491, twenty-five years
+after the printer is understood to have died.
+He is mentioned by Melancthon, Wierus, and
+many other cotemporary writers, and was
+probably in his time not less distinguished as
+a magician than Agrippa or Albertus Magnus.
+It is related of him by Godwin, that he was
+in his youth adopted by an uncle, dwelling in
+the city of Wittenberg, who had no children.
+Here he was sent to college, and was soon
+distinguished by the greatness of his talents,
+and the rapid progress he made in every species
+of learning that was put before him. He
+was destined by his relative to the profession
+of theology. But he is said ungraciously to
+have set at naught his uncle's pious intentions.
+He went through his examinations with applause,
+and carried off all the first prizes
+among sixteen competitors; he therefore obtained
+the degree of doctor in divinity; but
+his success only made him proud and headstrong.
+He disdained his theological eminence,
+and sighed for distinction as a man of
+the world. He took his degree as a doctor
+of medicine, and aspired to celebrity as a
+practitioner of physic. About the same time
+he fell in with certain cotemporaries, of tastes
+similar to his own, and associated with them
+in the study of Chaldean, Greek, and Arabic
+science, of strange incantations and supernatural
+influences, in short, of all the arts of a
+sorcerer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Having made such progress as he could by
+dint of study and intense application, he at
+length resolved to prosecute his purposes still
+further by actually raising the devil. He happened
+one evening to walk in a thick, dark
+wood, within a short distance from Wittenberg,
+when it occurred to him that that was
+a fit place for executing his design. He stopped
+at a solitary spot where four roads met,
+and made use of his wand to mark out a large
+circle, and then two small ones within the
+larger. In one of these he fixed himself, appropriating
+the other for the use of his expected
+visitor. He went over the precise
+range of charms and incantations, omitting
+nothing. It was now dark night, between
+the ninth and tenth hours. The devil manifested
+himself by the usual signs of his appearance.
+"Wherefore am I called?" said
+he, "and what is it that you demand?" "I
+require," rejoined Faustus, "that you should
+sedulously attend unto me, answer my inquiries,
+and fulfil my behests."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Immediately upon Faustus pronouncing
+these words, there followed a tumult overhead,
+as if heaven and earth were coming together.
+The trees in their topmost branches
+bended to their very roots. It seemed as if
+the whole forest were peopled with devils,
+making a crash like a thousand wagons, hurrying
+to the right and left, before and behind,
+in every possible direction, with thunder and
+lightning, and the continual discharge of great
+cannon. Hell appeared to have emptied itself
+to have furnished the din. There succeeded
+the most charming music from all sorts
+of instruments, and sounds of hilarity and
+dancing. Next came a report as of a tournament,
+and the clashing of innumerable lances.
+This lasted so long, that Faustus was many
+times about to rush out of the circle in which
+he had inclosed himself, and to abandon his
+preparations. His courage and resolution,
+however, got the better; and he remained
+immovable. He pursued his incantations
+without intermission. Then came to the very
+edge of the circle a griffin first, and next a
+dragon, which in the midst of his enchantments
+grinned at him horribly with his teeth,
+but finally fell down at his feet, and extended
+his length to many a rood. Faustus persisted.
+Then succeeded a sort of fireworks, a pillar<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of fire, and a man on fire at the top, who
+leaped down; and there immediately appeared
+a number of globes here and there
+red-hot, while the man on fire went and came
+to every part of the circle for a quarter of an
+hour. At length the devil came forward in
+the shape of a gray monk, and asked Faustus
+what he wanted. Faustus adjourned their further
+conference, and appointed the devil to
+comes to him at his lodging.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He in the mean time busied himself in the
+necessary preparations. He entered his study
+at the appointed time, and found the devil
+waiting for him. Faustus told him that he
+had prepared certain articles, to which it was
+necessary that the demon should fully accord,—that
+he should attend him at all times,
+when required, for all the days of his life;
+that he should bring him every thing he
+wanted; that he should come to him in any
+shape that Faustus required, or be invisible,
+and Faustus should be invisible too whenever
+he desired it; that he should deny him nothing,
+and answer him with perfect veracity
+to every thing he demanded. To some of
+these requisitions the spirit could not consent,
+without authority from his master, the chief
+of devils. At length all these concessions
+were adjusted. The devil on his part also
+prescribed his conditions. That Faustus
+should abjure the Christian religion and all
+reverence for the supreme God; that he
+should enjoy the entire command of his attendant
+demon for a certain term of years;
+and that at the end of that period the devil
+should dispose of him, body and soul, at his
+pleasure [the term was fixed for twenty-four
+years]; that he should at all times steadfastly
+refuse to listen to any one who should desire
+to convert him, or convince him of the error
+of his ways, and lead him to repentance; that
+Faustus should draw up a writing containing
+these particulars, and sign it with his blood;
+that he should deliver this writing to the
+devil, and keep a duplicate of it himself, that
+so there might be no misunderstanding. It
+was further appointed by Faustus, that the
+devil should usually attend him in the habit
+of a cordelier, with a pleasing countenance
+and an insinuating demeanor. Faustus also
+asked the devil his name, who answered that
+he was usually called Mephistophiles.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Numerous adventures of Faustus are related
+in the German histories. It is said that
+the emperor Charles V. was at Inspruck, at
+a time when Faustus also resided there. His
+courtiers informed the emperor that Faustus
+was in the town, and Charles expressed a desire
+to see him. He was introduced. Charles
+asked him whether he could really perform
+such wondrous feats as were reported of
+him. Faustus modestly replied, inviting the
+emperor to make trial of his skill. "Then,"
+said Charles, "of all the eminent personages
+I have ever read of, Alexander the Great is
+the man who most excites my curiosity, and
+whom it would most gratify my wishes to see
+in the very form in which he lived." Faustus
+rejoined that it was out of his power truly to
+raise the dead, but that he had spirits at his
+command who had often seen that great conqueror,
+and that Faustus would willingly
+place him before the emperor as he required.
+He conditioned that Charles should not speak
+to him, nor attempt to touch him. The emperor
+promised compliance. After a few
+ceremonies, therefore, Faustus opened a door,
+and brought in Alexander exactly in the form
+in which he had lived, with the same garments,
+and every circumstance corresponding.
+Alexander made his obeisance to the
+emperor, and walked several times round
+him. The queen of Alexander was then introduced
+in the same manner. Charles just
+then recollected he had read that Alexander
+had a wart on the nape of his neck; and
+with proper precautions Faustus allowed the
+emperor to examine the apparition by this
+test. Alexander then vanished.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As Faustus was approaching the last year
+of his term, he seemed resolved to pamper
+his appetite with every species of luxury.
+He carefully accumulated all the materials of
+voluptuousness and magnificence. He was
+particularly anxious in the selection of women
+who should serve for his pleasures. He
+had one Englishwoman, one Hungarian, one
+French, two of Germany, and two from different
+parts of Italy, all of them eminent for
+the perfections which characterized their different
+countries.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At length he arrived at the end of the term
+for which he had contracted with the devil.
+For two or three years before it expired his
+character gradually altered. He became subject
+to fits of despondency, was no longer
+susceptible of mirth and amusement, and reflected
+with bitter agony on the close in
+which the whole must terminate. He assembled
+his friends together at a grand entertainment,
+and when it was over, addressed them,
+telling them that this was the last day of his
+life, reminding them of the wonders with
+which he had frequently astonished them,
+and informing them of the condition upon
+which he had held this power. They, one
+and all, expressed the deepest sorrow at the
+intelligence. They had had the idea of something
+unlawful in his proceedings; but their
+notions had been very far from coming up to
+the truth. They regretted exceedingly that
+he had not been unreserved in his communications
+at an earlier period. They would
+have had recourse in his behalf, to the means
+of religion, and have applied to pious men,
+desiring them to employ their power to intercede
+with Heaven in his favor. Prayer and
+penitence might have done much for him;
+and the mercy of Heaven was unbounded.
+They advised him to still call upon God, and
+endeavor to secure an interest in the merits
+of the Saviour.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Faustus assured them that it was all in
+vain, and that his tragical fate was inevitable.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+He led them to their sleeping apartment, and
+recommended to them to pass the night as
+they could, but by no means, whatever they
+might happen to hear, to come out of it; as
+their interference could in no way be beneficial
+to him, and might be attended with the
+most serious injury to themselves. They lay
+still, therefore, as he had enjoined them; but
+not one of them could close his eyes. Between
+twelve and one in the night they heard
+first a furious storm of wind round all sides
+of the house, as if it would have torn away
+the walls from their foundations. This no
+sooner somewhat abated, than a noise was
+heard of discordant and violent hissing, as if
+the house was full of all sorts of venomous
+reptiles, but which plainly proceeded from
+Faustus's chamber. Next they heard the
+doctor's room-door vehemently burst open,
+and cries for help uttered with dreadful agony,
+but in a half-suppressed voice, which presently
+grew fainter and fainter. Then every
+thing became still, as if the everlasting motion
+of the world was suspended.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When at length it became broad day, the
+students went in a body to the doctor's apartment.
+But he was nowhere to be seen. Only
+the walls were found smeared with his blood,
+and marks as if his brains had been dashed
+out. His body was finally discovered at some
+distance from the house, his limbs dismembered,
+and marks of great violence about the
+features of his face. The students gathered
+up the mutilated parts of his body, and afforded
+them private burial at the temple of
+Mars, in the village where he died.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a>
+<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">SOME SMALL POEMS.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY R. H. STODDARD.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A PROLOGUE.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Without, the winds of Winter blow;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Without, the Winter sifts its snow:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Within, the hearths are warm and bright,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And all the chambers full of light,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And we again are gathered here,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To greet the advent of the year.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pile on the wood, and stir the fires,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And in our souls the sweet desires;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And let us frame a mingled rhyme,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To suit the singers and the time;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With different stops, and keys of art,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In quaint old measures, got by heart.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY THE SEA.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">By the rolling waves I roam,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And look along the sea,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And dream of the day and the gleaming sail,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">That bore my love from me.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His bark now sails the Indian seas,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Far down the summer zone:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But his thoughts, like swallows, fly to me</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">By the Northern waves alone.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor will he delay, when winds are fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To waft him back to me;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But haste, my love! or my grave will be made</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">By the sad and moaning sea!</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">WHEAT AND SHEAVES.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Before me now the village stands,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Its cottages embowered in bloom;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Behind me lies the burying ground,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Its sepulchres in cypress gloom.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The bells before me ring aloud,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A pæan for the live and bold;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The bells behind are tolling low,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A requiem for the dead and cold.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The crowd before me tramp away,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And shout until the winds are stirred;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The crowd behind no longer move,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And never breathe a single word.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Before me many moan, and weep:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Behind, there is not one who grieves;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For blight but wastes the standing wheat.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">It cannot touch the garnered sheaves!</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">FRAGMENT.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    The gray old Earth goes on</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">      At its ancient pace,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    Lifting its thunder voice</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">      In the choir of Space;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 6.00em">        And the Years, as they go,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 6.00em">        Are singing slow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    Solemn dirges, full of woe!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Tears are shed, and hearts are broken,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  And many bitter words are spoken,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">    And many left unsaid;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  And many are with the living,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  That were better—better dead!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tyrants sit upon their thrones,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And will not hear the people's moans,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Nor hear their clanking chains;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Or if they do, they add thereto,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And mock, not ease, their pains;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  But little liberty remains—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There is but little room for thee,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In this wide world, O Liberty!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But where thou hast once set thy foot,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Thou wilt remain, though oft unseen;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And grow like thought, and move like wind,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Upon the troubled sea of Mind,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  No longer now serene.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thy life and strength thou dost retain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Despite the cell, the rack, the pain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And all the battles won—in vain!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And even now thou seest the hour</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That lays in dust the tyrant's power,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When man shall once again be free,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Earth renewed, and young like thee,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  O Liberty! O Liberty!</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">CERTAIN MERRY STANZAS.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I often wish that I could know</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  The life in store for me,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The measure of the joy and woe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Of my futurity.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I do not fear to meet the worst</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  The gathering years can give;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My life has been a life accurst</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  From youth, and yet I live;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Future may be overcast,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But never darker than the Past!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My mind will grow, as years depart</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  With all the wingéd hours;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And all my buried seeds of Art</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Will bloom again in flowers;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But buried hopes no more will bloom,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  As in the days of old;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My youth is lying in its tomb,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  My heart is dead and cold!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And certain sad, but nameless cares</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Have flecked my locks with silver hairs!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">No bitter feeling clouds my grief,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  No angry thoughts of thee;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For thou art now a faded leaf</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Upon a fading tree.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">From day to day I sea thee sink,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  From deep to deep in shame;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I sigh, but dare not bid thee think</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Upon thine ancient fame—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For oh! the thought of what thou art</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Must be a hell within thy heart!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My life is full of care and pain—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  My heart of old desires;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But living embers yet remain</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Below its dying fires;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor do I fear what all the years</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  May have in store for me,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For I have washed away with tears</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  The blots of Memory:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But thou—despite the love on high—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">What is there left thee but to die!</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a>
+<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.</span><a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY A. OAKEY HALL.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The hurrying pedestrian in Wall-street, or
+in some of its bisecting avenues of commercial
+bustle, if he have time to glance over
+his shoulder, is sure to observe a freshly-painted
+piece of tin (its brief rhetoric revelling in
+the pride and pomp of gold leaf alphabetically
+shaped), denominated by lawyers "a
+shingle"—setting forth that some sanguine
+gentleman has then and there established
+himself as an Attorney and Counsellor at Law.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The sign is by the front door, shining with
+self-conceit at the passers by; and its owner
+is up some weary stairway, yawning over
+"twice told tales" of legal lore, copying precedents
+for the sake of practice, or keeping
+hope alive upon the back benches of the
+court-rooms in listening to the eloquence of
+his seniors while <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span> is waiting for clients.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Heaven help many a young attorney in this
+"babel" of money-getting. The race should
+be prayed for in churches: and it should meet
+with a consideration as nearly divine as mortals
+can call up from crowded heart-chambers.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Well: the sign keeps nailed up: and by
+and by the sun blisters it, and dries out the
+pomp of the gilded letters, and perhaps the
+owner yawns over his one case, or sitting
+upon a front bench in the court-room while
+case number thirty is being heard, waits for
+case nine hundred and thirty, against which
+on the calendar that is reposing by the side
+of the complaisant clerk in the corner, his
+name is placed as counsel—shining there like
+a pebble on a wide and extended beach.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Physiology of the Medical Student
+from facetious pens was reached to us over the
+Atlantic by friendly booksellers some years
+ago; and we should have had by this time
+"the Physiology of the young Attorney."
+He is a good subject for dissection; there's
+plenty of venous humor in his composition;
+and oh! a deal of nerve!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Talk of exploring expeditions to the Arctic
+regions as offering specimens of courage and
+prowess; or of scientific excursions into the
+wilds of Africa to the same purport! These
+instances are trivial compared to the courage
+and prowess yearly displayed by hundreds of
+attorneys who plunge into the ocean of litigation
+in order to swim towards the distant
+buoys which the sun of prosperity always
+cheers with enlivening beams.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Don't waste sympathy in this connection
+for the young Sawbones. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">His</span></span> thirst for action
+can be slaked at pauper fountains. For
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">him</span></span> the emigrant's chamber, the cabin of the
+arriving ship, the dispensary, the asylums,
+the hospitals, and the poor-houses, are always
+open; and if his "soul be in arms," there are
+(Heaven knows) "frays" in this city numerous
+enough for any ambitious surgical eagerness.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But for the aspiring attorney where are
+the avenues open for gratuitous action? Do
+merchants nail up promissory notes upon awning
+posts for attorneys to seize and put in
+suit? What "old nobs" of Wall-street are
+willing to put themselves "in chancery" to
+oblige Hopper Tape, Esq., your humble attendant
+upon the
+Where are the courts possessing suits without
+counsel?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We may be told of unfortunate wretches
+who murder in drunken fits to whom counsel
+are assigned. But what are ten crusts of
+bread per annum among a thousand hungry
+dogs?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thou must face the truth, young college
+boy, who now and then dost stroll into court-rooms,
+or who dost lounge away an hour in
+a friend's law office admiring his books and
+piles of papers—thinking the while of the
+time when thou wilt have graduated and obtained
+permission to hang up thy pomp-gilded
+"shingle:" <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">thou must face the truth</span></span>! The
+counsel who so attracts thy admiration, in
+thy court-room lounging, has fought weary
+years with myriad obstacles; there are the
+ashes of many nights and days of toil and
+struggle sprinkled upon his hair; he has
+fought his way (from where thou sittest a
+listener to where he stands a speaker), as if
+through an Indian gauntlet file. There were
+a hundred mouths waiting for the first crumbs
+which came to his impatient legal digestion;
+and a hundred envious heads and hearts to
+worry him if possible into a dyspepsia over
+those crumbs. He has began with an office
+in a fifth story, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">climbed down</span></span> towards the
+street. He commenced to hive his honey
+near the roof! While out of his office he
+climbed a professional ladder, the holding on
+to which tasked all his powers of physical,
+mental, and pecuniary endurance. Face the
+truth!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Reach me yonder diary and legal register.
+Two thousand practising lawyers in the city
+of New-York! Out of these one hundred
+are "notables;" fifty are "distinguished;"
+twenty-five are eminent.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A large body of them are "conveyancers"
+growing thin in person and thinner in mind
+over deeds and titles; a larger body "attorneys"—getters
+up and supervisors of suits—providers
+of ammunition for "distinguished
+counsel" to discharge with loud reports (the
+said counsel brilliant by the flash: the attorney
+obscured in the smoke); many, very
+many, chained to "larcenies" at the Sessions,
+"landlord dispossessions" at the Marine Court,
+suits on butcher's bills at Ward Courts, or
+"malicious prosecutions" in the Common
+Pleas.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet there are hundreds of coral reefs and
+pearls for persevering divers in this ocean
+of litigation. Three thousand pending cases
+every month are three thousand nutshells<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+where the meat is often fresh and oily, even
+with the weary keeping on the calendar for
+months and years. There are <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">some</span></span> counsel
+who pocket fees and costs to the tune of twenty
+thousand a year. We know many a Quirk,
+Gammon and Snap, who realize an undoubted
+"ten thousand a year," with no Tittlebat Titmouse
+for a standing annoyance. And we
+can taper off on the finger many who do not
+realize five hundred a year, and work like negro
+slaves at that: they are continually rough
+hewing, but no divinity shapes their ends.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five years of "starvation," and five more
+years of toil and trouble, constitute the depth
+of a lawyer's slough of despond in New-York;
+to say nothing of the giants' castles
+to storm upon the way, or the fights with the
+Apolyons of Envy. Obviously so!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A man now-a-days will let a young Sawbones
+advise ice for his child's croup, or even
+experiment with his own much-abused liver,
+when he would not intrust a young attorney
+with the suing a note where ten witnesses
+saw the note signed and the "consideration
+money" paid over. And if the public really
+knew how much danger their pockets were
+in when the "buttons" were under the control
+of inexperienced lawyers, the number of
+"starvers" would be doubled. What "eminent"
+lawyer is there who does not look back
+to the "practice" of his youth, in perfect terror
+to witness the mistakes he made, as the
+helmsman, who has scudded through the
+breakers to the open sea, glances back at the
+dangers he escaped?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The young lawyers of a year back are,
+however, five years—perhaps ten—in advance
+of the lawyers of this year's growth.
+The latter have greater rivalry in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hordes</span></span>
+of practitioners from the interior whom the
+"new code" have driven from their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">trespass
+quare clausum fregit</span></span> into the city. Many of
+them, too, were men of mark in their ports of
+departure, bold and confident in their new
+haven!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One field, however, in the legal township
+of this city, offers room upon its face for
+tillers—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the field of advocacy</span></span>! It is ploughed
+by some twenty or thirty, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">harrowed</span></span> by
+some fifty or sixty. There are a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dozen</span></span> whom
+the ghosts of Nisi Prius flock to hear upon
+great occasions. And these will long hold
+the monopoly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Why?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Because the advocate and barrister must
+have had vast experience at Nisi Prius (or the
+court where matters of fact are investigated
+by judge and jury); have acquired a practised
+tact; have had opportunities of testing their
+own calibre to know if they are fitted for
+emergencies—as the gunsmith tests his barrels
+before he "stocks" them. And the
+young lawyer has small opportunity afforded
+him to acquire this tact—to permit this testing.
+If he can play "devil" for a few years
+to some barrister of extended practice, or
+scent "occasions" like a blood-hound on the
+trail of the valuable fugitive from justice,
+then he is a happy man, and is in the fair way
+of soon becoming a monopolist himself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Any juryman of two years' standing will
+corroborate our statement as to the openness
+of the field of legal advocacy. How often
+has he seen cause after cause "set down,"
+"reserved," or "put off," because counsel
+are engaged elsewhere? How often has he
+heard the same advocate in four or five causes
+in the same week, in the same court, changing
+positions like the queen of an active chess-board;
+profiting his fame and pocket by
+means of only a hurried glance at the elaborate
+brief which his junior has "got up" for
+him?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some one has said that the barrister works
+hard, lives well, and dies poor. Regarding
+the first two conditions of his life there is little
+doubt upon the question of truth; the dying
+in poverty <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">may be</span></span> problematical. Yet in
+a recent print, professing to furnish a list of
+wealthy tax-payers, the list contained four
+lawyers, and only one was a barrister. The
+instance proves little, for a lawyer may be
+very rich and yet pay no taxes. The assessors
+may fight shy of his bell-pull as they go
+their rounds, because of his penchant to find
+flaws in their actions and bring them official
+discredit in an apparently laborious task, but
+in reality a sinecure of an employment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We have often asked ourselves if barristers
+have stomachs. Bowels of compassion they
+have not, that is certain; but have they stomachs?
+Say nine times in a year they dine
+at the same hour of the day; and then spoon
+their soup with the blood all drawn from the
+digestive apparatus to feed the brain. Yet
+they eat like aldermen and drink like German
+princes....</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This much of idle reverie, as, with pen in
+hand, we laid down the two bulky and elaborately-published
+volumes whose title we have
+taken as text; this much of glance at the
+condition of the young and old advocate of
+to-day, before we digest our reflections upon
+the advocate and jurist of the past.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was our privilege in our legal novitiate
+(this is but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a phrase</span></span>; for a lawyer is always
+in his novitiate) to have been, at the Cambridge
+Law School, a pupil of Mr. Justice
+Story; and thus to have drank at the very
+fountain head of constitutional law—that
+branch of our national jurisprudence which
+can least fluctuate. Judges of a day and not
+of a generation, or crazy legislators with spasmodic
+wisdom, may alter, and overturn, and
+mystify by simplification, the laws and usages
+of every-day life; but it is scarcely to be apprehended
+that the current of our constitutional
+law will ever be diverted from original
+channels. There is danger rather of its being
+dammed into stagnation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While fully aware of his faults and foibles
+as a man, and his idiosyncracies as a judge
+and a legal writer, we have never wavered
+in loyalty to his judicial majesty, or found a<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+flaw in the regard we paid to his memory.
+And no book was more welcome to Zimmerman
+in his solitude than these volumes regarding
+the illustrious judge, prepared by his
+son, were welcome to our Christmas-holiday
+leisure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Joseph Story was the eldest of eleven children,
+and lived to be indeed the "Joseph"
+of mark and renown to his father and brothers.
+He was born in Marblehead, September
+18th, 1779. His father was a physician,
+and served during a portion of the Revolution
+as army surgeon. He died when the future
+judge was twenty-six years of age: yet what
+the son then was is best told by one sentence
+from the father's will—after making his wife
+sole executrix, he recommends her to his son
+Joseph, adding, "and although this perhaps
+is needless, I do it to mark my special confidence
+in his affections, skill, and abilities."
+From the father, our lawyer thus panegyrized
+received friendly geniality and broad understanding;
+from the mother, indomitable will,
+vigor and enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Habit of observation and desire of knowledge
+were the prominent attributes of his
+childish character; nevertheless he was ardent
+in all the sports of boyhood. To the
+last he maintained a regard for his honor,
+which induced him while yet a lad, and under
+promise not to divulge the name of a schoolmate
+offender, to receive a severe flogging
+rather than to yield up his knowledge upon
+the subject. At the age of sixteen, in the
+midst of a Freshman term at Harvard College,
+he thought of matriculation; but upon inquiry
+learned that he must not only be examined
+upon the works of ordinary preparatory
+reading, but that it was necessary for
+him to expect a call upon the volumes which
+his class had dispatched during the past half
+year. At first he was daunted, but remembering
+there yet remained six weeks of vacation,
+he addressed himself to the necessary
+labor—the severity of which is best evidenced
+by the fact that in the short time above
+mentioned he read Sallust, the odes of Horace,
+two books of Livy, three books of the
+Anabasis, two books of the Iliad, and certain
+English treatises. This sounds like the railroad
+instruction now much in vogue; but its
+effects were permanent in value upon his
+mind. Few readers of his works will accuse
+him of a want of proficiency in Latin! But
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">often</span></span> reading—the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">saepe legendo</span></span> was
+ever his habit: for he remembered the couplet:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sic homo fit doctus non vi sed saepe legendo.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He passed muster with the college tutors
+in January, 1795. Among his classmates were
+the (afterwards Reverends) Dr. Tuckerman
+and Wm. E. Channing—to the genius and
+character of the latter of whom he always
+bore the most enthusiastic and hearty testimony.
+Indeed he contested with Channing
+for the highest honor. Channing won it, but
+always gave the honor himself to Story;
+while the latter always declared that the former
+won the just meed of his genius and
+scholarship.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Their graduation was in the summer of
+1798: and immediately upon quitting college
+Mr. Story commenced the study of the law
+with Mr. Samuel Sewall, afterwards Chief Justice
+in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.
+Fourteen hours a day was over his quantum
+of study. Although sometimes disheartened,
+he never surrendered his determination to
+master the elements and details of his new
+profession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Studying</span></span> law in those days was a far different
+thing from its <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">reading</span></span> now. Then it
+was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">multum</span></span>: now it is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">multa</span></span>. No copious
+indexes and multifarious treatises were counted
+by thousands: no digests (directories to
+the streets, the avenues, the fountains and the
+temples of the science), abounded by scores.
+Libraries were carried about in wheelbarrows
+and not in processions of vans, when the inexorable
+moving day came around. Learned
+judges were not then compelled to hold courts
+in remote villages (resorting hereby to a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">coup
+de loi</span></span>), in order to escape the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cacoethes loquendi</span></span>
+of case lawyers and presuming juniors.
+Legal lore was builded up like the massive
+stone and hard grained mortar of the
+edifices of that olden time—slowly, carefully,
+but lastingly; not as are builded now the
+brick and stuccoed mansions of the snob and
+parvenu. Not that abounding treatises and
+familiarizing digests forbid the idea of the
+perfect lawyer now-a-days: only that to-day
+the law student in the midst of a large library
+stands more in need (when thinking of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">otium</span></span> which accompanies certain dignity), to
+utter the ejaculation, "lead us not into temptation"—the
+temptation of possessing that
+knowledge which teaches where to seek for
+information, and not the kind which is information
+of itself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In 1801 Mr. Story came to the Salem bar
+while at the age of twenty-two. After being
+three years at practice he married his first
+wife, who died within two years afterward,
+plunging him into the deepest grief. During
+his courtship he dabbled (as almost every
+young lawyer does until he finds that clients
+are severe critics) in poetry, and wrote a
+didactic poem of two parts in heroic verse,
+entitled "The Power of Solitude." Adopting
+the criticism of the biographers—its prominent
+defects were exaggeration of feeling,
+confusion of imagery, want of simplicity of
+expression, stilted and artificial style. But
+though dull as a poem, it shows facility and
+talent for versification, breathes a warm aspiration
+for virtue and truth, and is creditable
+to the scholarship of its author.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After the loss of his wife he sought relief
+from painful thoughts in the laborious duties
+of a large and increasing business. His position
+at the bar was prominent, and he was
+engaged in nearly all the cases of importance.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+His manner to the jury was earnest and
+spirited; he managed his causes with tact
+(that great acquirement of the successful
+lawyer: being, as a distinguished barrister
+now dead and gone said to Dr. Hosack, the
+same sheet anchor to the advocate which mercury
+or bark is to the physician), was ready
+in attack or defence, and possessed great eloquence
+of expression. As an advocate he
+showed a sagacity of perception which no intricacy
+of detail could blind, no suddenness
+of attack confuse, and which afterwards so
+distinguished him as a Judge. He was thrown
+among the leading lawyers; and undaunted
+as all young lawyers should be (although preserving
+their modesty of deportment and learning),
+he measured swords with the most accomplished.
+Although sometimes vanquished, he
+always received honors from even the victors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is a prevailing opinion with the junior
+members of the legal profession, that their
+seniors delight in snubbing them; that they
+are fond of being discourteous, and arrogant;
+that they are envious of some and insulting
+to others. But it is rare indeed that the seniors
+err on other ground in this respect than
+magnanimity. The industrious youngster,
+the self-reliant youngster, the firm but respectful
+youngster, the versed in elementary
+principles among youngsters, are always received
+with open arms. Law begets law. If
+the junior commences a suit a senior may answer
+it: and the reverse. The parson and
+the doctor are in perpetual interference with
+the neighbors and brethren of their particular
+calling. But lawyers, like bees in the
+beehive, must of necessity assist and succor
+each other, or there will be less honey laid
+away when the summer is past and the harvest
+ended.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Early in his professional career he became
+an ardent politician. He was a Jeffersonian
+Democrat, and at the bar of his residence
+stood almost alone in his partisan position.
+As such a party man he went into the State
+Legislature, and became an acknowledged
+leader. He possessed that great quality for
+a leader, the faculty of extempore speaking,
+joined with the ability to condense and elucidate
+the topics he took in hand. But he
+never submitted the convictions of his judgment
+to party dictation; and soon after his
+entering the arena of legislative warfare, he
+bravely stemmed party tide in advocating an
+increase of salaries for the State judges. The
+latter were all federalists, and it was not to
+be wondered that the republicans of that
+day, who wore in their noses the rings of
+party, should shrug their shoulders at the
+prospect of benefiting political opponents.
+But by his firm conduct, and by his confident
+assertion and able arguments in favor of the
+measure, it was carried. And to Joseph
+Story, more than any other man, Massachusetts
+is indebted for the opportunity of employing
+ablest judicial officers, without making
+their families beggars.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is the disgrace of our country that its
+judicial officers are the most poorly paid of
+all professions and pursuits. And in every
+section of the Union, that distinguished lawyer
+who accepts a seat upon the bench, must
+hold the glories of his honor at a very high
+price, to surrender his ordinary professional
+emoluments for the wretched pittance which
+the various States dole out for days of public
+toil and nights of private study. We desire
+to look no further than this Empire State for
+examples. This Empire State, with its magnificent
+resources and proudly developing
+energies, should be the last to unite in adjudging
+its judicial officers to the labors of
+galley slaves, and to then pay them by the
+year less than a ballet-dancer receives by
+the month in all its principal cities. Two
+thousand five hundred dollars per year is the
+astounding sum which this same Empire
+State pays to its highest judicial officers. If
+we reverse the saying of Walpole, and read
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">every price has its man</span></span>," we may not wonder
+if Dogberries and grandmothers are occasionally
+found upon the bench, dispensing
+their honest but destructive platitudes, and
+their Malaprop constructions of commercial
+law, to juries of astounded merchants.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From the arena of State politics, Mr. Story
+next changed his position to the temple of
+national discussions at Washington. His career
+in Congress was, however, limited to one
+session, and to a vacancy-seat occasioned by
+a death. He declined re-election; for in the
+words of his autobiographical account of this
+portion of his career, he had lost all relish
+for political controversy, and had found that
+an entire obedience to party projects required
+such constant sacrifices of opinion and feeling,
+that he preferred to devote himself with singleness
+of heart to the study of the law,
+which was at all times the object of his admiration
+and almost exclusive devotion.
+Public sentiment, however, forced him again
+into the State councils at home, where more
+liberty of professional engagement was permitted.
+He was in political life but a brief
+period again, before, in his thirty-second
+year, President Madison pressed his acceptance
+of a vacant Associate Justiceship in the
+Supreme Court of the United States, which
+had been declined by Levi Lincoln and by
+John Quincy Adams, then in Russia. Although
+the acceptance involved the surrender
+of heavy professional emolument, the high
+honor, the permanence of the tenure, and
+the opportunity of gratifying his juridical
+studies that he so much loved, joined in compelling
+his acquiescence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The atrocious crime of being a young
+man," which had compelled a hatred of William
+Pitt the younger, in a former day, was
+now brought up against him by many whose
+party subserviency fairly blushed before his
+manly integrity, and by others who envied
+him his success. But one year at the Circuit
+silenced all complaint. And in his thirty-third<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+year he was acknowledged to be the
+able jurist whom, at his death in his sixty-sixth
+year of age, a whole nation mourned.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dismissing for the present all consideration
+of his judicial life, and all estimate of his
+ability upon the bench, and passing over
+nearly twenty years of his life, we meet him
+in the possession of his fourth great honor in
+life—but an honor which was ever the first
+prized by him in all his after career—the appointment
+of Law Professor in Cambrige
+Law School.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mr. Nathan Dane, whose Abridgement of
+American law in many volumes had obtained
+for him the gratitude of the profession at
+large, and the more substantial testimonial
+of pecuniary profit, had determined, about the
+fiftieth year of Judge Story's life, to repay
+the law some of the profits which its votaries
+had bestowed upon him, by donating ten
+thousand dollars for the establishment of a
+new professorship.  He annexed to his donation,
+however, the condition that Judge Story
+should be the incumbent. To the great delight
+of the donor, and of the College Fellows,
+the Judge assented, and was inaugurated
+as Dane Professor of Law, with a special
+view to Lectures upon the Law of Nations,
+Commercial and Maritime Law, Federal Law
+and Equity—a station which he filled to the
+day of his lamented death.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This brief survey of his life presents him
+then in several public aspects; as a student, as
+an advocate, as a statesman, as a judge, and
+as an expounder of the great principles of law,
+which he worshipped with an idolatry of love.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To speak of his political career would not
+belong to the scope of our article. And to
+sit in judgment upon his judicial career would
+be our presumption. Older and abler pens
+must render their tributes to the extent and
+varied richness of his legal lore, which, taking
+root in principles, branched into the minutiæ
+of detail, under every sun and in every clime
+where law is recognized as a rule of human
+action. His judicial fame can never be increased
+or diminished by individual estimate.
+The law of patents, of admiralty and prizes,
+the jurisprudence of equity, and above all,
+his luminous explorations of what were once
+constitutional labyrinths, are monuments as
+indestructible as the Pyramids. If every
+trace of their original oneness be lost, they
+will yet live in the hours of future judicial
+days, in professional acts, and in the guiding
+policy of a remote posterity. His library of
+treatises are legal classics; and the worst defects
+which flippant carpers and canvassers
+of their claims to merit have discovered in
+their pages, have been their richness of detail
+and polish of learning! And no one can
+deny that as a judge he was the very example
+which 'Hobbes' in his 'Leviathan,' carried
+in mind when he thus wrote—"the
+things that make a good judge or good interpreter
+of the laws, are first—a right understanding
+of that principal law of nature
+called Equity, which depending not on the
+reading of other men's writings, but on the
+goodness of a man's own natural reason and
+meditation, is presumed to be in those most
+who have had most leisure and the most inclination
+to meditate thereon; second—contempt
+of unnecessary riches and preferments;
+third—to be able in judgment to divest himself
+of all fear, anger, hatred, love and compassion;
+fourthly and lastly—patience to
+hear, diligent attention in hearing, and
+memory to retain, digest, and apply what he
+hath heard."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not the least amiable phase of the life of
+Judge Story, was the attention which he
+gave to letters and literary pursuits. He was
+no <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mere</span></span> lawyer: no stringer of professional
+centos. He never hid his heart with the
+veil of dignity; nor smothered his fresh impulses
+(preserved intact from worldly rust
+since boyhood) with the weight of his judicial
+and professional labors. While he believed
+that the law was a jealous mistress, he
+knew that this mistress was too stable and
+sensible to decree that a gentle dalliance or
+seasonable flirtation with her maids of honor—Poetry,
+or the Arts, or Literature, or Love—was
+an unloyal act. He could turn from
+Grotius to Dickens, from Vattel to Thackeray.
+He could digest the points of the elaborate
+arguments of eminent counsel, and then turn
+aside to a gentle tonic from the administrating
+hand of Smollett or Walter Scott.
+Method was his master-key to all the combinations
+in the locks of labor.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Twice married he never ceased to eulogize
+the bliss of domesticity. Surrounded by loving
+eyes, the currents of his freshened affection
+flowed deeper and clearer every year. How
+he treasured home and home joys may be
+collected in the following lines from his
+poem on solitude (before referred to), written
+in his twenty-second year.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Grandeur may dazzle with its transient glare</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The herd of folly, and the tribe of care,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who sport and flutter through their listless days,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Like motes that bask in Summer's noontide blaze,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With anxious steps round vacant splendor while,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Live on a look, and banquet on a smile;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But the firm race whose high endowments claim</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The laurel-wreath that decks the brow of fame;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who warmed by sympathy's electric glow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In rapture tremble, and dissolve in woe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Blest in <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">retirement</span></span>, scorn the frowns of fate,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And feel a transport power can ne'er create."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Touching the poem from which these lines
+are taken, we remember being shown the
+only copy of the published book which was
+known to exist, by the family of the Judge.
+The Assistant Librarian (who was born for
+his station in all that regards enthusiastic
+love of his duties), of the Harvard College
+library, showed us, with great triumph, a
+small sheep-bound volume, entitled "Solitude
+and other Poems, by Joseph Story,"
+printed sometime in the commencement of
+this century: saying, "the Judge has burned
+all the copies he can pick up, and this is only
+to be read here." This poem was a sore
+subject to the author. He viewed it as not<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+only a blot upon his dignity, but an annoyance
+to his professional fame. Numerous
+critics have laughed at it; but apart from the
+shorter poems, the main theme showed much
+aptitude of poetic imagery, invention, and
+harmony of expression. Glance at the following
+lines, which contain much of the
+genuine spark:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Till nature's self the Vandal torch should raise,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the vast alcove of creation blaze."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Or this—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Blaze the vast domes inwrought with fretted gold,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The sumptuous pavements veins or pearl unfold,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Arch piled on arch with columned pride ascend,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Grove linked to grove their mingling shadows blend."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Or this—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Let narrow prudence boast its grovelling art</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To chill the generous sympathies of heart,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Teach to subdue each thought sublimely wild,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And crush, like Herod, fancy's new-born child."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is highly probable that the learned Justice,
+knowing his taste for the poetical and
+fanciful, and his aptitude at the harmony of
+language, often erred in his judicial writings
+and treatises, by avoiding beauty of expression,
+in fear lest the dignity of his subject
+should be injured by too much association
+with the creatures of fancy. We have known
+most accomplished lawyers err through this
+same caution. Our biographer himself (Mr.
+William W. Story) has certainly done himself
+great injustice as a writer in his work on
+"Contracts," when, in the pages before us,
+he presents us with so much delicacy of fancy
+and rhetorical finish. Blackstone in his
+"Commentaries," Jones in his "Bailment"
+treatise, Stephens in his essay upon "Pleading,"
+time-honored Fearne in his "Contingent
+Remainders," have shown how grateful and
+how suitable it is for the legal readers to find
+brilliancy of rhetoric adorning the most profound
+learning.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But certainly Judge Story possessed to a
+remarkable degree the faculty of condensation
+in his poetical works. His rhyme was
+not reason run mad; but reason in modest
+holiday attire. Where are lines at once so
+compact and so searching in their wisdom as
+the following, penned in 1832, as matters of
+advice to a young law student:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Whene'er you speak, remember every cause</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pregnant in matter, in expression brief,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Let every sentence stand in bold relief;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">On trifling points nor time nor talents waste,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A sad offence to learning and to taste;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor deal with pompous phrase; nor e'er suppose</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Poetic flights belong to reasoning prose,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Loose declamation may deceive the crowd,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And seem more striking as it grows more loud;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But sober sense rejects it with disdain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As nought but empty noise, and weak as vain.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The froth of words, the school-boy's vain parade</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of books and cases—all his stock in trade—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The pert conceits, the cunning tricks and play</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of low attorneys, strung in long array,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The unseemly jest, the petulent reply,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That chatters on, and cares not how, or why,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Studious, avoid—unworthy themes to scan,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">They sink the speaker and disgrace the man.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Like the false lights, by flying shadows cast,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Scarce seen when present, and forgot when past.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Begin with dignity: expound with grace</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Each ground of reasoning in its time and place;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Let order reign throughout—each topic touch,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor urge its power too little, or too much.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Give each strong thought its most attractive view,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In diction clear, and yet severely true,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And as the arguments in splendor grow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Let each reflect its light on all below.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When to the close arrive make no delays</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">By petty flourishes, or verbal plays,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But sum the whole in one deep solemn strain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Like a strong current hastening to the main."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If Mr. Story had never been elevated to
+the bench it is not likely his name would ever
+have become national property. Although
+plunged into politics in his earlier life, he was
+not fitted for the life. His devotion to the
+law, and his dread of becoming that slave to
+party usages which all public men must necessarily
+more or less fashion of themselves,
+would have retained him in his native state,
+and made his usefulness sectional. To the
+politicians of the school of General Jackson,
+and to the administration of that President, he
+was particularly distasteful. His tenacious
+conservatism drew forth from the "old hero,"
+on one occasion, the remark, that "he was
+the most dangerous man in the country."
+Lord Eldon, with his doubts and pertinacious
+toryism was not more unpopular among the
+reformers in England than was Judge Story—the
+last of the old regime of federal judges—with
+the bank radicals of 1832.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Chief Justice Marshall died he felt
+almost broken-hearted. A new race of constitutional
+expounders had arisen around him.
+Brother justices, with modern constructions,
+and more liberal notions of national law,
+were by his side. In many decisions he was
+now a sole dissenter. His pride was invaded;
+his self-love tortured; his adoration of certain
+legal constructions which he had deemed
+immutable in their nature, was desecrated.
+And, for many years previous to his decease,
+he had contemplated resigning from the federal
+judiciary, and living alone for his darling
+law school.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This school was his adopted child. He had
+taken it in a feeble and helpless infancy. He
+had given it strength and increased vitality.
+He brought it up to a vigorous and useful
+maturity. It was loved by only a handful of
+students when he gave his name and talents
+to aid its life: but when he died, a hundred
+and fifty pupils were its warm suitors, and
+hundreds of lawyers over the whole union
+cherished its prosperity as a link in their own
+chains of happiness.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And, although he thought not of it, his labors
+in the law school secure for his memory
+in the present generation a more brilliant existence
+than his array of judicial decisions,
+and his thousands of written pages, can ever
+bestow. In some pine forest settlement of
+Maine, or in some rude court-house in California,
+there are lawyers who bring before
+them every day his genial smiles and his impressive
+lectures, looked upon and heard by
+them in former times at Cambridge. Over
+all the Union, in almost every village, town,
+and city, are his pupils. Each one of them
+may sometimes reflect with rapture upon
+their days of college life, or remember with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+pride their first professional success: but
+not one of these considerations of reminiscence
+is so grateful to his mind as the thought
+of his novitiate with Justice Story. Depend
+upon it he treasures up those Cambridge text-books,
+those Cambridge note-books whose
+leaves daguerreotype the learning of the eminent
+deceased, those catalogues of students
+where his name is proudly found, as the most
+valuable portions of his library. He will never
+part with them: but they will descend
+to his children.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was our privilege and pleasure also to
+know Mr. Justice Story at Cambridge; to
+have spent days of pleasure in the hours of his
+society; to have rendered to his teachings
+the tribute of delighted attention and grateful
+recollection. We, too, have been fascinated
+with that conversation, whose variety of exuberance
+and sometimes egotism, were its
+greatest ornaments. In the sunshine of his
+intellect our mind has sunned itself, and been
+warmed into zealous and proselyting admiration.
+To his gray-haired teachings we have
+paid personal reverence, and we unaffectedly
+hope to have caught from his society and intercourse
+a spark of that professional enthusiasm
+which is the only true guiding-star of
+the plodding lawyer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The December blasts are hoarsely sobbing
+to-night through Mount Auburn, the garden
+of his mortal repose—the hallowed spot
+which his eloquence consecrated in its origin,
+and which his religious love in his lifetime
+sacredly cherished. The snows of winter
+and the autumn-woven carpet of fallen leaves
+are heaped upon his honored grave, the sodded
+paths to which, in the glowing spring-time
+and fragrant summer, are pressed most
+frequent with the tread of faithful mourners.
+Years have passed since that honored grave
+was first closed upon him. Longer years have
+flown since we were under his teachings. But
+we seem to view him the same as of yore.
+Again the class is assembled in the hushed
+lecture-room as his familiar tread is heard at
+the door; or as the burst of applause, where
+there is no sycophantic flattery known or
+felt, greets his entrance to his seat. Again
+we see him adjusting his genial spectacles,
+and looking around upon the upturned faces
+with parental pride. Again we hear his
+mellowed, although often impetuous accents,
+expounding familiar principles of law, and
+descending to the consideration of "first
+things" with as much pride and carefulness as
+the artist treats his Rubens or Titian, which
+for years and years has hung before him in
+all lights and shades and in every combination
+of position.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, we occupy a modest corner of the
+library while he is holding his moot court;
+infusing into the dignity of his manner a
+marked suavity of disposition which never
+forsook him; or he is perpetrating some appropriate
+legal joke to his audience, who
+never played upon his ease or good nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, we have stolen into the self-same
+library while he is holding an equity term of
+his circuit, to listen to the words of judicial
+wisdom which came from his utterance, exuberant
+as pearls of fancy from the mouth of
+an inspired poet.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again, we see him at the summer twilight,
+seated by the trellised portico of his hospitable
+and happy homestead, surrounded by
+family or friends, enjoying the amenities of
+life with unaffected pleasure, and sometimes
+awakening the garden echoes with his cheerful
+ringing laugh; or we see him in the same
+hour of the day driving under the venerable
+elms of the numerous commons, gazing and
+bowing around with all the pleasure which
+the king of the fairy book marked upon his
+face when the love of his subjects, among
+whom he passed, came forth with the evening
+breeze to bless and greet him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And then we pass into "reverie," and live
+a few minutes of "dream-life," recalling to
+mind the maxims and sayings which were uttered
+in our presence; and the many bright
+exemplars placed before his pupils, and the
+kindly greetings which were showered all
+about—for he was no distinguisher of persons
+so long as honor of feeling and uprightness
+of motive abounded in his presence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He is gone! Yet in these pages of biography
+before us he will always live. From infancy
+to the ripened greatness of old age, his
+life is preserved to posterity by the hand of
+his faithful and grateful son, whose duty has
+been most ably and interestingly performed.
+The very minutiæ of his life are presented
+with fidelity and modesty of reference. Some
+may carp at this; to these let us say with
+the French proverbialist, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Rien n'est indifférent
+dans la vie d'un grand homme; le genie
+se revéle dans ses moindres actions</span></span>. The
+straws of every day life mark the direction
+of the breezes of individual action.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To the hearts of his pupils we would send
+this epitaph, and ask them if aught less tributary
+could be said of one who was and is to
+them a father.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here sleeps the mortality of Joseph Story,
+who lived his days so well that he won in a
+short lifetime an immortality of fame. His
+career as a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Man</span></span> reflected lustre upon the
+lustre of an honored father's manhood, and
+added to the virtues which his mother bequeathed
+him. As a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Politician</span></span>, he rendered
+obeisance only to his conscience. As a
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lawyer</span></span>, he never disgraced his profession by
+a thought, and even honored it by his slightest
+acts. The colleague of Marshall, the two
+now shine together as twin stars in the often
+contemplated firmament of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Judicial Renown</span></span>.
+Not selfish of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Learning</span></span>, it is scattered to
+the uttermost parts of the earth, and is treasured
+wherever it has fallen. The learning
+which he borrowed from continental Europe
+he repaid with magnificent interest. In Westminster
+Hall his name is associated with Nottingham,
+Hale, Mansfield, and Stowell. Counting<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as dross the wealth of professional eminence,
+he became from the love of it an expounder
+of law to its tyros. He has spread
+for thousands of adopted children a banquet
+of the treasures of legal lore, and next to reverencing
+his paternal love they cherish with
+profound gratitude the memory of his slightest
+instructions. While the Union of his birthplace
+exists, her citizens will regard with unfeigned
+admiration his constitutional teachings.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a>
+<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY THE AUTHOR OF "NILE NOTES OF A HOWADJI."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa in 1437. In 1851 the Genoese
+are finishing his monument.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I am Columbus: will ye let me in?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Or Doria in his palace by the sea.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Proud Andrea Doria named il Principe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In your Republic named il Principe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">By Charles the Fifth, the Emperor of Spain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Monopolizes he your meed of fame</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Before the awful Judgment seat of Time.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Well, and Pisani, the Venetian, he,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Venice as Doria was Genoa,—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Why, wide-mouthed Europe clanged their stunning praise,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And history with their names adorns herself,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dazzing the eyes of pious pilgrims, who</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Press flowers from Doria's garden, dreaming float</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Upon Pisani's silent waters, and</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Proceed, much meditating human fate.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And they had pleasures, palaces. They stood,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And sat, and went, all men admiring,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Men of a day, in its brief life they lived,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In its swift dying died. Men of a day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Brave, generous, and noble—not enough.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Voluptuous Venice, Genoa superb,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Far fascinating meteors that flashed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then fell forgotten. Do I carp? Not I.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ye love your own, I mine, mine me, amen!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">O pious pilgrims and ye Genoese,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Proceed, much meditating human fate,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And meditate this well.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em">A wanderer driven</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">By every adverse gust of evil times.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wrecked upon barren reefs of blandest smiles,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Wan victim of a solitary thought</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Too masculine to die unrealized.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tortured with tortuous diplomacy,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Beseeching monarchs still in vain besought,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Not to give kingdoms but to take a world,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Unloved of Fortune, best beloved of Hope,—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When Doria was a lisping boy at school,—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">This wanderer puts forth one summer morn,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Among the other fishers of the sea,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And with a world returns.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em">Nay! nay! no words.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Your hemisphere was only half enough,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Christopher Columbus globed his fame.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And now ye build my statue, Genoese,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">After three silent centuries have died,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When the old fourth is failing, ye do well</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With lagging stones to pile the pedestal,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And shape my sculptured seeming. Not with wrath,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor scorn. Good God and less with gratitude,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Be those worn features wreathed. I love ye not,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ye are no friends of mine. I did not ask</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A block of marble for my memory,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But gold to carve my hope. It was not much—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nay, had it been your all, was it not well</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To wreck your fortune on a hope sublime?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And, Merchants! The brave chance; a small outlay,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And income inconceivable! You chose.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My stately Spain was wiser. So much gold,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A little fleet,—some sailors—leaders known—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If not investment, speculation safe,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The honor of the enterprise, and chance—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Always the siren chance—Spain risked and won,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Genoa lost a world.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em">Sir Advocate!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I understand your meaning; it were hard</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fame drafts upon the Future should be paid</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ere present recognition! 'Twere unjust</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That hope unhazarded in act, were crowned</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With the same coronal that crowns success.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The starving mariner upon your shore—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The riddle of the West unsolved—stood not</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In the same light to set his worthiness,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As when an unimagined Future streamed</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">All over him in glory. Yet he stood</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In that light lonely, as in the old dark,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lonely, but looking to that light for life.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Spring-pinioned Hope impetuously flew,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And saw, through the deep Future shedding balm,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His fame a tree in flower.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em">If that were all?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If in his vision of America</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He saw but Christopher made famous? Look!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Not for himself; but for that martyr, Thought,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Which struggles fainting in a foolish world,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To ope a gate to wisdom, his heart swelled</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">When his fixed eye beheld his soul's belief</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fulfilled in Western twilight. Thou my land!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Shalt thunder to the ages evermore</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That dreams and hopes are holy. Thou shalt still</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The croaking voice of souls that shake at dawn,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Loving the dimness of their own decay,—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The lone desire, entreaty and despair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The wasting weariness that breeds disgust,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">All woes but Doubt that, wasp-like, stings Hope back,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There are ye justified. And never Time</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Goldening this page can slip its moral too:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And never Thought, loving this sweet success,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But still shall love its own wild dreams the more.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And still shall brighter gild all skiey peaks</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of noble daring, with this perfect day.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Regard your leisure with my monument,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My Genoese, for centuries to be</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Will yet retain Its reason as to day.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There, where my hope was builded, stands my Fame,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The youngest children of the youngest race.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The wide worlds heritors, arch-heirs of Time,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pronounce my name with reverence, and call</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Your sometime outcast, Father. Be it so.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Andrea's palace claims repairs perhaps,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The sculptured letters must be cut anew,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That on the crumbling girdle of his house</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Proclaim him Principe. That be your task,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And pare your miserable marble, me.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a>
+<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Dickon," cried Mother Rigby, "a coal
+for my pipe!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The pipe was in the old dame's mouth,
+when she said these words. She had thrust
+it there after filling it with tobacco, but without
+stooping to light it at the hearth; where,
+indeed, there was no appearance of a fire
+having been kindled, that morning. Forthwith,
+however, as soon as the order was
+given, there was an intense red glow out of
+the bowl of the pipe, and a whiff of smoke
+from Mother Rigby's lips. Whence the coal
+came, and how brought thither by an invisible
+hand, I have never been able to discover.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Good!" quoth Mother Rigby, with a nod
+of her head. "Thank ye, Dickon! And
+now for making this scarecrow. Be within
+call, Dickon, in case I need you again!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The good woman had risen thus early (for
+as yet it was scarcely sunrise), in order to set
+about making a scarecrow, which she intended
+to put in the middle of her corn patch.
+It was now the latter week of May, and the
+crows and blackbirds had already discovered
+the little, green, rolled-up leaf of the Indian
+corn, just peeping out of the soil. She was
+determined, therefore, to contrive as lifelike
+a scarecrow as ever was seen, and to finish it
+immediately, from top to toe, so that it should
+begin its sentinel's duty that very morning.
+Now, mother Rigby (as every body must have
+heard) was one of the most cunning and potent
+witches in New England, and might,
+with very little trouble, have made a scarecrow<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+ugly enough to frighten the minister
+himself. But, on this occasion, as she had
+awakened in an uncommonly pleasant humor,
+and was further dulcified by her pipe of tobacco,
+she resolved to produce something
+fine, beautiful, and splendid, rather than hideous
+and horrible.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I don't want to set up a hobgoblin in my
+own corn-patch, and almost at my own doorstep,"
+said Mother Rigby to herself, puffing
+out a whiff of smoke; "I could do it if I pleased;
+but I'm tired of doing marvellous things,
+and so I'll keep within the bounds of everyday
+business, just for variety's sake. Besides,
+there is no use in scaring the little children,
+for a mile roundabout, though 'tis true I'm a
+witch!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was settled, therefore, in her own mind,
+that the scarecrow should represent a fine
+gentleman of the period, so far as the materials
+at hand would allow. Perhaps it may be
+as well to enumerate the chief of the articles
+that went to the composition of this figure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most important item of all, probably,
+although it made so little show, was a certain
+broomstick, on which Mother Rigby had
+taken many an airy gallop at midnight, and
+which now served the scarecrow by way of
+a spinal column, or, as the unlearned phrase
+it, a backbone. One of its arms was a disabled
+flail which used to be wielded by Goodman
+Rigby, before his spouse worried him
+out of this troublesome world; the other, if
+I mistake not, was composed of the pudding-stick
+and a broken rung of a chair, tied loosely
+together at the elbow. As for its legs,
+the right was a hoe-handle, and the left an
+undistinguished and miscellaneous stick from
+the wood pile. Its lungs, stomach, and other
+affairs of that kind, were nothing better than
+a meal bag, stuffed with straw. Thus, we
+have made out the skeleton and entire corporcity
+of the scarecrow, with the exception
+of its head; and this was admirably supplied
+by a somewhat withered and shrivelled pumpkin,
+in which Mother Rigby cut two holes for
+the eyes and a slit for the mouth, leaving a
+bluish-colored knob in the middle, to pass for
+a nose. It was really quite a respectable face.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I've seen worse ones on human shoulders,
+at any rate," said Mother Rigby. "And many
+a fine gentleman has a pumpkin head, as well
+as my scarecrow!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the clothes, in this case, were to be
+the making of the man. So the good old
+woman took down from a peg an ancient
+plum-colored coat, of London make, and with
+relics of embroidery on its seams, cuffs,
+pocket-flabs, and button-holes, but lamentably
+worn and faded, patched at the elbows,
+tattered at the skirts, and threadbare all over.
+On the left breast was a round hole, whence
+either a star of nobility had been rent away,
+or else the hot heart of some former wearer
+had scorched it through and through. The
+neighbors said, that this rich garment belonged
+to the Black Man's wardrobe, and that
+he kept it at Mother Rigby's cottage for the
+convenience of slipping it on whenever he
+wished to make a grand appearance at the
+governor's table. To match the coat, there
+was a velvet waistcoat of very ample size,
+and formerly embroidered with foliage, that
+had been as brightly golden as the maple-leaves
+in October, but which had now quite
+vanished out of the substance of the velvet.
+Next came a pair of scarlet breeches, once
+worn by the French governor of Louisbourg,
+and the knees of which had touched the lower
+step of the throne of Louis le Grand. The
+Frenchman had given these small-clothes to
+an Indian powwow, who parted with them
+to the old witch for a gill of strong waters,
+at one of their dances in the forest. Furthermore,
+Mother Rigby produced a pair of silk
+stockings, and put them on the figure's legs,
+where they showed as unsubstantial as a
+dream, with the wooden reality of the two
+sticks making itself miserably apparent
+through the holes. Lastly, she put her dead
+husband's wig on the bare scalp of the pumpkin,
+and surmounted the whole with a dusty
+three-cornered hat, in which was stuck the
+longest tail feather of a rooster.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then the old dame stood the figure up in
+a corner of her cottage, and chuckled to behold
+its yellow semblance of a visage, with
+its nobby little nose thrust into the air. It
+had a strangely self-satisfied aspect, and seemed
+to say, "Come look at me!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And you are well worth looking at—that's
+a fact!" quoth Mother Rigby, in admiration
+at her own handiwork: "I've made
+many a puppet, since I've been a witch; but
+methinks this is the finest of them all. 'Tis
+almost too good for a scarecrow. And, by
+the by, I'll just fill a fresh pipe of tobacco,
+and then take him out to the corn-patch."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While filling her pipe, the old woman continued
+to gaze with almost motherly affection
+at the figure in the corner. To say the truth,
+whether it were chance, or skill, or downright
+witchcraft, there was something wonderfully
+human in this ridiculous shape, bedizened
+with its tattered finery; and as for the
+countenance, it appeared to shrivel its yellow
+surface into a grin—a funny kind of expression,
+betwixt scorn and merriment, as if it
+understood itself to be a jest at mankind.
+The more Mother Rigby looked, the better
+she was pleased.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Dickon," cried she sharply, "another
+coal for my pipe!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Hardly had she spoken than, just as before,
+there was a red-glowing coal on the top of
+the tobacco. She drew in a long whiff, and
+puffed it forth again into the bar of morning
+sunshine, which struggled through the one
+dusty pane of her cottage window. Mother
+Rigby always liked to flavor her pipe with a
+coal of fire from the particular chimney corner
+whence this had been brought. But
+where that chimney corner might be, or who
+brought the coal from it—further than that<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the invisible messenger seemed to respond to
+the name of Dickon—I cannot tell.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That puppet, yonder," thought Mother
+Rigby, still with her eyes fixed on the scarecrow,
+"is too good a piece of work to stand
+all summer in a corn-patch, frightening away
+the crows and blackbirds. He's capable of
+better things. Why, I've danced with a
+worse one, when partners happened to be
+scarce, at our witch-meetings in the forest!
+What if I should let him take his chance
+among the other men of straw and empty
+fellows, who go bustling about the world?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The old witch took three or four more
+whiffs of her pipe, and smiled.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He'll meet plenty of his brethren at every
+street-corner!" continued she. "Well; I
+didn't mean to dabble in witchcraft to-day,
+further than the lighting of my pipe; but a
+witch I am, and a witch I'm likely to be, and
+there's no use trying to shirk it. I'll make a
+man of my scarecrow, were it only for the
+joke's sake!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While muttering these words, Mother Rigby
+took the pipe from her own mouth, and
+thrust it into the crevice which represented
+the same feature in the pumpkin-visage of
+the scarecrow.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Puff, darling, puff!" said she. "Puff
+away, my fine fellow! your life depends on
+it!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was a strange exhortation, undoubtedly,
+to be addressed to a mere thing of sticks,
+straw, and old clothes, with nothing better
+than a shrivelled pumpkin for a head; as we
+know to have been the scarecrow's case.
+Nevertheless, as we must carefully hold in
+remembrance, Mother Rigby was a witch of
+singular power and dexterity; and, keeping
+this fact duly before our minds, we shall see
+nothing beyond credibility in the remarkable
+incidents of our story. Indeed, the great
+difficulty will be at once got over, if we can
+only bring ourselves to believe, that, as soon
+as the old dame bade him puff, there came a
+whiff of smoke from the scarecrow's mouth.
+It was the very feeblest of whiffs, to be sure;
+but it was followed by another and another,
+each more decided than the preceding one.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Puff away, my pet! puff away, my pretty
+one!" Mother Rigby kept repeating, with her
+pleasantest smile. "It is the breath of life
+to ye; and that you may take my word for!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Beyond all question the pipe was bewitched.
+There must have been a spell either in
+the tobacco or in the fiercely glowing coal
+that so mysteriously burned on top of it, or
+in the pungent aromatic smoke which exhaled
+from the kindled weed. The figure,
+after a few doubtful attempts, at length blew
+forth a volley of smoke, extending all the
+way from the obscure corner into the bar of
+sunshine. There it eddied and melted away
+among the motes of dust. It seemed a convulsive
+effort; for the two or three next
+whiffs were fainter, although the coal still
+glowed, and threw a gleam over the scarecrow's
+visage. The old witch clapt her skinny
+hands together, and smiled encouragingly
+upon her handiwork. She saw that the
+charm worked well. The shrivelled, yellow
+face, which heretofore had been no face at
+all, had already a thin, fantastic haze, as it
+were, of human likeness, shifting to and fro
+across it; sometimes vanishing entirely, but
+growing more perceptible than ever with
+the next whiff from the pipe. The whole
+figure, in like manner, assumed a show of
+life, such as we impart to ill-defined shapes
+among the clouds, and half-deceive ourselves
+with the pastime of our own fancy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we must needs pry closely into the matter,
+it may be doubted whether there was
+any real change, after all, in the sordid,
+worn-out, worthless, and ill-jointed substance
+of the scarecrow; but merely a spectral illusion,
+and a cunning effect of light and shade,
+so colored and contrived as to delude the eyes
+of most men. The miracles of witchcraft
+seem always to have had a very shallow subtlety;
+and, at least, if the above explanation
+do not hit the truth of the process, I can
+suggest no better.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well puffed, my pretty lad!" still cried
+old Mother Rigby. "Come, another good,
+stout whiff, and let it be with might and
+main! Puff for thy life, I tell thee! Puff
+out of the very bottom of thy heart; if any
+heart thou hast, or any bottom to it! Well
+done, again! Thou didst suck in that mouthfull
+as if for the pure love of it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And then the witch beckoned to the scarecrow,
+throwing so much magnetic potency
+into her gesture, that it seemed as if it must
+inevitably be obeyed, like the mystic call of
+the loadstone, when it summons the iron.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why lurkest thou in the corner, lazy
+one?" said she. "Step forth! Thou hast
+the world before thee?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Upon my word, if the legend were not one
+which I heard on my grandmother's knee,
+and which had established its place among
+things credible before my childish judgment
+could analyze its probability, I question whether
+I should have the face to tell it now!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In obedience to Mother Rigby's word, and
+extending its arm as if to reach her out-stretched
+hand, the figure made a step forward—a
+kind of hitch and jerk, however,
+rather than a step—then tottered, and almost
+lost its balance. What could the witch expect?
+It was nothing, after all, but a scarecrow,
+stuck upon two sticks. But the strong-willed
+old beldam scowled, and beckoned,
+and flung the energy of her purpose so forcibly
+at this poor combination of rotten wood,
+and musty straw, and ragged garments, that
+it was compelled to show itself a man, in spite
+of the reality of things. So it stepped into the
+bar of sunshine. There it stood—poor devil
+of a contrivance that it was!—with only the
+thinnest vesture of human similitude about
+it, through which was evident the stiff, ricketty,
+incongruous, faded, tattered, good-for-nothing<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+patchwork of its substance, ready to
+sink in a heap upon the floor, as conscious of
+its own unworthiness to be erect. Shall I
+confess the truth? At its present point of
+vivification, the scarecrow reminds me of
+some of the lukewarm and abortive characters,
+composed of heterogeneous materials,
+used for the thousandth time, and never
+worth using, with which romance-writers
+(and myself, no doubt, among the rest), have
+so over-peopled the world of fiction.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the fierce old hag began to get angry,
+and show a glimpse of her diabolic nature
+(like a snake's head, peeping with a hiss out
+of her bosom,) at this pusillanimous behavior
+of the thing, which she had taken the trouble
+to put together.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Puff away, wretch!" cried she, wrathfully.
+"Puff, puff, puff, thou thing of straw
+and emptiness!—thou rag or two!—thou
+meal-bag!—thou pumpkin-head!—thou nothing!—where
+shall I find a name vile
+enough to call thee by! Puff, I say, and suck
+in thy fantastic life along with the smoke; else
+I snatch the pipe from thy mouth, and hurl
+thee where that red coal came from!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus threatened, the unhappy scarecrow
+had nothing for it, but to puff away for dear
+life. As need was, therefore, it applied itself
+lustily to the pipe, and sent forth such abundant
+volleys of tobacco-smoke, that the small
+cottage-kitchen became all vaporous. The
+one sunbeam struggled mistily through, and
+could but imperfectly define the image of the
+cracked and dusty window-pane on the opposite
+wall. Mother Rigby, meanwhile, with
+one brown arm akimbo, and the other
+stretched towards the figure, loomed grimly
+amid the obscurity, with such port and expression
+as when she was wont to heave a
+ponderous nightmare on her victims, and
+stand at the bedside to enjoy their agony. In
+fear and trembling did this poor scarecrow
+puff. But its efforts, it must be acknowledged,
+served an excellent purpose; for, with
+each successive whiff, the figure lost more
+and more of its dizzy and perplexing tenuity,
+and seemed to take denser substance. Its
+very garments, moreover, partook of the magical
+change, and shone with the gloss of
+novelty, and glistened with the skilfully embroidered
+gold that had long ago been rent
+away. And, half-revealed among the smoke,
+a yellow visage bent its lustreless eyes on
+Mother Rigby.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At last, the old witch clenched her fist,
+and shook it at the figure. Not that she was
+positively angry, but merely acting on the
+principle—perhaps untrue, or not the only
+truth, though as high a one as Mother Rigby
+could be expected to attain—that feeble and
+torpid natures, being incapable of better inspiration,
+must be stirred up by fear. But
+here was the crisis. Should she fail in what
+she now sought to effect, it was her ruthless
+purpose to scatter the miserable simulacre
+into its original elements.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou hast a man's aspect," said she,
+sternly. "Have also the echo and mockery
+of a voice! I bid thee speak!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The scarecrow gasped, struggled, and at
+length emitted a murmur, which was so incorporated
+with its smoky breath that you
+could scarcely tell whether it were indeed a
+voice, or only a whiff of tobacco. Some
+narrators of this legend, hold the opinion,
+that Mother Rigby's conjurations, and the
+fierceness of her will, had compelled a familiar
+spirit into the figure, and that the voice was
+his.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Mother," mumbled the poor stifled voice,
+"be not so awful with me! I would fain
+speak; but being without wits, what can I
+say?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou canst speak, darling, canst thou?"
+cried Mother Rigby, relaxing her grim countenance
+into a smile. "And what shalt thou
+say, quoth-a! Say, indeed! Art thou of the
+brotherhood of the empty skull, and demandest
+of me what thou shalt say? Thou shalt say
+a thousand things, and saying them a thousand
+times over, thou shalt still have said
+nothing! Be not afraid, I tell thee! When
+thou comest into the world (whither I purpose
+sending thee, forthwith), thou shalt not
+lack the wherewithal to talk. Talk! Why,
+thou shalt babble like a mill-stream, if thou
+wilt. Thou hast brains enough for that, I
+trow!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"At your service, mother," responded the
+figure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And that was well said, my pretty one!"
+answered Mother Rigby. "Then thou spakest
+like thyself, and meant nothing. Thou shalt
+have a hundred such set phrases, and five
+hundred to the boot of them. And now,
+darling, I have taken so much pains with
+thee, and thou art so beautiful, that, by my
+troth, I love thee better than any witch's
+puppet in the world; and I've made them of
+all sorts—clay, wax, straw, sticks, night-fog,
+morning-mist, sea-foam, and chimney-smoke!
+But thou art the very best. So give heed
+to what I say!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Yes, kind mother," said the figure,
+"with all my heart!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"With all thy heart!" cried the old witch,
+setting her hands to her sides, and laughing
+loudly. "Thou hast such a pretty way of
+speaking! With all thy heart! And thou
+didst put thy hand to the left side of thy
+waistcoat, as if thou really hadst one!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">So now, in high good humor with this fantastic
+contrivance of hers, Mother Rigby told
+the scarecrow that it must go and play its
+part in the great world, where not one man
+in a hundred, she affirmed, was gifted with
+more real substance than itself. And, that
+he might hold up his head with the best of
+them, she endowed him, on the spot, with an
+unreckonable amount of wealth. It consisted
+partly of a gold mine in Eldorado, and of ten
+thousand shares in a broken bubble, and of
+half a million acres of vineyard at the North<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Pole, and of a castle in the air and a chateau
+in Spain, together with all the rents and income
+therefrom accruing. She further made
+over to him the cargo of a certain ship, laden
+with salt of Cadiz, which she herself, by her
+necromantic arts, had caused to founder, ten
+years before, in the deepest part of mid-ocean.
+If the salt were not dissolved, and could be
+brought to market, it would fetch a pretty
+penny among the fishermen. That he might
+not lack ready money, she gave him a copper
+farthing, of Birmingham manufacture, being
+all the coin she had about her, and likewise
+a great deal of brass, which she applied to
+his forehead, thus making it yellower than
+ever.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a>
+<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">SMILES AND TEARS.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY RICHARD COE.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, little child,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On this clear bright summer's day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In the garden sporting wild,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"If I had that pretty thing,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  That has flown to yonder tree,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I would laugh, and dance, and sing—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then I caught the butterfly,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Placed it in his hands securely,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Now, methought, his pretty eye</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Never more will look demurely!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, now?" said I,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tears were sparkling in his eye;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lo! the butterfly was dead—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In his hands its life had sped!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, maiden fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On this long, bright summer's day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Culling flowerets so rare,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"If my Henry were but here,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  To enjoy the scene with me;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He whose love is so sincere,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Soon I heard her lover's feet,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Sounding on the gravel lightly,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To his loving words so sweet,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Tender glances answered brightly!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, now?" I said,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Down she hung her lovely head,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Henry leaves for foreign skies—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tears were in the maiden's eyes!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, mother mild,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On this bright, bright summer's day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gazing on thy cherub child,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"If my baby-boy were well,"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Thus the mother spake to me,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Gratitude my heart would swell—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then the cordial I supplied,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Soon the babe restored completely;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Cherub-faced and angel-eyed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On his mother smiled he sweetly!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, now?" I said;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Would his father were not dead!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thus she answered me with sighs,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Scalding tear-drops in her eyes!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, aged man,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On this glorious summer's day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With a cheek all pale and wan,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"If I were but safe above,"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Spake the old man unto me,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"To enjoy my Saviour's love,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then the angel Death came down,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And he welcomed him with gladness,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">On his brow so pale and wan,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Not a trace was seen of sadness:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Art thou happy, now?" I said;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Yes!" he answered with his head;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tears of joy were in his eyes,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dew-drops from the upper skies!</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a>
+<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Archbishop Hughes, in a late speech
+attempted an exposition of the relations
+between the Roman Catholic Church and
+Liberty, with special reference to the position
+assumed by him and other prelates, that
+the Roman Catholics are, not less than Protestants,
+upholders of freedom in opinion and
+in discussion. The interesting brochure of
+his Grace will be better appreciated by our
+readers, perhaps, if we mention a few recent
+facts illustrative of the subject, as it affects
+"authors and books." The French Roman
+Catholic Bishop of Lucan has a pastoral
+in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span> condemning Walter Scott's
+works, without exception. He does the same
+by Chateaubriand, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arabian Nights</span></span>,
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Don Quixote</span></span>—the first as Protestant,
+the second as insufficiently Catholic, the third
+as no Christian, the fourth as of no religion
+at all. One unhappy writer of school-books
+is condemned because he cites Guizot and
+Thierry; another because he blames the massacres
+of Saint Bartholomew, and thinks they
+were caused by "religious fanaticism." But
+first of all, and more than all, the bishop condemns
+"that irreligious" Parisian journal, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">La
+Presse</span></span>. "The number of its subscribers is
+deplorable; but they are becoming and shall
+become less; no priest must subscribe to it.
+No priest must be seen with it. No priest
+must 'ordinarily' read it." This is all very
+proper, according to antecedents, but we
+should not like it if Bishop Hughes deprived
+us of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribune</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, or the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal
+of Commerce</span></span>, all of which are as bad, in the
+same way, as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Presse</span></span>. Another example
+of the prohibition of books, we add from the
+cyclic letter just issued by Cardinal Lambruschini,
+condemning Professor Nuytz's works
+on ecclesiastical law:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"And further, although we derive great consolation
+from the promise of Jesus Christ, that the
+gates of hell shall never prevail against the Church,
+our soul cannot but feel excruciating pain, upon
+considering how daring outrages against divine
+and sacred things daily flow from the unbridled
+licentiousness, the perverse effrontery and impiety
+of the press. Now in this pestilence of corrupt
+books which invades us on all sides, the work entitled
+</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Institutes of Ecclesiastical Law</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by John
+Nepomue Nuytz, Professor in the Royal University
+of Turin, as also the work entitled </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Essays on
+Ecclesiastical Law</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, by the same author, claim a
+conspicuous place, inasmuch as the doctrines contained
+in the said nefarious works are so widely
+disseminated from one of the chairs of that university,
+that uncatholic theses selected from them
+are proposed as fit subjects for discussion to candidates
+aspiring to the doctor's degree. For in the
+above mentioned works and essays, such errors
+are taught under the semblance of asserting the
+rights of the priesthood and of the secular power,
+that instead of sound doctrines, thoroughly poisoned
+cups are offered to youth. For the said author
+hath not blushed to reproduce under a new form,
+in his impious propositions and comments, all those</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+doctrines which have been condemned by John II.,
+Benedict XIV., Pius VI., and Gregory XVL., as
+well as by the decrees of the fourth Council of
+Lateran, and those of Florence and Trent. </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">He
+openly asserts for example, that the Church has no
+right to enforce her authority by might, and that
+has no temporal power whatever, whether direct
+or indirect.</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the latest miracles is described is the
+Paris <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Univers</span></span>, as follows—in the most perfect
+good faith:—</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"There is much talk at Rome of an extraordinary
+cure which has taken a place in the very palace
+of the Vatican. The following is the manner
+in which this prodigious fact is described,—which
+will, without doubt, become the subject of
+a judicial inquiry: 'A young girl of about twenty
+years of age, whose family is employed in the
+domestic side of the palace, had contracted a bad
+fever, owing to the loss of her father a little time
+before, as well as to the influence of the season,
+which has multiplied at Rome diseases of this
+kind, and by which a great number of victims
+have fallen within the last few months. Notwithstanding
+the enlightened efforts of the doctor of
+the Pontifical 'family,' and of her parents, the
+young invalid was soon at the last extremity. The
+vice-curé of the palace (which, as is known, is a
+foundation), a member of the Augustin order
+(Monseigneur the Sacristan of the same order
+is the titular curé), had administered to her the
+sacrament of extreme unction, and had recited the
+prayer recommending her soul. Her last sigh
+was hourly expected. For the sake of enabling
+our readers to understand the prodigy about to be
+related, it is necessary to state that during the
+course of the malady the vice-curé had several
+times engaged the pious patient to invoke the aid
+of a venerable servant of God, of the Augustin
+order, whose beatification is about to be declared,
+and he had even mixed in the potions given to such
+girl some little fragments of the clothes of the venerable
+man. On the other hand, according to the
+usage of religious families, they had carried into
+the chamber of the dying person the Santo-Bambino
+del'Ara Cœli, demanding of these last resources
+of the faithful a cure no longer in the reach
+of human science to bestow. Let us return to the
+bed of the dying girl, whom we find in a profound
+sleep, from which she shall soon awaken to relate
+with smiles on her lips how she had seen the infant
+Jesus, having at his side a venerable servant
+of God, clad in the habit of the order of St. Augustin.
+She adds that she feels herself cured, but
+very weak, and she asks for a cup of broth to give
+her strength. The broth is given, to her, although
+the request is regarded as coming from one in the
+last agitation of dying; but the sick girl, who had
+felt the action of grace, and who knew well that
+she was cured, rises, throws off all the blisters,
+of which not a trace was left on her body, and on
+the following day repaired to the church of Ara
+Cœli, at more than half a league distant, to thank
+the Santo Bambino and the servant of God, who
+had restored her to life and health. You may
+easily comprehend the sensation that a fact of
+this kind must have produced upon a population
+so full of faith, especially on the eve of the ceremony
+of the 21st, which will put solemnly upon
+the altar, in placing him among the blest, the venerable
+Father Clavier, of the Society of Jesus,
+and at the close of the expiatory </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">triduo</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> which
+has been celebrated at Saint Andre della Valle
+in reparation of a sacrilegious outrage committed
+against the Madonna du Vicolo dell' Abate Luigi.'"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of course the girl never was ill at all.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Miraculous agencies, it appears, have been
+applied to by the highest powers at Rome,
+with the purpose which actuates the old ladies
+who study Zadkiel. A young peasant
+girl living at Sezza, near the Neapolitan frontier,
+has been for some time in a kind of ecstatic,
+or, as non-believers in miracles would
+call it, magnetic state, and in that part of the
+province of Marittima and Campagna, is already
+known under the denomination of St.
+Catherine. Her fame seems to have originated
+in a miracle which she worked some time ago
+on the person of an old woman, who came
+to her in great distress because her daughter
+had died in childbed, leaving the grandmother
+of the infant without pecuniary means
+for its support. "St. Catherine" is said to
+have directed the old woman to suckle the
+baby herself, assuring her that, before she
+reached home, she would find herself in a
+condition to do so—a direction which the
+venerable applicant strictly obeyed, and
+found her hopes realized! Other supernatural
+answers were subsequently given by the
+saint to various applications of the neighboring
+peasantry, and stolen fowls and stray
+cattle were recovered by her indications.
+But the concourse of people at last grew so
+great that that the ecclesiastical authorities interfered
+in behalf of the sybil, whom they
+placed in safety and repose within the walls
+of a convent, prohibiting, at the same time,
+any one from coming to consult her without
+the express permission of the bishop:—</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"From the accounts of dispassionate spectators,"
+writes the correspondent of the </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">Daily News</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">,
+"I am led to infer that there is really something
+extraordinary in the mental or physical organization
+of this young girl, as she alternates between
+a dormant state, resembling magnetic sleep, and a
+strong degree of hysterical or nervous excitability;
+but whatever may be the real cause of the
+second sight or preternatural knowledge which
+she has, according to public rumor, so frequently
+displayed, it is certain that many persons of
+this city, including ecclesiastics of high rank,
+have profited by the opportunity of getting a peep
+into the future, and knowing betimes what they
+have to prepare for. Cardinals Lambruschini
+and Franzoni and the Duke Don Marino Torlonia
+are amongst the number of distinguished individuals
+who have applied to this modern oracle.
+The advocate Zaccaleoni, Monseigneur Appoloni,
+and many prelates have followed their example;
+indeed, the surprising replies and alarming prognostics
+of the Pythoness so far roused the fears
+and curiosity of the Pope himself, that he caused
+her to be sent for from the convent at Sezza, and
+brought to Rome, a few days ago, in the carriage
+of a respectable and religious couple, who went
+there for that express purpose. An interview
+took place between Pio Nono and the prophetess,
+immediately after which she was sent back to her
+retirement. The result of the interview has not</span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><span style="font-size: 90%">
+transpired, but the girl's revelations were probably
+similar to those with which she has already
+excited the terrors of her exalted applicants;
+namely, predictions of imminent and sanguinary
+disturbances, in which, though not of long duration,
+many persons will fall victims to popular fury."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bolognese paper, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Vero Amico</span></span>, which
+is thoroughly devoted to the ecclesiastical
+cause, occasionally devotes some of its columns
+to war in favor of miracles, especially
+as wrought by images. The following is its
+account of a recent miraculous change of the
+weather at the intercession of the Virgin:—</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"The inhabitants of Tossignano not long ago
+obtained a new demonstration of love and favor
+from the prodigious image of the most Holy Mary,
+from that extremely ancient image which, saved
+from iconoclastic fury, always engaged the devout
+worship of their ancestors; and which their not
+degenerate descendants keep as a noble and precious
+heirloom of their hereditary religion, finding
+in it all comfort and support against public and
+private calamities. The late incessant and unseasonable
+rains having hindered the gathering in of
+autumn fruits, and impeded cultivation for the
+coming year, the active pastor, the very revered
+arch-priest Agnoli, in order to avert so heavy a
+calamity, called the inhabitants of Tossignano together,
+and with eloquent and touching words
+brought them before the most prodigious image,
+so that, by the intercession of the Virgin, God
+might restore serene weather. For this purpose,
+on the 7th of October, the flock and their beloved
+pastor met to depose their humble supplications
+at the foot of the altar, sacred to their distinguished
+benefactress; at the first prayer, whilst
+the pastor was offering the propitiatory wafer, a
+ray of sun gladdened the sacred temple, like a
+rainbow of peace smiling on the assembled faithful,
+and in a few hours all appearance of clouds
+vanished from the sky! The Tossignanesi rightly
+attributing this to the peculiar favor of their protectress,
+and full of gratitude to her, resolved to
+sanctify the 12th inst. by solemn acts of thanksgiving."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">These poor absurdities, so suggestive of
+pity and contempt, may he compared with
+the tricks of Rochester knockers and travelling
+mountebanks generally in this country,
+and no "authority of the church" can raise
+them, in the minds of sensible men, to a
+higher respectability.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a>
+<a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE SONG QUEEN.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our excellent friend <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James T. Fields</span></span>, now
+in Europe, sends us from his note book the
+following fine apostrophe to Jenny Lind:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">WRITTEN IN A CONCERT ROOM, LONDON, 1847.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Look on her! there she stands, the world's prime wonder</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The great queen of song! Ye rapt musicians,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Touch your golden wires, for now ye prelude strains</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To mortal ears unwonted. Hark! she sings.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Yon pearly gates their magic waves unloose,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And all the liberal air rains melody</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Around. O night! O time! delay, delay,—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Pause here, entranced! Ye evening winds, come near,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But whisper not,—and you ye flowers, fresh culled</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">From odorous nooks, where silvery rivulets run,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Breath silent incense still.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 8.00em">Hail, matchless queen!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thou, like the high white Alps, canst hear, unspoiled,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The world's artillery (thundering praises) pass.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And keep serene and safe thy spotless fame!</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a>
+<a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">LOVE SONG.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY R. S. CHILTON.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">White and silent shines the moonlight,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And the earth, in slumber deep,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Smiles, as of the silver splendor</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Conscious in her sleep!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">How the moonbeams dance and glimmer—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Hunted by the summer breeze—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">On the bosom of the river,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Through the branches of the trees!</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">May this night of quiet beauty</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Be the symbol and the sign,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of the holy love that wraps us</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  In its light divine!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">So shalt thou still reign forever,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  While the glow of life abides,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As thou now dost, dearest—empress</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Of my heart's deep tides!</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a>
+<a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">AUTUMN LINES.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY J. R. THOMPSON.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gone is the golden October</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Down the swift current of time,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Month by the poets called sober,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Just for the sake of the rhyme.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tints of vermilion and yellow</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Margined the forest and stream;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Poets then told us 'twas mellow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  How inconsistent they seem!</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Now, while the mountain in shadow</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Dappled and hazy appears,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">While the late corn in the meadow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Culprit-like, loses its ears—</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Get some choice spirits together,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Bring out the dogs and the guns,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Follow the birds o'er the heather,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Where the 'cold rivulet' runs.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Look for them under the cover,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Just as the pole-star at sea</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Always is sought by the rover,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Near where the pointers may be.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Yet if your field-tramping brothers</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Should not be fellows of mark,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Leave the young partridge for others,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Only make sure of a lark.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thus shall the charms of the season</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Gently throw round you their spell,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thus enjoy nature in reason,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  If in the country you dwell.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But if condemned as a denizen</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  In a great town to reside,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Take down a volume of Tennyson,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Make him do service as guide;</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Borne upon poesy's pinion,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Rise the heights that he gains,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Range over Fancy's dominion,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Walk hypothetical plains.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Soon shall the wintry December</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Darken above us the sky—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Winds their old custom remember</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  All, in a spree, to get high;</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And, as they wail through the copses,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Dirge-like and solemn to hear,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nature's own grand Thanatopsis</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Sadly shall strike on the ear.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But all impressions so murky</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Instantly banish like care,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Turn to the ham and the turkey</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Christmas shall shortly prepare.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">None than yourself can be richer,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Seated at night by the hearth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With an old friend and a pitcher</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Lending a share of the mirth.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then to the needy be given</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Aid from your generous boards,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And to a bountiful Heaven</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Thanks for the wealth it affords.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<a name="toc49" id="toc49"></a>
+<a name="pdf50" id="pdf50"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">I.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was much bustle and commotion
+in the Castle of Visinara. Servitors ran
+hither and thither, the tire-maidens stood in
+groups to gossip with each other, messengers
+were dispatched in various directions, and
+skilful leeches and experienced nurses were
+brought in. Then came a long silence. Voices
+were hushed, and footsteps muffled; the apartments
+of the countess were darkened, and
+nought was heard save the issued whisper, or
+the stealthy tread of the sick chamber. The
+Lady Adelaide was ill. Hours elapsed—hours
+of intolerable suspense to the Lord of Visinara;
+and then were heard deep, heartfelt
+congratulations; but they were spoken in a
+whisper, for the lady was still in danger, and
+had suffered almost unto death. There was
+born an heir to Visinara. And as Giovanni,
+Count of Visinara, bent over his child, and
+embraced his young wife, he felt repaid for
+all he had suffered in voluntarily severing
+himself from Gina Montani; and from that
+time he forgot her, or something very like it.
+And for this he could not be condemned, for
+it was in the line of honor and of duty. Yet
+it was another proof, if one were wanting,
+of the fickle nature of man's love. It has
+been well compared to words written on the
+sands. Many weeks elapsed ere the Lady
+Adelaide was convalescent; and some more
+before she ventured to join in the gayeties and
+festal meetings of the land. A two days'
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fête</span></span>, given at the Capella Palace, was the signal
+for her reappearance in the world. It
+was to be of great magnificence, rumor ran,
+and the Lady Adelaide consented to attend it
+early on the morning of the second day. She
+placed herself in front of the large mirror in
+her dressing-chamber while she was prepared
+for the visit, the same mirror before which
+she had sat on the evening of her wedding-day.
+The Signora Lucrezia and Gina were
+alone present. The former was arranging her
+rich tresses, whilst Gina handed the signora
+what things she required—combs, and the
+like. Whilst thus engaged, the count entered,
+dressed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Giovanni," exclaimed Adelaide, "Lucrezia
+thinks that I should wear something in
+my hair—a wreath, or my diamond coronet;
+but I feel tired already, and wish the dressing
+was over. Need I be teased with ornaments?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My sweet wife, wear what you best like.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">You</span></span> need no superficial adorning."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You hear, Lucrezia: make haste and finish
+my hair. Do not put it in curls to-day;
+braids are less trouble, and sooner done. You
+may put aside the diamond casket, Gina. Oh,
+there's my darling!" continued the countess,
+hearing the baby pass the door with its nurse.
+"Call him in." The count himself advanced,
+opened the door, and took his infant. "The
+precious, precious child!" exclaimed Adelaide,
+bending over the infant, which he placed on
+her knees. "Giovanni," she added, looking up
+eagerly to her husband's face, "do you think
+there ever was so lovely a babe sent on earth?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He smiled at her earnestness—men are
+never so rapturously blind in the worship of
+their first-born as women. But he stooped
+down, and fondly pressed his lips upon her
+forehead, while he played with the little hand
+of the infant; and she yielded to the temptation
+of suffering her face to rest close to his.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But it grows late," resumed the young
+mother, "and I suppose we ought to be going.
+Take the baby to its nurse, Lucrezia,"
+she continued, kissing it fifty times as she resigned
+it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The count had drawn behind the Lady Adelaide,
+where stood Gina. As his eyes happened
+to fall upon her, he was struck by the
+pallid sorrow which sat in her countenance.
+Ill-fated Gina! and he had been so absorbed
+these last few weeks in his new happiness!
+A rush of pity, mingled perhaps with self-reproach,
+flew to his heart. What compensation
+could he offer her? In that moment he
+remembered her last words at the interview
+in his wife's embroidery-room, and gave her
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a look</span></span>. It was not to be mistaken. Love—love,
+pure and tender—gleamed from his eyes,
+and she answered him with a smile which
+told of her thanks, and that he was perfectly
+understood. Had any one been looking on,
+they could scarcely fail to become aware of
+their existing passion, and that there was a
+secret understanding between them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">And one was looking on.</span></span> The Lady Adelaide's
+back was towards them, but in the
+large glass before her she had distinctly seen
+the reflection of all that took place. Her
+countenance became white as death, and her
+anger was terrible. "You may retire for the
+present," she said, in a calm, subdued tone,
+to the startled Gina, upon whose mind flashed
+somewhat of the truth; "and tell the
+Signora Lucrezia not to return until I call for
+her."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To describe the scene that ensued would be
+difficult. The shock to the young wife's feelings
+had been very great. That her husband
+was faithless to her, not only in deed but in
+heart, she doubted not. It was in vain he endeavored
+to explain all; she listened to him
+not. She thought he was uttering falsehoods,
+which but increased his treachery. Gina had
+once spoken of her fierce jealousy, but what
+was hers compared with the Lady Adelaide's?
+In the midst of her explosions of passion,
+Lucrezia, who had either not received, or
+misunderstood, her lady's message by Gina,
+entered. The maiden stood aghast, till, admonished
+by a haughty wave of the hand from
+the count, she hastened from the room. Later
+in the day, the Lord of Visinara quitted
+the castle, to pay the promised visit. His
+wife refused to go. "Mercy! mercy!" she
+exclaimed, in anguish, as she sat alone in her
+apartments, "to be thus requited by Giovanni—whom
+I so loved, my husband! my own husband!<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Is it possible that a man can be guilty
+of treachery so deep? Would that I had died
+ere I had known his faithlessness, or ever
+seen him! Shame—shame upon it! to introduce
+his paramour into my very presence; an
+attendant on my person! Holy Virgin, that
+I should be so degraded! Sure a wife, young
+and beautiful, was never treated as I have
+been. Lowered in the eyes of my own servants;
+insulted by him who ought to have
+guarded me from insult; laughed at—ridiculed
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></span>! Oh! terrible! terrible!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As she spoke the last words, she rose, and
+unlocking the bright green cabinet, that of
+malachite marble already spoken of, took
+from thence a small bag of silver gilt. Touching
+the secret spring of this, she drew forth
+a letter, opened, and read it:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">'To the Lady Adelaide, Countess of Visinara.</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"'You fancy yourself the beloved of Giovanni.
+Count of Visinara; but retire not to your rest this
+night, lady, in any such vain imagining. The heart
+of the count has long been given to another; and,
+you know, by your love for him, that such passion
+can never change its object. Had he met you in
+earlier life, it might have been otherwise. He
+marries you, for your lineage is a high one; and
+she, in the world's eye and in that of his own
+haughty race, was no fit mate for him."</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ay," she shuddered, "it is explained now.
+So, Gina Montani was this beloved one. I am
+his by sufferance—she, by love. Holy Mother,
+have mercy on my brain! I <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">know</span></span> they love—I
+see it all too plainly. And I could believe
+his deceitful explanation, and trust him.
+I <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">told</span></span> him I believed it on our wedding night.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">He did not know why he went to her house;
+habit, he supposed, or, want of occupation.</span></span>
+Oh, shame on his false words! Shame on my
+own credulity!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">None of us forget the stanzas in Collins's
+Ode to the Passions:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Thy numbers, Jealousy, to nought were fixed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Sad proof of thy distressful state:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of differing themes the veering song was mixed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And now it courted love—now, raving, calling on hate."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And calling, indeed, upon hate, as she strode
+her chamber in a frenzy near akin to madness,
+was the lady Adelaide, when her attendant,
+Lucrezia, entered.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My dear lady," she exclaimed, bursting
+into tears, as any crocodile might do—"my
+dear, dear young lady, I cannot know that
+you are thus suffering, and keep away from
+your presence. Pardon me for intruding upon
+you against orders."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide smoothed her brow, and
+the lines of her face resumed their haughtiness,
+as she imperiously ordered Lucrezia to
+quit the room. The heart most awake to the
+miseries of life wears to the world the coldest
+surface; and it was not in the Lady Adelaide's
+nature to betray aught of her emotions
+to any living being, save, perhaps, her
+husband.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Nay, my lady, suffer me to remain yet a
+a moment: at least, while I disclose what I
+know of that viper."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide started; but she suppressed
+all excitement, and Lucrezia began
+her tale—an exaggerated account of the interview
+she had been a witness to between
+the Lord of Visinara and Gina Montani. The
+countess listened to its conclusion, and a low
+moan escaped her.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What think you now, madam, she deserves?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">To die!</span></span>" burst from the pale lips of the
+unhappy lady.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To die," acquiesced Lucrezia, calmly.
+"No other punishment would meet her guilt;
+and no other, that I am aware of, could be
+devised to prevent it for the future."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh! tempt me not," cried the lady, wringing
+her hands. "I spoke hastily."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Give but the orders, madam," resumed
+Lucrezia, "and they shall be put in practice."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"How can I?" demanded the Lady Adelaide,
+once more pacing the room in her anguish;
+"how could I ever rest afterwards,
+with the guilt of murder upon my soul?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It will be no guilt, lady."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Lucrezia!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have made it my business to inquire
+much about this girl—to ascertain her history.
+I thought it my duty, and very soon I
+should have laid the whole matter before you."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You may destroy her, madam, as you
+would destroy that little bird there in its
+golden cage, without sin and without compunction."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, Lucrezia, Lucrezia! once more I say
+unto thee, tempt me not. Wicked and artful
+as she is, she is still one of God's creatures."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Scarcely, my lady," answered Lucrezia,
+with a gesture which spoke of deep scorn for
+the culprit. "I have cause to believe—good
+cause," she repeated, lowering her voice, and
+looking round, as if she feared the very walls
+might hear the fearful words she was about
+to utter, "that she is one of those lost creatures
+who are enemies to the Universal Faith,
+a descendant of the Saxons, and an apostate;
+as too many of that race have become."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">What</span></span> say you?" gasped the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That we have been harboring a heretic,
+madam," continued Lucrezia, her passion rising;
+"a spy, it may be, upon our holy ceremonies.
+No wonder that evil has fallen upon
+this house."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Go to the cell of Father Anselmo," shivered
+the Lady Adelaide, her teeth chattering
+with horror, "and pray his holiness to step
+hither: this fearful doubt shall at once be set
+at rest."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">II.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gina Montani, her head aching with suspense
+and anxiety, was shut up alone in her
+chamber when she received a summons to
+the apartments of her mistress. Obeying at
+once, she found the confessor, Father Anselmo,
+sitting there, by the side of the countess.
+The monk cast his eyes steadfastly upon Gina,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+as if examining her features. "Never, my
+daughter, never!" he said, at length, turning
+to the countess. "I can take upon myself
+to assert that this damsel of thine has never
+once appeared before me to be shriven."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Examine her," was the reply of the lady.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Daughter," said the priest, turning to
+Gina, "for so I would fain call thee, until assured
+that thou canst have no claim to the
+title, what faith is it that thou professest."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gina raised her hand to her burning temples.
+She saw that all was discovered. But
+when she removed it, the perplexity in her
+face had cleared away, and her resolution
+was taken. "The truth, the truth," she murmured;
+"for good, or for ill, I will tell it
+now."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Hearest thou not?" inquired the priest,
+somewhat more sternly. "Art thou a child
+of the True Faith?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I am not a Roman Catholic," she answered,
+timidly, "if you call that faith the
+true one."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide and the priest crossed
+themselves simultaneously, whilst Gina grasped
+the arm of the chair against which she
+was standing. She was endeavoring to steel
+her heart to bravery; but in those days, and
+in that country, such a scene was a terrible
+ordeal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Dost thou not worship the One True
+God," continued the priest, "and acknowledge
+his Holiness, our Father at Rome, to be
+His sole representative here?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I worship the One True God," replied
+Gina, solemnly, joining her hands in a reverent
+attitude; "but for the Pope at Rome, I
+know him not."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide shrieked with aversion
+and terror, and the pale face of the monk became
+glowing with the crimson of indignation.
+"Knowest thou not," he said, "that
+to the Pope it is given to mediate between
+earth and heaven?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I know," faltered Gina, shrinking at the
+monk's looks and tone, yet still courageous
+for the truth, "that there is One Mediator
+between God and man."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And he—?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Our Saviour."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Miserable heretic!" scowled the monk,
+"hast thou yet to learn that of all the living
+souls this world contains, not one can enter
+the fold of Heaven without the sanction of
+our Holy Father, the Pope?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I shall never learn it," whispered Gina,
+"and to me such doctrines savor of blasphemy.
+Therefore, I beseech you, dilate not on
+them."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Lost, miserable wretch!" cried the priest,
+lifting his hands in dismay. "Need I tell
+thee, that in the next world there is a place
+of torture kept for such as thee—a gulf of
+burning flames, never to be extinguished.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"We are told there is such a place," she
+answered, struggling with her tears, for the
+interview was becoming too painful. "May
+the infinite love and mercy of God keep both
+you and me from it!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou art hopeless—hopeless!" ejaculated
+the monk, sternly. "Yet, another question
+ere I send thee forth. Where hast thou imbibed
+these deadly doctrines?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My mother wedded with an Italian," answered
+Gina, "but she was born on the free
+soil of England, and reared in its Reformed
+Faith."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A benighted land—an accursed land!"
+screamed the priest, vehemently; "the time
+will come when it shall be deluged from one
+end to the other with its apostates' blood."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is an enlightened land—a free, blessed
+land!" retorted Gina, in agitation; "and
+God's mercy will rest upon it, and keep it
+powerful amongst nations, so long as its sons
+remain true to their Reformed Faith."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Insanity has fallen upon them," raved the
+monk, endeavoring to drown the bold words
+of Gina,—"nothing but insanity. But," he
+added, dropping his voice, "let them beware.
+Quem Deus vult perdere, prius dementat."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gina understood not the tongue; but the
+Lady Adelaide did, and crossed herself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And this mother of thine," sneered the
+monk, turning again to Gina, "where may
+she be?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"She is dead," gasped Gina, bursting into
+tears.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Good!" assented the monk; "then she
+is meeting with her deserts."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"God grant she may be!" aspirated the
+maiden, "for she died in the faith of Christ."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And who have been thy worthy instructors
+since?" proceeded the priest.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have had but one guide since," answered
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Disclose the name."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My Bible."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monk uttered what seemed very like
+a scream of passion, and the Lady Adelaide,
+as she heard the words, half rose from her
+chair.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Be calm, my daughter," interrupted the
+monk, waving his hand towards the countess;
+"I will guard thee from the harm caused by
+contact with this heretical being. Desire
+her, I pray thee, to fetch this Book hither,
+that I may glance at it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Go," cried the Lady Adelaide, imperiously,
+to Gina; "bring this Bible instantly!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gina obeyed, and the sacred volume was
+placed in the hands of the monk. The Lady
+Adelaide shrank from touching it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ha!" cried the monk, perceiving it to be
+printed in the English tongue, "dost thou
+speak this language, then?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is familiar to me as my own," replied
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I will summon thy attendants for a light,
+my daughter," he remarked to the Lady Adelaide.
+And when one was brought, the
+priest advanced to a part of the room where
+the marble floor was uncovered by tapestry,
+and tearing the leaves from the Book, he set<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+light to them, till all, both the Old and New
+Testament, were consumed, and the ashes
+scattered on the ground. "It is the most
+dangerous instructor that can be placed in
+the hands of the people," he observed, complacently
+watching the black mass smouldering
+there. And Gina Montani pressed her
+hands upon her chest, which was throbbing
+with agitation, but she did not dare to utter
+a word of remonstrance.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, father, father!" cried the Lady Adelaide,
+sinking at his feet, after Gina had been
+conducted to her chamber, and giving vent
+involuntarily to sobs of agony, "she has dared
+to come between me and my husband—he
+has known her long, it seems. If she
+should have tainted him with this black heresy?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The monk turned as white as the lady's
+dress at the suggestion. It was enough to
+make him. That that docile and faithful servant
+of the Church, the powerful Chief of Visinara,
+who was ever ready, at only half a hint,
+to endow it with valuable offerings and presents—entire
+robes of point lace for the Virgin
+Mary, and flounces and tuckers for all the
+female saints in the calendar, not to speak of
+his donations in hard cash, and his frequent
+offerings of paintings, most of them representing
+the popes working miracles, particularly
+that very pious one, Alexander VI.—that
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">he</span></span> should have had dissent instilled into
+him, perhaps even been made familiar with
+the principles of this upstart creed! Had
+his reverence swooned outright, it would
+have only been what might be expected.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It will not be a crime to remove her, father,"
+faltered the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crime</span></span>!" cried the ruffled priest; "canst
+thou connect the word—in that sense—with
+so degraded a being?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To remove her in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">any way</span></span>," persisted the
+lady, in a whisper. "Yet the world might
+call it <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">murder</span></span>."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No punishment in this world is adequate
+to her sin," answered the monk. "And she
+must not be suffered to remain in it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou wilt then grant me absolution beforehand,
+holy father," implored the Lady
+Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And what canst thou do, my child?" resumed
+the monk, smiling upon the countess.
+"Thou hast not been used to such work, and
+wouldst prove a sad novice at it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Too true," she uttered; "my heart is
+trembling now. Indeed, I could think but
+of one way—the moat. And though the order
+seems easy enough to give, I fear I should,
+when the moment came, shrink from issuing
+it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And who hast thou in this castle that
+will do thy bidding in secret and in silence?
+It were better that this deed were not known:
+and thou canst not stop tongues, my daughter."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"There are many bound to my interests,
+who would, I believe, lay down their lives for
+me," deliberated the Lady Adelaide; "yet,
+alas! the tongue is an unruly member, and
+is apt to give utterance in unguarded moments
+to words against the will."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou hast reason, my child. I but put
+the question to try thee. I will undertake
+this business for thee. That evil one's sin
+has been committed against the Church, and
+it is fitting that the Church should inflict the
+punishment."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thou wilt cause her to be flung into the
+moat?" shuddered the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The moat!" echoed the priest. "Thinkest
+thou, my daughter, that the Church is
+wont to carry out her dealings by ordinary
+means? Signal as this woman's sin has been,
+signal must be her expiation."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Can</span></span> it be expiated?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Never, either in this world or the next.
+And every moment of delay that we voluntarily
+make in hurling her to her doom, must
+draw down wrath on our own heads from the
+saints on high."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide meekly bowed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></span> head,
+as if to deprecate any wrath that might just
+then be falling.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Thy lady in waiting, Lucrezia, is true, I
+have reason to believe," continued the monk.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I believe her to be true," answered the
+Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"We may want her co-operation," he concluded,
+"for I opine that thou, my daughter,
+wilt not deign to aid in this; neither do I
+think thou art fitted for it."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc51" id="toc51"></a>
+<a name="pdf52" id="pdf52"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">III.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The castle was wrapped in silence, it being
+past the hour at which the household retired
+to repose. Gina Montani was in her nightdress,
+though as yet she had not touched her
+hair, which remained in long curls, as she
+had worn it in the day. Suspense and agitation
+caused her to linger, and she sat at her
+dressing-table in a musing attitude, her head
+resting on her hand, wondering what would
+be the ending to all that the day had brought
+forth. She had dismissed her attendant some
+time before. With a deep sigh she rose to
+continue her preparations for rest, when the
+door softly opened, and the Signora Lucrezia
+appeared.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You need not prepare yourself for bed,"
+she observed, in a low, distinct whisper;
+"another sort of bed is preparing for you."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What do you mean?" demanded the
+startled girl.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That you are this night to die."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gina shrieked.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I may tell you," interrupted the lady,
+"that screams and resistance will be wholly
+useless. Your doom is irrevocable, therefore
+it may save you trouble to be silent."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You are speaking falsely to me. I have
+done nothing to deserve death."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Equivocation will be alike unavailing,"
+repeated Lucrezia. "And if you ask what
+you have done—you have dared to step with
+your ill-placed passion between my lord and
+the Lady Adelaide: you have brought discredit<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+upon the long-upheld religion of this
+house."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have disturbed no one's faith," returned
+Gina. "I wish to disturb none. It is true
+that I love Giovanni, Count di Visinara, but
+I loved him long ere he saw the Lady Adelaide."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What!" cried the signora, her cheeks inflamed,
+and her brow darkening, "do you
+dare to avow your shame to my face?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is no shame," answered Gina, sadly;
+there is nothing of guilt in such a love as
+mine."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Follow me," repeated Lucrezia. "You
+have no time to waste in lamentations."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By whose orders do I die?" demanded
+the indignant girl. "Not by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">his</span></span>; and no one
+else has a right to condemn me."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lucrezia expected this, and was prepared.
+Alas, that the Lord of Visinara should that
+day have left his signet ring behind him!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Do you know this ring!" demanded Lucrezia,
+holding out the jewel.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Too well. It is the Count of Visinara's."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You may then know who has condemned
+you."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, Giovanni!" wailed Gina, as she sank
+prostrate on the floor in her anguish, "this
+from you!" All idea of resistance vanished
+with the thought that it was him she so loved
+who doomed her to destruction. "I thought
+he was still at the Capella Palace," she inquired,
+looking up at Lucrezia, a doubt possibly
+finding its way to her heart. "When
+did he return?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I came not to waste the moments in idle
+words," returned Lucrezia, as she prepared
+to utter the falsehood; "it is sufficient for
+you to know that he <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">has</span></span> returned, and has
+given the orders that you seem inclined to
+resist."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Implore him to come to me for one moment,
+for a last farewell."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I may not ask it. He is with the Lady
+Adelaide."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"First, my happiness, then, my life, sacrificed
+to appease the Lady Adelaide! Oh,
+Giovanni! false, but dear Giovanni—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have no orders to call those who will
+use violence," interrupted the signora, "but
+I must do so if you delay to follow me."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I am about to dress myself," returned
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The dress you have on will serve as well
+as another—and better, for a night-gown bears
+some resemblance to a shroud."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"One moment for prayer," was the next
+imploring petition.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Prayer for you!" broke contemptuously
+from the signora.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A single moment for prayer," reiterated
+the victim. "If I am, indeed, about to meet
+my Maker, I stand awfully in need of it; for
+I have of late worshipped but one, but it has
+not been Him."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Prayer for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">you</span></span>, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">heretic</span></span>!" repeated Lucrezia;
+"you may as well offer it up to blocks
+of wood or stone. The creed you profess forfeits
+all inheritance for you in heaven."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Yet still Gina repeated it—"A few moments
+for prayer, in mercy!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Then pray away where you are going,"
+returned Lucrezia, impatiently. "You will
+have time enough, and to spare—minutes,
+and hours, and days, perhaps."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The signora evidently took a savage pleasure
+in urging on the death of Gina Montani.
+What could be the reason? Women in general
+are not so frightfully cruel. The motive
+was, that she herself loved the count. As
+Bianca had said, when watching the bridal
+cavalcade, could any be brought into daily
+contact with one so attractive and not learn
+to love him? so it had proved with Lucrezia.
+Being the favorite attendant of her mistress,
+she was much with her, and consequently
+daily and frequently in the company of Giovanni.
+He had many a gay word and passing
+jest for her, for he was by nature a gallant,
+free-spoken man; and this had its effect.
+Whilst he never glanced a thought towards
+her but as one necessary to wait upon his
+wife, he became to her heart dangerously
+dear; and excessively jealous had she been
+of Gina ever since she had heard the conversation
+in the embroidery-room. Pushing the
+unfortunate girl on before her, Lucrezia silently
+passed from Gina's bed-chamber to the
+secret passages, plenty of which might be
+found in the castle. She bore a lantern in
+her hand, which emitted a dim, uncertain
+light. At length they came to a passage, a
+little beyond the chapel, far removed from
+the habited apartments; and in the middle
+of this were two male forms, busily occupied
+at work of some description. A lantern, similar
+to the one Lucrezia carried, was hanging
+high up against the opposite wall; another
+stood on the ground. Gina stopped and shivered,
+but Lucrezia touched her arm, and she
+walked on. They were nearing the men,
+who were habited as monks, and their faces
+shielded beneath their cowls, when the signora
+halted and pressed her hand upon her
+brow, as if in thought. Presently she turned
+to Gina. A second lie was in her mouth;
+but how was the ill-fated young lady to know
+it? "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">He</span></span> sent you a message," she whispered.
+"It is his last request to you. Will you receive
+it?" The unhappy victim looked up eagerly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He requests, then, by his love for you—by
+the remembrance of the happy moments
+you once spent together, that you neither resist
+nor scream."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Her heart was too full to speak; but she
+bowed her head in acquiescence. Lucrezia
+moved to go on. "How is my life to be
+taken? By the dagger? By blows?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By neither—by nothing. Not a hair of
+your head will be touched."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah! I might have guessed. It is by poison."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It will be taken by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nothing</span></span>, I tell you.
+Why do you not listen to me?"</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You speak in riddles," said Gina, faintly.
+"But I will bear my fate, whatever it may
+be."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And in silence? <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">He</span></span> asks it by your mutual
+love."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"All, all, for his sake," she answered.
+"Tell him, as I have loved, so will I obey
+him to the last."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lucrezia walked on, and Gina followed.
+She saw and understood the manner of her
+death, but, faithful to the imagined wish of
+her lover, she uttered neither remonstrance
+nor cry. The clock was upon the stroke of
+one, when smothered groans of fear and anguish
+told that her punishment had begun;
+but no louder sound broke the midnight silence,
+or carried the appalling deed to the inhabitants
+of the castle. An hour passed before
+all was completed: they were long in
+doing their deed of vengeance; and, when it
+was over, Gina Montani had been removed
+from the world forever.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Madame, she is gone!" was the salutation
+of Lucrezia, her teeth chattering, and
+her face the hue of a corpse, when she entered
+the chamber of her mistress.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide had not retired to rest.
+She was pacing her apartment in unutterable
+misery. The social conditions of life, its forms
+and objects, were to her as nothing since her
+terrible awaking to reality.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Morning had dawned before the return of
+the Lord of Visinara. He was fatigued both
+in body and mind, and, throwing himself upon
+a couch, slept for some hours. And he
+probably would have rested longer, had not
+an unusual disturbance and commotion in his
+household aroused him. They were telling
+a strange tale: one that, for the moment,
+drove the life-blood away from his heart. It
+was, that the wicked dealings of Gina Montani
+with Satan had been brought to light on
+the previous day. The holy Father Anselmo
+had taxed her with her guilt, and she had
+openly confessed all without reserve; and
+that the Evil One had appeared in the night,
+and had run away with her—a just reward.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In those times, a reputed visit of the devil
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">propria persona</span></span> would have been likely to
+obtain more credence than it could in these:
+but it would probably be going too far to say
+that the Lord of Visinara participated in the
+belief of his horror-stricken household. Certain
+it is, he caused minute inquiries to be
+made, although at the express disapprobation
+of the spiritual directors of the neighboring
+monastery, some of whom were attached to
+the services of his chapel, and pointed out to
+him the grievous sin it was thus to be solicitous
+about the fate of an avowed heretic.
+But he could learn nothing. The maid who
+waited on her testified that she assisted Gina
+to undress on the previous night. In proof
+of which, the garments she had taken off
+were found in the chamber. The remainder
+of her clothes were in their places undisturbed;
+the only article missing being a nightdress,
+which the attendant in question said
+she saw her put on; and her bed had not
+been slept in. Giovanni spoke to his wife,
+but she observed a haughty silence, and it
+was useless to question her. He had the moat
+dragged, and the neighborhood for miles
+round scoured, but no tidings could be obtained.
+Yet, strange to say, in passing on
+that first morning through the remote corridors,
+he fancied he heard her voice pronounce
+his name in a tone of imploring agony. He
+searched in every nook and corner, but found
+nothing, and soon thought no more of it, except
+to marvel how his imagination could so
+have deceived him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a time, peace was restored between
+the count and the Lady Adelaide; but all bliss
+for her, all mutual confidence, had ceased for
+ever.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc53" id="toc53"></a>
+<a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">IV.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was midnight. In the nursery at the
+castle sat the head nurse, and on her lap was
+the dying heir of Visinara, now eight or ten
+months old. Until nine days previous, he
+had been a healthy child, but, from that time,
+a wasting fever had attacked him, and now
+he was ill unto death. The Lady Adelaide,
+her eyes blinded with tears, knelt beside him,
+gazing on his colorless face. The count himself
+was gently rubbing his little hands to try
+and excite some warmth in them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Do you not think he looks a little, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">very</span></span>
+little better?" demanded the lady, anxiously.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The nurse hesitated. She did not think
+so, but she was unwilling to say what she
+thought.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"His hands—are they any warmer, Giovanni?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The count shook his head, and the nurse
+spoke. "There will be hope, madam, if this
+last medicine should take effect."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Lady Adelaide pressed her lips upon
+the infant's forehead, and burst into tears.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You will be ill, Adelaide," said her husband.
+"This incessant watching is bad for
+you. Let me persuade you to take rest."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">She motioned in the negative.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Indeed, madam, but you ought to do
+so," interrupted Lucrezia, who was present:
+"these many nights you have passed without
+sleep; and your health so delicate!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Lie down—lie down, my love," interposed
+her husband, "if only for a short time."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again she refused; but at length they induced
+her to comply, her husband promising
+to watch over the child, and to let her know
+if there should be the slightest change in him.
+He passed his arms round his wife to lead her
+from the chamber, for she was painfully weak;
+but they had scarcely gone ten steps from
+the door, when a prolonged, shrill scream, as
+of one in unutterable terror, reached their
+ears. They rushed back again. The nurse
+sat, still supporting the child, but with her
+eyes dilating and fixed on one corner of the
+room, and her face rigid with horror. It was
+she who had screamed.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My child! my child!" groaned the Lady
+Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Nurse, what in the name of the Holy Virgin
+is the matter?" exclaimed the count, perceiving
+no alteration in the infant. "You
+look as if you had seen a spectre!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have seen one," shuddered the nurse.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">have</span></span> you been dreaming of?" he
+returned, angrily.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"As true as that we are all assembled here,
+my lord," continued the nurse, solemnly, "I
+saw the spirit of Gina Montani!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A change came over the Lord of Visinara's
+countenance, but he spoke not; whilst the
+Lady Adelaide clung to her husband in fear,
+and Lucrezia darted into the midst of the
+group, and laid hold of the nurse's chair.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What absurdity!" uttered the count, recovering
+himself. "How could such an idea
+enter your head?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Were it the last word I had to speak, my
+lord," continued the woman, "and to my
+dying day, I will maintain what I assert. I
+saw but now the ghost of Gina Montani. It
+was in a night-dress, and stood <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">there</span></span>, far away,
+where the lamp casts its shade."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Nonsense!" said the count abstractedly.
+"Pray did you see anything?" he continued,
+banteringly, to Lucrezia, and to another attendant
+who was in the room. They answered
+that they had not: but Lucrezia was white,
+and shook convulsively. A wild, frantic sob,
+burst from the Lady Adelaide. The child
+was dead!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc55" id="toc55"></a>
+<a name="pdf56" id="pdf56"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">V.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many months again slipped by, with little
+to distinguish them save the decreasing
+strength of the Lady Adelaide. She had been
+wasting slowly since the shock given her
+heart at discovering her husband's love for
+Gina Montani. She loved him passionately,
+and she <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">knew</span></span> her love was unrequited; for
+affections once bestowed, as his had been, can
+never be recalled and given to another. The
+illness of the mind had its effect upon the
+body; she became worse and worse, and, after
+the birth of a second child, it was evident
+that she was sinking rapidly. She lay upon
+the stately bed in her magnificent chamber,
+about which were scattered many articles
+consecrated to her girlhood, or to her happy
+bridal, and, as such, precious. Seated by the
+bedside was her husband; one hand clasping
+hers, in the other he held a cambric handkerchief,
+with which he occasionally wiped her
+languid brow. "Bear with me a little longer,"
+my husband—but a short time."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Bear with you, Adelaide!" he repeated;
+"would to the Blessed Virgin you might be
+spared to me!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is impossible," she sighed, pressing his
+hand upon her wasted bosom.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Adelaide"—he hesitated; after awhile—"I
+would ask you a question—a question
+which, if you can, I entreat that you will
+answer."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">She looked at him inquiringly, and he resumed,
+in a low voice: "What became of
+Gina Montani?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Even amidst the pallid hue of death, a flush
+appeared in her cheeks at the words. She
+gasped once or twice with agitation before
+she could speak. "Bring not up that subject
+now; the only one that came between us to
+disturb our peace—the one to which I am indebted
+for my death. I am lying dying before
+you, Giovanni, and you can think but of
+her."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My love, why will you so misunderstand
+me?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"These thoughts excite me dreadfully,"
+she continued. "Let us banish them, if you
+would have peace visit me in dying."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"May your death be far away yet," he
+sighed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah! I trust so—a little longer—a few
+days with you and my dear child!" And the
+count clasped his hands together as he silently
+echoed her prayer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Will you reach me my small casket?" she
+continued; "I put a few trinkets in it, yesterday,
+to leave as tokens of remembrance. I
+must show you how I wish them bestowed."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He rose from his seat, and looked about
+the room; but he could not find the jewelcase.
+"The small one, Giovanni," she said;
+"not my diamond casket. I thought it was
+in the mosaic cabinet. Or, perhaps, they
+may have taken it into my dressing-room."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He went into the adjoining apartment, and
+had found the missing casket, when a shriek
+of horror from the lips of the Lady Adelaide
+smote his ear. He was in an instant at her
+bedside, supporting her in his arms; the attendants
+also came running in. "My dearest
+Adelaide, what is it that excites you thus?"
+But his inquiries were in vain. She lay in
+his arms, sobbing convulsively, and clinging
+to him as if in terror. Broken words came
+from her at length: "I looked up—when
+you were away—and saw—there, in that
+darkened recess—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></span>. I did—I did, Giovanni!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Whom?" he said becoming very pale.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Her—Gina Montani. She was in white—a
+long dress it seemed. Oh! Giovanni,
+leave me not again."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I will never leave you, Adelaide. But
+this—it must have been a fancy—an illusion
+of the imagination. We had just been speaking
+of her."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You remember," she sobbed, "the night
+our child died—nurse saw the same spectre.
+It may—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lady's voice failed her, and her husband
+started, for a rapid change was taking
+place in her countenance.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I am dying, Giovanni," she said, clinging
+to him, and trembling with nervous terror.
+"Oh, support me! A doctor—a priest—Father
+Anselmo—where are they? He gave
+me absolution, he said. Then why does the
+remembrance of the deed come back again
+now? They would not have done it without<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+my sanction. Giovanni, my husband—protect
+and love our child—desert him never.
+Giovanni, I say, can they indeed forgive—or
+does it rest above? If so, oh! why did I
+have her killed? Giovanni, who is it—Father
+Anselmo?—God?—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">who</span></span> is to forgive me?
+It <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">was</span></span> murder! Giovanni, where are you?
+My sight is going—Giovanni—" Her voice
+died away, and the count bowed his head in
+his anguish, whilst the attendants pressed forwards
+to look at her countenance. The Lady
+Adelaide had passed to another world!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc57" id="toc57"></a>
+<a name="pdf58" id="pdf58"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">VI.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was years after the death of Lady Adelaide,
+that workmen were making some alterations
+in the Castle of Visinara, preparatory
+to the second marriage of its lord, who
+was about to espouse the lovely Elena di Capella.
+They were taking down the walls of
+a secret passage, or corridor, leading out of
+the chapel to the neighboring monastery.
+Standing, looking on, was the count, still, to
+all appearance, youthful, though he was, in
+reality, some years past thirty, but his features
+were of a cast that do not quickly take
+the signs of age. By his side stood a fair boy
+of seven years old—his heir—open-hearted,
+engaging, with a smiling countenance, on
+which might be traced his father's features,
+whilst he had inherited his mother's soft blue
+eyes and her sunny hair.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What a while you are!" exclaimed the
+child, looking on, with impatience, to see the
+walls come down. "You should hit harder."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The walls are very thick, Alberto," observed
+his father. "All these niches, which
+have been blocked up, and in the olden time
+contained statues, have to come down also."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"They are taking down a niche now, are
+they not, papa?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Not yet. They are removing the wall
+which has been built before it. It appears
+fresher, too, than the rest; of more recent
+date."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It seems extraordinarily fresh, my lord,"
+observed one of the workmen. "The materials
+are old, but it has certainly been rebuilt
+within a few years—within ten, I should
+say."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Not it," laughed the count. "These corridors
+have not been touched during my lifetime."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"This portion of them has, my lord, you
+may rely upon it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As he spoke, the remainder came down with
+a tremendous crash, leaving the niches exposed,
+There was no statue there—but the corpse of
+the unfortunate Gina Montani, standing upright
+in her night-dress, was revealed to their
+sight—nearly as fresh as if she had died but
+yesterday, having been excluded from the air.
+The features, it is true, were scarcely to be
+recognized, but the hair—the long brown
+curls falling on her neck—was the same as
+ever. This was her horrible death then—to
+be walled up alive! The count grew sick
+and faint as he gazed. Before he had time
+to collect his startled thoughts, the child pulled
+at and clung to his arm. "Take me away.
+What is that dreadful thing? You look white
+and cold too, not as you always do. Oh, what
+is it? Dear papa, take me from here!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The workmen were affrighted—perhaps
+more so, though less shocked, than the count.
+But one of them, partially recovering himself,
+touched the corpse with an implement
+he had been using, and it came down a heap
+of dust. The Lord of Visinara turned, and
+with steps that tottered under him, bore his
+child back to the castle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc59" id="toc59"></a>
+<a name="pdf60" id="pdf60"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">VII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may hear in Italy unto this day, various
+versions of this tradition. One will tell
+you that the Lord of Visinara offered moneys
+and treasures, to the half of his possessions,
+to the monks, if they would lay the troubled
+spirit of Gina Montani, but that, although
+they tried hard, they could not do it. According
+to another version, the friars would
+not try, for that no heretic's soul may be
+prayed for in the Roman Church. But, however
+the monks may have settled it amongst
+themselves, all versions of the history agree
+in one particular, that the ghost <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">was not</span></span> laid;
+that it never would be, and never could be,
+but still wanders on the earth. And you
+were wise to profess faith in it too, if you go
+amongst the Italians, unless you would be
+looked on as an unbeliever, not a degree
+better than the poor Protestant maiden
+Montani.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several descendants of Giovanni and Adelaide
+of Visinara, are still scattered about
+Italy, though greatly reduced in station. And
+the accredited belief is, that whenever death
+is going to remove one of these, the spirit of
+the ill-fated Gina appears and shows itself to
+them in the moments of their last and most
+terrible agonies.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc61" id="toc61"></a>
+<a name="pdf62" id="pdf62"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">VISION OF CHARLES XI.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From Sharpe's Magazine</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are in the habit of laughing incredulously
+at stories of visions and supernatural
+apparitions, yet some are so well authenticated,
+that if we refuse to believe them, we
+should, in consistency, reject all historical
+evidence. The fact I am about to relate is
+guaranteed by a declaration signed by four
+credible witnesses; I will only add, that the
+prediction contained in this declaration was
+well known, and generally spoken of, long
+before the occurrence of the events which
+have apparently fulfilled it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Charles XI., father of the celebrated Charles
+XII., was one of the most despotic, but, at
+the same time, wisest monarchs, who ever
+reigned in Sweden. He curtailed the enormous
+privileges of the nobility, abolished the
+power of the Senate, made laws on his own
+authority; in a word, he changed the constitution
+of the country, hitherto an oligarchy,
+and forced the States to invest him with absolute
+power. He was a man of enlightened<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and strong mind, firmly attached to the Lutheran
+religion; his disposition was cold, unfeeling,
+and phlegmatic, utterly destitute of
+imagination. He had just lost his queen,
+Ulrica Eleonora, and he appeared to feel her
+death more than could have been expected
+from a man of his character. He became
+even more gloomy and silent than before, and
+his incessant application to business proved
+his anxiety to banish painful reflections.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Towards the close of an autumn evening,
+he was sitting in his dressing-gown and slippers,
+before a large fire, in his private apartment.
+His chamberlain, Count Brahe, and
+his physician, Baumgarten, were with him.
+The evening wore away, and his majesty did
+not dismiss them as usual; with his head
+down and his eyes fixed on the fire, he maintained
+a profound silence, weary of his guests,
+and fearing, half unconsciously, to remain
+alone. The count and his companion tried
+various subjects of conversation, but could
+interest him in nothing. At length Brahe,
+who supposed that sorrow for the queen was
+the cause of his depression, said with a deep
+sigh, and pointing to her portrait, which hung
+in the room,</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What a likeness that is! How truly it
+gives the expression, at once so gentle and so
+dignified!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Nonsense!" said the king, angrily, "the
+portrait is far too flattering; the queen was
+decidedly plain."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, vexed at his unkind words, he rose
+and walked up and down the room, to hide
+an emotion at which he blushed. After a few
+minutes he stopped before the window looking
+into the court; the night was black, and
+the moon in her first quarter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The palace where the kings of Sweden now
+reside was not completed, and Charles XI.
+who commenced it, inhabited the old palace,
+situated on the Ritzholm, facing Lake Modu.
+It is a large building in the form of a horseshoe:
+the king's private apartments were in
+one of the extremities; opposite was the great
+hall where the States assembled to receive
+communications from the crown. The windows
+of that hall suddenly appeared illuminated.
+The king was startled, but at first
+supposed that a servant with a light was passing
+through; but then, that hall was never
+opened except on state occasions, and the
+light was too brilliant to be caused by a single
+lamp. It then occurred to him that it
+must be a conflagration; but there was no
+smoke, and the glass was not broken; it had
+rather the appearance of an illumination.
+Brahe's attention being called to it, he proposed
+sending one of the pages to ascertain
+the cause of the light, but the king stopped
+him, saying, he would go himself to the hall.
+He left the room, followed by the count and
+doctor, with lighted torches. Baumgarten
+called the man who had charge of the keys,
+and ordered him, in the king's name, to open
+the doors of the great hall. Great was his
+surprise at this unexpected command. He
+dressed himself quickly, and came to the king
+with his bunch of keys. He opened the first
+door of a gallery which served as an antechamber
+to the hall. The king entered, and
+what was his amazement at finding the walls
+hung with black.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What is the meaning of this?" asked he.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The man replied, that he did not know
+what to make of it, adding, "When the gallery
+was last opened, there was certainly no
+hanging over the oak panelling."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The king walked on to the door of the hall.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Go no further, for heaven's sake," exclaimed
+the man; "surely there is sorcery
+going on inside. At this hour, since the
+queen's death, they say she walks up and
+down here. May God protect us!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Stop, sire," cried the count and Baumgarten
+together, "don't you hear that noise?
+Who knows to what dangers you are exposing
+yourself! At all events, allow me to
+summon the guards."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I will go in," said the king, firmly; "open
+the door at once."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The man's hand trembled so that he could
+not turn the key.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A fine thing to see an old soldier frightened,"
+said the king, shrugging his shoulders;
+"come, Count, will you open the door?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Sire," replied Brahe, "let your majesty
+command me to march to the mouth of a
+Danish or German cannon, and I will obey
+unhesitatingly, but I cannot defy hell itself."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well," said the king, in a tone of contempt,
+"I can do it myself."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He took the key, opened the massive oak
+door, and entered the hall, pronouncing the
+words, "With the help of God." His three
+attendants, whose curiosity overcame their
+fears, or who, perhaps, were ashamed to desert
+their sovereign, followed him. The hall
+was lighted by an innumerable number of
+torches. A black hanging had replaced the
+old tapestry. The benches round the hall
+were occupied by a multitude, all dressed in
+black; their faces were so dazzlingly bright
+that the four spectators of this scene were
+unable to distinguish one amongst them. On
+an elevated throne, from which the king was
+accustomed to address the assembly, sat a
+bloody corpse, as if wounded in several parts,
+and covered with the ensigns of royalty; on
+his right stood a child, a crown on his head,
+and a sceptre in his hand; at his left an old
+man leant on the throne; he was dressed in
+the mantle formerly worn by the administrators
+of Sweden, before it became a kingdom
+under Gustavus Vasa. Before the throne
+were seated several grave, austere looking
+personages, in long black robes. Between
+the throne and the benches of the assembly
+was a block covered with black crape; an
+axe lay beside it. No one in the vast assembly
+appeared conscious of the presence of
+Charles and his companions. On their entrance
+they heard nothing but a confused<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+murmur, in which they could distinguish no
+words. Then the most venerable of the
+judges in the black robes, he who seemed to
+be their president, rose, and struck his hand
+five times on a folio volume which lay open
+before him. Immediately there was a profound
+silence, and some young men, richly
+dressed, their hands tied behind their backs,
+entered the hall by a door opposite to that
+which Charles had opened. He who walked
+first, and who appeared the most important
+of the prisoners, stopped in the middle of the
+hall, before the block, which he looked at
+with supreme contempt. At the same time
+the corpse on the throne trembled convulsively,
+and a crimson stream flowed from his
+wounds. The young man knelt down, laid
+his head on the block, the axe glittered in the
+air for a moment, descended on the block, the
+head railed over the marble pavement, and
+reached the feet of the king, and stained his
+slipper with blood. Until this moment surprise
+had kept Charles silent, but this horrible
+spectacle roused him, and advancing two
+or three steps towards the throne, he boldly
+addressed the figure on its left in the well-known
+formulary, "If thou art of God, speak;
+if of the other, leave us in peace."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The phantom answered slowly and solemnly,
+"King Charles, this blood will not flow
+in thy time, but five reigns after." Here the
+voice became less distinct, "Woe, woe, woe
+to the blood of Vasa!" The forms of all the
+assembly now became less clear, and seemed
+but colored shades: soon they entirely disappeared;
+the lights were extinguished; still
+they heard a melodious noise, which one of
+the witnesses compared to the murmuring of
+the wind among the trees, another to the
+sound a harp string gives in breaking. All
+agreed as to the duration of the apparition,
+which they said lasted ten minutes. The
+hangings, the head, the waves of blood, all had
+disappeared with the phantoms, but Charles's
+slipper still retained a crimson stain, which
+alone would have served to remind him of
+the scenes of this night, if indeed they had
+not been too well engraven on his memory.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the king returned to his apartment,
+he wrote an account of what he had seen,
+and he and his companions signed it. In spite
+of all the precautions taken to keep these circumstances
+private, they were well known,
+even during the lifetime of Charles, and no
+one hitherto has thought fit to raise doubts as
+to their authenticity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc63" id="toc63"></a>
+<a name="pdf64" id="pdf64"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From the Dublin University Magazine.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It seems strange that so obvious a case as
+that of Barlaam and the monks of Mount
+Athos has not been brought into the mesmerical
+collection of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pièces justificatives</span></span>. The
+first compiler of the authorities on which it
+rests is Ughelli. The story is told in modern
+language by Mosheim, by Fleury, and by
+Gibbon at the years 1341-51. In taking the
+version of it by the last (Decline and Fall, c.
+63,) we shall run least risk of being imposed
+on by over-credulity.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Fakirs of India and the monks of the
+Oriental Church," says the complacent philosopher
+of Lausanne, "were alike persuaded
+that in total abstraction of the mind and body,
+the purer spirit may ascend to the enjoyment
+and vision of the Deity. The opinions
+and practices of the monasteries of Mount
+Athos will be best represented in the words
+of an abbot who flourished in the eleventh
+century. 'When thou art alone in thy cell,'
+says the ascetic teacher, 'shut thy door and
+seat thyself in a corner: raise thy mind above
+all things vain and transitory; recline thy
+beard and chin on thy breast; turn thine
+eyes and thy thoughts towards the middle of
+thy belly, the region of the naval; and search
+the place of the heart, the seat of the soul.
+At first all will be dark and comfortless; but
+if you persevere day and night you will feel
+an ineffable joy; and no sooner has the soul
+discovered the place of the heart, than it is
+involved in a mystic and etherial light.' This
+light, the production of a distempered fancy,
+the creature of an empty stomach and an
+empty brain, was adored by the Quietists as
+the pure and perfect essence of God himself;
+and as long as the folly was confined to Mount
+Athos, the simple solitaries were not inquisitive
+how the divine essence could be a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">material</span></span>
+substance, or how an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">immaterial</span></span> substance
+could be perceived by the eyes of the
+body. But in the reign of the younger Andronicus
+these monasteries were visited by
+Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, who was equally
+skilled in philosophy and theology. The indiscretion
+of an ascetic revealed to the curious
+traveller the secrets of mental prayer,
+and Barlaam embraced the opportunity of
+ridiculing the Quietists who placed the soul
+in the naval; of accusing the monks of Mount
+Athos of heresy and blasphemy. His attack
+compelled the more learned to renounce or
+dissemble the simple devotion of their brethren;
+and Gregory Palamas introduced a scholastic
+distinction between the essence and operation
+of God."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Gregory illustrated his argument by a reference
+to the celestial light manifested in the
+transfiguration of our Lord on Mount Thabor.
+On this distinction issue was taken by
+the disputatious Calabrian, and the result was
+the convocation of a synod at Constantinople,
+whose decree "established as an article
+of faith the uncreated light of Mount Thabor;
+and, after so many insults, the reason of mankind
+was slightly wounded by the addition of
+a single absurdity."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the truth of facts so long and openly
+discussed, there can be no question. The
+monks of Mount Athos did indeed put themselves
+into a state which may with safety be
+called one of mental lucidity, by fixing their
+eyes intently on a point. Mr. Robertson, who<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+used to induce the mesmeric sleep by causing
+his votaries to fix their eyes on a wafer, had
+better precedent than he supposed for his
+practice; and Miss Martineau, who, in her
+artificial trances, saw all objects illuminated
+has been unconsciously repeating a monastic
+method of worship. The contemptuous indifference
+of Gibbon for once arises from defect
+of information; and when in a note he
+observes that Mosheim "unfolds the causes
+with the judgment of a philosopher," while
+Fleury "transcribes and translates with the
+prejudices of a Catholic priest," himself gives
+a luculent example of the errors of philosophy,
+and of the often unsuspected approach of prejudice
+to truth. Mosheim's observation, notwithstanding
+the damaging approval of Gibbon,
+is not without its value. "There is no
+reason," he says, "for any to be surprised at
+this account, or to question its correctness.
+For among the precepts and rules of all those
+in the East who teach men how to withdraw
+the mind from the body, and to unite it with
+God, or inculcate what the Latins call a contemplative
+and mystic life, whether they are
+Christians, or Mohammedans, or Pagans, there
+is this precept, viz., <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">that the eyes must be fixed
+every day for some hours upon some particular
+object</span></span>, and that whoever does this
+will be rapt into a kind of ecstasy. See what
+Engelbert Kempfer states concerning the
+monks and mystics of Japan; and the account
+of those of India by Francis Bernier."
+Strange that Mosheim, observing the uniformity
+both of the process and of its results in
+so many different parts of the world, should
+not have suspected that there was something
+more in this species of lucidity than the merely
+casual effects of a distempered imagination.
+By fixing the gaze even of the lower animals
+on an immovable point, they fall into a condition
+equally unnatural, and which, if they
+had language to express their visions, would
+probably be found equally clairvoyant.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A favorite subject of mediæval art is the
+life of the Christian ascetic in the Desert. In
+these representations a human skull may generally
+be seen placed before the eyes of the
+devotee. Such an object would fix the gaze
+and induce the ecstasy as well as any other.
+The charm of this species of contemplation
+must have been intense, since in search of its
+exaltations and illuminations the very convents
+were deserted; and during the fourth
+and fifth centuries the deserts of Idumea, of
+Egypt, and of Pontus, swarmed with anchorites,
+who seemed to live only for the sake
+of escaping from life, and in their fasts and
+mortifications rivalled, if they did not for a
+time even surpass, the Fakirs of the East. To
+such an extent was this religious enthusiasm
+carried, that in Egypt the number of the
+monks was thought to equal that of the rest
+of the male population. Strange consideration,
+if it be the fact, that a few passes of a
+mesmeric operator should produce the same
+effects which these multitudes procured
+through toils so painful and sacrifices to themselves
+and to society so costly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Egyptian method of inducing clairvoyance
+in boys, by causing them to gaze on a
+pool of ink in the palm of the hand, has already
+been identified with the practice of Dr.
+Dee, whose blank spherical mirror is now
+said to be in the possession and use of a distinguished
+modern mesmeriser. Divination
+by the crystal is a well-known mediæval
+practice; and from the accounts of it which
+Delrio and others have handed down it appears
+to have resembled, in some remarkable
+particulars, the method now in use among
+the soothsayers of Cairo. It does not appear
+to make any difference whether the polished
+object be black or white, a mirror, a solid
+ball, or a transparent globe containing water:
+the same extraordinary series of appearances
+is alleged to follow an earnest inspection of
+it. Before proceeding to Delrio's singular
+corroboration of this use of the crystal, it
+will be well to state what is known of divination
+by the phial and by the mirror. Divination
+by the phial is technically known as
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">gasteromancy</span></span>. "In this kind of divination,"
+says Peucer, "the response is given by pictures,
+not by sounds. They procured glass
+vessels of a globular shape, filled with fair
+water, and set round them lighted tapers;
+and after invoking the demon with a muttered
+incantation, and proposing the question,
+they brought forward a pure boy-child, or a
+pregnant woman, who, gazing intently on the
+glass, and searching it with their eyes, called
+for, and demanded, a solution of the question
+proposed. The devil then answered these
+inquiries by certain images, which, by a kind
+of refraction, shone from the water on the
+polished and mirror-like surface of the phial."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Catoptromancy</span></span>, or divination by the mirror,
+is as old as the time of the Roman Emperors.
+In one of the passages relating to
+this method of inducing what is called clairvoyance,
+we have an illustration of the early
+acquaintance of mankind with some of the
+forms of mesmerism. The passage is found
+in Spartian's life of Ditius Julian, the rich Roman
+who purchased the Empire when it was
+put up to auction by the Prætorian guards.
+"Julian was also addicted to the madness of
+consulting magicians, through whom he hoped
+either to appease the indignation of the people,
+or to control the violence of the soldiery.
+For they immolated certain victims (human?)
+not agreeable to the course of Roman sacrifice;
+and they performed certain profane incantations;
+and those things, too, which are
+done at the mirror, in which boys with their
+eyes blindfolded are said, by means of incantations,
+to see objects with the top of the
+head, Julian had recourse to. And the boy
+is said to have seen (in the mirror) both the
+approach of Severus and the death of Julian."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The passage may be variously rendered,
+according to different readings and punctuations,
+either as "boys, who can see with their<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+eyes blindfolded, by reason of incantations
+made over the top of the head;" or, "boys,
+who, having their eyes blindfolded, can see
+with the top of the head, by reason of incantations;"
+or, "boys, who, having their eyes
+blindfolded, can see with the top of the head,
+it being operated on by way of incantation."
+This seeing, or seeming to see, with the top
+of the head, is one alleged variety of the
+modes of modern clairvoyance. It seems
+difficult to imagine that the boy Horner,
+whose case is related by Mr. Topham, in a
+letter to Dr. Elliotson, dated May 31, 1847,
+could have heard any thing of these pagan
+practices. Mr. Topham, a barrister and man
+of credit, states: "After five or six weeks'
+mesmerism, he began spontaneously to exhibit
+instances of clairvoyance. The first occasion
+was on the 11th of September. It
+was in the dusk of the evening, so that the
+room where he was mesmerised was nearly
+dark. My previous mode of mesmerising
+him had been by pointing at his eyes, but on
+this occasion I began by making passes over
+the top of his head, and continued them after
+he was in the sleep. In the course of five or
+six minutes after the sleep was induced, he
+suddenly exclaimed that he could see into the
+room above us (the drawing-room). I said,
+'Your eyes are closed; how can you see?'
+And he replied, 'I don't see with my eyes;
+I see from the top of my head. All the top
+of my head seems open.' He then described,
+&amp;c. I found every thing as he had described,
+&amp;c." Mr. Topham, it need scarcely be
+added, does not appear to have been at all
+aware of the passage in Spartian, which, indeed,
+has not been cited or referred to in any
+published work for nearly two hundred years
+back.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A like use of the suspended ring, indicating
+the early acquaintance of practitioners in
+these arts with one of the alleged evidences
+of the so-called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">odylic</span></span> force, is thus described
+by Peucer among various modes of hydromancy:
+"A bowl was filled with water, and
+a ring suspended from the finger was librated
+in the water; and so, according as the question
+was propounded, a declaration or confirmation
+of its truth, or otherwise, was obtained.
+If what was proposed was true, the
+ring, of its own accord, without any impulse,
+struck the sides of the goblet a certain number
+of times. They say that Numa Pompilius
+used to practise this method, and that he
+evoked the gods, and consulted them in water,
+in this way."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crystallomancy</span></span> is the art of divining by
+figures, which appear on the surface of a crystal
+ball, in like manner as on the phial filled
+with water. Concerning this practice, Delrio
+has the following remarkable passage, citing
+his contemporary, Spengler: "A man
+well versed in the Greek and Latin fathers,
+and happy, if he had not presumed, with unclean
+hands, to dabble in the mysteries of our
+faith (Spenger), has published in Germany a
+learned commentary on the nature of demons,
+which he has prefixed to Plutarch's Essay,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Defectu Oraculorum</span></span>. From this (says
+Delrio) I extract, in his own words, the following
+narrative. There are some (he says)
+who, being consulted on matters unknown,
+distinctly see every thing that is inquired after
+in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">crystals</span></span>; and a little further on proceeds
+to state, that he once had an acquaintance,
+a man of one of the best families of
+Nuremberg, and that this acquaintance of his
+came to him on one occasion, bringing with
+him a crystal gem, of a round form, wrapped
+up in a piece of silk, which he told him he
+had received from a stranger, who encountering
+him several years before in the market-place,
+had asked his hospitality, and
+whom he had brought home with him and
+lodged for the space of three days; and that
+when the stranger was departing, he had left
+him the crystal as a present, in token of his
+obligation, and had taught him the use of it;
+thus, that if there was any thing he particularly
+wished to be informed of, he should
+take out this crystal and desire a pure male
+child to look into it and say what he should
+see there; and that it would come to pass that
+whatever he desired to be informed of, would
+be indicated by appearances seen by the boy.
+And he affirmed that he never was deceived
+in any instance, and that he learned matters
+of a wonderful kind from the representations
+of those boys, although no one else, by the
+closest inspection, could see any thing except
+the clear and shining gem. At a certain time,
+however, when his wife was pregnant of a
+male child, appearances were visible to her
+also in the crystal. First of all, there used
+to appear the form of a man clad in the ordinary
+habit of the times, and then would open
+the representation of whatever was inquired
+after; and when all was explained, the same
+figure of the man would depart and disappear;
+but in his departure would often appear to
+perambulate the town and enter the churches.
+But the report of these appearances having
+spread in all directions, they began to be
+threatened by the populace. It also appeared,
+that certain men of learning had read in
+the crystal some statements respecting doubts
+entertained by them in their studies; and
+moved by these and other reasons, Spengler
+stated that the owner of the crystal came to
+him, representing that he thought the time
+was come when he ought to cease making such
+a use of it; for that he was now persuaded
+he had sinned in no light degree in doing so,
+and had for a long time suffered grievous
+pangs of a disturbed conscience on that account,
+and had come to the determination of
+having nothing further to do with experiments
+of that kind, and had accordingly
+brought the crystal to him to do with it
+whatever he pleased. Then Spengler, highly
+approving his resolution, states that he took
+the crystal, and having pounded it into minute
+fragments, threw them, together with<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the silk wrapper, into a draw-well." So far
+Delrio.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another variety of this process is found in
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Onuchomanteia</span></span>, or nail-divinition, also
+spoken of by Delrio. "In this species," says
+he, "male children, before they have lost
+their purity, smear their nails with oil and
+lamp-black, and then, holding up the nail
+against the sun, repeating some charm, see in
+it what they desire. This mischief," he goes
+on to say, "has gone even farther in our own
+time. I myself knew one Quevedo, a veteran
+Spanish soldier, but more distinguished in
+war and arms than in piety, who, being in
+Brussels at the time when the Duke of Medina
+Cæli set sail from Gallicia for Belgium,
+clearly showed in more than one of his nails
+the fleet leaving the port of Corunna, and
+soon after dreadfully tossed by a tempest.
+Thus this man, who could also cure the
+wounds of others by his words alone, rendered
+his own spiritual state incurable by any
+one."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The like use of the crystal ball and spherical
+phial, containing water, suggests a version
+of the epigrams of Claudian—"De crystallo
+in quo aqua inclusa"—which has not
+been afforded by any of the commentators.
+Globules of water are sometimes found inclosed
+in crystals, as well as in amber. On
+one of those singular gems Claudian has composed
+a series of epigrams, which ascribe properties
+to the stone, and make allusion to uses
+of it hardly reconcileable with the idea of its
+being a merely puerile curiosity. The earlier
+epigrams of the series are neat and playful,
+but insignificant:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"The icy gem its aqueous birth attests,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Part turned to stone, while part in fluid rests;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Winter's numbed hand achieved the cunning feat,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> The perfecter for being incomplete.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Nymphs who your sister nymphs in glassy thrall</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Hold here imprisoned in the crystal ball;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Waters that were and are, declare the cause</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> That your bright forms at once congeals and thaws.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Scorn not the crystal ball, a worth it owns,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Greater than graven Erythrean stones;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Rude though it seems, a formless mass of ice,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> 'Tis justly counted 'mongst our gems of price."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And so on through several others, until he
+comes to that one which seems to indicate
+something beyond a merely figurative use of
+the word "nymphs;" though, after all, it is
+possible that the word was originally written
+with an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">l</span></span>, instead of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">n</span></span>, which would
+make all the difference between "nymphs"
+and "waters":—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"While the soft boy the slippery crystal turns,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> To touch the waters in their icy urns,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Safe in its depths translucent he beholds</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> The nymphs, unconscious of the winter colds:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> And the dry ball exploring with his lip,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Seems, while he fails, the illusive lymph to sip."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Latin is subjoined:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Dum crystalla puer contingere lubrica gaudet</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">   Et gelidum tenero pollice versat onus,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Videt perspicuo deprensas in marmore nymphas,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">   Dura quibus solis parcere novit hyems:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Et siccum religens labiis sitientibus orbem,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">   Irrita quæsitis oscula figit aquis."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not the least remarkable of the qualities
+here ascribed to the crystal ball is its energy
+in imparting the sensation of cold. Dom
+Chifflet, who, in 1665, published his learned
+treatise at Antwerp on the objects then recently
+discovered in the supposed tomb of
+King Childeric, at Tournay, says of the crystal
+ball which was found amongst them,
+"You would say it was petrified ice; so cold
+it was, that my palm and fingers, after handling
+it, were quite torpid." And cites Anslem
+Boetius, in his book on stones and gems,
+as saying, "the crystal is of so cold and dry
+a nature, that placed beneath the tongue of
+a feverish person, it allays the thirst; and
+held in the hands even of those violently fevered,
+it refreshes and cools them, especially
+if it be of considerable size, and of a spherical
+figure;" and another writer on the same
+subject, Andreas Cisalpinus, who states of
+the marble called ophite, that "they make of
+it little globes, for the handling of such as are
+in burning fever, the coldness of the stone
+expelling the disease." So far Dom Chifflet.
+It seems almost as if we were reading Reichenbach.
+"He (Reichenbach) found that
+crystals are capable of producing all the phenomena
+resulting from the action of a magnet
+on cataleptic patients. Thus, for instance,
+a large piece of rock crystal, placed in the
+hand of a nervous patient, affects the fingers
+so as to make them grasp the crystal involuntarily,
+and shut the fist. Reichenbach found
+that more than half of all the persons he tried
+were sensible of its action." Chifflet probably
+was a man of a nervous temperament.
+Those who desire to see the crystal ball in
+question, may inspect it, where it is still preserved,
+with other objects found in the tomb,
+at the Gallerie de Medailles, in Paris. Two
+similar balls may be seen here in the collection
+of the Royal Irish Academy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The use of water in communicating an ecstacy
+similar to the mesmeric lucidity, is
+largely dwelt on by the mystical writers
+known as the Neo-Platonists. Psellus describes
+a mode of divinition among the Assyrians
+by a basin, which smacks strongly of the
+mesmeric practice. "The water, which is
+poured into the basin, seems, as to its substance,
+to differ in nothing from other water;
+but it possesses a certain virtue, infused into
+it by incantations, whereby it is rendered
+more apt for the reception of the demon."
+The effect of the waters of some sacred places
+on those accustomed to their influence, was
+also such as is claimed for the mesmerized
+waters of our present practitioners. Jamblichus
+gives this account of the Colophonian
+oracle:—"There was a subterranean place at
+Colophon, near Ephesus, in which was a fountain.
+The priest on stated nights sacrificed,
+then drank the water, and afterwards prophesied,
+being rendered invisible to the spectators.
+It might seem," he says, "to some
+that the Divine Spirit passed into the priest
+through the water. But this is not so; for
+the divine influence is not transmitted thus
+according to the laws of distance and division,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+through these things which participate
+in it, but comprehends them from without,
+and inwardly illuminates and fills them with
+lucidity, and fills the water also with a certain
+virtue conducive to the prophetic faculty,
+that is, a clarifying virtue; so that when
+the priest drinks, it purifies the luminous spirit
+which is implanted in him, and accommodates
+it to God, and by that purifying and
+accommodating process, enables him to apprehend
+the deity. But there is another kind
+of presence of the god, besides the virtue infused
+into the wafer, which illumines all
+around, above, and within us, and which no
+man wants, if he can only attain to the necessary
+state of congruity. And so of a sudden
+it falls on the prophet, and makes use of
+him as an instrument; and he in the meantime
+has no command of himself, and knows
+not what he says, nor where he is, and with
+difficulty comes to himself again, after the
+response given. Moreover, before drinking
+the water, he abstains for a day and night
+from food, and partakes of certain mysteries
+inaccessible to the vulgar; from which it is
+to be collected that there are two methods
+by which man may be prepared for the reception
+of the divine influence: one by the
+drinking of purgatorial water, endowed by
+the Deity with a clarifying virtue; the other,
+by sobriety, solitude, the separation of the
+mind from the body, and the intent contemplation
+of the Deity."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One might here suppose he read of the rites
+of St. Patrick's Purgatory. The water of the
+lake there is usually called wine, and it may
+be that on minds and bodies "which have attained
+to the needful congruity," it has operated
+as wonderful effects as the Colophonian
+fount itself. The proceedings of the priestess
+at Brancidæ, who also, from amongst other
+sources, derived the afflatus, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Waren</span></span>, from
+a fountain, are to the same purpose. "The
+prophetic priestess at Brancidæ either sits on
+an axis [exposing herself to the influence, as
+the Pythoness on her Tripod], or holds a
+wand in her hand, given by some god, or
+dips the hem of her garment, in water, or inhales
+a certain vapor of water, and by these
+methods is filled with the divine illumination,
+receives the god, and prophesies. But, that
+the prophetic faculty comes from no corporeal
+or animal source, and from no local or
+material instrumentality, but solely and extrinsically
+from the presence of the incoming
+deity, appears from this, that the priestess,
+before she gives her oracle, performs many
+ceremonious rites, observes strict purity,
+bathes, abstains for three days from food,
+dwells apart, and so, by little and little, begins
+to be illuminated and enraptured."
+What the exact meaning of sitting on an axis
+may be, it is difficult to divine; but those
+who allege that a patient may be thrown into
+the mesmeric trance by holding a magnetized
+branch—and those also who have read
+of all the phenomena of exorcism being as
+fully elicited by a satchel of feathers as by a
+bag of reliques—will readily apply the wand
+"presented by some deity," and placed in the
+hand of the priestess at the moment when
+she should receive the final cataleptic impulse.
+If there be truth in the alleged modern cases
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">clairvoyance</span></span>, we need not be surprised at
+the singular coincidences which have sustained
+the credit of Colophon and Delphi.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not to dwell on other methods of inducing
+the afflatus, such as by characters and amulets,
+by music, by dancing, and by movements
+of the body, I shall now proceed with the
+effects alleged to have been produced on the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">afflati</span></span>. Jamlichus must still be our principal
+authority. Lucidity and prevision have already
+been sufficiently indicated, and have
+doubtless been readily recognized: the other
+symptoms will be found not less remarkable
+and equally familiar:—"Man has a double
+life—one annexed to the body, the other separate
+from every thing bodily.... In sleep
+we have the capacity of being wholly loosed
+from the chains that confine our spirit, and
+can make use of the life which is not dependent
+on generation. When the soul is thus
+separate from the body in sleep, then that
+(latter) kind of life which usually remains separable
+and separate by itself, immediately
+awakes within us, and acts according to its
+proper nature,... and in that state has a
+presaging knowledge of the future." Then,
+omitting a distinction between sleeping and
+waking inspiration, and coming to the latter,
+in which, also, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">offlati</span></span> have a presaging
+power, he proceeds:—"Yet those (latter) are
+so far awake that they can use their senses,
+yet are not capable of reasoning,... for they
+neither (properly speaking) sleep when they
+seem to do so, nor awake when they seem
+awake; for they do not of themselves foresee,
+nor are they moved by any human instrumentality;
+neither know they their own
+condition; nor do they exert any prerogative
+or motion of their own; but all this is done
+under the power and by the energy of the
+deity. For that they who are so affected do
+not live an ordinary animal life is plain, because
+many of them, on contact with fire, are
+not burnt, the divine inward afflatus repelling
+the heat; or, if they be burnt, they do not
+feel it; neither do they feel prickings, or
+scratchings, or other tortures. Further, that
+their actions are not (merely) human, is apparent
+from this, that they make their way
+through pathless tracks, and pass harmless
+through the fire, and pass over rivers in a
+wonderful manner, which the priestess herself
+also does in the Cataballa. By this it
+is plain that the life they live is not human,
+nor animal, nor dependent on the use of
+senses, but divine, as if the soul were taking
+its rest, and the deity were there instead of
+the soul. Various sorts there are of those so
+divinely inspired, as well by reason of the
+varying divinity of the inspiring gods as of
+the modes of inspiration. These modes are<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of this sort—either the deity occupies us, or
+we join ourselves to the deity, &amp;c.... According
+to these diversities, there are different
+signs, effects, and works of the inspired;
+thus, some will be moved in their whole bodies,
+others in particular members; others,
+again, will be motionless. Also they will
+perform dances and chants, some well, some
+ill. The bodies, again, of some will seem to
+dilate in height, of others in compass; and
+others, again, will seem to walk in air."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Taking these various manifestations in order,
+and beginning with the alleged power
+of resisting the action of fire, the reader will
+not need to be reminded of many seemingly
+well-authenticated cases of escape from the
+fire-ordeal. It has been usual to ascribe the
+preservation of those who have walked bare-footed
+over heated ploughshares to the use of
+astringent lotions: and where opportunity
+existed for preparation of that kind, their escape
+may perhaps be so explained. But in
+most instances the accused was in the custody
+of the accusers, and not likely to have access
+to such phylacteries. The exemption from
+the effects of fire was not confined to those
+cases of exaltation attendant on the enthusiasm
+of conscious virtue. Bosroger (La Piéte
+Affligée, Rouen, 1752) states of one of the
+possessed sisters of St. Elizabeth at Louviers,
+in 1642: "One morning Sister Saint-Esprit
+was rapt as in an ecstasy. The bishop commanded
+the devil to leave her. Immediately
+she experienced dreadful contortions, and an
+access of rage, and, on a sudden, says the exorcist,
+her demon left her like a flash of lightning,
+and threw the young woman into the
+fire, which was a considerable one, casting
+her with her face and one hand direct between
+the two andirons; and when they
+ran to drag her away, they found that neither
+her face nor her hand were in anywise
+burnt."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be idle to multiply instances of
+this sort from the monkish writers. The
+preservation of the three youths in the Chaldæan
+furnace was one of the miracles most
+adapted to the servile yet audacious imitations
+of the Thaumaturgists. It is only when
+their statements correspond in unsuspected
+particulars with the phenomena of experience—as,
+for example, in the case of Barlaam
+and the monks of Mount Athos—that they
+can be adduced without offending the judgment
+of rational inquirers. But the action
+of burning is an operation of mechanical and
+chemical forces; and how any amount of
+spiritual or electrical effusion could prevent
+the expansion of the fluids in the tissues and
+the disruption of the skin, seems hard to
+imagine. Something more must, one should
+think, have been needed; and if the mesmeric
+and Pagan oracular ecstasies be identical, this
+testimony of Jamblichus would lead us to
+suppose that that something was supplied by
+the mind. However this may be, we shall
+be better able to judge after the investigation
+of some other of the alleged concomitants of
+Pagan inspiration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The insensibility to prickings and pinchings
+is perhaps the commonest test of the cataleptic
+condition; and, as will doubtless suggest
+itself to every reader, was, until modern
+times, a popular test of witchcraft. That the
+unhappy wretches who were put to death in
+such numbers during the middle ages for this
+offence were actually in an unnatural and detestable
+state of mind and body, cannot be
+doubted. They really were insensible to punctures;
+for if they had winced when pricked
+with pins and needles by their triers, it would
+have been deemed a proof of their innocence.
+A person feigning the mesmeric sleep, and
+whose interest it is to feign, may endure such
+prickings with seeming insensibility; but it
+was not the interest of the ancient witch to
+affect an insensibility, which would be taken
+as one of the surest proofs of guilt. A perverse
+desire to be believed guilty is the only
+motive that can be suggested as likely to lead
+to such conduct; and those who have studied
+human nature most profoundly will be disposed
+to give great credit to that suggestion. The
+same nature which in the fourth century ran
+into the epidemic frenzy of anchoritism, and
+impelled the Circumcellionist multitudes to
+extort the boon of martyrdom from reluctant
+tribunals, may be admitted capable even of
+the madness of a voluntary aspiration to the
+stake and pyre of the witch. Certain it is
+that many of the convicts boasted of their
+interviews with the Devil, and seemed to be,
+if they were not, possessed with the conviction
+of having actually partaken of the orgies
+imputed to them. Had they really been there
+in imagination? Was it that the popular mind
+had realized to itself an epidemic idea, and
+that the effect of the contagion was to put
+its victims <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en rapport</span></span> with the distempered
+picture present to the minds of the multitude?
+In a moral epidemic the crowd, possessed
+with one idea, are the operators: it is
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Panic</span></span> possession of the ancients, which
+was not confined to general terrors, but applied
+to general delusions of every kind. The
+multitude itself radiates its own madness;
+witness the Crusaders, the Flagellants, the
+Dancing Fanatics of the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries; perhaps even we might add
+the Mathewites of our own day.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next symptom of possession was the
+power of passing through trackless places,
+the disposition to run to wilds and mountains,
+like that rage of the votary of Bacchus:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Quo me Bacche, rapis tui</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Plenum? Quæ in nemora aut quos agor in specus</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Velox mente nova?"</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Bacchic ecstasy was not merely drunkenness,
+but an epidemic madness induced by
+long-continued dancing and gesticulating to
+the sound of cymbals and other noisy instruments,
+in all respects identical with the methods
+of inducing the Hindoo <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Waren</span></span>. The
+dancing mania also of the fifteenth century,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+described by Hecker in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Epidemics of the
+Middle Ages</span></span>, was induced in the same manner,
+and its effects were the same,—possession,
+illumination, and insensibility to external influences.
+That the Bacchic and Corybantic
+frenzies were, in all respects, identical with
+the middle age dancing manias, and with the
+possession of those who still exhibit the influences
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Waren</span></span> in Hindoostan, can hardly be
+doubted. "As for the Bacchanalian motions
+and friskings of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Corybantes</span></span>," says Plutarch
+in his Essay on Love, "there is a way to
+allay these extravagant transports, by changing
+the measure from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Trochaic</span></span> to the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Spondaic</span></span>, and the tone from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Phrygian</span></span> to
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Doric</span></span>:" just as with the dancers of St.
+Vitus, and those bit by the Tarantula. Hecker
+states, "The swarms of St. John's dancers
+were accompanied by minstrels playing those
+noisy instruments which roused their morbid
+feelings; moreover, by means of intoxicating
+music, a kind of demoniacal festival for the
+rude multitude was established, which had
+the effect of spreading this unhappy malady
+wider and wider. Soft harmony was, however,
+employed to calm the excitement of
+those affected, and it is mentioned as a character
+of the tunes played with this view to
+the St. Vitus's dancers, that they contained
+transitions from a quick to a slow measure,
+and passed gradually from a high to a low
+key." After the termination of the frenzy
+the conduct of the dancers, as well indeed as
+of all the victims of this species of possession,
+whether <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Taratati</span></span>, convulsionnaires, or revivalists,
+tallied precisely with that of the Bacchic
+women. Plutarch, in his thirteenth example
+of the Virtues of Woman, has this
+graphic picture of the condition of a band of
+Bacchante after one of their orgies. "When
+the tyrants of Phocea had taken Delphos, and
+the Thebans undertook that war against them
+which was called the Holy War, certain women
+devoted to Bacchus (which they called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thyades</span></span>) fell frantic, and went a gadding by
+night, and, mistaking their way, came to Amphissa,
+and being very much tired, and not
+as yet in their right wits, they flung themselves
+down in the market-place and fell
+asleep, as they lay scattered up and down here
+and there. But the wives of the Amphisseans,
+fearing because the city was engaged
+to aid in the Phocean war, and abundance of
+the tyrants' soldiers were present in the city,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thyades</span></span> should have any indignity put
+upon them, ran forth all of them into the
+market-place, and stood silently round about
+them; neither would offer them any disturbance
+while they slept, but when they
+were awake they attended their service particularly,
+and brought them refreshments;
+and, in fine, by persuasion, obtained leave of
+their husbands that they might accompany
+them in safety to their own borders."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the same way, throughout the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries, might groups
+of both sexes be seen lying, exhausted from
+their agitations, in the streets of Aix-la-chapelle,
+Cologne, Strasburg, Naples, and elsewhere;
+and even in our own century sights
+not dissimilar have been witnessed at revival
+assemblages in Wales and Scotland, and at
+camp-meetings in North America. The
+rending of Pentheus on Mount Citheron by
+his own mother and sisters, who, while under
+the influence of the Bacchic <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">afflatus</span></span>, imagined
+they saw in his form the appearance
+of a wild beast, might be adduced as an example
+at once of the furious character of the
+frenzy, and of the liability of the afflated to
+optical illusions. Has what we read of fairy-gifts
+and glamour any foundation in this alleged
+power of the biologist to make his patient
+imagine different forms for the same
+object? But we are still among the mountain
+tops, and must descend to the remaining
+symptoms enumerated by Jamblichus.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"They pass over rivers in a wonderful
+manner, which the priestess herself also does
+in the Cataballa." We here again encounter
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">indicia</span></span>, of that possession which went by
+the name of witchcraft in the middle ages.
+A witch, really possessed, could not sink in
+the water, any more than she could feel the
+insertion of a needle. The vulgar belief is,
+that the suspected witch was cast into a
+pond, where, if she floated, she was burned,
+and if she sank she was drowned. The latter
+alternative was not so; if she betrayed no
+preternatural buoyancy, the trial was so far
+in her favor, and she was taken up.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor was water the only test, in some
+parts of Germany the triers, less philosophically,
+employed scales; and had fixed weights
+(from 14 to 15 lbs.), which, if the accused
+did not counterpoise, they concluded them to
+be possessed. But it will be asked, how can
+there be degrees of philosophy in practices
+equally insane, and which have been condemned
+by the common consent of enlightened
+nations for near three hundred years?
+Insanity there certainly was, and on a prodigious
+scale, in these ages; but the judges
+and executioners were not so insane as the
+multitudes who either believed themselves
+possessed by others, or believed that they
+themselves exercised the power of possessing.
+To us, living in an age of comparative
+rest from spiritual excitement, it seems
+almost incredible that thousands of persons,
+in all ranks and conditions of life, should
+simultaneously become possessed with the
+belief that they were in direct communication
+with the devil: should cease to attend
+to their duties and callings, passing their time
+in hysterical trances and cataleptic fits, during
+which they seemed to themselves to be borne
+through the air to witch orgies and assemblies
+for devil-worship, in deserts and mountains;
+and that while one portion of society gave
+themselves up to these hallucinations, another
+class should, with an equal abandonment of
+every duty of life, have betaken themselves
+to mope and pine, going into convulsions, and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page205">[pg 205]</span><a name="Pg205" id="Pg205" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wasting to skeletons, under the idea of having
+been bewitched; yet nothing is more certain
+than that it was such a frenzy as this the
+heads of the Church and the temporal Government
+had to contend against in the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries. There were
+no mad-houses; if there had been, even to
+the extent we now possess them, they would
+not have sufficed to hold a tenth part of the
+numbers whose contact and example would
+have been fatal to the peace, perhaps even to
+the existence, of society. If such frenzies
+were, unhappily, to burst out among mankind
+at present, civilized nations might transport
+their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">energumeni</span></span> to distant possessions; but
+the middle-age magistrates had no facilities
+of that kind: they should deal with the terrible
+plague by the only means at their disposal;
+and these were, either to let the madness
+wear itself out, or to repress it by the rope
+and faggot. If they had adopted the former
+course, the epidemic would probably have
+passed through the usual stages of popular
+distempers; would have had its access, its
+crisis, and decline; and when the scourge
+had passed, the public would have awakened
+to a full sense of the madness of which they
+had been the victims; but in that process
+there was the danger of society going to
+pieces—of the visionary frenzy of the possessed
+being taken up by fanatics as the
+foundation of a new and abominable religion,
+and of the hostility of the ignorant and uneducated
+class, among whom chiefly the possession
+prevailed, being directed against the
+restraints of government and the principle
+of property. Having adopted the other
+course, they pushed it to cruel and inexcusable
+lengths; punished many innocent persons,
+and suffered many of the really possessed to
+go free. For they whose madness was most
+to be apprehended, as most contagious, were
+not the wretches who fancied they possessed
+the power of bewitching others; but the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">convulsionnaires</span></span>, who deemed themselves bewitched,
+and were their accusers. Certainly
+if the same epidemic should ever again break
+out among a European population, or even
+among a British population, the arm of the
+magistrate would be again required to suppress
+it, and we would be better able to
+judge of the conduct of those whom it has
+been the fashion of modern historians to
+represent as altogether ignorant and brutal
+executioners. So long as possession is only
+the result of manual passes, or of fixing the
+gaze on indifferent objects; so long as the
+effects are regarded as physical or psychological
+phenomena, due to a physical cause, and
+the pretensions of the practitioner are not
+rested on any peculiar religious sanction,
+there is no danger of mesmerism degenerating
+into a dangerous epidemic; but we
+might have seen a very different state of
+affairs if the magnetizers and biologists had
+referred their powers to any species of supernatural
+agency; and possibly would have
+found ourselves long since under the necessity
+of reviving those penal proceedings which we
+have so generally been taught to abhor, as
+among the most revolting remnants of mediæval
+superstition.<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> Even as it is, these<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page206">[pg 206]</span><a name="Pg206" id="Pg206" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+powers of the biologist, if in truth they exist,
+are capable of fearful abuse. Let us take,
+for example, one of the oldest methods of
+exercising influence, for good or evil, on an
+absent person:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"As fire this figure hardens, made of clay,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> And this of wax with fire consumes away;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Such let the soul of cruel Daphnis be,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Hard to the rest of women, soft to me."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If the waxen or clay image be but a concentrator
+of the good or evil will of the operator
+towards the distant object, and the
+witchcraft of the love-sick magician in Virgil,
+or of the evil-disposed wizard of the
+middle ages, be in truth no more than an exertion
+of biological power, it behoves society
+to take care how individuals should be suffered
+to acquire mesmerical relations with
+others, over whom they may exercise malignant
+as well as healing influences. If the
+pretensions of the biologists be established,
+biology must soon be put under medical supervision.
+But to return to the phenomena
+of possession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The propriety of trying alleged witches by
+water, has been impugned and defended with
+abundance of scholastic learning; and, singular
+to say, its opponents have been chiefly
+found among the Roman Catholic writers,
+and its advocates among the Reformers.
+Delrio, by far the most learned of all the
+writers on demonology, vigorously assails
+Rickius, the only notable Roman Catholic
+advocate of the practice. The arguments on
+both sides being based entirely on scholastic
+definitions and distinctions respecting the
+nature of demons, and the baptismal and
+other spiritual virtues of water, are of little
+relevance in the present method of discussing
+physical phenomena. Both parties assume
+that the persons of witches exhibit a preternatural
+levity—Delrio admitting that something
+less than fourteen or fifteen pounds
+was the actual weight which popular belief
+throughout Germany ascribed to persons in
+that possessed state, no matter how large or
+fat they might seem to the eye; and Rickius
+gives an example of a woman, executed by
+drowning in 1594, whom the executioner
+could hardly keep under with repeated
+thrusts of his pole, so high did she bound upwards
+from the surface, and "so boil up," as
+it were, out of the depths of the water. The
+levity of possessed persons in water might be
+accounted for by a phenomenon attendant on
+those preternatural conditions of the body
+which follow excitements of an analogous
+kind. The victims of the flogging and
+dancing manias in the middle ages, and
+subjects of the fanatical fervors of camp-meetings
+and revivals, alike experienced a
+windy intestinal distension, consequent on
+the departure of their mental frenzy. To
+control this disagreeable symptom, the candidates
+for both species of afflatus used to come
+to their meetings provided with napkins and
+rollers with which to bind their middles, and
+prevent the supervening inflation. Persons
+so puffed up would certainly float with all
+the buoyancy ascribed to the German witches,
+if cast into water; but they would still
+preserve their proper corporeal gravity if
+placed in a scale. Unless, then, we suppose
+Delrio to have been the dupe of some singular
+and unaccountable delusion on this point,
+the typanitic affections of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">convulsionnaires</span></span>
+will not account for the anti-gravitating
+phenomena ascribed to medieval witchcraft.
+There are some reasons, however, for
+the belief that these appearances may not
+have been wholly imaginary; for if any reliance
+can be placed on the concurrent traditions
+of all religions, Pagan as well as Christian,
+supported by wide-spread popular belief,
+the high mental exaltation induced by religious
+abstraction, and also by other vehement
+affections of the mind, is actually attended
+with a diminished specific gravity. Of alleged
+ecclesiastical miracles of this kind it is better
+to say nothing. The Roman Catholic and
+the Hindoo devotees equally claim for their
+adepts in religious contemplation an exemption
+from (among other earthly liabilities)
+the hindrance of weight. In the rapture of
+prayer, the ascetic and the saint alike rise in
+the air, and spurn the law of gravitation with
+the other incidents of matter. Suspected
+evidences of this kind are, however, of no
+weight in philosophical inquiry. It will be
+safer to leave the Etstaticas and the Fakirs<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page207">[pg 207]</span><a name="Pg207" id="Pg207" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to their respective believers, and to take a
+story of the people, into which religious considerations
+do not so directly enter. The native
+Irish, then, have a remarkable tradition,
+as old, at least, as the seventh or eighth century,
+that phrenetic madmen lose the corporeal
+quality of weight. A picturesque and
+romantic example of this belief is found in
+the story of the fate of Suibhne, son of Colman,
+King of Dalnaraidhe, as related in the
+bardic accounts of the battle of Moyra. Suibhne,
+a valiant warrior, has offered an insult
+to Saint Ere, Bishop of Slane; the affront is
+avenged by a curse, the usual retaliation of
+aggrieved ecclesiastics in those days. The
+curse falls on Sweeny in the most grievous
+form of visitation that could afflict a warrior:—a
+fit of cowardice seizes him in the very onset
+of the battle, and drives him frantic with
+terror. "Giddiness came over him at the
+sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity
+of the Gaels; at the fierce looks, brilliance,
+and ardor of the foreigners; at the rebounding
+furious shouts of the embattled tribes on
+both sides, rushing against and coming into
+collision with one another. Huge, flickering,
+horrible, aërial phantoms, rose up (around
+him), so that from the uproar of the battle,
+the frantic pranks of the demons, the clashing
+of arms, and the sound of the heavy blows
+reverberating on the points of heroic spears,
+and keen edges of swords, and warlike borders
+of broad shields, the hero Suibhne was
+filled and intoxicated with horror, panic, and
+imbecility; his feet trembled as if incessantly
+shaken by the force of a stream; the inlets
+of his hearing were expanded and quickened
+by the horrors of lunacy; his speech became
+faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his
+very soul fluttered with hallucinations, and
+with many and various phantasms. He might
+be compared to a salmon in a weir, or to a
+bird after being caught in the strait prison
+of a crib," &amp;c. "When he was seized with
+this frantic fit, he made a supple, very light
+leap, and where he alighted he was on the
+boss of the shield of the warrior next him;
+and he made a second leap, and perched on
+the crest of the helmet of the same hero, who,
+nevertheless, did not feel him. Then he
+made a third active, very light leap, and
+perched on the top of the sacred tree which
+grew on the smooth surface of the plain in
+which the inferior people and the debilitated
+of the men of Erin were seated, looking on
+at the battle. These shouted at him when
+they saw him, to press him back into the
+battle again; and he in consequence made
+three furious leaps to shun the battle, but
+through the giddiness and imbecility of his
+hallucination, he went back into the same
+field of conflict; but it was not on the earth
+he walked, but alighted on the shoulders of
+men and the tops of their helmets," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In this state, Suibhne flits off the field of
+battle like a bird, or a waif of the forest,
+without weight, and betakes himself to
+the wilds, where he "herds with the deer,
+runs races with the showers, and flees with
+the birds," as a wild denizen of the wilderness;
+but with his ecstacy of terror, he receives
+the gift of prophecy. Dr. O'Donovan,
+in a note on this curious passage, observes,
+"it was the ancient belief in Ireland, and still
+is in the wilder mountainous districts, that
+lunatics are as light as feathers, and can climb
+steeps and precipices like the somnambulists."—See
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buile Suibhne</span></span>, a bardic romance on
+the madness of this unfortunate warrior.
+This latter romance is occupied with Suibhne's
+adventures as a mad prophet, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Omadh</span></span>, in Irish.
+Query did the Bacchus <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Omadios</span></span> of the
+Greeks derive his name from a similar
+source? It would be a singular coincidence
+that would make a Greek god an <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">omadran</span></span>.
+Keats, with a fine intuition, has depicted
+those <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mores afflatorum</span></span>, in the satyrs who do
+the benevolent biddings of Pan:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Thou, to whom every faun and satyr flies,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> For willing service; whether, to surprise</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> The squatted hare, while, in half-sleeping fit,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Or upward ragged precipices flit</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> To save poor lambkins from the eagle's maw;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Or by mysterious enticement draw</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Bewildered shepherds to their paths again."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Compare with this picture of the Irish lunatic
+among the boughs of the tree on the
+field of Moira, the following extracts from
+Bosroger's account of the possession of the
+nuns of Louviers, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</span></span> 1642. One of the
+sisters, surnamed De Jesus, conceived herself
+to be possessed by a demon whom she called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arracon</span></span>. "On the occasion of a procession
+of the host by Monseigneur the Bishop of
+Evreux, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Arracon</span></span> exhibited another example
+of his quality, causing sister De Jesus to pour
+forth a torrent of blasphemies and furious
+expressions all the time of the procession.
+When she was brought into the choir, and
+held fast by an exorcist, for fear of her offering
+some insult, the holy sacrament was borne
+past her. Arracon immediately caused her
+to be shot forward through the air to a considerable
+distance, so as to strike the gilt sun
+in which the adorable eucharist was placed,
+out of the hands of the lord bishop; and the
+exorcist making an effort to detain her, the
+demon lifted her up in the air over an accoudoir,
+or leaning place, of three feet in height,
+intending to lift her, as he declared, into the
+vault, but the exorcist holding fast, all he
+could do was to cast the nun and exorcist
+back to the floor together," &amp;c. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Putiphar</span></span>,
+the possessor of Sister Saint Sacrement,
+"made her with wonderful impetuosity run up
+a mulberry tree, of which the stem was easy
+enough of ascent; but when she got up the
+stem, he forced her onward till she approached
+the extremities of the slenderest branches,
+and caused her to make almost the entire
+circuit of the mulberry tree, in such sort that
+a man who saw her from a distance cried out
+that she flew like a bird. Then the demon
+permitted her to see her peril; she grew
+pale, and cried out with alarm. They ran in
+haste to bring a ladder, but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Putiphar</span></span> mocked<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page208">[pg 208]</span><a name="Pg208" id="Pg208" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+them, crying, 'As I made this <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chienne</span></span> get up
+without a ladder, so she shall go down,'
+and caused her descend the same slender
+branches to the stem, and thence to the
+ground."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pere de la Menarday, in his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Examen Critique
+de l'Histoire des Diables de London</span></span>,
+gives a letter from a missionary priest in Cochin
+China, describing a case of demonopathy,
+in the course of which, if we could believe
+the narrator, the patient seemed for a
+time to have conquered all the ordinary tendencies
+of gravitation. The missionary, M.
+Delacourt, writing from Paris, 25th November,
+1738, begins by protesting his unwillingness
+to expose himself to the repulses of public
+incredulity; but for his friends' sake consents
+to give the particulars. "Voici donc
+le fait dans ses principales circonstances <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tel
+que je l'ai vu de mes propres yeux</span></span>." In the
+month of May, 1733, a young native communicant,
+named Dodo, residing at the town of
+Cheta, in the province of Cham, and kingdom
+of Cochin China, being reproached by his
+conscience for the suppression of some facts
+in his confession, fell into violent convulsions
+on attempting to take the host in his mouth.
+He was brought to the missionary, foaming,
+leaping, and blaspheming in the manner usual
+among victims of his malady. After many
+exorcisms, both by the missionary and by
+two other ecclesiastics, which only increased
+his sufferings, he was at length, by gentler
+entreaties, brought to make a confession.
+The missionary then renewed his exorcisms,
+which he continued for a month with little
+success. "At last," says he, "I determined
+to make a last effort, and to imitate the example
+of Monseigneur the Bishop of Tilopolis
+on a like occasion, namely, in my exorcism to
+command the demon in Latin to transport
+him to the ceiling of the church, feet up and
+head down. On the instant his body became
+rigid, and as though he were impotent of all
+his members, he was dragged from the middle
+of the church to a column, and there, his
+feet joined fast together, his back closely applied
+to the pillar, without aiding himself
+with his hands, he was transported in the
+twinkling of an eye to the ceiling, just like a
+weight run up by a cord, without any visible
+agency. While he hung there, with his feet
+glued to the ceiling, and his head down, I
+made the demon, for I had determined to
+confound and humiliate him, confess the
+falsehood of the Pagan religion. I made him
+confess that he was a deceiver, and at the
+same time admit the holiness of Christianity.
+I kept him for better than half an hour in the
+air, and not possessing enough of constancy
+to hold him there any longer, so frightened
+was I myself at what I saw, I at length commanded
+him to lay the patient at my feet
+without harming him. Immediately he cast
+him down before me with no more hurt to
+him than if he had been a bundle of foul
+linen." It is by no means improbable that
+Pere Delacourt himself had become infected
+with the madness of the monomaniac whom
+he was engaged in exorcising, before his eyes
+conceived that extraordinary image of the
+patient ascending by invisible agency to the
+ceiling of the church. But his letter bears
+evident marks of having been written under
+a sincere belief of the reality of all that he describes,
+and he refers to several living witnesses
+of the scene.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Reverting to this subject of optical illusion,
+already glanced at, we find still another resemblance
+between the mysticism of the ancients
+and moderns. The priestess rendering
+herself invisible to the bystanders, appears
+to transcend all the rest of Jamblichus's wonders.
+Strange to say, even this pretension
+of the Colophonian prophetess is not without
+something analogous among the alleged phenomena
+of mesmerism. "I requested a young
+lady," says Dr. Elliotson, "whom I had long
+mesmerised, with the never-tiring devotion
+of a parent, and in whom I produced a variety
+of phenomena, to promise to be unable on
+waking to see her maid, who always sat in
+the room at work during my visit, till I left
+the room, and then at once to discern her.
+On waking, she said she did not see the maid,
+but said she saw the chair on which the maid
+sat. Presently, however, she saw the maid,
+was agitated, had an hysteric fit, and passed
+into the sleep-waking state. I now inquired
+how she came to see her maid, as I had not
+left the room, and told her she must not (see
+the maid), when I awoke her again. I then
+awoke her again; she could not see the maid,
+was astonished at the maid's absence, and at
+first supposed she was in an adjoining room;
+but presently rang the bell twice, though the
+woman was standing before her, I moved just
+out of the room, leaving the door open, and
+she saw the maid instantly, and was astonished,
+and laughed." In the Colophonian
+oracle, they were the spectators, not the
+prophetess, who had need thus to be put under
+the influence of the mesmeric <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">glamour</span></span>.
+Can it be that, in certain diseased states of
+the optic nerve, it really is subject to the illusion
+of seeing objects rise in air, as well as go
+round in horizontal motion? They who saw
+these sights in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">adyta</span></span> of temples, in caves
+and sacred groves, in initiations and oracular
+consultations, were all prepared by fasting,
+watching, and prayer, for the reception of
+biological influence, and possibly may have
+seemed to themselves to see what others desired
+they should believe themselves to have
+actually seen. Was Lord Shrewsbury under
+this influence at Caldaro?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But the reader will begin to suspect that
+his credulity is about to be solicited for the
+aërial flights of witches on their sweeping
+brooms. This apprehension may be dismissed.
+Witchcraft, or, to call it by its proper pathological
+name, demonopathy, was a true delusion,
+true so far as the belief of the monomaniacs
+themselves was concerned, but resting<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page209">[pg 209]</span><a name="Pg209" id="Pg209" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+wholly in their own distempered imagination.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From a learned and philosophic review of
+the great work of Calmeil, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De la Folie</span></span>, in
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medicine</span></span>,
+we extract the following <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">resumé</span></span> of the symptoms
+of this dreadful epidemic malady: "The
+leading phenomenon was the belief of the
+sufferers that Satan had obtained full mastery
+over them; that he was the object of their
+most fervent worship, a certain portion of
+their life being spent in the actual company
+of himself and his legion of darkness, when
+every crime that a diseased imagination could
+suggest was committed by them. Both sexes
+attended at the Devil's Sabbaths, as they were
+termed, where the sorcerers met, danced, and
+enjoyed every wild pleasure. To these meetings
+they travelled through the air, though,
+by the power of Satan, their bodies seemed
+to remain at home. They killed children,
+poisoned cattle, produced storms and plagues,
+and held converse with Succubi and Incubi,
+and other fallen spirits. At the Sabbath all
+agreed, that from every country the sorcerers
+arrived transported by demons. Women
+perched on sticks, or riding on goats, naked,
+with dishevelled hair, arrived in thousands;
+they passed like meteors, and their descent
+was more rapid than that of the eagle or
+hawk, when striking his prey. Over this meeting
+Satan presided; indecent dances and licentious
+songs went on, and an altar was raised,
+where Satan, with his head downward,
+his feet turned up, and his back to the altar,
+celebrated his blasphemous mass."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each individual sufferer believed herself or
+himself to have seen these sights, to have
+gone through these origies, and to have been
+transported to them through the air. If there
+had been but a few confessions, and these exacted
+by torture, it might be thought that the
+fancies of the examiners supplied the phenomena,
+to which the sufferers merely gave an
+enforced and worthless assent. But the confessions
+were as often voluntary as forced,
+and were indeed rather triumphant bravadoes
+than confessions of anything that the sufferers
+themselves deemed shameful. It was a true
+belief in the minds of the parties affected.
+The question has already been asked, were
+they <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en rapport</span></span> with the rest of the diseased
+multitude, in whose minds the common delusion
+existed? The question presupposes a
+mental sympathy and participation, by one
+mind, of images existing in another, which is
+one of the alleged manifestations of clairvoyance.
+But there is another mode of accounting
+for these and similar phenomena, which
+as yet obtains the approval of physicians,
+more than any suggestions of clairvoyant
+communications. It is, that there are certain
+states of the body in which the patient truly
+believes himself to see particular objects, to
+do particular acts, and to possess special powers,
+which to the rest of the world have no
+existence, but in respect of the patient himself
+are realities as visible, tangible, and perceptible,
+as the actual existences which surround
+him. For example, it is a fact which
+admits of no dispute, that a certain quantity
+of alcohol taken into the human stomach will
+cause the drinker to fall into <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</span></span>;
+and that in that state the patient will,
+with his waking eyes, see objects of a particular
+kind; in nine cases out of ten, the
+forms of rats and mice running over his bed,
+and about his person. There is no public delusion
+here, no popular mind possessed with
+a fixed idea of these appearances, to which
+the individual delusions might be referred;
+yet the swallower of the alcohol in Dublin,
+and the swallower of the alcohol in Calcutta,
+will both see exactly the same sorts of appearances,
+and will both express precisely the
+same horror and disgust at their supposed tormentors.
+Is it the case, then, that, as the
+forms of rats and mice come into the minds
+of men in one kind of mental sickness, the
+forms of men and women riding on goats and
+broomsticks through the air, and the other
+apparatus of the witch-sabbaths, may have
+been but the manifestations of another disordered
+state of the mental organism, a symptom
+merely and concomitant of an epidemical
+disease? It is easy enough to understand how
+symptoms so simple as the appearance of
+what are usually called "blue devils" should
+be constant in their attendance on a particular
+state of cerebral disorder; but when the
+hallucination becomes so complex as in the
+fantasies of witchcraft, it is difficult to suppose
+that that long train of appearances and
+imaginary transactions should follow on a
+merely pathological derangement of the brain.
+Between the two alternatives of referring
+these hallucinations to such a cause, on the
+one hand, or to a mesmeric sympathy, as
+above suggested, between the individual and
+the crowd of the possessed, on the other, it
+is hard to choose; but, perhaps, the latter will
+appear to offer the less amount of difficulty.
+In the present state of knowledge, however,
+it would be rash to say that a particular state
+of diseased cerebral action might not be attended
+with a perfect set of supposed phenomena
+as complex and constant in the minds
+of the sufferers, as those which existed among
+the victims of demonomania.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An example less difficult of reconcilement
+with the theory of cerebral disorder than that
+of the witchcraft of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, and yet more complex than that
+of the fantasies of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</span></span>, may be
+found in the case of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lycanthropism</span></span>, or that
+form of mania in which men have fancied
+themselves transformed into wolves. This
+disease also is contagious; and on many occasions
+has exhibited itself in all the terrors
+of a maniacal epidemic. As early as the time
+of Herodotus the belief was rife among the
+Græco-Scythian colonies that a people called
+the Neuri were subject to this species of metamorphosis;
+and Giraldus Cambrensis, in<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page210">[pg 210]</span><a name="Pg210" id="Pg210" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the twelfth century, found the same superstition
+in full force in Ireland. It again broke
+forth in Livonia, its ancient seat, with all the
+symptoms of a periodical annual epidemic, in
+the sixteenth century. Peucer gives the following
+account of what these maniacs themselves
+believed to happen to them. "Immediately
+after Christmas day, in each year, a
+club-footed boy appears, who goes round the
+country, and summons all those slaves of Satan,
+of whom there are great numbers, to assemble
+and follow him. If they hesitate or
+refuse, a tall man appears, armed with a whip
+of flexible iron wires, and compels them with
+blows of his scourge to come forth and proceed.
+He whips them so severely, that oft-times
+the stripes left by the iron thongs remain
+impressed on their bodies and torment
+them cruelly. As soon as they go out and
+follow in the train, they seem to lose their
+human form, and to put on the appearance
+of wolves. Several thousands thus assemble.
+The leader walks before with his iron scourge;
+the crowd of those who, in their delusion,
+imagine that they have become wolves, follow
+after. Wherever they meet with cattle
+they rush upon them and rend them; they
+carry off such portions as they can, and do
+much destruction; but to touch or injure
+mankind is not permitted to them. When
+they come to rivers, the leader with a stroke
+of his whip divides the waters, which stand
+apart, leaving a dry channel by which they
+cross. After twelve days the band disperses,
+and every man resumes his own form, the
+vulpine mask dropping off him. The way in
+which the change takes place is this, as they
+allege: those who undergo the change, which
+occupies but a moment, drop suddenly down
+as if struck with a fit, and so lie senseless and
+like dead persons; but they do not in fact go
+away or change their places at all; nor while
+lying in that seemingly lifeless state do they
+exhibit any vulpine appearance whatever,
+but they go out of themselves (and leave
+themselves) like dead bodies; and save that
+they are convulsed, and roll about somewhat,
+they exhibit no sign or evidence of life.
+Hence the opinion has arisen that their spirits
+only are taken forth of their bodies, and put
+for a time into the phantasms of vulpine
+forms; and then, after doing the bidding of
+the devil in that way, are remitted back to
+their proper bodies, which thereupon are restored
+to animation; and the were-wolves
+themselves confirm this belief by acknowledging
+that in truth the human form is not withdrawn
+from their bodies, nor the vulpine appearance
+substituted for it; but that it is
+their spirits only which are impelled to leave
+their human bodily prisons, and enter into
+the bodies of wolves, in which they dwell
+and are carried about for the prescribed space
+of time. Some of those who have stated that
+they came long distances after escaping from
+the chains of their wolfish imprisonment, being
+questioned how they got out of that confinement,
+and why they returned, and how
+they could cross such wide and deep rivers,
+gave answer that the imprisoning forms no
+longer confined them, that they felt coerced
+to come out of them, and passed over the rivers
+by aërial flight."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The same features marked the outbreak of
+lycanthropy in the years 1598-1600, among
+the Vaudois. The possessed fell into catalepsy,
+and lay senseless during the time they
+imagined themselves in their bestial transformation.
+The disease was almost uniformly
+complicated with demonopathy, or the possession
+of witchcraft.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There seems no reason to doubt that lycanthropism
+was a disease as constant in its
+character and as well defined in its symptoms
+as <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</span></span>, or any of the ordinary
+forms of mania. The evidences of its existence
+are, however, considerably stronger
+than those of witchcraft; for where on the
+one hand no credible witness ever saw a witch
+either at the sabbath, or on her way to it,
+or on her return from it, there are not wanting
+distinct proofs on oath, corroborated by
+admitted facts in judicial proceedings, of persons
+afflicted with lycanthropy traversing the
+woods on all-fours, and being found bloody
+from the recent slaughter both of beasts and
+human victims; and in one of these cases,
+that of Jacques Roulet, tried before the Parliament
+of Paris in 1598, the body of a newly
+slain child, half mangled, and with all the
+marks of having been gnawed by canine
+teeth, was found close to the place where the
+maniac was arrested. It is worthy of remark
+that both lycanthropists and witches ascribed
+the power of disembodying themselves to the
+use of ointments. Antiquity furnishes no
+parallel to the horrors of these malignant and
+homicidal manias. Their analogues may be
+found in the fabled styes of Circe, or in the
+frenzied raptures of the Sybilline and Delphic
+priestesses; but the extent, the variety, and
+the hideousness of the disease in modern
+times, infinitely surpass all that was ever
+dreamt of in Pagan credulity. The points of
+resemblance, however, are not yet exhausted.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A chief sign of the divine afflatus," says
+Jamblichus, citing Porphyry, "is, that he who
+induces the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">numen</span></span> into himself, sees the spirit
+descending, and its quantity and quality.
+Also, he who receives the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">numen</span></span> sees before
+the reception a certain likeness of a fire;
+sometimes, also, this is beheld by the bystanders,
+both at the advent and the departure
+of the god. By which sign, they who
+are skilful in these matters discern, with perfect
+accuracy, what is the power of the numen,
+and what its order, and what are the
+things concerning which it can give true responses,
+and what it is competent to do....
+Thus it is that the excellence of this divine
+fire, and appearance, as it were, of ineffable
+light, comes down upon, and fills, and dominates
+over the possessed person, and he is
+wholly involved in it, so that he cannot do<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page211">[pg 211]</span><a name="Pg211" id="Pg211" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+any act of himself.... But after this comes
+ecstacy, or disembodiment."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thomas Bartholin (brother of Gaspar) has
+anticipated the inquiries of Sir Henry Marsh,
+and of Reichenbach himself, on the subject
+of light from the human body. In a treatise,
+full of singular learning, "De luce Animalium,"
+he has adduced a multitude of examples
+of the evolution of light from the living
+as well as the dead body, and in the cases of
+secular and pagan, as well as of ecclesiastical
+and Christian, persons; and this, without
+having recourse to any testimony of the Hagiologists.
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aureolæ</span></span> of the Christian
+saints may not, after all, have been the merely
+fanciful additions of superstitious artists.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The convulsive distortions of the Pythoness
+were but a feeble type of the phenomena
+of demonopathy, or the supposed possession
+of the middle ages. It was chiefly in convents,
+among the crowd of young girls and
+women, that these dreadful disorders were
+used to break out; but the visitation was not
+confined to convents, nor to the profession of
+any particular creed. Wherever religious
+excitation prevailed among the young and
+susceptible, especially when they happened
+to be brought together in considerable numbers,
+there the pest was attracted, as a fever
+or other malady would be attracted by a foul
+atmosphere. No patient in the magnetic
+coma ever exhibited such prodigies of endurance
+as thousands of the involuntary victims
+of these contagious manias. Who in any
+modern <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">seance</span></span> has beheld a patient supported
+only on the protuberance of the stomach,
+with the head and limbs everted, and the
+arms raised in the air, and so remaining
+curved into the appearance of a fish on a stall,
+tied by the tail and gills, motionless for hours
+at a time? Or what rigidity of muscle in
+magnetic catalepsy has ever equalled that of
+a convulsionnaire, who would weary the
+strongest man, inflicting blows of a club, to
+the number of several thousands a day, on
+her stomach, while sustaining herself in an
+arc solely by the support of the head and the
+heels? Madame de Sazilli, who was exorcised
+in presence of the Duke of Orleans, at
+London, in 1631, "became, at the command
+of Pere Elisce, supple as a plate of lead. The
+exorcist plaited her limbs in various ways,
+before and behind, to this side and to that,
+in such sort that her head would sometimes
+almost touch the ground, her demon (say her
+malady) retaining her in each position immovably
+until she was put into the next.
+Next came the demon Sabulon, who rolled
+her through the chapel with horrible convulsions.
+Five or six times he carried her left
+foot up higher than her shoulder; all the
+while her eyes were fixed, wide open, without
+winking; after that he threw out her
+limbs till she touched the ground, with her
+legs extended straight on either side, and
+while in that posture, the exorcist compelled
+her to join her hands, and with the trunk of
+the body in an erect posture, to adore the
+holy sacrament." We seem to read the proceedings
+of an electro-biologist, rather than
+of a pastor of the church: but the parallel is
+not yet at an end. "The same nun," says
+Calmeil, "towards the close of her exorcism,
+executed a command which the Duke imparted
+secretly to her exorcist." Then follows
+this remarkable admission of the learned
+and cautious physiologist:—"On hundreds
+of occasions one might believe, in effect, that
+the Energumenes read the thoughts of the
+ecclesiastics who were charged with the combating
+of their demons. It is certain that
+these young women were endowed, during
+their excesses of hysteria or nervous exaltation,
+with a penetration of mind altogether
+unique." The children of the fanatics of the
+Cevennes, while in their supposed prophetic
+ecstacies, spoke the purest dialect of French,
+and expressed themselves with singular propriety.
+The same facility of speaking in a
+fluent and exalted style while in the divinatory
+ecstacy, was remarked of old in the case
+of the Pythian priestess. "Though it cannot
+be divined," says Plutarch, in his "Inquiry,"
+"why the Pythian priestess ceases to deliver
+her oracles in verse; but that her parentage
+was virtuous and honest, and that she always
+lived a sober and chaste life, yet her education
+was among poor, laboring people, so that
+she was advanced to the oracular sect rude
+and unpolished, void of all the advantages of
+art or experience. For, as it is the opinion of
+Xenophon, that a virgin, ready to be espoused,
+ought to be carried to the bridegroom's
+house before she has either seen or heard the
+least communication, so the Pythian priestess
+ought to converse with Apollo illiterate and
+ignorant almost of every thing, still approaching
+his presence with a truly virgin soul."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We might here, without any stretch of imagination,
+suppose we are reading a commentary
+on the birth and character of Joan of
+Arc, or of any of the prophetesses of the
+Swiss Anabaptists. But to return to the possessions
+recorded by Calmeil.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The biological relations alleged by the mesmerists
+appear in still stronger development
+in the case of the nuns of Auxonne in 1662.
+The Bishop of Chalons reports, speaking of
+the possessed, "that all the aforesaid young
+women, being in number eighteen, as well
+seculars as regulars, and without a single exception,
+appeared to him to have obtained the
+gift of tongues, inasmuch as they accurately
+replied to the matters in Latin, which were
+addressed to them by their exorcists, and
+which were not borrowed from the ritual,
+still less arranged by any preconcert; they
+frequently explained themselves in Latin—sometimes
+in entire periods, sometimes in
+broken sentences;" "that all or almost all of
+them were proved to have introvision (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cognizance
+de l'interieur</span></span>) and knowledge of
+whatever thought might be secretly addressed
+to them, as appeared particularly in the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page212">[pg 212]</span><a name="Pg212" id="Pg212" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+case of the internal commands which were
+often addressed to them by the exorcists, and
+which in general they obeyed implicitly, although
+without any external signification of
+the command, either verbal or by way of
+sign; as the said Lord Bishop experienced in
+many instances, among others, in that of Denise
+Parisot, whom the exorcist having commanded,
+in the depths of his own mind, to
+come to him for the purpose of being exorcised,
+she came incontinently, though dwelling
+in a remote part of the town; telling the
+Lord Bishop that she had received his commands
+and was come accordingly; and this
+she did on several occasions; likewise in the
+person of Sister Jamin, a novice, who, on recovering
+from her fit, told him the internal
+commandment which he had given to her
+demon during the exorcism; also in the case
+of the Sister Borthon, to whom having issued
+a mental commandment in one of her paroxysms
+to come and prostrate herself before
+the Holy Sacrament, with her face to the
+ground and her arms stretched forward, she
+executed his command at the very instant
+that he willed it, with a promptitude and precipitation
+altogether wonderful."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sister Denise Parisot, one of those who exhibited
+these singularities, also displayed a
+farther and very remarkable manifestation
+of what would now be called biological influence.
+"Being commanded by his Lordship
+to make the pulse of her right arm entirely
+cease beating while that of the left continued,
+and then to transfer the pulsation so as to
+beat in the right arm while it should stop in
+the left, she executed his orders with the utmost
+precision in the presence of the physician
+(Morel), who admitted and deposed to
+the fact, and of several ecclesiastics. Sister
+de la Purification did the same thing two or
+three times, causing her pulse to beat or to
+stop at the command of the exorcist."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Instead of exorcist we may, without much
+apprehension of offending either the reason
+or the belief of any candid person, read
+"Mesmerist." The passes seem similar, the
+phenomena identical. Again, in the case of
+the girls of the parish of Landes, near Bayeux,
+in 1732, the orders given by the exorcists in
+Latin appeared to be well understood by the
+patients. "In general," says Calmeil, quoting
+the contemporaneous account of their
+possession, "during the ecstatic access, the
+sense of touch was not excited even by the
+application of fire; nevertheless the exorcists
+affirm that their patients yielded immediate
+attention to the thoughts which they (the
+exorcists) refrained from expressing, and that
+they described with exactness the interior of
+distant houses which they had never before
+seen."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This long and varied survey of different
+forms of physical and mental malady brings
+us to a point where we may, with some confidence,
+take our stand on inductive conclusions.
+It seems evident, then, that all the
+phenomena of animal magnetism have been
+from an early period known to mankind under
+the various forms of divinatory ecstasy,
+demonopathy or witchmania, theomania, or
+fanatical religious excitation, spontaneous catalepsy,
+and somnambulism. That, in addition
+to the ordinary manifestations of insensibility
+to pain, rigidity, and what is called
+clairvoyance, the patients affected with
+the more intense conditions of the malady
+have at all times exhibited a marvellous command
+of languages; a seeming participation
+in the thoughts, sensations, and impulses of
+others; a power of resisting, for some short
+time at least, the action of fire; and, perhaps,
+a capacity of evolving some hitherto
+unknown energy counteractive of the force
+of gravitation. That the condition of mind
+and body in question can be induced by means
+addressed to each and all of the senses, as
+well as involuntarily by way of sympathy or
+contagion. That the fixing of the eyes on a
+particular point, as a wafer, or the umbilicus,
+or on a polished ball or mirror, is one of the
+most general and efficacious means of artificially
+inducing the condition of clairvoyance.
+That it may also, on those prepared for its
+reception by strong mental excitement, be
+induced by tumultuous music, as by the
+sound of drums and cymbals, by odors, and,
+perhaps, by unguents; and that the same
+condition also frequently supervenes on long-continued
+and intense emotion, as well as on
+those hysterical and convulsive movements
+of the body which sometimes attend on excessive
+religious excitation. That, induced
+by the latter means, clairvoyance has a tendency
+to become contagious, and has often
+afflicted whole communities with the most
+dangerous and deplorable epidemic hallucinations,
+as in the fancied witch-sabbaths of the
+domonomaniacs, and prowling excursions of
+lycanthropes and vampyres; but that, although
+in these demotic frenzies, the prevailing
+ideas and images presented to the minds
+of the sufferers are merely illusory, they possess
+the capacity of being put in such a relation
+with ideas and images derived from actual
+existence in the mind of others, as to
+perceive and appropriate them. Beyond this
+it would be difficult to advance our speculation
+with any degree of certainty; but if
+speculation may be at all indulged in such a
+question, it might, perhaps, be allowed to a
+sanguine speculator to surmise that, possibly,
+the mind in that state may be put <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en rapport</span></span>
+with not only the ideas and emotions of another
+particular mind, but with the whole of
+the external world, and with all its minds.
+Another step would carry us to that participation
+in the whole scheme of nature, pretended
+to by divinators and seers; but it
+must be owned that, in the present state of
+the evidences, there is no solid ground on
+which to rest the foot of conjecture in taking
+either the one step or the other.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the mean time, many practitioners are<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page213">[pg 213]</span><a name="Pg213" id="Pg213" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+playing with an agency, the dangerous character
+of which they little suspect. In ancient
+exorcisms, it sometimes happened that the
+exorcist himself became the involuntary recipient
+of the contagious frenzy of the patient.
+If such an event happened now, it
+would not be more wonderful than when it
+befel the Pere Surin, at Loudon, in 1635, as
+he has himself described his disaster in
+his letter to the Jesuit Attichi: "For three
+months and a half I have never been without
+a devil in full exercise within me. While I
+was engaged in the performance of my ministry,
+the devil passed out of the body of the
+possessed, and coming into mine, assaulted
+me and cast me down, shook me, and traversed
+me to and fro, for several hours. I cannot
+tell you what passed within me during
+that time, and how that spirit united itself
+with mine, leaving no liberty either of sensation
+or of thought, but acting in me like another
+self, or as if I possessed two souls;
+these two souls making, as it were, a battle
+ground of my body. When I sought, at the
+instigation of the one, to make the sign of
+the cross on my mouth, the other suddenly
+would turn round my hand and seize the fingers
+with my teeth, making me bite myself
+with rage. When I sought to speak, the word
+would be taken out of my mouth; at mass I
+would be stopped short; at table I could not
+carry the food to my mouth; at confession I
+forgot my sins; in fine, I felt the devil go and
+come within me as if he used me for his
+daily dwelling-house."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Or, if instead of passing into a single operator,
+as in the case of Surin, the diseased contagion
+should suddenly expand itself among
+a crowd of bystanders, there would be nothing
+to wonder at, although enough to deplore,
+in such a catastrophe. It would be no more
+than has already happened in all the epidemics
+of lycanthropy and witchmania, of the
+dancers of St. Vitas, of the Jumpers, Quakers,
+and Revivalists, of the Mewers, Barkers,
+and Convulsionnaires. The absence of
+religious pretensions among the operators
+seems as yet to be the chief guarantee against
+such results. If instead of being made rigid
+and lucid by the manipulations of a professor,
+the patients should find themselves cast into
+that state by contact with the tomb of a
+preacher, or with the reliques of a saint, society
+would soon be revisited with all the
+evils of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pseudo</span></span>-miracles and supposed demoniacal
+possessions. The comparatively innocent
+frenzy of the followers of Father Mathew,
+was the nearest approach to a social disturbance
+of that kind that our country has
+been visited by since the barking epidemic
+of the fourteenth century. "In the county
+of Leicester, a person travelling along the
+road," says Camden, "found a pair of gloves,
+fit for his hands, as he thought; but when he
+put them on, he lost his speech immediately,
+and could do nothing but bark like a dog;
+nay, from that moment, the men and women,
+old and young, throughout the whole country,
+barked like dogs, and the children like
+whelps. This plague continued, with some
+eighteen days, with others a month, and with
+some for two years; and, like a contagious
+distemper, at last infected the neighboring
+counties, and set them a barking too."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If mesmerism did no more than demonstrate,
+as it has done, that all the supposed
+evidences of modern inspiration, as well as of
+modern demoniacal possession and ghost-craft,
+are but the manifestations of a physical
+disorder, capable of being induced by ordinary
+agencies, it would have done a great service
+to the cause of social and religious stability.
+In addition to this, it has furnished surgery
+with a new narcotic, perhaps with a new
+anti-spasmodic. It is not impossible that
+here, at length, a means may have been found
+for combating the horrors of hydrophobia.
+Its higher pretensions of clairvoyance and
+provision, if not proved, are at least not yet
+satisfactorily disproved. Its admitted usefulness
+may, perhaps, counterbalance its perils;
+but in every exercise of it, whether curative
+or speculative, it is never to be forgotten,
+that the phenomena are those of disease,
+and that the production of disease, save for
+the counteraction of other maladies more
+hurtful, is in itself an evil.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">S. F.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc65" id="toc65"></a>
+<a name="pdf66" id="pdf66"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From Sharp's Magazine.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By F. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The best epitaphs, according to our notion,
+are generally the shortest and the plainest.
+In no description of composition is elaborate
+and ornate phraseology so much out
+of place.  Where a world-wide reputation
+has been achieved, the name alone, with the
+addition perhaps of a date, is often calculated
+to produce a more impressive effect than an
+ostentatious inscription. It has been observed
+that the simple words—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Catherine the Great to Peter the First,</span></span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">inscribed on the monument erected by the
+Empress Catherine to the memory of her
+husband, arrogant as they are, contain the
+essence of the sublime. And, in like manner,
+among the most impressive memorials in
+Westminster Abbey are the words, "O rare
+Ben Jonson," chiselled beneath the great play-wright's
+bust, and the name of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. Dryden</span></span>,
+with the date of his birth and death, and the
+simple statement, that the tomb was erected,
+in 1720, by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham.
+We doubt whether the effect of the
+latter would have been improved by the addition
+of the couplet written for it by Pope,
+admirable as it is:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">This Sheffield raised: the sacred dust below</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Was Dryden once—the rest who does not know?</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the best epitaphs in the Poet's Corner,
+we are inclined to number that on Spenser,
+which combines in an eminent degree
+dignity and simplicity, and possesses a character
+which at once attracts attention. The<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page214">[pg 214]</span><a name="Pg214" id="Pg214" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+monument on which it appears had been
+originally erected by Anne, Countess of Dorset,
+and having fallen into decay, was restored,
+in 1768, precisely in its old form:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Heare lyes (expecting the second</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Comminge of our Savior <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christ</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jesus</span></span>) the body of Edmond Spencer,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The Prince of Poets in his tyme,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Other witnesse than the works</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Which he left behinde him.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He was borne in London in the yeare 1553,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And died in the year 1598.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The epitaph of Michael Drayton, another
+of the Elizabethan poets, said by some to be
+the composition of Ben Jonson, and by others
+to be by Quarles, has also a species of
+quaint beauty and solemnity which raises it
+above the ordinary level. It was originally
+in gilt letters:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michael Draiton</span></span>, Esq.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">       A memorable poet of this age,<br />
+ Exchanged his laurell for a crowne of glorye,<br />
+                 A<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="vertical-align: super">o</span></span>. 1631.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Doe, pious Marble! let thy readers knowe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  What they and what their children owe</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  To <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Draiton's</span></span> name, whose sacred dust</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  We recommend unto thy <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">trust</span></span>:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Protect his memory, and preserve his storye,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Remaine a lastinge monument of his glorye;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And when thy ruines shall disclaime</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  To be the treas'rer of his name,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  His name that cannot fade shall be</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  An everlasting monument to thee.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We cannot say that the Latin compositions
+of this sort in Westminster Abbey are much
+to our taste. One however, we cannot pass
+over—that to the memory of Goldsmith, by
+Dr. Johnson—a scholar-like production, dictated
+by affection, and full of grace and tenderness.
+In the delineation of the personal
+and literary character of his friend, we recognize
+all the grander traits of the honest giant's
+loving heart and powerful pen. Nothing can
+be in better taste than his commendation of
+Goldsmith's genius:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Affectuum <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">potens et lenis Dominator</span></span>;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ingenio sublimis—vividus, versatilis,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oratione grandis, nitidus, venustus—</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of the English epitaphs, one of the most
+remarkable for elegance and simplicity is that
+on Purcell, the composer, reputed, on the authority
+of Malone, to be by Dryden, It certainly
+is not unworthy of his pen:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">            Here lyes</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">       <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Purcell</span></span>, Esq.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">       Who left this life,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And is gone to that blessed place</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">     Where only his Harmony</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        Can be exceeded.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">     Obiit 21 die Novembris</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">       Anno Ætatis suæ 37</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      Annoque Domini 1695.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among more modern inscriptions, those on
+the great engineers, Watt and Telford, are
+particularly worthy of notice. The former is
+from the pen of Lord Brougham:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">            Not to perpetuate a name,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Which must endure while the peaceful arts flourish,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                    But to show</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      That mankind have learned to know those</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">         Who best deserve their gratitude,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                      The King,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        His ministers, and many of the nobles</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">              And commoners of the realm</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                Raised this monument to</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                      <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">James Watt</span></span>,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    Who, directing the force of an original genius,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        Early exercised in philosophic research,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        To the improvement of the Steam Engine,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">         Enlarged the resources of his country,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">              Increased the power of man,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">               And rose to eminent place</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    Among the most illustrious  followers of science,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        And the real benefactors of the world.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The inscription on Telford's monument is
+equally chaste and beautiful. It presents this
+noble summary of his life and character:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      The orphan son of a shepherd, self-educated,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                   He raised himself,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">       By his extraordinary talents and integrity,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    From the humble condition of an operative mason,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                And became one of the</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">       Most eminent Civil Engineers of the age.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      This marble has been erected near the spot</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">           Where his remains are deposited,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        By the friends who revered his virtues,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  But his noblest monuments are to be found amongst</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        The great public works of his country.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every visitor will reverently pause before
+the magnificent cenotaph of the great Earl of
+Chatham, which, though somewhat too confused
+and elaborate in its decorations, is not
+unworthy of the greatest of English ministers.
+Having achieved a higher reputation
+as a statesman and orator than any other public
+man which his country had produced, and
+having fallen, as it were, in her service, the
+national gratitude was displayed in an unprecedented
+manner by honors paid his memory.
+His body lay in state three days in the
+painted chamber in the House of Lords—his
+public funeral exceeded in splendor the obsequies
+of princes—his debts were paid by the
+nation—and finally, the stately tomb to which
+we have drawn attention, was placed over
+his remains. The inscription whilst exceedingly
+plain and simple, is impressive and appropriate:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    Erected by the King and Parliament</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">            As a testimonial to</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">          The Virtues and Ability</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">                    of</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William Pitt, Earl of Chatham</span></span>,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">During whose administration, in the reigns of</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        George II. and George III.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">            Divine Providence</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">           Exalted Great Britain</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">    To a height of Prosperity and Glory</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">        Unknown in any former age.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of poetical epitaphs in the Abbey some of
+the most important are by Pope. Like everything
+else from his pen, they are carefully
+written, but viewed as monumental inscriptions,
+not distinguished for any striking excellence.
+Among the best of them is that on
+the Honourable James Craggs, a secretary of
+state, rather discreditably mixed up with the
+South Sea Bubble:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In action faithful, yet in honour clear!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who broke no promise, served no private end,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who gained no title, and who lost no friend;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ennobled by Himself, by all approved,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Praised, wept, and honored by the Muse he loved.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The one on Gay is interesting as a tribute
+of friendship, and as a faithful portrait of that
+pleasing and amiable poet, the simplicity of
+whose character is admirably delineated in
+the first couplet:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of manners gentle, and affections mild,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">In wit a man, simplicity a child</span></span>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Altogether it is a beautiful and appropriate<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page215">[pg 215]</span><a name="Pg215" id="Pg215" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+composition, and we cannot but regret that
+the monument on which it appears should be
+disfigured by the doggerel, said to have been
+written by Gay himself, and inscribed on the
+ledge just above Pope's epitaph;</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Life is a jest, and all things show it;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I thought so once, but now I know it.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That of Nicholas Rowe, the dramatist (also
+by Pope), has been admired for the pathos of
+the concluding lines, the beauty of which,
+however, it is a matter of notoriety, was considerably
+marred by a prosaic circumstance,
+which proves the danger of assuming facts
+even in poetical compositions. The monument
+is commemorative of the poet and of
+his only daughter, the wife of Henry Fane.
+His widow survived him, and her inconsolable
+affliction was beautifully depicted:-</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To these so mourned in death, so loved in life,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The childless parent and the widowed wife,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With tears inscribes this monumental stone,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That holds their ashes, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">and expects her own</span></span>.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Almost, however, before "the monumental
+stone" was finished, the disconsolate widow
+dried her eyes, and married a gallant colonel
+of dragoons, without considering that she was
+spoiling the beauty of her husband's epitaph.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the most flagrant instances of false
+taste, we must specify that on the tomb of
+David Garrick. The tomb itself has been
+described as "a theatrical conceit, of which
+the design exhibits neither taste nor invention."
+The epitaph was the production of
+Pratt, author of Harvest Home and other lucubrations
+which have long since been consigned
+to the tomb of the Capulets; and both
+epitaph and monument are thus spoken of
+by Charles Lamb in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Essays of Elia</span></span>. Alluding
+principally to the eccentric attitude of
+the actor's effigy, he observes, "Though I
+would not go so far, with some good Catholics
+abroad, as to shut players altogether out
+of consecrated ground, yet I own I was not
+a little scandalized at the introduction of theatrical
+airs and gestures into a place set apart
+to remind us of the saddest realities. Going
+nearer, I found inscribed under this burlesque
+figure a farrago of false thought and nonsense."
+The farrago in question is in verse,
+and represents Shakspeare and Garrick as
+"twin stars," who as long as time shall last
+are to "irradiate earth with a beam divine."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are but few epitaphs in St. Paul's
+Cathedral—the other great resting-place of
+illustrious dead—worthy of remark or reproduction.
+The best in the whole edifice, and
+one of the most perfect compositions of its
+kind, is the well-known inscription commemorative
+of its renowned architect, Sir Christopher
+Wren:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Subditus conditur hujus Ecelesiæ at Urbis</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">  Conditor, <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Christopherus Wren</span></span>, qui vixit</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">      Annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Bono publico. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Lector, si monumentum requiris,</span></span></div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">               <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-style: italic">Circumspice.</span></span></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We need not point out the beauties of this
+celebrated epitaph:—its terseness of phraseology
+(to which no translation could do justice)—its
+suggestiveness, grandeur and dignity.
+Another Latin inscription in St. Paul's
+is also deserving notice, both on account of
+its merit, and the individual it commemorates—that
+on Dr. Samuel Johnson, written by
+the famous Dr. Parr. Of English inscriptions
+in this Cathedral, the most striking is
+that on the monument of John Howard. It
+concludes with the well-known sentence:
+"He trod an open and unfrequented path,to
+immortality, in the ardent and unremitting
+exercise of Christian charity. May this tribute
+to his fame excite an emulation of his
+truly glorious achievements."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is no very easy matter to produce a
+good epitaph. Great practice in composition
+is required—great power of condensation—and
+the exercise of judgment and discrimination.
+In efforts at epitaph-writing, few
+English poets have appeared to advantage.
+One or two perfect specimens, indeed, we
+possess, but the success of a single writer
+must be set against the failure of a great
+many. Of our good epitaphs, the very best,
+in our opinion, is that on the Countess Dowager
+of Pembroke, the sister of Sir Philip
+Sidney, by Ben Jonson. Although it has
+been often quoted, we cannot exclude it from
+this paper:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Underneath this sable hearse</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lies the subject of all verse,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Death, ere thou hast slain another,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fair, and wise, and good as she,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Time shall throw his dart at thee.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another of Jonson's epitaphs, although
+more rugged in versification, is also deserving
+of quotation;</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Underneath this stone doth lie</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As much virtue as could die;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Which, when alive, did vigor give</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To as much beauty as could live.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If she had a single fault,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Leave it buried in this vault.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Not a few of Pope's epitaphs, as we have
+before hinted, appear tame, insipid, and characterized
+by a false taste. We except the
+well-known couplet for the monument of
+Sir Isaac Newton, in which there are dignity
+of language and boldness of conception:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;—</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">David Garrick is the author of some very
+good and characteristic epitaphs. The best,
+is that on Claudius Philips, the musician, who
+lived and died in great poverty. It was some
+time ascribed to Dr. Johnson, but is now
+known to be the production of Garrick:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Philips, whose touch harmonious could remove</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The pangs of guilty power and hapless love,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rest here, distress'd by poverty no more,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here find that calm thou gav'st so oft before;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another of Garnet's epitaphs, is that on
+Mr. Havard, the comedian, who died in 1778.
+It is described by the author as a tribute "to
+the memory of a character he long knew and
+respected." Whatever its merits as a composition,
+the professional metaphor introduced
+is sadly out of place:</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page216">[pg 216]</span><a name="Pg216" id="Pg216" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"An honest man's the noblest work of God."</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Havard, from sorrow rest beneath this stone;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> An honest man—beloved as soon as known;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Howe'er defective in the mimic art,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> In real life he justly played his part!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> The noblest character he acted well,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> And heaven applauded when the curtain fell.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The one on William Hogarth, in Chiswick
+Churchyard, by Garrick, is in better taste:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Farewell, great painter of mankind,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Who reach'd the noblest point of art;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whose pictur'd morals charm the mind,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And through the eye correct the heart!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If genius fire thee, reader, stay;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  If nature touch thee, drop a tear:-</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If neither move thee, turn away,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  For Hogarth's honor'd dust lies here.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some distinguished men have amused themselves,
+while living, by inditing epitaphs for
+themselves. Franklin, and the great lawyer
+and orientalist, Sir William Jones, have left
+characteristic performances of this kind in
+prose, and from Matthew Prior we have a
+mock-serious one in verse. The latter has
+been often quoted, but it will bear repetition:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nobles and heralds, by your leave,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Here lie the bones of Matthew Prior:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The son of Adam and of Eve,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the same spirit, but superior in tone and
+quality, is the following, the authorship of
+which is unknown, "on a poor but honest
+man:"</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Stop, reader, here, and deign to look</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  On one without a name,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Ne'er enter'd in the ample book</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Of fortune or of fame.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Studious of peace, he hated strife;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Meek virtues fill'd his breast;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His coat of arms, "a spotless life,"</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  "An honest heart" his crest.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Quarter'd therewith was innocence,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And thus his motto ran:</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"A conscience void of all offence,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Before both God and man."</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In the great day of wrath, through pride</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Now scorns his pedigree,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thousands shall wish they'd been allied</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  To this great family.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The thought in Prior's is ludicrously expressed
+in the following, from a monument
+erected in 1703, in the New Church burying-ground,
+Dundee, to the memory of J. R.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here lies a Man,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Com'd of Adam and Eve;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">If any will climb higher,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I give him leave.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amongst poetical epitaphs, of the more
+elaborate class, we must notice two by Mason;
+one to the memory of his mother, in Bristol
+Cathedral, and the other on a young lady
+named Drummond, in the church of Brodsworth,
+Yorkshire. We have space for only
+the latter.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here sleeps what once was beauty, once was grace;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Grace, that with tenderness and sense combined</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To form that harmony of soul and face,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Where brainy shines the mirror of the mind.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Such was the maid that, in the morn of youth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  In virgin innocence, in nature's pride,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Blest with each art that owes its charms to truth,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Sank in her father's fond embrace, and died.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He weeps; O venerate the holy tear!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  Faith lends her aid to ease affliction's load;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The parent mourns his child upon the bier,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  The Christian yields an angel to his God.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of whimsical and satirical epitaphs—some
+actually inscribed on tombstones, and others
+intended for pasquinades—a large collection
+might be made. We have little taste for
+these anomalous compositions, nor do we consider
+it creditable to the national character,
+that so many English churchyards can be
+pointed out where they occur. But there
+are those who will make even the tomb a
+subject of pleasant humors. The epitaph
+for the tomb of Sir John Vanbrugh, distinguished
+as a dramatist and architect, and reflecting
+on his achievements in the latter capacity,
+is as follows:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Laid many a heavy load on thee.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The original of the following is among the
+epigrams of Boileau:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here lies my wife; there let her lie;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">She is at rest—and so am I.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We do not suppose that this was ever engraved
+on a tombstone, either in French or
+English; but the following lines are said to
+have been copied from a slab in an English
+church:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here lies the body of Sarah Sexton,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who as a wife did never vex one;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">We can't say that for her at the next stone.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The next specimen is also known to have
+appeared on a tomb in Essex:—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Here lies the man Richard,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And Mary his wife;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Their surname was Pritchard;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  They lived without strife;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the reason was plain;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  They abounded in riches,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">They no care had nor pain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">  And the wife wore the breeches.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We will not multiply examples of these
+compositions. Lines of the description we
+have quoted have often found their way into
+print, and we have selected one or two of
+the least offensive as examples of eccentricity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc67" id="toc67"></a>
+<a name="pdf68" id="pdf68"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 144%; font-variant: small-caps">An Adventure With Robbers.</span></span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The world, since it was a world at all, has
+ever been fond of singing the praises of
+the good old times. It would seem a general
+rule, that so soon as we get beyond a certain
+age, whatever that may be, we acquire a high
+opinion of the past, and grumble at every
+thing new under the sun. One cause of this
+may be, that distance lends enchantment to
+the view, and that the history of the past,
+like a landscape travelled over, loses in review
+all the rugged and wearisome annoyances
+that rendered it scarcely bearable in
+the journey. But it is hardly worth while
+to speculate upon the causes of an absurdity
+which a little candid retrospection will do
+more to dissipate than whole folios of philosophy.
+We can easily understand a man who
+sighs that he was not born a thousand years
+hence instead of twenty or thirty years ago,
+but that any one should encourage a regret
+that his lot in life was not cast a few centuries
+back, seems inexplicable on any rational
+grounds. The utter folly of praising the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page217">[pg 217]</span><a name="Pg217" id="Pg217" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+good old times may be illustrated by a reference
+to the wretched condition of most
+European cities; but we shall confine ourselves
+to the single case of Paris, now one
+of the most beautiful capitals in the world.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the thirteenth century the streets of
+Paris were not paved; they were muddy
+and filthy to a very horrible degree, and
+swine constantly loitered about and fed in
+them. At night there were no public lights,
+and assassinations and robberies were far
+from infrequent. At the beginning of the
+fourteenth century public lighting was begun
+on a limited scale; and at best only a few
+tallow candles were put up in prominent
+situations. The improvement, accordingly,
+did little good, and the numerous bands of
+thieves had it still pretty much their own
+way. Severity of punishment seldom compensates
+the want of precautionary measures.
+It was the general custom at this period to
+cut off the ears of a condemned thief after
+the term of his imprisonment had elapsed.
+Thia was done that offenders might be readily
+recognized should they dare again to enter
+the city, banishment from which was a part
+of the sentence of such as were destined to
+be cropped. But they often found it easier
+to fabricate false ears than to gain a livelihood
+away from the arena of their exploits;
+and this measure, severe and cruel as it was,
+was found inefficient to rid the capital of
+their presence.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the various adventures with thieves,
+detailed by an author contemporaneous with
+Louis XIII., the following affords a rich example
+of the organization of the domestic
+brigands of the time, and of the wretched
+security which the capital afforded to its inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A celebrated advocate named Polidamor
+had by his reputation for riches aroused the
+covetousness of some chiefs of a band of
+brigands, who flattered themselves that could
+they catch him they would obtain possession
+of an important sum. They placed upon his
+track three bold fellows, who, after many
+fruitless endeavors, encountered him one
+evening accompanied only by a single lackey.
+Seizing fast hold of himself and attendant,
+they rifled him in a twinkling; and as he had
+accidentally left his purse at home, they took
+his rich cloak of Spanish cloth and silk, which
+was quite new, and of great value. Polidamor,
+who at first resisted, found himself compelled
+to yield to force, but asked as a favor
+to be allowed to redeem his mantle. This
+was agreed to at the price of thirty pistoles;
+and the rogues appointed a rendezvous the
+next day, at six in the evening, on the same
+spot, for the purpose of effecting the exchange.
+They recommended him to come
+alone, assuring him that his life would be
+endangered should he appear accompanied
+with an escort. Polidamor repaired to the
+place at the appointed hour, and after a few
+moments of expectation he saw a carriage
+approaching in which were seated four persons
+in the garb of gentlemen. They descended
+from the vehicle, and one of them,
+advancing towards the advocate, asked him
+in a low voice if he were not in search of a
+cloak of Spanish cloth and silk. The victim
+replied in the affirmative, and declared himself
+prepared to redeem it at the sum at
+which it had been taxed. The thieves having
+assured themselves that he was alone, seized
+him, and made him get into the carriage;
+and one of them presenting a pistol to his
+breast, bade him hold his tongue under pain
+of instant death, while another blindfolded
+him. As the advocate trembled with fear,
+they assured him that no harm was intended,
+and bade the coachman drive on.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After a rapid flight, which was yet long
+enough to inspire the prisoner with deadly
+terror, the carriage stopped in front of a
+large mansion, the gate of which opened to
+receive them, and closed again as soon as
+they had passed the threshold. The robbers
+alighted with their captive, from whose eyes
+they now removed the bandage. He was led
+into an immense saloon, where were a number
+of tables, upon which the choicest viands
+were profusely spread, and seated at which
+was a company of gentlemanly-looking personages,
+who chatted familiarly together,
+without the slightest demonstration of confusion
+or alarm. His guardians again enjoined
+him to lay aside all fear, informed him that
+he was in good society, and that they had
+brought him there solely that they might enjoy
+the pleasure of his company at supper.
+In the mean while water was served to the
+guests, that they might wash their hands before
+sitting at table. Every man took his
+place, and a seat was assigned to Polidamor
+at the upper and privileged end of the board.
+Astonished, or rather stupefied at the strange
+circumstances of his adventure, he would
+willingly have abstained from taking any part
+in the repast; but he was compelled to make
+a show of eating, in order to dissemble his
+mistrust and agitation. When the supper
+was ended and the tables were removed, one
+of the gentlemen who had assisted in his capture
+accosted him with polite expressions of
+regret at his want of appetite. During the
+interchange of courtesies which ensued, one
+of the bandits took a lute, another a viol, and
+the party began to amuse themselves with
+music. The advocate was then invited to
+walk into a neighboring room, where he perceived
+a considerable number of mantles
+ranged in order. He was desired to select
+his own, and to count out the thirty pistoles
+agreed upon, together with one for coach-hire,
+and one more for his share of the reckoning
+at supper. Polidamor, who had been
+apprehensive that the drama of which his
+mantle had been the occasion might have a
+very different <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">dénouement</span></span>, was but too well
+pleased to be quit at such a cost, and he took
+leave of the assembly with unfeigned expressions<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page218">[pg 218]</span><a name="Pg218" id="Pg218" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of gratitude. The carriage was called,
+and before entering it he was again blindfolded;
+his former conductors returned with
+him to the spot where he had been seized,
+where, removing the bandage from his eyes,
+they allowed him to alight, presenting him
+at the same moment with a ticket sealed
+with green wax, and having these words inscribed
+in large letters, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">"Freed by the Great
+Band</span></span>." This ticket was a passport securing
+his mantle, purse, and person against all further
+assaults. Hastening to regain his residence
+with all speed, he was assailed at a
+narrow turning by three other rascals, who
+demanded his purse or his life. The advocate
+drew his ticket from his pocket, though he
+had no great faith in it as a preservative, and
+presented it to the thieves. One of them,
+provided with a dark lantern, read it, returned
+it, and recommended him to make haste
+home, where he at last arrived in safety.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Early in the seventeenth century the Parisian
+rogues availed themselves of the regulations
+against the use of snuff to pillage the
+snuff-takers. As the sale of this article was
+forbidden by law to any but grocers and
+apothecaries, and as even they could only retail
+it to persons provided with the certificate
+of a medical man, the annoyance of such restrictions
+was loudly complained of. The
+rogues, ever ready to profit by circumstances,
+opened houses for gaming—at that period almost
+a universal vice—where "snuff at discretion"
+was a tempting bait to those long
+accustomed to a gratification all the more
+agreeable because it was forbidden. Here
+the snuff-takers were diligently plied with
+wine, and then cheated of their money; or, if
+too temperate or suspicious to drink to excess,
+they were unceremoniously plundered in a
+sham quarrel. To such a length was this
+practice carried, that an ordinance was at
+length issued in 1629, strictly forbidding all
+snuff-takers from assembling in public places
+or elsewhere, "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pour satisfaire leur goût</span></span>!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The thieves of the good old times were not
+only more numerous in proportion to the population
+than they are at present, but were
+also distinguished by greater audacity and
+cruelty. They had recourse to the most diabolical
+ingenuity to subdue the resistance and
+to prevent the outcries of their victims. Under
+the rule of Henry IV. a band of brigands
+arose, who, in the garb, and with the manners
+of gentlemen, introduced themselves into
+the best houses under the pretext of private
+business, and when alone with the master,
+demanded his money at the dagger's
+point. Some of them made use of a gag—a
+contrivance designated at the period the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">poire
+d'angoisse</span></span>. This instrument was of a spherical
+shape, and pierced all over with small
+holes; it was forced into the mouth of the
+person intended to be robbed, and upon touching
+a spring sharp points protruded from
+every hole, at once inflicting the most horrible
+anguish, and preventing the sufferer from
+uttering a single cry. It could not be withdrawn
+but by the use of the proper key,
+which contracted the spring. This device
+was adopted universally by one savage band,
+and occasioned immense misery not only in
+Paris but throughout France.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An Italian thief, an enterprising and ingenious
+rogue, adopted a singular expedient for
+robbing women at their devotions in church.
+He placed himself on his knees by the side of
+his intended prey, holding in a pair of artificial
+hands a book of devotion, to which he
+made a show of the most devout attention,
+while with his natural hands he cut the watch
+or purse-string of his unsuspecting neighbor.
+This stratagem, favored by the fashion, then
+general, of wearing mantles, met with great
+success, and of course soon produced a host
+of clumsy imitators, and excited the vigilance
+of the police, who at length made so many
+seizures of solemn-faced devotees provided
+with wooden kid-gloved hands, that it fell into
+complete discredit, and was at last abandoned
+by the profession.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cunning as were the rogues of a past age,
+they were liable to capture like their modern
+successors. A gentleman having resorted to
+Paris on business, was hustled one day in the
+precincts of the palace, and robbed of his
+well-filled purse. Furious at the loss of a
+considerable sum, he swore to be avenged.
+He procured a clever mechanic, who, under
+his directions, contrived a kind of hand-trap
+for the pocket, managed in such a manner as
+to preclude the possibility of an attempt at
+purse-stealing without detection. Having
+fixed the instrument in its place, impatient
+for the revenge he had promised himself, he
+sallied forth to promenade the public walks,
+mingled with every group, and stopped from
+time to time gazing about him with the air
+of a greenhorn. Several days passed before
+any thing resulted from his plan; but one
+morning, while he was gaping at the portraits
+of the kings of France in one of the public
+galleries, he finds himself surrounded and
+pushed about, precisely as in the former instance;
+he feels a hand insinuating itself
+gently into the open snare, and hears immediately
+the click of the instrument, which assures
+him that the delinquent is safely caught.
+Taking no notice, he walks on as if nothing
+had happened, and resumes his promenade,
+drawing after him the thief, whom pain and
+shame prevented from making the least effort
+to disengage his hand. Occasionally the gentleman
+would turn round, and rebuke his unwilling
+follower for his importunity, and thus
+drew the eyes of the whole crowd upon his
+awkward position. At last, pretending to
+observe for the first time the stranger's hand
+in his pocket, he flies into a violent passion,
+accuses him of being a cut-purse, and demands
+the sum he had previously lost, without
+which he declares the villain shall be
+hanged. It would seem that compounding a
+felony was nothing in those days; for it is<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page219">[pg 219]</span><a name="Pg219" id="Pg219" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+upon record that the thief, though caught in
+the act, was permitted to send a messenger
+to his comrades, who advanced the money,
+and therewith purchased his liberty.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The people were forbidden to employ particular
+materials in the fabrication of their
+clothing, to ride in a coach, to decorate their
+apartments as they chose, to purchase certain
+articles of furniture, and even to give a dinner
+party when and in what style they chose.
+Under the Valois régime strict limits were
+assigned to the expenses of the table, determining
+the number of courses of which a
+banquet should consist, and that of the dishes
+of which each course was to be composed.
+Any guest who should fail to denounce an
+infraction of the law of which he had been a
+witness, was liable to a fine of forty livres;
+and officers of justice, who might be present,
+were strictly enjoined to quit the tables of
+their hosts, and institute immediate proceedings
+against them. The rigor of these regulations
+extended, even to the kitchen, and the
+police had the power of entry at all hours, to
+enforce compliance with the statutes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But it was during the prevalence of an epidemic
+that it was least agreeable to live in
+France in the good old times. No sooner did
+a contagious malady, or one that was supposed
+to be so, make its appearance, than the
+inhabitants of Paris were all forbidden to remove
+from one residence to another, although
+their term of tenancy had expired, until the
+judge of police had received satisfactory evidence
+that the house they desired to leave
+had not been affected by the contagion.
+When a house was infected, a bundle of straw
+fastened to one of the windows warned the
+public to avoid all intercourse with the inmates.
+At a later period two wooden crosses
+were substituted for the straw, one of which
+was attached to the front door, and the other
+to one of the windows in an upper story.
+In 1596 the provost of Paris having learned
+that the tenants of some houses infected by
+an epidemic which was then making great
+ravages, had removed these badges, issued an
+ordinance commanding that those who transgressed
+in a similar manner again should suffer
+the loss of the right hand—a threat which
+was found perfectly efficient.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By an ordinance of 1533, persons recovering
+from a contagious malady, together with
+their domestics, and all the members of their
+families, were forbidden to appear in the
+streets for a given period without a white
+wand in their hands, to warn the public of
+the danger of contact. Three years after the
+authorities were yet more severe against the
+convalescents, who were ordered to remain
+shut up at home for forty days after their
+cure; and even when the quarantine had expired,
+they were not allowed to appear in the
+streets until they had presented to a magistrate
+a certificate from the commissary of
+their district, attested by a declaration of six
+householders, that the forty days had elapsed.
+In the preceding century (in 1498) an ordinance
+still more extraordinary had been issued.
+It was at the coronation of Louis XII.
+when a great number of the nobles came to
+Paris to take part in the ceremony. The
+provost, desiring to guard them from the danger
+of infection, published an order that all
+persons of both sexes, suffering under certain
+specified maladies, should quit the capital in
+twenty-four hours, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">under the penalty of being
+thrown into the river</span></span>!</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc69" id="toc69"></a>
+<a name="pdf70" id="pdf70"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From Household Words.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A strange story was once told me by a
+Levantine lady of my acquaintance,
+which I shall endeavor to relate—as far as I am
+able with the necessary abridgments—in her
+own words. The circumstances under which
+she told it were peculiar. The family had
+just been disturbed by the visit of a ghost—a
+real ghost, visible, if not palpable. She was
+not what may be called superstitious; and
+though following with more or less assiduity
+the practices of her religion, was afflicted
+now and then with a fit of perfect materialism.
+I was surprised, therefore, to hear her
+relate, with every appearance of profound
+faith, the following incidents:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is an old house in Beyrout, which,
+for many successive years, was inhabited by
+a Christian family. It is of great extent,
+and was of yore fitted for the dwelling of a
+prince. The family had, indeed, in early-times
+been very rich; and almost fabulous
+accounts are current of the wealth of its
+founder, Fadlallah Dahân. He was a merchant;
+the owner of ships, the fitter-out of
+caravans. The regions of the East and of the
+West had been visited by him; and, after
+undergoing as many dangers and adventures
+as Sinbad, he had returned to spend the latter
+days of his life in his native city. He
+built, accordingly, a magnificent dwelling,
+the courts of which he adorned with marble
+fountains, and the chambers with silk divans;
+and he was envied on account of his prosperity.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But, in the restlessness of his early years,
+he had omitted to marry, and now found
+himself near the close of his career without
+an heir to inherit his wealth and to perpetuate
+his name. This reflection often disturbed
+him; yet he was unwilling to take a wife
+because he was old. Every now and then, it
+is true, he saw men older than he, with fewer
+teeth and whiter beards, taking to their bosoms
+maidens that bloomed like peaches just
+beginning to ripen against a wall; and his
+friends, who knew he would give a magnificent
+marriage-feast, urged him to do likewise.
+Once he looked with pleasure on a
+young person of not too tender years, whose
+parents purposely presented her to him; but
+having asked her in a whisper whether she
+would like to marry a withered old gentleman<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page220">[pg 220]</span><a name="Pg220" id="Pg220" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+like himself, she frankly confessed a
+preference for his handsome young clerk,
+Harma, who earned a hundred piastres a
+month. Fadlallah laughed philosophically,
+and took care that the young couple should
+be married under happy auspices.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One day he was proceeding along the street
+gravely and slowly—surrounded by a number
+of merchants proud to walk by his side,
+and followed by two or three young men,
+who pressed near in order to be thought of
+the company, and thus establish their credit—when
+an old woman espying him, began to
+cry out, "Yeh! yeh! this is the man who
+has no wife and no child—this is the man
+who is going to die and leave his fortune to
+be robbed by his servants or confiscated by
+the governor! And yet, he has a sagacious
+nose"—(the Orientals have observed that
+there is wisdom in a nose)—"and a beard as
+long as my back! Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful
+sight to see!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fadlallah Dahân stopped, and retorted,
+smiling: "Yeh! yeh! this is the woman
+that blames an old man for not marrying a
+young wife. Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful
+sight to see!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then the woman replied, "O my lord,
+every pig's tail curls not in the same direction,
+nor does every maiden admire the passing
+quality of youth. If thou wilt, I will bestow
+on thee a wife, who will love thee as
+thou lovest thyself, and serve thee as the
+angels serve Allah. She is more beautiful
+than any of the daughters of Beyrout, and
+her name is Selima, a name of good augury."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The friends of Fadlallah laughed, as did the
+young men who followed in their wake, and
+urged him to go and see this peerless beauty,
+if it were only for a joke. Accordingly, he
+told the woman to lead the way. But she
+said he must mount his mule, for they
+had to go some distance into the country.
+He mounted, and, with a single servant, went
+forth from the gates—the woman preceding—and
+rode until he reached a village in the
+mountains. Here, in a poor little house, he
+found Selima; clothed in the very commonest
+style, engaged in making divan cushions.
+She was a marvellously beautiful girl, and the
+heart of the merchant at once began to yearn
+towards her; yet he endeavored to restrain
+himself, and said, "This beautiful thing is not
+for me." But the woman cried out, "Selima,
+wilt thou consent to love this old man?"
+The girl gazed in his face awhile, and then,
+folding her hands across her bosom, said,
+"Yes; for there is goodness in his countenance."
+Fadlallah wept with joy; and, returning
+to the city, announced his approaching
+marriage to his friends. According to
+custom, they expressed civil surprise to his
+face; but, when his back was turned, they
+whispered that he was an old fool, and had
+been the dupe of a she-adventurer.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The marriage took place with ceremonies
+of royal magnificence; and Selima, who passed
+unmoved from extreme poverty to abundant
+riches, seemed to merit the position of
+the greatest lady in Beyrout. Never was
+woman more prudent than she. No one ever
+knew her previous history, nor that of her
+mother. Some said that a life of misery,
+perhaps of shame, was before them, when
+this unexpected marriage took place. Selima's
+gratitude to Fadlallah was unbounded;
+and out of gratitude grew love. The merchant
+daily offered up thanks for the bright
+diamond which had come to shine in his
+house.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In due time a child was born; a boy lively
+as his mother; and they named him Halil.
+With what joy he was received, what festivities
+announced the glad intelligence to the
+town, may easily be imagined. Selima and
+Fadlallah resolved to devote themselves to
+his education, and determined that he should
+be the most accomplished youth of Bar-er-Shâm.
+But a long succession of children followed,
+each more beautiful than the former—some
+boys, some girls; and every new comer
+was received with additional delight and
+still grander ceremonies; so that the people
+began to say, "Is this a race of sovereigns?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now, Halil grew up to the age of twelve—still
+a charming lad; but the parents always
+fully occupied by the last arrival, had not
+carried out their project of education. He
+was as wild and untamed as a colt, and spent
+more of his time in the street than in the
+company of his mother; who, by degrees,
+began to look upon him with a kind of calm
+friendship due to strangers. Fadlallah, as he
+took his accustomed walk with his merchant
+friends, used from time to time to encounter
+a ragged boy fighting in the streets with the
+sons of the Jew butcher; but his eyes beginning
+to grow dim, he often passed without
+recognizing him. One day, however, Halil,
+breathless and bleeding, ran up and took refuge
+beneath the skirts of his mantle from a
+crowd of savage urchins. Fadlallah was
+amazed, and said, "O, my son—for I think
+thou art my son—what evil hath befallen
+thee, and wherefore do I see thee in this
+state?" The boy, whose voice was choked
+by sobs, looked up into his face, and said,
+"Father, I am the son of the richest merchant
+of Beyrout, and behold, there is no one
+so little cared for as I."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fadlallah's conscience smote him, and he
+wiped the boy's bleeding face with the corner
+of his silk caftan, and blessed him; and, taking
+him by the hand, led him away. The
+merchants smiled benignly one to the other,
+and, pointing with their thumbs, said, "We
+have seen the model youth!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst they laughed and sneered, Fadlallah,
+humbled yet resolved, returned to his house,
+leading the ragged Halil, and entered his
+wife's chamber. Selima was playing with
+her seventh child, and teaching it to lisp the
+word "Baba"—about the amount of education
+which she had found time to bestow on<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page221">[pg 221]</span><a name="Pg221" id="Pg221" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+each of her offspring. When she saw the
+plight of her eldest son she frowned, and was
+about to scold him; but Fadlallah interposed,
+and said, "Wife, speak no harsh words. We
+have not done our duty by this boy. May
+God forgive us; but we have looked on these
+children that have bloomed from thee, more
+as playthings than as deposits for which we
+are responsible. Halil has become a wild
+out-of-doors lad, doubting with some reason
+of our love. It is too late to bring him back
+to the destiny we had dreamt of; but he
+must not be left to grow up thus uncared for.
+I have a brother established in Bassora; to
+him will I send the lad to learn the arts of
+commerce, and to exercise himself in adventure,
+as his father did before him. Bestow
+thy blessing upon him, Selima (here the good
+old man's voice trembled), and may God in
+his mercy forgive both thee and me for the
+neglect which has made this parting necessary.
+I shall know that I am forgiven, if, before
+I go down into the tomb, my son return
+a wise and sober man; not unmindful that
+we gave him life, and forgetting that, until
+now, we have given him little else."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Selima laid her seventh child in its cradle
+of carved wood, and drew Halil to her
+bosom; and Fadlallah knew that she loved
+him still, because she kissed his face, regardless
+of the blood and dirt that stained it. She
+then washed him and dressed him, and gave
+him a purse of gold, and handed him over to
+his father; who had resolved to send him off
+by the caravan that started that very afternoon.
+Halil, surprised and made happy by
+unwonted caresses, was yet delighted at the
+idea of beginning an adventurous life; and
+went away, manfully stifling his sobs, and endeavoring
+to assume the grave deportment
+of a merchant. Selima shed a few tears, and
+then, attracted by a crow and a chuckle from
+the cradle, began to tickle the infant's soft
+double chin, and went on with her interrupted
+lesson, "Baba, Baba!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Halil started on his journey, and having
+passed through the Valley of Robbers, the
+Valley of Lions, and the Valley of Devils—this
+is the way in which Orientals localize the
+supposed dangers of travelling—arrived at
+the good city of Bassora; where his uncle
+received him well, and promised to send him,
+as supercargo on board the first vessel he dispatched
+to the Indian seas. What time was
+spent by the caravan upon the road, the narrative
+does not state. Travelling is slow
+work in the East; but almost immediately
+on his arrival in Bassora, Halil was engaged
+in a love adventure. If travelling is slow,
+the approaches of manhood are rapid. The
+youth's curiosity was excited by the extraordinary
+care taken to conceal his cousin Miriam
+from his sight; and having introduced
+himself into her garden, beheld, and, struck
+by her wonderful beauty, loved her. With
+an Oriental fondness he confessed the truth
+to his uncle, who listened with anger and
+dismay, and told him that Miriam was betrothed
+to the Sultan. Halil perceived the
+danger of indulging his passion, and promised
+to suppress it; but whilst he played a
+prudent part, Miriam's curiosity was also excited,
+and she too beheld and loved her cousin.
+Bolts and bars cannot keep two such affections
+asunder. They met and plighted their
+troth and were married secretly, and were
+happy. But inevitable discovery came. Miriam
+was thrown into a dungeon; and the
+unhappy Halil, loaded with chains, was put
+on board a vessel, not as supercargo, but as
+prisoner, with orders that he should be left
+in some distant country.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile a dreadful pestilence fell upon
+Beyrout, and among the first sufferers was
+an eighth little one that had just learned
+to say "Baba!" Selima was almost too
+astonished to be grieved. It seemed to her
+impossible that death should come into her
+house, and meddle with the fruits of so much
+suffering and love. When they came to take
+away the little form which she had so often
+fondled, her indignation burst forth, and she
+smote the first old woman who stretched out
+her rough unsympathetic hand. But a shriek
+from her waiting-woman announced that
+another victim was singled out; and the
+frantic mother rushed like a tigress to defend
+the young that yet remained to her. But the
+enemy was invisible; and (so the story goes)
+all her little ones drooped one by one and
+died; so that on the seventh day Selima sat
+in her nursery gazing about with stony eyes,
+and counting her losses upon her fingers—Iskender,
+Selima, Wardy, Fadlallah, Hanna,
+Hennenah, Gereges—seven in all. Then she
+remembered Halil, and her neglect of him;
+and, lifting up her voice, she wept aloud;
+and, as the tears rushed fast and hot down
+her cheeks, her heart yearned for her absent
+boy, and she would have parted with worlds
+to have fallen upon his breast—would have
+given up her life in return for one word of
+pardon and of love.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fadlallah came in to her; and he was now
+very old and feeble. His back was bent, and
+his transparent hand trembled as it clutched
+a cane. A white beard surrounded a still
+whiter face; and as he came near his wife,
+he held out his hand towards her with an
+uncertain gesture, as if the room had been
+dark. This world appeared to him but dimly.
+"Selima," said he, "the Giver hath
+taken. We, too, must go in our turn. Weep,
+my love, but weep with moderation, for
+those little ones that have gone to sing in the
+golden cages of Paradise. There is a heavier
+sorrow in my heart. Since my first-born,
+Halil, departed for Bassora, I have only
+written once to learn intelligence of him.
+He was then well, and had been received
+with favor by his uncle. We have never
+done our duty by that boy." His wife replied,
+"Do not reproach me; for I reproach
+myself more bitterly than thou canst do.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page222">[pg 222]</span><a name="Pg222" id="Pg222" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Write, then, to thy brother to obtain tidings
+of the beloved one. I will make of this chamber
+a weeping chamber. It has resounded
+with merriment enough. All my children
+learned to laugh and to talk here. I will
+hang it with black, and erect a tomb in the
+midst; and every day I will come and spend
+two hours, and weep for those who are gone
+and for him who is absent." Fadlallah approved
+her design; and they made a weeping
+chamber, and lamented together every day
+therein. But their letters to Bassora remained
+unanswered; and they began to believe
+that fate had chosen a solitary tomb for Halil.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One day a woman, dressed in the garb of
+the poor, came to the house of Fadlallah with
+a boy about twelve years old. When the
+merchant saw them he was struck with
+amazement, for he beheld in the boy the
+likeness of his son Halil; and he called aloud
+to Selima, who, when she came, shrieked
+with amazement. The woman told her story,
+and it appeared that she was Miriam.
+Having spent some months in prison, she had
+escaped and taken refuge in a forest in the
+house of her nurse. Here she had given birth
+to a son, whom she had called by his father's
+name. When her strength returned, she had
+set out as a beggar to travel over the world
+in search of her lost husband. Marvellous
+were the adventures she underwent, God
+protecting her throughout, until she came to
+the land of Persia, where she found Halil
+working as a slave in the garden of the Governor
+of Fars. After a few stolen interviews,
+she had again resumed her wanderings to
+seek for Fadlallah, that he might redeem his
+son with wealth; but had passed several
+years upon the road.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Fortune, however, now smiled upon this
+unhappy family, and in spite of his age, Fadlallah
+set out for Fars. Heaven made the
+desert easy, and the road short for him. On
+a fine calm evening he entered the gardens
+of the governor, and found his son gaily singing
+as he trimmed an orange tree. After a
+vain attempt to preserve an incognito, the
+good old man lifted up his hands, and shouting,
+"Halil, my first-born!" fell upon the
+breast of the astonished slave. Sweet was
+the interview in the orange grove, sweet the
+murmured conversation between the strong
+young man and the trembling patriarch, until
+the perfumed dew of evening fell upon their
+heads. Halil's liberty was easily obtained,
+and father and son returned in safety to Beyrout.
+Then the Weeping Chamber was closed,
+and the door walled up; and Fadlallah
+and Selima lived happily until age gently did
+its work at their appointed times: and Halil
+and Miriam inherited the house and the
+wealth that had been gathered for them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The supernatural part of the story remains
+to be told. The Weeping Chamber was never
+again opened; but every time that a death
+was about to occur in the family, a shower of
+heavy tear-drops was heard to fall upon its
+marble floor, and low wailings came through
+the walled doorway. Years, centuries passed
+away, and the mystery repeated itself with
+unvarying uniformity. The family fell into
+poverty, and only occupied a portion of the
+house, but invariably before one of its members
+sickened unto death, a shower of heavy
+drops, as from a thunder-cloud, pattered on
+the pavement of the Weeping Chamber, and
+was heard distinctly at night through the
+whole house. At length the family quitted
+the country in search of better fortunes elsewhere,
+and the house remained for a long
+time uninhabited.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The lady who narrated the story went to
+live in the house, and passed some years
+without being disturbed; but one night she
+was lying awake, and distinctly heard the
+warning shower dripping heavily in the
+Weeping Chamber. Next day the news came
+of her mother's death, and she hastened to
+remove to another dwelling. The house has
+since been utterly abandoned to rats, mice,
+beetles, and an occasional ghost seen sometimes
+streaming along the rain-pierced terraces.
+No one has ever attempted to violate
+the solitude of the sanctuary where Selima
+wept for the seven little ones taken to the
+grave, and for the absent one whom she had
+treated with unmotherly neglect.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc71" id="toc71"></a>
+<a name="pdf72" id="pdf72"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CASTILIAN."</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was one of those clear, bright days, peculiar
+to a Spanish summer, when the
+deep blue skies seem to reflect their warmth
+in radiance over the earth; a slumberous influence
+hung over the tranquil streets of
+Madrid, and although it was still early in the
+morning, the fervid rays of the sun gave a
+certain indication of the meridian power he
+was about to display in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Such was the day appropriated for the
+splendid and soul-stirring celebration of a
+bull-fight; and accordingly, the inhabitants
+soon began, by an unusual bustle, to evince
+the absorbing interest they are accustomed
+to take in this favorite amusement. Before
+the hour of nine, the beautiful street of Alcala
+was thronged with a promiscuous multitude,
+eager to witness the first exhibition of
+the morning; the Spanish bull-fight being in
+fact composed of two acts, if I may so term
+them, the morning and the evening encounters.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On such days, a general cessation of labor
+takes place throughout the city, and the
+whole population is occupied with speculations
+on the approaching festival. On the
+morning in question, the inhabitants of Madrid,
+the lower classes in particular, attired in
+their holiday finery, began at an early hour
+to issue from their narrow and obscure dormitories,
+and, with tolerably cleanly appearance
+and much importance of demeanor, to
+take up a position in that famous <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Puerta del
+sol</span></span> which, on less momentous occasions,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page223">[pg 223]</span><a name="Pg223" id="Pg223" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+seems destined only as a lounge for all the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ennuyés</span></span>, news-hunters, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">petit-maitres</span></span> of
+Madrid. The Manolos, too, began to congregate
+in great numbers, casting around those
+terrible glances of recklessness and conscious
+courage, which, in the estimation of foreigners,
+are the certain prognostics of as many
+concealed daggers.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I soon made up my mind to add one to the
+vast concourse now on the alert to witness
+this grand and terrific spectacle, although, for
+many reasons, I prudently resolved to postpone
+my share of the entertainment until the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is at this hour that the higher classes
+prefer visiting the arena: a number of the
+more desperate <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">amateurs</span></span>, however, regardless
+of the influence of a meridian sun, do not
+hesitate to present themselves at the morning
+exhibitions.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At about four in the afternoon, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calle
+de Alcala</span></span> was, if possible, more crowded than
+it had been in the morning. This majestic
+street, which commands a full view of the
+superb triumphal arch which bears its name,
+now presented a most striking and animated
+scene: various groups, fancifully contrasted
+in dress and deportment, were all hurrying
+towards the same spot. Here you might see
+the gorgeous equipage of the haughty grandee,
+sweeping by in all the imposing consciousness
+of pomp and greatness, while carriages
+of more humble pretensions were rattling
+as briskly, if not as proudly, along the
+gay and lively street. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Calesines</span></span>, too,
+were seen in great numbers hurrying to the
+scene of anticipated pleasure, and diversifying,
+by the singularity of their appearance,
+and the ringing of small bells, the stately <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cortege</span></span>
+of more splendid equipages.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next, an army of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">majos</span></span> attracted attention
+by their fanciful dresses, and the easy swagger
+with which they accompanied their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">morenas</span></span>,
+who were not the less conspicuous for
+their graceful though somewhat confident
+demeanor. They were all, of course, attired
+in their peculiar costume, bedizened with
+ribbons, and the short saya reaching only to
+the middle of the calf, and showing the most
+polished ancle and the prettiest foot in the
+world. These gay and lively individuals were
+picturesquely contrasted with crowds of
+monks and friars, of all orders and colors—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery—</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">here and there intermingled with military
+idlers, in the uniforms of their several regiments.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here you might see the rosy and jolly abbate,
+ambling along upon a mule, having an
+appearance scarcely less clerical than himself,
+jostling the less fortunate friar on the back
+of the humbler donkey, and the sturdy mendicant,
+as he strode along on foot, supported
+only by his staff. The streets, and every
+avenue leading to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plaza de los Toros</span></span>,
+were lined with noisy vendors of delicious
+fruits, who made a grateful display upon their
+stalls of the Seville orange and the cooling
+water-melon; whilst a number of Valencians
+carried about large <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vasijas</span></span>, or trays of lemonade,
+and other refreshments, for the accommodation
+of the thirsty pedestrians, who had
+no time to squander upon a visit to the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">neveras</span></span>, or ice-houses. The effect of this animated
+picture was farther heightened by the
+cries of the venders, the harmony of some
+neighboring barber's guitar, the continual
+jingling of the mules' bells, and the clicking
+of castanets.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Amidst this stunning, yet not unpleasing
+variety of sounds, we at length reached the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Plaza de los Toros</span></span>, and it was with some difficulty
+we obtained places in the stage seats.
+A vast concourse of persons of all classes
+were already assembled, and I observed with
+a smile the effect which the novelty of the
+scene had produced upon an English friend,
+whom I had, with great difficulty, prevailed
+upon to accompany me; having, as he declared,
+but little taste for such brutal and
+demoralizing exhibitions. He seemed quite
+excited, and made some passing observation
+relative to the Roman Circus, to which the
+present exhibition bore no unapt resemblance.
+I directed his attention to many of his countrymen,
+as well as other foreigners, who,
+after having been quite as clamorous as himself
+against the sport, had terminated their
+philosophical philippics by becoming constant
+visitors both at the morning and afternoon
+encounters. We arrived at the scene of action
+just in time to witness <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">El despejo</span></span>, or the
+clearing of the arena; a ceremony which is
+effected by a band of soldiers, who enter the
+place and drive every loiterer away, to the
+sound of drums and fifes. In a few minutes,
+not a single person was to be seen in the
+circus; and, consequently, the body of spectators,
+thus driven back upon the crowd, gave
+rise to various energetic expostulations,
+hearty curses, and not a few random cuffs.
+The only inconvenience, however, of these
+frequent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">melées</span></span>, was the loss of a few ribbons
+and a quantity of hair, of which the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manolus</span></span>
+most assiduously set about easing themselves.
+This operation is a source of considerable
+amusement to those who stand aloof from the
+field of strife. We had been happy in securing
+good places, and had nothing to complain of
+but the immediate vicinity of an amateur, or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aficionado</span></span>, who kept his tongue in continual
+motion, and favored his neighbors with a tremendous
+display of erudition on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tauromachia</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Whilst the immense multitude were beguiling
+their impatience in a thousand ways,
+and among others by bandying jests—eating
+oranges—smoking—whistling—love-making
+and quarrelling—the champions of the fète,
+namely, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">espadas</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span>, were very piously engaged in prayer
+in a chapel contiguous to the circus, it being
+customary for combatants to solicit the protection
+of the holy Virgin against the tremendous<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page224">[pg 224]</span><a name="Pg224" id="Pg224" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+animal they are about to encounter
+before they venture to provoke its ferocity.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While they proceed in their laudable occupation,
+we will return to the circus, which
+now presented a most striking spectacle. The
+corregidor and the corporation of the town
+had already taken their seats near the splendid
+box fitted up for the use of the king, directly
+opposite to the entrance from which
+the bull was expected to rush into the arena.
+Above this entrance was a platform, occupied
+by a band of musicians, who continued at intervals
+to mingle their animating strains with
+the clamor of the noisy multitude. An officer
+of the town now entered the arena,
+mounted on a fine charger. He was dressed
+in complete sables, and carried in his hand
+the staff of office. Attended by alguazils, he
+advanced,—saluted the box where the king
+was <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">not</span></span>,—and then proceeded to the master
+of the ceremonies, from whom he received
+the keys of the cells, where the terrible animals
+who were to take so conspicuous parts
+in the evening spectacle were confined.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At this critical juncture, a breathless silence
+pervaded the spectators, who by their
+eager looks evinced the absorbing interest
+they took in the soul-stirring spectacle.
+Anon, a band of martial instruments struck
+up;—a general buzz arose on every side, and,
+amidst the overwhelming din that prevailed
+throughout the circus, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span> and the
+rest of their party made their entrance into
+the arena. First came the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span>, with
+their horses blindfold, wearing enormous
+boots to protect them from the blows of the
+bull; next paced on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">espadas</span></span>, or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">matadores</span></span>,
+on foot, attired in rich silk dresses, each wearing
+a robe of a different color, together with
+ribbons or some other distinctive mark of
+favor from his mistress. The procession
+closed with a numerous troop of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span>, or
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderilleros</span></span>, a set of young men lightly and
+fancifully apparelled, whose business is to
+distract the attention of the bull from a fallen
+cavalier, and to harass the animal with the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderillas</span></span>. In this splendid troop we perceived
+some traces of the ancient spirit of
+chivalry, although, strange to say, the favorite
+sport of the fine cavaliers of the land is
+now confined to the lowest orders. It is only
+from the slaughter-house that the bull-fighters
+now, for the most part, proceed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The procession moved on, at a slow and
+stately pace, amidst strains of music and the
+vociferations of the lower classes, many of
+whom soon recognized in the heroes of the
+fète, some near relation, some dear friend, or
+at least, well-known acquaintance, whom
+they were desirous of encouraging by their
+shouts. The champions having made their
+respective obeisances to the royal box and to
+the corregidor, retired to the places set apart
+for them in the arena.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span>, according to the order of
+precedence, ranged themselves in the circus,
+close to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">baranda</span></span>, or wooden barrier,
+which, though elevated to the height of five
+feet, is sometimes scarcely sufficient to prevent
+the most furious amongst the bulls from
+breaking over it. Suddenly the music ceased—the
+silence was intense—the signal is given—the
+doors were flung open—and, with one
+tremendous burst, forth sprang the bull into
+the middle of the circus! It was a fearful
+animal; not large, but of that peculiar color
+and breed which are accounted the most ferocious.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Dark is his hide on either side, but the blood within doth boil,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the dun hide glows as if on fire, as he paws to the turmoil,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His eyes are jet, and they are set in crystal rings of snow;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But now they stare with one red glare of brass upon the foe.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Upon the forehead of the bull the horns stand close and near,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">From out the broad and wrinkled skull like daggers they appear;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His neck is massy, like the trunk of some old knotted tree,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whereon the monster's shagged mane like billows curled ye see.</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">His legs are short, his hams are thick, his hoofs are black as night,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Like a strong flail he holds his tail in the fierceness of his might;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Like something molten out of iron, or hewn forth from the rock,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Harpado of Xarama stands, to bide the Alcayde's shock.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a></div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The appearance of the bull was hailed by
+loud acclamations from the multitude; whilst
+hats, handkerchiefs, and scarfs fluttered in
+the air, in every direction.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The noble animal appeared at first as though
+he were undecided how to act, or on whom
+to wreak his fierce vengeance. He turned on
+every side, and scanned the appalling number
+and firmness of his tormentors; gradually
+he became more and more excited, till, exasperated
+by the clamors of the impatient
+multitude, he tore the ground with his hoofs,
+tossed his head in proud indignation, and
+then stared intently before him, as if to awe
+the circus with the lightnings of his angry
+eye. Again he lowered his head, and blew
+the dust in clouds with the burning breath of
+his distended nostrils, and lashed his sides
+with his tail, as if to work himself up to the
+proper pitch of frenzy; at length, with a sudden
+bound, he rushed furiously against the
+first <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>. The cavalier received the
+charge with perfect coolness and intrepidity,
+and having succeeded in planting his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pica</span></span> in
+the higher part of the animal's neck, the
+theatre rung with acclamations at the strength
+and dexterity with which he kept his tremendous
+opponent for some moments fixed
+to the spot. Smarting with pain, the bull
+then retired for a short time; but his rage
+prevailing over his fears, he again rushed forward,
+and was received by a second <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>.
+Less fortunate, however, than his companion,
+he was unable to withstand the overwhelming
+shock; and, after a fruitless effort to
+stem the animal's fury with his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pica</span></span>, it at
+length broke, and the bull, with one tremendous
+thrust on the horse's breast, overthrew
+its rider. Fortunately for the fallen <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>,
+he was protected by the bulk of his horse;<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page225">[pg 225]</span><a name="Pg225" id="Pg225" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the bull, as it often happens, sated his
+fierceness on the helpless animal, whose blood
+spouted round the arena, from a wound evidently
+mortal. The excitement of the spectators
+now became intense; when the bull,
+having fully disabled his enemy, advanced toward
+the third cavalier. The champion, however,
+had penetration enough to perceive that
+the bull was of a dangerous kind, and evinced
+no particular solicitude to come to closer quarters
+with him. He kept, therefore, retreating,
+under pretext of gaining an advantageous
+position; but the people, who guessed his
+real motive, unanimously protested against
+such dilatory proceedings. Men and women,
+old and young, began to assail the luckless, or
+rather, prudent <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>, with a violent storm
+of abuse.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During the whole of this noisy altercation,
+our erudite neighbor, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aficionado</span></span>, had been
+very scientifically descanting on the various
+points of the combat, to our no small annoyance;
+for he could not rest a moment in his
+seat, and was continually intercepting our
+view. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>, provoked by the bitter
+sarcasms lavished upon him by the more
+vulgar part of the spectators, now advanced
+with an air of determination a little farther
+into the arena; but the sagacious bull kept
+retreating as his enemy advanced, in order
+to render escape more difficult, and his vengeance
+certain. At length he rushed on the
+cavalier with such fury and overwhelming
+force, that both <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span> and horse rolled on
+the ground: unluckily, the man not being
+very dexterous, could seek no protection
+from the horse, but lay exposed to the fury
+of his powerful antagonist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cries of horror and alarm for the safety of
+the unfortunate <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span> were now heard on
+every side, and strange to say, those very
+persons, who had but just driven him to encounter
+the danger, were now the most clamorous
+in shouting for protection for him.
+The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span> lost no time in applying their art
+to extricate their companion, by harassing
+the animal on all sides, who was thus compelled
+to abandon his prey in order to meet
+his new tormentors. Thus the fallen cavalier
+was rescued from his jeopardy, whilst his
+poor horse, dreadfully gored, ran wildly about
+the arena. The bull, as if satisfied with these
+feats, now stood tranquilly looking on the
+spectators, who filled the air with <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vivas</span></span> in
+praise of his prowess.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The trumpet again sounded the signal for
+the second part of the combat, and forthwith
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span> advanced nimbly with their <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderillas</span></span>,
+each striving to fix his weapon in the
+neck of the animal, as in their hazardous
+course he passed under their extended arms.
+The smart of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderillas</span></span> tended to goad
+the bull to greater fury, and tormented on
+every side he bellowed out in agony, and
+bounded from place to place, turning first to
+one, and then to another of his aggressors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus, after he had vented his rage, foaming
+at the mouth and flashing fire from his
+eyes, the moment arrived when it was deemed
+expedient to put an end to his protracted
+sufferings, and at a given signal the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span>
+retired and made place for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">prima-espada</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This was Candido, who though arrived at
+an advanced age, still retained much of the
+strength and agility of his youth, which,
+combined with the experience he had acquired
+in the game, rendered him a very formidable
+opponent. He advanced with a stately
+pace, bearing in one hand a piece of scarlet
+cloth to entice the animal, and in the other
+his sword. Having arrived in front of the
+seat of the presiding authorities, he made a
+graceful salute, and then performed the same
+ceremony before his friends, who hailed him
+with many hearty <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vivas</span></span>; whilst a deadly silence
+was observed on the part of the admirers
+of his rival Leoncito. Candido proceeded
+slowly, and warily towards the bull, endeavoring
+to entice him by waving the red cloth.
+The animal, however, would not suddenly
+rush against his foe; but calmly watched for
+the moment when he might find him less
+upon his guard.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Candido, with all the skill of a practised
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">matador</span></span>, appeared to guess the sinister intentions
+of the bull, and followed his every
+movement with an active eye—nay, he seemed
+to penetrate into the inmost feelings of
+the animal.—Irritated by the defiance, the
+bull sprang upon his foe; but was baffled in
+his vengeance, for he pierced only the floating
+piece of cloth; the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">matador</span></span> very adroitly
+turning aside, and plunging his sword into
+his flank as he passed. The wound however
+was not mortal, and the combat was renewed.
+The bull, somewhat intimidated, did not again
+charge his adversary; but preferred awaiting
+his approach;—after some appropriate evolutions,
+Candido at last boldly advanced
+towards him, and with a successful thrust
+pierced him to the heart. Nothing had been
+wanting to complete the success of Candido
+but the solitary triumph of retaining his
+sword in his hand after the death-blow was
+inflicted, this being considered the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ne plus
+ultra</span></span> of the art. The bull had no sooner
+fallen to the ground than a set of most beautiful
+mules, splendidly caparisoned, and ornamented
+with a profusion of ribbons and small
+flags, were brought into the circus to convey
+from it the lifeless carcass. This operation
+was performed amid the stormy sounds of
+martial music, and the shouts of the multitude;
+the tremendous animal was dragged
+from the field, leaving in its progress a long
+crimson track upon the scattered sand.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The signal now sounded for a second fight;
+the doors were once more thrown open, and
+a huge bull rushed forward, and without a
+moment's loss ran furiously at the nearest
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picador</span></span>. He was, however, soon sobered,
+and smarting with the pain of the first wound
+he received, prudently retreated, in no hurry
+to taste a like favor from the second cavalier.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page226">[pg 226]</span><a name="Pg226" id="Pg226" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+In vain did the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span> provoke him by advancing
+into the arena, he invariably declined
+the re-offered combat. The spectators,
+impatient at this delay, grew expressively
+clamorous, some crying shame! shame! and
+others <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">vaca! vaca!</span></span> (poor cow! poor cow!)—but
+all these energetic remonstrances were
+lost upon the pacific animal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With much difficulty, and after a pretty
+long interval, the three wounds of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pica</span></span>
+(according to rule) were at length inflicted;
+and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span> came forward to perform their
+part. It was here that the same difficulty
+arose, for alas! it could not be expected that
+the poor bull, who had shown no relish whatever
+for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pica</span></span>, should evince any taste for
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderillas</span></span>. Consequently a great confusion
+arose, and a simultaneous call for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">banderillas
+de fuego</span></span>, was heard on every side.
+This it was expected would prove a stimulus
+to the too tranquil temperament of the
+animal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Accordingly the furs was planted upon his
+neck; but scarcely had the fireworks began
+to crack and whiz around his head, than stunned
+no doubt by the noise as well as the pain,
+he actually turned and fled. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">chulos</span></span> ran
+after him, and thus continued <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nolens volens</span></span>
+to thrust their spears into his unresisting carcass,
+until it was thought expedient to desist
+in order to give him the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">coup de grace</span></span>. Leoncito
+the second <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">espada</span></span> then came forward,
+and was hailed with joyful acclamations
+by his partisans, especially the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manolas</span></span>,
+for he was a young, light-made, dapper man.
+It proved however an exceedingly difficult
+task to kill the bull according to the rules of
+art, owing to the animal's unequivocal disinclination
+for the combat. Leoncito was a
+brave, daring man; but hardly so well skilled
+as Candido. He rushed boldly against the
+bull, and strove to inflict upon him a mortal
+wound. He missed, however, his aim at the
+right place, and the animal began to pour
+forth its blood in a stream. This is considered
+an enormous fault in the art—and it met
+with a becoming storm of groans and hisses.
+The bull, agonized by his wounds, ran wildly
+about. Leoncito gave him another blow—when
+he sat down, and quietly looked around
+him, as the wounds were not immediately
+mortal. This reposing attitude gave immense
+annoyance both to the combatants and the
+spectators. Of course it was out of all question
+to inflict on so gentle and resigned an
+enemy another <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">estocada</span></span>—and yet the public
+could not afford to wait the bull's leisure to
+die, as it was necessary to continue the sport.
+To expedite, therefore, the animal's last moments,
+and the progress of public business,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">eachetero</span></span>, a butcher, came forward and
+performed his function of inflicting the death-blow
+on occasions when, owing to the perversity
+of the bull or the clumsiness of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">matador</span></span>, his final assistance becomes requisite.
+Grasping firmly a short sharp dagger,
+he by a steady and well directed blow put a
+period to the agonies of the animal—applauses
+and abuse were then liberally bestowed upon
+Leoncito; after which the fight was suffered
+to proceed, and the third bull sprang into the
+arena. We will not, however, follow the
+perils and chances of this encounter. It may
+e sufficient to mention, that the sport went
+on much upon the same principle as before.
+The usual number of horses were killed, good
+spanking falls were endured by the combatants,
+and the same tumult and confusion prevailed
+throughout the circus. The combat
+had now lasted three hours, and the shadows
+of evening were gradually descending over
+the scene. Yet the spectators appeared by
+no means satisfied; some even grew clamorous,
+and required that a fourth bull should
+be brought forward. Amongst these unreasonable
+requisitionists, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">aficionado</span></span> particularly
+distinguished himself. He was (unhappily
+for his neighbors) blessed with most stentorian
+lungs, of which he made a liberal use,
+upon the most trifling occasion,—no other
+bull, however, was produced, and accordingly
+the spectators began slowly and discontentedly
+to disperse.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fight being ended, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span> and
+the rest of the troop withdrew to the little
+chapel, to return thanks for their escape.
+However, the veracity expected from an historian
+compels me to say, that their evening
+prayers were by no means of the same length
+as those which had preceded the encounter
+of the morning. At the entrance of the chapel
+we perceived many a dark-complexioned <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">manola</span></span>—many
+a terrible looking, fierce-whiskered,
+cigar-smoking <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">majo</span></span>—awaiting the egress
+of their friends; who, as soon as their devotions
+were concluded, stalked out with a martial
+and haughty air to receive the congratulations
+of their comrades. Meantime, the
+vast concourse of people so lately assembled
+together, had gradually dispersed through the
+various avenues of the Prado, affording the
+beholder a most striking and enlivening picture.
+The Prado itself, that beautiful promenade,
+which has attracted the attention of
+all who have visited Spain, now presented a
+most brilliant spectacle: it was crowded with
+carriages, as well as with pedestrians, all
+pressing to enjoy the coolness of the evening
+in that delightful spot. Having strolled a few
+times up and down this fashionable promenade,
+we retired to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Neverria de Solos</span></span>, contiguous
+to the Prado, to take our <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">refresco</span></span>.
+To this place, as to many others of the like
+nature, the more elegant class of society retire
+early in the evening to eat ices, and drink
+lemonade and other refreshing beverages.
+From hence each person retires to his own
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tertulia</span></span> for the evening, and thus ends a day
+wholly consecrated to pleasure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Bull fights are now daily decreasing, both
+in number and splendor of appearance, from
+what they were in former times. Either the
+Spaniards are losing their relish for such
+spectacles, or the scarcity of good <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">picadores</span></span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page227">[pg 227]</span><a name="Pg227" id="Pg227" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">espades</span></span> detracts from the interest which
+attaches to them. Not long since, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">matadores</span></span>
+were favorites with the public, and were
+regarded with considerable interest even by
+their superiors. Many singular and gallant
+adventures are related of them and ladies of
+rank. It was a common custom, no great
+while ago, to throw purses of gold to the
+combatants, upon the achievement of some
+skilful feat. But unhappily the secret of long
+purses is lost, and there is but little chance
+of a stranger seeing any money thrown away
+in Spain at the present time.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The most renowned of the Matadores were
+Romero and Pepe-Hillo, the author of a treatise
+entitled Tauromachia. The first retired
+from the arena full of honors and considerable
+wealth. But being desirous of obtaining
+for his son a canonship, he was commanded,
+in order to obtain that favor from the queen,
+Maria Louisa, to re-appear in the arena, on
+some grand festival.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Romero joyfully obeyed; but his age and
+feebleness were inadequate to cope with the
+fearful bull, and he would certainly have
+been killed, had not his friends forcibly withdrawn
+him from the arena.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The will, however, was taken for the deed,
+and his son was accordingly made a canon.
+With regard to Pepe-Hillo, like a gallant
+general, he met his death in the field of his
+exploits. On a certain occasion, contrary to
+the opinion of his friends, who knew him to
+be suffering from a wound in the hand, he
+appeared in the arena. Unhappily he had to
+encounter a tremendous animal. The bull
+hurled him on high twice; and when the unfortunate
+man fell on the ground he was frightfully
+gored, and shortly afterwards expired,
+amidst the most excruciating torments.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc73" id="toc73"></a>
+<a name="pdf74" id="pdf74"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">There be of British arms and deeds,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Who sing in noble strain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of Poictiers' field, and Agincourt,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And Cressy's bloody plain.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">High tales of merry England,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Full often have been told,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For never wanted bard to sing</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The actions of the bold.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But now I tune another string,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To try my minstrel power,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">My story's of a gallant knight,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A lady, and a flower.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The noble sun that shines on all,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The little or the great,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As bright on cottage doorway small,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">As on the castle gate,</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Came pouring over fair Guienne</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">From the far eastern sea;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And glistened on the broad Garonne,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And slept on Blancford lea.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The morn was up, the morn was bright,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">In southern summer's rays,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Nature caroll'd in the light,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And sung her Maker's praise.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fair Blancford, thou art always fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">With many a shady dell,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And bland variety and change,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Of forest and of fell.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But Blancford on that morn was gay,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">With many a pennon bright,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And glittering arms and panoply</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Shone in the morning light.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For good Prince Edward, England's pride,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Now lay in Blancford's towers,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And weary sickness had consumed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The hero's winter hours.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But now that brighter hopes had come,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">With summer's brighter ray,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He called his gallant knights around,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To spend a festal day.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With tournament and revelry,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To pass away the hours,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And win fair Mary from her sire,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> The Lord of Blancford's towers.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But why fair Mary's brow was sad</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">None in the castle knew,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor why she watched one garden bed,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em"> Where none but wild pinks grew.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Some said that seven nights before</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A page had sped away,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To where Lord Clifford with his power,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">On Touraine's frontier lay.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To Blancford no Lord Clifford came,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And many a tale was told,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For well 'twas known that he had sought,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Fair Mary's love of old.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And some there said Lord Clifford's love</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Had cooled at Mary's pride,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And some there said that other vows</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">His heart inconstant tied.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Foul slander, ready still to soil,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">All that is bright and fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With more than Time's destructiveness,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Who never learned to spare.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The morn was bright, but posts had come,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Bringing no tidings fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For knit was Edward's royal brow,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And full of thoughtful care.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The lists were set, the parted sun</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Shone equal on the plain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And many a knight there manfully</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Strove fresh applause to gain.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sir Henry Talbot, and Sir Guy</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Of Brackenbury, he</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Who slew the giant Iron-arm,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">On Cressy's famous lea,</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Were counted best, and claimed the Prince</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To give the sign that they</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Might run the tilt, and one receive</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The honors of the day.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Speed, knights, perhaps those arms that shine</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">In peace," prince Edward said,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Before a se'nnight pass, may well,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">In Gallic blood be died.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"For here we learn that hostile bands,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Have gathered in Touraine,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Clifford, with his little troop,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Are prisoners or slain.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"For with five hundred spears, how bold</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Soe'er his courage show,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He never could withstand the shock,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Of such a host of foe."</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fair Mary spoke not, but the blood</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Fled truant from her cheek,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And left it pale, as when day leaves</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Some mountain's snowy peak.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But then there camp the cry of horse,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The east lea pricking o'er,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And to the lists a weary page</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A tattered pennon bore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Fast came a knight with blood-stained arms,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And dusty panoply,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And beaver down, and armed lance,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">In chivalric array.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">No crest, no arms, no gay device,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Upon his shield he wore,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But a small knot beside his plume,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Of plain wild pinks he bore.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For love, for love and chivalry,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Lord Clifford rides the plain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And foul he lies who dares to say,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">His honor e'er know stain.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Mary's cheek 'gan blushing bright,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And Mary's heart beat high,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Mary's breath that fear oppressed</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Came in a long glad sigh.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Straight to the Prince the knight he rode,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">"I claim these lists," he cried,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Though late into the field I come,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">My suit be not denied;</div>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page228">[pg 228]</span><a name="Pg228" id="Pg228" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"For we have fought beside the Loire,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And stained our arms in blood;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Not ever lost one step of ground,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">So long as rebels stood.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Hemmed in, I one time never thought</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To die in British land,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Or see my noble prince again,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Or kiss his royal hand.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"But well fought every gallant squire,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And well fought every knight;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And rebels have been taught to feel</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">The force of British might.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"And now in humble terms they sue,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">To know thy high command,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And here stand I these lists to claim,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">For a fair lady's hand.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"For Mary's love, and chivalry,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">I dare the world to fight,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And foul and bitterly he lies,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Who dares deny my right"</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"No, no, brave Clifford," Edward said,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">"No lists to-day for thee,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Thy gallant deeds beside the Loire,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Well prove thy chivalry.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Sir Guy, Sir Henry, and the rest,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Have well acquit their arms,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">But Edward's thanks are Clifford's due,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">As well as Mary's charms."</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"My lord, you are her sire," he said,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">"Give kind consent and free,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And who denies our Clifford's right,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Shall ride a tilt with me."</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Gay spake the prince, gay laughed the throng,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And Mary said not nay,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And bright with smile, and dance, and song,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Went down the festal day.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And when Lord Clifford to the board</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Led down his Mary fair,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">A knot of pinks was in his cap,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">A knot was in her hair.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">For it had been their sign of love,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And loved by them was still,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Till death came quietly on their heads,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And bowed them to his will.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And now, though years have passed away,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And all that years have seen,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And Clifford's deeds and Mary's charms,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Are as they ne'er had been,</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Some wind, as if in memory</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Has borne the seeds on high,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To deck the ruin's crumbling wall,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">And catch the passing eye.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">It tells a tale to those who hear;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">For beauty, strength, and power,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Are but the idols of a day,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">More short-lived than a flower.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Joy on, joy on, then, while ye may,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nor waste the moments dear;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor give yourself a cause to sigh,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">Nor teach to shed a tear.</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc75" id="toc75"></a>
+<a name="pdf76" id="pdf76"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I went once to the south of France for
+my health; and being recommended to
+choose the neighborhood of Avignon, took
+my place, I scarcely know why, in the diligence
+all the way from Paris. By this proceeding
+I missed the steam-voyage down the
+Rhone, but fell in with some very pleasant
+people, about whom I am going to speak. I
+travelled in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">intérieur</span></span>, and from Lyon
+had no one for companion but a fussy little
+lady, of a certain age, who had a large basket,
+a parrot in a cage, a little lapdog, a bandbox,
+a huge blue umbrella, which she could
+never succeed in stowing any where, and a
+moth-eaten muff. In my valetudinarian state
+I was not pleased with this inroad—especially
+as the little lady had a thin, pinched-up
+face, and obstinately looked out of the window,
+while she popped about the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">intérieur</span></span>
+as if she had just taken lodgings and was
+putting them in order, throwing me every
+now and then some gracious apology in a not
+unpleasant voice. "Mince as you please,
+madam," thought I; "you are a bore." I
+am sorry to add that I was very unaccommodating,
+gave no assistance in the stowing
+away of the umbrella, and when Fanfreluche
+came and placed his silken paws upon my
+knees, pushed him away very rudely. The
+little old maid—it was evident this was her
+quality—apologized for her dog as she had
+done for herself, and went on arranging her
+furniture—an operation not completed before
+we got to St. Saphorin.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For some hours a perfect silence was preserved,
+although my companion several times
+gave a short dry cough, as if about to make
+an observation. At length, the digestion of
+a hurried dinner being probably completed,
+I felt all of a sudden quite bland and sociable,
+and began to be mightily ashamed of myself.
+"Decidedly," thought I, "I must give this
+poor woman the benefit of my conversation."
+So I spoke, very likely with that self-satisfied
+air assumed sometimes by men accustomed
+to be well received. To my great vexation
+the old maid had by this time taken offence,
+and answered in a very stiff and reserved
+manner. Now the whole absurdity of my
+conduct was evident to me, and I determined
+to make amends. Being naturally of a diplomatic
+turn, I kept quiet for awhile, and then
+began to make advances to Fanfreluche. The
+poor animal bore no malice, and I won his
+heart by stroking his long ears. Then I gave
+a piece of sugar to the parrot; and having
+thus effected a practicable breach, took the
+citadel by storm by pointing out a more commodious
+way of arranging the great blue umbrella.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We were capital friends thenceforward;
+and I soon knew the history of Mlle. Nathalie
+Bernard by heart. A mightily uninteresting
+history it was to all but herself; so I
+shall not repeat it: suffice to say, that she
+had lived long on her little income, as she
+called it, at Lyon, and was now on her way
+to Avignon, where a very important object
+called her. This was no other than to save
+her niece Marie from a distasteful marriage,
+which her parents, very good people, but
+dazzled by the wealth of the unamiable suitor,
+wished to bring about.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And have you," said I, "any reasonable
+hope of succeeding in your mission?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parbleu!</span></span>" replied the old maid, "I have
+composed a little speech on ill-assorted
+unions, which I am sure will melt the hearts
+of my sister and my brother-in-law; and if
+that does not succeed—why, I will make love
+to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">futur</span></span> myself, and whisper in his ear that
+a comfortable little income available at once,
+and a willing old maid, are better than a
+cross-grained damsel with expectations only.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page229">[pg 229]</span><a name="Pg229" id="Pg229" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+You see I am resolved to make any sacrifice
+to effect my object."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I laughed at the old maid's disinterestedness,
+which was perhaps greater than at first
+appeared. At least she assured me that she
+had refused several respectable offers, simply
+because she liked the independence of a single
+life; and that if she had remained single
+to that age, it was a sign that marriage had
+nothing attractive for her in itself. We discussed
+the point learnedly as the diligence
+rolled; and what with the original turn of
+my companion's mind, the sportive disposition
+of Fanfreluche, and the occasional disjointed
+soliloquies of Coco, the parrot, our
+time passed very pleasantly. When night
+came Mlle. Nathalie ensconced herself in the
+corner behind her parcels and animals, and
+endeavored to sleep; but the jolting of the
+diligence, and her own lively imagination,
+wakened her every five minutes; and I had
+each time to give her a solemn assurance, on
+my word of honor as a gentleman, that there
+was no particular danger of our being upset
+into the Rhone.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We were ascending a steep hill next day;
+both had got out to walk. I have omitted
+to note that it was autumn. Trees and fields
+were touched by the golden fingers of the
+season. The prospect was wide, but I forget
+the precise locality. On the opposite side of
+the Rhone, which rolled its rapid current in
+a deepening valley to our right, rose a range
+of hills, covered with fields that sloped wonderfully,
+and sometimes gave place to precipices
+or wood-lined declivities. Here and
+there the ruins of some old castle—reminiscences
+of feudal times—rose amid lofty crags,
+and traced their jagged outline against the
+deep blue sky of Provence. Nathalie became
+almost sentimental as she gazed around on
+this beautiful scene.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We had climbed about half of the hill: the
+diligence was a little way behind: the five
+horses were stamping and striking fire from
+the pavement as they struggled up with the
+ponderous vehicle: the other passengers had
+lingered in the rear with the conductor, who
+had pointed out a little <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">auberge</span></span> among some
+trees. We here saw a man preceding us upon
+the road carrying a little bundle at the
+end of a stick over his shoulder: he seemed
+to advance painfully. Our attention was attracted—I
+scarcely knew why. He paused a
+moment—then went on with an uncertain
+step—paused again, staggered forward, and
+fell on his face just as we came up. Mlle.
+Nathalie, with a presence of mind that surprised
+me, had her smelling-bottle out in an
+instant, and was soon engaged in restoring
+the unfortunate traveller to consciousness. I
+assisted as well as I was able, and trust that
+my good-will may atone for my awkardness.
+Nathalie did every thing; and, just as the
+diligence reached us, was gazing with delight
+on the languid opening of a pair of as fine
+eyes as I have ever seen, and supporting in
+her lap a head covered with beautiful curls.
+Even at that moment, as I afterwards remembered,
+she looked upon the young man
+as a thing over which she had acquired a right
+of property. "He is going our way," said
+she: "let us lift him into the diligence."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A beggarly Parisian; yo, yo!" quoth the
+postilion as he passed, clacking his long whip.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Who will answer for his fare?" inquired
+the conductor.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I will," replied Nathalie, taking the words
+out of my mouth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In a few minutes the young man, who looked
+bewildered and could not speak, was safely
+stowed among Nathalie's other parcels;
+and the crest of the hill being gained, we began
+rolling rapidly down a steep descent.
+The little old maid, though in a perfect ecstasy
+of delight—the incident evidently appeared
+to her quite an adventure—behaved
+with remarkable prudence. While I was
+puzzling my head to guess by what disease
+this poor young man had been attacked, she
+was getting ready the remedies that appeared
+to her the most appropriate, in the shape
+of some excellent cakes and a bottle of good
+wine, which she fished out of her huge basket.
+Her <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">protégé</span></span>, made tame by hunger, allowed
+himself to be treated like a child. First
+she gave him a very small sip of Burgundy,
+then a diminutive fragment of cake; and
+then another sip and another piece of cake—insisting
+on his eating very slowly. Being
+perfectly useless, I looked quietly on, and
+smiled to see the suhmissiveness with which
+this fine, handsome fellow allowed himself to
+be fed by the fussy old maid, and how he
+kept his eyes fixed upon her with an expression
+of wondering admiration.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Before we arrived at Avignon we knew
+the history of the young man. He was an
+artist, who had spent several years studying
+in Paris, without friends, without resources,
+except a miserable pittance which his mother,
+a poor peasant woman living in a village not
+far from Aix, had managed to send him. At
+first he had been upheld by hope; and although
+he knew that his mother not only denied
+herself necessaries, but borrowed money
+to support him, he was consoled by the idea
+that the time would come when, by the efforts
+of his genius, he would be able to repay
+every thing with the accumulated interest
+which affection alone would calculate. But
+his expenses necessarily increased, and no receipts
+came to meet them. He was compelled
+to apply to his mother for further assistance.
+The answer was one word—"impossible."
+Then he endeavored calmly to examine
+his position, came to the conclusion that
+for several years more he must be a burden
+to his mother if he obstinately pursued his
+career, and that she must be utterly ruined
+to insure his success. So he gave up his art,
+sold every thing he had to pay part of his
+debts, and set out on foot to return to big
+village and become a peasant, as his father<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page230">[pg 230]</span><a name="Pg230" id="Pg230" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had been before him. The little money he
+had taken with him was gone by the time he
+reached Lyon. He had passed through that
+city without stopping, and for more than
+two days, almost for two nights, had incessantly
+pursued his journey, without rest and
+without food, until he had reached the spot
+where, exhausted with fatigue and hunger,
+he had fallen, perhaps to perish had we not
+been there to assist him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nathalie listened with eager attention to
+this narrative, told with a frankness which
+our sympathy excited. Now and then she
+gave a convulsive start, or checked a hysterical
+sob, and at last fairly burst into tears. I
+was interested as well as she, but retained
+more calmness to observe how moral beauty
+almost vainly straggled to appear through the
+insignificant features of this admirable woman.
+Her little eyes, reddened with weeping;
+her pinched-up nose, blooming at the
+point; her thin lips, probably accustomed to
+sarcasm; her cheeks, with a leaded citron
+hue; her hair that forked up in unmanageable
+curls—all combined to obscure the exquisite
+expression of respect and sympathy,
+perhaps already of love, sparkling from her
+kindled soul, that could just be made out by
+an attentive eye. At length, however, she
+became for a moment perfectly beautiful, as,
+when the young painter had finished his story,
+with an expression that showed how bitterly
+he regretted his abandoned art, she took
+both his hands in hers, and exclaimed: "No,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mon enfant</span></span>, you shall not be thus disappointed.
+Your genius"—she already took it for
+granted he had genius—"shall have an opportunity
+for development. Your mother cannot
+do what is necessary—she has played her
+part. I will be a—second mother to you, in
+return f«r the little affection you can bestow
+on me without ingratitude to her to whom
+you owe your life."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My life has to be paid for twice," said he,
+kissing her hand. Nathalie could not help
+looking round proudly to me. It was so flattering
+to receive the gallant attentions of so
+handsome a young man, that I think she
+tried to forget how she had bought them.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the exuberance of her hospitality, the
+little old maid invited both Claude Richer
+and myself to spend some time in the large
+farmhouse of her brother-in-law. I declined,
+with a promise to be a frequent visitor; but
+Claude, who was rather commanded than
+asked, could do nothing but accept. I left
+them at the diligence office, and saw them
+walk away, the little Nathalie affecting to
+support her feeble companion. For the honor
+of human nature let me add, that the conductor
+said nothing about the fare. "It
+would have been indelicate," he said to me,
+"to remind Mlle. Nathalie of her promise in
+the young man's presence. I know her well;
+and she will pay me at a future time. At
+any rate I must show that there is a heart
+under this waistcoat." So saying, the conductor
+thumped his breast with simple admiration
+of his own humanity, and went away,
+after recommending me to the Café de Paris—indeed
+and excellent house.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I shall say nothing of a variety of little incidents
+that occurred to me at Avignon, nor
+about my studies on the history of the popes
+who resided there. I must reserve myself
+entirely for the development of Nathalie's
+romance, which I could not follow step by
+step, but the chief features of which I was
+enabled to catch during a series of visits I
+paid to the farmhouse. Nathalie herself was
+very communicative to me at first, and scarcely
+deigned to conceal her sentiments. By degrees,
+however, as the catastrophe approached,
+she became more and more reserved; and
+I had to learn from others, or to guess the
+part she played.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The farmhouse was situated on the other
+side of the river, in a small plain, fertile and
+well wooded. Old Cossu, the owner, was a
+fine jolly fellow, but evidently a little sharp
+in money matters. I was surprised at first
+that he received the visit of Claude favorably;
+but when it came out that a good part
+of his capital belonged to Nathalie, every circumstance
+of deference to her was explained.
+Mère Cossu was not a very remarkable personage;
+unless it be remarkable that she entertained
+the most profound veneration for
+her husband, quoted his commonest sayings
+as witticisms, and was ready to laugh herself
+into convulsions if he sneezed louder than
+usual. Marie was a charming little person;
+perhaps a little too demure in her manners,
+considering her wicked black eyes. She
+was soon very friendly with Claude and me,
+but seemed to prefer passing her time in
+whispered conversations with Nathalie. I
+was let into the secret that their conversation
+turned principally on the means of getting
+rid of the husband-elect—a great lubberly
+fellow, who lived some leagues off, and
+whose red face shone over the garden-gate,
+in company with a huge nosegay, regularly
+every Sunday morning. In spite of the complying
+temper of old Cossu in other respects
+when Nathalie gave her advice, he seemed
+obstinately bent on choosing his own son-in-law.
+Parents are oftener correct than romancers
+will allow, in their negative opinions
+on this delicate subject, but I cannot say as
+much for them when they undertake to be
+affirmative.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I soon observed that Nathalie was not so
+entirely devoted to the accomplishment of
+the object for which she had undertaken her
+journey as she had promised; and, above all,
+that she spoke no more of the disinterested
+sacrifice of herself as a substitute for Marie.
+I maliciously alluded to this subject in one of
+our private confabulations, and Nathalie, instead
+of being offended, frankly answered
+that she could not make big Paul Boneau
+happy and assist Claude in his studies at the
+same time. "I have now," she said, "an<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page231">[pg 231]</span><a name="Pg231" id="Pg231" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+occupation for the rest of my life—namely,
+to develop this genius, of which France will
+one day be proud; and I shall devote myself
+to it unremittingly."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Come, Nathalie," replied I, taking her
+arm in mine as we crossed the poplar-meadow,
+"have you no hope of a reward?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I understand," quoth she frankly; "and
+I will not play at cross-purposes with you.
+If this young man really loves his art, and
+his art alone, as he pretends, could he do
+better than reward me—as you call it—for
+my assistance? The word has a cruel signification,
+but you did not mean it unkindly."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I looked at her wan, sallow countenance,
+that had begun for some days to wear an expression
+of painful anxiety. At that moment
+I saw over a hedge—but she could not—Claude
+and Marie walking in a neighboring
+field, and pausing now and then to bend their
+heads very close together in admiration of
+some very common flower. "Poor old maid,"
+thought I, "you will have no reward save the
+consciousness of your own pure intentions."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The minute development of this drama
+without dramatic scenes would perhaps be
+more instructive than any elaborate analysis
+of human passions in general; but it would
+require a volume, and I can only here give a
+mere summary. Nathalie, in whom alone I
+felt particularly interested, soon found that,
+she had deceived herself as to the nature of
+her sentiments for Claude—that instead of
+regarding him with almost maternal solicitude,
+she loved him with an intensity that is
+the peculiar characteristic of passions awakened
+late in life, when the common consolation
+is inadmissible—"after all, I may find
+better." This was her last, her only chance
+of a happiness, which she had declared to
+me she had never dreamed of, but which in
+reality she had only declined because it did
+not present itself to her under all the conditions
+required by her refined and sensitive
+mind. Claude, who was an excellent fellow,
+but incapable of comprehending her or sacrificing
+himself, never swerved from grateful
+deference to her; but I could observe, that
+as the state of her feelings became more apparent,
+he took greater care to mark the
+character of his sentiments for her, and to
+insist with some affectation on the depth of
+his filial affection. Nathalie's eyes were often
+red with tears—a fact which Claude did not
+choose perhaps to notice, for fear of an explanation.
+Marie, on the contrary, became more
+blooming every day, while her eloquent eyes
+were still more assiduously bent upon the
+ground. It was evident to me that she and
+Claude understood one another perfectly
+well.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At length the same thing became evident
+to Nathalie. How the revelation was
+made to her I do not know; but sudden
+it must have been, for I met her one
+day in the poplar-field, walking hurriedly
+along with an extraordinary expression of
+despair in her countenance. I know not
+why, but the thought at once occurred to me
+that the Rhone ran rapid and deep not far
+off, and I threw myself across her path. She
+started like a guilty thing, but did not resist
+when I took her hand and led her back slowly
+towards the farmhouse. We had nearly
+reached it in silence when she suddenly
+stopped, and bursting into tears turned away
+into a by-lane where was a little bench under
+an elm. Here she sat down and sobbed for
+a long time, while I stood by. At length she
+raised her head and asked me: "Do morality
+and religion require self-sacrifice even to
+the end—even to making half a life a desert,
+even to heart-breaking, even unto death?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It scarcely belongs to a selfish mortal to
+counsel such virtue," I replied; "but it is
+because it is exercised here and there, now
+and then, once in a hundred years, that man
+can claim some affinity with the divine
+nature."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A smile of ineffable sweetness played about
+the poor old girl's lips. She wiped her eyes,
+and began talking of the changing aspect of
+the season, and how the trees day by day
+more rapidly shed their leaves, and how the
+Rhone had swelled within its ample bed, and
+of various topics apparently unconnected
+with her frame of mind, but all indicating
+that she felt the winter was coming—a long
+and dreary winter for her. At this moment
+Fanfreluche, which had missed her, came
+down the lane, barking with fierce joy; and
+she took the poor little beast in her arms,
+and exhaled the last bitter feeling that tormented
+her in these words: "Thou at least
+lovest me—because I have fed thee!" In her
+humility she seemed now to believe that her
+only claim to love was her charity; and that
+even this claim was not recognized except by
+a dog!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I was not admitted to the secret of the
+family conclave that took place, but learned
+simply that Nathalie pleaded with feverish
+energy the love that had grown up between
+Marie and Claude as an insuperable bar to
+the proposed marriage between Paul Boneau
+and her niece. Matters were arranged by
+means of large sacrifices on the part of the
+heroic maid. Paul's face ceased to beam over
+the garden-gate on a Sunday morning; and
+by degrees the news got abroad that Marie
+was betrothed to the young artist. One day
+a decent old woman in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">sabots</span></span> came to the
+farmhouse: it was Claude's mother, who had
+walked from Aix to see him. It was arranged
+that Claude should pursue his studies a year
+longer, and then marry. Whether any explanation
+took place I do not know; but I
+observed that the young man sometimes
+looked with the same expression of wondering
+admiration I had observed in the diligence
+at the little Nathalie—more citron-hued
+than ever. At length she unhooked the
+cage of Coco, the parrot, took Faufreluche
+under one arm and her blue umbrella under<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page232">[pg 232]</span><a name="Pg232" id="Pg232" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the other, and went away in company with
+the whole family, myself included, every one
+carrying a parcel or a basket to the diligence
+office. What a party that was! Every one
+was in tears except Nathalie. She bore up
+manfully, if I may use the word; laughed,
+and actually joked; but just as I handed
+Coco in, her factitious courage yielded, and
+she burst into an agony of grief. With officious
+zeal I kept at the window until the diligence
+gave a lurch and started; and then
+turning round I looked at Claude and Marie,
+who were already mingling their eyes in selfish
+forgetfulness of their benefactress, and
+said solemnly: "There goes the best woman
+ever created for this unworthy earth." The
+artist, who, for an ordinary man, did not lack
+sentiment, took my hand and said: "Sir, I
+will quarrel with any man who says less of
+that angel than you have done."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The marriage was brought about in less
+time than had been agreed upon. Nathalie
+of course did not come; but she sent some
+presents and a pleasant letter of congratulation,
+in which she called herself "an inveterate
+old maid." About a year afterwards I
+passed through Lyon and saw her. She was
+still very yellow, and more than ever attentive
+to Fanfreluche and Coco. I even thought
+she devoted herself too much to the service of
+these two troublesome pets, to say nothing of a
+huge cat which she had added to her menagerie,
+as a kind of hieroglyphic of her condition.
+"How fare the married couple?" cried
+she, tossing up her cork-screw curls. "Still
+cooing and billing?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Mademoiselle," said I, "they are getting
+on pretty well. Claude, finding the historic
+pencil not lucrative, has taken to portrait-painting;
+and being no longer an enthusiastic
+artist, talks even of adopting the more expeditious
+method of the Daguerreotype. In the
+meantime, half the tradesmen of Avignon, to
+say nothing of Aix, have bespoken caricatures
+of themselves by his hand. Marie
+makes a tolerable wife, but has a terrible will
+of her own, and is feared as well as loved."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nathalie tried to laugh; but the memory of
+her old illusions coming over her, she leaned
+down towards the cat she was nursing, and
+sparkling tears fell upon its glossy fur.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc77" id="toc77"></a>
+<a name="pdf78" id="pdf78"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.</span></h1>
+
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">From advance sheets of a capital book entitled "Men and
+Women of the XIXth Century, by Argene Houssaye,"
+in press by Redfield.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo almost
+came into the world dancing. It is related
+that Gritry, when he was scarcely four
+years of age, had an idea of musical tunes.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo danced at a much
+earlier age. She was still in arms when the
+combined airs of a violin and a hautboy
+caught her ear. She jumped about full of life,
+and during the whole time that the music was
+playing, she danced, there is no other word
+for it, keeping time with great delight. It
+must be stated that she was of Spanish origin.
+She was born at Brussels, the 15th of April,
+1710, of a noble family, that had supplied
+several cardinals to the sacred college, and is
+of considerable distinction in Spanish history,
+both ecclesiastical and national. Her name
+was Marianne. Her mother had danced, but
+with the ladies of the court, for her own
+pleasure, and not for that of others. Her
+father, Ferdinand de Cupis de Camargo, was
+a frank Spanish noble, that is to say he was
+poor; he lived at Brussels, upon the crumbs
+of the table of the Prince de Ligne, without
+counting the debts he made. His family,
+which was quite numerous, was brought up
+by the grace of God; the father frequented
+the tavern, trusting to the truth that there is
+a God that rules over children!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Marianne was so pretty that the Princess
+de Ligne used to call her her fairy daughter.
+Light as a bird, she used to spring into the
+elms, and jump from branch to branch. No
+fawn in its morning gayety had more capricious
+and easy movements; no deer
+wounded by the huntsman ever sprang with
+more force and grace. When she was ten
+years old, the Princess de Ligne thought that
+this pretty wonder belonged of right to Paris,
+the city of wonders, Paris, where the opera
+was then displaying its thousand and thousand
+enchantments. It was decided that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo should be a dancing-girl
+at the opera. Her father objected
+strenuously: "Dancing-girl! the daughter
+of a gentleman, a grandee of Spain!"—"Goddess
+of dance, if you please," said the
+Princess of Ligne, in order to quiet him. He
+resigned himself to taking a journey to
+Paris in the prince's carriage. He arrived in
+the style of a lord at the house of Mademoiselle
+Prévost, whom the poets of the day
+celebrated under the name of Terpsichore.
+She consented to give lessons to Marianne de
+Camargo. Three months after his departure,
+M. de Camargo returned to Brussels, with the
+air of a conqueror. Mademoiselle de Prévost
+had predicted that his daughter would be his
+glory and his fortune.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After having danced at a fête given by the
+Prince de Ligne, Marianne de Camargo made
+her first appearance at the Brussels theatre,
+where she reigned for three years as first
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">danseuse</span></span>. Her true theatre was not there;
+in spite of her triumph at Brussels, her imagination
+always carried her to Paris; notwithstanding
+when she quitted Brussels she
+went to Rouen. Finally, after a long residence
+in that city, she was permitted to make her
+first appearance at the opera. It was on the
+5th of May, 1726, for the famous day of her
+debût has not been forgotten, that she appeared
+with all the brilliancy of sixteen upon
+the first stage in the world. Mademoiselle
+Prévost, already jealous, from a presentiment
+perhaps, had advised her to make her first
+appearance in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Characters of the Dance</span></span>,
+a step almost impossible, which the most
+celebrated dancers hardly had dared to attemp,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page233">[pg 233]</span><a name="Pg233" id="Pg233" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+at the height even of their reputation.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo, who danced like a
+fairy, surpassed all her predecessors; her triumph
+was so brilliant that on the next day
+all the fashions took their name after her:
+hair <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</span></span>, dresses <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</span></span>,
+sleeves <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</span></span>. All the ladies of the
+court imitated her grace; there were not a
+few that would have liked to have copied her
+face!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I have not told all yet: Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was made by love and for love.
+She was beautiful and pretty at the same
+time. There could be nothing so sweet and
+impassioned as her dark eyes, nothing so enchanting
+as her sweet smile! Lancret, Pater,
+J. B. Vanloo, all the painters that were then
+celebrated, tried to portray her charming face.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the second night of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo's appearance on the stage, there were
+twenty duels and quarrels without end at the
+door of the opera; every one wanted to get
+in. Mademoiselle Prévost, alarmed at such
+a triumph, intrigued with such success that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo was soon forced to
+fall back to the position of a mere <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">figurante</span></span>.
+She and her admirers had reason to be indignant.
+She was obliged to resign herself to
+dancing unobserved with the company. But
+she was not long in avenging herself with effect.
+One day, while she was dancing with
+a group of demons, Demoulins, called the
+devil, did not make his appearance to dance
+his solo, when the musicians had struck up,
+expecting his entrance. A sudden inspiration
+seizes Mademoiselle de Camargo; she leaves
+the other <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">figurantes</span></span>, she springs forward to
+the middle of the stage, and improvises Demoulins's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pas de seul</span></span>, but with more effect
+and capricious variety. Applause re-echoed
+throughout the theatre. Mademoiselle de
+Prévost swore that she would ruin her youthful
+rival; but it was too late. Terpsichore
+was dethroned. Mademoiselle de Camargo
+was crowned on that day queen of the opera,
+absolute queen, whose power was unlimited!
+She was the first who dared to make the discovery
+that her petticoats were too long.
+Here I will let Grimm have his say: "This
+useful invention, which puts the amateur in
+the way of forming an intelligent judgment
+of the legs of a dancing-girl, was thought at
+that time to be the cause of a dangerous
+schism. The Jansenists of the pit exclaimed
+heresy, scandal; and were opposed to the
+shortened petticoats. The Molinists, on the
+contrary, held that this innovation was in
+character with the spirit of the primitive
+church, which was opposed to the sight of
+pirouettes and pigeon-wings, embarrassed by
+the length of a petticoat. The Sorbonne of
+the opera had for a long time great trouble
+in establishing the wholesome doctrine on
+this point of discipline, which so much divided
+the faithful."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monsieur Ferdinand de Camargo grew old
+with a severe anxiety about the virtue and
+the salary of his daughter: he only preserved
+the salary. Intoxicated with her triumph,
+Mademoiselle de Camargo listened too willingly
+to all the lords of the court that frequented
+the company of the actresses behind
+the scenes; it would have been necessary for
+the king to appoint an historiographer, in
+order to record all the passions of this <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">danseuse</span></span>.
+There was a time when all the world
+was in love with her. Every one swore by
+Camargo; every one sang of Camargo;
+every one dreamed about Camargo. The
+madrigals of Voltaire and of the gallant
+poets of that gallant era are not forgotten.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">However, the glory of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was extinguished by degrees. Like
+fashion that had patronized her, she passed
+away by degrees, never to return. When
+she insisted upon retiring, although she was
+only forty years of age, no one thought of
+preventing her: she was hardly regretted.
+There was no inquiry made as to whither
+she had gone; she was only spoken of at
+rare intervals, and then she was only alluded
+to as a memory of the past. She had become
+something of a devotee, and very charitable.
+She knew by name all the poor in
+her neighborhood. She occasionally was
+visited by some of the notabilities of a past
+day, forgotten like herself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amusements of the Heart and Mind</span></span>,
+a collection designed, as is well known, to
+form the mind and the heart, Mademoiselle
+de Camargo is charged with having had a
+thousand and more lovers! Without giving
+the lie to this accusation, can I not prove it
+false by relating, in all its simplicity, a fact
+which proves a profound passion on her part?
+A pretty woman may dance at the opera,
+smile upon numberless admirers, live carelessly
+from day to day, in the noisy excitement
+of the world; still, there will be some
+blessed hours, when the heart, though often
+laid waste, will flourish again all of a sudden.
+Love is like the sky, which looks blue, even
+when reflected in the stream formed by the
+storm. It is thus that love is occasionally
+found pure in a troubled heart. But, moreover,
+this serious passion of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was experienced by her in all the
+freshness of her youth.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One morning, Grimm, Pont-de-Veyle, Duclos,
+Helvetius, presented themselves in a gay
+mood, at the humble residence of the celebrated
+dancer. She was then living in an
+old house in the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre.
+An aged serving-woman opened
+the door.—"We wish to see Mademoiselle de
+Camargo," said Helvetius, who had great difficulty
+in keeping his countenance. The old
+woman led them into a parlor that was furnished
+with peculiar and grotesque-looking
+furniture. The wainscoting was covered with
+pastels representing Mademoiselle de Camargo
+in all her grace, and in her different characters.
+But the parlor was not adorned by
+her portraits only; there was a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christ on</span></span><span class="tei tei-pb" id="page234">[pg 234]</span><a name="Pg234" id="Pg234" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the Mount of Olives</span></span>, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Magdalen at the Tomb</span></span>,
+a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Veiled Virgin</span></span>, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Venus</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Three Graces</span></span>,
+some <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cupids</span></span>, half concealed beneath some
+rosaries and sacred relics, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Madonnas</span></span>,
+covered with trophies from the opera!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The goddess of the place did not keep
+them a long time waiting; a door opened,
+half-a-dozen dogs of every variety of breed
+sprang into the parlor: it must be said, to
+the praise of Mademoiselle de Camargo, that
+these were not lap-dogs. She appeared behind
+them, carrying in her arms (looking like
+a fur muff) an Angora cat of fine growth.
+As she had not followed the fashion for ten
+years or more, she appeared to have come
+from the other world.—"You see, gentlemen,"
+pointing to her dogs, "all the court I
+have at present, but in truth those courtiers
+there are well worth all others. Here, Marquis!
+down, Duke! lie down, Chevalier! Do
+not be offended, gentlemen, that I receive
+you in such company; but how was I to
+know?..."—Grimm first spoke.—"You
+will excuse, mademoiselle, this unannounced
+visit when you know the important object of
+it."—"I am as curious as if I were only twenty
+years old," said Mademoiselle de Camargo;
+"but, alas! when I was twenty, it was the
+heart that was curious; but now, in the
+winter of life, I am no longer troubled on
+that score."—"The heart never grows old,"
+said Helvetius, bowing.—"That is a heresy,
+sir: those only dare to advance such maxims
+who have never been in love. It is love that
+never grows old, for it dies in childhood.
+But the heart—"—"You see, madame, that
+your heart is still young; what you have just
+said proves that you are still full of fire and
+inspiration."—"Yes, yes," said Mademoiselle
+de Camargo, "you are perhaps right; but
+when the hair is gray and the wrinkles are
+deep, the heart is a lost treasure; a coin that
+is no longer current."—While saying this, she
+lifted up Marquis by his two paws, and kissed
+him on the head: Marquis was a fine setter-dog,
+with a beautiful spotted skin.—"They,
+at least, will love me to the last. But it
+seems to me we are talking nonsense; have
+we nothing better to talk about? Come,
+gentlemen, I am all attention!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The visitors looked at each other with
+some embarrassment; they seemed to be asking
+of each other who was to speak first.
+Pont-de-Veyle collected his thoughts, and
+spoke as follows: "Mademoiselle, we have
+been breakfasting together; we had a gay
+time of it, like men of spirit. Instead of
+bringing before us, as the Egyptians in olden
+times, mummies, in order to remind us that
+time is the most precious of all things, we
+called up all those gay phantoms which enchanted
+our youth: need I say that you were
+not the least charming of them? who did
+not love you? who did not desire to live
+with you one hour, even at the expense of a
+wound? Happiness never costs too much—"
+Mademoiselle Camargo interrupted the speaker:
+"O gentlemen, do not, I beg, blind me
+with the memory of the past; do not awaken
+a buried passion! Let me die in peace! See,
+the tears are in my eyes!"—The visitors, affected,
+looked with a certain degree of emotion
+at the poor old lady who had loved so
+much. "It is strange," said Helvetius to his
+neighbor, "we came here to laugh, but we
+are travelling quite another road; however,
+I must say, nothing could be more ludicrous
+than such a caricature, if it were not of a
+woman." "Proceed, sir," said Mademoiselle
+de Camargo to Pont-de-Veyle. "To tell you
+the truth, madame, the worst fellow in the
+company, or rather he who had drank the
+most, declared that he was, of all your lovers,
+the one you most loved. 'The mere talk of a
+man who has had too much wine,' said one
+of us. But our impertinent emptied his glass,
+and backed his statement. The discussion
+became very lively. We talked, we drank,
+and we talked. When the last bottle was
+empty, and the dispute was likely to end in a
+duel, and we talked without knowing, probably,
+what we said, the most sober of the company
+proposed to go and ask you yourself
+which of your lovers you loved the most. Is
+it the Count de Melun? is it the Duke de
+Richelieu? is it the Marquis de Croismare?
+the Baron de Viomesnil? the Viscount de
+Jumilhac? is it Monsieur de Beaumont, or
+Monsieur d'Aubigny? is it a poet? is it a
+soldier? is it an abbé?" "Pshaw! pshaw!"
+said Mademoiselle de Camargo, smiling; "you
+had better refer to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Court Calendar</span></span>!"
+"What we want to know is not the names of
+those who have loved you, but, I repeat, the
+name of him whom you loved the most."
+"You are fools," said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+with an air of sadness and a voice that
+showed emotion; "I will not answer you.
+Let us leave our extinct passions in their
+tombs, in peace. Why unbury all those
+charming follies which have had their day?"
+"Come," says Grimm to Duclos, "do not let
+us grow sentimental; that would be too absurd.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo," said he,
+playing with the dogs at the same time,
+"which was the epoch of short petticoats?
+for that is one of the points of our philosophical
+dispute."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The aged <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">danseuse</span></span> did not answer. Taking
+Pont-de-Veyle by the hand, all of a sudden,
+she said in rising: "Monsieur, follow me."
+He obeyed with some surprise. She conducted
+him to her bedchamber; it was like a
+basket of odds and ends; it looked like a
+linendraper's shop in confusion; it was all
+disorder; it was quite evident that the dogs
+were at home there. Mademoiselle de Camargo
+went to a little rosewood chest of
+drawers, covered with specimens of Saxony
+porcelain, more or less chipped and broken.
+She opened a little ebony box, exposing its
+contents to the eyes of Pont-de-Veyle. "Do
+you see?" said she, with a sigh. Pont-de-Veyle
+saw a torn letter, the dry bouquet of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page235">[pg 235]</span><a name="Pg235" id="Pg235" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+half a century, the kind of flowers of which
+it was composed could hardly be recognized.
+"Well?" asked Pont-de-Veyle. "Well, do
+you understand?" "Not at all." "Look at
+that portrait." She pointed with her finger
+to a wretched portrait in oils, covered with
+dust and spider's web. "I begin to understand."
+"Yes," said she, "that is his portrait.
+As for myself, I never look at it. The
+one here," striking her breast, "is more like.
+A portrait is a good thing for those who have
+no time for memory."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Pont-de-Veyle looked in turn with much
+interest at the letter, the faded bouquet, and
+the wretched portrait. "Have you ever met
+this person?" "Never." "Let us return,
+then." "No; I beg let me hear the story."
+"Is it not enough to have seen his portrait?
+You can now settle your dispute with a word,
+since you know whether he whom I loved
+the most resembles your friend who had
+taken so much wine." "He does not resemble
+him the least in the world." "Well, that
+is all: I forgive your visit. Farewell! When
+you breakfast with your friends, you can take
+up my defence somewhat. You can tell those
+libertines without pity, that I have saved
+myself by my heart, if we can be saved that
+way.... Yes, yes; it is my plank of safety,
+in the wreck!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Saying these words, Mademoiselle de Camargo
+approached the door of the saloon.
+Pont-de-Veyle followed her, carrying the
+ebony-box. "Gentlemen," said he, to his
+merry friends, "our drunken toper was a
+coxcomb; I have seen the portrait of the best
+beloved of the goddess of this mansion; now,
+you must join your prayers to mine, to prevail
+upon Mademoiselle de Camargo to relate
+to us the romance of her heart; I only know
+the preface, which is melancholy and interesting;
+I have seen a letter, a bouquet, and a
+portrait." "I will not tell you a word,"
+muttered she; "women are charged with
+not being able to keep a secret; there is,
+however, more than one that they never tell.
+A love-secret is a rose which embalms our
+hearts; if it is told, the rose loses its perfume.
+I who address you," said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+in brightening up, "I have only kept
+my love in all its freshness by keeping it all
+to myself. There were only La Carton and
+that old rogue Fontenelle who ever got hold
+of my secret. Fontenelle was in the habit of
+dining frequently with me; one day, finding
+me in tears, he was so surprised, he who
+never wept himself, from philosophy, doubtless,
+that he tormented me for more than an
+hour for a solution of the enigma. He was almost
+like a woman; he drew from me, by
+his cat-like worrying, the history of my love.
+Would you believe it? I hoped to touch his
+heart, but it was like speaking to the deaf.
+After having listened to the end without saying
+a word, he muttered with his little weak
+voice, '<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">It is pretty!</span></span>' La Carton, however,
+wept with me. It is worth being a poet and
+a philosopher in order not to understand such
+histories."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo was silent; a
+deep silence followed, and every look was
+upon her. "Speak, speak! we are all attention,"
+said Helvetius, "we are more worthy
+of hearing your story than the old philosopher,
+who loved no one but himself." "After
+all," she replied, carried away by the delight
+of her remembrance, "it will be spending
+a happy hour; I speak of myself, and as
+for happy or unhappy hours, not many more
+are to pass during my life, for I feel that I
+am passing away. But I do not know how
+to begin; a fire flashes before my eyes; I cannot
+see, I am so overcome. To begin: I was
+twenty.... But I shall never have the courage
+to read my history aloud before so many
+people." "Fancy, Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, "that you are reading a romance."
+"Well, then," said she, "I will begin
+without ceremony."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I was twenty years old. You are all
+aware, for the adventure caused a great deal
+of scandal, you all know how the Count de
+Melun carried me off one morning along with
+my sister Sophy. This little mad-cap, who
+had a great deal of imagination, having discovered
+me reading a letter of the count's, in
+which he spoke of his design, she swore upon
+her thirteen years that he must carry her
+off too. I was far from conceding any such
+claim. It was always taken for granted that
+children know nothing; but at the opera,
+and in love, there are no children. The
+Count de Melun, by means of a bribe, had
+gained over the chambermaid. I was very
+culpable; I knew all, and had not informed
+my father. But my father wearied me somewhat;
+he preached in the desert; that is to
+say he preached to me about virtue. He was
+always talking to me about our noble descent,
+of our cousin, who was a cardinal, of our uncle,
+who was a grand inquisitor of the Inquisition.
+Vanity of vanities! all was vanity
+with him, while with me all was love. I did
+not trouble myself about being of an illustrious
+family; I was handsome, I was worshipped,
+and, what was still better, I was young.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In the middle of the night I heard my
+door open; it was the Count de Melun. I
+was not asleep, I was expecting him. It is
+not every woman who would like it that is
+run away with. I was going to be run away
+with.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Love is not only charming in itself, it is
+so also from its romance. A passion without
+adventure is like a mistress without caprice.
+I was seated upon my bed. 'Is it
+you, Jacqueline?' I said, affecting fright. 'It
+is I,' said the count, falling upon his knees.
+'You, sir! Your letter was not a joke then?'
+'My horses are at hand; there is no time to
+lose; leave this sad prison: my hotel, my
+fortune, my heart, all are at your service.'
+At that moment a light appeared at the door.
+'My father!' I cried, with affright, as I concealed<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page236">[pg 236]</span><a name="Pg236" id="Pg236" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+myself behind the bed curtains. 'All
+is lost,' muttered the count. It was Sophy.
+I recognized her light step. She approached
+with the light in her hand, and in silence,
+toward the count. 'My sister,' said she, with
+some degree of excitement, but without losing
+her presence of mind, 'here I am, all
+ready.' I did not understand; I looked at
+her with surprise; she was all dressed, from
+head to foot. 'What are you saying? You
+are mad.' 'Not by any means; I want to
+be run away with, like yourself.' The Count
+de Melun could not help laughing. 'Mademoiselle,'
+he said to her, 'you forget your
+dolls and toys. 'Sir,' replied she, with dignity,
+'I am thirteen years old. It was not
+yesterday that I made my <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">début</span></span> at the opera;
+I take a part on the stage in the ravishment
+of Psyche.' 'Good,' says the count, 'we will
+carry you off too.' 'It is as well,' whispered
+the count in my ear; 'this is the only
+way of getting rid of her.'</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I was very much put out by this contretemps,
+which gave a new complication to our
+adventure. My father might forgive my being
+carried off, but Sophy! I tried to dissuade
+her from her mad enterprise. I offered
+her my ornaments; she would not listen
+to reason. She declared, that if she was not
+carried off with me she would inform against
+us, and thus prevent the adventure. 'Do not
+oppose her.' said the count; 'with such a
+tendency she will be sure to be carried off
+sooner or later.'—'Well, let us depart together,'
+The chambermaid, who had approached
+with the stealthy, quiet step of a cat, told us
+to hurry, for she was afraid that the noise of
+the horses, that were pawing the ground near
+by, would awaken Monsieur de Camargo.
+We were off; the carriage drove us to the
+count's hotel, rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais.
+Sophy laughed and sung. In the morning I
+wrote to the manager of the opera, that by
+the advice of my physician it was impossible
+for me to appear for three weeks. To tell
+you the truth, gentlemen, in a week's time I
+went myself to inform the manager that I
+would dance that evening. This, you perceive,
+is not very flattering to the Count de
+Melun; but there are so few men in this
+world who are sufficiently interesting for a
+week together. I loved the count, doubtless,
+but I wanted to breathe a little without him.
+I desired the excitement of the theatre. I
+opened my window, constantly, as if I would
+fly out of it.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"As soon as I appeared at the opera my
+father followed my track, and discovered the
+retreat of his daughters. One evening behind
+the scenes, he went straight to the count
+and insulted him. The count answered him,
+with great deference, that he would avoid
+the chance of taking the life of a gallant gentleman
+who had given birth to such a daughter
+as I was. My father did his best to prove
+and establish his sixteen quarterings, the
+count was not willing to fight him. It was
+about that time that my father presented his
+famous petition to the Cardinal de Fleury:
+'Your petitioner would state to the Lord
+Cardinal, that the Count de Melun, having
+carried off his two daughters in the night,
+between the 10th and 11th of the month of
+May, 1728, holds them imprisoned in his hotel,
+rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais. Your petitioner
+having to do with a person of rank, is
+obliged to have recourse to his majesty's
+ministers; he hopes, through the goodness of
+the king, justice will be done him, and that
+the Count de Melun will be commanded to
+espouse the elder daughter of your petitioner,
+and endow the younger.'</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A father could not have done better.
+The Cardinal de Fleury amused himself a
+good deal with the petition, and recommended
+me, one day that we were supping together,
+for full penance, to make over to my
+father my salary at the opera. But I find I
+am not getting on with my story. But what
+would you have? The beginning is always
+where we dwell with the greatest pleasure.
+I had been living in the count's hotel a year;
+Sophy had returned to my father's house,
+where she did not remain long; but it is not
+her history that I am relating. One morning
+a cousin of the count arrived at the hotel in
+a great bustle; he was about spending a season
+in Paris, in all the wildness of youth. He
+took us by surprise at breakfast; he took his
+seat at table, without ceremony, on the invitation
+of the count.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In the beginning he did not strike my
+fancy; I thought him somewhat of a braggadocio.
+He cultivated his mustachios with,
+great care (the finest mustachios in the world),
+and spoke quite often enough of his prowess
+in battle. Some visitor interrupting us, the
+count went into his library, and left us together,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">tête-à-tête</span></span>. Monsieur de Marteille's
+voice, until then proud and haughty in its
+tone, softened a little. He had at first looked
+at me with the eye of a soldier; he now
+looked at me with the eye of a pupil.—'Excuse,
+madame,' said he, with some emotion,
+'my rude soldier-like bearing; I know nothing
+of fine manners; I have never passed
+through the school of gallantry. Do not be
+offended at any thing I may say.'—'Why,
+sir,' said I, smiling, 'you do not say any thing
+at all.'—'Ah, if I knew how to speak! but,
+in truth, I would feel more at home before a
+whole army than I do before your beautiful
+eyes. The count is very happy in having
+such a beautiful enemy to contend with.'—While
+speaking thus, he looked at me with a
+supplicating tenderness which contrasted singularly
+with his look of the hero. I do not
+know what my eyes answered him. The
+count then came in, and the conversation took
+another turn.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Monsieur de Marteille accepted the earnest
+invitation of his cousin to stay at his hotel.
+He went out; I did not see him again till
+evening. He did not know who I was; the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page237">[pg 237]</span><a name="Pg237" id="Pg237" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+count called me Marianne, and, unintentionally,
+perhaps, he had not spoken a word to
+his cousin about the opera, or my grace and
+skill as a dancer. At supper, Monsieur de
+Marteille had no longer the same frank gayety
+of the morning; a slight uneasiness passed
+like a cloud over his brow; more than once
+I caught his melancholy glance.—'Cheer up
+your cousin,' I said to the count.—'I know
+what he wants,' answered Monsieur de Melun;
+'I will take him to-morrow to the opera.
+You will see that in that God-forsaken place
+he will find his good-humor again.'—I felt
+jealous, without asking myself why.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Next day the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Triumph of Bacchus</span></span> was
+played. I appeared as Ariadne, all covered
+with vine-leaves and flowers. I never danced
+so badly. I had recognized Monsieur de Marteille
+among the gentlemen of the court. He
+looked at me with a serious air. I had hoped
+to have had an opportunity to speak with
+him before the end of the ballet, but he had
+already gone. I was offended at his abrupt
+departure.—'How!' said I to myself, 'he sees
+me dance, and this is the way he makes me
+his compliments.'—Next morning, he breakfasted
+with us; he did not say a word about
+the evening; finally, not being able to resist
+my impatience, 'Well, Monsieur de Marteille,'
+said I to him, somewhat harshly, 'you left
+early last night; it was hardly polite of you.'—'Ah!
+when you were to dance no more!'
+said he, with a sigh. This was the first time
+that I was ever spoken to thus. Fearing that
+he had said too much, and in order to divert
+Monsieur de Melun, who observed him with
+a look of surprise, he began to speak of a little
+singer of no great moment, who had a
+voice of some freshness.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"In the afternoon, the count detained at
+home for some reason or other, begged his
+cousin to accompany me in a ride to the
+woods. He was to join us on horseback.
+The idea of this ride made my heart beat violently.
+It was the first time that I had listened
+with pleasure to the beatings of my heart.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"We started on a fine summer's day.
+Every thing was like a holyday: the sky, the
+houses, the trees, the horses, and the people.
+A veil had fallen from my eyes. For some
+minutes we remained in the deepest silence;
+not knowing what to do, I amused myself by
+making a diamond that I wore glisten in the
+rays of the sun that entered the carriage.
+Monsieur de Marteille caught hold of my
+hand. We both said not a word the whole
+time. I tried to disengage my hand; he held
+it the harder. I blushed; he turned pale.
+A jolt of the carriage occurred very opportunely
+to relieve us from our embarrassment;
+the jolt had lifted me from my seat; it made
+me fall upon his bosom.—'Monsieur,' said I,
+starting. 'Ah, madame, if you knew how I
+love you!'—He said this with a tenderness
+beyond expression; it was love itself that
+spoke! I had no longer the strength to get
+angry. He took my hand again and devoured
+it with kisses. He did not say another word;
+I tried to speak, but did not know what to
+say myself. From time to time our looks
+met each other; it was then that we were eloquent.
+Such eternal pledges, such promises
+of happiness!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Notwithstanding, we arrived at the woods.
+All of a sudden, as if seized with a new idea,
+he put his head out of the window, and said
+something to the coachman. I understood,
+by the answer of La Violette, the coachman,
+that he was not willing to obey; but Monsieur
+de Marteille having alluded to a caning
+and fifty pistoles, the coachman made no further
+objections. I did not understand very
+well what he was about. After an hour's
+rapid travelling, as I was looking with some
+anxiety as to where we were, he tried to divert
+me by telling me some episodes of his
+life. Although I did not listen very intelligently
+to what he said, I heard enough to
+find out that I was the first woman he had
+ever loved. They all say so, but he told the
+truth, for he spoke with his eyes and his
+heart. I soon found out that we were no
+longer on our right road; but observe how
+far the feebleness of a woman in love will go:
+I hadn't the courage to ask him why he had
+changed our route. We crossed the Seine in
+a boat, between Sèvres and St. Cloud; we
+regained the woods, and after an hour's ride
+through them, we reached an iron park-gate,
+at the extremity of the village of Velaisy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Monsieur de Marteille had counted without
+his host. He expected not to have found
+a soul in his brother's chateau, but, since the
+evening before, his brother had returned from
+a journey to the coast of France. Seeing that
+the chateau was inhabited, Monsieur de Marteille
+begged me to wait a little in the carriage.
+As soon as he had gone, the coachman
+came to the door.—'Well, madame, we
+breathe at last! my opinion is that we should
+make our escape. Depend upon the word of
+La Violette, we shall be in less than two
+hours at the hotel.'—'La Violette,' said I,
+'open the door.'—I ran a great risk. La
+Violette obeyed.—'Now,' said I to him, when
+I had alighted upon the ground, 'you may
+go!'—He looked at me with the eye of an old
+philosopher, mounted his box, and snapped
+his whip; but he had hardly started, when
+he thought it better to return.—'I will not
+return without madame, for if I return alone,
+I shall be sure of a good heating, and of being
+discharged.'—'Indeed, La Violette! as you
+please.' At that moment I saw the count returning.—'It
+is all for the best,' he cried out,
+in the distance; 'my brother has only two
+days to spend in Paris: he has stopped here
+to give his orders; he wishes, at all hazards,
+to see Camargo dance! I told him that she
+was to appear this evening. He will leave
+in a moment. You must wait in the park till
+he is gone. I will return to him, for I must
+take my leave of him, and wish him a pleasant
+journey.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page238">[pg 238]</span><a name="Pg238" id="Pg238" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"An hour afterward we were installed in
+the chateau. La Violette remained, at our
+order, with his carriage and horses. In the
+evening there was great excitement at the
+opera. It was solemnly announced to the
+public that Mademoiselle de Camargo had
+been carried off! The Count de Melun surprised
+at not finding us in the woods, had
+gone to the theatre. He was hissed; he
+swore revenge. He sought every where; he
+found neither his horses, nor his carriage, nor
+his mistress. For three months the opera
+was in mourning! Thirty bailiffs were on
+my track; but we made so little noise in our
+little chateau, hid away in the woods, that
+we were never discovered."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo became pale;
+she was silent, and looked at her listeners as
+if she would say by her looks that had been
+lighted up at that celestial flame which had
+passed over her life: "Oh, how we loved
+each other during those three months!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">She continued as follows: "That season
+has filled a greater space in my life than all
+the rest of my days. When I think of the
+past, it is there where my thoughts travel at
+once. How relate to you the particulars of
+our happiness? When destiny protects us,
+happiness is composed of a thousand charming
+nothings that the hearts of others cannot
+understand. During those three months I
+was entirely happy; I wished to live for ever
+in this charming retreat for him that I loved
+a thousand times more than myself. I wished
+to abandon the opera, that opera that the
+Count de Melun could not make me forget
+for a week!</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Monsieur de Marteille possessed all the
+attraction of a real passion; he loved me
+with a charming simplicity; he put in play,
+without designing it, all the seductions of
+love. What tender words! what impassioned
+looks! what enticing conversation! Each
+day was a holyday, each hour a rapture. I
+had no time to think of the morrow.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Our days were spent in walks, in the
+shade of the woods, in the thousand windings
+of the park. In the evening I played
+the harpsichord, and I sang. It often occurred
+that I danced, danced for him. In the
+middle of a dance that would have excited a
+furor at the opera, I fell at his feet, completely
+overcome; he raised me up, pressed me to
+his heart and forgave me for having danced.
+I always hear his beautiful voice, which was
+like music, but such music as I dream of, and
+not such as Rameau has composed... But
+now I am speaking without knowing what I
+say."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo turned toward
+Pont-de-Veyle. "Monsieur," said she, "open
+that box or rather hand it to me." She took
+the box, opened it, and took the bouquet from
+it. "But above all, gentlemen, I must explain
+to you why I have preserved this bouquet."
+While saying this she attempted to
+smell the vanished odor of the bouquet.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"One morning," she resumed, "Monsieur
+de Marteille awoke me early—'Farewell!' he
+said, pale and trembling.—'What are you
+saying?' cried I with affright.—'Alas,' replied
+he, embracing me, I did not wish to tell
+you before, but for a fortnight I have had orders
+to leave. Hostilities are to be resumed
+in the Low Countries; I have no longer a
+single hour either for you or for me; I have
+over forty leagues to travel to-day.'—'Oh,
+my God, what will become of me?' said I
+weeping. 'I will follow you.'—'But, my
+dear Marianne, I shall return.'—'You will
+return in an age! Go, cruel one, I shall be
+dead when you return.'</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"An hour was spent in taking leave and in
+tears; he was obliged to go; he went.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I returned to weep in that retreat, that
+was so delightful the evening before. Two
+days after his departure, he wrote me a very
+tender letter, in which he told me that on the
+next day, he would have the consolation of
+engaging in battle. 'I hope,' added he, 'that
+the campaign will not be a long one; some
+days of hard fighting, and then I return to
+your feet.' What more shall I tell you? He
+wrote me once again."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo unfolded slowly
+the torn letter. "Here is the second letter:—</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">Oct 17.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"'No, I shall not return, my dear, I am
+going to die, but without fear, without reproach.
+Oh! if you were here, Marianne!
+What madness! in a hospital where, all of
+us, all, be we what we may, are disfigured
+with wounds, and dying! What an idea to
+dash ahead in the fight, when I only thought
+of seeing you again. As soon as I was
+wounded, I asked the surgeon if I should
+live long enough to reach Paris: "You have
+but an hour," he answered me pitilessly...
+They brought me here with the others. In a
+word, we should learn to resign ourselves to
+what comes from Heaven. I die content
+with having loved you; console yourself; return
+to the opera. I am not jealous of those
+who shall succeed me, for will they love you
+as I have done? Farewell, Marianne, death
+approaches, and death never waits; I thank
+it for having left me sufficient time to bid you
+farewell. Now, it will be I who will wait
+for you.</span></p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"'Farewell, farewell, I press you to my
+heart, which ceases to beat.'"</span></p>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">After having wiped her eyes, Mademoiselle
+de Camargo continued as follows: "Shall I
+describe to you all my sorrows, all my tears,
+all my anguish! Alas! as he had said, I returned
+to the opera. I did not forget Monsieur
+de Marteille, in the tempest of my folly.
+Others have loved me. I have loved no one
+but Monsieur de Marteille; his memory has
+beamed upon my life like a blessing from
+heaven. When I reappeared at the opera, I
+was seen attending mass; I was laughed at
+for my devotion. They did not understand,
+philosophers as they were, that I prayed to<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page239">[pg 239]</span><a name="Pg239" id="Pg239" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+God, in consequence of those words of Monsieur
+de Martielle: 'Now it will be I who
+will wait for you.'</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"When I left the chateau, I plucked a
+bouquet in the park, thinking that I was
+plucking the flowers that had bloomed for
+him; I brought away this bouquet, along
+with the portrait that you see there. I had
+vowed, in leaving our dear retreat, to go
+every year, at the same season, to gather a
+bouquet in the park. Will you believe it? I
+never went there again!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mademoiselle de Camargo thus finished her
+history. "Well, my dear philosopher," said
+Helvetius to Duclos, in descending the steps,
+"you have just read a book that is somewhat
+curious."—"A bad book," answered Duclos,
+"but such books are always interesting."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In April, 1770, the news spread that Mademoiselle
+de Camargo had just died a good
+catholic. "This created a great surprise,"
+says a journal of the day, "in the republic of
+letters, for she was supposed to have been
+dead twenty years." Her last admirer and
+her last friend, to whom she had bequeathed
+her dogs and her cats, had caused her body to
+be interred with a magnificence unexampled
+at the opera. "All the world," says Grimm,
+"admired that white pall, the symbol of
+chastity, that all unmarried persons are entitled
+to in their funeral ceremony."</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc79" id="toc79"></a>
+<a name="pdf80" id="pdf80"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">MY NOVEL:</span></h1>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.</span><a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc81" id="toc81"></a>
+<a name="pdf82" id="pdf82"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">BOOK IX.—INITIAL CHAPTER.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now that I am fairly in the heart of my
+story, these preliminary chapters must
+shrink into comparatively small dimensions,
+and not encroach upon the space required by
+the various personages whose acquaintance
+I have picked up here and there, and who
+are now all crowding upon me like poor relations
+to whom one has unadvisedly given a
+general invitation, and who descend upon one
+simultaneously about Christmas time. Where
+they are to be stowed, and what is to become
+of them all, heaven knows; in the meanwhile,
+the reader will have already observed
+that the Caxton family themselves are turned
+out of their own rooms, sent a-packing, in
+order to make way for the new comers.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And now that I refer to that respected
+family, I shall take occasion (dropping all
+metaphor) to intimate a doubt, whether,
+should these papers be collected and republished,
+I shall not wholly recast the Initial
+Chapters in which the Caxtons have been
+permitted to reappear. They assure me,
+themselves, that they feel a bashful apprehension
+lest they may be accused of having
+thrust irrelevant noses into affairs which by
+no means belong to them—an impertinence
+which, being a peculiarly shy race, they have
+carefully shunned in the previous course of
+their innocent and segregated existence. Indeed,
+there is some cause for that alarm,
+seeing that not long since, in a journal professing
+to be critical, this <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">My Novel, or Varieties
+in English Life</span></span>, was misnomed and insulted
+as "a Continuation of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Caxtons</span></span>,"
+with which biographical work it has no more
+to do (save in the aforesaid introductions to
+previous Books in the present diversified and
+compendious narrative) than I with Hecuba,
+or Hecuba with me. Reserving the doubt
+herein suggested for maturer deliberation, I
+proceed with my new Initial Chapter. And
+I shall stint the matter therein contained to
+a brief comment upon <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Public Life</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Were you ever in public life, my dear
+reader? I don't mean by that question, to
+ask whether you were ever Lord Chancellor,
+Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition, or
+even a member of the House of Commons.
+An author hopes to find readers far beyond
+that very egregious but very limited segment
+of the Great Circle. Were you ever a busy
+man in your vestry, active in a municipal
+corporation, one of a committee for furthering
+the interests of an enlightened candidate
+for your native burgh, town, or shire?—in a
+word, did you ever resign your private comforts
+as men in order to share the public
+troubles of mankind? If ever you have so
+far departed from the Lucretian philosophy,
+just look back—was it life at all that you
+lived?—were you an individual distinct existence—a
+passenger in the railway?—or
+were you merely an indistinct portion of that
+common flame which heated the boiler and
+generated the steam that set off the monster
+train?—very hot, very active, very useful, no
+doubt; but all your identity fused in flame,
+and all your forces vanishing in gas.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And you think the people in the railway
+carriages care for you?—do you think that
+the gentleman in the worsted wrapper is
+saying to his neighbor with the striped rug
+on his comfortable knees, "How grateful we
+ought to be for that fiery particle which is
+crackling and hissing under the boiler! It
+helps us on the fraction of an inch from
+Vauxhall to Putney?" Not a bit of it. Ten
+to one but he is saying—"Not sixteen miles
+an hour! What the deuce is the matter
+with the stoker?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Look at our friend Audley Egerton. You
+have just had a glimpse of the real being that
+struggles under the huge copper;—you have
+heard the hollow sound of the rich man's
+coffers under the tap of Baron Levy's friendly
+knuckle—heard the strong man's heart
+give out its dull warning sound to the scientific
+ear of Dr. F
+vanishes the separate existence, lost again in
+the flame that heats the boiler, and the
+smoke that curls into air from the grimy furnace.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Look to it, O Public Man, whoever thou
+art, and whatsoever thy degree—see if thou
+canst not compound matters, so as to keep a
+little nook apart for thy private life; that is,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page240">[pg 240]</span><a name="Pg240" id="Pg240" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">thyself</span></span>! Let the great Popkins Question
+not absorb wholly the individual soul of thee,
+as Smith or Johnson. Don't so entirely consume
+thyself under that insatiable boiler,
+that when thy poor little monad rushes out
+from the sooty furnace, and arrives at the
+stars, thou mayest find no vocation for thee
+there, and feel as if thou hadst nothing to
+do amidst the still splendors of the Infinite.
+I don't deny to thee the uses of "Public
+Life;" I grant that it is much to have helped
+to carry that great Popkins Question; but
+Private Life, my friend, is the life of thy
+Private soul; and there may be matters concerned
+with that which, on consideration,
+thou mayest allow, cannot be wholly mixed
+up with the great Popkins Question—and
+were not finally settled when thou didst exclaim—"I
+have not lived in vain—the Popkins
+Question is carried at last!" O immortal
+soul, for one quarter of an hour <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">per diem</span></span>—de-Popkinise
+thine immortality!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc83" id="toc83"></a>
+<a name="pdf84" id="pdf84"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER II.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It had not been without much persuasion
+on the part of Jackeymo, that Riccabocca
+had consented to settle himself in the house
+which Randal had recommended to him.
+Not that the exile conceived any suspicion
+of the young man beyond that which he
+might have shared with Jackeymo, viz., that
+Randal's interest in the father was increased
+by a very natural and excusable admiration
+of the daughter. But the Italian had the
+pride common to misfortune,—he did not like
+to be indebted to others, and he shrank from
+the pity of those to whom it was known that
+he had held a higher station in his own land.
+These scruples gave way to the strength of
+his affection for his daughter and his dread of
+his foe. Good men, however able and brave,
+who have suffered from the wicked, are apt
+to form exaggerated notions of the power that
+has prevailed against them. Jackeymo had
+conceived a superstitious terror of Peschiera,
+and Riccabocca, though by no means addicted
+to superstition, still had a certain creep of
+the flesh whenever he thought of his foe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Riccabocca—than whom no man was
+more physically brave, and no man, in some
+respects, more morally timid—feared the
+Count less as a foe than as a gallant. He remembered
+his kinsman's surpassing beauty—the
+power he had obtained over women. He
+knew him versed in every art that corrupts,
+and void of all the conscience that deters.
+And Riccabocca had unhappily nursed himself
+into so poor an estimate of the female
+character, that even the pure and lofty nature
+of Violante did not seem to him a sufficient
+safeguard against the craft and determination
+of a practised and remorseless intriguer. But
+of all the precautions he could take, none appeared
+more likely to conduce to safety, than
+his establishing a friendly communication
+with one who professed to be able to get at all
+the Count's plans and movements, and who
+could apprise Riccabocca at once should his
+retreat be discovered. "Forewarned is forearmed,"
+said he to himself, in one of the
+proverbs common to all nations. However,
+as with his usual sagacity he came to reflect
+upon the alarming intelligence conveyed to
+him by Randal, viz., that the Count sought
+his daughter's hand, he divined that there
+was some strong personal interest under such
+ambition; and what could be that interest
+save the probability of Riccabocca's ultimate
+admission to the Imperial grace, and the
+Count's desire to assure himself of the heritage
+to an estate that he might be permitted
+to retain no more? Riccabocca was not indeed
+aware of the condition (not according
+to usual customs in Austria) on which the
+Count held the forfeited domains. He knew
+not that they had been granted merely on
+pleasure; but he was too well aware of Peschiera's
+nature to suppose that he would woo
+a bride without a dower, or be moved by remorse
+in any overture of reconciliation. He
+felt assured, too—and this increased all his
+fears—that Peschiera would never venture
+to seek an interview himself; all the Count's
+designs on Violante would be dark, secret,
+and clandestine. He was perplexed and tormented
+by the doubt, whether or not to express
+openly to Violante his apprehensions
+of the nature of the danger to be apprehended.
+He had told her vaguely that it was for her
+sake that he desired secrecy and concealment.
+But that might mean any thing: what danger
+to himself would not menace her? Yet
+to say more was so contrary to a man of his
+Italian notions and Machiavellian maxims!
+To say to a young girl, "There is a man
+come over to England on purpose to woo
+and win you. For heaven's sake take care
+of him; he is diabolically handsome; he never
+fails where he sets his heart." "Cospetto!"
+cried the doctor aloud, as these admonitions
+shaped themselves to speech in the camera-obscura
+of his brain; "such a warning would
+have undone a Cornelia while she was yet an
+innocent spinster." No, he resolved to say
+nothing to Violante of the Count's intention,
+only to keep guard, and make himself and
+Jackeymo all eyes and all ears.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The house Randal had selected pleased
+Riccabocca at first glance. It stood alone,
+upon a little eminence; its upper windows
+commanded the high road. It had been a
+school, and was surrounded by high walls,
+which contained a garden and lawn sufficiently
+large for exercise. The garden doors
+were thick, fortified by strong bolts, and had
+a little wicket lattice, shut and opened at
+pleasure, from which Jackeymo could inspect
+all visitors before he permitted them to
+enter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An old female servant from the neighborhood
+was cautiously hired; Riccabocca renounced
+his Italian name, and abjured his
+origin. He spoke English sufficiently well to
+think he could pass as an Englishman. He<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page241">[pg 241]</span><a name="Pg241" id="Pg241" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+called himself Mr. Richmouth (a liberal translation
+of Riccabocca). He bought a blunderbuss,
+two pair of pistols, and a huge house-dog.
+Thus provided for, he allowed Jackeymo
+to write a line to Randal and communicate
+his arrival.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal lost no time in calling. With his
+usual adaptability and his powers of dissimulation,
+he contrived easily to please Mrs. Riccabocca,
+and to increase the good opinion the
+exile was disposed to form of him. He engaged
+Violante in conversation on Italy and
+its poets. He promised to buy her books.
+He began, though more distantly than he
+could have desired—for her sweet stateliness
+awed him in spite of himself—the preliminaries
+of courtship. He established himself at
+once as a familiar guest, riding down daily in
+the dusk of evening, after the toils of office,
+and retiring at night. In four or five days
+he thought he had made great progress with
+all. Riccabocca watched him narrowly, and
+grew absorbed in thought after every visit.
+At length one night, when he and Mrs. Riccabocca
+were alone in the drawing-room,
+Violante having retired to rest, he thus spoke
+as he filled his pipe:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Happy is the man who has no children!
+Thrice happy he who has no girls."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My dear Alphonso!" said the wife, looking
+up from the wristband to which she was
+attaching a neat mother-o'-pearl button. She
+said no more; it was the sharpest rebuke she
+was in the custom of administering to her
+husband's cynical and odious observations.
+Riccabocca lighted his pipe with a thread
+paper, gave three great puffs, and resumed:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"One blunderbuss, four pistols, and a
+house-dog called Pompey, who would have
+made mince-meat of Julius Cæsar!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He certainly eats a great deal, does Pompey!"
+said Mrs. Riccabocca, simply. "But
+if he relieves your mind!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He does not relieve it in the least,
+ma'am," groaned Riccabocca; "and that is
+the point I was coming to. This is a most
+harassing life, and a most undignified life.
+And I who have only asked from Heaven
+dignity and repose! But, if Violante were
+once married, I should want neither blunderbuss,
+pistol, nor Pompey. And it is that
+which would relieve my mind, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cara mia</span></span>;—Pompey
+only relieves my larder!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Now Riccabocca had been more communicative
+to Jemima than he had been to Violante.
+Having once trusted her with one
+secret, he had every motive to trust her with
+another; and he had accordingly spoken out
+his fears of the Count di Peschiera. Therefore
+she answered, laying down the work,
+and taking her husband's hand tenderly—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Indeed, my love, since you dread so
+much (though I own that I must think unreasonably)
+this wicked, dangerous man, it
+would be the happiest thing in the world to
+see dear Violante well married; because, you
+see, if she is married to one person, she cannot
+be married to another; and all fear of this
+Count, as you say, would be at an end."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You cannot express yourself better. It
+is a great comfort to unbosom one's self to a
+wife, after all!" quoth Riccabocca.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But," said the wife, after a grateful kiss—"but
+where and how can we find a husband
+suitable to the rank of your daughter?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"There—there—there," cried Riccabocca,
+pushing back his chair to the farther end of
+the room—"that comes of unbosoming one's
+self! Out flies one's secret; it is opening the
+lid of Pandora's box; one is betrayed, ruined,
+undone!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why, there's not a soul that can hear
+us!" said Mrs. Riccabocca, soothingly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That's chance, ma'am! If you once contract
+the habit of blabbing out a secret when
+nobody's by, how on earth can you resist it
+when you have the pleasurable excitement
+of telling it to all the world? Vanity,
+vanity—woman's vanity! Woman never could
+withstand rank—never!" The Doctor went
+on railing for a quarter of an hour, and was
+very reluctantly appeased by Mrs. Riccabocca's
+repeated and tearful assurances that she
+would never even whisper to herself that her
+husband had ever held any other rank than
+that of Doctor.—Riccabocca, with a dubious
+shake of the head, renewed—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have done with all pomp and pretension.
+Besides, the young man is a born gentleman;
+he seems in good circumstances; he
+has energy and latent ambition; he is akin
+to L'Estrange's intimate friend; he seems attached
+to Violante. I don't think it probable
+that we could do better. Nay, if Peschiera
+fears that I shall be restored to my country,
+and I learn the wherefore, and the ground to
+take, through this young man—why, gratitude
+is the first virtue of the noble!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You speak, then, of Mr. Leslie?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To be sure—of whom else?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mrs. Riccabocca leaned her cheek on her
+hand thoughtfully. "Now you have told
+me <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">that</span></span>, I will observe him with different
+eyes."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anima mia</span></span>, I don't see how the difference
+of your eyes will alter the object they
+look upon!" grumbled Riccabocca, shaking
+the ashes out of his pipe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The object alters when we see it in a
+different point of view!" replied Jemima,
+modestly. "This thread does very well
+when I look at it in order to sew on a button,
+but I should say it would never do to tie up
+Pompey in his kennel."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Reasoning by illustration, upon my soul!"
+ejaculated Riccabocca, amazed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And," continued Jemima, "when I am
+to regard one who is to constitute the happiness
+of that dear child, and for life, can I regard
+him as I would the pleasant guest of an
+evening? Ah, trust me, Alphonso—I don't
+pretend to be wise like you—but, when a
+woman considers what a man is likely to
+prove to woman—his sincerity—his honor—his<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page242">[pg 242]</span><a name="Pg242" id="Pg242" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+heart—oh, trust me, she is wiser than the
+wisest man!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Riccabocca continued to gaze on Jemima
+with unaffected admiration and surprise.
+And, certainly, to use his phrase, since he
+had unbosomed himself to his better half—since
+he had confided in her, consulted with
+her, her sense had seemed to quicken—her
+whole mind to expand.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My dear," said the sage, "I vow and declare
+that Machiavelli was a fool to you.
+And I have been as dull as the chair I sit
+upon, to deny myself so many years the
+comfort and counsel of such a—but <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">corpo
+di Baccho!</span></span> forget all about rank; and so
+now to bed."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"One must not holloa till one's out of the
+wood," muttered the ungrateful, suspicious
+villain, as he lighted the chamber candle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc85" id="toc85"></a>
+<a name="pdf86" id="pdf86"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER III.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Riccabocca could not confine himself to
+the precincts within the walls to which he
+condemned Violante. Resuming his spectacles,
+and wrapped in his cloak, he occasionally
+sallied forth upon a kind of outwatch or reconnoitring
+expedition—restricting himself,
+however, to the immediate neighborhood, and
+never going quite out of sight of his house.
+His favorite walk was to the summit of a
+hillock overgrown with stunted bushwood.
+Here he would seat himself musingly, often
+till the hoofs of Randal's horse rang on the
+winding road, as the sun set, over fading herbage,
+red and vaporous, in autumnal skies. Just
+below the hillock, and not two hundred yards
+from his own house, was the only other habitation
+in view—a charming, thoroughly English
+cottage, though somewhat imitated from
+the Swiss—with gable ends, thatched roof,
+and pretty projecting casements, opening
+through creepers and climbing roses. From
+his height he commanded the gardens of this
+cottage, and his eye of artist was pleased,
+from the first sight, with the beauty which
+some exquisite taste had given to the ground.
+Even in that cheerless season of the year, the
+garden wore a summer smile; the evergreens
+were so bright and various, and the few flowers,
+still left, so hardy and so healthful. Facing
+the south, a colonnade, or covered gallery,
+of rustic woodwork had been formed, and
+creeping plants, lately set, were already beginning
+to clothe its columns. Opposite to
+this colonnade there was a fountain which
+reminded Riccabocca of his own at the deserted
+Casino. It was indeed singularly like
+it: the same circular shape, the same girdle
+of flowers around it. But the jet from it varied
+every day—fantastic and multiform, like
+the sports of a Naïad—sometimes shooting
+up like a tree, sometimes shaped as a convolvulus,
+sometimes tossing from its silver spray
+a flower of vermilion, or a fruit of gold—as
+if at play with its toy like a happy child. And
+near the fountain was a large aviary, large
+enough to inclose a tree. The Italian could
+just catch a gleam of rich color from the
+wings of the birds, as they glanced to and
+fro within the network, and could hear their
+songs, contrasting the silence of the free populace
+of air, whom the coming winter had
+already stilled.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Riccabocca's eye, so alive to all aspects of
+beauty, luxuriated in the view of this garden.
+Its pleasantness had a charm that stole him
+from his anxious fear and melancholy memories.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">He never saw but two forms within the
+demesnes, and he could not distinguish their
+features. One was a woman, who seemed to
+him of staid manner and homely appearance:
+she was seen but rarely. The other a man,
+often pacing to and fro the colonnade, with
+frequent pauses before the playful fountain,
+or the birds that sang louder as he approached.
+This latter form would then disappear
+within a room, the glass door of which was
+at the extreme end of the colonnade; and if
+the door were left open, Riccabocca could
+catch a glimpse of the figure bending over a
+table covered with books.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Always, however, before the sun set, the
+man would step forth more briskly, and occupy
+himself with the garden, often working
+at it with good heart, as if at a task of delight;
+and then, too, the woman would come
+out, and stand by as if talking to her companion.
+Riccabocca's curiosity grew aroused.
+He bade Jemima inquire of the old maid-servant
+who lived at the cottage, and heard that
+its owner was a Mr. Oran—a quiet gentleman,
+and fond of his book.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While Riccabocca thus amused himself,
+Randal had not been prevented, either by his
+official cares or his schemes on Violante's
+heart and fortune, from furthering the project
+that was to unite Frank Hazeldean and
+Beatrice di Negra. Indeed, as to the first, a
+ray of hope was sufficient to fire the ardent
+and unsuspecting lover. And Randal's artful
+misrepresentation of Mrs. Hazeldean's conversation
+with him, removed all fear of parental
+displeasure from a mind always too disposed
+to give itself up to the temptation of
+the moment. Beatrice, though her feelings
+for Frank were not those of love, became
+more and more influenced by Randal's arguments
+and representations, the more especially
+as her brother grew morose, and even
+menacing, as days slipt on, and she could give
+no clue to the retreat of those whom he
+sought for. Her debts, too, were really urgent.
+As Randal's profound knowledge of
+human infirmity had shrewdly conjectured,
+the scruples of honor and pride, that had
+made her declare she would not bring to a
+husband her own incumbrances, began to
+yield to the pressure of necessity. She listened
+already, with but faint objections, when
+Randal urged her not to wait for the uncertain
+discovery that was to secure her dowry,
+but by a private marriage with Frank escape
+at once into freedom and security. While,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page243">[pg 243]</span><a name="Pg243" id="Pg243" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+though he had first held out to young Hazeldean
+the inducement of Beatrice's dowry as
+reason of self-justification in the eyes of the
+Squire, it was still easier to drop that inducement,
+which had always rather damped than
+fired the high spirit and generous heart of the
+poor Guardsman. And Randal could conscientiously
+say, that when he had asked the
+Squire if he expected fortune with Frank's
+bride, the Squire had replied, "I don't care."
+Thus encouraged by his friend and his own
+heart, and the softening manner of a woman
+who might have charmed many a colder, and
+fooled many a wiser man, Frank rapidly yielded
+to the snares held out for his perdition.
+And though as yet he honestly shrank from
+proposing to Beatrice or himself a marriage
+without the consent, and even the knowledge,
+of his parents, yet Randal was quite content
+to leave a nature, however good, so thoroughly
+impulsive and undisciplined, to the influences
+of the first strong passion it had ever
+known. Meanwhile, it was easy to dissuade
+Frank from even giving a hint to the folks at
+home. "For," said the wily and able traitor,
+"though we may be sure of Mrs. Hazeldean's
+consent, and her power over your father,
+when the step is once taken, yet we cannot
+count for certain on the Squire—he is so choleric
+and hasty. He might hurry to town—see
+Madame di Negra, blurt out some compassionate,
+rude expressions which would
+wake her resentment, and cause her instant
+rejection. And it might be too late if he repented
+afterwards—as he would be sure to
+do."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile Randal Leslie gave a dinner at
+the Clarendon Hotel (an extravagance most
+contrary to his habits), and invited Frank,
+Mr. Borrowell, and Baron Levy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But this house-spider, which glided with
+so much ease after its flies, through webs so
+numerous and mazy, had yet to amuse Madame
+di Negra with assurances that the fugitives
+sought for would sooner or later be
+discovered. Though Randal baffled and eluded
+her suspicion that he was already acquainted
+with the exiles, ("the persons he had
+thought of were," he said, "quite different
+from her description;" and he even presented
+to her an old singing-master, and a sallow-faced
+daughter, as the Italians who had
+caused his mistake), it was necessary for Beatrice
+to prove the sincerity of the aid she had
+promised to her brother, and to introduce
+Randal to the Count. It was no less desirable
+to Randal to know, and even win the
+confidence of this man—his rival.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The two met at Madame di Negra's house.
+There is something very strange, and almost
+mesmerical, in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">rapport</span></span> between two evil
+natures. Bring two honest men together, and
+it is ten to one if they recognize each other
+as honest; differences in temper, manner,
+even politics, may make each misjudge the
+other. But bring together two men, unprincipled
+and perverted—men who, if born in
+a cellar, would have been food for the hulks
+or gallows—and they recognize each other
+by instant sympathy. The eyes of Franzini,
+Count of Peschiera, and Randal Leslie no
+sooner met, than a gleam of intelligence shot
+from both. They talked on indifferent subjects—weather,
+gossip, politics—what not.
+They bowed and they smiled; but, all the
+while, each was watching, plumbing the
+other's heart; each measuring his strength
+with his companion; each inly saying, "This
+is a very remarkable rascal; am I a match
+for him?" It was at dinner they met; and,
+following the English fashion, Madame di
+Negra left them alone with their wine.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, for the first time, Count di Peschiera
+cautiously and adroitly made a covered push
+towards the object of the meeting.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You have never been abroad, my dear
+sir? You must contrive to visit me at Vienna.
+I grant the splendor of your London
+world; but, honestly speaking, it wants the
+freedom of ours—a freedom which unites
+gayety with polish. For as your society is
+mixed, there are pretension and effort with
+those who have no right to be in it, and artificial
+condescension and chilling arrogance
+with those who have to keep their inferiors
+at a certain distance. With us, all being of
+fixed rank and acknowledged birth, familiarity
+is at once established." "Hence," added
+the Count, with his French lively smile—"hence
+there is no place like Vienna for
+a young man—no place like Vienna for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bonnes
+fortunes</span></span>."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Those make the paradise of the idle," replied
+Randal, "but the purgatory of the
+busy. I confess frankly to you, my dear
+Count, that I have as little of the leisure
+which becomes the aspirer to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bonnes fortunes</span></span>
+as I have the personal graces which obtain
+them without an effort;" and he inclined his
+head as in compliment.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"So," thought the Count, "woman is not
+his weak side. What is?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Morbleu!</span></span> my dear Mr. Leslie—had I
+thought as you do some years since, I had
+saved myself from many a trouble. After
+all, Ambition is the best mistress to woo; for
+with her there is always the hope, and never
+the possession."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ambition, Count," replied Randal, still
+guarding himself in dry sententiousness, "is
+the luxury of the rich, and the necessity of
+the poor."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Aha," thought the Count, "it comes, as
+I anticipated from the first—comes to the
+bribe." He passed the wine to Randal, filling
+his own glass, and draining it carelessly:
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sur mon âme, mon cher</span></span>," said the Count,
+"luxury is ever pleasanter than necessity;
+and I am resolved at least to give ambition
+a trial—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">je vais me réfugier dans le sein du
+bonheur domestique</span></span>—a married life and a
+settled home. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peste!</span></span> If it were not for
+ambition, one would die of ennui. Apropos,
+my dear sir, I have to thank you for promising<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page244">[pg 244]</span><a name="Pg244" id="Pg244" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+my sister your aid in finding a near and
+dear kinsman of mine, who has taken refuge
+in your country, and hides himself even from
+me."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I should be most happy to assist in your
+search. As yet, however, I have only to regret
+that all my good wishes are fruitless. I
+should have thought, however, that a man
+of such rank had been easily found, even
+through the medium of your own ambassador."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Our own ambassador is no very warm
+friend of mine; and the rank would be no
+clue, for it is clear that my kinsman has
+never assumed it since he quitted his country."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He quitted it, I understand, not exactly
+from choice," said Randal, smiling. "Pardon
+my freedom and curiosity, but will you
+explain to me a little more than I learn from
+English rumor (which never accurately reports
+upon foreign matters still more notorious),
+how a person who had so much to
+lose, and so little to win, by revolution, could
+put himself into the same crazy boat with a
+crew of hare-brained adventurers and visionary
+professors?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Professors!" repeated the Count; "I
+think you have hit on the very answer to
+your question; not but what men of high birth
+were as mad as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">canaille</span></span>. I am the more
+willing to gratify your curiosity, since it will
+perhaps serve to guide your kind search in my
+favor. You must know, then, that my kinsman
+was not born the heir to the rank he
+obtained. He was but a distant relation to
+the head of the house which he afterwards
+represented. Brought up in an Italian university,
+he was distinguished for his learning
+and his eccentricities. There, too, I suppose,
+brooding over old wives' tales about freedom,
+and so forth, he contracted his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">carbonaro</span></span>,
+chimerical notions for the independence of
+Italy. Suddenly, by three deaths, he was
+elevated, while yet young, to a station and
+honors which might have satisfied any man
+in his senses. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Que diable!</span></span> what could the
+independence of Italy do for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">him</span></span>! He and
+I were cousins; we had played together as
+boys; but our lives had been separated till
+his succession to rank brought us necessarily
+together. We became exceedingly intimate.
+And you may judge how I loved him," said
+the Count, averting his eyes slightly from
+Randal's quiet, watchful gaze, "when I add,
+that I forgave him for enjoying a heritage
+that, but for him, had been mine."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah, you were next heir?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And it is a hard trial to be very near a
+great fortune, and yet just miss it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"True," cried Randal, almost impetuously.
+The Count now raised his eyes, and again
+the two men looked into each other's souls.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Harder still, perhaps," resumed the
+Count, after a short pause—"harder still
+might it have been to some men to forgive
+the rival as well as the heir."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Rival! How?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A lady, who had been destined by her
+parents to myself, though we had never, I
+own, been formally betrothed, became the
+wife of my kinsman."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Did he know of your pretensions?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I do him the justice to say he did not.
+He saw and fell in love with the young lady
+I speak of. Her parents were dazzled. Her
+father sent for me. He apologized—he explained;
+he set before me, mildly enough,
+certain youthful imprudences or errors of
+my own, as an excuse for his change of mind;
+and he asked me not only to resign all hope
+of his daughter, but to conceal from her new
+suitor that I had ever ventured to hope."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And you consented?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I consented."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That was generous. You must indeed
+have been much attached to your kinsman.
+As a lover I cannot comprehend it; perhaps,
+my dear Count, you may enable me to understand
+it better—as a man of the world."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well," said the Count, with his most
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">roué</span></span> air, "I suppose we <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">are</span></span> both men of the
+world?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Both!</span></span> certainly," replied Randal, just in
+the tone which Peachum might have used in
+courting the confidence of Lockit.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"As a man of the world, then, I own,"
+said the Count, playing with the rings on his
+fingers, "that if I could not marry the lady
+myself (and that seemed to me clear), it was
+very natural that I should wish to see her
+married to my wealthy kinsman."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Very natural; it might bring your wealthy
+kinsman and yourself still closer together."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"This is really a very clever fellow!"
+thought the Count, but he made no direct
+reply.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Enfin</span></span>, to cut short a long story, my
+cousin afterwards got entangled in attempts,
+the failure of which is historically known.
+His projects were detected—himself denounced.
+He fled, and the Emperor, in sequestrating
+his estates, was pleased, with
+rare and singular clemency, to permit me, as
+his nearest kinsman, to enjoy the revenues
+of half those estates during the royal pleasure;
+nor was the other half formally confiscated.
+It was no doubt his Majesty's desire
+not to extinguish a great Italian name; and
+if my cousin and his child died in exile, why,
+of that name, I, a loyal subject of Austria—I,
+Franzini, Count di Peschiera, would become
+the representative. Such, in a similar
+case, has been sometimes the Russian policy
+towards Polish insurgents."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I comprehend perfectly; and I can also
+conceive that you, in profiting so largely,
+though so justly, by the fall of your kinsman,
+may have been exposed to much unpopularity—even
+to painful suspicion."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Entre nous, mon cher</span></span>, I care not a stiver
+for popularity; and as to suspicion, who is
+he that can escape from the calumny of the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page245">[pg 245]</span><a name="Pg245" id="Pg245" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+envious? But, unquestionably, it would be
+most desirable to unite the divided members
+of our house; and this union I can now effect,
+by the consent of the Emperor to my
+marriage with my kinsman's daughter. You
+see, therefore, why I have so great an interest
+in this research?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By the marriage articles you could no
+doubt secure the retention of the half you
+hold; and if you survive your kinsman, you
+would enjoy the whole. A most desirable
+marriage; and, if made, I suppose that would
+suffice to obtain your cousin's amnesty and
+grace?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You say it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But even without such marriage, since
+the Emperor's clemency has been extended
+to so many of the proscribed, it is perhaps
+probable that your cousin might be restored?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It once seemed to me possible," said the
+Count, reluctantly; "but since I have been
+in England, I think not. The recent revolution
+in France, the democratic spirit rising in
+Europe, tend to throw back the cause of a
+proscribed rebel. England swarms with revolutionists;
+my cousin's residence in this
+country is in itself suspicious. The suspicion
+is increased by his strange seclusion. There
+are many Italians here who would aver that
+they had met with him, and that he was still
+engaged in revolutionary projects."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Aver—untruly."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ma foi</span></span>—it comes to the same thing; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">les
+absens ont toujours tort</span></span>. I speak to a man of
+the world. No; without some such guarantee
+for his faith, as his daughter's marriage with
+myself would give, his recall is improbable.
+By the heaven above us, it shall be <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">impossible</span></span>!"
+The Count rose as he said this—rose
+as if the mask of simulation had fairly fallen
+from the visage of crime—rose tall and towering,
+a very image of masculine power and
+strength, beside the slight bended form and
+sickly face of the intellectual schemer. Randal
+was startled; but, rising also, he said
+carelessly—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What if this guarantee can no longer be
+given?—what if, in despair of return, and in
+resignation to his altered fortunes, your cousin
+has already married his daughter to some
+English suitor?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah, that would indeed be, next to my
+own marriage with her, the most fortunate
+thing that could happen to myself."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"How? I don't understand!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why, if my cousin has so abjured his
+birthright, and forsworn his rank—if this
+heritage, which is so dangerous from its
+grandeur, pass, in case of his pardon, to some
+obscure Englishman—a foreigner—a native
+of a country that has no ties with ours—a
+country that is the very refuge of levellers
+and Carbonari—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">mort dema vie</span></span>—do you think
+that such would not annihilate all chance of
+my cousin's restoration, and be an excuse even
+to the eyes of Italy for formally conferring
+the sequestered estates on an Italian? No;
+unless, indeed, the girl were to marry an Englishman
+of such name and birth and connection
+as would in themselves be a guarantee,
+(and how in poverty is this likely?) I should
+go back to Vienna with a light heart, if I
+could say, 'My kinswoman is an Englishman's
+wife—shall her children be the heirs
+to a house so renowned for its lineage, and so
+formidable for its wealth?' <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Parbleu!</span></span> if my
+cousin were but an adventurer, or merely a
+professor, he had been pardoned long ago.
+The great enjoy the honor not to be pardoned
+easily."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal fell into deep but brief thought.
+The Count observed him, not face to face, but
+by the reflection of an opposite mirror. "This
+man knows something; this man is deliberating;
+this man can help me," thought the
+Count.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But Randal said nothing to confirm these
+hypotheses. Recovering from his abstraction,
+he expressed courteously his satisfaction at
+the Count's prospects, either way. "And
+since, after all," he added, "you mean so well
+to your cousin, it occurs to me that you might
+discover him by a very simple English process."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"How?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Advertise that, if he will come to some
+place appointed, he will hear of something to
+his advantage."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Count shook his head. "He would
+suspect me, and not come."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But he was intimate with you. He joined
+an insurrection;—you were more prudent.
+You did not injure him, though you may have
+benefited yourself. Why should he shun
+you?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The conspirators forgive none who do not
+conspire; besides, to speak frankly, he thought
+I injured him."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Could you not conciliate him through his
+wife—whom—you resigned to him?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"She is dead—died before he left the country."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, that is unlucky! Still I think an advertisement
+might do good. Allow me to reflect
+on that subject. Shall we now join Madame la Marquise?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On re-entering the drawing-room, the gentlemen
+found Beatrice in full dress, seated by
+the fire, and reading so intently that she did
+not remark them enter.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What so interests you, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ma sœur</span></span>?-the
+last novel by Balzac, no doubt?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Beatrice started, and, looking up, showed
+eyes that were full of tears. "Oh, no! no
+picture of miserable, vicious Parisian life.
+This is beautiful; there is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">soul</span></span> here."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal took up the book which the Marchesa
+laid down; it was the same that had
+charmed the circle at Hazeldean—charmed
+the innocent and fresh-hearted—charmed
+now the wearied and tempted votaress of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Hum," murmured Randal; "the Parson,
+was right. This is power—a sort of a power."</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page246">[pg 246]</span><a name="Pg246" id="Pg246" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"How I should like to know the author!
+Who can he be—can you guess?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Not I. Some old pedant in spectacles."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I think not—I am sure not. Here beats
+a heart I have ever sighed to find, and never
+found."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">naïve enfant</span></span>!" cried the Count;
+"<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">comme son imagination s'égare en rêves enchantés</span></span>.
+And to think that, while you talk
+like an Arcadian, you are dressed like a princess."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah, I forgot—the Austrian ambassador's.
+I shall not go to-night. This book unfits me
+for the artificial world."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Just as you will, my sister. I shall go. I
+dislike the man, and he me; but ceremonies
+before men!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You are going to the Austrian Embassy?"
+said Randal. "I too shall be there. We shall
+meet." And he took his leave.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I like your young friend prodigiously,"
+said the Count, yawning. "I am sure that
+he knows of the lost birds, and will stand to
+them like a pointer, if I can but make it his
+interest to do so. We shall see."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc87" id="toc87"></a>
+<a name="pdf88" id="pdf88"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER IV.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal arrived at the ambassador's before
+the Count, and contrived to mix with the
+young noblemen attached to the embassy,
+and to whom he was known. Standing among
+these was a young Austrian, on his travels,
+of very high birth, and with an air of noble
+grace that suited the ideal of the old German
+chivalry. Randal was presented to him, and,
+after some talk on general topics, observed,
+"By the way, Prince, there is now in London
+a countryman of yours, with whom you are
+doubtless familiarly acquainted—the Count di
+Peschiera."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He is no countryman of mine. He is an
+Italian. I know him but by sight and by
+name," said the Prince, stiffly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He is of very ancient birth, I believe."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Unquestionably. His ancestors were gentlemen."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And very rich."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Indeed! I have understood the contrary.
+He enjoys, it is true, a large revenue."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A young <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">attaché</span></span>, less discreet than the
+Prince, here observed, "Oh, Peschiera!—Poor
+fellow, he is too fond of play to be
+rich."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And there is some chance that the kinsman
+whose revenue he holds, may obtain his
+pardon, and re-enter into possession of his fortunes—so
+I hear, at least," said Randal, artfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I shall be glad if it be true," said the
+Prince with decision; "and I speak the common
+sentiment at Vienna. That kinsman had
+a noble spirit, and was, I believe, equally
+duped and betrayed. Pardon me, sir; but we
+Austrians are not so bad as we are painted.
+Have you ever met in England the kinsman
+you speak of?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Never, though he is supposed to reside
+here; and the Count tells me that he has a
+daughter."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Count—ha! I heard something of a
+scheme—a wager of that—that Count's—a
+daughter. Poor girl! I hope she will escape
+his pursuit; for, no doubt, he pursues her."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Possibly she may already have married
+an Englishman."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I trust not," said the Prince, seriously;
+"that might at present be a serious obstacle
+to her father's return."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You think so?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"There can be no doubt of it," interposed
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">attaché</span></span> with a grand and positive air;
+"unless, indeed, the Englishman were of a
+rank equal to her own."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here there was a slight, well-bred murmur
+and buzz at the doors; for the Count di Peschiera
+himself was announced; and as he
+entered, his presence was so striking, and his
+beauty so dazzling, that whatever there might
+be to the prejudice of his character, it seemed
+instantly effaced or forgotten in that irresistible
+admiration which it is the prerogative of
+personal attributes alone to create.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Prince, with a slight curve of his lip
+at the groups that collected round the Count,
+turned to Randal and said, "Can you tell me
+if a distinguished countryman of yours is in
+England—Lord L'Estrange?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No, Prince—he is not. You know him?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He is acquainted with the Count's kinsman;
+and perhaps from him you have learned
+to think so highly of that kinsman?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Prince bowed, and answered as he
+moved away, "When a man of high honor
+vouches for another, he commands the belief
+of all."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Certainly," soliloquized Randal, "I must
+not be precipitate. I was very nearly falling
+into a terrible trap. If I were to marry the
+girl, and only, by so doing, settle away her inheritance
+on Peschiera!—How hard it is to
+be sufficiently cautious in this world!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While thus meditating, a member of Parliament
+tapped him on the shoulder.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Melancholy, Leslie! I lay a wager I
+guess your thoughts."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Guess," answered Randal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You were thinking of the place you are
+so soon to lose."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Soon to lose!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why, if ministers go out, you could hardly
+keep it, I suppose."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This ominous and horrid member of Parliament,
+Squire Hazeldean's favorite county
+member, Sir John, was one of those legislators
+especially odious to officials—an independent
+"large-acred" member, who would
+no more take office himself than he would
+cut down the oaks in his park, and who had
+no bowels of human feeling for those who
+had opposite tastes and less magnificent means.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Hem!" said Randal, rather surlily. "In
+the first place, Sir John, ministers are not
+going out."</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page247">[pg 247]</span><a name="Pg247" id="Pg247" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh yes, they will go. You know I vote
+with them generally, and would willingly
+keep them in; but they are men of honor
+and spirit; and if they can't carry their
+measures, they must resign; otherwise, by
+Jove, I would turn round and vote them out
+myself!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have no doubt you would, Sir John;
+you are quite capable of it; that rests with
+you and your constituents. But even if
+ministers did go out, I am but a poor subaltern
+in a public office. I am no minister—why
+should I go out too?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why? Hang it, Leslie, you are laughing
+at me. A young fellow like you could never
+be mean enough to stay in, under the very
+men who drove out your friend Egerton!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is not usual for those in the public
+offices to retire with every change of Government."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Certainly not; but always those who are
+the relations of a retiring minister—always
+those who have been regarded as politicians,
+and who mean to enter Parliament, as of
+course you will do at the next election. But
+you know that as well as I do—you who are
+so decided a politician—the writer of that
+admirable pamphlet! I should not like to
+tell my friend Hazeldean, who has a sincere
+interest in you, that you ever doubted on a
+question of honor as plain as your A, B, C."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Indeed, Sir John," said Randal, recovering
+his suavity, while he inly breathed a dire
+anathema on his county member, "I am so
+new to these things, that what you say never
+struck me before. No doubt you must be
+right; at all events, I cannot have a better
+guide and adviser than Mr. Egerton himself."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No, certainly—perfect gentleman, Egerton!
+I wish we could make it up with him
+and Hazeldean."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Randal</span></span>, (sighing)—"Ah, I wish we could!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sir John.</span></span>—"And some chance of it now;
+for the time is coming when all true men of
+the old school must stick together."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Randal.</span></span>—"Wisely, and admirably said, my
+dear Sir John. But, pardon me, I must pay
+my respects to the ambassador."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal escaped, and, passing on, saw the
+ambassador himself in the next room, conferring
+in a corner with Audley Egerton. The
+ambassador seemed very grave—Egerton
+calm and impenetrable, as usual. Presently
+the Count passed by, and the ambassador
+bowed to him very stiffly. As Randal, some
+time later, was searching for his cloak below,
+Audley Egerton unexpectedly joined him.
+"Ah, Leslie," said the minister, with more
+kindness than usual, "if you don't think the
+night air too cold for you, let us walk home
+together. I have sent away the carriage."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This condescension in his patron was so
+singular that it quite startled Randal, and
+gave him a presentiment of some evil. When
+they were in the street, Egerton, after a
+pause, began—"My dear Mr. Leslie, it was
+my hope and belief that I had provided for
+you at least a competence; and that I might
+open to you, later, a career yet more brilliant.
+Hush! I don't doubt your gratitude; let me
+proceed. There is a possible chance, after
+certain decisions that the Government have
+come to, that we may be beaten in the House
+of Commons, and of course resign. I tell
+you this beforehand, for I wish you to have
+time to consider what, in that case, would be
+your best course. My power of serving you
+would then probably be over. It would, no
+doubt (seeing our close connection, and my
+views with regard to your future being so
+well known)—be expected that you should
+give up the place you hold, and follow my
+fortunes for good or ill. But as I have no
+personal enemies with the opposite party—and
+as I have sufficient position in the world
+to uphold and sanction your choice, whatever
+it may be, if you think it more prudent to
+retain your place, tell me so openly, and I
+think I can contrive that you may do it without
+loss of character and credit. In that
+case confine your ambition merely to rising
+gradually in your office, without mixing in
+politics. If, on the other hand, you should
+prefer to take your chance of my return to
+office, and so resign your own; and, furthermore,
+should commit yourself to a policy
+that may then be not only in opposition, but
+unpopular; I will do my best to introduce
+you into parliamentary life. I cannot say
+that I advise the latter."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal felt as a man feels after a severe
+fall—he was literally stunned. At length he
+faltered out—"Can you think, sir, that I
+should ever desert your fortunes—your party—your
+cause?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My dear Leslie," replied the minister,
+"you are too young to have committed yourself
+to any men or to any party, except, indeed,
+in that unlucky pamphlet. This must
+not be an affair of sentiment, but of sense
+and reflection. Let us say no more on the
+point now; but, by considering the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pros</span></span> and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">cons</span></span>, you can better judge what to do, should
+the time for option suddenly arrive."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But I hope that time may not come."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I hope so too, and most sincerely," said
+the minister, with deliberate and genuine
+emphasis.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"What could be so bad for the country?"
+ejaculated Randal. "It does not seem to
+me possible in the nature of things, that you
+and your party should ever go out."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And when we are once out, there will be
+plenty of wiseacres to say it is out of the
+nature of things that we should ever come
+in again. Here we are at the door."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc89" id="toc89"></a>
+<a name="pdf90" id="pdf90"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER V.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Randal passed a sleepless night; but, indeed,
+he was one of those persons who neither
+need, nor are accustomed to much sleep.
+However, towards morning, when dreams
+are said to be prophetic, he fell into a most
+delightful slumber—a slumber peopled by<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page248">[pg 248]</span><a name="Pg248" id="Pg248" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+visions fitted to lure on, through labyrinths of
+law, predestined chancellors, or wreck upon
+the rocks of glory the inebriate souls of youthful
+ensigns—dreams from which Rood Hall
+emerged crowned with the towers of Belvoir
+or Raby, and looking over subject lands and
+manors wrested from the nefarious usurpation
+of Thornhills and Hazeldeans—dreams in
+which Audley Egerton's gold and power—rooms
+in Downing Street, and saloons in
+Grosvenor Square—had passed away to the
+smiling dreamer, as the empire of Chaldæa
+passed to Darius the Median. Why visions
+so belying the gloomy and anxious thoughts
+that preceded them should visit the pillow of
+Randal Leslie, surpasses my philosophy to
+conjecture. He yielded, however, passively
+to their spell, and was startled to hear the
+clock strike eleven as he descended the stairs
+to breakfast. He was vexed at the lateness
+of the hour, for he had meant to have taken
+advantage of the unwonted softness of Egerton,
+and drawn therefrom some promises or
+proffers to cheer the prospects which the minister
+had so chillingly expanded before him
+the preceding night. And it was only at
+breakfast that he usually found the opportunity
+of private conference with his busy patron.
+But Audley Egerton would be sure to
+have sallied forth—and so he had—only Randal
+was surprised to hear that he had gone
+out in his carriage, instead of on foot, as was
+his habit. Randal soon despatched his solitary
+meal, and with a new and sudden affection
+for his office, thitherward bent his way.
+As he passed through Piccadilly, he heard
+behind a voice that had lately become familiar
+to him, and turning round, saw Baron
+Levy walking side by side, though not arm-in-arm,
+with a gentleman almost as smart as
+himself, but with a jauntier step and a brisker
+air—a step that, like Diomed's, as described
+by Shakspeare—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Rises on the toe—that spirit of his</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">In aspiration lifts him from the earth."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Indeed, one may judge of the spirits and disposition
+of a man by his ordinary gait and
+mien in walking. He who habitually pursues
+abstract thought, looks down on the ground.
+He who is accustomed to sudden impulses, or
+is trying to seize upon some necessary recollection,
+looks up with a kind of jerk. He
+who is a steady, cautious, merely practical
+man, walks on deliberately, his eyes straight
+before him; and even in his most musing
+moods observes things around sufficiently to
+avoid a porter's knot or a butcher's tray.—But
+the man with strong ganglions—of pushing
+lively temperament, who, though practical,
+is yet speculative—the man who is emulous
+and active, and ever trying to rise in
+life—sanguine, alert, bold—walks with a
+spring—looks rather above the heads of his
+fellow-passengers—but with a quick, easy
+turn of his own, which is lightly set on his
+shoulders; his mouth is a little open—his eye
+is bright, rather restless, but penetrative—his
+port has something of defiance—his form is
+erect, but without stiffness. Such was the
+appearance of the Baron's companion. And
+as Randal turned round at Levy's voice, the
+Baron said to his companion, "A young man
+in the first circles—you should book him for
+your fair lady's parties. How d'ye do, Mr.
+Leslie? Let me introduce you to Mr. Richard
+Avenel." Then, as he hooked his arm
+into Randal's, he whispered, "Man of first-rate
+talent—monstrously rich—has two or
+three parliamentary seats in his pocket—wife
+gives parties—her foible."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Proud to make your acquaintance, sir,"
+said Mr. Avenel, lifting his hat. "Fine day."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Rather cold, too," said Leslie, who, like
+all thin persons with weak digestion, was
+chilly by temperament; besides, he had
+enough on his mind to chill his body.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"So much the healthier,—braces the
+nerves," said Mr. Avenel; "but you young
+fellows relax the system by hot rooms and
+late hours. Fond of dancing, of course, sir?"
+Then, without waiting for Randal's negative,
+Mr. Richard continued rapidly, "Mrs. Avenel
+has a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">soirée dansante</span></span> on Thursday—shall
+be very happy to see you in Eaton Square.
+Stop, I have a card;" and he drew out a
+dozen large invitation cards, from which he
+selected one and presented it to Randal.—The
+Baron pressed that young gentleman's
+arm, and Randal replied courteously that it
+would give him great pleasure to be introduced
+to Mrs. Avenel. Then, as he was not
+desirous to be seen under the wing of Baron
+Levy, like a pigeon under that of a hawk, he
+gently extricated himself, and, pleading great
+haste, walked quickly on towards his office.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"That young man will make a figure some
+day," said the Baron. "I don't know any
+one of his age with so few prejudices. He is
+a connection by marriage to Audley Egerton,
+who"—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Audley Egerton!" exclaimed Mr. Avenel;
+"d
+ungrateful fellow?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why, what do you know of him?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"He owed his first seat in Parliament to
+the votes of two near relations of mine, and
+when I called upon him some time ago, in
+his office, he absolutely ordered me out of the
+room. Hang his impertinence; if ever I can
+pay him off, I guess I shan't fail for want of
+good will!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ordered you out of the room? That's
+not like Egerton, who is civil, if formal—at
+least, to most men. You must have offended
+him in his weak point."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A man whom the public pays so handsomely
+should have no weak point. What is
+Egerton's?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Oh, he values himself on being a thorough
+gentleman—a man of the nicest honor," said
+Levy with a sneer. "You must have ruffled
+his plumes there. How was it?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I forget now," answered Mr. Avenel,
+who was far too well versed in the London<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page249">[pg 249]</span><a name="Pg249" id="Pg249" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+scale of human dignities since his marriage,
+not to look back with a blush at his desire of
+knighthood. "No use bothering our heads
+now about the plumes of an arrogant popinjay.
+To return to the subject we were discussing.
+You must be sure to let me have
+this money next week."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Rely upon it."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And you'll not let my bills get into the
+market; keep them under lock and key."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"So we agreed."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is but a temporary difficulty—royal
+mourning, such nonsense—panic in trade,
+lest these precious ministers go out. I shall
+soon float over the troubled waters."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"By the help of a paper boat," said the
+Baron, laughing; and the two gentlemen
+shook hands and parted.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc91" id="toc91"></a>
+<a name="pdf92" id="pdf92"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VI.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Meanwhile Audley Egerton's carriage had
+deposited him at the door of Lord Lansmere's
+house, at Knightsbridge. He asked for the
+Countess, and was shown into the drawing-room,
+which was deserted. Egerton was
+paler than usual; and, as the door opened,
+he wiped the unwonted moisture from his
+forehead, and there was a quiver in his firm
+lip. The Countess, too, on entering, showed
+an emotion almost equally unusual to her
+self-control. She pressed Audley's hand in
+silence, and seating herself by his side, seemed
+to collect her thoughts. At length she
+said: "It is rarely indeed that we meet, Mr.
+Egerton, in spite of your intimacy with Lansmere
+and Harley. I go so little into your
+world, and you will not voluntarily come to
+me."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Madam," replied Egerton, "I might evade
+your kind reproach by stating that my hours
+are not at my disposal; but I answer you
+with plain truth—it must be painful to both
+of us to meet."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Countess colored and sighed, but did
+not dispute the assertion. Audley resumed.
+"And therefore, I presume, that on sending
+for me, you have something of moment to
+communicate."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It relates to Harley," said the Countess,
+as if in apology; "and I would take your advice."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"To Harley! speak on, I beseech you."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My son has probably told you that he
+has educated and reared a young girl, with
+the intention to make her Lady L'Estrange,
+and hereafter Countess of Lansmere."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Harley has no secrets from me," said
+Egerton, mournfully.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"This young lady has arrived in England—is
+here—in this house."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And Harley too?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No, she came over with Lady N
+her daughters. Harley was to follow shortly,
+and I expect him daily. Here is his letter.
+Observe, he has never yet communicated his
+intentions to this young person, now intrusted
+to my care—never spoken to her as the lover."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Egerton took the letter and read it rapidly,
+though with attention.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"True," said he, as he returned the letter:
+"and before he does so, he wishes you to see
+Miss Digby and to judge of her yourself—wishes
+to know if you will approve and sanction
+his choice."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is on this that I would consult you—a
+girl without rank;—the father, it is true, a
+gentleman, though almost equivocally one,—but
+the mother, I know not what. And
+Harley for whom I hoped an alliance with
+the first houses in England!" The Countess
+pressed her hands convulsively together.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egerton.</span></span>—"He is no more a boy. His talents
+have been wasted—his life a wanderer's.
+He presents to you a chance of re-settling his
+mind, of re-arousing his native powers, of a
+home besides your own. Lady Lansmere,
+you cannot hesitate!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lady Lansmere.</span></span>—"I do, I do! After all
+that I have hoped, after all that I did to prevent"—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Egerton</span></span> (interrupting her).—"You owe
+him now an atonement: that is in your power—it
+is not in mine."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Countess again pressed Audley's hand,
+and the tears gushed from her eyes. "It
+shall be so. I consent—I consent. I will silence,
+I will crush back this proud heart.
+Alas! it wellnigh broke his own! I am glad
+you speak thus. I like to think he owes my
+consent to you. In that there is atonement
+for both—both."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You are too generous, madam," said
+Egerton, evidently moved, though still, as
+ever, striving to repress emotion. "And
+may I see the young lady? This conference
+pains me; you see even my strong nerves
+quiver; and at this time I have much to go
+through—need of all my strength and firmness."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I hear, indeed, that the government will
+probably retire. But it is with honor: it will
+be soon called back by the voice of the nation."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Let me see the future wife of Harley
+L'Estrange," said Egerton, without heed of
+this consolatory exclamation.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Countess rose and left the room. In
+a few minutes she returned with Helen Digby.
+Helen was wondrously improved from
+the pale, delicate child, with the soft smile
+and intelligent eyes, who had sat by the side
+of Leonard in his garret. She was about the
+middle height, still slight but beautifully
+formed; that exquisite roundness of proportion,
+which conveys so well the idea of woman,
+in its undulating pliant grace—formed
+to embellish life, and soften away its rude
+angles—formed to embellish, not to protect.
+Her face might not have satisfied the critical
+eye of an artist—it was not without defects
+in regularity; but its expression was eminently
+gentle and prepossessing; and there
+were few who would not have exclaimed,
+"What a lovely countenance!" The mildness
+of her brow was touched with melancholy—her<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page250">[pg 250]</span><a name="Pg250" id="Pg250" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+childhood had left its traces on
+her youth. Her step was slow, and her manner
+shy, subdued, and timid. Audley gazed
+on her with earnestness as she approached
+him; and then coming forward, took her
+hand and kissed it. "I am your guardian's
+constant friend," said he; and he drew her
+gently to a seat beside him, in the recess of a
+window. With a quick glance of his eye towards
+the Countess, he seemed to imply the
+wish to converse with Helen somewhat apart.
+So the Countess interpreted the glance; and
+though she remained in the room, she seated
+herself at a distance, and bent over a book.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was touching to see how the austere
+man of business lent himself to draw forth
+the mind of this quiet, shrinking girl; and if
+you had listened, you would have comprehended
+how he came to possess such social
+influence, and how well, some time or other
+in the course of his life, he had learned to
+adapt himself to women. He spoke first of
+Harley L'Estrange—spoke with tact and delicacy.
+Helen at first answered by monosyllables,
+and then, by degrees, with grateful
+and open affection. Audley's brow grew
+shaded. He then spoke of Italy; and though
+no man had less of the poet in his nature,
+yet, with the dexterity of one long versed in
+the world, and who has been accustomed to
+extract evidences from characters most opposed
+to his own, he suggested such topics as
+might serve to arouse poetry in others. Helen's
+replies betrayed a cultivated taste, and a
+charming womanly mind; but they betrayed
+also one accustomed to take its colorings from
+another's—to appreciate, admire, revere the
+Lofty and the Beautiful, but humbly and
+meekly. There was no vivid enthusiasm, no
+remark of striking originality, no flash of the
+self-kindling, creative faculty. Lastly, Egerton
+turned to England—to the critical nature
+of the times—to the claims which the country
+possessed upon all who had the ability to
+serve and guide its troubled destinies. He
+enlarged warmly on Harley's natural talents,
+and rejoiced that he had returned to England,
+perhaps to commence some great career.
+Helen looked surprised, but her face
+caught no correspondent glow from Audley's
+eloquence. He rose, and an expression of
+disappointment passed over his grave, handsome
+features, and as quickly vanished.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Adieu! my dear Miss Digby; I fear I
+have wearied you, especially with my politics.
+Adieu, Lady Lansmere; no doubt I
+shall see Harley as soon as he returns."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then he hastened from the room, gained
+his carriage, and ordered the coachman to
+drive to Downing-street. He drew down the
+blinds, and leant back. A certain languor became
+visible in his face, and once or twice he
+mechanically put his hand to his heart.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"She is good, amiable, docile—will make
+an excellent wife, no doubt," said he, murmuringly.
+"But does she love Harley as he
+has dreamed of love? No! Has she the
+power and energy to arouse his faculties, and
+restore to the world the Harley of old? No!
+Meant by heaven to be the shadow of another's
+sun—not herself the sun—this child is
+not the one who can atone for the Past and
+illume the Future."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc93" id="toc93"></a>
+<a name="pdf94" id="pdf94"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">That evening Harley L'Estrange arrived at
+his father's house. The few years that had
+passed since we saw him last, had made no
+perceptible change in his appearance. He
+still preserved his elastic youthfulness of form,
+and singular variety and play of countenance.
+He seemed unaffectedly rejoiced to greet his
+parents, and had something of the gayety
+and the tenderness of a boy returned from
+school. His manner to Helen bespoke the
+chivalry that pervaded all the complexities
+and curves of his character. It was affectionate
+but respectful. Hers to him, subdued—but
+innocently sweet and gently cordial.
+Harley was the chief talker. The aspect of
+the times was so critical, that he could not
+avoid questions on politics; and, indeed, he
+showed an interest in them which he had never
+evinced before. Lord Lansmere was delighted.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why, Harley, you love your country, after
+all?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The moment she seems in danger—yes!"
+replied the Patrician; and the Sybarite seemed
+to rise into the Athenian.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then he asked with eagerness about his old
+friend Audley; and, his curiosity satisfied
+there, he inquired the last literary news. He
+had heard much of a book lately published.
+He named the one ascribed by Parson Dale
+to Professor Moss; none of his listeners had
+read it. Harley pished at this, and accused
+them all of indolence and stupidity in his own
+quaint, metaphorical style. Then he said—"And
+town gossip?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"We never hear it," said Lady Lansmere.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"There is a new plough much talked of at
+Boodle's," said Lord Lansmere.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"God speed it. But is there not a new
+man much talked of at White's?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I don't belong to White's."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Nevertheless, you may have heard of him—a
+foreigner, a Count di Peschiera."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Yes," said Lord Lansmere; "he was
+pointed out to me in the Park—a handsome
+man for a foreigner; wears his hair properly
+cut; looks gentlemanlike and English."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ah, ah! He is here then!" And Harley
+rubbed his hands.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Which road did you take? Did you pass
+the Simplon?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No; I came straight from Vienna."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Then, relating with lively vein his adventures
+by the way, he continued to delight
+Lord Lansmere by his gayety till the time
+came to retire to rest. As soon as Harley
+was in his own room, his mother joined him.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Well," said he, "I need not ask if you
+like Miss Digby? Who would not?"</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page251">[pg 251]</span><a name="Pg251" id="Pg251" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Harley, my own son," said the mother,
+bursting into tears, "be happy your own way;
+only be happy; that is all I ask."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Harley, much affected, replied gratefully
+and soothingly to this fond injunction. And
+then gradually leading his mother on to converse
+of Helen, asked abruptly—"And of the
+chance of our happiness—her happiness
+well as mine—what is your opinion? Speak
+frankly."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">her</span></span> happiness, there can be no doubt,"
+replied the mother proudly. "Of yours, how
+can you ask me? Have you not decided on
+that yourself?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"But still it cheers and encourages one in
+any experiment, however well considered, to
+hear the approval of another. Helen has certainly
+a most gentle temper."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I should conjecture so. But her mind—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Is very well stored."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"She speaks so little—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Yes. I wonder why? She's surely a
+woman!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Pshaw," said the Countess, smiling in
+spite of herself. "But tell me more of the
+process of your experiment. You took her
+as a child, and resolved to train her according
+to your own ideal. Was that easy?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It seemed so. I desired to instil habits
+of truth—she was already by nature truthful
+as the day; a taste for nature and all things
+natural—that seemed inborn: perceptions of
+Art as the interpreter of Nature—those were
+more difficult to teach. I think they may
+come. You have heard her play and sing?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"She will surprise you. She has less talent
+for drawing; still, all that teaching could do
+has been done—in a word, she is accomplished.
+Temper, heart, mind—these are all excellent."
+Harley stopped, and suppressed a
+sigh. "Certainly, I ought to be very happy,"
+said he; and he began to wind up his watch.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Of course she must love you?" said the
+Countess, after a pause. "How could she
+fail?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Love me! My dear mother, that is the
+very question I shall have to ask."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Ask! Love is discovered by a glance;
+it has no need of asking."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I have never discovered it, then, I assure
+you. The fact is, that before her childhood
+was passed, I removed her, as you may suppose,
+from my roof. She resided with an
+Italian family, near my usual abode. I visited
+her often, directed her studies, watched
+her improvement—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"And fell in love with her?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Fall is such a very violent word. No;
+I don't remember to have had a fall. It was
+all a smooth inclined plane from the first step,
+until at last I said to myself, 'Harley L'Estrange,
+thy time has come. The bud has blossomed
+into flower. Take it to thy breast.'
+And myself replied to myself meekly, 'So be
+it.' Then I found that Lady N
+daughters, was coming to England. I asked
+her Ladyship to take my ward to your house.
+I wrote to you, and prayed your assent; and,
+that granted, I knew you would obtain my
+father's. I am here—you give me the approval
+I sought for. I will speak to Helen
+to-morrow. Perhaps, after all, she may reject
+me."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Strange, strange—you speak thus coldly,
+thus lightly; you so capable of ardent love!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Mother," said Harley, earnestly, "be satisfied!
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">I</span></span> am! Love, as of old, I feel, alas!
+too well, can visit me never more. But gentle
+companionship, tender friendship, the relief
+and the sunlight of woman's smile—hereafter
+the voices of children—music that, striking
+on the hearts of both parents, wakens the
+most lasting and the purest of all sympathies:
+these are my hope. Is the hope so mean, my
+fond mother?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Again the Countess wept, and her tears
+were not dried when she left the room.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+<a name="toc95" id="toc95"></a>
+<a name="pdf96" id="pdf96"></a>
+<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">CHAPTER VIII.</span></h2>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Oh! Helen, fair Helen—type of the quiet,
+serene, unnoticed, deep-felt excellence of
+woman! Woman, less as the ideal that a
+poet conjures from the air, than as the companion
+of a poet on the earth! Woman who,
+with her clear sunny vision of things actual,
+and the exquisite fibre of her delicate sense,
+supplies the deficiencies of him whose foot
+stumbles on the soil, because his eye is too
+intent upon the stars! Woman, the provident,
+the comforting angel—whose pinions
+are folded round the heart, guarding there a
+divine spring unmarred by the winter of the
+world! Helen, soft Helen, is it indeed in
+thee that the wild and brilliant "lord of
+wantonness and ease" is to find the regeneration
+of his life—the rebaptism of his soul?
+Of what avail thy meek prudent household
+virtues to one whom Fortune screens from
+rough trial?—whose sorrows lie remote from
+thy ken?—whose spirit, erratic and perturbed,
+now rising, now falling, needs a vision
+more subtle than thine to pursue, and a
+strength that can sustain the reason, when it
+droops, on the wings of enthusiasm and passion?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And thou thyself, O nature, shrinking and
+humble, that needest to be courted forth
+from the shelter, and developed under the
+calm and genial atmosphere of holy, happy
+love—can such affection as Harley L'Estrange
+may proffer suffice to thee? Will not the
+blossoms, yet folded in the petal, wither
+away beneath the shade that may protect
+them from the storm, and yet shut them from
+the sun? Thou who, where thou givest love,
+seekest, though meekly, for love in return;
+—to be the soul's sweet necessity, the life's
+household partner to him who receives all
+thy faith and devotion—canst thou influence
+the sources of joy and of sorrow in the
+heart that does not heave at thy name?
+Hast thou the charm and the force of the
+moon, that the tides of that wayward sea<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page252">[pg 252]</span><a name="Pg252" id="Pg252" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+shall ebb and flow at thy will? Yet who
+shall say—who conjecture how near two
+hearts may become, when no guilt lies between
+them, and time brings the ties all its
+own? Rarest of all things on earth is the
+union in which both, by their contrasts, make
+harmonious their blending; each supplying
+the defects of the helpmate, and completing,
+by fusion, one strong human soul! Happiness
+enough, where even Peace does but seldom
+preside, when each can bring to the
+altar, if not, the flame, still the incense.
+Where man's thoughts are all noble and
+generous, woman's feelings all gentle and
+pure, love may follow, if it does not precede;—and
+if not,—if the roses be missed from
+the garland, one may sigh for the rose, but
+one is safe from the thorn.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The morning was mild, yet somewhat
+overcast by tho mists which announce coming
+winter in London, and Helen walked musingly
+beneath the trees that surrounded the garden
+of Lord Lansmere's house. Many leaves
+were yet left on the boughs; but they were
+sere and withered. And the birds chirped
+at times; but their note was mournful and
+complaining. All within this house, until
+Harley's arrival, had been strange and saddening
+to Helen's timid and subdued spirits.
+Lady Lansmere had received her kindly, but
+with a certain restraint; and the loftiness of
+manner, common to the Countess with all but
+Harley, had awed and chilled the diffident
+orphan. Lady Lansmere's very interest in
+Harley's choice—her attempts to draw Helen
+out of her reserve—her watchful eyes whenever
+Helen shyly spoke, or shyly moved,
+frightened the poor child, and made her unjust
+to herself.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The very servants, though staid, grave,
+and respectful, as suited a dignified, old-fashioned
+household, painfully contrasted the
+bright welcoming smiles and free talk of Italian
+domestics. Her recollections of the
+happy warm Continental manner, which so
+sets the bashful at their ease, made the stately
+and cold precision of all around her doubly
+awful and dispiriting. Lord Lansmere himself,
+who did not as yet know the views of
+Harley, and little dreamed that he was to anticipate
+a daughter-in-law in the ward whom
+he understood Harley, in a freak of generous
+romance had adopted, was familiar and courteous,
+as became a host. But he looked upon
+Helen as a mere child, and naturally left her
+to the Countess. The dim sense of her equivocal
+position—of her comparative humbleness
+of birth and fortunes, oppressed and
+pained her; and even her gratitude to Harley
+was made burthensome by a sentiment of
+helplessness. The grateful long to requite.
+And what could she ever do for him?</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus musing, she wandered alone through
+the curving walks; and this sort of mock
+country landscape—London loud, and even
+visible, beyond the high gloomy walls, and
+no escape from the windows of the square
+formal house—seemed a type of the prison
+bounds of Rank to one whose soul yearns
+for simple loving Nature.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Helen's reverie was interrupted by Nero's
+joyous bark. He had caught sight of her,
+and came bounding up, and thrust his large
+head into her hand. As she stooped to
+caress the dog, happy at his honest greeting,
+and tears that had been long gathering to
+the lids fell silently on his face, (for I know
+nothing that more moves us to tears than
+the hearty kindness of a dog, when something
+in human beings has pained or chilled
+us,) she heard behind the musical voice of
+Harley. Hastily she dried or repressed her
+tears, as her guardian came up, and drew her
+arm within his own.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I had so little of your conversation last
+evening, my dear ward, that I may well monopolize
+you now, even to the privation of
+Nero. And so you are once more in your
+native land?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Helen sighed softly.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"May I not hope that you return under
+fairer auspices than those which your childhood
+knew?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Helen turned her eyes with ingenuous
+thankfulness to her guardian, and the memory
+of all she owed to him rushed upon
+her heart. Harley renewed, and with earnest
+though melancholy sweetness—"Helen,
+your eyes thank me; but hear me before
+your words do. I deserve no thanks. I am
+about to make to you a strange confession of
+egotism and selfishness."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You!—oh, impossible!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Judge yourself, and then decide which of
+us shall have cause to be grateful. Helen,
+when I was scarcely your age—a boy in
+years, but more, methinks, a man at heart,
+with man's strong energies and sublime aspirings,
+than I have ever since been—I loved,
+and deeply—" He paused a moment in evident
+struggle. Helen listened in mute surprise,
+but his emotion awakened her own;
+her tender woman's heart yearned to console.
+Unconsciously her arm rested on his
+less lightly. "Deeply, and for sorrow. It is
+a long tale, that may be told hereafter. The
+worldly would call my love a madness. I
+did not reason on it then—I cannot reason
+on it now. Enough; death smote suddenly,
+terribly, and to me mysteriously, her whom
+I loved. The love lived on. Fortunately,
+perhaps, for me, I had quick distraction, not
+to grief, but to its inert indulgence. I was a
+soldier; I joined our armies. Men called me
+brave. Flattery! I was a coward before
+the thought of life. I sought death: like
+sleep, it does not come at our call. Peace ensued.
+As when the winds fall the sails droop—so
+when excitement ceased, all seemed to
+me flat and objectless. Heavy, heavy was
+my heart. Perhaps grief had been less obstinate,
+but that I feared I had cause for
+self-reproach. Since then I have been a
+wanderer—a self-made exile. My boyhood<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page253">[pg 253]</span><a name="Pg253" id="Pg253" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+had been ambitious—all ambition ceased.
+Flames, when they reach the core of the
+heart, spread, and leave all in ashes. Let
+me be brief: I did not mean thus weakly to
+complain—I to whom heaven has given so
+many blessings! I felt, as it were, separated
+from the common objects and joys of men.
+I grew startled to see how, year by year,
+wayward humors possessed me. I resolved
+again to attach myself to some living heart—it
+was my sole chance to rekindle my own.
+But the one I had loved remained as my type
+of woman, and she was different from all I
+saw. Therefore I said to myself, 'I will rear
+from childhood some young fresh life, to
+grow up into my ideal.' As this thought began
+to haunt me, I chanced to discover you.
+Struck with the romance of your early life,
+touched by your courage, charmed by your
+affectionate nature, I said to myself, 'Here is
+what I seek.' Helen, in assuming the guardianship
+of your life, in all the culture which
+I have sought to bestow on your docile childhood,
+I repeat, that I have been but the egotist.
+And now, when you have reached that
+age, when it becomes me to speak, and you
+to listen—now, when you are under the sacred
+roof of my own mother—now I ask you,
+can you accept this heart, such as wasted
+years, and griefs too fondly nursed, have left
+it? Can you be, at least, my comforter?
+Can you aid me to regard life as a duty, and
+recover those aspirations which once soared
+from the paltry and miserable confines of our
+frivolous daily being? Helen, here I ask you,
+can you be all this, and under the name of—Wife?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would be in vain to describe the rapid,
+varying, indefinable emotions that passed
+through the inexperienced heart of the youthful
+listener as Harley thus spoke. He so
+moved all the springs of amaze, compassion,
+tender respect, sympathy, childlike gratitude,
+that when he paused and gently took
+her hand, she remained bewildered, speechless,
+overpowered. Harley smiled as he gazed
+upon her blushing, downcast, expressive face.
+He conjectured at once that the idea of such
+proposals had never crossed her mind; that
+she had never contemplated him in the character
+of a wooer; never even sounded her
+heart as to the nature of such feelings as his
+image had aroused.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My Helen," he resumed, with a calm pathos
+of voice, "there is some disparity of years
+between us, and perhaps I may not hope
+henceforth for that love which youth gives
+to the young. Permit me simply to ask, what
+you will frankly answer—Can you have seen
+in our quiet life abroad, or under the roof of our
+Italian friends, any one you prefer to me?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"No, indeed, no!" murmured Helen. "How
+could I!—who is like you?" Then, with a
+sudden effort—for her innate truthfulness
+took alarm, and her very affection for Harley,
+childlike and reverent, made her tremble lest
+she should deceive him—she drew a little
+aside, and spoke thus: "Oh, my dear guardian,
+noblest of all human beings, at least in
+my eyes, forgive, forgive me if I seem ungrateful,
+hesitating; but I cannot, cannot
+think of myself as worthy of you. I never so
+lifted my eyes. Your rank, your position—"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Why should they be eternally my curse?
+Forget them and go on."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"It is not only they," said Helen, almost
+sobbing, "though they are much; but I your
+type, your ideal!—I!—impossible! Oh, how
+can I ever be any thing even of use, of aid, of
+comfort to one like you!"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"You can, Helen—you can," cried Harley,
+charmed by such ingenuous modesty. "May
+I not keep this hand?"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">And Helen left her hand in Harley's, and
+turned away her face, fairly weeping. A
+stately step passed under the wintry trees.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"My mother," said Harley L'Estrange, looking
+up, "I present to you my future wife."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="page" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc97" id="toc97"></a>
+<a name="pdf98" id="pdf98"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.</span><a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., LL. D.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the great defender of the Constitution
+delivered the oration at Bunker
+Hill, he pointed to the just completed monument
+and exclaimed, "There stands the Orator
+of the Day." In humble imitation of
+that significant act, I also, in attempting to
+illustrate the interests and the meaning of
+this occasion, would point you, gentlemen, to
+the fact of your presence here to-night—to
+the union at one banquet of printers, editors,
+publishers, authors, and professional men—as
+the best evidence of the importance and
+attractiveness of the occasion. The art of
+printing, among other inestimable blessings,
+has fused together the most productive elements
+of society; it has established a vital
+relation between intellect and mechanics, between
+labor and thought. I see before me in
+this assembly those who have achieved enduring
+literary fame, and those who are the
+present guides of public opinion. I see them
+side by side with the men who have just put
+their thoughts and sentiments into a bodily
+form and disseminated them on the wings of
+the press. The association is not only appropriate,
+but it is honorable to his memory who
+united in his life the humblest manual toil and
+the loftiest flights of genius; who both set up
+types and drew the lightning from heaven,
+and combined in his own person the practical
+printer and the scientific philosopher.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By your courtesy, gentlemen, I have been
+invited to say a few words appropriate to the
+New York-Typographical Society. It is with
+unfeigned reluctance that I assume the task.
+In this presence I behold so many better
+qualified for the undertaking than myself,
+that I am apprehensive I shall be able neither<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page254">[pg 254]</span><a name="Pg254" id="Pg254" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+to do justice to my theme nor satisfy the expectations
+which you in your clemency have
+anticipated. True it is, that in my early life
+I was connected with your fraternity by more
+immediate ties than at present exist. Circumstances
+have modified my career, but I
+should prove recreant to the best feelings of
+my heart, turn ingrate to the pleasantest
+associations of memory, and forget the most
+efficient causes which have favored my journey
+thus far to mellow years, were I unmindful
+of the gratifications I enjoyed while a
+fellow laborer in your noble pursuits. The
+press is the representative of the intellectual
+man on earth; it is the expositor of his cogitative
+powers; the promulgator of his most
+recondite labors; the strong arm of his support
+in the defence and maintenance of his
+inherent rights as a member of the social
+compact; the vindicator of his claims to the
+exalted station of one stamped in the express
+image of God; it is the charter of freedom
+to ameliorated man in the glorious strife of
+social organization, in the pursuits of life, liberty,
+and happiness. Hence I have ever
+cherished the deepest regard for those who
+have appropriated their time and talents to
+this vast engine of civilization. I have ever
+looked upon the vocation as holding the integrity
+of our highest privileges on earth; freedom
+of inquiry, freedom of utterance, and
+the vast behests of civil communion, with the
+kindred of every nation, and the tongues of
+every speech.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When I was a boy of ten years of age, I
+became acquainted with the biography of
+Franklin. I had purchased at auction a Glasgow
+edition of his Life and Essays. I had
+read <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Robinson Crusoe</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">George Barnwell</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+House That Jack Built</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Æsop's Fables</span></span>, the
+duodecimo edition of Morse's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geography</span></span>, and
+other common publications of the times. No
+work that I have perused, from that juvenile
+period of my existence up to the present day,
+has ever yielded the peculiar gratification
+which Franklin's memoirs gave me, and my
+admiration and reverence for our illustrious
+sage have through all subsequent inquiry into
+his actions and services, increased in intensity,
+in proportion as I have contemplated his wondrous
+character and his unparalleled achievements.
+I think I owe something to my
+mother for this happy appreciation of our
+Franklin. She was by birth a Philadelphian,
+and for years, during her residence in Arch
+street, was favored with opportunities of
+again and again beholding Dr. Franklin pass
+her door, in company with Dr. Rush and
+Thomas Paine. "There," the children of
+the neighborhood would cry out, "goes Poor
+Richard, Common Sense, and the Doctor."
+It is recorded that Franklin furnished many
+thoughts in the famous pamphlet of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Common
+Sense</span></span>, while Paine wrote it, and Rush gave
+the title. There is something in the hereditary
+transmission of the moral and of the
+physical qualities; yet I have thought that
+the benevolent schemes of Rush, the intrepid
+patriotism of Paine, and the honest maxims
+of Franklin—the topics of daily converse in
+that day—had some influence in strengthening
+the principles which my mother inculcated
+in her children.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You have told me, gentlemen, that you
+would be gratified with some reminiscences
+touching New-York—social, literary, personal—of
+men and books—all having a bearing,
+more or less immediate, either on the progress
+of human development, or the character
+of our metropolitan city. I know not
+how to satisfy either you or myself. To do
+justice to the subject would require a different
+opportunity from the one here enjoyed,
+and leisure such as I cannot now command.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The locality upon which we are assembled
+to-night has its associations. We meet this
+evening on the memorable spot in our city's
+early topography denominated the Bayard
+Farm—a property once in the possession of
+the affluent Bayards, of him who was companion
+in his strife with Governor Leisler,
+and whose death for high treason was the
+issue of that protracted contest. That he
+fell a martyr to freedom, our friend Charles
+F. Hoffman has ably demonstrated. Within
+a few doors of this place, on Broadway, very
+many years after, but within my recollection,
+lived that arch negotiator in public counsels,
+Talleyrand, the famous ambassador of France
+to the United States. He published a small
+tractate on America, once much read, and it
+was he who affirmed that the greatest sight
+he had ever beheld in this country, was the
+illustrious Hamilton, with his pile of books
+under his arms, proceeding to the court-room
+in the old City Hall, in order to obtain a
+livelihood, by expounding the law, and vindicating
+the rights of his clients.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Here too is the spot where, some short
+while after, the antics of the Osage tribe of
+Indians were displayed for the admiration of
+the belles and beaux of New-York, and on
+that occasion my old colleague, Dr. Mitchill,
+gave translations into English of their songs
+and war-whoop sounds, for the increased
+gratification of the literary public of that day,
+when Indian literature stood not so high as
+in these times of Congressional appropriation,
+and of Henry Schoolcraft, the faithful and
+patriotic expositor of the red-man's excellences.
+I think I am safe in saying, also, that
+near these grounds occurred the execution of
+Young, a play-actor, convicted of murder—a
+remarkable event in New-York annals, owing
+to peculiar circumstances which marked his
+imprisonment in our old jail, now converted
+into the Hall of Records. There were, about
+the period to which I now refer, other occurrences
+of singular influence in those days.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Crowther and Levi Weeks were both confined
+in this debased prison because of high
+crimes, and many were incarcerated for debt.
+There was, nevertheless, an atmosphere of
+some intellect immolated within its cells; and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page255">[pg 255]</span><a name="Pg255" id="Pg255" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+for the first, and I believe the only time in
+this country, a newspaper was issued for some
+months' duration from its walls, entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The
+Prisoner of Hope</span></span>. The Wilberforce impulse
+of that crisis had much to do with the movement;
+and no abolition paper of even later
+dates plead more earnestly in behalf of enslaved
+humanity, by graphic illustrations and
+literary talent, than did <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Prisoner of Hope</span></span>.
+At that day, many newspapers had their specific
+motto, and that of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Prisoner of Hope</span></span>
+was in these words:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Soft, smiling Hope—thou anchor of the mind;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The only comfort that the wretched find;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">All look to thee when sorrow wrings the heart,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To heal, by future prospect, present smart.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Naturalists tell us that this eligible site was
+once characterized by the graceful foliage of
+the pride of the American forests, the lofty
+plane-tree, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">platanus occidentalis</span></span>. It must
+further increase our interest in the spot, to
+be assured that through its shades strolled
+our Franklin, in company with that lover of
+rural scenery, the botanist Kalm—an occurrence
+not unlike the interesting one of the excursions
+of Linnæus with Hans Sloane, in the
+Royal Gardens, near London. Here, too, the
+wild pigeon was taken in great abundance;
+while in the Common (now Park) those primitive
+inhabitants of the city, the Beekman
+family, with the old doctor at their head, shot
+deer and other game in their field sports.
+But enough at present of the locality where
+this anniversary is held.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of the American periodical
+press, if given with any thing like fidelity and
+minuteness, would occupy several hours; it
+is a noble specimen of our triumphs as a free
+people, and of our determination so to remain;
+it has demonstrated the progress of knowledge,
+and the intrepidity of New-Yorkers, as
+much as any one series of facts or occurrences
+we could summon for illustration. Everybody
+within this hall is aware that William
+Bradford was the first in time of the newspaper
+publishers of New-York. His gazette
+made its earliest appearance in October, 1725,
+four years after James, the brother of Benjamin
+Franklin, began the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New England Courant</span></span>—this
+being seventeen years after the
+commencement of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Boston News Letter</span></span>,
+the first regular newspaper commenced in
+North America. I advert to this circumstance
+because we possess the completed file
+of that earliest of the journals of our land
+now in existence. The copy in the library
+of the Massachusetts Historical Society was
+presented that institution by the famous antiquary,
+Dr. Eliot; that in our own Historical
+Society is the file which was preserved by Professor
+McKean, of Harvard University, who
+bequeathed it to the Rev. T. Alden, from
+whom I purchased it and deposited it where
+it now remains.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Franklin's representations, Bradford
+was a sorry individual, of low cunning, and
+sinister; yet I must not deal harshly with
+him. His, I believe, was the first printing
+press set up in New-York: he published the
+laws, and other state papers, and he was the
+grandfather of Bradford, afterwards Attorney-General
+of the United States; and as
+from his loins proceeded Thomas Bradford,
+the adventurous and patriotic publisher of
+Rees's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cyclopædia</span></span>—the most enterprising of
+the craft, and our greatest patron of engravers—I
+desire to hold him in grateful memory.
+Our second newspaper was the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York
+Weekly Journal</span></span>, commenced about three
+years after Bradford's. John Peter Zenger,
+its proprietor, was a German by birth, a palatine,
+and something of a scholar; a man
+of enlarged liberality, patriotic, and an advocate
+of popular rights. He attacked the
+measures of the provincial Governor and
+Council, was subjected to a prosecution by
+the officers of the crown, and was brought to
+trial in 1735, when Andrew Hamilton, the Recorder
+of Philadelphia, came to this city and
+successfully defended him. I have before
+stated that the late illustrious Governor
+Morris considered the decision of that case in
+behalf of the press as the dawn of that liberty
+which subsequently revolutionized America.
+To the ladies now present, the lovers of sweet
+sounds, it may not be uninteresting to know
+that the first piano forte (harpsichord) imported
+into America, arrived in this city for the
+musical gratification of the family of the noble
+Zenger.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But I can say at this time little concerning
+newspapers. Our worthy associate in good
+works, Edwin Williams, has lately issued a
+memoir of much value on the subject, to which
+I must refer you. I regret that his catalogue
+of early journals is somewhat defective. As
+he justly observes, our Historical Society is
+wonderfully rich in these interesting documents.
+Our most precious treasures in that
+way are, unquestionably, the Rivington <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Royal
+Gazette</span></span>, the old <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York Daily Advertiser</span></span>,
+containing debates on the State Constitution,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Citizen and Republican Watch
+Tower</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York Evening Post</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commercial Advertiser</span></span>, through a long series,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York American</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Independent Reflector</span></span>,
+containing the patriotic Essays on Toleration,
+by William Livingston, of New Jersey,
+and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Time-Piece of New-York</span></span>, replete with
+invective against the Washington Administration—whose
+editor, Philip Freneau, verbally
+assured me that its most vituperative features
+were from suggestions of Jefferson, during the
+crisis in our public affairs provoked by Citizen
+Genet. But I must hasten to other topics.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the most conspicuous editors and
+publishers of gazettes whom I have personally
+known was Noah Webster, now so famous for
+his Dictionary. At the time I knew him, some
+forty years ago, he was in person somewhat
+above the ordinary height, slender, with gray
+eyes, and a keen aspect; remarkable for neatness
+in dress, and characterized by an erect
+walk, a broad hat, and a long cue, much after<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page256">[pg 256]</span><a name="Pg256" id="Pg256" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+the manner of Albert Gallatin, as depicted in
+the engraving in Callender's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prospect Before
+Us</span></span>. If with philologists he is deemed a man
+of merit, it may with equal justice be said that
+he is to be recognized by medical men as an
+author of importance, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Pestilence</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Next I may note William Coleman, usually
+called in earlier days, by his antagonist Cheetham,
+Field-Marshal Coleman. Mr. Bryant,
+the able editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Post</span></span>, in his biography
+of the first fifty years of that prominent gazette,
+has well described him. He was a sensitive
+man, of great tenacity of opinion, which
+he cherished by intercourse with many of the
+leading patriots and politicians who were
+among us some thirty years ago. He almost
+leaned on the arm of the inflexible Timothy
+Pickering, and had, in his younger days, held
+communion with Hamilton, John Wells and
+Rufus King. I shall never forget how the death
+of the immortal Hamilton subdued his feeling.
+When Gouverneur Morris delivered his
+felicitous eulogy from the portals of old Trinity
+Church, over the dead body of the noble
+martyr, with grief in every countenance, and
+anguish in every heart, Coleman's acuteness
+of feeling paralyzed every movement of his
+frame, and drowned every faculty of his mind.
+While on this topic, the decease of Hamilton,
+I may state an anecdote, the import of which
+can be readily understood. It was not long
+prior to the time of his death that the new
+and authentic edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Federalist</span></span> was
+published by George F. Hopkins. Hopkins
+told me of the delicacy with which Hamilton
+listened to his proposition to print a new edition
+of these papers. "They are demanded
+by the spirit of the times and the desire of
+the people," said Hopkins. "Do you really
+think, Mr. Hopkins, that those fugitive essays
+will be read, if reprinted?" asked Hamilton;
+"well, give me a few days to consider," said
+he. "Will this not be a good opportunity,
+Gen. Hamilton," rejoined Hopkins, "to revise
+them, and, if so, to make, perhaps, alterations,
+if necessary, in some parts?" "No, sir, if
+reprinted, they must stand exactly as at first,
+not a word of alteration. A comma may be
+inserted or left out, but the work must undergo
+no change whatever."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A few days had elapsed when, on the next
+interview, General Hamilton agreed to the reprint,
+with the express condition that he himself
+must inspect the revised proofs. Not a
+word was ever altered. "You think something
+of the papers?" says Hamilton to the
+printer. "Mr. Hopkins, let them be issued.
+Heretofore, sir, I have given the people common
+milk; hereafter, shortly, sir, I shall give
+them strong meat." What the Union lost by
+that fatal duel, the Deity only knows.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Coleman was a writer of grammatical excellence,
+though occasionally sadly at fault in
+force of diction. Under the influence of some
+perverse conceits, he would labor for months
+to establish a theoretical doctrine, or to elucidate
+a useless proposition. It was hardly
+in the power of mortals ever to alter his opinions
+when once formed. That yellow fever
+was as contagious as small-pox; that skull-cap
+(the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">scutellaria</span></span>) was a specific for hydrophobia;
+that Napoleon wanted the requisites of
+a military chieftain, were among the crotchets
+of his brain. The everlasting tractates
+which he put forth on these and other subjects,
+would in the present day of editorial
+prowess scarcely be tolerated in a chronicle
+depending on public patronage. Coleman had
+read extensively on medical topics, and was
+the principal writer of that able and elaborate
+Criticism of Miller's Report on the Yellow
+Fever in New-York, addressed to Governor
+Lewis, and printed in the second volume
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Medical and Philosophical
+Register</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Coleman would underrate the best public
+services, if rendered by a political opponent.
+Chancellor Livingston found no quarters
+with him for his instrumentality in the
+Louisiana purchase. He would ride a hobby
+to death. During the many years in which I
+read the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Post</span></span>, I can summon to recollection
+no contributions on any subject, made to that
+paper, that ever awakened one half the attention
+which was enlisted by the felicitous
+productions of our poet Halleck, and the lamented
+Dr. Drake, under the names of Croaker,
+and Croaker &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For numerous years I have well known
+Charles Holt, once editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bee</span></span>, during
+John Adams's administration, and afterwards
+of the New-York <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Columbian</span></span>, during
+Dewitt Clinton's gubernatorial career. I am
+unable to tell you whether he is still among
+the living. I would estimate his age, if so,
+as approaching ninety years. He was a lump
+of benevolence, and a strenuous advocate of
+the great internal improvement policy of
+New-York. He comes forcibly to my mind
+this evening, because in 1798 he wrote a history
+of the yellow fever in New London, and
+every now and then I find him quoted in
+medical books as Dr. Holt, just as his predecessor,
+who wrote on the yellow fever in Philadelphia,
+of 1793, stands in bold relief as Dr.
+Matthew Carey.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nathaniel Carter is vividly impressed on
+my recollection; he had very considerable
+literary taste; was many years editor of the
+New-York <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Statesman</span></span>; and after his visit to
+Europe, published his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters</span></span> on his tour, in
+two large volumes. His merit was only equalled
+by his modesty. He was strongly devoted
+to Dewitt Clinton and the Erie Canal; with
+becoming tenacity he cherished much regard
+for his eastern brethren, and was the first I
+think who introduced his personal friend, our
+constitutional expositor, Daniel Webster, to
+the Bread and Cheese Lunch, founded by J.
+Fenimore Cooper, at which sometimes met, in
+familiar discussions, such minds as those of
+Chief Justice Jones, Peter A. Jay, Henry
+Storrs, Professor Renwick, John Anthon,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page257">[pg 257]</span><a name="Pg257" id="Pg257" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+Charles King, John Duer, and others of like
+intellectual calibre. Carter was of a feeble
+frame, struggling with pulmonary annoyance,
+from which he died early. He was little initiated
+in the trickery of political controversy.
+His heart was filled with the kindliest feelings
+of which nature is susceptible.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">My acquaintance with the late Colonel
+Stone, so long connected with the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commercial
+Advertiser</span></span>, commenced while he was
+the efficient editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Albany Daily Advertiser</span></span>.
+His devotion to the best interests
+of the state and country; his extensive knowledge
+of American history; his patriotic
+feeling evinced on all occasions in behalf
+of our injured Aborigines; his biographies
+of Red Jacket and Brandt; his great political
+consistency during so many years—all commend
+him to our kindest and most grateful
+recollections. That he was cut off at a comparatively
+early age, was the result of his severe
+and unremitting literary toils. With a
+touching patience, he endured an agonizing
+illness, nor did he cease his useful labors till
+exhausted nature forbade further efforts.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">About the time of the death of Colonel
+Stone, New-York lost a valuable promoter of
+its substantial interests by the demise of John
+Pintard. His career is still fresh in the
+memories of those who cherish the actions
+of the benevolent and humane. He was a
+native of this city (born in 1759), where he
+passed the greater part of his life, and died
+in 1844, in his eighty-sixth year. He was
+connected with the newspaper press in the
+earlier times of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Daily Advertiser</span></span>. Pintard
+was well acquainted with nearly all the
+distinguished public characters at the period
+of the adoption of our constitution. Possessed
+of sound attainments by his Princeton
+College education, the ardor of his patriotism
+displayed itself by his uniting with a body
+of his college companions, in a military
+movement, in the revolutionary contest. He
+afterwards returned for a while to his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">alma
+mater</span></span>, with the approbation of President
+Witherspoon. He was next appointed a sub-commissioner
+for American prisoners in New-York,
+and had frequent intercourse with the
+notorious Cunningham, the keeper of the
+Provost; visited the Sugar House, occupied
+by the unfortunate prisoners of war, in Crown
+street (now Liberty street); the Dutch Church
+in Nassau street, the Scotch Church in Little
+Queen street (now Cedar street), and also
+the Friends' Meeting House in Queen street
+(now Pearl street), near Cherry street, all
+tilled with the wretched victims of tyranny.
+He interceded in their behalf with the German
+General Heister, and with Henry Clinton,
+the British commander. He became acquainted
+with Knyphausen, William Smith the historian
+of New-York, Lord Howe, and others, and
+he has described, as an eye-witness, the scenes
+occurring at Washington's inauguration, in
+1789. He was an advocate of the Federal policy
+of that day, and was a member of our
+State Legislature when it held its sessions in
+this city. Time forbids my detailing the objects
+to which he directed his attention during
+a long career of usefulness. Several of
+our important municipal regulations still in
+force were suggested by him. He was an
+earnest champion and successful advocate for
+the incorporation of the Bank of New-York.
+He was one of the founders of the Tammany
+Society, in those days made up of gentlemen
+of all political parties, and the express object
+of which was to preserve the history and habits
+of our red brethren. He urged the plan
+of a Registry of Mortality in this city, and
+was appointed the first City Inspector. The
+New-York Historical Society must look upon
+him as its chief founder. Some of its most
+precious treasures are fruits of his munificence.
+He was among the most strenuous,
+with Bishop Hobart, in establishing and increasing
+the library of the Protestant Episcopal
+Seminary, and was not deficient of contributions
+towards it. He was active with
+Elias Boudinot in projecting the American
+Bible Society. The first Bank of Savings
+mainly originated with him. He revived the
+Chamber of Commerce after its long repose.
+He convened the first assemblage of our citizens
+at the Park; for the purpose of obtaining
+a public expression of opinion in favor of the
+Canal policy for connecting the Erie and the
+Hudson, and this at a period when the spirit
+of party strife had widely scattered doubts
+and ridicule on the contemplated movement.
+In the war of 1812, when paper money in
+small bills largely became our currency, Mr.
+Pintard was the person who caused those
+well-known mottoes, "Mind your own
+business," "Never despair," "Economy is
+wealth," and others of a like import, chiefly
+drawn from Franklin, to surround the designations
+of the value of the money. He had, I believe,
+done a like service in our revolutionary
+times. He carried the measure of having the
+British names of our streets changed to the
+modern ones they are now known by. I have
+noticed these few circumstances concerning
+him, because I wish it to be impressed on
+your memories that the editors and proprietors
+of public journals are often zealous in
+good measures not necessarily connected with
+their immediate vocation. Pintard enjoyed
+an intimacy with booksellers and authors.
+He and Freneau, a native also of this city,
+and his contemporary, had often been in
+close communion, as patriots of the revolution.
+This essential difference, however, obtained
+between them. Pintard was a federalist;
+Freneau an antifederalist. Old Rivington
+had often a hard time with them.
+The sordid tory could neither endure the
+conservative republican principles of Pintard,
+nor the relentless bitterness of the sarcasm
+of Freneau. I shall only add that he was a
+student of many books, and an observer of
+men in every walk of life. He was of grave
+thought, yet often facetious in conversation.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page258">[pg 258]</span><a name="Pg258" id="Pg258" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+During forty years of medical practice, I have
+rarely fell in with one richer in table-talk, or
+better supplied with topics in life and letters.
+In his death, he manifested the strength of
+his religious faith, and resigned his spirit
+with a benignant composure. But I am forbidden
+to enlarge on the many excellences
+and services of the public-spirited John
+Pintard.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Were we to dwell upon the excellence of a
+gazette according to its merits, I should have
+much to say of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Morning Chronicle</span></span>, a paper
+established in this city in the year 1802.
+The leading editor was Dr. Peter Irving, a
+gentleman of refined address, scholastic attainments,
+and elegant erudition. It exhibited
+great power in its editorial capacity, and
+was the vehicle of much literary matter from
+the abundance and ability of its correspondence.
+If I do not greatly err, in this paper
+Washington Irving first appeared as an author,
+by his series of dramatic criticisms, over
+the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle. The
+only poetic writer of whose effusions I now
+retain any recollection was Miss Smith, the
+sister of the late Thomas E. Smith. Her
+pieces were known by the signature of Clara;
+and in bringing together the effusions of the
+early female poets, Dr. Griswold, in his
+praiseworthy zeal in behalf of American
+literature, might well have increased in
+value his interesting collection by specimens
+of the productions of Miss Smith.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The omission, in these reminiscences, of
+some notice of John Lang, would be so quickly
+discovered, that I am necessarily compelled
+to dwell for a moment on the character and
+services of one who, for a long succession of
+years, filled a notable place in our newspaper
+annals. Lang was of Scotch descent, but the
+place of his birth, I believe, was New-York.
+For some forty or more years, Lang's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span>
+was recognized as the leading mercantile
+advertiser, and the patronage which it
+received from the business world was such
+as doubtless secured ample returns to its proprietor.
+The distinction of the paper was
+unquestionably its attention to the shipping
+interests of this commercial emporium. As
+a journal of either political or miscellaneous
+matter it was sadly deficient. Lang adhered
+to his "arrivals" as the prominent object of
+consideration, and the mightiest changes of
+revolutions, in actions or opinions, found but
+a stinted record in his widely-diffused journal.
+Rarely, indeed, did our acknowledged politicians
+or essayists seek its columns for the
+promulgation of their ideas, and its editorial
+displays were generally tormentingly feeble.
+Nevertheless, it was in this gazette, then under
+the control of Lang and McLean, that
+General Hamilton first gave to the public his
+numbers of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Federalist</span></span>. There is often
+to be found in one daily issue of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Post</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Courier and Enquirer</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal of Commerce</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribune</span></span>, or the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>
+of these days, more thought, nice disquisition,
+and real knowledge which awakens the
+contemplation of the statesman and politician,
+than the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York Gazette</span></span> contained during
+a twelvemonth; and yet it flourished. The
+traits of Lang's character were unwavering
+devotion to his pursuits; no one could excel
+him in the kindness of his demeanor; unconscious
+of the penury of his intellectual powers,
+he at times, unwittingly became the
+pliant agent of designing individuals, and
+from the blunders into which he was led, his
+baptismal name, John, seemed easily converted
+into that of Solomon, by which specification
+much of his correspondence was maintained.
+He bore the pleasantry with grateful
+composure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With a characteristic anecdote I must dismiss
+the name of Lang. The discussions of a
+point in chronology, which occurred on the
+commencement of the present century, awakened
+some attention with mathematicians and
+astronomers abroad, and among many with us.
+The learned and pious Dr. Kunze, after much
+investigation, addressed a communication on
+the vexed question to Mr. Lang. He had adverted
+to the Gregorian style in his letter,
+and had mentioned Pope Gregory. The faithful
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span> printed the article Tom Gregory:
+the venerable Doctor hastened to his friend,
+and remonstrated on the injury he had done
+him, and requested the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">erratum</span></span> to specify,
+instead of Tom Gregory, Pope Gregory XIII.
+Again an alteration was made, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gazette</span></span>
+requested its readers, for Tom Gregory
+to read Pope Tom Gregory XIII. Only
+one more attempt at correction was made,
+when the compositor had its typography so
+changed that it read Tom Gregory, the Pope.
+The learned divine, with a heavy heart, in a
+final interview with the erudite editor, begged
+him to make no further improvements,
+as he dreaded the loss of all the reputation
+his years of devotion to the subject had secured
+to him. This Dr. Kunze was long a
+prominent minister of the German Lutheran
+Church of this city. He was the preceptor
+in Philadelphia of Henry Stuber, author of
+the continuation of the life of our Socrates,
+Dr. Franklin: a work executed with much
+ability. He was a physician, and a most delectable
+character. Many years ago, I was so
+fortunate as to procure some materials for a
+biography of him, and Dr. Sparks has courteously
+given them a place in his invaluable
+edition of Dr. Franklin's works. Justice to
+the departed Lang demands that I should
+add that he was a gentleman of the old
+school, of great moral excellence, and as a
+husband and a father most exemplary; deeply
+devoted to the interests of this city, and
+evincing a philanthropic spirit on every becoming
+occasion. He died at an advanced
+age; but his career was shortened by the
+great fire, in this city, in 1835. That vast
+destruction in his beloved New-York was an
+oppressive weight upon his heart.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Major Noah has so recently departed from<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page259">[pg 259]</span><a name="Pg259" id="Pg259" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+among us, and the expectation that his active
+life will soon find a biographer is so general,
+that it seems unnecessary on the present occasion
+to speak at any length concerning him.
+I knew him well some thirty-five years. In
+religion a Jew, he was tolerant of all creeds,
+with equal amenity; his natural parts were
+of a remarkable order; few excelled him in
+industry, none in temperance and sobriety.
+He wrote for many journals, and established
+several. By his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Travels in Africa</span></span> he became
+known as an author. His work on the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Abolition
+of Imprisonment for Debt</span></span> was widely
+read. He was lively in converse, and a most
+social companion. His literary compositions,
+though not always pure in style, often showed
+a nice sense of the ludicrous and a love
+of humor. He abounded in anecdote. Mr.
+Matthews, from his personal knowledge, has
+not overdrawn the character of Noah. He
+possessed the organ of benevolence on a
+large scale. It is to be regretted that by his
+political vacillations his talents finally lost all
+influence in public councils and affairs.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are susceptible of the pleasures and the
+pains of memory. A retrospect will confirm
+this declaration on many occasions. It is so
+in our contemplations of a newspaper; and
+in no instance have I been more sensible of
+this than when considering the origin, the
+career, and the termination of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York
+American</span></span>. Its prominent projector was Johnson
+Verplanck, a native of this city, of a conspicuous
+family, whose mental qualities were
+of a robust order, and whose classical attainments
+entitled him to distinction. With the
+countenance and assistance of enlightened associates,
+he soon acquired for the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American</span></span>
+a reputation for eminent talents, great independence
+in opinion, and the most perfect
+freedom in scrutinizing public acts, and in literary
+and artistic criticism. Mr. Verplanck
+was one of the writers of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Buck Tail Bards</span></span>,
+a satirical poem, of Hudibrastic flavor. He
+died in 1829. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American</span></span> fell then into
+other hands, and for a long succession of years
+was editorially sustained by one who had
+often previously enriched its columns with his
+lucubrations. I allude to Charles King, now
+President of Columbia College. It was soon
+demonstrated to the satisfaction of its patrons,
+that, although under a new government, and
+its supplies derived from another source, its
+nutrition was not less wholesome and productive.
+For many years it claimed the admiration
+of the conservators of constitutional
+right and of critical taste. It was conducted
+with a manly boldness. Its tone gave dignity
+to political disquisition, though its manner
+was sometimes dreaded by objects of its animadversion:
+if its censures were occasionally
+severe, its approbation was the more highly
+appreciated: it was a record of historical
+value; nor can I comprehend why, in this
+age of universal reading in journalism, its career
+was closed. Its many volumes must
+hereafter be ranked with the once famous
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">National Gazette</span></span> of Robert Walsh, and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">National Intelligencer</span></span> of Gales &amp; Seaton. Its
+distinguished editor, satisfied that for so long
+a period he had performed his part in the promotion
+of sound principles, with singleness of
+purpose, in behalf of the city, the state and
+the nation, may have sought that relief from
+mental care which is often secured by change
+of occupation. When I cast a thought over
+the hours I have spent in reading the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American</span></span>,
+I feel as Whitfield has expressed himself
+on a different occasion, "I am glad, but
+I am sorry;" glad that I have had so long the
+pleasure of being informed by its perusal;
+sorry that the opportunity no longer exists.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In closing this short list of editors, I feel
+justified in deviating for a moment in my
+chronology by a word or two on the character
+and death of one whom I have ever considered
+the ablest writer we have had in our
+public journals. He has been already incidentally
+mentioned. I allude to James Cheetham.
+He succeeded as editor of Greenleaf's
+paper, calling it the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Citizen</span></span>. Cheetham
+was an English radical; had left Manchester
+for this country, and was by trade a
+hatter. His personal appearance was impressive;
+tall, athletic, with a martial bearing
+in his walk, a forehead of great breadth
+and dimensions, and penetrating gray eyes,
+he seemed authoritative wherever he might
+be. He arrived in this country at a period
+of perplexing excitement in the times of Adams's
+administration and Jefferson's entrance
+into the presidency. He found many to
+countenance his radicalism, as Tennis Wortman,
+James Dennison, Charles Christian and
+others—men whom we might call liberals,
+both in religion and in politics. Accidental
+circumstances made me well acquainted with
+him, so early as the summer of 1803. He
+was then universally known as the champion
+of Jefferson, of Governor George Clinton, and
+of De Witt Clinton. He was a most unflinching
+partisan writer, and with earnestness asserted
+the advantages arising from the possession
+of Louisiana, countenanced Blind Palmer,
+the lecturer on Deism, and congratulated
+the public on the return to America of
+Thomas Paine. He ever remained an active
+advocate of old George Clinton, but his friendship
+was suddenly turned into hatred of Paine,
+and his life of that once prominent but wretched
+individual demonstrates the rancor of his
+temper. The murderous death of Hamilton,
+I think, had a strong influence on him. No
+sooner had he breathed his last than Cheetham
+extolled him as the greatest of patriots.
+Many speak of Cheetham as at times holding
+the pen of Junius—a judgment sustained by
+some of his political assaults and essays. He
+possessed a magnificent library, was a great
+reader, and studied Burke and Shakspeare
+more than any other authors. I know nothing
+against his moral character. His death,
+however, was most remarkable: he had removed
+with his family to a country residence,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page260">[pg 260]</span><a name="Pg260" id="Pg260" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+some three miles from the city, in the summer
+of 1809. A few days afterwards he exposed
+himself to malaria, by walking without
+a hat, through the fields, under a burning
+September sun. He was struck with a complication
+of ills—fever, congestion of the
+brain, and great cerebral distress. The malignancy
+of his case soon foretold to his physician,
+Dr. Hosack, the uncertainty of his recovery.
+Being at that time a student of
+medicine, I was requested to watch him; on
+the second day of his sickness, his fever raging
+higher, he betrayed a disturbed intellect.
+On the night of the third day raving mania
+set in. Incoherently he called his family
+around him, and addressed his sons as to their
+peculiar avocations for life, giving advice to
+one ever to be temperate in all things, and to
+another urging the importance of knowledge.
+After midnight he became much worse, and
+was ungovernable. With herculean strength
+he now raised himself from his pillow; with
+eyes of meteoric fierceness, he grasped his
+bed covering, and in a most vehement but
+rapid articulation, exclaimed to his sons,
+"Boys! study Bolingbroke for style, and
+Locke for sentiment." He spoke no more.
+In a moment life had departed. His funeral
+was a solemn mourning of his political friends.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Paine has been referred too. I have often
+seen him at the different places of his residence
+in this city, now in Partition-street,
+now in Broome-street, &amp;c. His localities
+were not always the most agreeable. In
+Partition-street, near the market, a portion
+of his tenement was occupied for the display
+of wild beasts. Paine generally sat, taking
+an airing, at the lower front windows, the
+gazed-at of all passers by. Jarvis, the painter,
+was often his visitor, and was fortunate
+enough to secure that inimitable plaster cast
+of his head and features, which at his request,
+I deposited with the New-York Historical
+Society. While at that work, Jarvis exclaimed,
+"I shall secure him to a nicety, if I
+am so fortunate as to get plaster enough for
+his carbuncled nose." Jarvis thought this
+bust of Paine his most successful undertaking
+as a sculptor.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I shall trespass some moments by giving a
+few reminiscences concerning booksellers and
+publishers. There are many of this professional
+order, whose character and influence
+might justly demand a detailed account.
+Spence himself would find among them anecdotes
+worthy consideration in the world of
+letters. I must, however, write within circumscribed
+limits. The first in my immediate recollection
+is Everet Duyckinck. He was a
+middle-aged man, when I, a boy, was occasionally
+at his store, an ample and old-fashioned
+building, at the corner of Pearl-street and Old
+Slip. He was grave in his demeanor, and
+somewhat taciturn; of great simplicity in
+dress; accommodating and courteous. He
+must have been rich in literary recollections.
+He for a long while occupied his excellent
+stand for business, and was quite extensively
+engaged as a publisher and seller. He was a
+sort of Mr. Newbury, so precious to juvenile
+memories in the olden times. He largely
+dealt with that order of books, for elementary
+instruction, which were popular abroad,
+just about the close of our revolutionary war
+and at the adoption of our Constitution—Old
+Dyche, and his pupil Dilworth, and Perry, and
+Sheridan. As education and literature advanced,
+he brought forward, by reprints, Johnson
+and Chesterfield, and Vicissimus Knox,
+and a host of others. His store was the nucleus
+of the Connecticut teachers and intellectual
+products, and Barlow and Webster,
+and Morse and Riggs, found in him a patron of
+their works in poetry and their school books.
+Bunyan, Young, Watts, Doddridge and Baxter,
+must have been issued by his enterprise in
+innumerable thousands throughout the old
+thirteen States; and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">English Primer</span></span>, now
+improved into the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">American Primer</span></span>, with its
+captivating emendations, as</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The royal oak, it was the tree</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">That saved his Royal Majesty;</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">changed to the more simple couplet—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Oak's not as good</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">As hickory wood;</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">and the lines—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Whales in the sea</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">God's voice obey;</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">now modified without loss of its poetic fire—</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">By Washington,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Great deeds were done—</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">led captivity captive, and had an unlimited
+circulation, for the better diffusion of knowledge
+and patriotism throughout the land. As
+our city grew apace, and both instructors and
+their functions enlarged, he engaged in the
+Latin classics. Having a little Latin about
+me, it became my duty to set up at the printing
+office of Lewis Nicholls, Duyckinck's reprint
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">De Bello Gallico</span></span>. The edition was
+edited by a Mr. Rudd. He was the first editor
+I ever saw; I looked on him with school-boy
+admiration when I took him the proofs.
+What alterations or improvements he made
+in the text of Oudendorp, I never ascertained.
+This, however, must have been among the
+beginnings of that American practice, still
+prevailing among us, of having in reprints
+of even the most important works from abroad,
+for better circulation, the name of some one as
+editor, inserted on the title-page. Mr. Duyckinck
+was gifted with great business talents,
+and estimated as a man of punctuality and of
+rigid integrity in fiscal matters. He was the
+first who had the entire Bible, in duodecimo,
+preserved—set up in forms—the better to
+supply, at all times, his patrons. This was
+before stereotype plates were adopted. He
+gave to the Harpers the first job of printing
+they executed—whether Tom Thumb or
+Wesley's Primitive Physic, I do not know.
+The acorn has become the pride of the forest—the
+Cliff-street tree, whose roots and
+branches now ramify all the land. Duyckinck
+faithfully carried out the proverbs of Franklin,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page261">[pg 261]</span><a name="Pg261" id="Pg261" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and the sayings of Noah Webster's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Prompter</span></span>.
+He was by birth and action a genuine
+Knickerbocker.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There was, about forty years ago, an individual
+somewhat remarkable in several respects,
+whose bookstore was in Maiden Lane—William
+Barlas. He was by birth a Scotchman,
+and was brought up to the ministry;
+but from causes which I never learned, he
+relinquished that vocation in his native land,
+and assumed that of a bookseller in this city.
+He was reputed to be a ripe scholar. He
+dealt almost exclusively in the classics, and
+for numerous years imported the editions—<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">in
+usum Delphini</span></span>, for the students in our schools
+and colleges. Hardly a graduate among us,
+of the olden time, can have forgotten him—Irving,
+Verplanck, John Anthon, and Paulding,
+can doubtless tell much of him. When,
+on a large scale, was commenced in Philadelphia,
+reprints of the Latin and Greek writers,
+poor Mr. Barlas's functions were nearly
+annihilated. I mention him here from his relation
+to the advancement of learning in my
+juvenile days. His opinion on the various
+editions was deemed conclusive; and he controlled
+the judgment as well as the pocket of
+the purchaser. He was long in epistolary
+correspondence with "the friend of Cowper,"
+as some call him—old John Newton of London;
+and I have often wondered that no enterprise
+has yet brought forward, in a new
+edition of the writings of Newton, their correspondence.
+It is not for me to dwell on
+the contrast, so striking, between the present
+period and that to which I have just adverted,
+when even professors of Colleges were
+controlled in their opinions of books by the
+dicta of a bookseller. Such was the fact some
+forty or fifty years ago. What would be the
+reply of our Professor Anthon, of Columbia
+College, to a bookseller who assumed such authority?
+of him whose love and devotion to
+the philosophy of the classics has led him already
+in so many works to spread before the
+cogitative scholars, of both worlds, the deepest
+researches of antiquarian disquisition and
+philological lore, evincing that America is not
+tardy in a just appreciation of the excellencies
+of those treasures which enriched a Bentley,
+a Horseley, a Porson, and a Parr.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those of our literary connoisseurs who cast
+a retrospective glance over days long past,
+may awaken into memory that delicately constructed
+and pensive-looking man, of Pearl-street,
+recognized by the name of Charles
+Smith. I believe he was a New-Yorker.
+Pulmonary suffering was his physical infirmity—his
+relief, tobacco, the fumes of which
+aver surrounded him like a halo. He abounded
+in the gloom and glory of the American
+Revolution, and published, with portraits, numerous
+diagrams of the campaigns of the war
+in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Military Repository</span></span>, a work of great
+fidelity, in which it is thought he was aided
+by Baron Steuben and General Gates. As a
+bibliopolist, little need be said of him. But
+the curious in knowledge will not overlook
+him as the first who popularly made known
+to the English reader the names of Kotzebue
+and Schiller. Several of the novels and plays
+of these German authors were done into English
+by him; and, with William Dunlap, both
+as a translator and as a theatrical manager,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Stranger</span></span> and other plays were presented
+to the cultivators of the drama in New-York
+long before their appearance in London, or the
+publication of Thompson's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">German Theatre</span></span>.
+It is a circumstance worthy of notice, that
+the Rev. Mr. Will, then of this city, added to
+the stock of our literary treasures, by other
+translations into the English, such as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constant
+Lovers, &amp;c.</span></span>, of Kotzebue, before, I believe,
+any recognized English version appeared
+abroad. But I must leave this subject for the
+fuller investigation of the learned Dr. Schmidt
+professor of German, in Columbia College.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">David Longworth's name is a good deal
+blended with the progress of American literature
+during years gone by. He was by
+birth a New Jerseyman; and the publication
+of his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">City Directory</span></span>, for some thirty or
+more years, gave him sufficient notoriety;
+while his Shaksperean Gallery introduced
+him to many of the cultivators of the fine
+arts, at a period, when Trumbull and Jarvis
+were our prominent painters. Longworth
+had been brought up as a printer, at a daily
+press, but he seems early to have got a taste
+for copper-plate engraving, accurate printing,
+and elegant binding. With determined energy
+he issued an edition of Telemachus,
+which, for beauty of typography and paper,
+was looked upon, by the lovers of choice
+books, as a rich specimen of our art. His
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Belles-Lettres Repository</span></span> no less evinced his
+taste in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">elegantiæ literarum</span></span>. He was,
+nevertheless, a man of many strange notions.
+It is well known that about the commencement
+of the eighteenth century, in our English
+books, printed in the mother country, the
+substantive words were almost always begun
+with a capital; the like practice obtained in
+many newspapers; but Longworth, not content
+with the partial change which time had
+brought about, of sinking these prominent
+and advantageous upper case type, waged a
+war of extermination against almost every
+capital in the case, and this curious deformity
+is found in many of his publications, as
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">british america</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">london docks</span></span>. Even in
+poetry, of the first word, he tolerated only
+small letters at the beginning of the lines.
+His practice, however, found no imitators,
+though 'tis said that it first began in Paris.
+His bookstore, at a central situation by the
+Park, with works of taste classically displayed,
+afforded an admirable lounge for the litterateurs
+of that day. Here, when Hodgkinson,
+and Hallam, and Cooper, and Cooke were
+at the zenith of their histrionic career in the
+Park Theatre, adjacent, might be seen a
+group of poets and prose writers, who, in
+their generation, added to the original off-spring<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page262">[pg 262]</span><a name="Pg262" id="Pg262" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the American press—Brockden
+Brown, Dunlap, Verplanck, Paulding Fessenden,
+Richard Alsop, Peter Irving, and the
+now universally famed Washington Irving.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I must note a circumstance of some import
+on the state of letters among us about
+those times. Longworth had secured from
+abroad a copy of the first edition, in quarto,
+of Scott's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lay of the Last Minstrel</span></span>, and determined
+to reprint it; yet, not satisfied
+with his own judgment, he convened a
+meeting of his literary friends to settle the
+matter. The committee, after solemn deliberation,
+suggested his venturing to reproduce
+only the introductions to the cantos, as an experiment,
+in order to ascertain the public
+taste. Would I speak in terms too strong if I
+affirmed that since that committee sat, millions
+of copies of the numerous volumes of
+Sir Walter Scott have been bought by the
+reading world in America. My circle of literary
+acquaintance was a good deal enlarged
+by the coteries I now and then found at
+Longworth's, as he was not backward in
+seizing opportunities of issuing new works,
+when from their nature they might excite
+the appetite of the curious. No publication
+of his so effectually secured this end, as the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Salmagundi</span></span>, in 1807, sent forth in bi-weekly
+numbers by young Irving and his friend
+Paulding. When we are apprised that some
+few of our middle-aged citizens, who sustained
+the stroke of that literary scimetar so
+long ago, still survive among us, I think we
+may argue from strong data for the salubrity
+of our climate. At Longworth's, I first saw
+the youngest dramatic genius of the time,
+Howard Payne, then about fourteen years
+old, and who, a short while after, appeared as
+young Norval on the boards of the theatre.
+He was editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thespian Mirror</span></span>.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Originally of Ireland, Hugh Gaine, upon
+his emigration to this country during our
+colonial dependence, set up in this city in
+1753 his Royal Gazette, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York Mercury</span></span>.
+His fame as well as his patriotism is
+embalmed in the irony of Freneau. It is only
+as a bookseller that I knew him, in Hanover
+Square. He was then at a very advanced
+age. His savings rendered him in due time
+independent in pecuniary matters. We may
+safely infer that he was not surpassed in industry,
+and that he was ever awake to the
+main chance, when we are assured that at the
+commencement of his journal, he collected
+his own news, set up his types, worked off
+his papers, folded his sheets, and personally
+distributed them to his subscribers. Franklin
+had done pretty nearly the same things before.
+Gaine, who in his after-life was an object of a
+good deal of curiosity to the citizens of the
+republic, enjoyed the consideration due to an
+honest man, and many kindly feelings.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many as were his merits, and great as was
+his enterprise, Isaac Collins was most widely
+known, the latter part of his long career, by
+his editions of the works on grammar, and
+other school books, by the prolific Lindley
+Murray. As in the case of Franklin, his
+earliest effort of magnitude was the printing
+Sewell's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Quakers</span></span>. The neatness
+and accuracy of his printing were familiarly
+remarked among readers; and these excellencies
+he displayed in his quarto Bible,
+the first of that form which was printed in
+this country in 1790. Collins was a native
+of Delaware. He projected a weekly paper,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New Jersey Gazette</span></span>, which he published
+at Burlington during the Revolution, and,
+some time after, upon strenuous Whig principles.
+He had authority, like Franklin, for
+the emission of paper money for the State
+Government. He removed to this city in 1796,
+and a few years after this time I knew him.
+As his career was, many portions of it, like
+Franklin's, I had the greater admiration of
+him. He died in 1817. That he enjoyed
+the acquaintance of Franklin, of Rittenhouse
+and Rush, of Livingston of New Jersey, and
+others of the truest patriots in the great
+struggles of the country, may be inferred
+from his profession, his public station, his integrity,
+and his general character. In the society
+of Friends he was prominent, and, like Thomas
+Eddy and Robert Bowne, he was occupied
+with hospitals, and ever zealous in good works.
+He did vast service to the city as a printer, and
+as such he is here introduced.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The oldest inhabitants of our city may well
+recollect the bookstore of the Swords, Thomas
+and James. Some sixty years ago they began
+operations in Pearl-street. They commenced
+when New-York was little more than
+a village in population, and when literary
+projects were almost unknown. They deserve
+ample notice as most efficient pioneers, in
+their day, as printers and booksellers, and
+through a long career they held a high rank;
+they were assiduous and economical almost
+to a fault: their integrity was never doubted;
+their word was as good as their bond. They
+printed good works in more acceptations of
+the phrase than one. They did a great service
+to our scientific enterprise, in issuing the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Medical Repository</span></span>, the earliest journal of
+that kind, in the country. A literary periodical,
+of many years duration, was also printed
+by them, called the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">New-York Magazine</span></span>.
+It was remarkable for the contributions of a
+society, self-named the Drone. Brockden
+Brown, William Dunlap, Anthony Bleucker,
+Josiah Ogden Hoffman, and James Kent (afterwards
+the great Chancellor), were among
+the writers. William Johnson, the well-known
+Reporter, who died recently, was the
+last survivor of this club. Their store for a
+number of years was a rendezvous for professional
+men of different callings—divines,
+physicians, lawyers, with a sprinkling of the
+professed authors of those times, as Clifton,
+Low, Davis, &amp;c. Its theological feature was
+its strongest; and the interest of episcopacy
+were here descanted on with the unction of
+godliness, by such men as Seabury of Connecticut,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page263">[pg 263]</span><a name="Pg263" id="Pg263" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+and Moore of New-York, with good
+old Dr. Bowden, and Dr. Hawks, my friends
+Drs. Berrian and McVicker of Columbia College,
+and the energetic Bishop Hobart, the
+busiest and most stirring man I ever knew.
+The Messrs. Swords were largely occupied in
+printing works on divinity, and were confessed
+the printers of sound orthodoxy long before
+"the novelties which disturb our peace"
+had invoked polemical controversy.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I should do injustice to my feelings were I
+in this rapid sketch to overlook the late James
+Eastburn, the founder of the first reading-room
+on a becoming scale, in this country,
+and the publisher of the American edition of
+the Edinburgh and London Quarterly Reviews.
+He was a gentleman deserving of much estimation,
+of bland manners, and enthusiastic in
+his calling. He was curious in antiquarian
+literature and a great importer of the older
+authors. Many are the libraries enriched by
+his perseverance. Consumption wasted his
+generous frame, and he died at a comparatively
+early age, to the deep regret of the
+scholar and the philanthropist.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">I should like, before I close this portion of
+these reminiscences, to awaken recollections
+of one or two other estimable individuals
+with whom I was long acquainted—George
+F. Hopkins and Jonathan Seymour. Hopkins
+merits a biography; he justly boasted
+that his edition of Robertson's Charles V.
+was the most accurately printed work of the
+time. He was fastidious almost to a fault in
+typographical neatness. He printed only
+works of positive merit. His enterprise led
+him, now fifty years ago, to urge the craft to
+render themselves independent of imported
+types, by establishing type-foundries in the
+country. There were few indeed among us
+who knew practically much about the founts
+of Caslon, the Coryphæus of letter-founders.
+The Scotch hard-faced letter was then extensively
+in use. Hopkins induced the immigration
+to this country of the famous Binney
+and Ronaldson, whose great skill in the art
+was soon recognized, and from that era up
+to the present day competent judges affirm
+that our Bruce, White, Conner, and others,
+have accomplished all that is requisite in the
+type-founding business. Of Jonathan Seymour,
+it is enough to say, that at one period
+of his life he was more largely engaged than
+any of his rivals in printing from manuscripts—so
+well known and appreciated was his devotion
+to his calling, and the accuracy of its
+results. In his death, the art lost one who
+had given it elevation, and society a man possessed
+of the qualities of industry, temperance,
+honesty, and Christian philanthropy in
+the fullest measure.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Within a few days has departed from among
+us, at the age of eighty years, a supporter of
+the press who long contributed to the diffusion
+of wholesome knowledge. I allude to
+Thomas Kirk. I shall terminate these notices
+by a striking occurrence, which involved
+him in great loss. He had determined, about
+the year 1801, to give the Christian community
+an octavo edition, in large type, of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Book of Common Prayer</span></span>, the first of that size
+from an American press. To secure the utmost
+accuracy, he engaged, for a pecuniary
+consideration, the Rev. John Ireland, of
+Brooklyn, to revise the proofs. When the
+sheets were worked off, it was ascertained
+that the copy was an exact reprint, save in
+one particular. The critical acumen of Ireland
+had discovered, in the Apostles' Creed,
+a "tautological error," in the words, "from
+thence he shall come." The word "from"
+was superfluous, ungrammatical, and inelegant,
+according to Ireland, and, accordingly,
+it was not in Kirk's edition. Upon the sale
+of a few copies the omission was remarked;
+the fact became known to the bishop of the
+church; the book was pronounced defective,
+and the ecclesiastical authorities prohibited
+its circulation. The whole edition fell a dead
+weight upon the hands of the well-meaning
+publisher. I had this anecdote from Mr. Kirk
+himself, years ago, and he repeated it to me
+not long prior to his death, in last November.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This allusion to Kirk brings to my mind
+the notorious John Williams, better known
+as Anthony Pasquin, under which name he
+was doomed to everlasting infamy by Gifford,
+in his satire of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Baviad and Mæviad</span></span>, in
+judgments afterwards confirmed in a celebrated
+trial for libel in which the famous
+Erskine delivered one of his best forensic
+speeches. Williams was the associate in
+London of a small but ambitious set of mutual
+admirers in literature, of whom Mr.
+Merry and his future wife were the "Della
+Crusca" and "Rosa Matilda," and all three
+of these worthies came to New-York about
+the year 1798. I have an impression that
+Kirk came at the same time. The character
+of Williams was infamous, and a large share of
+his infamy consisted in his ministering to, if
+not creating, the passion for personal scandal,
+and setting the example of black-mail collections,
+in newspapers. In the report of the
+great case of Williams vs. Faulder, it is said
+of his paper, called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The World</span></span>, that "In
+this were given the earliest specimens of
+those unqualified and audacious attacks on
+all private character which the town first
+smiled at for their quaintness, then tolerated
+for their absurdity—and will have to lament
+to the last hour of British liberty." After
+he came to this country he associated himself
+with the enemies of Hamilton, and published
+a satire called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Hamiltoniad</span></span>,
+edited a magazine entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Columbian</span></span>,
+and was a pioneer in that species of journalism
+which still subsists here upon the most
+scandalous invasions of private life and reputation.
+He was doubly detestable, in that he
+was the corruptor and worst specimen of the
+editorial calling in Europe and in America.
+I remember frequently seeing Williams, in
+the latter part of his life, in his shabby pepper-and-salt<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page264">[pg 264]</span><a name="Pg264" id="Pg264" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+dress, in the obscure parts of the
+city. I believe he died during the first prevalence
+of the cholera in Brooklyn. Fancy may
+depict his expression as illustrating Otway's
+lines, "as if all hell were in his eyes, and he
+in hell." It must not be supposed that I in
+any degree associate the fame of the worthy
+Kirk with that of this literary vagabond.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To a suggestion that I might refer to the
+late William Cobbett, as associated with the
+periodical press of this country, I may say
+that I see in it no impropriety. Unquestionably
+a minute record would include his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Porcupine
+Gazette</span></span> and his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Weekly Register</span></span>; the
+one an offspring of his juvenile life, the other
+of his ripened years. I had some personal
+acquaintance with him at the time of his last
+residence in New-York. Hazlitt has, in his
+attractive manner, described him to the life.
+He was deemed the best talker of his day,
+and his forcible pen has given us indubitable
+proofs of his powers in literary composition.
+It was not unusual with him to make a visit
+to the printing office at an early morning
+hour, take his seat at the desk, and after some
+half dozen lines were written, to throw off
+MSS. with a rapidity that engaged eleven
+compositors at once in setting up. Thus a
+whole sheet of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Register</span></span> might be completed
+ere he desisted from his undertaking.
+I think that in quickness he surpassed even
+the lamented William Leggett, of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evening
+Post</span></span>. The circumstance is certainly interesting
+in a psychological point of view; and
+yet may not be deemed more curious than
+the fact that Priestley made his reply to Lind,
+quite a voluminous pamphlet, in twenty-four
+hours, or that Hodgkinson, the actor, was able
+to peruse crosswise, the entire five columns
+of a newspaper, and within two hours recite
+it thus by memory. I visited Cobbett, when
+his residence was within a couple of miles of
+this city, in company with a few professional
+gentlemen. It was in October, and a delightful
+day. He heard our approach, and came
+to the door without our knocking. "Walk
+in, gentlemen—am I to consider this as a visit
+to me?—walk in and be seated on these
+benches, for I have no chairs—you may be
+fatigued—will you have a bowl of milk? I
+live upon milk and Indian corn—I never drink
+spirit or wine, and yet I am a tolerable example
+of English health." And, indeed, he was
+a most ample specimen of the genuine John
+Bull. His nearly oval face, and florid countenance,
+with strong gray piercing eyes and
+head thickly covered with white hair, closely
+trimmed; his huge frame, of some two hundred
+and seventy pounds weight, corresponding
+abdominal development, and well-proportioned
+limbs, all demonstrated, with anatomical
+accuracy, the truth of his observation.
+His superior intellect seemed roused in all its
+functions. The United States, England, the
+reform measures, the union of church and
+state, and its absurdity, were only a few of the
+subjects of his caustic remark. "I have just
+performed a duty, gentlemen, which has been
+too long delayed; you have neglected the remains
+of Thomas Paine; I have done myself
+the honor to disinter his bones; I have removed
+them from New Rochelle; I have dug
+them up; they are now on their way to England;
+when I return, I shall cause them to
+speak the Common Sense of the great man;
+I shall gather together the people of Liverpool
+and Manchester in one assembly with
+those of London, and those bones will effect
+the reformation of England in Church and
+State." After some two or three hours we
+took our leave, with unlimited admiration of
+his brave utterance and his colloquial talents.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">With such a hastily written and imperfect
+sketch of the newspaper periodical press, of
+printers, editors, booksellers, and authors, I
+must close this portion of my present reminiscences.
+I have depended on a memory
+somewhat tenacious as my authority, in most
+instances, having no leisure at command for
+reference. A volume might be written of
+pertinent details. Nevertheless, enough has
+been said to illustrate, in part, the advancement
+of one species of knowledge in this metropolis.
+Did we institute a comparative
+view of the past and present condition of
+the press, we might be better enabled to announce
+the existing condition of our city as
+a Literary Emporium, That it is in accordance
+with the spirit of the age, seems demonstrable.
+Abroad, in England, in 1701,
+when the stamp duty was levied upon every
+number of a periodical paper consisting of a
+sheet, the whole quantity of printed paper
+was estimated at twenty thousand reams annually.
+Nearly at this period (1704), when
+the Boston <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">News Letter</span></span> made its appearance
+in the American colonies, some two or three
+hundred copies weekly may have been its
+circulation. What is the quantity of paper
+demanded by the present British periodical
+press, I am unable to state. In this month
+of January, 1852, it is calculated that there
+are about three thousand different newspapers
+and other periodicals printed in this
+country, the entire issues of which approach
+the yearly aggregate of four hundred and
+twenty-three millions of numbers.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When Franklin was a printer it was a hard
+task to work off over a thousand sheets on
+both sides in a day, by the hand press. Since
+his time we have had the Clymer, the Napier,
+the Ramage, the Adams, and now Hoe's
+Lightning press. By this last-named achievement
+in the arts, so honorable to a son of
+New-York, and so stupendous in its results
+to the world at large, twenty thousand papers
+may be printed in one hour.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If we advert to the instructive fact, of the
+enormous circulation of many of the journals
+of New-York, as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sun</span></span>,
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribune</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Express</span></span>, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mirror</span></span>, and others issued daily; if we calculate
+the copies of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Observer</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Home
+Journal</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Advocate</span></span>, and others<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page265">[pg 265]</span><a name="Pg265" id="Pg265" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+of the weekly press; the circulation of the
+monthly and other periodicals; if we look at
+the Methodist Book Concern, the Tract Society,
+the American Bible Society, the publications
+of the Appletons, of Putnam, and of the
+enterprising booksellers of this city generally,
+what bounds can we set to the offspring of
+the typographic art? The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Herald</span></span> and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tribune</span></span> in their distinct circulation, consume
+an aggregate of fifty thousand reams per
+year. The Harpers, who have thrown John
+Baskerville, and other eminent typographers
+of Europe in the shade by the magnitude of
+their operations, use one hundred reams of
+paper daily, at six dollars per ream, and make
+about ten volumes a minute or six thousand
+a day. On a former occasion I stated to you
+the agency which Franklin had in bringing
+forward stereotype plates, as projected by
+Dr. Colden, in this city, in 1779, and the fact
+that the art was communicated to Didot in
+Paris, by Franklin himself. I well remember
+the anxious John Watts, when he showed me
+his first undertaking in this branch of labor in
+New-York, just forty years ago. It was a
+copy of the Larger Catechism, the one I now
+hold in my hand. Notwithstanding the
+doubts of many, he felt confident of its ultimate
+success, yet suffered by hope deferred.
+What is now the state of the business in the
+matter of stereotyping? The Harpers alone—a
+single firm—have within their vaults
+plates for more than two thousand volumes.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Need I dwell on the improved appliances
+in the great art, which enrich the present
+day, or on the influences now at work on
+the intellectual man? Justly has it been
+stated, that the press of a single office in this
+city issues more matter than the industry of
+the world, with all its scribes and illuminators,
+in an entire year, previous the time of
+Faust. Let us, then, reverence the press, as
+our Franklin did. Let us cherish its freedom,
+as the triumph of our fathers, if we
+love the name of patriot. Let us teach our
+children to acknowledge it the palladium of
+our altars and our firesides. Let us recognize
+it as the Great Instructor, knocking at every
+door, and rendering every hovel, as well as
+every palace, a school-house.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Nor is it solely on the score of quantity,
+that we are to contemplate the measures now
+in force for the disciplining of intellect, and
+the rearing the moral edifice of the nation.
+I have already remarked on the superior
+ability of the press of our days in comparison
+with that of the period through which some
+of us have lived. The same energy which
+has swelled its dimensions, has increased the
+excellence of its material. Libraries so
+abound, knowledge is so diffused, that individuals
+qualified by scholastic powers, can be
+called in requisition for the duties of every
+department a successful journal demands.
+There is moreover a happier recognition of
+intellectual merit; reward is higher and
+more certain; and there exists throughout
+the community a noble estimation of productive
+intellect. Instead of a scattered recruit
+here and there in the ranks of literature,
+we have armies at command, of well-disciplined
+men; and the belief is not altogether
+idle that, in due season, of these armies
+there will be legions. Lovesick tales and Della
+Cruscan poetry, have yielded to stately essays
+on the business of life, in philosophy and in criticism,
+while the native muse has often stronger
+claims to our homage than the verses Dr. Johnson
+has embalmed, and that have made the
+fame of ancient bards. We no longer gaze at
+the author as a drone in the hive of industry.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Our youth are taught that a true man may
+be found among the luxurious and refined as
+well in the humble avocations of life. Ambitious
+of a national literature, we honor
+those who have laid its foundations, in the
+persons of an Irving, a Prescott, and a Bancroft,
+a Longfellow, and a Hawthorne. We
+gratefully remember our historical obligations
+to Sparks. We feel the dignity of the scholar
+when we summon to our aid the classical
+Everett. Mourning with no feigned sorrow
+the demise of that true son of our soil, the
+lamented Cooper, we rejoice that a Bryant
+and a Halleck, a Verplanck and a Paulding,
+are still left with us. Warm in our feelings,
+and made happier by the relations of intercourse,
+we extend the cordial hand to Tuckerman,
+our classical essayist and poet; to
+Willis, for his felicitous comments on passing
+events; to Griswold, for his admirable works
+in criticism and biography; to Dr. Mayo, for
+his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kaloolah</span></span>; to Stoddard, for his exquisite
+poems; to the generous Bethune, the orator
+and bard; to Morris, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Melodies</span></span>; to Kimball,
+for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">St. Leger Papers</span></span>; to Clark, for
+his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Knickerbocker</span></span>; to Melville, for <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Typee</span></span>;
+to Ik. Marvell, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reveries</span></span>; to Ripley,
+for his fine reviews; to Bigelow, for his book
+on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Jamaica</span></span>; to Bayard Taylor, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Views
+A-Foot</span></span>; to Greeley, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Crystal Palace</span></span>
+labors; and to Duyckinck, the son of our old
+friend, the bookseller, for his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Literary World</span></span>.
+In the name of the Republic, we give our
+heartiest thanks to our intimate friend, the
+learned Dr. Cogswell, as we look at the spacious
+walls of the Astor Library.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The very great length to which I have
+unconsciously extended these reminiscences,
+forbids me from dwelling, as my heart and
+your wishes dictate, upon the most glorious
+name in American Printing, the immortal
+Franklin's. His character and deeds, however,
+are familiar to you all; and the language
+of eulogy is needless in regard to one whose
+fame increases with time, and whose transcendent
+merits, the constant development of
+that element he brought under human dominion
+render daily more evident and memorable.
+It is related, gentlemen, that when
+the statues of the Roman Emperors were
+carried in a triumphal procession, one was
+omitted, and the name of that one was shouted
+with more zeal than all the others inspired.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page266">[pg 266]</span><a name="Pg266" id="Pg266" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+So I know it to be with us to-night. The
+memory of Franklin is too ripe in our
+hearts to require words; it is a spell that
+sheds eternal glory on the typographical art;
+it is the best encouragement of youthful energy;
+it is revealed in every telegraphic despatch;
+it hallows the name of our country to
+the civilized world.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc99" id="toc99"></a>
+<a name="pdf100" id="pdf100"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Noctes Amicæ.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Of tipsy drollery, a correspondent of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evening Post</span></span> (Mr. Bryant himself, we
+have no doubt), writes: "It is esteemed a
+mark of a vulgar mind, to divert one's self at
+the expense of a drunken man; yet we allow
+ourselves to be amused with representations
+of drunkenness on the stage and in comic
+narratives. Nobody is ashamed to laugh at
+Cassio in the play of Othello, when he has
+put an enemy into his mouth to steal away
+his brains. The personation which the elder
+Wallack used to give us some years ago, of
+Dick Dashall, very drunk, but very gentlemanly,
+was one of the most irresistibly comic
+things ever known. I have a mind to give
+you a translation of a German ballad on a
+tipsy man, which has been set to music, and
+is often sung in Germany; it is rather droll
+in the original, and perhaps it has not lost all
+of its humor in being <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">overset</span></span>, as they call it,
+into English. Here it is:"</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">OUT OF THE TAVERN, ETC.</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Out of the tavern I've just stepped to-night</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Street! you are caught in a very bad plight.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Right hand and left hand are both out of place;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Street, you are drunk, 'tis a very clear case.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Moon, 'tis a very queer figure you cut;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">One eye is staring while t'other is shut.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Tipsy, I see; and you're greatly to blame;</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Old as you are 'tis a terrible shame.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Then the street lamps, what a scandalous sight!</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">None of them soberly standing upright.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Rocking and staggering; why, on my word,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Each of the lamps is drunk as a lord.</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">All is confusion; now isn't it odd?</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">I am the only thing sober abroad.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Sure it were rash with this crew to remain,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Better go into the tavern again.</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This is parodied or stolen by the clever author
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bon Gaultier Ballads</span></span>, in one of
+his best pieces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The famous Quaker <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Anthony Benezet</span></span>,
+was accustomed to feed the rats in the area
+before his house in Philadelphia. An old
+friend who found him so engaged, expressed
+some surprise that he so kindly treated such
+pernicious vermin, saying, "They should rather
+be killed and out of the way." "Nay,"
+said good Anthony, "I will not treat them
+so; thou wouldst make them thieves by maltreating
+and starving them, but I make them
+honest by feeding them, for being so fed, they
+never prey upon any goods of mine." This
+singular fact is very characteristic. When feeding
+rats, the benevolent philosopher used to
+stand in the area, and they would gather
+round his feet like chickens. One of the
+family once hung a collar about one of them,
+which was seen for years after, feeding in
+the group.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Des Cartes</span></span> fought at the siege of Rochelle,
+and after a variety of adventures, established
+himself in Holland, where he composed most
+of his works. These abound in singular
+theories and curious speculations, and their
+spirit of independence aroused the same spirit
+wherever they were read. Scholars and theologians
+vied with each other in battling the
+new opinions. The followers of Aristotle and
+the followers of Locke arrayed themselves
+against him. His novelties even drew the
+attention of women from their fashions. "The
+ladies of quality here, of late," says a writer
+from Paris, in 1642, "addict themselves to
+the study of philosophy, as the men; the ladies
+esteeming their education defective, if
+they cannot confute Aristotle and his disciples.
+The pen has almost supplanted the exercise
+of the needle; and ladies' closets, formerly
+the shops of female baubles, toys, and
+vanities, are now turned to libraries and sanctuaries
+of learned works. There is a new
+star risen in the French horizon, whose influence
+excites the nobler females to this pursuit
+of human science. It is the renowned Monsieur
+Des Cartes, whose lustre far outshines
+the aged winking tapers of Peripatetic Philosophy,
+and has eclipsed the stagyrite, with
+all the ancient lights of Greece and Rome.
+'Tis this matchless soul has drawn so many
+of the fairer sex to the schools. And they are
+more proud of the title—Cartesian—and of
+the capacity to defend his principles, than of
+their noble birth and blood."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We find in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Courts of Europe at the Close
+of the last Century</span></span>, by Henry Swinburne, the
+following illustration of American manners:</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"An English officer, Colonel A
+in a stage to New-York, and was extremely
+annoyed by a free and enlightened citizen's
+perpetually spitting across him, out of the window.
+He bore it patiently for some time, till at last he
+ventured to remonstrate, when the other said,
+'Why, colonel, I estimate you're a-poking fun at
+me—that I do. Now, I'm not a-going to chaw my
+own bilge-water, not for no man. Besides, you
+need not look so thundering ugly. Why, I've
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">practised</span></span> all my life, and could squirt through the
+eye of a needle without touching the steel, let
+alone such a great saliva-box as that there window.'
+Colonel A
+at last his anger got up, and he spat bang in his
+companion's face, exclaiming, 'I beg you a thousand
+pardons, squire, but I've not practised as
+much as you have. No doubt, by the time we
+reach New-York, I shall be as great a dabster as
+you are.' The other rubbed his eye, and remained
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bouche close</span></span>."</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page267">[pg 267]</span><a name="Pg267" id="Pg267" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In support of the hydropathic practice, and
+in illustration of the effect of cold, we cite
+an anecdote <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mignet</span></span> tells of the celebrated
+French physician Broussais:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"Seized with a violent fever at Nimèguen,
+Broussais was attended by two of his friends, who
+each prescribed opposite remedies. Embarrassed
+by such contradictory opinions, he resolved to follow
+neither. Believing himself to be seriously in
+danger, he jumped out of bed in the midst of this
+raging fever, and almost naked sat down to his
+escrutoire to arrange his papers. It was in the
+month of January; the streets were covered with
+snow. While thus settling his affairs the fever
+abated, a sensation of freshness and comfort diffused
+itself throughout his frame. Amazed at this
+result, Broussais, like a bold theorist as he was,
+converted his casual forgetfulness into an experience.
+He boldly </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">threw open the window</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">, and for
+some time inspired the cold winter air that blew
+in upon him. Finding himself greatly benefited,
+he concluded that cool drink would be as refreshing
+to his stomach as cold air had been to his body.
+He deluged his stomach with cold lemonade, and
+in less than forty-eight hours he was well again!"</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following amusing anecdote is told in
+a work recently published in London of Tom
+Cooke, the actor and musician:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"At a trial in the Court of King's Bench, June,
+1833, betwixt certain publishing tweedledums and
+tweedledees, as to the alleged piracy of an arrangement
+of the 'Old English Gentleman,'—an old
+English air, by the bye—Cooke was subpœnaed as
+a witness. On his cross-examination by Sir James
+Scarlet, afterwards Lord Abinger, for the opposite
+side, that learned counsel rather flippantly questioned
+him thus: 'Now, sir, you say that the two
+melodies are the same, but different; now what
+do you mean by that, sir?' To this Tom promptly
+answered, 'I said that the notes in the two copies
+were alike, but with a different accent, the one being
+in common time, the other in sixth-eight time;
+and, consequently, the position of the accented
+notes was different.' Sir James—'What is musical
+accent?' Cooke—'My terms are a guinea a
+lesson, sir.' (A loud laugh.) Sir James (rather
+ruffled)—'Never mind your terms here. I ask you
+what is musical accent. Can you see it?' Cooke—'No.'
+Sir James—'Can you feel it?' Cooke—'A
+musician can.' (Great laughter.) Sir James
+(very angry)—'Now, pray sir, don't beat about
+the bush, but explain to his lordship and the jury,
+who are supposed to know nothing about music,
+the meaning of what you call accent.' Cooke—'Accent
+in music, is a certain stress laid upon a
+particular note, in the same manner as you would
+lay a stress upon any given word for the purpose
+of being better understood. Thus, if I were to
+say, 'You are an </span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">ass</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%">—it rests on ass; but if I
+were to say, '</span><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-size: 90%; font-style: italic">You</span></span><span style="font-size: 90%"> are an ass—it rests on you, Sir
+James.' Reiterated shouts of laughter by the
+whole court, in which the bench itself joined, followed
+this repartee. Silence having been at length
+obtained, the Judge, with much seeming gravity,
+accosted the chop-fallen counsel thus: Lord Denman—'Are
+you satisfied, Sir James?' Sir James
+(deep red as he naturally was, to use poor Jack
+Reeve's own words, had become scarlet in more
+than name), in a great huff, said, 'The witness may
+go down!'"</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Portuguese paper gives some statistics
+which could only be obtained under the spy
+and secret police system. There are said to
+be in Portugal 872,634 married couples, of
+which the present condition is very nearly as
+follows:—"Women who have left their husbands
+for their lovers, 1,262. Husbands who
+have left their wives for other women, 2,361.
+Couples who have agreed to live separately,
+33,120. Couples who live in open warfare,
+under the same roof, 13,263. Couples who
+cordially hate each other, but dissemble their
+aversion under the appearance of love,
+162,320. Couples who live in a state of tranquil
+indifference, 510,132. Couples who are
+thought by their acquaintances to be happy,
+but are not themselves convinced of their own
+felicity, 1,102. Couples that are happy as
+compared with those that are confessedly unhappy,
+131. Couples indisputably happy in
+each other, 0. Total, 872,634."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first duel in New England, was fought
+with sword and dagger, between two servants.
+Neither of them was killed, but both
+were wounded. For this disgraceful offence,
+they were formally tried before the whole
+company (the first settlers), and sentenced to
+have their "heads and feet tied together, and
+so to be twenty-four hours, without meat or
+drink." Their bravery all exploded in a little
+while, and they plead piteously to be released,
+which was finally done by the Governor
+on their promising better behavior. "Such
+was the origin," says Dr. Morse, "and such,
+I may almost venture to say, was the termination
+of the odious practice of duelling in
+New England, for there have been very few
+fought there since."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are told by Ariosto of a warrior who
+was so happily gifted that when his arms, his
+legs, or even his head, happened to be chopped
+off in battle, he could jump down from
+his horse and replace the dissevered member.
+Many modern humbugs are of this description;
+they are real polipi; chop them into a thousand
+pieces, and each piece will start up as
+brisk and as lively as ever. Metaphysical
+humbugs are the most difficult kind to deal
+with. Contending with them is like wrestling
+with spectres; there is not substance enough
+to catch hold of.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lately, at a sitting of the Norwegian legislature
+at Christiana, a petition was presented
+from the world-known fiddler, Ole Bull,
+in which he solicited the creation of a national
+theatre in that town, to receive a subvention
+from the government, and to which a
+dramatic school was to be attached. The
+Assembly voted that the petition should be
+taken into consideration, and appointed a
+committee to draw up a report on it. M. Bull
+has already founded, at his own cost, a theatre
+in his native town, Bergen. M. Bull visits
+this country now in search only of pleasure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page268">[pg 268]</span><a name="Pg268" id="Pg268" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc101" id="toc101"></a>
+<a name="pdf102" id="pdf102"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Authors and Books</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gutzkow's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ritter vom Geiste</span></span> (Knights of
+the Spirit) is at last finished, the ninth volume
+having made its appearance. It has
+faults of detail, and there are deficiencies in
+spots, but as a whole it is praised as eminently
+successful, and truly a new work. The idea
+in some respects recalls the Wilhelm Meister
+of Goethe, and the Nathan the Wise of
+Lessing, but the execution has more force and
+a larger and more imperious movement than
+either. The Knights of the Spirit are a body
+of men who are combined in an order to
+which they give that name, and this book is
+their history and that of the order. At the
+same time there is nothing mystical, supernatural,
+or merely fantastic about it, though its
+spirit is humanitary and even socialistic. The
+scene is in modern times, but though the
+names of the heroes are German, and the circumstances
+in which they are placed German,
+the author has succeeded in producing a truly
+cosmopolitan romance. The nine volumes
+are sold in Germany for about $8 00.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Taylor</span></span>, the author of Philip Van
+Artevelde, is the subject of an article in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grenzboten</span></span>. The writer takes him, as the acknowledged
+first living dramatic poet of England,
+to be the best illustration of the nature
+and characteristics of the English drama.
+This drama is said to be more remarkable for
+sharply-outlined and detailed characters, than
+for the invention of exciting and consistent
+action. The characters in all their peculiarities
+are first created, and situations are made
+and arranged for them afterward. The evil
+of this is, that the whole thus becomes fragmentary,
+and the particulars outweigh and
+obscure the general spirit and intention of
+the piece. Even Shakspeare, with his gigantic
+genius, was not free from this defect.
+His Merry Wives of Windsor, for instance, is
+rich in comic situations and figures, but they
+are arbitrarily put together, and every scene
+has the character of an episode; the action
+does not go forward in a true and consistent
+course. Now-a-days the evil is worse, because
+it is the fashion to substitute reflection for
+natural feeling. Taylor is like those portrait
+painters who paint the features so carefully
+as to destroy the general character of the
+face. His men and women are not alive and
+genuine. Still their language is grave and
+noble, their thoughts comprehensive, often
+striking, and their emotions, though artificial,
+are elaborated with great insight and
+knowledge of the world. Compared with
+the wretched creations of the French romanticists,
+they are worthy of all praise. The
+critic then proceeds to analyze Isaac Comnenus,
+Philip Van Atevelde, and Fair Edwin,
+setting forth with great fairness the excellencies
+and faults of each.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A new contribution to an obscure but
+most interesting part of European history is
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Deutschland in der Revolutions periode von</span></span>
+1522-26, (Germany, in the Revolutionary
+Period from 1522 to 26,) by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph Edmund
+Jörg</span></span>. The author has had access to a great
+mass of original and hitherto unused materials,
+especially diplomatic correspondence
+and other documents in the Bavarian archives.
+His view of the subject is very different
+from that taken by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zimmermann</span></span>, in his
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Peasants' War</span></span>, or by any other writer. He
+mocks at the idea that this revolution grew
+out of the evils and oppressions suffered by
+the people, and finds its most powerful impulse
+in the passion for innovation that
+sprung up along with the revival of classical
+studies in the middle ages.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The antique fashion of presenting poetic
+works to the public, is revived in Germany
+with great success. Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Griepenkerl</span></span> of
+Brunswick, whose tragedy of Robespierre
+made a great sensation a year or more since,
+is now reading his new play of the Girondists
+to large audiences in the principal cities.
+He has already been heard at Brunswick,
+Leipzig, Dresden, and Bremen, and proposes
+to visit other places on the same errand. The
+play, which is a tragedy of course, is much
+admired, though it is not thought to be adapted
+to the stage. The Girondists were not
+men of action, but orators and thinkers. The
+final scene in the play is the famous banquet
+before they were taken to execution. Charlotte
+Corday is among the characters; the
+women are said not to be drawn as truly and
+powerfully as the men.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Carlyle's</span></span> Life of Stirling is criticised in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grenzboten</span></span>, which calls Carlyle the strangest
+of all philosophers. This book is said, however,
+to be, on the whole, clearer and more
+intelligible than most of his former productions.
+Still, like most works of the new romantic
+school in England, of which Carlyle
+is the chief, it aims rather to give expression
+to the ideas and abilities of the author, than
+to do justice to its subject. But it is in Warren's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lily and the Bee</span></span>, that the school appears
+in full bloom. This is said to consist
+mostly of exclamation points, and is written
+in a sort of lapidary style, that deals in riddles,
+pathos without object, sentimentality
+with irony, world-pain, and allusions to all
+the kingdoms of heaven and earth, without
+any explanation as to what relation these allusions
+bear to each other, and with a Titanic
+pessimism as its predominating tone, which
+first rouses itself up to take all by storm, and
+finishes by being soothed into happy intoxication
+by the odors of a lily. This is better treatment
+than <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lily and the Bee</span></span> gets at home.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page269">[pg 269]</span><a name="Pg269" id="Pg269" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the second volume of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shakspeare as
+Protestant, Politician, Psychologist and Poet</span></span>,
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Ed. Vehse</span></span>—spoken of as being "even
+more uninteresting than the first," we find
+the two following extraordinary ideas. Firstly,
+that Shakspeare followed a theory of
+physical <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">temperaments</span></span> in his characters—that
+Hamlet was a representative of the melancholy
+or nervous, Othello of the choleric,
+Romeo of the sanguine, and Falstaff of the
+phlegmatic. Secondly, that in Falstaff,
+Shakspeare parodied—himself! Or to give
+his own words, "We may suppose that
+Shakspeare's physical constitution inclined
+to corpulence, and inspired in him the disposition
+to the life of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bon vivant</span></span>. His intimacy
+with the Earl of Southampton may
+have favored this disposition, since they led
+for a long time a dissipated tavern-life, and
+were rivals in love matters!" The work is
+principally made up of extracts from Shakspeare's
+plays, to every which extract we find
+appended "How admirable,"—"Excellent,"
+and similar aids to those who are not familiar
+with the English bard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We commend to the attention of philologists
+Das <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Gothische Runenalphabet</span></span>, (or The
+Gothic Runic Alphabet,) recently published
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hertz</span></span> of Berlin. "Before Wulfila, the
+Goths had an alphabet of twenty-five letters,
+formed according to the same principles, and
+bearing nearly the same names as the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Runes</span></span>
+of the Anglo-Saxons and Northmen, and probably
+arranged in the same order of succession.
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wulfila</span></span> adopted the Grecian alphabet,
+which through his modification was received
+by the Goths to the old twenty-five letters."
+This is the theory propounded in the work,
+which is not wanting, as we learn, in instructive
+information. In connection with this we
+may notice a book which has been deemed
+worthy of a modern English republication in
+elegant style, the often referred to <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Scriptural
+Poems</span></span> of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cædmon</span></span>, in Anglo-Saxon, an edition
+of which, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">R. W. Bouterwek</span></span>, with
+an Anglo-Saxon Glossary, has recently been
+published by Bædeher of Elberfeldt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Preussische Zeitung</span></span> states that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M.
+Hanke</span></span>, a learned Bohemian, is publishing, in
+Prague, a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fac-simile</span></span> of the Gospels on which
+the Kings of France have always been sworn
+at their coronation at Rheims. The manuscript
+volume is in the Slavonian language,
+and has been preserved at Rheims ever since
+the twelfth century, but it has only been lately
+discovered in what language it was written.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The eleventh volume of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Monumenta
+Germaniæ Historica</span></span> inde ab anno Christi 500
+usque ad annum 1500 auspiciis societ, aperiendis
+fontibus serum German medii ævi edid,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">G. H. Pertz</span></span>, has just made its appearance.
+This work is regarded as a stupendous effort
+of erudition and historical acumen, even in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Hagberg</span></span>, a professor at the University
+of Upsal, has just published at Stockholm a
+version of the complete works of Shakspeare,
+the first ever made in the Swedish language.
+It is in twelve thick octavo volumes. The
+Shaksperian Society of London having received
+a presentation copy of this translation,
+has returned a vote of thanks to Dr. Hagberg,
+accompanied by forty volumes of the Society's
+publications, all relating to the great dramatist
+and the state of dramatic art in his time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dunlop's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Fiction</span></span> has been translated
+into German by Professor Liebrecht of
+Liege, and enlarged so as to be much more
+complete than the original. The version
+bears the title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der Prosadichtung
+oder, Geschichte der Romane, Novellen
+und Mährchen</span></span> (History of Prose Poetry, or
+History of Romances, Novels and Traditional
+Tales). It gives a complete account of the
+most prominent fictions from the Greek romances
+down to the present day, and is quite
+as valuable for those who like to take their
+novels condensed, as for those who make a
+historical study of literature.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Holtei</span></span>, the German poet, has published a
+four-volume novel, called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Vagabunden</span></span>
+(The Vagabonds). It is a curious and successful
+book. It treats of the various classes that
+get their living by amusing others, not merely
+of theatrical and musical artists, but of circus-riders,
+ventriloquists, jugglers, rope-dancers,
+puppet-showmen, &amp;c. Indeed, actors and
+musicians are only introduced casually, while
+the lower classes, if we may so call them, of
+wandering artists, make up the book; and
+they make it up not in the form of caricatures
+or exaggerations, but as genuine living characters,
+with the faults and virtues that really
+belong to men of their respective professions
+The story is a good one, and is varied with
+all sorts of strange adventures.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In poetry we observe the attractive title
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Æolian Harp of the World's Poetry</span></span>,
+a collection of poems of all countries and
+ages, "dedicated to German ladies and
+maidens," by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ferd. Schmidt</span></span>. Also by the
+same collector, a Household Treasury of the
+most beautiful Ballads, Romances, and Poetic
+Legends of all Times and Nations; by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bruno
+Lindner</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Four Tales</span></span>, and from the Countess
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Agnes Schwerin</span></span>, a new edition of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">What I heard from the bird</span></span>. Were we
+confident that the Countess were intimately
+familiar with English poetry, we should feel
+half inclined to accuse her of having taken
+this title from</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"High diddle ding, I heard a bird sing."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">G. Puslitz</span></span> has "thrown forth," as Bacchus
+threw the wreath of Ariadne, a "garland of
+Stories," entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">What the Forest Tells</span></span>.
+Whether, like the wreath alluded to, it will
+reach the stars, we must leave our readers or
+his to decide.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page270">[pg 270]</span><a name="Pg270" id="Pg270" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Science, we observe the publication of
+a piece of eccentric nonsense such as emanates
+at the present day only from a weak
+brother in Germany, or occasionally from a
+would-be <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">original</span></span> in New England. The
+work to which we refer is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natur und
+Geist</span></span> (or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nature and Spirit</span></span>) of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Johann
+Riohers</span></span>. In the second volume he attempts
+to utterly overwhelm, confound, and destroy
+Newton's Theory of Attraction, by such an
+argument as the following. "Let any man
+jump from a height, in descending he feels
+no <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">attraction</span></span> to the Earth. How hasty and
+absurd therefore is it to attribute the movement
+in question to such an attraction."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A new collection of German Domestic Legends
+(<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Haus Mährchen</span></span>) has been published
+at Leipzig, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J.W. Wolf</span></span>, a distinguished
+German philologist. His Legends closely resemble
+those collected by Grimm, and, like
+them, are curious and instructive. He obtained
+them, one from a Gipsey, others from
+peasants in the mountain districts, and others
+from some companies of Hessian soldiers.
+He remarks that many such ancient legends
+are yet floating about among the German
+people, and that they ought to be collected
+before they are lost.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Zend Avesta</span></span>, or On the things of Heaven
+and the World beyond the Grave, is the title
+of a new book in three volumes just published
+at Leipzig, in German, of course, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gustav
+Theodor Fechnor</span></span>. The author attempts
+to prove the possibility, if not the certainty,
+of a future life of the individual after death.
+His demonstrations are drawn from the analogies
+of the natural world. He exhibits a
+wide acquaintance with nature and with literature,
+but is not thought to have made any
+positive additions to psychological science.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those who are conversant with the curiosities
+of the Middle Ages, and have read the
+entertaining history of "<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ye Nigromancer
+Virgilius</span></span>," in which the Mantuan bard lives
+no longer in the magic of song, but that of
+literal sorcery, will peruse with pleasure the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Virgil's Fortleben im Mittelalter</span></span>, or The
+Life of Virgil continued in the Middle Ages,
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">G. Rappert</span></span>. Of all the wild romantic
+legends which the romantic time brought
+forth, none surpass in singularity and interest
+this singular narration.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Temperance Tales</span></span> are produced in Germany
+as well as elsewhere. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jeremias Gotthelf</span></span>
+is the best author who there cultivates
+this style of composition. His <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Dürsli, the
+Brandy drinker</span></span>, has just passed through a
+fourth edition, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">How five Maidens miserably
+perished in Brandy</span></span>, to a second. Gotthelf has
+the talent of combining great dramatic interest
+and artistic freshness of narration, with
+a moral purpose. Hence the popularity of
+these little books.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Niehl's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bûrgerliche Gesellschaft</span></span> (Civil Society)
+is greatly praised by critics, as the most
+valuable work lately published in Germany,
+or indeed in Europe, upon the State of Society
+and the causes operating to change it.
+Especially good are its pictures of the different
+classes in Germany, such as the nobility,
+the peasantry, the industrious middle class,
+and the proletaries. These pictures are said
+to have the minuteness and fidelity of daguerreotypes.
+The chapter on the "proletaries
+of intellectual labor," gives any thing but
+a flattering account of the literary classes on
+the continent. Those classes are held up as
+in a great measure perverted, empty, and
+dangerous. Niehl divides Society in Germany
+into four great classes, namely: the peasantry,
+the aristocracy, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">bourgeoisie</span></span> or middle
+class, and the proletariat, or mere laborers
+for wages. The last he regards as the
+decaying and corrupting class, a sort of scum
+in hot effervesence. This is, however, one
+of the classes that produce social movement;
+the other is the middle class; the conservative
+or stationary classes are the peasantry
+and aristocracy. The learned professions he
+reckons among the middle class. He makes
+no distinction between the proletaries who
+live by the soil, and those who live by working
+in connection with manufactures and mechanical
+trades.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Another contribution to Goethean literature
+is the Correspondence between the great
+Poet and his intimate friend Knebel, which
+has just appeared in Germany in two volumes.
+The letters extend from 1774 to 1832,
+and contain the free expression of Goethe's
+opinions on a great variety of important subjects,
+as well as many interesting particulars
+in his personal history, hitherto unknown.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Wetzstein</span></span>, Prussian Consul at Damascus,
+has returned to Europe, bringing a
+valuable collection of Arabic, Turkish and
+Persian manuscripts, which he expects to sell
+to the Royal Library at Berlin. Of especial
+value is a history of Persia during the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries, which casts
+light on several portions of Persian history
+that have hitherto been obscure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Longfellow's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Evangeline</span></span> has been translated
+into German and published at Hamburg.
+The name of the translator is not given. The
+critics find that the poem has a very marked resemblance
+to Goethe's Herman and Dorothea.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Mayo's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Berber</span></span> has been translated
+into the German by Mr. L. Dubois, and published
+at Leipzig.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A new and splendid edition of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pilgrim's
+Progress</span></span> has been published at Leipzig,
+in German. It is curious to see the good
+old book discussed by the critics as if it were
+a new production.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page271">[pg 271]</span><a name="Pg271" id="Pg271" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">German Historical Literature has lately
+been enriched by numerous valuable works.
+Among these we notice <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wenck's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Fränkische
+Reich</span></span> (Frankish Empire), which treats that
+subject, from A.D. 843 to 861, with instructive
+thoroughness and philosophical insight;
+two essays by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ficker</span></span>, the one on Reinhald
+von Dassel, the Chancellor of Ferdinand I.,
+and the other on the attempt of Henry VI.
+to render the German empire hereditary;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arnthen's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Carinthia</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rink's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tirol</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Palazky's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Bohemia</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Minutoli's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Elector Frederic I.</span></span>;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Riedel's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ten years of the History of the Ancestors
+of the Royal House of Prussia</span></span>; the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of Schleswig Holstein</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">George
+Waitz</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ruckert's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Annals of German History</span></span>;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">G. Philip's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Outlines of the History of
+the German Empire and German Law</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gengler's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of German Law</span></span>; the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Coins
+of the German Emperors and Kings in the
+Middle Ages</span></span>, a large work by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cappe</span></span>; the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Celts and Ancient Helvetians</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. B. Brozi</span></span>;
+and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Campaigns of the Bavarians</span></span> from 1643
+to 1645, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. Hellmann</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Mann von
+Rinn</span></span> (Man of Rinn) deserves special mention.
+The man of Rinn is Joseph Speckbacher, the
+hero of the war of 1809 in the Tyrol. His
+deeds, and those of his countrymen, are here
+narrated in a style as attractive as the facts
+are authentic.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In all the States of the German Confederation
+there are 2,651 booksellers, 400 of whom
+deal only in their own publications, 2,200 sell
+books, but do not publish, and 451 keep
+general assortments of books, and publish
+also. At Berlin there are 129 booksellers, at
+Leipzic, 145, at Vienna, 52, at Stuttgard, 50,
+and at Frankfort, 36. A hundred years ago
+there were only 31 at Leipzic and 6 at Berlin,
+and at two fairs held at Leipzic in 1750, only
+350 German booksellers' establishments were
+represented. No one is allowed in Germany
+to become a bookseller without a license from
+the government, and in Prussia the applicant
+has to pass a special examination.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Those desirous of acquiring languages by
+wholesale, may try a recent work by Captain
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. Nepomuk Szöllözy</span></span>, with which the scholar
+can learn, according to the Ollendorffian system,
+French, German, English, Italian, Russian,
+Spanish, Hungarian, Wallachian and
+Turkish. Phrases and vocabularies of all the
+languages are appended.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A second edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Adolf Stahr's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Preussische
+Revolution</span></span>, has appeared in Germany,
+revised by the author and dedicated to Macaulay.
+No recent book in Germany has
+been more successful than this.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Max Schlesinger's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Wanderings through
+London</span></span> are announced at Berlin; the first
+volume is already published. One of the
+chapters treats of "Linkoln's-In-Fields."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We learn from the last number of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal Asiatique</span></span>, that <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Wöpcke</span></span>, a mathematician
+who devotes himself to Arabic
+studies, has discovered in some Arabic manuscripts
+two works purporting to be by Euclid,
+which have not been preserved in the Greek
+original, nor are any where referred to as
+his by ancient mathematical writers. One is
+a treatise on the lever, and the other on the
+division of planimetric figures. The authenticity
+of the two is thought to be perfectly
+established by collateral evidence.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Hungarian author. Baron Eötvös, has
+just published a work called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Ueber den Einfluss
+der Neuen Ideen auf den Staat</span></span> (On the
+influence of new ideas upon the State). He
+argues that the students of social and political
+science should confine themselves strictly
+to the method received in the natural sciences,
+and employed there with such success;
+first establish what are the genuine experimental
+phenomena, and then by induction settle
+the law which produces and governs them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We expect a treat from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moritz Wagner's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Reise nach Persien und dem Lande der Kurden</span></span>
+(Journey to Persia and Kurdistan) the
+first volume of which is advertised in our last
+files of German papers. Wagner is one of
+the best of travellers, and we shall look for the
+book itself with some impatience. The second
+volume is announced as to appear in
+three weeks after the first.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second part of the third volume of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Humboldt's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kosmos</span></span>, has just appeared at
+Stuttgart. It treats of the heavenly nebulae,
+suns, planets, comets, aurora borealis, zodiacal
+light, meteors, and meteoric stones. This
+completes the uranological part of the description
+of the physical universe. Humboldt has
+already begun his fourth volume, and expects
+to finish it before June next.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kossuth</span></span> is speculated on by a German
+bookseller, who advertises a work giving a
+complete account of his sayings and doings
+since the capitulation at Vilagos, including
+his flight to Turkey and his residence there,
+the negotiations for his release, his journey
+from Kutahia to England, and his tarry there
+up to sailing for America, with a portrait.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Rev. Henry T. Cheever's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life in the
+Sandwich Islands</span></span> (noticed by us lately in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International</span></span>), is reprinted in London, by
+Bentley, and translated in German for a publisher
+at Berlin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Silvio Pellico</span></span>, so famous for his works,
+his imprisonments and sufferings, is passing
+the winter in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The complete works of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Clemens Brentano</span></span>,
+have been brought out at Frankfort, in
+seven volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page272">[pg 272]</span><a name="Pg272" id="Pg272" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two books of travels in Scandinavia have
+just appeared in Germany. One is the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bilder
+aus dem Norden</span></span> (Pictures of the North),
+by Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Oscar Schmidt</span></span> of Jena; and
+the other <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hägringar</span></span>, or a Journey through
+Sweden, Lapland, Norway, and Denmark, in
+1850, by a young author. Professor Schmidt
+amply repays the reader, which is more than
+can always be said of the author of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hägringar</span></span>.
+Both works are, however, especially
+worthy the attention of those who wish to
+study the natural history and ethnography of
+the countries in question.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Madame Von Weber</span></span>, widow of the composer,
+who has for some years resided at Vienna,
+has applied to the Emperor of Austria
+for permission to dispose of the three original
+MSS. scores of her husband's operas, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Der
+Freischütz, Eutryanthe</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Oberon</span></span>. These
+were in the Royal Library at Vienna; and
+she purposes offering them to the three sovereigns
+of Saxony, Prussia, and England,—in
+which respective countries they were originally
+produced. The Emperor has caused the
+MSS. to be delivered to her.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Professor Nuytz</span></span>, whose work on canon
+law was recently condemned by the Holy See,
+has resumed his lectures at Turin. The lecture-room
+was crowded, and the learned professor
+was received with loud applause. He
+adverted to the hostility of the clergy, and
+to the Papal censures of his work, which censures
+he declared to be in direct opposition to
+the rights of the civil power. He expressed
+his thanks to the ministry for having refused
+to deprive him of his chair.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A valuable contribution to Italian history
+is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die Carafa von Maddaloni, Neapel unter
+Spanische Herrschaft</span></span> (Naples under Spanish
+Domination), just published in Germany, by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alfred von Reumont</span></span>, a member of the Prussian
+Legation at Florence, who, more than
+almost any other man, has made a study of the
+history of that part of Italy, and who in this
+work has had access to a great mass of new
+documents. He writes as a monarchist, but
+his facts may be relied on. The work is in
+two volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Every body remembers the noise made in
+New-York some fifteen years since by the
+revelations of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maria Monk</span></span>. We notice a
+translation of her famous disclosures advertised,
+with all sorts of trumpet blowing, in
+our German papers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An edition of the complete works of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kepler</span></span>
+is preparing in Germany, under the supervision
+of Prof. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Frisch</span></span>, of Stuttgart. The
+manuscripts of the great astronomer, preserved
+at St. Petersburg, have been examined
+for the purpose, with rich results. It is also
+proposed to erect a monument to Kepler at
+Stuttgart.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sixteen German books were prohibited in
+Russia in August last; among them were <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fontaine's</span></span><span class="tei tei-hi"></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Poems</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Görre's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian Mysticism</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kutz's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manual of Sacred History</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schmidt's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Death of Lord Byron</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kinkel's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Truth without
+Poetry</span></span>, and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Strauss's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Life Questions</span></span>. Of
+eleven other works, a few pages from each
+were prohibited; among these was the German
+version of Lieutenant <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lynch's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">United
+States Expedition to the Jordan and the Dead
+Sea</span></span>. These works are allowed to enter Russia
+after having the objectionable pages cut out.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The science of landscape gardening is enriched
+by a new work of value just published
+at Leipzig, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rudolph Liebeck</span></span>, the director
+of the public garden in that city. It is called
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Die bildenden Garten Kunst in seinen Modernen
+Formen</span></span> (The Modern Constructive Art
+of Gardening). It has twenty colored plates.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cotta</span></span>, of Stuttgart, is preparing to publish
+a splendid illustrated edition of Goethe's
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Faust</span></span>. The designs are to be by an artist
+well known in Germany, Engelbert Seibertz.
+The work is to be published in numbers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The historical remains and letters of George
+Spalatin have been published at Weimar.
+They are a valuable addition to the history
+of the Reformation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is remarkable that the only oriental nation
+whose literature has much resemblance
+to ours, and has a direct practical value for
+us, is the Chinese. For instance, the works
+of this people upon agriculture abound in
+practical information, which may be made
+immediately useful in Europe and America.
+We noticed, some time since, the treatise on
+the raising and care of silk worms, translated
+and published at Paris, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Stanislas Julien</span></span>,
+which was so warmly welcomed in
+France as a timely addition to what was
+there known upon the subject. It seems that
+this work was but a small portion of an extensive
+Cyclopedia of Agriculture in use in
+China, where the science of tilling the soil
+has in many respects been developed to an
+astonishing degree of perfection. This cyclopedia,
+M. Hervey, a French scholar, whose
+knowledge of the Eastern languages is accompanied
+by an equally profound love of
+farming, has undertaken to translate entire.
+This is a difficult and tedious enterprise, especially
+on account of the mass of botanical
+and technical expressions which occur in the
+work, and of which the dictionaries furnish
+no explanation. Meanwhile M. Hervey has
+published some of the results of his studies in
+a work called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Investigations on Agriculture
+and Gardening among the Chinese</span></span>. He mentions
+several varieties of fruits, vegetables,
+and trees, which might advantageously be introduced
+into France and Algiers; he also
+analyzes the Cyclopedia, and shows what are
+the difficulties in translating it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page273">[pg 273]</span><a name="Pg273" id="Pg273" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A remarkable contribution to our knowledge
+of China, is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Biot</span></span>'s recent translation
+of the book called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</span></span>. It seems that in
+the twelfth century before Christ, the second
+dynasty that had ruled the country, that of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thang</span></span>, fell by its own vices, and the empire
+passed into the hands of Wu-wang, the head
+of the princely family of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</span></span>. Wu-wang
+was a great soldier and statesman; he confided
+to his brother Tscheu-Kong, a man evidently
+of extraordinary political genius, the
+moral and administrative reformation of the
+empire. He first laid the foundation of a reform
+in moral ideas by an addition to the Y-King
+or sacred book, which the Chinese revere
+and incessantly study, but which still remains
+an unintelligible mystery for Europeans. Of
+his administrative reforms a complete record
+is preserved in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</span></span>, and nothing could
+be easier to understand.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the Tscheus thus came into power,
+they found in existence a powerful feudal
+aristocracy, from which they themselves proceeded,
+and which they must tolerate. Accordingly,
+they recognized within the imperial
+dominions sixty-three federal jurisdictions,
+which were hereditary, but whose
+rulers were obliged to administer according
+to the laws and methods of the empire. Having
+made this concession, they abolished all
+other hereditary offices, and established instead,
+a vast system of centralization, such as
+the world has never seen equalled elsewhere.
+The administration, according to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</span></span>,
+is divided among six ministries, which were
+also divided into sections, and the executive
+functions descend regularly and systematically
+to the lowest official, and include the
+entire movement of society. The emperor
+and the feudal princes are restrained by formalities
+and usage, as well as by the expression
+of disapprobation; and the officials of
+every grade by their hierarchical dependency,
+and by a system of incessant oversight; and
+finally, the people by proscription, and the
+education, industrial, as well as mental and
+moral, which the State dispenses to them.
+The sole idea in which this astonishing system
+rests, is that of the State, whose office is
+to care for all that can contribute to the public
+good, and which regulates the action of
+every individual with a view to this end. In
+his organization, Tscheu-Kong excelled every
+thing that the most centralized governments
+of Europe have devised.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Tscheu family remained in power for
+five centuries, and was finally broken down
+by the feudal element they had preserved.
+But so deep was the impress of Tscheu-Kong
+upon the nation, that after centuries of revolutions
+and civil war, it returned to his institutions
+and principles, and it is by them and
+in a great degree in their exact forms, that
+China is now governed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In form the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</span></span> is like an imperial
+almanac of our own times. It is, however,
+much more complete, because Tscheu-Kong
+gives in it a mass of detailed instructions, in
+order to make the officials aware of their duties
+and the precise limits of their authority.
+Thus the work affords a quite exact picture
+of the social condition of China at that time.
+There is no other monument of antiquity with
+which it can be compared, except the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Manus</span></span>,
+the Indian book of law. The difference is,
+that in China the intellectual activity was altogether
+political, and the public organization
+altogether imperial and political; while in India
+the mental activity was metaphysical, and
+the public organization altogether municipal.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The translation of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tscheu</span></span> was not published
+till after M. Biot's decease; it was
+brought out by his father, with the assistance
+of M. Stanislas Julien.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The library of the famous Cardinal Mezzofanti
+is about to be sold, and the catalogue is
+already printed—in Italian, of course. It is one
+of the most extensive and valuable collection
+of works in various languages ever made, and
+it is to be hoped that it may not be disposed
+of at the sale, but pass all together into some
+public library—that of some university would
+be most appropriate. To indicate the contents
+of the catalogue, we give the titles of
+the different parts: Books in Albanian or
+Epirotic, Arabic, Armenian, American (Indian
+dialects of Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay,
+Peru, United States), Bohemian, Chaldaic,
+Chinese (Cochin-Chinese, Trin-Chinese, Japanese),
+Danish (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic,
+Laplandic), Hebrew (Antique, Rabbinic,
+Samaritan), Egyptian, or Coptic-Egyptian
+and Coptic, Arabic, Etrusean, Phœnician,
+Flemish, French (Breton-French, Lorraine-French,
+Provençal), Gothic and Visi-Gothic,
+and Greek and Greek-Latin, Modern Greek,
+Georgian or Iberian, Cretian or Rhetian,
+Illyrian, Indo-oriental (Angolese, Burmese
+or Avian, Hindostanee, Malabar, Malayan,
+Sanscrit), English (Arctic, Breton or Celtic,
+Scotch-Celtic, Scotch, Irish, Welch), Italian
+(Fineban dialect, Maltese, Milanese, Sardinian,
+Sicilian), Kurdistanee or Kurdic, Latin, Maronite
+and Syriac Maronite, Oceanic (Australian),
+Dutch, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (various
+dialects), Slavonian (Carniolan, Serbian,
+Ruthenian, Slavo-Wallachian), Syriac, Spanish
+(Catalan, Biscayan), Russian, Turkish,
+Hungarian, Gipsey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The French historian <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michelet</span></span>, deprived
+of his professorship in the College of France,
+is devoting himself more than ever to literature.
+His last work, of which an authorized
+translation has just appeared in London, is
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Martyrs of Russia</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michel Nicolas</span></span>, one of the ablest among
+the French theologico-ethical writers, has
+published a translation of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Considerations
+on the Nature and Historical Developments
+of Christian Philosophy</span></span>, by Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ritter</span></span>, of
+the University of Gottingen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page274">[pg 274]</span><a name="Pg274" id="Pg274" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Schonenberger</span></span>, a music-publisher at
+Paris, has purchased from the heirs of Paganini
+the copyright of his works, and is now
+publishing them, under the editorial supervision
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Achille Paganini</span></span>, the son of the
+great violinist. The edition will comprise
+every thing that he left behind in writing.
+Hector Berlioz speaks with enthusiasm in the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal des Debats</span></span> of the two grand concertos
+which have just appeared, one of them containing
+the marvellous rondo of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">campanella</span></span>.
+Berlioz speaks in high praise of Paganini's
+genius as a composer. A volume would
+be required, he says, to indicate the new effects,
+the ingenious methods, the grand and
+noble forms which he discovered, and even
+the orchestral combinations, which before him
+were not suspected. In spite of the rapid
+progress which, thanks to Paganini, the violin
+is making at the present day in respect of
+mechanical execution, his compositions are
+yet beyond the skill of most violinists, and in
+reading them it is hardly possible to conceive
+how their author was able to execute them.
+Unfortunately he was not able to transmit
+to his successors the vital spark which animated
+and rendered <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">human</span></span> those astonishing
+prodigies of mechanism.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Philarete Chasles</span></span>, one of the literary
+critics of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal des Debats</span></span>, has published,
+at Paris, a book called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Etudes sur la Litterateur
+et les Mæurs des Anglo-Americanis</span></span>,
+which abounds in those curious blunders that
+some French authors seem to be destined to
+when they write upon topics connected with
+foreign countries. For instance, he makes
+the pilgrims of Plymouth to have been the
+founders of Philadelphia, New-York, and
+Boston. Buffalo he sets down opposite to
+Montreal, speaks of the puritans of Pennsylvania
+as near neighbors of Nova Scotia, and
+extends Arkansas to the Rocky Mountains.
+At New-York his regret is that a railroad has
+destroyed the beauty of Hoboken, and at New
+Orleans he laments that marriages between
+whites and Creoles are interdicted. Of Cooper,
+Irving, Bryant, Audubon, and Longfellow,
+he speaks in terms of just praise, but Willis is
+not mentioned. Bancroft and Hildreth are
+mentioned as historians, Prescott is spoken
+of briefly in connection with his Ferdinand
+and Isabella, while his other works are not
+alluded to. To Herman Melville, M. Chasles
+devotes fifty pages, while Mr. Ticknor has not
+even the honor of a mention. The author of
+this work is very far from doing justice either
+to American literature or to himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Five of the nine intended volumes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lafuente's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">General History of Spain</span></span> from the
+remotest times to the present day, have appeared
+in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Paris a new edition is announced of the
+best French versions of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Fenimore Cooper's</span></span>
+works—six or eight illustrated volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Guizot</span></span> is about to publish a new volume
+at Paris, with the title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Shakspeare et son
+Temps</span></span> (Shakspeare and his Times). It is to be
+composed of his Life of Shakspeare, and the
+articles that he has written at various times
+upon different plays. The only novelty in it is
+a notice on Hamlet which was prepared expressly
+for this publication. He regards both
+Macbeth and Othello as better dramas than
+Hamlet, but thinks the last contains more
+brilliant examples of Shakspeare's sublimest
+beauties and grossest faults. "Nowhere,"
+says Guizot, "has he unveiled with more
+originality, depth and dramatic effect, the inmost
+state of a great soul: but nowhere has
+he more abandoned himself to the caprices,
+terrible or burlesque, of his imagination, and
+to that abundant intemperance of a mind
+pressed to get out its ideas without choosing
+among them, and bent on rendering them
+striking by a strong, ingenious, and unexpected
+mode of expression, without any regard
+to their truth and natural form." The
+French critic also thinks that on the stage
+the effect of Hamlet is irresistible.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Capital work on Paris has just been
+published at Berlin, from the pen of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Friedrich
+Szarvady</span></span>, a Hungarian, who has resided
+for several years in Paris. The titles
+of the chapters are:—Paris in Paris; Strangers
+in Paris; Parisian Women; Street Eloquence;
+the Temple of Jerusalem (the Bourse);
+Salons and Conversation; Dancing, Song,
+and Flowers; the Ball at the Grand Opera;
+Artist Life; the Press; the Feuilleton; History
+on a Public Square; Lamartine, Cavaignac,
+Thiers; Louis Bonaparte. Szarvady observes
+sharply, and writes with as much grace
+and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">esprit</span></span> as a Frenchman. Nothing can be
+more taking than his pages. They deserve a
+translation from the German into English.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Villergas</span></span>, the Spanish historian, who in
+one of his recent works drew a parallel between
+Espartero and Narvaez which excited
+great attention at Madrid and in other parts
+of Spain, has just been condemned by the
+court which has charge of the offences of the
+press, to a fine of twenty thousand reals, or
+twenty-five hundred dollars, for the sin
+against public order and private character
+contained in that parallel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An interesting and valuable series of articles
+reviewing historically the systems of
+land tenure which have prevailed in different
+countries, is appearing in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Journal des
+Débats</span></span> from the pen of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Henry Trianon</span></span>.
+The systems of India and China have already
+been examined.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The termagant wife of Sir Edward Bulwer
+Lytton has just published <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The School for Husbands</span></span>,
+a novel founded on the life and times
+of Moliere. Probably her own husband is
+shot at in all the chapters.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page275">[pg 275]</span><a name="Pg275" id="Pg275" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The books on modern French history would
+already fill an Alexandrian library, and every
+month produces new ones. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Leonard
+Gallois</span></span>, a well-known historical writer, announces
+a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Revolution of February,
+1848</span></span>, in <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">five</span></span> large octavos, with forty-one
+portraits. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Barante</span></span>'s <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Convention</span></span>
+will consist of six octavos, of which three
+are published, and the last is accompanied by
+it biographical sketch of each of the seven
+hundred and fifty members. The period embraced
+in this work is from 1792 to 1795, inclusive.
+There is a new <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the City of
+Lyons</span></span>, in three octavos, by the city librarian.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Letters and unpublished Essays of
+Count</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph de Maistre</span></span> have been brought
+out at Paris, in two volumes octavo. The
+letters show the celebrated author in a new
+and pleasing light; a tone of genial unreserve
+prevails in many of them, which those who
+have become familiar with his brilliant, dogmatic,
+and paradoxical intellect, in his more
+elaborate writings, would hardly suppose him
+capable of. No writer, of this century at
+least, has more powerfully set forth the doctrines
+of the Roman Catholic Church than he.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Political Situation of Cuba</span></span>, a volume
+published in Paris, by Don <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Antonio Saco</span></span>, is
+commended in the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue des Deux Mondes</span></span>.
+Don Antonio was one of the most distinguished
+intelligences and liberals of the precious
+island: he argues against independence, or
+annexation to the American Union: he suggests
+various arrangements by which Spain
+could safely establish political freedom in Cuba,
+and he thinks administrative and judicial
+reforms to counteract the worst ills of her
+present situation, might be accomplished.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A New edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sharon Turner</span></span>'s <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History
+of the Anglo-Saxons</span></span> has just appeared
+in London, with important additions and revision.
+The first edition of Turner's History
+was published in London more than fifty
+years ago. At the time when the first volume
+appeared, the subject of Anglo-Saxon
+antiquities had been nearly forgotten by the
+British public, although the most venerated
+laws, customs, and institutions of the nation
+originated before the Norman conquest. The
+Anglo-Saxon manuscripts lay unexamined in
+archives, and the important information they
+contained had never been made a part of general
+history. Mr. Turner undertook a careful
+and patient investigation of all the documents
+belonging to the period preserved in
+the kingdom, and the result of his labors was
+the work in question, which at once gave rise
+to an almost universal passion for the records
+and remains of the Anglo-Saxon people, and
+called forth general applause from the best
+minds of England. A good edition of his
+History was published several years ago by
+Carey and Hart of Philadelphia, but it is
+now, we believe, out of print.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Rev. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">John Howard Hinton</span></span>, author
+of a well-known History of the United States,
+has published, in London, a volume under the
+title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Test of Experience</span></span>, in which he
+has presented a masterly argument for the
+voluntary principle in matters of religion.
+The "test of experience" is in this, as in all
+other things, the best of tests, and the religious
+institutions of the United States can well
+bear its application. One of the most noticeable
+results of the non-interference of the
+State is pointed out in the following passage:</p>
+
+<div class="block tei tei-quote" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">"To travellers in the United States, no fact has
+been more immediately or more powerfully striking
+than the total absence of religious rivalry.
+Amidst such a multitude of sects, an inhabitant of
+the old world naturally, and almost instinctively
+looks for one that sets up exclusive pretensions
+and possesses an actual predominance. But he
+finds nothing of the kind. Neither presbyterianism,
+or prelacy, nor any other form of ecclesiasticism,
+makes the slightest effort to lift its head
+above its fellow. And with the resignation of exclusive
+pretensions, the entire ecclesiastical strife
+has ceased, and the din of angry war has been
+hushed; and here, at length, the voluntary principle
+is able to exhibit itself in its true colors, as a
+lover of peace and the author of concord. It is
+busied no longer with the arguing of disputed
+claims, but throws its whole energy into free and
+combined operations for the extension of Christianity.
+The general religious energy embodies itself
+in a thousand forms; but while there is before the
+church a vast field to which the activities of all
+are scarcely equal, there is, also, 'a fair field and
+no favor,'—a field in which all have the same advantages,
+and in which each is sure to find rewards
+proportionate to its wisdom and its zeal. This inestimable
+benefit of religious peace is clearly due
+to the voluntary principle."</span></p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Junius</span></span>, since the publication of his Letters,
+never figured more conspicuously than during
+the last month. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Paris Revue des Deux
+Mondes</span></span> has a very long article on the great
+secret by M. Charles Remusat, a member of
+the Institute, well known in historical criticism.
+He arrays skilfully the facts and reasonings
+which British inquirers have adduced
+in favor of Sir Philip Francis, and the other
+most probable author, Lord George Sackville.
+He seems to incline to the latter, but does not
+decide. He pronounces that, on the whole,
+Junius was not "a great publicist." His
+powers and influence are investigated and
+explained by M. de Remusat with acuteness
+and comprehensive survey. Lord Mahon, in
+his new volumes, says, "From the proofs adduced
+by others, and on a clear conviction of
+my own, I affirm that the author of Junius
+was no other than Sir Philip Francis." We
+think not. The London <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athenæum</span></span>, last year,
+we thought, settled this point. It is understood
+that the editor of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Grenville Papers</span></span>,
+now on the eve of publication, in London, is
+in favor of Lord Temple as a claimant for the
+authorship of Junius. The January number of
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Quarterly Review</span></span> contains an article on
+the subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page276">[pg 276]</span><a name="Pg276" id="Pg276" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Natural History of the Human Species</span></span>,
+by Lieutenant-Colonel <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles Hamilton
+Smith</span></span>, is the title of a duodecimo volume
+from the press of Gould &amp; Lincoln of Boston.
+An American editor (Dr. Kneeland) has
+added an introductory survey of recent literature
+on the subject. The whole performance
+is feeble. The author and his editor
+endeavor to make out something like the infidel
+theory of Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Agassiz</span></span>, which, a
+year or two ago, attracted sufficient attention
+to induce an investigation and an intelligent
+judgment, in several quarters, as to the
+real claims of that person to the distinctions
+in science which his advertising managers
+claim for him. We have not space now for
+any critical investigation of the work, and
+therefore merely warn that portion of our
+readers who feel any interest in ethnological
+studies, of its utter worthlessness.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">An Englishman, Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Francis Bonynge</span></span>, recently
+from the East Indies, has come to this
+country at the instance of our minister in
+London, for the purpose of bringing before
+us the subject of introducing some twenty of
+the most valuable agricultural staples of the
+East, among which are the tea, coffee, and
+indigo plants, into the United States. He
+gives his reasons for believing that tea and
+indigo would become articles of export from
+this country to an amount greater than the
+whole of our present exports. He says that
+tea, for which we now pay from sixty-five to
+one hundred cents per lb. may be produced
+for from two to five cents, free from the noxious
+adulterations of the tea we import. He
+has published a small volume under the title
+of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Future Wealth of America</span></span>, in which his
+opinions are fully explained and illustrated.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first volume of a work on <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Christian
+Iconography</span></span>, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Didron</span></span>, of Paris, opens
+to the curious reader a new source of intellectual
+enjoyment, both in the department of
+ancient religious art, and in the archæology
+of the early paintings of the Catholic Church.
+The rich, profuse, and quaint plates of the
+original work are used in a translation ably
+made by E.J. Millington, published in London
+by Bohn, and in New-York by Bangs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sir Francis Bond Head</span></span>, so well known
+in this country as one of the former governors
+of Canada, and as an author of remarkable
+versatility and cleverness, has published
+an agreeable but superficial book on Paris—the
+Paris of January, 1852—under the quaint
+title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Bundle of French Sticks</span></span>; and Mr.
+Putnam has reprinted it in his new library.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A remarkable book published in Louisville,
+Kentucky, in 1847, by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. D. Nourse</span></span>,
+under the title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Remarks on the Past, and
+its Legacies to American Society</span></span>, has just
+been reprinted in London, with an introduction
+by <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">D. T. Coulton</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following works, all of which have
+promising titles, will soon be published by
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. S. Redfield</span></span>: <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Men of the Times in 1852</span></span>,
+comprising biographical sketches of all the
+celebrated men of the present day; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Characters
+in the Gospels</span></span>, by Rev. E. H. Chapin;
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tales and Traditions of Hungary</span></span>, by Theresa
+Pulzky; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Comedy of Love</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Eighteenth Century</span></span>, by Arsene
+Houssaye; Aytoun's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lays of the Scottish
+Cavaliers</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Cavaliers of England</span></span>, and
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Knights of the Olden Time, or the Chivalry
+of England, France and Spain</span></span>, by Henry
+W. Herbert; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lectures and Miscellanies</span></span>,
+by Henry James; and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Isa: a Pilgrimage</span></span>, by
+Caroline Chesebro.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Westminster Review</span></span> says of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Alice
+Carey</span></span>, whose <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clovernook</span></span> we noticed favorably
+in the last <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">International</span></span>, that "no American
+woman can be compared to her for
+genius;" the Paris <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Débats</span></span> refers to her as a
+poet of the rank of Mrs. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning</span></span> in England; the literary critic of
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Tribune</span></span> (the learned and accomplished
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ripley</span></span> whose judgment in such a matter is
+beyond appeal) prefers her <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Clovernook</span></span> to Miss
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mitford's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Our Village</span></span>, or Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilson's</span></span>
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Daniel S. Curtiss</span></span> has availed himself
+well of large opportunities for personal observation,
+in his volume just published under
+the title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Western Portraiture, and Emigrant's
+Guide</span></span>, a description of Wisconsin, Illinois,
+and Iowa, with remarks on Minnesota
+and other territories. It is the most judicious
+and valuable book of the kind we have seen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Herr Freund</span></span>, the Philologist, is in London,
+engaged in constructing a German-English
+and English-German dictionary upon his
+new system; and Professor <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</span></span>, the learned
+editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, announces a dictionary of
+Greek and Roman Geography, the articles to
+be written by the principal contributors to
+his previous works.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">The Christmas Books</span></span> of the present season
+in England have not been very remarkable.
+Mr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dickens</span></span>, in an extra number of his
+Household Words, printed <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">What Christmas
+is to Everybody</span></span>; and we have from <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wilkie
+Collins</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A New Christmas Story</span></span>; by the
+author of "The Ogilvies," <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Alice Learmont, a
+Fairy Tale of Love</span></span>; by the author of "The
+Maiden Aunt," a pleasant little book entitled
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Use of Sunshine</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Under the title of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Excerpta de P. Ovidii
+Nastonis</span></span>, Blanchard &amp; Lea of Philadelphia
+have published a series of selections from a
+poet whose works, for obvious reasons, are
+not read entire in the schools. The extracts
+present some of the most beautiful parts of
+this graceful and versatile poet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page277">[pg 277]</span><a name="Pg277" id="Pg277" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc103" id="toc103"></a>
+<a name="pdf104" id="pdf104"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE FINE ARTS</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The American Art Unions have not been
+successful in the last year, unless an exception
+may be made in regard to that of New
+England, at Boston. The American, at New-York,
+deferred indefinitely its annual distribution
+of pictures, on account of the small
+number of its subscriptions; and the Pennsylvanian,
+at Philadelphia, by a recent fire in
+that city has lost its admirably-engraved
+plates of Huntington's pictures from the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pilgrim's
+Progress</span></span>, the last of which was just
+completed and placed in the hands of the
+printer. It will make no distribution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A Sicilian artist, residing at Naples, has
+amused himself, and probably pleased his sovereign,
+by composing a life-sized group, representing
+Religion supporting King Ferdinand,
+and guarded by an angel, who places
+his foot on an evil spirit. On the other side
+of this group is a child bearing the scales of
+justice. "How much," writes a correspondent
+of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athenæum</span></span>, "the artist is to get for
+this plaster blasphemy, I know not; but a
+more impudent caricature (at the present moment)
+it would be difficult to imagine." Another
+artist has, however, beaten the Sicilian
+sculptor quite out. A small bronze group represents
+Religion triumphing over Impiety
+and Anarchy. Impiety is represented by a
+female figure, under whose arm are two books
+inscribed Voltaire and Luther! Anarchy has
+taken off her mask, and let fall two scrolls, on
+which are written <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Communismo</span></span> and <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Constituto</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Professor Zahn</span></span>, who has been engaged
+during a period of more than twenty years in
+examining the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum,
+has exhibited at Berlin a collection of
+casts unique in their kind. These are 8,000
+in number; and comprise all the remarkable
+sculptures of the above places, besides those
+found at Stabiæ, and those of the vast collection
+of the Museo Borbonico and other museums
+of the Two Sicilies. The casts from
+the Museo Borbonico are the first ever made,—the
+King of Naples having accorded the
+privilege of taking these copies to M. Zahn
+alone, in royal recompense for the Professor's
+great work on Pompeii and Herculaneum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A book which all students of art should
+possess, is <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Kugler's</span></span> <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Geschichte der Kunst</span></span>
+(History of Art), with the Illustrations (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Bilderatlos</span></span>)
+which accompany it, and which are
+now being published at Stuttgart. The ancient
+and modern schools of Art—Painting,
+Sculpture, and Architecture—are here represented
+in outlines of their most celebrated
+and characteristic works. Eleven numbers
+of these Illustrations have appeared, and the
+whole work will be completed in the course
+of the coming year.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In our musical world there have been several
+noticable facts in the last month. The
+opera company, perhaps from the utter incapacity
+of its director, has been divided, and
+the best portion of it has been singing at Niblo's
+Theatre. Jenny Lind's farewell series
+of concerts was prevented by intelligence of
+the death of the great singer's mother, in
+Sweden. Catherine Hayes has been successful
+in several concerts at Tripler Hall, and
+Mrs. Bostwick, whom the best critics of the
+city regard as superior to any singer who has
+appeared among us, except Jenny Lind, has
+given a second series of her subscription concerts,
+which were extremely well attended.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A correspondent of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Athenæum</span></span>, writing
+from Egypt, urges that a few young artists
+should be sent out with orders to copy
+all the hieroglyphics on the most important
+temples, as well as the numerous tablets and
+fragments which are daily brought to light.
+"A work pursued with such materials—all
+theories and arbitrary classification being excluded—would
+ever remain as a lasting monument,
+and would reflect great credit on the
+Government which should order its execution."
+Less than one-half of the money required
+for the removal of the Obelisk would
+amply cover all expenses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A correspondent of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Kuhne's Europa</span></span> writes
+from Dresden that a number of humorous
+drawings, sketched by the pencil of Schiller,
+and accompanied by descriptions in his own
+hand, have been found in the possession of
+a Swabian family, with whom the great poet
+became acquainted during his residence at
+Loschwitz.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Berlin, M. von Prinz, a pupil of Kiss,
+the sculptor, is erecting a group which he
+calls <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Lion-killer</span></span> in imitation of the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amazon</span></span>. Kiss himself is engaged on a set of
+groups from a fox-hunt, Rauch has almost
+completed a bust of Humboldt, and statues of
+General Gneisenau and of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hope</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A colossal statue of the Emperor Napoleon,
+thirty feet high, is to be placed on the
+top of the Triumphal Arch, at the end of the
+Champs Elysées, in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kaulbach</span></span> has undertaken to draw a set
+of sketches for an illustrated edition of Shakspeare,
+which will shortly be published by
+Nicolai, At Berlin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Greenough</span></span>, is now in New-York,
+awaiting the arrival of his splendid group for
+the Capitol, from Italy. He will soon be engaged
+on his statue of his friend the late Mr.
+Cooper, to be erected in this city.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page278">[pg 278]</span><a name="Pg278" id="Pg278" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc105" id="toc105"></a>
+<a name="pdf106" id="pdf106"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Historical Review of the Month</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The extraordinary abilities of Kossuth as
+orator, hid attractive personal qualities, and
+grandeur of his propositions, continue to occupy
+the generous regard of the people of the United
+States, but the impression which obtained at
+one time that the national government would in
+any manner or degree enter into his plans for
+confining a future contest for the liberty of Hungary
+exclusively to the two parties most immediately
+interested, appears to have been very generally
+given up. This country will continue to encourage
+and aid oppressed peoples by showing how
+wisely and efficiently its servants can attend to
+her own affairs. At the same time it is not to be
+doubted that citizens in their private capacity may
+and will do much for the illustrious exile who pleads
+among us for the means of opposing the oppressors
+of his nation. Kossuth has been entertained
+at public banquets since he left New-York by the
+authorities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington,
+Annapolis, and Harrisburg; he has been received
+by the President of the United States, the
+two houses of Congress, and the legislatures of
+Maryland and Pennsylvania; and on the 7th of
+January he dined with the representatives, senators,
+and other persons connected with the government,
+at Washington, and Daniel Webster,
+Lewis Cass, William H. Seward, and Stephen A.
+Douglass, made speeches on the occasion expressive
+of their personal respect and sympathy, and
+their anxiety as individuals to see Hungary independent.
+Mr. Cass indeed went so far as entirely
+to endorse the doctrine of Kossuth respecting intervention
+to insure non-intervention. Kossuth is
+now in the state of Ohio, and he probably will remain
+in this country long enough—since the French
+revolution has at least deferred any great and united
+movement of the European democracy—to visit
+all the principal cities of the valley of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">But little important business has yet been accomplished
+in Congress, though numerous bills
+have been introduced, as is usual in the early
+weeks of the session. On the morning of the 24th
+of December, a portion of the capitol, occupied
+by the national library, was destroyed by fire, with
+nearly sixty thousand printed volumes, and many
+MSS., maps, medals, portraits, sculptures, and
+other works of art.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The legislature of several of the states are
+now in session. Those of Ohio, Michigan, Mississippi,
+Wisconsin and California, met on the 5th of
+January; those of New-York, Pennsylvania and
+Delaware, on the 7th; those of Maryland and
+Massachusetts, on the 7th; that of Indiana, on the
+8th; those of Virginia and Illinois, on the 12th;
+that of New Jersey, on the 13th; that of Maine,
+on the 14th, and that of Louisiana, on the 19th.
+No great national questions have been prominently
+before the state legislatures, except that
+of our foreign relations, with special reference to
+Hungary, upon which the assemblies in the several
+states appear to be less conservative than
+Congress. The most important subject of local
+administration, is that of the suppression of the
+sales of intoxicating liquors. The law of Maine,
+enacted last year, will probably be sustained in
+that state; in Massachusetts a petition with more
+than one hundred thousand signatures, has been
+offered in the legislature for such a law, and similar
+efforts are being made in New-York and other
+States.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Mexico there is a continuance of the imbecility
+of the government and the agitations of factions.
+Rumors, constantly varying, in regard to
+the conduct and prospects of Caravajal, leave us
+in doubt whether any thing of real importance
+will grow out of his attempts at revolution in the
+northern provinces. The administration appears
+to have acted with decision, but probably with
+impotence so far as the final result is concerned, in
+regard to the Tehuantepee railroad contract.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">South America presents the usual series of disturbances,
+with some facts which indicate a prospect
+of repose; but all such prospects in the
+Spanish states of this continent are apt to be deceptive.
+The birthday of Bolivar was celebrated
+at Caracas on the 28th of October with great public
+festivities. Treaties between Brazil and Uruguay
+were formed for alliance, military aid, commerce
+and navigation, and the mutual surrender of criminals,
+on the 12th of October. We learn from
+Buenos Ayres that, through November, Rosas was
+making great preparations to meet Urquiza. He
+had established a corps of observation in the direction
+of Entre Rios to look out for an invasion.
+A considerable emigration was taking place from
+Buenos Ayres to Montevideo, mostly of previous
+residents of the latter city.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In Great Britain the most important recent
+event is the retirement of Lord Palmerston from
+the cabinet, in which he held the place of Secretary
+of State for Foreign Affairs. This occurred
+on the 22d of December. The causes of Lord
+Palmerston's retirement are a subject of much
+unsatisfactory speculation, and the fact is generally
+regretted by the friends of political liberty in
+Europe. His successor is Lord Granville, a nobleman
+of manly and liberal character, heretofore
+connected with the government. It is apprehended
+that the popular feeling may induce the
+recall of Lord Palmerston to be the head of a new
+Ministry. Great Britain has now no envoy resident
+in the United States, but it is not improbable
+that Sir Henry Bulwer will return to this country
+for the final settlement of affairs connected with
+Central America. It is understood officially that
+the attack of a British man-of-war on the United
+States steamer Prometheus, at Greytown, was
+entirely unauthorized.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Admiralty have determined not to send
+another expedition in search of Sir John Franklin,
+by way of Behring's Straits. The Plover is to be
+communicated with each year by a man-of-war—the
+Amphitrite is the next. The proposed overland
+expedition of Lieut. Pym has been abandoned.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The English war at the Cape of Good Hope
+continues with little change, though a few important
+successes by the English are reported.
+The war appears to be condemned by a large
+and respectable portion of the journals and the
+people at home. In its character and details it
+continues to resemble our own contest with the
+Indians in Florida.</p>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page279">[pg 279]</span><a name="Pg279" id="Pg279" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The month of December, 1851, witnessed, in
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">France</span></span>, the successful accomplishment of a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">coup
+d'état</span></span> not less daring than any that marked the
+earlier annals of that country. It is asserted that
+the personal security of the President was menaced
+with imminent danger, when, on the evening
+of the 1st of December, he came to the resolution
+to strike the first blow. The measures he immediately
+took were, to issue an appeal to the people
+denouncing the conduct of the Assembly,
+and declaring it dissolved; a proclamation to
+the army, telling them that "to-day, at this solemn
+moment, I wish the voice of the army to be heard;"
+and a decree "in the name of the French people,"
+of which the articles were—"1. The National Assembly
+is dissolved; 2. Universal Suffrage is re-established—the
+law of the 31st May is abrogated;
+3. The French people is convoked in its elective
+colleges from the 14th of December to the 21st of
+December following; 4. The state of siege is decreed
+through the first military division; 5. The
+Council of State is dissolved; 6. The Minister of
+the Interior is charged with the execution of the
+present decree." The appeal to the people contained
+these further propositions; "Persuaded
+that the instability of power, that the preponderance
+of a single Assembly, are the permanent
+causes of trouble and discord. I submit to your
+suffrages the fundamental basis of a constitution
+which the Assemblies will develop hereafter—1.
+A responsible chief named for ten years; 2. The
+Ministers dependent on the executive alone; 3. A
+Council of State formed of the most distinguished
+men, preparing the law, and maintaining the discussion
+before the legislative corps; 4. A legislative
+corps, discussing and voting the laws, named
+by universal suffrage, without the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">scrutin de liste</span></span>
+which falsifies the election; 6. A second Assembly
+formed of all the illustrious persons of the nation—a
+preponderating power, guardian of the
+fundamental pact and of public liberty." At an
+early hour, on the 2d, these manifestoes were
+found covering the walls of Paris, and at the same
+time the principal thoroughfares were filled with
+troops of the line.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The President had taken precautions that the
+National Guard should not be called out. The
+Generals Changarnier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamoricière,
+Leflo, Colonel Charras, MM. Bazé, Thiers.
+Brun, the Commissary of Police of the Assembly,
+and others of the leading heads of parties, were
+arrested before they had risen for the day. Many
+members of the Assembly gathered at the house
+of M. Daru, one of their Vice-Presidents and, having
+him at their head, proceeded to their ordinary
+place of meeting, but found access effectually barred
+by the Chasseurs de Vincennes, a corpse recently
+returned from Algeria. These men forcibly
+withstood the entrance of the members, some of
+whom were slightly wounded. Returning with M.
+Daru, they were invited by General Lauriston to
+the Marie of the 10th arrondissement, where they
+formed a sitting, presided over by two of their
+Vice-Presidents, M. Vitel and M. Benuist d'Azy
+(M. Daru having meanwhile been arrested), and
+proceeded to frame a decree to the following effect:
+"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is deprived of
+his functions as President of the Republic, and the
+citizens are commanded to refuse him obedience;
+the executive power passes in full right to the National
+Assembly; the judges of the High Court
+of Justice are required to meet immediately, on
+pain of dismissal, to proceed to judgment against
+the President and his accomplices. It is enjoined
+on all functionaries and depositaries of authority
+that they obey the requisition made in the name of
+the Assembly, under penalty of forfeiture and the
+punishment prescribed for high treason." While
+this decree was being signed, another was unanimously
+passed, naming General Oudinot commander
+of the forces, and M. Tamisier chief of the staff.
+These decrees had scarcely been signed by all
+present, when a company of soldiers entered, and
+required them to disperse. The Assembly refused
+to do so, when, after some parley, two commissaries
+de police were brought, the presidents were
+arrested, and the whole body of members present,
+230 in number, were marched across the city to
+the barracks of the Quai d'Orsay. The next day
+they were distributed to the prisons of Mount Valerien,
+Mazas, and Vincennes; and the generals
+Cavaignac, Lamoricière, Bedeau, and Changarnier,
+were sent to Ham. During the day the population
+viewed the soldiers in the streets merely as a
+spectacle, and no violent excitement occurred. At
+ten o'clock on Wednesday morning some members
+of the Mountain appeared in the Rue d'Antoine,
+and raised the cry <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Aux armes!</span></span> The party they
+collected immediately began to erect a barricade
+at the corner of the Rue St. Marguerite. Troops
+were quickly at the spot, when the barricade was
+carried, and the representative Baudin was killed.
+Some other barricades were raised in the afternoon,
+but as quickly destroyed. General Magnan,
+the Commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, seeing
+the day was passed in insignificant skirmishes,
+now determined to withdraw his small posts, to
+allow the discontented to gather to a head. On the
+morning of the 4th it was reported that the insurrection
+had its focus in the Quartiers St. Antoine,
+St. Denis, and St. Martin, and that several
+barricades were in progress. The General deferred
+his attack until two o'clock, when the various
+brigades of troops acted in concert. The barricades
+were attacked in the first instance by
+artillery, and then carried at the point of the
+bayonet. There were none which offered very
+serious resistance, and the whole contest was over
+about five o'clock. In the evening, however, fresh
+barricades were raised in the Rues Montmartre and
+Montorgueil, and others in the Rues Pagevin and
+des Fosses Montmartre, which were successfully
+attacked in the night by the officers in command
+of those quarters. On the 5th the last remains
+of street-fighting were effectually quelled. The
+loss to the military in these operations was twenty-five
+men killed, of whom one was Lieut-Col.
+Loubeau, of the line, and 184 wounded, of whom
+seventeen were officers. The number of insurgents
+killed is unknown, but they are estimated
+it from two to three thousand, including, unfortunately,
+many indifferent persons, who were accidentally
+passing along the boulevards when the
+soldiery suddenly opened their sweeping fire.
+The insurgents taken with arms in their hands
+were carried to the Champ de Mars, and there
+shot by judgment of court martial. Most of the
+political prisoners arrested were discharged after
+a few days, some of the more formidable only being
+longer detained.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By a decree of the President dated the 2d December,
+the French people were convoked in their<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page280">[pg 280]</span><a name="Pg280" id="Pg280" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+respective districts for the 14th of the month to
+accept or reject the following <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">plébiscite</span></span>: "The
+French people wills the maintenance of the authority
+of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, and delegates
+to him the powers necessary to frame a Constitution
+on the bases proposed in his proclamation of
+the 2d December." On that day the voting consequently
+commenced by universal suffrage; and
+the President has been re-elected for ten years by
+a majority greatly exceeding that of his contest
+with Cavaignac. In Paris, of 394,049 registered
+voters 197,091 have voted in the affirmative;
+95,511, in the negative; and 96,819 abstained
+from voting. The majority for Louis Napoleon
+being 191,500. In the provinces he has had a
+majority of eight to one. The inauguration of the
+usurper took place in the church of Notre Dame
+on the 3d of January, and the new order of things
+has been recognized by all the courts of Europe.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On the 25th of November a French squadron
+appeared before Salee, to claim satisfaction for an
+act of piracy committed by the inhabitants of that
+town. The Caid asked for six days to take the
+orders of the Emperor of Morocco; and the Caid
+of Rabat sent a similar evasive reply. The next
+day the French bombarded the place for seven
+hours, the fire being returned by both forts of
+Rabat and Salee. The Admiral, however, confined
+his chastisement to the latter, which he thoroughly
+performed, and fired the town in several
+places. The French fleet arrived at Tangier on
+the morning of the 29th, when the Consul-General
+for Morocco and several officers of the squadron
+landed, and had an interview with the Bashaw of
+the province, which ended in a satisfactory arrangement,
+to the great relief of the people of
+Tangier, who were in consternation at the prospect
+of sharing the fate of their neighbors.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From Austria we learn the partial amelioration
+in private business of the financial difficulties.
+The Emperor published, on the 1st of January,
+decrees, that whereas the provisions of the constitution
+were cancelled by the imperial edict of
+August 20, 1851, the last principles of political
+right conceded by the constitution are now disavowed.
+There now exists no political right in the
+empire. The Austrian government continues to
+watch with the keenest anxiety the proceedings
+of the exiled Italians and Hungarians, and by very
+stringent arrangements in regard to the press,
+and the interdiction of most foreign journals, keeps
+the "dangerous classes" in ignorance of the sympathy
+with which they are regarded from abroad.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Queen of Spain, by a spontaneous act of
+her royal clemency, granted a pardon to all such
+prisoners, made in the last expedition against the
+Isle of Cuba, as are citizens of the United States,
+whether they be already in Spain, undergoing the
+punishments they have incurred, or whether they be
+still in Cuba. The queen on the 20th of December
+gave birth to a princess, who is heir to the throne.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">From China there are reports that the Emperor
+has been compelled to resign in favor of the revolutionary
+general, whose triumphant march through
+many revolted provinces has, from time to time,
+been noticed in the last half year. The statement,
+however, does not appear to be credited by
+some of the best informed London journals.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Queen of Madagascar is bent on exterminating
+Christianity in her dominions, and has long
+mercilessly persecuted those who prefer the "new
+religion." In the last outburst of this protracted
+persecution, four persons were burnt alive; fourteen
+precipitated from a high rock and crushed to
+death; a hundred and seventeen persons condemned
+to work in chains as long as they live;
+twenty persons cruelly flogged with rods, besides
+1,748 other persons mulcted in heavy penalties,
+reduced into slavery, and compelled to buy themselves
+back, or deprived of their wives and families.
+Persons of rank have been degraded, and
+sent as forced laborers to carry stone for twelve
+months together to build houses; and, in an endless
+variety of other ways have the maddened passions
+of one wicked woman been permitted now
+for years past to plunge a great country in ruin.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There has been a serious Mussulman riot at
+Bombay, occasioned by the Parsee editor of an
+illustrated newspaper, in each number of which is
+given a life and portrait of some remarkable historical
+character, having published—in the series
+(next to one of Benjamin Franklin)—a life and portrait
+of Mahomet. Both are said to have been
+unexceptionable according to European ideas, but
+the whole Mussulman population (145,000 in number)
+considered their faith insulted and outraged
+by the publication, holding it sacrilege and idolatry
+to imagine and print any likeness whatever of
+so sacred a personage.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Wahabees, who inhabit the interior and
+highland portion of Arabia, have pillaged the holy
+cities of Mecca and Medina, destroying the
+mosques, sacking the cities, and carrying off numbers
+of women and children into the desert. It
+is supposed to be in revenge for the punishment
+inflicted on them thirty years ago, when they had
+conquered the same cities.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Turkish government has introduced the culture
+of cotton in the vicinity of Damascus, with seed
+procured from the United States. It is successful.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc107" id="toc107"></a>
+<a name="pdf108" id="pdf108"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In London, among the scientific questions of a
+practical kind much discussed, is that of a patent
+process for contracting the fibres of calico, and
+of obtaining on calico thus prepared colors of much
+brilliancy. It is regarded by chemists as likely to
+lead to valuable results. In the British Association,
+it was described as the discovery that a solution
+of cold but caustic soda acts peculiarly on
+cotton fibre, immediately causing it to contract;
+and although the soda can be readily washed out,
+yet the fibre has undergone a change. Thus, taking
+a coarse cotton fabric, and acting upon it by
+the proper solution of caustic soda, this could be
+made much finer in appearance; and if the finest
+calico made in England—known as one hundred
+and eighty picks to the web—be thus acted on, it
+immediately appears as fine as two hundred and
+sixty picks. Stockings of open weaving assume a
+much finer texture by the condensation process;
+but the effect of the alteration is most strikingly<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page281">[pg 281]</span><a name="Pg281" id="Pg281" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+shown by colors: the tint of pink cotton velvet
+becomes deepened to an intense degree; and printed
+calicoes, especially with colors hitherto applied
+with little satisfaction—such as lilac—come out
+with strength and brilliancy, besides producing
+fabrics finer than could be possibly woven by hand.
+The strength, too, is increased by this process; for
+a string of calico which breaks with a weight of
+thirteen ounces when not soaked, will bear twenty
+ounces when half condensed by the caustic soda.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At a recent meeting of the Paris <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Academy of
+Sciences</span></span>, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">M. Yvart</span></span> read an important practical
+Memoir on the production of Wool, in the Merino
+race. He teaches that the only means of obtaining
+fine wool—taking into account the weight of
+the sheep's body,—is the employment of races
+of small size. When the skin is very delicate, it
+secretes less of wool than when it is otherwise;—the
+fineness of the wool is proportioned to that of
+the skin. Those countries in which the winter is
+long or cold, or where the sheep remains in the
+fold the greater part of the year, and does not lie
+on ploughed lands, are especially suited to the production
+of the finest and most elastic wools, those
+chiefly sought after for manufacture of cloth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Experiments on the application of electro-magnetism
+as a motive power, have been made with
+some striking results in Paris, as well as in this
+country. M. Dumont, in a paper on the subject
+submitted to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Female Academy</span></span>, states, "that if
+in the production of great power the electro-magnetic
+force is inferior to that of steam, it becomes
+equal to it, and perhaps superior in the production
+of small power, which may be subdivided, varied,
+and introduced into employments or trades requiring
+but little capital, and where the absolute
+value of the mechanical power is less essential
+than the facility of producing instantaneously and
+at pleasure the power itself. In this point of view
+electro-magnetic power comes to complete, not to
+supersede, that of steam."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the papers of the celebrated Lalande, recently
+presented to the Paris <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Academy of Sciences</span></span>,
+by M. Arago, there is a note to the effect that so
+far back as the 25th of October, 1800, he and
+Burckhardt were of opinion, from calculations,
+that there must be a planet beyond Uranus, and
+they occupied themselves for some time in trying
+to discover its precise position. This is a very curious
+fact for astronomers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc109" id="toc109"></a>
+<a name="pdf110" id="pdf110"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Recent Deaths.</span></h1>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Joel R. Poinsett</span></span>, LL.D., long distinguished in
+society and in affairs, died at his residence in
+Statesburg, South Carolina, on the 12th of December.
+The first American ancestor of Mr.
+Poinsett came to this country from Soubisi, near
+Rochelle, in France, soon after the revocation of
+the edict of Nantz. His father was a physician,
+and served in the Revolution under Count Pulaski.
+He himself was born at Charleston on the second
+of March, 1779, and, after having passed some
+time at the school of the Rev. Timothy Dwight
+(afterward President of Yale College), at Greenfield,
+Connecticut, he was sent, at the close of the
+Revolution, to England, to complete his studies,
+and for the advantages of foreign travel. Returning
+in 1800, when he was twenty-one years of age,
+he commenced the study of law in the office of
+Mr. Desaussure, afterwards Chancellor of South
+Carolina, Before his admission to the bar, he
+again embarked for Europe, extending his travels
+to Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, and the northern
+countries of the continent. At St. Petersburg he
+became acquainted with the Emperor Alexander,
+soon after his accession, and was received by him
+with marked partiality, and often questioned respecting
+the peculiar institutions of this country. On
+one occasion, after he had been expatiating at large
+on the advantages of America, the Czar exclaimed,
+"Were I not an emperor, I would be a republican."
+Declining the offer of a place in the service
+of the Emperor, he commenced a tour into
+the East, travelling through Persia and Armenia,
+and, returning to Europe, resided for some time in
+its principal capitals. On the breaking out of difficulties
+between the United States and Great
+Britain, in 1808, he returned to his own country,
+and applied to Mr. Madison for a commission in
+the army. Owing to some objections by the
+Secretary of War, he did not obtain the commission,
+but was sent by the President to South
+America, to ascertain the result of the revolutions
+which had recently occurred in that quarter.
+While in Chili, he heard of the declaration of war
+between England and America. Embarking in
+the frigate Essex, to return to this country, with a
+view to enter the army, he was made a prisoner
+on the surrender of that vessel to the British by
+Commodore Porter. The British Commander refused
+to allow his return home with the rest of the
+prisoners, regarding him as a dangerous enemy of
+England, and he therefore determined to cross the
+continent to the Atlantic. He passed the Andes
+in the month of April, when they were covered
+with snow, and, after great difficulties, reached
+Buenos Ayres. He succeeded, in a Portuguese
+vessel, in reaching Madeira, where, on his arrival,
+he learned that a treaty of peace had been concluded.
+Soon after he reached South Carolina, he
+was elected to the Legislature of that State, in which
+he devoted himself chiefly to the establishment of
+a system of internal improvements. In 1821 he
+was elected to Congress, from the Charleston District,
+and was twice re-elected to that body. In
+1822, he was sent to Mexico, by President Monroe,
+to obtain information with regard to the government
+under Iturbide. He performed this mission
+with signal success. Foreseeing the speedy downfall
+of the imperial administration, he gave his
+advice against all connection with it, on the part
+of this country. He had scarcely returned home,
+when Iturbide abdicated the throne. Soon after
+the election of Mr. Adams, which he had strongly
+opposed, Mr. Poinsett was again appointed Minister
+to Mexico, whore he remained until the summer
+of 1829. His important services in this period are
+amply detailed in a memoir of his political life,
+in the first volume of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Democratic Review</span></span>, and
+were warmly approved in the first annual message
+of President Jackson. On returning to the United
+States, he devoted himself to the pursuits of private<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page282">[pg 282]</span><a name="Pg282" id="Pg282" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+life, in South Carolina. When the States
+Rights controversy broke out, he again engaged in
+political affairs, and became a prominent advocate
+of the principles of the Union party, as opposed to
+Nullification. In 1836, he was nominated by his
+friends as a candidate for the State Senate, and
+was elected with but little opposition. On the
+formation of Mr. Van Buren's cabinet, Mr. Poinsett
+accepted the office of Secretary of War. On the
+election of Gen. Harrison he retired to his home
+in South Carolina, where he devoted himself to
+those literary pursuits which formed the pleasure
+of his life; and thence he issued, only two years
+ago, those stirring appeals against secession, which
+were among the most powerful influences for the
+preservation of the endangered peace of the Union
+at that period. Mr. Poinsett received the degree
+of Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in this
+city, and he was a member of many learned societies
+in this country, and in Europe. Besides his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Notes
+on Mexico</span></span>, written soon after his last return from
+that country, he published several addresses, was
+a large contributor to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Southern Quarterly
+Review</span></span> and other periodicals, and furnished some
+important papers to the Paris Geographical Society,
+and other learned associations abroad and at home.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Moses Stuart</span></span>, D.D., of the Theological Seminary
+at Andover, died at his residence in that
+town on the 4th of January, in the seventy-second
+year of his age. He was born in Wilton, Conn.,
+March 16, 1780; was graduated at Yale College in
+1799; and was a tutor in that institution from 1802
+to 1804. After having studied the profession of
+the law, he turned his attention to theology, and
+in 1806 was ordained pastor of the Central Congregational
+church in New Haven. He was
+called to the Professorship of Sacred Literature in
+Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, and continued
+for nearly forty years to discharge its important
+duties. Professor Stuart was a man of
+great natural abilities, honorable principles, and
+a strong will; for a long period he occupied the
+first place among cultivators of sacred learning in
+this country; and though younger men, with
+larger opportunities, have recently attained to
+greater eminence, no one in the same field has
+ever exercised a more important and advantageous
+influence. His first considerable work was
+a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrew Grammar</span></span>, published in 1823. It
+scarcely deserves comparison with the more celebrated
+performance of Gesenius, of which Professor
+Stuart himself gave to the public a translation,
+more than twenty years after the publication of
+his own work; but for some time after its original
+appearance it was the best Hebrew Grammar in
+the English language. In 1825 he was associated
+with Professor Robinson in the production of a
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greek Grammar of the New Testament</span></span>; in 1827
+he published his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Epistle to the
+Hebrews</span></span>; in 1829 his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrew Chrestomathy</span></span>, and in
+1830 his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Course of Hebrew Study</span></span>. His Commentary
+on the Hebrews, was received as an accession
+to the body of permanent theological literature.
+It was spoken of in England as "the most
+valuable philological aid" that had been published
+"for the critical study of that important, and in
+many respects difficult book;" and the late Dr.
+Pye Smith, one of the first biblical, theological,
+and classical scholars in Great Britain, stated, that
+he felt it to be his duty to describe it as "the most
+important present to the cause of sound biblical
+interpretation that had ever been made in the
+English language." In Germany also it secured
+for Professor Stuart the highest consideration; and
+it continues in all countries to be regarded as one
+of the noblest examples of philological theology
+and exegetical criticism. In 1832 Professor Stuart
+published another great work of a similar character:
+his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans</span></span>.
+It was distinguished for a profoundness
+of research, for an intensity and minuteness of
+philological labor, and a singleness of purpose to
+arrive at the meaning of the apostle, without regard
+to any preconceived or partisan opinions,
+which obtained for it a regard as an authority
+equal to that awarded to its predecessor. In
+1845 he published a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Apocalypse</span></span>;
+a profoundly learned and critical work, in
+which the interpretation of this difficult book varies
+much from that which has been most generally
+received. In the same year he also gave to the
+church a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Critical History and Defence of the Old
+Testament Canon</span></span>. His devotion to biblical criticism
+continued to the close of his life, and we believe,
+his last use of the pen was in the correction of
+the concluding sheets of a volume of Commentaries.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his later years Professor Stuart entered into
+political controversies, and was particularly distinguished
+for his defence of the policy of Mr.
+Webster, in a pamphlet entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Conscience and
+the Constitution</span></span>. He also ventured very injudiciously
+into the field of classical criticism, in an
+edition of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Cicero</span></span>, which was sharply reviewed by
+Professor Kingsley of Yale College; and he lost
+reputation in his more legitimate sphere by a controversy
+with Professor Conant, of Madison University,
+growing out of his translation of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hebrew
+Grammar of Gesenius</span></span>. It is not to be denied
+that in measuring his strength against that of these
+accomplished scholars, he was signally unfortunate.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In his personal character he was simple, sincere,
+enthusiastic, brave, and religious. He was well
+entitled to the great respect in which he was held
+by the church. He had been ordained for high
+services, and he had accomplished them. Every
+duty of which he was capable was finished, and
+he could have added nothing to his good reputation
+if his years had been prolonged.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William Grimshaw</span></span>, born in Ireland in 1781,
+but nearly all his life a resident of this country,
+where he was for many years well known as a
+writer, died near Philadelphia on the 8th of January.
+Besides editing and rewriting a considerable
+portion of Baine's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">History of the Wars growing
+out of the French Revolution</span></span>, he was the author
+of Histories of Great Britain, France, and
+several other countries, which for a long time
+were very generally used as text-books in schools,
+and he also wrote <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The American Chesterfield</span></span>,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Ladies' Lexicon</span></span>, and numerous smaller volumes,
+which were creditable to his abilities. His
+reading was extensive, and his knowledge of
+events during his lifetime, particularly in British
+affairs, was minute and accurate. His mind lost
+none of its vigor with the approach of age, and in
+his fine countenance, and imposing figure, there
+were no appearances of decay. His love of reading
+continued to the last, and within a year he
+frequently employed his pen on such subjects as
+he took an especial interest in.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page283">[pg 283]</span><a name="Pg283" id="Pg283" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Nicholas Gran de Dieu Soult</span></span>, Marshal General
+of France, Duke of Dalmatia, &amp;c., died on the
+26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg,
+near the place where he was born. We have
+given in another part of this magazine an estimate
+of his character. The Paris <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Pays</span></span> furnishes us a
+brief abstract of his history. He was born at St.
+Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His father, who
+was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his
+own profession, allowed him to enter the army.
+The future Marshal of France entered the Royal
+Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon
+remarked by his aptitude for the functions of instructor.
+He was made non-commissioned officer
+in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the intermediate
+grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General
+of the Staff, when General Lefebvre
+attached him to his own service with the grade of
+Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through
+the campaigns of 1794 and 1795 with the army
+of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as well as
+to his republican principles, a rapid promotion.
+Successively raised to the rank of General of
+Brigade, and then to that of General of Division,
+he took part in all the campaigns of Germany
+until 1799, when he followed Massena into Switzerland,
+and thence to Genoa, where he was
+wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after
+the battle of Marengo, and raised to the command
+of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace
+of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels
+of the Guard of the Consuls. When the
+Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominated
+Marshal of France, and during the campaign
+which terminated in Austerlitz, held the command
+of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the
+conquest of Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal
+Soult solicited and obtained the command of
+the second corps of the army of Spain, with
+which he overran Galicia and the Austrians, and
+passed into Portugal, where he fought the memorable
+battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that
+city, when delivered up by treason to the English,
+he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous retreat,
+which did the greatest honor to his energy
+and presence of mind. Being named Commander-in-Chief
+of the army of Spain, he marched to the
+succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish
+army, and his movement was crowned with full
+success. He continued in this command until
+March, 1813, when he was appointed in Saxony
+to the command-in-chief of the Imperial Guard.
+The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to
+again confer on Marshal Soult the command of the
+French troops in Spain. The point then was to
+defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced
+to fall back on Toulouse, he there terminated by
+a brilliant engagement, due to most able strategic
+arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On
+the announcement of the event at Paris he signed
+a suspension of arms, and adhered to the reëstablishment
+of Louis XVIII., who presented him
+with the Cross of St. Louis, and called him to the
+command of the 13th military division, and then
+to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March
+8th, learning the landing from Elba, he published
+the order of the day which is so well known, and
+in which Napoleon is treated more than severely.
+On March 11th he resigned his portfolio as Minister
+of War, and declared for the Emperor, who,
+passing over the famous proclamation, raised him
+to the dignity of Peer of France and Major General
+of the Army. After Waterloo, where he
+fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge
+at Malzieu (Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret,
+his former aid-de-camp. Being set down on
+the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf
+on the banks of the Rhine, until 1819, when
+a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to
+France. He then went to live with his family at
+St. Amand, his native place, and on his reiterated
+representations his marshal's baton, which had
+been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles
+X. treated Marshal Soult with favor, creating him
+knight of his orders, and afterward making him
+Peer of France. After the revolution of July,
+1830, the declaration of the Chamber of Deputies
+of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but
+he was restored to it four days later by a special
+nomination of Louis Philippe, who soon after appointed
+him Minister of War. We shall not follow
+Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative
+career. He always showed himself devoted
+to the constitutive principles of the Government
+of July. He was twice named President of the
+Council of King Louis Philippe, who elevated him
+to the dignity of Marshal General, of which Turenne
+had been the last possessor. Since the revolution
+of February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate,
+in the midst of his family, and almost forgotten in
+our present political agitations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Karl Friederich Rungenhagen</span></span>, late Royal Director
+of Music at Berlin, was born in that city on
+September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant.
+In 1801 he became member of the Singing Academy,
+and studied under Zetter. In 1814 he wrote
+the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful.
+In 1815 he became director of the Singing
+Academy, with Zetter; most of his religious
+music was composed after this time. In 1825 he
+was appointed to the post of Royal Music Director,
+and in 1833, after Zetter's death, he became
+sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence
+has been considerable upon the culture of
+music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber was
+his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils.
+He died at Berlin on the 22d of last December.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The journals of Moscow announce the death of
+the Armenian Archbishop, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Michael Sallantian</span></span>,
+the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the
+present day. He was born at Constantinople in
+1782, and educated at the Armenian monastery
+at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at
+Moscow, where he had been professor of theology
+and literature for sixteen years before his elevation
+to the Archbishopric.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Graefe</span></span>, one of the most eminent veterans
+of European philology, died suddenly at St Petersburg
+on November 30th. He was born at
+Chemnitz, in Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to
+Russia in 1810, to assume the professorship of
+Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Russian General, Kiel, has died in Paris.
+He was employed by the Emperor Nicholas in directing
+works of art in the Russian empire.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Herr Meinhold</span></span>, author of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Amber Witch</span></span>,
+died in Germany in December.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page284">[pg 284]</span><a name="Pg284" id="Pg284" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">J. W. M. Turner</span></span>, the greatest of English artists,
+and the hero of Mr. Ruskin's brilliant book
+entitled <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Modern Painters</span></span>, died in London on
+the 20th of December, at the age of 77. He had
+always a reluctance to have his portrait taken,
+but the engraving accompanying this article—from
+a sketch made without his knowledge—is
+said, by the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Illustrated London News</span></span> to be remarkably
+like him. It is understood that by his
+will he has left a million dollars (£200,000) for the
+purpose of founding an institution for the relief of
+of decayed artists, and has given it also the chief
+part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is
+to be occupied by it. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span> says, "although
+it would be out of place to revive the discussions
+occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner's
+style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient
+proofs of the variety and fertility of his
+genius to establish an undoubted claim to a prominent
+rank among the painters of England. His
+life had been extended to the verge of human existence;
+for although he was fond of throwing a
+mystery over his precise age, we believe that he
+was born in Maiden-lane, Covent-garden, in the
+year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or
+77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of
+a barber), he enjoyed the advantages of an accurate
+rather than a liberal education. His first studies,
+some of which are still in existence, were in
+architectural design; and few of those who have
+been astonished or enchanted by the profusion and
+caprice of form and color in his mature pictures,
+would have guessed the minute and scientific precision
+with which he had cultivated the arts of
+linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood
+was spent partly on the coast, where he imbibed
+his inexhaustible attachment for marine
+scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and
+varied aspect of the ocean. Somewhat later he
+repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for several
+years the drawing to the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">University Almanac</span></span>.
+But his genius was rapidly breaking
+through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of
+public opinion; for before he had completed his
+30th year he was on the high road to fame. As
+early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water-colored
+drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at
+the exhibition of the Academy, and in 1793 his
+first oil painting. In November, 1799, he was
+elected an associate, and in February, 1802, he attained
+the rank of a Royal Academician. We
+shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of
+his paintings from his earlier productions, such as
+the "Wreck," in Lord Yarborough's collection, the
+"Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">pendant</span></span> to Lord Ellesmere's "Vanderwelde," or
+Mr. Munro's "Venus and Adonis," in the Titianesque
+manner, to the more obscure, original, and,
+as some think, unapproachable productions of his
+later years, such as the "Rome," the "Venice,"
+the "Golden Bough," the "Téméraire," and the
+"Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded
+rapidly from his palette, his powers
+of design were no less actively engaged in the
+exquisite water-colored drawings that have
+formed the basis of the modern school of "illustration."
+The "Liber studiorum" had been commenced
+in 1807, in imitation of Claude's "Liber
+veritatis," and was etched, if we are not mistaken,
+by Turner's own hand. The title-page was engraved
+and altered half-a-dozen times, from his
+singular and even nervous attention to the most
+trifling details. But this volume was only the
+precursor of an immense series of drawings and
+sketches, embracing the topography of this country
+in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern
+Coast"—the scenery of the Alps, of Italy, and
+great part of Europe—and the ideal creations of
+our greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers,
+all imbued with the brilliancy of a genius
+which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to
+the world at large when it adopted the popular
+form of engraving. These drawings are now
+widely diffused in England, and form the basis of
+several important collections, such as those of Petworth,
+of Mr. Windus, Mr. Fawkes, and Mr.
+Munro. So great is the value of them that 120
+guineas have not unfrequently been paid for a
+small sketch in water-colors; and a sketch-book,
+containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner's river
+tours on the continent, has lately fetched the enormous
+sum of 600 guineas. The prices of his
+more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last
+few years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas.
+All his works may now be said to have acquired
+triple or quadruple the value originally paid for
+them. Mr. Turner undoubtedly realized a very
+large fortune, and great curiosity will be felt to
+ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it.
+His personal habits were peculiar, and even penurious,
+but in all that related to his art he was generous
+to munificence; and we are not without
+hope that his last intentions were for the benefit
+of the nation, and the preservation of his own
+fame. He was never married, he was not known
+to have any relations, and his wants were limited
+to the strictest simplicity. The only ornaments of
+his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures
+by his own hand, which he had constantly refused
+to part with at any price, among which the "Rise
+and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the
+Brook," rank among the choicest specimens of his
+finest manner.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society,
+and only displayed in the closest intimacy the
+shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness
+of his wit. Every where he kept back much of
+what was in him, and while the keenest intelligence,
+mingled with a strong tinge of satire, animated
+his brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse
+him to be but half understood. His nearest social
+ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of
+which he was by far the oldest member, and to
+whose interests he was most warmly attached.
+He filled at one time the chair of Professor of
+Perspective, but without conspicuous success, and
+that science has since been taught in the Academy
+by means better suited to promote it than a course
+of lectures. In the composition and execution of
+his works, Mr. Turner was jealously sensitive of
+all interference or supervision. He loved to deal
+in the secrets and mysteries of his art, and many
+of his peculiar effects are produced by means
+which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"We hope that the Society of Arts or the British
+Gallery will take an early opportunity of commemorating
+the genius of this great artist, and of
+reminding the public of the prodigious range of
+his pencil, by forming a general exhibition of his
+principal works, if, indeed, they are not permanently
+gathered in a nobler repository. Such an<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page285">[pg 285]</span><a name="Pg285" id="Pg285" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+exhibition will serve far better than any observations
+of ours to demonstrate that it is not by those
+deviations from established rules which arrest the
+most superficial criticism that Mr. Turner's fame
+or merit are to be estimated. For nearly sixty
+years Mr. Turner contributed largely to the arts
+of this country. He lived long enough to see his
+greatest productions rise to uncontested supremacy,
+however imperfectly they were understood
+when they first appeared in the earlier years of
+this century; and, though in his later works and
+in advanced age, force and precision of execution
+have not accompanied his vivacity of conception,
+public opinion has gradually and steadily advanced
+to a more just appreciation of his power. He
+is the Shelley of English painting—the poet and
+the painter both alike veiling their own creations
+in the dazzling splendor of the imagery with which
+they are surrounded, mastering every mode of expression,
+combining scientific labor with an air of
+negligent profusion, and producing in the end
+works in which color and language are but the
+vestments of poetry. Of such minds it may be
+said in the words of Alastor:</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 4.00em">        "Nature's most secret steps</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">He, like her shadow, has pursued, where'er</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">The red volcano overcanopies</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Its fields of snow and pinnacles of ice</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">With burning smoke; or where the starry domes</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of diamond and of gold expand above</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Numberless and immeasurable halls,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Frequent with crystal column and clear shrines</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Of pearl, and thrones radiant with chrysolite.</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Nor had that scene of ampler majesty</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Than gems or gold—the varying roof of heaven</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">And the green earth—lost in his heart its claims</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">To love and wonder...."</div>
+</div>
+
+<a name="fig111" id="fig111"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image15.png" width="590" height="1137" alt="Illustration: THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER" title="THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER" /><div class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER</div></div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page286">[pg 286]</span><a name="Pg286" id="Pg286" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Basil Montagu</span></span>, an eminent philosophical and
+legal writer, was the illegitimate son of the well-known
+statesman, John fourth Earl of Sandwich,
+many years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the
+unfortunate Miss Margaret Reay, who was assassinated,
+in 1779, by her affianced lover, the Rev.
+Mr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited
+immense interest at the time, and which gave rise
+to various romantic stories, is to be found in most
+series of judicial investigations, and especially in
+a collection of celebrated trials recently published.
+It appears that Margaret Reay was the daughter
+of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her
+apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having attracted
+the attention of Lord Sandwich, he treated
+her from that period until her assassination, with
+the greatest tenderness and affection. He introduced
+to her a young ensign of the 68th Regiment,
+then in command of a recruiting party at
+Huntingdon, in the neighborhood of the mansion
+of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the first
+moment was desperately in love with her, and his
+passion increased with the daily opportunities afforded
+by invitations he received to Lord Sandwich's
+table. With the object of continuing his
+attentions, and the hope of ultimately engaging
+her affections, he quitted the army, and, taking orders,
+obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk.
+That Miss Reay had given him some encouragement,
+is proved by the tenor of their correspondence;
+but prudential motives induced her afterwards
+to refuse the offer of his hand, and to intimate
+a necessity for discontinuing his visits. Stung
+by this unexpected termination of his long-cherished
+expectations, Hackman's mind became unsettled;
+on the 7th of April, 1779, he was occupied
+all the morning in reading Blair's <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sermons</span></span>; but in
+the evening, as he was walking towards the Admiralty,
+he saw Miss Reay pass in her coach, accompanied
+by Signora Galli. He followed, and
+discovered that she alighted at Covent-garden
+Theatre, where she went to witness <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Love in a Village</span></span>.
+He returned to his lodgings, armed himself
+with a brace of pistols, went back to the theatre,
+and when the performance was over, as Miss Reay
+was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in
+each hand, one of which he discharged at her, and
+killed her on the spot, and the other at himself,
+but it did not take effect. He then beat his head
+with the butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but
+was, after a struggle, secured and carried before
+Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell,
+and he was shortly after tried at the Old
+Bailey, before the celebrated Justice Blackstone,
+found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th
+of the month.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received
+his education at the Charter House. He was called
+to the English bar by the Society of Gray's
+Inn, the 19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained
+considerable practice as a conveyancer. It was,
+however, by his legal authorship and reporting
+that he became particularly distinguished in the
+profession. His various works and reports on the
+subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy,
+were of high estimation and lasting utility. In
+1801, he produced his <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Summary of the Law of Set
+Off</span></span>, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined
+in the Courts of Law and Equity, in one
+volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four volumes, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">A Digest
+of the Bankrupt Laws</span></span>, with a Collection of
+the Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three
+editions, and brought him into immediate notice
+and considerable practice; and, some time afterward,
+he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts' Certificates.
+His fame in this branch of forensic learning
+procured him the appointment of a Commissioner
+of Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote
+also on philosophical subjects. Among his productions
+of this tendency were <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Thoughts of Divines
+and Philosophers; Selections from Taylor, Hooker,
+Bishop Hall, and Bacon</span></span>. He edited an edition
+of Lord Bacon's works, in seventeen volumes.
+Another bent which his mind took, placed him by
+the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the cause
+of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorrence
+of depriving any living thing of life, and
+with regard to his own diet he totally abstained
+from animal food. This led him to bestow his active
+attention towards putting a stop to capital
+punishment. In 1809 he published <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Opinions of
+Different Authors on the Punishment of Death</span></span>.
+The work was so well received, that he added a
+a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when
+the important question occupied Parliament, he
+edited <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">The Debates on a Bill for Abolishing the
+Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling
+House</span></span>. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally
+published in 1801, called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Hanging not Punishment
+enough for Murderers</span></span>. Mr. Basil Montagu, who
+had some years ago been made a Queen's counsel,
+died at Boulogne on the 27th of November, in the
+eighty-second year of his age.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rear-Admiral Henry Gage Morris</span></span>, entered
+the navy at the early age of twelve, and served
+as midshipman throughout the French and American
+wars. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant,
+April 2, 1793. He was engaged at the
+capture of the French frigate <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Sybille</span></span>, in 1783, and
+at the attack on Martinique, in 1793. He was
+promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and was
+made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley,
+24th ult. aged eighty-two. Admiral Morris was
+younger brother of the late Captain Amherst Morris,
+being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a
+member of the Governor's Council at New-York,
+by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, of this
+city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity,
+deriving its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a
+famed chieftain of Wales in the eleventh century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Sapio</span></span> the once celebrated tenor singer, was
+born in London, in 1792. In his early life he was
+page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He
+made his first appearance on the metropolitan
+stage at Drury Lane, the 1st December, 1824, as
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Seraskier</span></span>, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and he
+soon attained and long preserved a high vocal
+reputation. He died in obscurity, in London, about
+the end of November.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">One of the most distinguished chiefs of the war
+of Greek independence, General <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Jatrako</span></span>, is just
+dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of
+Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for
+many generations back been famous for their hereditary
+medical talents, and the tradition exists among
+them that a branch of their family formerly passed
+from Sparta to Italy, translated their name into
+Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated family of
+that name.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page287">[pg 287]</span><a name="Pg287" id="Pg287" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Priessnitz</span></span>, the celebrated founder of hydropathy,
+died at Graefenberg on the 26th of November,
+at the age of fifty-two. In the morning of that
+day Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early
+hour, but complained of the cold, and had wood
+brought in to make a large fire. His friends had
+for some time believed him to be suffering from
+dropsy of the chest, and at their earnest entreaty
+he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming
+all the while, "It's of no use!" He would see no
+physician, but remained to the last true to his profession.
+About four o'clock in the afternoon of
+the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon
+being laid down he expired! In early life he received
+serious injury in the chest from an accident,
+and he used to say himself that his constitution
+was bad; that nothing but his own mode of life
+and his own "cure" would have sustained him.
+It is not known what attempts will be made to
+carry on the establishment at Graefenberg, which
+was in full activity at the moment of his death.
+The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest
+daughter and her husband (a Hungarian of property)
+will carry it on, with the aid of some physician
+who has studied Priessnitz's method. This
+may succeed to a certain extent, for the place and
+neighborhood are admirably adapted for taking the
+water-cure, and the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">prestige</span></span> of Priessnitz's name,
+as well as the tradition of his practice, will long
+survive him: but the attraction which brought patients,
+not only from the neighboring cities, but
+from the remotest parts of the world, is gone. It
+is not exactly known what amount of property
+Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly
+£100,000. When it is considered how small, compared
+to that given to other physicians, was the
+remuneration he received from his patients, and
+that thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant,
+this fortune gives some measure of his immense
+success.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">George Dunbar</span></span>, the distinguished Professor of
+Greek Literature in the University of Edinburgh,
+died on the 6th of December, at his residence in
+that city. The natural decay attending even an
+otherwise green old age has been for some years
+aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which
+at the commencement of the present season compelled
+him to relinquish his academic duties. He
+was born at the village of Caldingham, in Berwickshire,
+in 1774. In early life he labored as a
+gardener, but an accidental lameness, which lasted
+throughout his subsequent life, incapacitated him
+from active bodily employment. His attention
+was then devoted to literature. He soon became
+a scholar, and in truth a ripe and good one. Going
+to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of
+his acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord
+Provost Fettes. Having been shortly after selected
+as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was
+appointed, on that professor's death, to the Greek
+chair in the Edinburgh University, in 1805. The
+duties of this responsible position he discharged
+most zealously and ably. The published works
+of Professor Dunbar are well known. The <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collectanea
+Minora</span></span>, the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Collectanea Majora</span></span>, and the
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Greek Grammar</span></span>, have all had great reputation.
+His chief production—massive in every sense—the
+main object of his life of learned toil, was
+his Greek Lexicon, which was given to the world
+with his name in 1840.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Henry Luttrell</span></span>, one of the ornaments of a
+society of what may be termed conversational
+wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion,
+<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">hand impari passu</span></span>, of Jeckyll, Mackintosh,
+Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of
+that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry,
+Rogers, Moore, and but a few others, are still
+left. A correspondent of the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Times</span></span> says: "He
+charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance
+of his wit, the appropriateness and felicity
+of illustration, the shrewdness of his remarks, and
+the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Liveliness
+of fancy was tempered in him with good
+breeding and great kindness of disposition; and
+one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse
+and delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent
+sallies, without wounding the feelings of any
+one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">English journals notice with expressions of regret
+the death in Philadelphia of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">R. C. Taylor</span></span>,
+on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr.
+Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously
+well known as a Fellow both of the Antiquarian
+and of the Geological Societies. He had published
+a work of great care and research while
+resident in his native county, Norfolk, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Index Monasticus
+for East Anglia</span></span>; and had made some
+useful explorations into the fossil remains on the
+coast of Norfolk. In America he wrote for various
+philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his
+work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he
+was much known to the public of this country.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Royal University of Berlin has lost by
+death since Christmas, MM. Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi,
+Erman, and Dr. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Charles Theodore Franz</span></span>,
+who died at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely
+age of forty-five. For eleven years Dr.
+Franz occupied the chair of Classical Philology in
+the University of Berlin. He is the author of a
+variety of works: in the first rank of which stand
+his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his
+several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions
+before unpublished. The London Morning Chronicle
+remarks that the continent never before lost
+so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">William Jacob</span></span>, F.R.S., a profound writer on
+science and agriculture, was born in 1762. His
+work, <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">An Inquiry into the Precious Metals</span></span>, has
+been held in high estimation. His other principal
+productions were <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Considerations on the Price of
+Corn</span></span>; <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Tracts on Corn-Laws</span></span>; and a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">View of Agriculture
+in Germany</span></span>. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly
+Comptroller of Corn Returns in the Board
+of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his
+residence in London, aged eighty-eight.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Paul Barras</span></span>, died in Paris from wounds
+received in the contests between the people and
+the military, on the second day of the usurpation
+of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in New-York
+about twenty years, and was engaged here
+as a teacher of his native language, and as a correspondent
+of one of the Parisian journals. He
+was an amiable man, of considerable talents, and
+enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism.
+He wrote several articles on American subjects in
+the <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Revue de Paris</span></span>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page288">[pg 288]</span><a name="Pg288" id="Pg288" class="tei tei-anchor"></a>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<a name="toc112" id="toc112"></a>
+<a name="pdf113" id="pdf113"></a>
+<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Ladies' Fashions for February.</span></h1>
+
+<a name="fig114" id="fig114"></a><div class="tei tei-figure" style="text-align: center"><img src="images/image16.png" width="640" height="742" alt="Illustration" /></div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In matters of fashion there have been very few
+changes since our last publication. We are in
+the midst of the gay season, but its modes, until
+disturbed by the approach of spring, were fixed
+before the holidays, and for the most part have
+already been reported. The Paris journals, we
+may remark, however, dwell much on the unusual
+ascendency of black, in furs, velvets, cloths, and
+other heavy stuffs, for walking and carriage dresses,
+and on the greater demand than in recent winters
+for every species of embroidery.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the first of the above figures, representing a
+promenade costume, we have a high dress of rich
+silk; the skirt has plaided tucks woven in the material;
+it is long, and very full. Manteau of velvet,
+very richly embroidered; a broad black lace
+is set on round the shoulders in the style of a cape,
+and the cloak is embroidered above it. Capote of
+white silk, of a very elegant form, with deep bavolet
+or curtain; a droop of small feathers on the left side.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second figure, or visiting costume, of heavy
+silk, with four flounces, and corresponding waistcoat.
+The waistcoat now takes the first place in a
+lady's toilette, and may be considered a triumph
+of luxury and elegance, reviving every description
+of embroidery, and forcing the jewellers to be constantly
+bringing out some novelty in buttons, &amp;c.
+It is made very simple or very richly ornamented:
+for instance, those of the most simple description
+are made either of black velvet, embroidered with
+braid, and fastened with black jet buttons, or of
+cachemire; and a pretty style, of straw color,
+embroidered in the same colored silk, and closed
+with fancy silk bell buttons, whilst a few may be
+seen in white, quilted and embroidered with oak
+leaves and rose-buds. The rich style of waistcoat
+being covered with embroideries, and being closed
+up the front with buttons of brilliants. As a general
+rule, the waistcoat is made high up the
+throat, round which is a fall of lace, or opens <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">en
+cœur</span></span>, having a <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">fichu à plastron</span></span> of embroidery,
+worn under. The waistcoat has also two pockets.</p>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+
+  
+  
+      <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em">
+        <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1>
+        <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The large outer porch of Cowley's house had chambers
+above it and beneath the window in front a tablet was
+affixed, upon which was inscribed the epitaph "upon the
+living author" which Cowley had written for himself,
+whilst living in retirement here, commencing</p>
+
+<div class="tei tei-lg" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em">
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">"Hic, O Viator, sub lare parvulo,</div>
+<div class="tei tei-l" style="text-align: left; margin-left: 2.00em">Couleius hic est conditus hic jacet."</div>
+</div>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is represented in its original condition in the two views
+we have engraved.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some additional rooms have been added to the house
+by the same occupant, who has, however, religiously preserved
+all the old rooms, which still exhibit the "fittings"
+that existed in Cowley's time. The bed-chambers are
+wainscotted with oaken panels. The staircase is a very
+solid structure, with ornamental balusters, leading toward
+the small study in which the poet wrote,—a little back
+room, about five feet wide, looking upon the garden. It
+may be distinguished in our back view of the house, by a
+figure placed at the window. Cowley ended his life in this
+house at the early age of forty-nine.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Brayley, in his History of Surrey, states that Cowley
+accompanied by his friend Dean Spratt, having been to see
+a "friend," did not set out for his walk home until it was
+too late, and had drunk so deep, that they both lay out in
+the fields all night; this gave Cowley the fever that carried
+him off. Brayley's authority for this slander (which is
+not borne out by the poet's previous course of life), is
+"Spence's Anecdotes."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Associate Justice of
+the Supreme Court of the United States, and Dane professor
+of law at Harvard University. Edited by his son, William
+W. Story. Two vols. Boston: Little &amp; Brown, 1851.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As an example of the gravity and formality with
+which proceedings in matters of this nature were conducted,
+even as late as the end of the sixteenth century,
+take the subjoined palinode or recantation of a Flemish
+ecclesiastic, who had been guilty of the offence of doubting
+the evection, or bodily transport through the air, of witches
+and wizards. The original may be found in Delrio, at the
+end of the Appendix, in his 5th book:—</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"I Cornelius Loseus Gallidius, born in the town of
+Gouda, in Holland, now, by the command of the renowned
+and illustrious Lord Nuncio Apostolic, the Lord Octavius
+Bishop of Tricaruis, arrested and detained in the Imperial
+Monastery of St. Maximin, near Treves, on account of certain
+tracts 'On True and False Witchcraft,' rashly and
+presumptuously by me written, published, and sent to be
+printed at Cologne, without the perusal or permission of
+the superiors of this place: whereas I am informed for
+certain that in the aforesaid books, and also in certain of
+letters on the same subject, sent clandestinely to the
+clergy and senate of Treves, and others, for the purpose of
+impeding the course of justice against witches and magicians,
+there are contained many articles which are not only
+erroneous and scandalous, but also suspected of heresy,
+and savoring of sedition: I therefore hereby revoke, condemn,
+reject, and repudiate, as if they had never been said
+or asserted by me, the said articles, as seditious and temerarious,
+contrary to the common judgment of learned theologians,
+to the decision and bulls of the supreme Pontiffs,
+and to the practice, and statutes, and laws of the magistrates
+and judges, as well as of this Archdiocese of Treves,
+as of the other provinces and principalities, in the order in
+which the same are hereunto annexed.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"1. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Imprimis.</span></span> I revoke, condemn, reject, and hold as
+disproved, what both in words and writing I have often
+and to many persons pertinaciously asserted; and what I
+would have had taken as the head and chief ornament of
+my disputations, to wit, that what is written touching the
+corporeal evection or translation from place to place of
+witches and magicians, is to be held as a vain superstition
+and figment, as well because that opinion savors of heretical
+pravity, as because it partakes of sedition, and so also
+savors of the crimes of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lese majesté</span></span>. 2. In the second
+place, I revoke what I have pertinaciously, but without
+solid reasons, alleged against the magistracy, in letters secretly
+sent to several, that is to say, that the course of procedure
+against witches is erroneous and fantastical: asserting,
+moreover, that those witches were compelled by the
+severity of torture to confess acts that they had never done;
+that innocent blood was shed by a cruel judicature; and
+that by a new alchemy gold and silver were extracted from
+human blood. 3. Thereby, and by the like assertions,
+partly diffused by private oral communications among the
+vulgar, partly by various letters addressed to both branches
+of the magistracy, imputing to superiors and judges the exercise
+of tyranny towards the subjects. 4 And consequently,
+inasmuch as the most reverend and illustrious
+Archbishop and Prince Elector of Treves not only permits
+witches and magicians to be subjected to deserved punishment
+in his diocese, but has also ordained laws regulating
+the mode and cost of the procedure against witches, thereby
+with inconsiderate temerity tacitly insinuating the charge
+of tyranny against the said Elector of Treves. 5. <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Item.</span></span> I
+revoke and condemn these following conclusions, to wit,
+that there are no such beings as sorcerers, who renounce
+God and worship the Devil, who bring on tempests, and do
+the work of Satan and such like, but that all these things
+are dreams. 6. Moreover that magic is not to be called
+sorcery, nor its practisers to be deemed sorcerers, and that
+that that place of Exod. xxii, ('Ye shall not suffer sorcerers to
+live') is to be understood of those who slay with material
+poison, naturally administered. 7. That no contract exists
+or can exist between man and the demon. 8. That demons
+do not assume bodies. 9. That the life of Hilary, written
+by St. Jerome, is not authentic. 10. That the demon cannot
+carnally know mankind. 11. That neither demons nor
+witches can excite tempests, rain, hail, &amp;c., and that what
+is alleged in that behalf is mere dreams. 12. That spirits
+and forms can be seen by mankind separate from matter.
+13. That it is rash to assert that whatever demons can do
+magicians can also by the help of demons. 14. That the
+assertion that the superior demon can expel the inferior is
+erroneous and derogatory to Christ.—Luke xi. 15. That
+the Popes in the bulls do not allege that magicians and
+sorcerers perpetrate such acts as above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"All these and the like, my assertions, with my many
+calumnies, falsehoods, and sycophancies, petulantly, indecorously,
+and mendaciously expressed against the magistracy, as well secular as ecclesiastical, wherewith my writings
+on witchcraft abound, I hereby expressly and deliberately
+condemn, recant, and reject, earnestly beseeching
+pardon of God and my superiors, and faithfully promising
+that henceforth I will not, either by word of mouth or by
+writing, by myself or others, in any place where I shall
+happen to be, teach, promulgate, or assert the same or any
+of them. If I shall do to the contrary, I subject myself
+thenceforth and henceforth to the pains of the law against
+relapsed heretics, recusants, seditious misdemeanants, and
+convicts of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">lese majesté</span></span>, to the pains of libellous sycophants
+publicly convicted, and also to those enacted against perjurers.
+I submit myself also to arbitrary correction at the
+pleasure of the Archbishop of Treves, and of the other
+magistrates under whom I shall happen to live, and who
+may be certified of my relapse or violated undertaking,
+that they may punish me according to my deserts, in
+name, fame, goods, and body.  In testimony of all which
+I have, with my proper hand, subscribed this my recantation
+of the aforesaid articles, in presence of the notary and
+witnesses."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"(Signed,)   Cornelius Loseus Gallidius."</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Attestation.—These presents were done in the
+Imperial Monastery of Saint Maximin Without, near
+Treves, in the abbatial chamber, there being then
+present the Venerable and Excellent Lord Peter
+Binsfeldt, Bishop of Azof, Vicar-General of the Most
+Reverend Lord Archbishop of Treves, our Most Gracious
+Lord in matters spiritual; Reiner, Abbot of
+the said monastery; Bartholomew Bodegem, Reader
+of either Law in the Ecclesiastical Court of Treves;
+George Helffenster, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean
+of the Collegiate Church of St. Simon, in the city of
+Treves; and John Golmann, Doctor of Laws, Canon
+of the said Church, and Seal-Bearer of the Court of
+Treves, &amp;c.; in the year of our Lord 1592, Treves
+style, on Monday, the 15th day of the month of
+March, in presence of me, the Notary underwritten,
+and of Nicholas Dolent, and Daniel Major, the
+Amanuensis and Secretary respectively of the Reverend
+Lord Abbot, trustworthy witnesses specially
+called and required hereto.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Subscribed, Adam Tecton, Notary.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Compared with the original and found to agree,
+by me, the under-written Secretary of the town of
+Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: right; margin-bottom: 1.00em">S. Kieffel."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Lockhart's Spanish Ballads.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Continued from page 109.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">We are indebted to Dr. Francis for a revised copy, with
+additions, of his very interesting address here printed, which
+was delivered at the Printers' Banquet in New-York on the
+16th of January.</p></dd></dl>
+      </div>
+  
+
+</div>
+
+<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em">
+<div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
+</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader115" id="rightpageheader115"></a><a name="pgtoc116" id="pgtoc116"></a><a name="pdf117" id="pdf117"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">December 13, 2006  </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Project Gutenberg Edition</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt">
+  <span class="tei tei-name">Joshua Hutchinson<br /></span>
+  <span class="tei tei-name">Online Distributed Proofreading Team</span>
+  <span class="tei tei-name">This file was produced from images generously made available by Cornell University Digital Collections</span>
+  </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader118" id="rightpageheader118"></a><a name="pgtoc119" id="pgtoc119"></a><a name="pdf120" id="pdf120"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named 
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+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
+
+<!--
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II by Various
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2006 [Ebook #999999]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: UTF-8
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+ <title>The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II</title>
+ <author>Various</author>
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+ </editionStmt>
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+ <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher>
+ <date value="2006-12-13">December 13, 2006</date>
+ <idno type="etext-no">20102</idno>
+ <availability>
+ <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and
+ with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it
+ away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg
+ License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p>
+ </availability>
+ </publicationStmt>
+
+ <sourceDesc>
+  <bibl>
+  <title>The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II</title>
+  <author>Various</author>
+  <imprint>
+   <pubPlace>New York</pubPlace>
+   <date>1852</date>
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+  <name>This file was produced from images generously made available by Cornell University Digital Collections</name>
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+<front>
+<div>
+<divGen type="pgheader" />
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="145" /><anchor id="Pg145" />
+<head>THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</head>
+<head type="sub">Of Literature, Art, and Science.</head>
+
+<p>Vol. V.<lb />
+NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 1, 1852.<lb />
+No. II.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image01.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</figDesc></figure>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<head>Contents</head>
+<divGen type="toc" />
+</div>
+</front>
+
+<body>
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="146" /><anchor id="Pg146" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.</head>
+
+<p>On the preceding page is a portrait, and under
+the head of Recent Deaths, in another
+part of this magazine, is a sketch of the history
+of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Nicholas Jean-de-Dieu Soult</hi>, the
+last of the great Marshals created by the Emperor
+Napoleon. He was unquestionably possessed
+of extraordinary abilities, fitting him
+for eminence in many and diverse capacities,
+but it cannot be said that he was of the first
+rank of illustrious generals, as the world has
+been led to suppose, chiefly by the masterly
+but partial delineations of his career in the
+Peninsula by General Napier. He had a genius
+for war which qualified him for every position
+in connection with it but that of leader
+in the field. The subtle and irreversible
+decisions of Napoleon followed his astonishingly
+quick apprehensions of facts, as suddenly
+as the thunderbolt follows lightning; but
+Soult, profoundly familiar with all the arts of
+war, and surpassing any of the great commanders
+with whom he was associated except
+only his chief, in the wisdom of his judgments,
+was yet so slow in his intellectual operations,
+so destitute of the enthusiasm, passion, and
+fire, which in high circumstance give an almost
+miraculous activity to the minds of the
+first order of men, that he could never have
+entitled himself to all the precedences he has
+received in history. Napoleon understood
+him, and in a few pregnant words addressed
+to O'Meara, gave that measure of his character
+which will be adopted as the final opinion
+of the world. "He is," said Napoleon,
+"an excellent minister at war, or major-general
+of an army, one who knows much
+better how to manage an army than to command
+in chief."</p>
+
+<p>The course of Soult as a citizen, a legislator,
+and a minister, was not one upon which
+his best biographers will linger with much
+satisfaction. The glory he had achieved as
+one of the lieutenants of Napoleon, in that
+turbulent and grand career which has no
+parallel for interest or importance in human
+history, was his only claim to distinction in
+politics. His master had an ambition as fair
+in its proportions as it was vast in its extent,
+and brought to every purpose the same forces
+of character and preternatural energy of intelligence;
+but Soult had no love for civil
+duties, but little capacity for them, and he
+accepted place as a gratification of vanity or
+a means of success in mercenary aims. We
+see in all his private and political life "the
+soilure of his revolutionary origin,"—proofs
+that he loved money and power far more than
+he loved honor, and himself far more than his
+country or mankind.</p>
+
+<p>The last of the imperial marshals, the last
+of that gigantic race who filled the world with
+a red glory like the gloom which will precede
+the judgment, closed his stormy life peacefully
+in the place where he was born, and
+thence was borne to the Invalides, to "sleep
+well" with his old companions.<sic resp="Joshua Hutchinson">"</sic></p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.</head>
+
+<p>We have in the last <hi rend="font-style: italic">Art Journal</hi> another of
+the pleasant gossipping <hi rend="font-style: italic">Pilgrimages to
+English Shrines</hi>, by Mrs. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">S. C. Hall</hi>, and the
+following abridgement of it will please all who
+have perused the previous papers of the series.
+In Chertsey and its neighborhood are memorials
+of some of the noblest men of England.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image02.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>ABRAHAM COWLEY.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: ABRAHAM COWLEY.</figDesc></figure>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.</head>
+
+<p>The county of Surrey is rich to overflowing
+in memories, both of persons and events, and
+the little quaint and quiet town of Chertsey
+could tell of the gorgeous and gloomy past as
+much as many of its ancient neighbors within a
+day's drive of the city. Had its old abbey stones
+but tongues, how they could discourse of years
+when a visit to Chertsey was an undertaking;
+though now the distance is but half an hour.</p>
+
+<p>Nowhere within twenty miles of London
+does the Thames appear more queenly, or
+sweep with greater grace through its fertile
+dominions, than it does at Chertsey. It is,
+indeed, delightful to stand on the bridge in
+the glowing sunset of a summer evening, and
+turning from the refreshing green of the
+Shepperton Range, look into the deep clear
+blue of the flowing river, while the murmur
+of the waters rushing through Laleham Lock
+give a sort of spirit music to the scene. On
+the right, as you leave Chertsey, the river
+bends gracefully towards the double bridge of
+Walton, and to the left, it undulates smoothly
+along, having passed Runnymede and Staines,
+while the almost conical hill of St. Anne's attracts
+attention by its abrupt and singular form
+when viewed from the vale of the Thames.</p>
+
+<p>About a mile, on the Walton side, from our
+favorite bridge (Old Camden tells us so), is the
+spot where Cæsar crossed the Thames. Were
+the peasantry as imaginative as their brethren
+of Killarney, what legends would have grown
+out of this tradition; how often would the
+"noblest Roman of them all" have been seen
+by the pale moonlight leading his steed over
+the waters of the rapid river—how many
+would have heard Cassivelaunus himself during<pb n="147" /><anchor id="Pg147" />
+the stillness of some particular Midsummer
+night working at the rude defence which can
+still be traced beneath the blue waters of the
+Thames. What hosts of pale and ghastly
+spectres would have risen from those tranquil
+banks, and from the deepest hollows of
+the rushing current, and—like the Huns, who
+almost live on the inspired canvas of Kaulbach,—fought
+their last earthly battle, again
+and again, in the spirit world, amid the stars!
+But ours is no region of romance; even remnants
+of history, which go beyond the commonest
+capacity, are rejected as dreams, or
+put aside as legends. But history has enough
+to tell to interest us all; and we may be satisfied
+with the abundant enjoyment we have
+in delicious rambles through the lanes and
+up the hills, along the fair river's banks, and
+among the many traditional ruins of ancient
+and beautiful Surrey.</p>
+
+<p>Never was desolation more complete than
+in the ruin of the Mitred Abbey of Chertsey;
+hardly one stone remains above another to
+tell where this stately edifice—since the far-away
+year 664—grew and flourished, lording
+it with imperial sway over, not only the surrounding
+villages, but extending its paternal
+wings into Middlesex and even as far as London.
+The abbey was of the Benedictine order, and
+founded, almost as soon as the Saxons were
+converted from Paganism; but it was finished
+and chiefly endowed by Frithwald, Earl of
+Surrey. The endowment prospered rarely;
+the establishment increased in the reputation
+of wealth and sanctity; that it was "thickly
+populated" is certain, for when the abbey was
+sacked and burnt by the Danes, in the ninth
+century, the abbot, and ninety monks, were
+barbarously murdered by the invaders.</p>
+
+<p>Standing upon the site of their now obliterated
+cloisters and towers, their aisles and
+dormitories, cells and confessionals, seeing
+nothing but the dank, damp grass, and the
+tracings of the fish-ponds—stagnant pools in
+our day—it is almost impossible to realize the
+onslaught of these wild barbarians panting
+for plunder, the earnest defence of men who
+fought (the monks of old could wield either
+sword or crosier) for life or death, the terrible
+destruction, the treasures and relics, and
+painted glass, and monuments, the plunder of
+the secret almerys, the intoxicated triumph
+of those rude northern hordes let loose in our
+fair and lovely island; what scenes of savagery,
+where now the jackdaw builds, and
+the blackbird whistles, and the wild water-rat
+plays with her brood amongst the tangled
+weeds!</p>
+
+<p>The fierce sea-kings being driven back to
+their frozen land, King Edgar, willing to
+serve God after the fashion of his times, refounded
+the Abbey of Chertsey, dedicating it
+to St. Peter, and vying with Pope Alexander
+in augmenting its privileges and its wealth.</p>
+
+<p>Some of the abbots took great interest in
+home improvements, planting woods, conducting
+streams, enlarging ponds—building,
+now a mill, now a dove-cot, according to the
+wants of the abbey or their own fancies.
+Henry I. granted them permission to keep
+dogs, that, according to the old chronicle,
+they might take "hare, fox, and cats." King
+John, in the first year of his reign, gave them
+ample confirmation of all their privileges,
+which, it would seem, they had somewhat
+abused, for we find that the sovereign seized
+their manors of Egham and "Torp" (Thorp)
+on account of a servant of the abbot's having
+killed "Hagh de Torp." Oh, rare "old
+times!" The abbot was mulcted in a heavy
+fine. Then, while Bartholomew de Winchester
+was abbot, from 1272 until 1307, during
+the reign of our first Edward, complaints were
+made to Pope Gregory X. that the possessions
+of the abbey were alienated to civilians
+and laymen, whereupon the pope issued a
+bull ordering such grants to be revoked.</p>
+
+<p>It is worthy of note, that the Chertsey monastery
+sheltered, for a time, the remains of
+the pious, but unfortunate, Henry VI.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Poor key-cold figure of a Holy King,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>And the reader of Shakespeare will recall the
+scene in which Richard meets the Lady Anne
+on her way to Chertsey with her husband's
+body. This poor king's remains had a claim to
+be well received by the monks of Chertsey Abbey,
+for he had granted to the abbot the privilege
+of holding a fair on St. Anne's-hill,
+then called Mount Eldebury, on the feast of
+St. Anne's (the 26th of July): the fair has
+changed its time and quarters as well as its
+patron, and is held in the town on the 6th of
+August, and called Black Cherry Fair. Manning,
+in his history of Surrey, says, that the
+tolls of this fair were taken by the abbot, and
+are now taken by the owner of the site of the
+Abbey House; thus the memory of King Henry
+VI. is commemorated in the town of Chertsey
+to this day, by the sale of black cherries
+in the harvest month of August!</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image03.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>"THE NUN'S WELL."</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: "THE NUN'S WELL."</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>Centuries passed over those magnificent
+abbeys, whose ruins in many places add so
+much beauty to our fertile landscapes; they
+grew and grew, and added acre to acre, and
+stone to stone, and knowledge to knowledge;
+but most they cherished the knowledge which
+blazed like a lamp under a bushel, and kept
+all but themselves in darkness; they preached
+no freedom in Christ to the Christian
+world, they abolished no serfdom, they taught
+no liberty, they enslaved even those who in
+their turn enslaved their "born thralls," and
+saw no evil in it. Oh, rare old times! Better
+it is for us that the site of Chertsey Abbey
+should be scarcely traceable now-a-days
+than that it should be as it was, with its proud
+pageants and pent-up learning!—Yet we have
+neither sympathy no respect for that foul
+king, who, to serve his own carnal purposes,
+overthrew the very faith which had hallowed
+his throne. But he did not attack and storm
+the Abbey of Chertsey, as he did other religious
+houses. He came to them, this Eighth<pb n="148" /><anchor id="Pg148" />
+Harry, with a fair show of kindness, saying
+that "to the honor of God, and for the health
+of his soul, he proposed and most nobly intended
+to refound the late Monastery, Priory,
+or Abbey of Bisham in Berks, and to incorporate
+and establish the Abbot and Convent
+of Chertsey, as Abbot and Convent of Bisham,
+and to endow them with all the Manors
+late belonging to Bisham." How the then
+Abbot John Cordrey, and his brethren, must
+have shivered at the conditions; how they
+must have grieved at quitting their cherished
+home, their stews and fish-ponds, their
+rich meadows of Thorpe, overlooked by the
+woods of Eldebury hill, their nursing ground
+where their calves and young lambs were
+stowed in luxurious safety in the pleasant farm
+of Simple Marsh at Addlestone!</p>
+
+<p>But their star was setting, and they were
+forced to "give, sell, grant and confirm, to the
+king their house and all manors belonging to
+them."</p>
+
+<p>The total destruction of the Abbey must
+have amazed the whole country. An earthquake
+could hardly have obliterated it more
+entirely. Aubrey, writing in the year 1673,
+says "of this great Abbey, scarce any thing
+of the old building remains, except the out
+walls about it. Out of this ruin, is built a
+'fair house,' which is now in possession of
+Sir Nicholas Carew, master of the Buckhounds."
+Dr. Stukeley alludes to this house,
+in a letter written in 1752; he speaks of the
+inveterate destruction, and of "the gardener"
+carrying him through a "court" where he
+saw the remains of the church of the Abbey.
+He says the "east end reached up to an artificial
+mount along the garden wall; that
+mount and all the terraces of the pleasure
+garden, to the back front of the house, are
+entirely made up of the sacred <hi rend="font-style: italic">rudera</hi> or rubbish
+of continual devastations. Bones of abbots,
+monks, and great personages, who were
+buried in large numbers in the church and
+cloisters which lay on the south side of the
+church, were spread thick all over the garden,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">so that one may pick up whole handsfull
+of them every where amongst the garden stuff</hi>."
+Brayley mentions in his pleasant History of
+Surrey, that this artificial mount was levelled
+in 1810, and its materials employed to fill
+up a pond. Many human skulls and bones
+were found intermixed with the chalk and
+mortar of which it had been formed. Fragments
+of old tiles were also frequently found,
+and are still sometimes turned up. No trace
+even of the "Abbey house" is left; it was
+purchased in 1809 by a stock-broker, who in
+the following year sold the materials—and so
+ends the great monastic history of Chertsey.
+Where are now its spiritualities in Surrey?—its
+temporalities in Berkshire and Hampshire?—its
+revenues of Stanwell, and rents of assize?—its
+spiritualities in Cardiganshire?
+Alas! they have left no sign, except on the yellow
+parchment—of rare value to the antiquary.</p>
+
+<p>Those who desire, like ourselves, to investigate
+what tradition has sanctified, will do
+well to turn down a lane beyond Chertsey
+Church, which leads directly to the Abbey<pb n="149" /><anchor id="Pg149" />
+bridge, and there, amid tangled hedge rows
+and orchards, stands the fragment of an arch,
+partly built up, and so to say, disfigured by
+brick-work, and an old wall, both evidently
+portions of the Abbey. In the wall are a
+great number of what the people call "<hi rend="font-style: italic">black
+stones</hi>," a geological formation, making them
+seem fused by fire. Layers of tiles were also
+inserted in this wall, and where the cement
+has dropped away they can be distinctly
+traced; there is also an ivy, very aged indeed;
+it is so knotted and thick that it seems
+to grow through the stones, the soil has so
+evidently encroached on the wall that it is
+most probably rooted at the foundation. The
+pleasant market garden of Mr. Roake covers
+the actual ground on which the Abbey stood.
+The workmen frequently turn up broken tiles
+and human bones, and there is no doubt that
+by digging deeper much would be discovered
+that might elucidate the history of the past.
+At the farther end of the market garden a
+vault has been discovered which is of considerable
+length and breadth; but the water
+rises so high in it (except after a long continuance
+of dry weather has sealed the land
+springs) that it is impossible to get to the end
+without wading. An enormous quantity of
+richly-colored and decorated encaustic tiles
+have been found here; some are preserved in
+our local museum. But the most interesting
+remains in this place are the "stews," or fish-ponds,
+which run parallel to each other like
+the bars of a gridiron; these ponds do not
+communicate one with the other, nor has the
+water any outlet: a little care and attention
+might make them valuable for their old purposes;
+but they are deplorably neglected.
+Occasionally you see the fin of some huge
+fish, whose slow movement partakes of the
+character of the stagnant water he has inhabited
+for years;—who can tall how many?</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image04.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>"THE GOLDEN GROVE."</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: "THE GOLDEN GROVE."</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>"The Abbey River," as it is still called,
+travels slowly along its way, fertilizing the
+meadows and imparting life and freshness to
+the placid scene. The denizens of Chertsey
+have planted orchards, and in a few instances
+gardens on its banks. One, the garden of Mr.
+Herring, is a model of neatness, almost concealed
+by its roses and carefully tended shrubs.
+We wandered from orchard to orchard, amid
+the trees and over the uneven ground; all
+was so still and lonely that it required the
+suggestions of an active imagination to believe
+it had ever been the scene of contention
+by flood and field. From the Abbey Bridge
+the richness of the meadow scenery is exceedingly
+refreshing, the grass is deep and
+verdant, as it cannot fail to be, lying so low,
+and fertilized by perpetual moisture.</p>
+
+<p>During their wide-spreading magnificence,
+the abbots of Chertsey erected a picturesque
+chapel on the lovely hill of St. Anne: this
+was done somewhat about the year 1334.
+Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, granted an indulgence
+of forty days to such persons as
+should repair to, and contribute to the fabric
+and its ornaments.</p>
+
+<p>There is nowhere a more delightful road,
+than that which leads from the "Golden
+Grove," rendered picturesque by its old tree,
+the plantations of Monksgrove on one side,
+and those of the once residence of Charles
+James Fox on the other. The road is perfectly
+embowered, and so close is the foliage
+that you have no idea of the beautiful view
+which awaits you, until leaving the statesman's
+house to the left, you pass through a
+sort of wicket gate on the right, and follow a
+foot-path to where two magnificent trees crown
+the hill; it is wisest to wait until passing along
+the level ridge you arrive at the "view point,"
+and there, spread around you in such a panorama
+as England only can show, and show
+against the world for its extreme richness.
+On the left is Cooper's Hill, which Denham,
+that high-priest of "Local poetry," long ago
+made famous; in the bend just where it
+meets the plain, you see the towers of Windsor
+Castle; there is Harrow Hill, the sun<pb n="150" /><anchor id="Pg150" />
+shining brightly on its tall church; a deep
+pall hovers over London, but you can see
+the dome of St. Paul's looming through the
+mist; nay, we have heard of those who have
+told the hour of the day upon its broad-faced
+clock, with the assistance of a good glass.
+How beautifully the Thames winds! Ay!
+there is the grand stand at Epsom, and there
+Twickenham, delicious, soft, balmy Twickenham;
+and Richmond Hill—a very queen of
+beauty!</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image05.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>Yonder, beyond the valley, are Foxes Hills
+crowned with lofty pines—and that is the
+church at Staines, and as you turn, there again
+is Cooper's Hill; Laleham seems spread as a
+tribute at your feet, and there is no end to
+the villages and mansions—the parks, and
+cottages like snow-drops in a parterre, and
+church spires more than we can number;
+while close behind us are the stones piled
+thickly one on the other—the only relics of
+the holy Chapel of St. Anne.</p>
+
+<p>How grandly the promontory of St. George's
+Hill stands out—sheltering Weybridge, and
+forming a beautiful back-ground to Byfleet
+and the banks of the Way; not forgetting its
+ruins—a Roman encampment of two thousand
+years age, and its modern ornaments of
+rare trees, of which a generous nobleman has
+made common property, to be enjoyed daily
+by all who choose. At the foot of this richly
+planted hill, is the beautiful park of Oatlands—on
+the eve of becoming an assemblage of
+villa-grounds. How pleasant to feel that we
+can account, by our own knowledge of that
+glowing mount, for all the shades formed by
+the hills and hollows, and different growths
+of trees in the depths or heights of "the encampment,"
+which forms the delight of many
+a toilsome antiquary. Beyond are the more
+distant eminences of the North Downs, and
+a tract of country extending into Kent. But
+we have not yet explored the beauties of this
+our own hill of Chertsey; truly, to do so,
+would take a day as long as that of its own
+black cherry fair.</p>
+
+<p>A path to the left, among the fern and
+heather, leads to a well, famed for its healing
+properties—it is called the Nun's Well; even
+now, the peasants believe that its waters are
+a cure for diseases of the eye; the path is
+steep and dangerous, and it is far pleasanter
+to walk round the brow of the hill and overlook
+the dense wood which conceals the well,
+fringing the meadows of Thorpe, than to
+seek its tangled hiding-place in the dell. The
+monks of old would be sorely perplexed if
+they could arise, to account for the long line
+of smoke which marks the passage of the
+different trains along their railroads. But we
+turn from them to enjoy a ramble round the
+brow of St. Anne's Hill; the coppice which
+clothes the descent into the valley, is so thick,
+that though it is intersected by many paths,
+you might lose yourself half-a-dozen times
+within an hour; if it be evening, the nightingales
+in the thickets of Monksgrove have commenced
+their chorus, and the town of Chertsey,
+down below, is seen to its full extent, its
+church tower toned into beauty by the rich
+light of the setting sun, while through the trees
+and holly thickets you obtain glimpses of the
+Guildford and Leatherhead hills, so softly blue,
+that they meet and mingle with the sky.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image06.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<figure url="images/image07.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<figure url="images/image08.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>Those who feel no interest in monkish
+chronicles, may reverence St. Anne's Hill,<pb n="151" /><anchor id="Pg151" />
+because of its having been the favorite residence
+of Charles James Fox, the contemporary
+of Pitt and Burke and Sheridan and
+Grattan, at a period when men felt strongly
+and spoke eloquently. The site of the house
+on the south-eastern site of the hill is extremely
+beautiful, and it is much regretted in
+the neighborhood that it finds so little favor
+in the heart of its present noble proprietor.
+The grounds are laid out with much taste;
+there is a noble cedar planted by Mrs. Fox
+when only the size of a wand. The statesman's
+widow survived her husband more than
+thirty-six years, but never outlived her friends
+or her faculties. There is a temple dedicated
+to Friendship, which was erected to perpetuate
+the coming of age of one of the late Lords
+Holland; on a pedestal ornamented by a vase,
+are inscribed some verses by General Fitzpatrick;
+another placed by Mrs. Fox to mark a<pb n="152" /><anchor id="Pg152" />
+favorite spot where Mr. Fox loved to muse,
+is enriched by a quotation from the "Flower
+and the Leaf," concluded by two graceful
+stanzas:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Cheerful in this sequestered bower,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">From all the storms of life removed;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here Fox enjoyed his evening hour,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">In converse with the friends he loved.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And here these lines he oft would quote,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Pleased from his favorite poet's lay;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When challenged by the warbler's note,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">That breathed a song from every spray."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>At the bottom of the garden is a grotto,
+which must have once possessed many attractions,
+and above it there is a pretty little
+quaint chamber that was used as a tea-room,
+when, according to the custom of the time,
+the English drank tea by daylight; it is adorned
+by painted glass windows; there are portraits
+of the Prince of Wales and Mr. Fox,
+when both were looking their best, and the
+balcony in front commands a delicious view
+of the surrounding country.</p>
+
+<p>The peasantry are still loud in their praise
+of "Madam Fox;" and some remember with
+gratitude the education they received at her
+school, and love to tell how the old lady was
+drawn there at "feast times," to see how they
+all looked in their new dresses. She certainly
+retained her sympathy with the young, and
+put away the feelings and habits of old age
+with a determined hand, for it is said, when
+she was eighty she took lessons on the harp.
+The present generation remember personally
+nothing of the great statesman; he has become
+history to us, and we must look to history,
+garbled as it always is, and always will
+be, by the opinions and feelings of its writers,
+to determine the position of Charles
+James Fox in the annals of his country.
+Those who were admitted to his society have
+written with enthusiasm of his social qualities,
+and bestow equal praise on his brilliant
+talents, his affability of manner, and the generosity
+of his disposition. He was the third
+son of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland,
+and his mother was the eldest daughter of
+Charles, second Duke of Richmond, and consequently
+great-granddaughter to Charles II.;
+the material descent is one of blotted royalty,
+of which a man like Fox could not have
+been proud. His academic course was unmarked
+by any of those honors of which Oxford
+men are so ambitious, and yet, like his
+great rival, William Pitt, he became a statesman
+before he was of age.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image09.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>FOX'S ARBOR.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: FOX'S ARBOR.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>At St. Anne's Hill he enjoyed as many intervals
+of repose and tranquillity as could fall
+to a statesman's lot; in the time of wars and
+tumults, how he must have luxuriated in its
+delicious quiet, surrounded by friends who
+dearly loved him; and swayed only for good
+by the wife who (although it is known that
+her early intimacy with him was such as prevented
+her general recognition in society) according
+to the evidence of all who knew her,
+was the minister only to his better thoughts
+and nobler ambitions, and who weaned him
+from nearly all the follies and vices which
+stained his youth and earlier manhood. Various
+causes led to his death, before age had
+added infirmities to disease. He died at Chiswick
+House, and his last words, addressed to
+Mrs. Fox were, "I die happy." It is said he
+wished to be buried at Chertsey, but his remains
+were interred in Westminister Abbey.</p>
+
+<p>The brilliant Sheridan pronounced so elegant
+an eulogium on his character, that it is
+pleasant to think of it in those shades where,
+as we have said, he so often sought and found
+repose: "When Mr. Fox ceased to live, the
+cause of private honor and friendship lost its
+highest glory, public liberty its most undaunted
+champion, and general humanity its
+most active and ardent assertor. In him was
+united the most amiable disposition with the
+most firm and resolute spirit; the mildest
+manners, with the most exalted mind. With
+regard to that great man it might, indeed, be
+well said, that in him the bravest heart and
+most exalted mind sat upon the seat of gentleness."</p>
+
+<pb n="153" /><anchor id="Pg153" />
+
+<figure url="images/image10.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>COWLEY'S SEAT.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: COWLEY'S SEAT.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<figure url="images/image11.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>COWLEY'S HOUSE—STREET FRONT.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE—STREET FRONT.</figDesc></figure>
+
+<p>There is, at all events, an imaginary pleasure
+in turning from the wearing out turmoil
+of a statesman's life, to what the world believes
+the tranquil dreams of a poet's existence.
+But there are few things the worldling
+so little understands as literary industry,
+or so little sympathizes with as literary care.
+We have no inclination to over-rate either its
+toils or its pleasures, and perhaps no life is
+more abundantly supplied with both. Its
+toils must be evident to any who have noted
+the increasing literary labor which is necessary
+to produce the ordinary sources of comforts;
+but its high and holy enjoyments are
+not so apparent; they are so different from
+those of almost all others as not to be easily
+explained or understood; but above all other
+gifts, the marvellous gift of poesy is a distinction
+conferred by the Almighty, and should
+be acknowledged and treasured as such. We
+know little of a poet's studies except by their
+imperishable produce, and it is a common but
+ill-founded prejudice to imagine regularity
+or diligence incompatible with high genius.
+Genius is neither above law, nor opposed to
+it; but as many have a poetic taste and temperament
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">without</hi> the inspiration, the world is
+apt to mistake the eccentricity of the pretender
+for the outward and visible sign of
+genius. Whether or not the poet of the
+Porch-house of Chertsey had the actual poetic
+fire we do not venture to determine.
+Abraham Cowley takes a prominent position,
+amongst the poets of our land, and the eventful<pb n="154" /><anchor id="Pg154" />
+times in which he lived, and his participation
+in their tumults give him additional
+interest in all the relations of his anxious and
+not over-happy life. It is recorded of him
+that he became a poet in consequence of
+reading the Faery Queene, which chance
+threw in his way while yet a child. In allusion
+to this, Dr. Johnson gave his well-known
+definition of genius: "A mind of large
+general powers, accidentally determined to
+some particular direction." We had almost
+dared to say this is rather the definition of a
+philosopher than of one who comprehended
+the spirituality of a marvellous gift. Abraham
+Cowley—the posthumous son of a London
+grocer—owed much to his mother. She,
+by her exertions, procured him a classical
+education at Westminster School. She lived
+to see him loved, honored, and great,
+and what was better still, and more uncommon,
+grateful. At the age of fifteen he published
+a volume called "Poetic Blossoms,"
+which he afterwards described as "commendable
+extravagancies in a boy." He obtained
+a scholarship in Trinity College, Cambridge,
+in 1686, and there took his degree;
+but was ejected by the Parliament, and thence
+removed to Oxford. Shortly after, he followed
+the Queen Henrietta to Paris, as Secretary
+to the Earl of St. Albans, and was employed
+in the court of the exiles in the most
+confidential capacity. In 1656 he returned
+to England, and was immediately arrested as
+a suspected spy. He submitted quietly—the
+royalists thought too quietly—to the dominion
+of the Protector, but his whole life proved
+that he was no traitor. At the Restoration,
+that great national disappointment, his claims
+upon the ungrateful monarch were met by a
+taunt and a false insinuation—he was told
+that his pardon was his reward! Wood said,
+"he lost the place by certain enemies of the
+Muses;" certain "friends of the Muses," however,
+procured for him the lease of the Porch-house
+and farm at Chertsey, held under the
+Queen, and the great desire of his life—solitude—was
+obtained.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image12.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>COWLEY'S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE—GARDEN FRONT.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The place still seems a meet dwelling for a
+poet, and is, perhaps, even more attractive
+to strangers than St. Anne's hill. The porch,
+which caused his residence to be called "The
+Porch-house," was taken down during the
+last century by the father of its present proprietor,
+the Rev. John Crosby Clarke, and
+the house is now known as "Cowley House."<note place="foot"><p>The large outer porch of Cowley's house had chambers
+above it and beneath the window in front a tablet was
+affixed, upon which was inscribed the epitaph "upon the
+living author" which Cowley had written for himself,
+whilst living in retirement here, commencing</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Hic, O Viator, sub lare parvulo,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Couleius hic est conditus hic jacet."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>It is represented in its original condition in the two views
+we have engraved.</p></note>
+It is situated near the bridge which crosses a
+narrow and rapid stream, in a lonely part of
+Guildford Street; a latticed window which
+overhangs the road is the window of the
+room in which the poet expired; on the outside
+wall Mr. Clarke has recorded his reason
+for removing the porch. "The porch of this
+house, which projected ten feet into the highway,
+was taken down in the year 1786, for
+the safety and accommodation of the public."</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Here the last accents flowed from Cowley's tongue."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<figure url="images/image13.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>STAIRCASE—COWLEY'S HOUSE.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: STAIRCASE—COWLEY'S HOUSE.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>The appearance of the house from Guildford<pb n="155" /><anchor id="Pg155" />
+Street, is no index to its size or conveniences.<note place="foot"><p>Some additional rooms have been added to the house
+by the same occupant, who has, however, religiously preserved
+all the old rooms, which still exhibit the "fittings"
+that existed in Cowley's time. The bed-chambers are
+wainscotted with oaken panels. The staircase is a very
+solid structure, with ornamental balusters, leading toward
+the small study in which the poet wrote,—a little back
+room, about five feet wide, looking upon the garden. It
+may be distinguished in our back view of the house, by a
+figure placed at the window. Cowley ended his life in this
+house at the early age of forty-nine.</p></note>
+You enter by a side gate, and the
+new front of the dwelling is that of a comfortable
+and gentlemanly home; the old part
+it is said was built in the reign of James the
+First, and what remains is sufficiently quaint
+to bear out the legend; the old and new are
+much mingled, and the modern part consists
+of one or two bed-rooms, a large dining-room,
+and a drawing-room, commanding a delicious
+garden view, the meanderings of the stream,
+and a long tract of luxuriant meadows, terminated
+by the high and richly timbered
+ground of St. Anne's Hill. A portion of the
+old stairway is preserved, the wood is not as
+has been stated oak, but sweet chestnut. One
+of the rooms is panelled with oak, and Cowley's
+study is a small closet-like chamber, the
+window looking towards St. Anne's Hill. It
+is never difficult to imagine a poet in a <hi rend="font-style: italic">small
+chamber</hi>, particularly when his mind may imbibe
+inspiration from so rich and lovely a
+landscape. Beside the group of trees, beneath
+whose shadow the poet frequently sat,
+there is a horse chestnut of such exceeding
+size and beauty, that it is worthy a pilgrimage,
+and no lover of nature could look upon
+it without mingled feelings of reverence and
+affection.</p>
+
+<p>Here then amid such tranquil scenes, and
+such placid beauty, the "melancholy Cowley,"
+passed the later days of big anxious existence;
+here we may fancy him receiving Evelyn and
+Denham, the poets and men of letters of his
+troubled day, who found the disappointments
+of courtly life more than their philosophy
+could endure. Here his friendly biographer,
+Doctor Spratt, cheered his lonely hours.</p>
+
+<p>Cowley was one of those fortunate bards
+who obtain fame and honor during life. His
+learning was deep, his reading extensive, his
+acquaintance with mankind large. "To him,"
+says Denham in his famous elegy,</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"To him no author was unknown,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Yet what he wrote was all his own."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>His biographer adds, "There was nothing
+affected or singular in his habit, or person, or
+gesture; <hi rend="font-style: italic">he understood the forms of good
+breeding enough to practise them without burdening
+himself or others</hi>." This indeed is the
+perfection of good breeding and good sense.</p>
+
+<p>Having obtained, as we have said, the
+Porch-house at Chertsey, his mind dwelt
+with pleasure—a philosophic pleasure—upon<pb n="156" /><anchor id="Pg156" />
+the hereafter, which he hoped for in this life
+of tranquillity, and the silent labor he so dearly
+loved; but he was destined to prove the
+reality of his own poesy:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Oh life, thou <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nothing's</hi> younger brother,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">So <hi rend="font-style: italic">like</hi> that one might take one for the other."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The career of Abraham Cowley was never
+sullied by vice,<note place="foot"><p>Brayley, in his History of Surrey, states that Cowley
+accompanied by his friend Dean Spratt, having been to see
+a "friend," did not set out for his walk home until it was
+too late, and had drunk so deep, that they both lay out in
+the fields all night; this gave Cowley the fever that carried
+him off. Brayley's authority for this slander (which is
+not borne out by the poet's previous course of life), is
+"Spence's Anecdotes."</p></note> he was loyal without being
+servile, and at once modest, independent and
+sincere. His character is eloquently drawn
+by Doctor Spratt. "He governed his passions
+with great moderation, his virtues were never
+troublesome or uneasy to any, whatever
+he disliked in others he only corrected by the
+silent reproof of a better practice."</p>
+
+<p>He died at Chertsey on the 28th of July,
+1667, and was interred in Westminster Abbey.
+A throng of nobles followed him to
+his grave, and the worthless king who had
+deserted him is reported to have said, that
+Mr. Cowley had not left a better man behind
+him in England.</p>
+
+<p>It is said the body of Cowley was removed
+from Chertsey by water, thus making the
+Thames he loved so well, the highway to his
+grave; there is something highly poetic in
+this idea of a funeral, so still and solemn,
+with the oars dropping noiselessly in the blue
+water. Pope in allusion to it, says:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"What tears the river shed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When the sad pomp along his banks was led;"</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>which rather inclines us to the belief, that in
+this, as in many other instances, the poetic
+reading is not the true one,</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"The muses oft in lands of vision play:"</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>but the fact that he died at Chertsey, as much
+respected as a man, as he was admired as a
+poet, is certain, and his house is often visited
+by strangers, who are permitted to see his
+favorite haunts by the kindness of its proprietor,
+who honors the spot so hallowed by
+memories of "the melancholy Cowley:"—he
+who considered and described "business" as:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"The contradiction to his fate."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>But we must postpone our farther rambles
+for the present.</p>
+
+<figure url="images/image14.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<milestone unit="tb" />
+
+<p>Chertsey loses half its romantic interest by
+the intrusion of the progressive agents of our
+time—our noisy time, of which the spirit willingly
+brooks no souvenirs of monastic repose.
+The old quaint quiet town has now its railroad,
+and the shades of its heroes have departed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n="157" /><anchor id="Pg157" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA,
+TEXAS AND THE COLONIES.</head>
+
+<p>We have at different times, by reviews
+or translations, endeavored to give our
+readers some idea of what people think of us,
+in continental Europe. But there are two
+sides to every thing—or there is an universal
+dualism, as Emerson declares—which is perfectly
+true as to the method which might be
+adopted in the execution of this self-imposed
+task. One class of readers understand by
+the word <hi rend="font-style: italic">people</hi> the <hi rend="font-style: italic">beau monde</hi>, and would
+have us invariably follow the school of the
+Countesses Hahn-Hahn or Ladies Blessington
+or Milords Fitz-Flummery, contented if we
+have but a fair name in society. Another and
+more reasonable class would be satisfied to
+know the opinion of the literati, or perhaps
+the poets, particularly when they do fit homage
+to our "grand old woods," and to Niagara.
+Others regard with most respect a plain
+literal account of our branches of industry—our
+railroads, factories, and canals. They
+would have the country judged purely from a
+mechanical or practical point of view—contenting
+themselves as to other matters with
+the reflection. "Oh, sensible people care very
+little about any thing else. If they know
+what we produce, and what our resources
+are, they'll understand and respect us sufficiently."</p>
+
+<p>Now the opinion of each of these classes
+has its weight, and though not of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">greatest</hi>
+ultimate importance, is always to be respected.
+If we were questioned as to the views
+of which of them we yielded full regard, we
+should candidly say, "to none." It is the
+general, universal opinion, of a nation at large
+that we deem authoritative, and none other. It
+is that popular opinion so readily yet often so
+falsely formed (at times from trifles of almost
+incredible levity), and which when once fairly
+developed, is well-nigh ineradicable. In a
+word, it is to the views of the people.</p>
+
+<p>We propose, as opportunity shall offer, to
+make our readers familiar with the writings
+of all these different classes of travellers—and
+in the present article, we shall make
+a few extracts from a work interesting, as
+having probably contributed more than any
+other to a general knowledge of the United
+States in Germany. It is the book which has
+had the greatest currency among all classes,
+but particularly with the lower order of readers
+and emigrants.</p>
+
+<p>Before proceeding, however, to the work
+itself, it may be as well to answer a question
+which has perhaps been suggested to the
+minds of a certain class of readers. Of what
+great use, after all, is this nervous regard as
+to the opinion of the world? Is not our character
+established—are not our characteristics
+known, to the uttermost corners of the earth?
+To which question we may answer, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Not quite</hi>.
+In avoiding that ridiculous sensitiveness which
+prompts so many Americans to feel personally
+insulted by the weak remarks of every
+wandering ignoramus, we would by no means
+fall into the opposite error of attaching no
+importance whatever to the good opinion or
+the degree of consciousness as to our existence
+entertained by the world at large.</p>
+
+<p>Should any feel disposed to smile at such
+an expression, as "the consciousness of our
+existence," we will take the liberty of citing
+a few curious instances, for the authenticity
+of which we assume the entire responsibility—instances
+which may perhaps astonish a
+few even of the better informed. There are
+in many districts (not altogether provincial)
+of Italy and France great numbers, who
+would not even in America be classed as <hi rend="font-style: italic">ignorant</hi>
+in regard to other matters, who have
+not the remotest idea as to the nature or geography
+of our country. An instance has
+come to our knowledge of an intelligent Hungarian
+who, by intercourse with the world,
+had acquired a fluency in five languages, and
+who inquired of an American gentleman if his
+country were not situated somewhere in England.
+The late Mr. Cooper, when placing
+his daughters at a celebrated seminary on the
+continent, found a great curiosity had been
+created by the rumor that they were coming,
+some supposing they were black, some that
+they were copper-colored, and all unprepared
+to see American girls looking for all the world
+like the young German ladies. We have
+heard of a similar instance in which an English
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">gentleman</hi>—a Cambridge graduate—inquired
+of an American what was the current
+language of the United States. Lastly, we
+may cite the case of an English author, well
+known to our own public, and favorably
+mentioned not long since in these pages, who
+was under the impression that owing to the
+great emigration from Germany, the English
+language must with us, in a very few years,
+yield to that of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Vaterland</hi>. Now our
+commercial and industrial relations are seriously
+hindered by this absurd ignorance of
+America, which in a word prevails to such
+an extent, that we have known an American,
+who—probably from having been over-questioned
+and speered at in New England—had
+imbibed such a wholesome hatred of inquisitiveness,
+that he wished the French government
+would hang up, for the benefit of all
+concerned, the following list of questions,
+with satisfactory answers annexed, in all the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">cafés</hi> of the politest nation in Europe:</p>
+
+<list type="simple">
+<item>Whether America is an island or a continent?</item>
+<item>What is the color of its inhabitants?</item>
+<item>What language do they speak?</item>
+<item>Have they a religion and what is it?</item>
+<item>What is the state of their morals and cookery?</item>
+<item>Have they a correct state of feeling as regards the opera?</item>
+</list>
+
+<p>The reader is not to infer that this is the
+general state of knowledge regarding our
+country. But it is worth nothing as a curious
+illustration of the vast number of individuals
+who derive their ideas, not from what
+is going on at the present day, or from available
+sources of information, but from the<pb n="158" /><anchor id="Pg158" />
+antiquated views of a by-gone generation.
+And we trust it will not be deemed inappropriate
+that we here speak a word of the
+want of opportunities of acquiring very general
+information under which the ordinary
+readers of continental Europe suffer. With
+all their libraries, all their immense arrays of
+magazines and journals, we find among them
+an apathy in regard to the world without (to
+the Fan-Qui), which appears incredible until
+we reflect on the deadening influences of the
+censorship, which views with distrust all information
+in regard to the Land of Liberty.
+We are not aware, throughout the whole of
+continental Europe, of a single publication so
+thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so
+general in the scope of its information, or
+which is so universally disseminated among
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">all</hi> classes of readers, as <hi rend="font-style: italic">The International</hi>;
+and we trust we do not go too far when we
+assert, that it is to an extended sale of periodical
+publications somewhat approaching it
+in the concentration and dissemination of
+news from the world at large, that our countrymen
+owe that superior intelligence and
+citizen-of-the-world character which distinguish
+them from the insular Briton, self-important
+Frenchman, or abstracted German.</p>
+
+<p>The work from which we propose to make
+some extracts, is <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Traugott Bromme</hi>'s <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hand
+und Reisebuch für Auswanderer nach den
+Vereinigten Staaten</hi> (or Traugott Bromme's
+Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the
+United States). As we have already stated,
+no work on America is at the present day
+more familiarly known to that class of readers
+to whom it is addressed. Certain remarks
+on the present condition of German emigration
+with which it is prefaced, may not be
+devoid of interest to our readers, though not
+constituting a part of such observations as we
+have more particularly referred to:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"There is, it appears, implanted in every man
+an impulse to advance and better his condition—an
+impulse caused by poverty, dependent circumstances,
+or pressure from every side, vexing at
+times even the highest in rank, and which is the
+cause why thousands leave their fatherland, to
+seek afar a now home, and hundreds of thousands
+cast around them disturbed and anxious glances,
+restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons
+them at home. Such is very generally the case
+at present in our own country, where—despite the
+political concessions of March in the year 1848, of
+the published original privileges of the German
+people, and of the promising prospect of a free
+and united Germany, with a concluding general
+empire—emigration appears to be by no means on
+the decrease." "These emigrants of the present
+day consist not as formerly of poor people of the
+lower orders, who turn their backs on the German
+fatherland, or liberal declaimers, dreaming of an
+ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized
+in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the
+middle class, who, free from all delusive fancies,
+do not expect to find in the western world wealth
+and honorable offices, but desire only to inhabit
+a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and
+happily with their children." "What the German
+wants is <hi rend="font-style: italic">room</hi>—a new broad field for his abilities—and
+this America extends to him in unbounded
+space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain
+hills of gold without labor, but every one knows
+that the far more estimable treasure of perfect independence,
+or to speak more correctly, of perfect
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">self-dependence</hi>, with the prospect of a future free
+from care, may in America be obtained at the cost
+of a few years of earnest, honest industry. And
+what, to the man oppressed in his fatherland by
+all the cares incident upon the obtaining a bare
+subsistence, is two or three or even <hi rend="font-style: italic">four</hi> years of
+hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty
+and misery?"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>After accurately sketching the extreme
+misery and poverty oppressing the inhabitants
+of many districts of Germany, of late years
+sadly increased by the falling off in manufactures
+since the political disturbances, our author
+proceeds to set forth the advantages offered
+by America:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"That most emigrants should rather look to
+America, than Poland, Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen,
+is natural enough, since all of these countries
+together cannot offer so many attractions as
+America. Where on earth is there such a vast
+array of unoccupied lands, offered at such a moderate
+price—land so cheap that in many districts
+twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered
+with wood, are given at a price for which a single
+acre of similar land is sold in Germany?"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>The richness of the soil, the excellence of
+the climate, and the demand for labor, are
+then described; to which, as the greatest inducement,
+he adds the fact that in <hi rend="font-style: italic">America</hi>
+the fullest "liberty of labor and mechanical
+calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the
+taxes are so light that an industrious man is
+able not only to live, but even to lay up something
+for his old age, or his children, or to
+employ in the extension of his business.</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"For as there exists in America no standing
+army, its inhabitants may retain their children, as
+the best possible assistants in labor, and train,
+govern, and discipline them as can only properly
+done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore,
+in that country every one is permitted to enjoy
+the fullest civil and religious liberty. These are
+the advantages to be expected from an emigration
+to America, <hi rend="font-style: italic">and he who anticipates more will find
+himself bitterly deceived</hi>. But a man who can be
+content with this, and can live actively, moderately,
+and frugally, will here, better than in any
+other land in the world, ultimately attain to happiness
+and fortune. In times like ours, when
+every branch of industry is crowded, when tender
+parents think with grief and trouble on the future
+prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant
+no other resources save those held out by
+a full and bountiful nature, and no means of livelihood
+which may be so certainly depended upon
+as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that
+industry throws open the widest field, and affords
+the fullest opportunity of doing good."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>In the following extract, our author proceeds
+to set forth the national character of
+the American:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"The national character of the American has
+been greatly misunderstood; few travellers seem,<pb n="159" /><anchor id="Pg159" />
+in fact, to have understood it, since they mention
+it as something as new and unfounded as the
+country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed—so
+well established in every elevated and noble characteristic
+of the human race, that it may confidently
+be placed in comparison with that of the
+most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing
+originally from England, they have the pride and
+manly confidence of the Briton, for through their
+ancestry they claim an equal share of all which
+gives dignity to those inheriting glory and a great
+name. Their forefathers were those brave religious
+pilgrims who were transferred by British
+laws (or rather by old German) and British genius
+to the shores of the new world—to there give to
+those laws and genius an immortality. Building
+still further on this new land, they opened the
+temple of the Lord to all his followers, and received
+with open arms all the unfortunate or oppressed
+exiles of Europe. For the first time in
+reality in this world they flung wide the flag of
+truth and freedom—fought under its folds an unequal
+fight against the mightiest power in the
+world—and overcame it. And when a second
+time they armed themselves to combat with England,
+they again came forth unconquered from the
+contest. Reason enough this for the national pride
+of the American, for nothing could more naturally
+cause a certain degree of self-content than to belong
+to a nation whose brilliant deeds in war as
+in politics, in commerce as in manufactures, have
+astonished the world. A second and not less characteristic
+trait of the American is seen in a certain
+earnestness, which appears to strangers to indicate
+a want of sociable feeling—and yet perhaps
+in <hi rend="font-style: italic">no</hi> country is true noble sociability as developed
+in domestic life, so much at home, as in America.</p>
+
+<p>"Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on himself
+and his circumstances, the American from the
+first instant of his entry into active life is ever on
+the watch to improve their condition. Is he rich, and
+consequently more directly interested in the common
+wealth, then every new law, every change in
+the personal direction of the government, awakes in
+him a new care for the future, while on the other
+hand, if poor, then every change in the state may
+perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering
+his condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake—ever
+looking out for the future, not as a mere
+spectator, but as one playing a part and occupied
+in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in
+improving them. The entire mass of the population
+is continually in a state of political agitation,
+and, urged by hope of their aid or fear of their
+power, we see every one continually seeking for
+expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich
+or powerful that he need not fear them—none so
+wretched and poor but that he may venture to
+entertain the hope of being through them aided
+and relieved. Public opinion is in America the
+mightiest organ of justice—shielding no one, from
+the president to the simplest citizen, and proceeds,
+mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder all
+things which oppose it and deserve its condemnation.</p>
+
+<p>"This condition of perpetual agitation gives
+the American an appearance of ceaseless restlessness,
+but it is in reality the true ground of peace
+and content. <hi rend="font-style: italic">The American has no time to be
+discontented</hi>, and this is the most praiseworthy
+point of their constitution and popular life. The
+republican has necessarily as many severe and
+arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any
+monarchy—but their fulfilment is gratifying and
+consoling—for it is allied to the consciousness of
+power. The American has no desire for the quiet
+temper of the European, and least of all for the
+silent happiness of the German, which last, alas!
+appears since the dissipation of the intoxication
+of the Revolution of March, 1848, to consist, as
+far as the great mass of the population is concerned,
+merely in the egotistic repose of self-sufficiency,
+weakness, and ignorance. The American finds
+repose only in his house, in his family circle, and
+among his children; all without the walls of that
+home is an incessant working and striving, in politics
+as in trade—by the streets and canals, as in
+the woods of the West. Different as the elements
+are from which the inhabitants of the United
+States are formed, and different as the circumstances
+may be under which they live, there still
+prevails among them a certain unity of character,
+an equanimity of feeling, which it would be difficult
+to parallel, resulting perhaps from the very
+heterogeneousness and mixture of elements itself,
+since no one element allows to another pre-eminence.
+They have all something in common in
+their appearance, which gives them the air almost
+of relations—something in their gait and manners
+which declares them to be other than English,
+Germans, or French. Through the entire land,
+through every class, there is disseminated a certain
+refinement of manner, an appreciation of
+decency and nobility of character, which springs
+from a consciousness of their own rights and respect
+for mankind. Even emigrants, in America,
+soon learn to cast aside their rough prejudices as
+regards caste, for the proud affability of the aristocratic,
+the vanity of the small citizen, the want
+of confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish
+servitude and snappish insolence of liveried servants,
+find in America no place. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Man</hi> is there
+esteemed only as <hi rend="font-style: italic">man</hi>—only ability gains honor—and
+where <hi rend="font-style: italic">that</hi> is, and there alone, can true
+nobility be found. No one there inquires who a
+man is, or who were his parents, but 'What can
+he <hi rend="font-style: italic">do</hi>, what are his capabilities, and what can he
+produce?' Rank and caste are in America unknown.
+Every man feels his freedom and independence,
+and expresses himself accordingly.
+Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true,
+hired his service, but not his entire existence.
+The American is polite, but over-refined, unmeaning
+compliments form no part of his manners, nor
+does he expect them from others. No man vexes
+or troubles himself for another, in consequence of
+which we find in American society very little
+stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every respect
+that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety
+and decency—particularly as regards the
+female sex, since in no country, not even in England,
+do ladies enjoy such respect and regard as
+in the United States. Ever depending upon, and
+confiding in himself, the American is in his manners
+free, open, and unreserved. The mass of the
+people is possessed of intelligence and spirit,
+though not so scientifically educated as in Europe,
+and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates
+even the lower class, who consequently form a
+marked and singular contrast with those of
+like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed
+in the higher branches of abstract learning and<pb n="160" /><anchor id="Pg160" />
+science, but from the great amount of that direct
+practical knowledge which exerts the greatest influence
+in making life happy, that the Americans
+are distinguished from other nations, and for the
+acquisition of which they have made better provision
+and preparation than any other people.
+As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and
+Important, they are compelled to leave the development
+of the higher branches to the care and
+noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at
+the sums which are annually devoted to the establishment
+and maintenance of schools and universities,
+will suffice to evidence the liberality with
+which the proper education of the people is cared
+for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed
+esteemed, but only according to its use and applicability
+to the wants of life; so that a practical
+tanner is there worth more than a learned pedant.
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and universality
+of talent, is there more highly esteemed
+than learning,</hi> while hospitality, patriotism, and
+toleration, allowing every one to think and feel as
+he likes, are universal characteristics. So that in
+the United States nothing is wanting to the attainment
+of a true civil and social freedom, even
+though the means thereto are not invariably correctly
+understood or admitted (as is indeed the
+case by us), and though—since men are every
+where subject to the same weaknesses—they
+measure happiness rather by the standard of their
+own intelligence and virtues, than by fortune and
+nature, which latter, impartially considered, is the
+basis of the physical happiness of the American.
+That, however, which constitutes his <hi rend="font-style: italic">moral</hi> happiness
+is this; that in his country, domestic life enjoys
+the true supremacy, <hi rend="font-style: italic">and to this, public life
+and the state are subordinate</hi>. It is true that the
+American statesmen have fallen into the same
+error as the European—<hi rend="font-style: italic">id est</hi>, to believe that
+without <hi rend="font-style: italic">them</hi> the people could never prosper, and
+still live in the belief that home-happiness hangs
+on them, their theories and arts of governing;
+but the most superficial glance teaches that if wise
+laws are able to effect more for the happiness of
+man than they can bring about, still no one should
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">there</hi> attempt to draw happiness from such a
+source when popular and private life have
+combined to bestow it. But should the happiness
+of the Americans ever be derived from this side, it
+will be more sensible to assume that the foundation
+thereof will be the release from that which
+in the recent culture has passed for the deepest
+political wisdom. The true secret of all the good
+fortune of America lies in the favorable condition
+of external things. 'It is not with them as in
+Europe, where the poor can only better their condition
+or become rich by making the rich poor,
+for therein lies the source of an infinite strife
+which hath been combated for centuries, with the
+axioms of religion and morals. But in America,
+men when striving to better their condition, instead
+of becoming enemies and turning their arms
+against each other, strive with <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nature</hi>, and wring
+from her boundless stores that wealth which she
+so bountifully affords!'"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>We have made these quotations less on account
+of any merit which they possess, than
+to give our readers an idea of the general
+opinion prevailing in Germany in regard to
+our country; and to confirm an assertion
+made in a recent number of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">International</hi>,
+that in no country in Europe are we so impartially
+and favorably judged. There is one
+particular, however, in which we find this
+book worthy of especial praise. The author
+highly commends the flourishing state of religion
+in the United States, declaring that we
+are in this respect superior to the Germans,
+and that on the Sabbath the churches are
+filled to a degree unknown in Europe. It is
+from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic
+life, and our observance of religion, that he
+correctly deduces our true happiness, as separated
+from the natural advantages of the
+country. It is greatly to be desired that the
+majority of his countrymen resident in America,
+would allow themselves to be impressed
+in a similar manner as to the advantages of
+piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the
+United States a vast number of German newspapers—conducted
+we should imagine for the
+greater part by unprincipled and worthless
+adventurers of the red republican, socialist
+stamp, who, despite the protection which they
+here enjoy, incessantly and spitefully abuse
+every institution to which they are really indebted
+for their asylum among us, and most
+of all our observation of the Sabbath, in a
+style which entitles them to something severer
+than mere contempt. But Herr Bromme
+is right. Respect for morality and religion,
+a due regard for the Sabbath, and a dependence
+on the home-circle for pleasure and recreation,
+are the surest safeguard of peace,
+happiness, and prosperity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.</head>
+
+<p>In a recent number of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Russian Archives
+for Scientific Information</hi>, is an account
+of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction,
+in company with her husband and sons,
+to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or
+Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia,
+lying on the Caspian Sea. We translate
+this interesting narrative for the <hi rend="font-style: italic">International</hi>,
+as follows:</p>
+
+<p>In order the better to enjoy the spectacle
+of the fire, we chose the evening for our excursion
+thither; but a thick fog came on,
+which made the road difficult and dangerous.
+When we finally reached the place it was
+pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful
+purity to the peaceful sky of night, and
+the entire castle, within which was the temple,
+seemed to be surrounded by a circle of
+watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians
+from the neighborhood, who were busy
+burning lime and baking bread, dark forms
+like those which worked on the tower of
+Babel, and burnt lime for it. They were now
+brought here by the ease and cheapness of
+carrying on their occupations. All that is
+necessary is to make a hole in the ground,
+touch a burning coal to it, and an inexhaustible
+flame rises forth like a spring. Behind
+this range of little flames and fires, rose, in
+the pale light, the dirty white walls of the<pb n="161" /><anchor id="Pg161" />
+castle, in the centre of which there flashed from
+the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of
+the purest, clearest, and keenest flame, which
+were now bent down horizontally and wreathed
+like serpents by the force of the wind, and
+now rose perpendicularly to the sky, whose
+dome they lighted up like two vast altar tapers.
+We drove around the edifice, and stopped on
+one side where there were no flames rising
+from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we
+remained without while our guide went in to
+announce us. He came back immediately
+with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this
+man impressed me strangely, and I forgot
+that he belonged to a remote colony of a few
+individuals, and asked myself if we had been
+suddenly transported to India, or if India had
+been brought up to the Caspian.</p>
+
+<p>We went into the court-yard, in which
+stands the temple, with its two fire-pillars.
+About half way up hang a couple of large
+bells, which the Hindoo sounded by way of
+preparing us for what we were to see. There
+was something fearful in the loud clangor,
+and my boys crowded close beside me. Except
+our party, no one was to be seen except
+the swart Geber, in his white turban and
+long brown robe, with just enough of a pair
+of light blue trowsers visible to bring into distinctness
+his naked black feet. His features
+were noble, and his beard long and black.
+He looked like a conjurer, like the lord of an
+enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The
+hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up
+more brightly at the crash of the bells; now
+it was clear as day around us, and now it was
+twilight as the wind lowered the flame. My
+husband and sons and the guide who had
+brought us to the place, were all dressed in
+oriental costume, and I alone seemed to
+belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness
+came over me, and at every moment
+I expected to see something monstrous, to
+behold all the cruelties of a heathenish and
+barbarous worship.</p>
+
+<p>The interpreter now summoned us to
+follow the Geber. We were told that the
+castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who
+was a fire worshipper, and who, with his
+followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three
+Hindoos remain from that period of splendor.
+But nature remains eternally the same, and
+whether worshipped or not, the flames still
+shine and awe the superstitious, and so great
+is the fame of the place that many pilgrims
+come yearly from distant India to pray, and
+to have prayers said for them, here in the
+visible presence of the primeval light.</p>
+
+<p>At last we came to the cell of the priest,
+and on his invitation entered it. We passed
+through a low door, and down a few steps,
+and found ourselves in a small, semicircular,
+low, but very white room, with a floor of
+mason-work, and a small altar in the centre.
+Around the wall were seats, also of mason-work.
+In the altar there was an opening as
+large as a gun-barrel, from which rose a slender
+flame that lighted the room very clearly.
+There were other little openings on the sides
+of the altar. The Hindoo took a wisp of
+straw, lighted it, and touched these openings,
+from which the most beautiful flames at once
+issued. The children, who had never seen
+gas lights, or at least did not remember them,
+regarded all this as the most perfect witchery.
+On a second altar, which, like the first, was
+about the height of a common table, lay or
+stood the idols and treasures of our priest.
+Small steps led up to it, which were used
+to hold muscles, stones, shells, and other
+instruments employed in the sacred rites.
+The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous,
+like Chinese images. Beside these
+figures, we were astonished to see crosses of
+various forms and sizes. We asked the Geber
+about them, and he answered with oriental
+emphasis: "There is one God, and no one
+has seen him; therefore every one adores
+him after his own way, and represents him
+after his own way." The reply was diplomatic
+enough, and we could not ascertain
+how the crosses had come there.</p>
+
+<p>On the altar and its steps lay a great number
+of singularly beautiful Indian stones,
+which the boys wanted very much, but
+which, in spite of our large offers, we could
+not obtain. They were mementoes from the
+distant fatherland, and possibly they served
+as sacred ornaments for the little cell. There
+were also several censers, lamps, and little
+silver plates and salvers. The air was stifling
+from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like
+that of a vapor bath. The priest took from
+the altar some pieces of red and white candied
+sugar, held them, praying, before his idols,
+sprinkled them with holy water, and handed
+them to us on a silver plate.</p>
+
+<p>A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old
+man, whose name, as he told us, was Amintaas.
+He invited us into his cell, which was
+larger and differently arranged. In the centre
+was a large kettle, set in mason-work,
+with water in it, and a gas flame burning
+under it; the altar was in another apartment
+beyond, and separated from the first by a
+low wall or fence, with a passage through.
+Another apartment, similarly divided off,
+was spread with carpets for sleeping. After
+we had seen the stones, shells, and
+idols, which were richer and more numerous
+than in the former cell, the Hindoos
+asked us if they should pray for us. We
+agreed, and the ceremony began. A large
+muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the
+plates were set in order at the foot of the
+altar, a censer began to smoke, the silver
+plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp
+Between two bells, whose handles were the
+most monstrous figures of idols. These bells
+Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently.
+The other Hindoos stood behind him and
+beat two big cymbals, accompanying this
+noise with the most inhuman and frightful
+howling that a man's lungs ever produced.<pb n="162" /><anchor id="Pg162" />
+Still, there was method and a regular cadence
+in it. Finally, they made a pause, bowed
+before the images, murmuring softly, after
+which they arranged the plates anew, and
+sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My
+husband whispered in my ear a line from
+the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of
+that scene rushed vividly into my memory.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas
+had recovered their power, for he now seized
+a conch shell, held it in both hands, and
+with incredible strength blew long wild notes,
+with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew
+dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once
+understood what is meant by the heathen
+making a "vain noise," This cannibalistic
+music was kept up for a long time, and
+seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites.
+The finale was a combination of wild shouting,
+banging of the cymbals, ringing and murmuring.
+At last the concert was over, and we
+breathed freely. Amintaas handed us the
+candied sugar, and my husband laid down
+two ducats in its place. They were received
+with warm expressions of gratitude, and laid
+upon the altar. We went out into the open
+air, but the scene had changed. The lonely
+castle was crowded with Persians who had
+come from their lime-burning to see the Europeans.
+Persian women were sitting around
+by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by
+the help of gas flames, they baked their
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Tsheuks</hi>, thin cakes of unleavened bread.
+Followed by the crowd, we were led a couple
+of hundred steps from the castle to a spring
+that was covered over; the cover was taken
+off, and a bundle of burning straw thrown in,
+when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid
+pillar of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars.
+This beautiful spectacle lasted but for a moment,
+and a quarter of an hour was necessary
+to collect gas enough to repeat the experiment.</p>
+
+<p>We returned to Baku in the rain, more
+dead than alive. It was the eve of Easter.
+The next morning, as I was sitting on the
+sofa with the children, there came in a tall,
+meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was
+dressed in a white robe, and brought me
+white and red sugar on a silver plate. He
+was the chief priest from the temple of the
+Gebers, and had come to Baku to see the
+Easter festivities. We took a few grains of
+his sugar, and I laid a silver rouble on the
+plate. While he was making his bows for
+this, my husband came in and told him,
+partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and partly
+in pantomime, that we had been to his temple
+the night before, and had prayers said there.
+He asked at once, with eagerness, how much
+we had given, and when he learned the sum,
+asked for a certificate to that effect, as, without
+it, the others would give him no part of
+the money. We sent him away without
+granting his request, for the two screamers
+of the night previous had earned all we gave
+them. We learned afterwards that the gifts
+of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often
+blows, in the romantic fire-castle. This disgusted
+me, and yet it is not the fault of these
+poor fellows. They must necessarily become
+covetous, since they profane their most sacred
+ceremonies as a means of living. They have
+neither fields nor gardens, and the only thing
+like vegetation that I saw was some lone
+boxes in the court yard, filled with shrubs
+and plants, remains, no doubt, from the time
+of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to
+establish cultivation in a soil impregnated
+with inflammable gas. However, I learned
+to my sorrow that grass at least grows there,
+for, in going through it to the spring, my feet
+became perfectly wet.</p>
+
+<p>The air of the locality does not seem to be
+unwholesome for man. At least, the Geber
+priests, who had lived there for years, were
+perfect lions for health and vigor.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.</head>
+
+<p>In the third volume of his <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the
+Romans under the Empire</hi>, just published
+in London, Mr. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Merivale</hi> gives some elaborate
+pieces of character writing, one of which
+has for its subject <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Cicero</hi>. It is not good for
+a man to think harshly of Cicero, and however
+easy it may seem to be to condemn manifest
+faults in his character, it is by no means
+easy to be fair in the estimate we make. Mr.
+Merivale sums up a character which has too
+often been roughly put down as that of a
+great writer and a little man, as follows:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"Many writers, it has been remarked, have related
+the death of Cicero, but Plutarch alone has
+painted it. In the narrative here laid before him
+the reader has the substance of this picturesque
+account, together with some touches introduced
+from collateral sources. In this, as in many other
+massages of his Lives, the Greek biographer has
+evidently aimed at creating an effect, and though
+he seems to have been mainly guided by the genuine
+narrative of Tiro, Cicero's beloved freedman,
+we may suspect him of having embellished
+it to furnish a striking termination to one of his favorite
+sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is
+mainly confirmed by a fragment of Livy's history,
+which has fortunately been preserved. The Roman
+author vies with the Greek in throwing dignity
+and interest over the great statesman's end.
+But in reviewing the uneven tenor of his career,
+Livy concludes with the stern comment, "He bore
+none of his calamities as a man should, except his
+death." These are grave words. In the mouth
+of one who had cast his scrutinizing glance over
+the characters and exploits of all the heroes of the
+great republic, and had learnt by the training of
+his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities
+and estimate desert, they constitute the most important
+judgment on the conduct of Cicero that
+antiquity has bequeathed to us. Few indeed
+among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resolution
+in the face of impending death. But it was
+in the endurance of calamity rather than the defiance
+of danger that the courage of Cicero was
+deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the
+arts of peace and persuasion, exhibited on more
+than one occasion a martial spirit worthy of other
+habits and a ruder training. In the contest with<pb n="163" /><anchor id="Pg163" />
+Catilina he displayed all the moral confidence of
+a veteran general: in the struggle with Antonius
+he threw himself without reserve into a position
+where there was no alternative but to conquer or
+to perish. In the earlier conflict he had still his
+fame to acquire, his proud ascendency to establish;
+and the love of praise and glory inspired
+him with the audacity which makes and justifies
+its own success. But in the later, he courted danger
+for the sake of retaining the fame he so dearly
+prized. He had once saved his country, and
+he could not endure that it should be said he had
+ever deserted it. He loved his country; but it
+wan for his own honor, which he could preserve,
+rather than for his country's freedom, which he
+despaired of, that he returned to his post when
+escape was still possible. He might have remained
+silent, but he opened the floodgates of his eloquence.
+When indeed he had once launched himself
+on the torrent he lost all self-command; he
+could neither retrace nor moderate his career; he
+saw the rocks before him, but he dashed himself
+headlong against them. But another grave authority
+has given us the judgment of antiquity,
+that Cicero's defect was the want of steadfastness.
+His courage had no dignity because it lacked consistency.
+All men and all parties agreed that he
+could not be relied upon to lead, to co-operate, or
+to follow. In all the great enterprises of his party,
+he was left behind, except that which the nobles
+undertook against Catilina, in which they rather
+thrust him before them than engaged with him on
+terms of mutual support. When we read the vehement
+claims which Cicero put forth to the honor
+of association, however tardy, with the glories and
+dangers of Cæsar's assassins, we should deem the
+conspirators guilty of a monstrous oversight in
+having neglected to enlist him in their design, were
+we not assured that he was not to be trusted as a
+confederate either for good or for evil.</p>
+
+<p>"Of all the characters of antiquity Cicero is undoubtedly
+that with which we are most intimately
+acquainted; for he alone has left to us the record
+of his thoughts and actions for more than half
+his public career in a voluminous mass of familiar
+as well as political correspondence. No public
+character probably could pass unscathed through
+the fiery ordeal to which he has thus subjected
+himself. Cicero, it must be avowed, is convicted
+from his own mouth of vanity, inconstancy, sordidness,
+jealousy, malice, selfishness, and timidity.
+But on the other hand no character, public or private,
+could thus bare its workings to our view
+without laying a stronger claim to our sympathy,
+and extorting from us more kindly consideration
+than we can give to the mere shell of the human
+being with which ordinary history brings us in
+contact. Cicero gains more than he loses by the
+confessions he pours into our ear. We read in his
+letters what we should vainly search for in the
+meagre pages of Sallust and Appian, in the captious
+criticism of Dion, and even in the pleasant
+anecdotes of his friendly biographer Plutarch, his
+amiableness, his refined urbanity, his admiration
+for excellence, his thirst for fame, his love of truth,
+equity, and reason. Much indeed of the patriotism,
+the honesty, the moral courage he exhibited,
+was really no other than the refined ambition of
+attaining the respect of his contemporaries and
+bequeathing a name to posterity. He might not
+act from a sense of duty, like Cato, but his motives,
+personal and selfish as they in some sense
+were, coincided with what a more enlightened
+conscience would have felt to be duty. Thus
+his proconsulate is perhaps the purest and most
+honorable passage in his life. His strict and rare
+probity amidst the temptations of office arrests
+our attention and extorts our praise: yet assuredly
+Cicero had no nice sense of honor, and was
+controlled by no delicacy of sentiment, where public
+opinion was silent, or a transaction strictly private.
+His courting his ward Publilia for her
+dower, his caressing Dolabella for the sake of getting
+his debt paid, his soliciting the historian Lucceius
+to color and exaggerate the merits of his
+consulship, display a grievous want of magnanimity
+and of a predominant sense of right. Fortunately
+his instinct taught him to see in the constitution
+of the republic the fairest field for the display
+of his peculiar talents; the orator and the
+pleader could not fail to love the arena on which
+the greatest triumph of his genius had been or
+were yet, as he hoped, to be acquired. And Cicero
+indeed was not less ambitious than Cæesar or
+Pompeius, Antonius or Octavius. To the pursuit
+of fame he sacrificed many interests and friendships.
+He was not less jealous of a rival in his
+chosen career than any of the leaders of party and
+candidates for popular favor. He could not endure
+competition for the throne of eloquence and
+the sceptre of persuasion. It was on this account
+perhaps that he sought his associates among the
+young, from whose rivalry he had nothing to fear,
+rather than from his own contemporaries, the candidates
+for the same prize of public admiration
+which he aimed at securing for himself. From his
+pages there flows an incessant stream of abuse of
+all the great masters of political power in his
+time; of Cæsar and Pompeius; of Crassus and
+Antonius, not to mention his coarse vituperation
+of Piso and Gabinius, and his uneasy sneers at the
+impracticable Cato. We may note the different
+tone which his disparagement assumes towards
+these men respectively. He speaks of Cæsar with
+awe, of Pompeius with mortification, with dislike
+of Crassus, with bitter malice of Antonius. Cæsar,
+even when he most deeply reprobates him, he personally
+loves; the cold distrust of Pompeius vexes
+his self-esteem; between him and Crassus there
+subsists a natural antipathy of temperament: but
+Antonius, the hate of his old age, becomes to him
+the incarnation of all the evil his long and bitter
+experience of mankind have discovered in the human
+heart. While we suspect Cicero of injustice
+towards the great men of his day, we are bound
+also to specify the gross dishonesty with which he
+magnifies his own merits where they are trivial,
+and embellishes them where they are really important.
+The perpetual recurrence to the topic of
+his own political deserts must have wearied the
+most patient of friends, and more than balanced
+the display of sordidness and time-serving which
+Atticus doubtless reflected back in his share of the
+correspondence between them.</p>
+
+<p>"But while Cicero stands justly charged with
+many grave infirmities of temper and defects of
+principle, while we remark with a sigh the vanity,
+the inconstancy, and the ingratitude he so often
+manifested, while we lament his ignoble subserviencies
+and his ferocious resentments, the high
+standard by which we claim to judge him is in itself
+the fullest acknowledgment of his transcendent<pb n="164" /><anchor id="Pg164" />
+merits. For undoubtedly had he not placed
+himself on a higher moral level than the statesmen
+and sages of his day, we should pass over
+many of his weaknesses in silence, and allow his
+pretensions to our esteem to pass almost unchallenged.
+But we demand a nearer approach to
+the perfection of human wisdom and virtue in one
+who sought to approve himself the greatest of
+their teachers. Nor need we scruple to admit that
+the judgment of the ancients on Cicero was for the
+most part unfavorable. The moralists of antiquity
+required in their heroes virtues with which we
+can more readily dispense: and they too had less
+sympathy with many qualities which a purer religion
+and a wider experience have taught us to
+love and admire. Nor were they capable, from
+their position, of estimating the slow and silent
+effects upon human happiness of the lessons which
+Cicero enforced. After all the severe judgments
+we are compelled to pass on his conduct, we must
+acknowledge that there remains a residue of what
+is amiable in his character and noble in his teaching
+beyond all ancient example. Cicero lived and
+died in faith. He has made converts to the belief
+in virtue, and had disciples in the wisdom of
+love. There have been dark periods in the history
+of man, when the feeble ray of religious instruction
+paled before the torch of his generous philanthropy.
+The praise which the great critic pronounced
+upon his excellence in oratory may be
+justly extended to the qualities of his heart, and
+even in our enlightened days it may be held no
+mean advance in virtue to venerate the master of
+Roman philosophy."</p>
+</quote>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.</head>
+
+<p>Incomparably the best history of our
+struggle for independence that has been
+written by a foreigner is that of which we
+have the larger portion in the just-published
+fifth and sixth volumes of Lord <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mahon's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of England from the Peace of Utrecht</hi>,
+comprising the period from 1763 to 1780—from
+the commencement of the popular discontents
+until the virtual conclusion of the
+war.</p>
+
+<p>The character of Lord Mahon as a historian
+has long been established. When Sismondi,
+in 1842, had brought his History of France
+down to the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, he lamented
+that he could no longer be guided by
+Lord Mahon, and expressed a hope that his
+"brilliant labors" would be continued. The
+portion of his work on which the illustrious
+Frenchman thus set the seal of his approval
+has been reprinted in this country by the
+Appletons, in two large volumes (embracing
+the first four of the original impression), carefully
+and judiciously edited by Professor Henry
+Reed, of Philadelphia. It well indicates the
+right of its author to a place with the best
+British writers in this department. History
+was never before written so brilliantly or profoundly
+as in the last half century. Germany
+in this period has boasted her Schiller, Niebuhr,
+Von Hammer, Heeren, Ranke, and
+two Mullers; France her Sismondi, Barrante,
+Thierrys, Michelet, Mignet, Guizot, and
+Thiers; England her Mitford, Arnold, Thirlwall,
+Grote, Napier, Hallam, Mackintosh,
+Macaulay, Palgrave, and Mahon; and we
+have ourselves the noble names of Bancroft,
+Prescott, and Irving, to send to the next ages.
+Of the English authors we have mentioned,
+we regard Lord Mahon as in many respects
+the first; Hallam is a laborious and wise critic;
+Thirlwall and Grote, in their province,
+have greatly increased the fame of British
+scholarship; and Macaulay, brilliant and picturesque
+beyond any of his contemporaries,
+has an unprecedented popularity, which will
+last until the worthlessness of his opinions
+and the viciousness of his style are more justly
+appreciated than they are likely to be by
+the mobs of novel readers who in this generation
+have preferred him to James and Ainsworth.
+Lord Mahon is the most legitimate
+successor of the greatest historian of his country,
+David Hume.</p>
+
+<p>Although the chief subject of these new
+volumes is the American war, the general
+political history of England, from the decline
+of the fortunes of Bute through the administration
+of Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham,
+the Duke of Grafton, and Lord North, is illustrated
+and commented on as largely as the
+special purpose of the author permitted; and
+we have many striking passages respecting
+Wilkes and his various persecutions, the Letters
+of Junius and their authorship, and the
+common intellectual and material progress of
+the British empire. The spirit in which he regards
+our Revolution is illustrated by the following
+paragraph, on the rejection, by the
+House of Peers, of the conciliatory Bill by
+which Lord Chatham hoped, in 1775, to prevent
+the threatened separation of the colonies:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"It may be proper, or at least pardonable, here
+to pause for an inquiry, what probable issue might
+have attended an opposite decision in the British
+Parliament? If the ministers had been defeated
+on this Bill, if, in consequence, they had resigned,
+and it had in other hands been carried through,
+would the Americans have accepted the measure
+cheerfully and readily—would it for a long time
+to come have closed the breach, and cemented the
+union with the Mother Country? From all the
+facts and testimonies then or since made public, I
+answer without hesitation that it would. The
+sword was then slumbering in its scabbard. On
+both sides there were injuries to redress, but not
+as yet bloodshed to avenge. It was only a quarrel.
+It was not as yet a war. Even the boldest
+leaders of that war in after years, whether in
+council or the field, were still, in January, 1775,
+the firm friends of colonial subordination. Washington
+himself (and he at least was no dissembler—from
+him, at least, there never came any promise
+or assurance that did not deserve the most
+implicit credit) had only a few months before presided
+at a meeting of Fairfax County, in Virginia.
+That meeting, while claiming relief of grievances,
+had also at his instance adopted the following Resolve:—'That
+it is our greatest wish and inclination,
+as well as interest, to continue our connection
+with, and dependence upon, the British Government.'<pb n="165" /><anchor id="Pg165" />
+But further still, although the first Congress
+was praised by Chatham for its moderate
+counsels, and although the calmer voice of history
+has ratified the praise, we learn that these moderate
+counsels did not lag behind, but rather exceeded
+and outran the prevailing sentiment in
+many of the colonies. To this fact we find an unimpeachable
+testimony in the letters of President
+Reed, who, writing to a friend in strict confidence,
+laments that 'The proceedings of Congress have
+been pitched on too high a key for some of those
+middle provinces.' With such feelings, how gladly,
+how gratefully would they have welcomed the
+hand of reconciliation stretched out by the Parliament
+of England! It may be true, indeed, that
+such feelings as these did not prevail in all, or
+nearly all, the colonies. It may be true, especially,
+that no amount of good government, of forbearance,
+or of kindness, would have won back
+Massachusetts. But herein lay, as I think, the especial
+force and efficacy of Lord Chatham's scheme,
+that it did not refer the questions of parliamentary
+supremacy and colonial taxation to the decision of
+any one province; but, as the Americans themselves
+desired, to the decision of a Congress composed
+from all the provinces, so that disaffection,
+however firmly rooted here and there, would of
+course be overpowered by a loyal and large majority.
+Nor do I believe that the proposal of a
+new grant to the Crown, and the consequent necessity
+of increased taxation to the people, would
+have interposed any serious obstacle. The load
+of taxation on the colonies was at this period light
+indeed: according to a calculation made by Lord
+North in that very year, each inhabitant of England
+paid in taxes, upon an average, not less than
+twenty-five shillings annually; but each inhabitant
+of British America no more than sixpence. The experience
+of the closely-following Revolutionary war
+proves how easily and readily, when their feelings
+were involved, the Americans could raise far
+greater supplies. And surely had Lord Chatham's
+scheme prevailed, their feelings would have
+been involved. They would have been pleased
+and proud to show that their previous refusal to
+pay taxes sprang from principle, and not from inability
+or disaffection; and that, when once their
+views of principle had been complied with, they
+could contribute with no sparing hand to the exigencies
+of their countrymen, and to the service of
+their king."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>The opinion of Lord Mahon that, even after
+Burgoyne's surrender, and the treaty of alliance
+between France and America, the colonies
+might have been preserved, had Lord
+Chatham lived and returned to office, we
+think entirely erroneous. Our separation
+from England, though there had been no
+stamp act or tea tax, was inevitable.</p>
+
+<p>Lord Mahon is exceedingly fond of personal
+portraiture, in which he is sometimes very
+successful. One of his most carefully-elaborated
+performances in this way has for its subject
+Washington, and in the dozen pages he
+devotes to the analysis of the character of
+the great chief he has displayed his best abilities,
+though, we confess, without suggesting
+any thing very novel. He dislikes Franklin,
+and loses no opportunity of imputing to him
+personal dishonesty. We think the influence
+of Mr. William B. Reed's Life of President
+Reed is traceable in almost every allusion
+made by Lord Mahon to our philosopher.
+Without further observation upon the qualities
+of the work, we avail ourselves of the possession
+of an early copy of it to present our
+readers with some of the most striking passages
+pencilled in a hasty reading.</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">WASHINGTON.</p>
+
+<p>During many years did Washington continue
+to enjoy the pleasures and fulfil the duties
+of an independent country gentleman. Field-sports
+divided his time with the cultivation and
+improvement of his land, and the sales of his tobacco;
+he showed kindness to his dependents, and
+hospitality to his friends; and having been elected
+one of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, he
+was, whenever that House met, exact in his attendance.
+To that well-regulated mind nothing
+within the course of its ordinary and appointed
+avocations seemed unworthy of its care. His
+ledgers and day-books were kept by himself: he
+took note of all the houses where he partook of
+hospitality, so that not even the smallest courtesies
+might pass by unremembered; and until
+his press of business in the Revolutionary War he
+was wont every evening to set down the variations
+of the weather during the preceding day.
+It was also his habit through life, whenever he
+wished to possess himself perfectly of the contents
+of any paper, to transcribe it in his own
+hand, and apparently with deliberation, so that no
+point might escape his notice. Many copies of
+this kind were after his death found among his
+manuscripts.</p>
+
+<p>We may observe, however, that in the mind of
+Washington punctuality and precision did not, as
+we often find them, turn in any degree to selfishness.
+On the contrary, he was rather careless of
+small points where only his own comfort was concerned.
+Thus he could seldom be persuaded to
+take any remedy, or desist from any business,
+whenever he caught a cold, but used to say, "let
+it go as it came!"</p>
+
+<p>Nor yet was his constant regularity of habits
+attended by undue formality of manner. In one
+of his most private letters there appears given incidentally,
+and as it were by chance, a golden rule
+upon that subject:—"As to the gentlemen you
+mention I cannot charge myself with incivility, or
+what in my opinion is tantamount, ceremonious
+civility.</p>
+
+<p>In figure Washington was thin and tall (above
+six feet high), in countenance grave, unimpassioned,
+and benign. An inborn worth, an unaffected
+dignity, beamed forth in every look as in every
+word and deed. His first appearance and address
+might not convey the idea of superior talents;
+such at least was the remark of his accomplished
+countryman, Mr. Gallatin; but no man,
+whether friend or enemy, ever viewed without respect
+the noble simplicity of his demeanor, the utter
+absence in him of every artifice and every affectation.</p>
+
+<p>It has been justly remarked that of General
+Washington there are fewer anecdotes to tell than
+perhaps of any other great man on record. So
+equally framed were the features of his mind, so
+harmonious all its proportions, that no one quality
+rose salient above the rest. There were none of
+those chequered ques, none of those warring emotions,
+in which Biography delights. There was no<pb n="166" /><anchor id="Pg166" />
+contrast of lights and shades, no flickering of the
+flame; it was a mild light that seldom dazzled,
+but that ever cheered and warmed. His contemporaries
+or his close observers, as Mr. Jefferson
+and Mr. Gallatin, assert that he had naturally
+strong passions, but had attained complete mastery
+over them. In self-control indeed he has
+never been surpassed. If sometimes on rare occasions,
+and on strong provocation, there was
+wrung from him a burst of anger, it was almost
+instantly quelled by the dominion of his will. He
+decided surely, though he deliberated slowly;
+nor could any urgency or peril move him from his
+serene composure, his calm and clear-headed good
+sense. Integrity and truth were also ever present
+in his mind. Not a single instance, as I believe,
+can be found in his whole career when he was impelled
+by any but an upright motive, or endeavored
+to attain an object by any but worthy means.
+Such are some of the high qualities which have
+justly earned for General Washington the admiration
+even of the country he opposed, and not
+merely the admiration but the gratitude and affection
+of his own. Such was the pure and upright
+spirit to which, when its toils were over and
+its earthly course had been run, was offered the
+unanimous homage of the assembled Congress, all
+clad in deep mourning for their common loss, as
+to "the man first in war, first in peace, and first
+in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." At this day
+in the United States the reverence for his character
+is, as it should be, deep and universal, and
+not confined, as with nearly all our English statesmen,
+to one party, one province, or one creed.
+Such reverence for Washington is felt even by
+those who wander furthest from the paths in
+which he trod. A President when recommending
+measures of aggression and invasion can still refer
+to him whose rule was ever to arm only in
+self-defence as to "the greatest and best of men!"
+States which exult in their bankruptcy as a proof
+of their superior shrewdness, and have devised
+"Repudiation" as a newer and more graceful term
+for it, yet look up to their great General—the
+very soul of good faith and honor—with their reverence
+unimpaired!"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">PATRICK HENRY.</p>
+
+<p>The colony of Virginia was the place, and the
+the year 1736 the time, of birth to Patrick Henry.
+His parents were in easy circumstances, but burthened
+with a numerous family; they resided at
+a country scat to which the ambitious name of
+Mount Brilliant had been given. In childhood
+Patrick Henry gave little promise of distinction.
+His person is represented as having been coarse,
+his manners extremely awkward, his dress slovenly,
+and his aversion to study invincible. No persuasion
+could bring him either to read or to work.
+At sixteen his father gave him means to open a
+small shop, which failed, however, in less than
+one year. Then he tried a small farm, and married;
+then again he entered upon the life of a
+tradesman, but in a few years more was a bankrupt.
+It was at this period that he became acquainted
+with Mr. Jefferson, afterwards President
+of the United States. "Mr. Henry," says Jefferson,
+"had a little before broken up his store (shop),
+or rather it had broken him up, but his misfortunes
+were not to be traced either in his countenance
+or conduct. His manners had something of
+coarseness in them; his passion was music, dancing,
+and pleasantry. He excelled in the last, and
+it attached every one to him."</p>
+
+<p>As a last resource, Patrick Henry now determined
+to make a trial of the law. It cannot be
+said that his preparatory studies were unduly arduous,
+since, as his biographer informs us, they
+were all comprised in the period of six weeks.
+Under such unpromising circumstances, and in the
+year 1763, he obtained a brief in the long-contested
+cause then raging in Virginia between the
+clergy on the one side, and the legislature on the
+other, as regarding the stipends which the former
+claimed. On this occasion Henry, to the astonishment
+of all who knew him, poured forth a strain
+of such impassioned eloquence as not only carried
+the cause, contrary to all previous expectation, but
+placed him ever afterwards at the head of his profession
+in the colony. To this very day, says Mr.
+Wirt, writing in 1818, the impression remains, and
+the old people of that district think that no higher
+compliment can be paid to any public speaker
+than to say of him in their homely phrase, "He is
+almost equal to Patrick when he plead (pleaded)
+against the parsons!"</p>
+
+<p>The natural eloquence which on this occasion
+flashed forth from the coarse and unlettered Henry,
+as the spark-of fire from the flint, continued to
+distinguished him both as a Member of the House
+of Burgesses at Williamsburg, and afterwards as
+a member of Congress. He took from the first a
+bold and active part against the pretensions of the
+mother country; indeed Mr. Jefferson goes so far
+as to declare that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the
+earliest impulse to the ball of revolution." His
+most celebrated burst of oratory, or rather turn of
+phrase, was in this very year 1765, when descanting
+in the House of Burgesses on the tyranny of
+the Stamp Act. "Cæsar—" he cried, in a voice
+of thunder and with an eye of fire—"Cæsar had
+his Brutus—Charles the First had his Cromwell—and
+George the Third"—"Treason!" here exclaimed
+the Speaker, "Treason! Treason!" re-echoed
+from every part of the House. Henry did
+not for an instant falter, but fixing his eye firmly
+on the Speaker, he concluded his sentence thus
+"—may profit by their example. If this be treason
+make the most of it!"</p>
+
+<p>Indolence and aversion to reading seemed almost
+as natural to Henry's mind as powers of debate.
+To the last he never overcame them. Thus,
+at his death, in 1799, his books were found to be
+extremely few, and these too consisting chiefly of
+odd volumes. But his gift of speech was (for his
+hearers) sufficiently supported by his fiery energy,
+his practical shrewdness, and his ever keen glance
+into the feelings and characters of other. Nor
+were these his only claims to his country's favor.
+He retained the manners and custom of the common
+people, with what his friendly biographer
+terms "religious caution.—He dressed as plainly
+as the plainest of them," continues Mr. Wirt, "ate
+only their homely fare, and drank their simple beverage,
+mixed with them on a footing of the most
+entire and perfect equality, and conversed with
+them even in their own vicious and depraved pronunciation."
+By such means he soon acquired and
+long retained a large measure of popularity, and
+he applied himself with zeal and success before
+any audience, and on every occasion which arose,
+to increase and perpetuate the estrangement between
+the North American Colonies and England.</p>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="167" /><anchor id="Pg167" />
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">FRANKLIN.</p>
+
+<p>Dr. Benjamin Franklin is one of those men who
+have made the task of succeeding biographers
+more difficult by having been in part their own.
+He was born at Boston in 1706, the youngest of
+ten sons. "My father," he says, "intended to devote
+me, as the tithe of his sons, to the service of
+the Church;" but on further reflection, the charges
+of a college education were thought too burthensome,
+and young Benjamin became a journeyman
+printer. From a very early age he showed a passionate
+fondness for reading, and much ingenuity
+in argument, but, as he acknowledges, had at first
+contracted a disputatious and wrangling turn of
+conversation. "I have since observed," he says,
+"that persons of good sense seldom fall into it, except
+lawyers, University-men, and generally men
+of all sorts who have been bred at Edinburgh."</p>
+
+<p>Young Franklin was at first bound apprentice
+to one of his elder brothers, a printer at Boston;
+but some differences arising between them, he
+proceeded to Philadelphia, where he soon obtained
+employment, and ere long set up for himself. His
+success in life was secured by his great frugality,
+industry, and shrewdness. In his own words: "I
+spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of any
+kind; reading was the only amusement I allowed
+myself." His knowledge and shrewdness,—great
+zeal in urging any improvements, and great ingenuity
+in promoting them,—speedily raised him
+high in the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, and
+enabled him to take a forward part in all the affairs
+of his province. In England, and indeed all
+Europe, he became celebrated by his experiments
+and discoveries in electricity. These may deserve
+the greater credit when we recollect both their
+practical utility and their unassisted progress,—how
+much the pointed rods which he introduced
+have tended to avert the dangers of lightning, and
+how far removed was Franklin at the time from
+all scientific society, libraries, or patronage.</p>
+
+<p>It has also been stated by no less an authority
+in science than Sir Humphrey Davy, that "the
+style and manner of Dr. Franklin's publication on
+Electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as
+the doctrine it contains." The same remark may
+indeed be applied to all his writings. All of them
+are justly celebrated for their clear, plain, and
+lively style, free from every appearance of art,
+but, in fact, carefully pointed and nicely poised.
+In public speaking, on the other hand, he was
+much less eminent. His last American biographer
+observes of him, that he never even pretended to
+the accomplishments of an orator or debater. He
+seldom spoke in a deliberative assembly, except
+for some special object, and then only for a few
+minutes at a time.</p>
+
+<p>As a slight instance of Franklin's humor and
+shrewdness in all affairs of common life I may
+quote the following: "<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Question.</hi> I am about
+courting a girl I have had but little acquaintance
+with. How shall I come to a knowledge of her
+faults? <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Answer.</hi> Commend her among her female
+acquaintance!"</p>
+
+<p>Whether in science and study, or in politics and
+action, the great aim of Franklin's mind was ever
+practical utility. Here again we may quote Sir
+Humphrey Davy as saying of Franklin that he
+sought rather to make philosophy a useful inmate
+and servant in the common habitations of man,
+than to preserve her merely as an object of admiration
+in temples and palaces. Thus, also, in affairs
+he had a keen eye to his own interest, but
+likewise a benevolent concern for the public good.
+Nor was he ever indifferent to cases of individual
+grievance or hardship. In the pursuit of his objects,
+public or private, he was, beyond most other
+men, calm, sagacious, and wary; neither above
+business nor yet below it; never turned aside from
+it by flights of fancy nor yet by bursts of passion.</p>
+
+<p>Among the good qualities which we may with
+just cause ascribe to Franklin we cannot number
+any firm reliance on the truths of Revelation.
+Only five weeks before his death we find him express
+a cold approbation of the "system of morals"
+bequeathed to us by "Jesus of Nazareth." In his
+Memoirs he declares that he always believed in
+the existence of a Deity and a future state of rewards
+and punishments, but he adds that although
+he continued to adhere to his first—the Presbyterian—sect,
+some of its dogmas appeared to him
+unintelligible, and others doubtful. "I early absented
+myself from the public assemblies of the
+sect; and I seldom attended any public worship;
+Sunday being my studying day."</p>
+
+<p>Such being Franklin's own practice, and such
+his own description of it as to public worship, it
+seems worthy of note that it was he who in the
+American Convention brought forward a motion
+for daily prayers. "I have lived, Sir," said he, "a
+long time, and the longer I live the more convincing
+proofs I see of this truth, that God governs
+in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot
+fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable
+that an empire can rise without his aid?" But in
+spite of this most earnest appeal the motion was
+rejected, since, as we are told, "the Convention,
+except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary."</p>
+
+<p>The accomplished American biographer, by
+whom this last incident is recorded, expresses in
+the same passage deep regret that Dr. Franklin
+did not bestow more attention than he seems to
+have done on the evidences of Christianity. And
+indeed there are several indications that he was
+less well acquainted with points of Christian faith
+and discipline than with almost any other subject.
+One of these indications, and surely a most strange
+one, occurs in the Private Diary which he kept at
+Passy during part of 1784. It appears that two
+young American gentlemen had come over to
+London with the view of entering Holy Orders,
+but that the Archbishop of Canterbury refused
+them Ordination unless they would take the Oath
+of Allegiance. In this dilemma Franklin actually
+applied to the Pope's Nuncio at Paris to ascertain
+whether a Roman Catholic Bishop in America
+might not perform the ceremony for them as Protestants,
+and he transcribes as remarkable the natural
+reply: "The Nuncio says the thing is impossible
+unless the gentlemen become Roman Catholics."</p>
+
+<p>The religious scepticism or indifference of
+Franklin, which his present biographers justly lament,
+was, however, in his own day, a recommendation
+and a merit with the French philosophists.
+On the other hand, his hostility to England endeared
+him to the French politicians. On both
+these grounds, as well as from his high scientific
+attainments, he found himself during his residence
+of several years at Paris in no common measure
+courted, flattered, and caressed. A fine verse, one<pb n="168" /><anchor id="Pg168" />
+of the noblest which modern Latinity can boast,
+describes him as having plucked the lightning from
+Heaven and the sceptre from tyrants.</p>
+
+<p>Descending from such lofty flights to the regions
+of sober reality, we may observe that Franklin in
+his later years, and especially in France, adopted
+to a great extent the Quaker garb. He laid aside
+the huge wig which he used to wear in England,
+and allowed his long white hair to flow down nearly
+to his shoulders. His clothes were of the plainest
+cut and of the dunnest color. The Parisians
+of that period, ever swayed by external impressions,
+were greatly struck with, and in their writings
+frequently refer to, his venerable aspect, and
+they compared him by turns to all the sages of
+antiquity. It is also probable that his Quaker-like
+attire may have tended to invest him in their estimation
+with the other attributes which they assigned
+to the ideal Quaker character, as simplicity,
+guilelessness, inviolable truth.</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">LA FAYETTE.</p>
+
+<p>It so chanced that in the summer of 1776, La
+Fayette, still in his teens, and serving as a subaltern
+with the French army, was stationed with his
+regiment at Metz. It happened also that in the
+course of a foreign tour their Royal Highnesses of
+Gloucester passed a few days in that town. The
+principal officers entertained the Duke at dinner,
+when the conversation turned to the last news
+from Philadelphia and the new Declaration of Independence.
+Being at that period offended with
+his Court, from its neglect of the Duchess, the
+Duke indulged in Opposition topics, and, in some
+degree at least, took the part of the Americans.
+The details were new to La Fayette. He listened
+with eagerness, and prolonged the conversation by
+asking questions of the Royal guest. The cause
+of the colonies that had risen against England
+seemed to him just and noble, even on the showing
+of one of the English princes; and before he
+left the table, the thought came into his head that
+he would go to America, and offer the Americans
+his services. He determined to return to Paris,
+and make further inquiries. His inquiries being
+mainly addressed to Silas Deane and other zealous
+friends of the insurgents, could not fail to confirm
+him in his first impressions. He became fired
+with an ardent zeal for Republican principles and
+the American cause. That zeal continued ever
+afterwards—for well nigh sixty years—the polar
+star of his course. That zeal, favored as it was by
+fortune, adapted to the times that came upon him,
+and urged forward by great personal vanity, laid
+the foundations of his fame far more, as I conceive,
+than any strength of mind or talents of his
+own. Few men have ever been so conspicuous
+from afar with so little, when closely viewed, of
+real weight or dimension. As a general, it can
+scarcely be pretended that his exploits were either
+many or considerable. As an orator, we look in
+vain for any high powers of debate. As a statesman,
+we find only an undistinguishing eagerness to
+apply the Transatlantic examples and to act the
+part of Washington, without duly estimating
+either the immense superiority of Washington's
+character above his own, or the manifold points of
+difference between America and Europe.</p>
+
+<p>It was said by Napoleon at St. Helena, that
+"La Fayette was a man of no ability, either in
+civil or military life; his understanding was confined
+to narrow bounds; his character was full of
+dissimulation, and swayed by vague ideas of liberty,
+which, in him, were undefined and ill-digested."
+No doubt there is some exaggeration in
+these words. No doubt the late Emperor, at that
+period, was stirred by personal resentment at the
+hostile conduct of the General in 1815; yet it will
+perhaps be found more easy by any admirer of
+La Fayette to impugn the good faith of the
+draughtsman than the general accuracy of the
+portrait.</p>
+
+<p>The fortune of La Fayette was ample, his yearly
+income being little short of two hundred thousand
+livres; and his connexions, as we have seen,
+were among the first at Court. Under such circumstances,
+Silas Deane felt the vast importance of
+securing him. An agreement was concluded between
+them, by the intervention of one Mr. Carmichael
+(for as yet La Fayette spoke no English,
+and Deane little French), according to the terms
+of which the Marquis de La Fayette was to join
+the American service, and to receive from Congress
+the rank of Major-General—no slight temptation
+to a stripling of nineteen! La Fayette was
+to be accompanied, or rather attended, by the
+Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers of lower
+rank, seeking service in America. He sent, in
+secret, an agent to Bordeaux, there to purchase
+and prepare a vessel for their voyage. Meanwhile
+he made an excursion of three weeks to
+London, where his kinsman, the Marquis de
+Noailles, was ambassador. He was presented to
+the King, and graciously received. He saw at the
+opera General Clinton, who had come home on a
+winter leave of absence, and who was next to
+meet him on a field of battle in America. But,
+mindful of his own hostile designs, he deemed it
+proper to forbear from prying into the military
+forces of the kingdom, and declined an invitation
+to visit the naval armament at Portsmouth.</p>
+
+<p>On his return to France, La Fayette bade farewell
+to his young wife, leaving her four months
+gone with child, and set out for Bordeaux. Thus
+far all had prospered according to his wishes. But
+at Bordeaux he found that his preparations had
+been discovered and complained of by Lord Stormont,
+and that a <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">lettre de cachet</hi> for his arrest
+was already issued. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish
+his design. He crossed the Spanish frontier
+in the disguise of a courier, found his vessel at
+Pasages, and there embarked with his companions.
+Towards the middle of June he landed on the coast
+of Carolina; and after a few days' rest, pursued his
+route to Philadelphia. His reception by the Congress
+was not at first a warm one; but La Fayette
+declared that he would accept no pay, and was
+willing to serve as a volunteer; and under these
+circumstances, the Assembly fulfilled the terms of
+the secret agreement, and bestowed on him the
+rank of Major-General.</p>
+
+<p>At Philadelphia La Fayette saw the American
+troops for the first time, and, according to his own
+account, was struck with their grotesque appearance—with
+green boughs fastened to their hats—coarse
+hunting-shirts instead of uniforms—and
+muskets, many wanting bayonets, and all of unequal
+make and size. But he soon learnt to think
+more favorably of these raw levies, when, notwithstanding
+all their disadvantages, he observed their
+conduct in the field. With regard to their commander,
+his early impressions never changed. It
+was also at Philadelphia, and at a dinner-table,<pb n="169" /><anchor id="Pg169" />
+comprising several members of the Congress, that
+La Fayette was introduced to Washington. The
+boy-general found himself warmly welcomed by
+the chief whom he had long admired. "When
+you come to the army," said Washington, "I shall
+be pleased if you will make my quarters your
+home, and consider yourself as one of my family."
+The invitation thus frankly tendered was no less
+frankly accepted. Thus did a cordial intimacy
+arise between them, Washington at all times
+treating La Fayette with fatherly kindness, and
+La Fayette looking up to Washington with filial
+regard.</p>
+
+<p>La Fayette had already begun to speak a little
+English, and by degrees acquired more. But to
+the last the difficulties of the language were a
+main obstacle, not only to himself, but to every
+other foreigner who served with, or under, the
+United States. Thus there are still preserved
+some of the ill-spelled and scarcely intelligible notes
+of Count Pulasky, during the short time that he
+served as general of cavalry. Still worse was the
+case of Baron Steuben, a veteran of the school of
+Frederick the Second, who joined the Americans a
+few months later than La Fayette, and who greatly
+aided them in the establishment of discipline. The
+Baron, it appears, could not teach and drill, nor
+even swear and curse, but by means of an interpreter!
+He was, therefore, most fortunate in securing
+as his aid-de-camp Captain Walker of New-York—most
+fortunate, if, as his American biographer
+assures us, "there was not, perhaps, another
+officer in the army, unless Hamilton be excepted,
+who could speak French and English so as to be
+well understood in both."</p>
+
+<p>La Fayette did not always confine himself to the
+bounds of his own profession; sometimes, and,
+perhaps, not greatly to his credit, he stepped beyond
+them. Here is one case recorded with much
+satisfaction by himself. He states, that soon after
+his arrival in America, and while attending on
+Sunday the service of the Church of England, he
+was displeased with the clergyman, because in his
+sermon he had said nothing at all of politics. "I
+charged him to his face," says La Fayette, "with
+preaching only about Heaven!... But next
+Sunday," continues the keen young officer, "I
+heard him again, when his loud invectives against
+'the execrable House of Hanover,' showed that he
+was ready and willing to take my good advice."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">JOHN HORNE TOOKE.</p>
+
+<p>His abilities were ill fitted for the profession
+of a clergyman, which indeed he at last renounced,
+but they highly qualified him for his favorite
+occupation as a demagogue. Between him and
+Wilkes there now arose a violent animosity and a
+keen altercation carried on in newspapers. Descending
+to the lowest and most selfish details,
+they were not ashamed thus publicly to wrangle
+respecting a Welsh pony and a hamper of claret!
+Even before the close of 1770 might be discerned
+the growing discord and weakness of Wilkes and
+his city friends. At a meeting which they convened
+to consider their course of action, some proposed
+a new Remonstrance to the King, while
+others urged an impeachment of Lord North in
+the House of Commons. "What is the use of a
+new Remonstrance?" cried Wilkes. "It would
+only serve to make another paper kite for His
+Royal Highness the Prince of Wales!"—"What
+is the use of an impeachment?" cried Sawbridge.
+"Lord North is quite sure of the Bishops and the
+Scotch Peers in the Upper House, and could not
+fail to be acquitted!" But although these ardent
+patriots might differ a little as to the means, they
+were bent on one and the same end; and the Remonstrance
+which was at last agreed upon, appears
+to have been framed by their united wisdom.
+As thus drawn up it teemed with silly vagaries
+fit only to please the lowest order of intellects.
+Thus it prayed that His Majesty would for
+ever remove from his presence and councils all his
+Ministers and Secretaries of State, especially Lord
+Mansfield (who by the way was not one of them),
+and that His Majesty would not again admit any
+Scotchman into the administration!</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">THE CHARACTER OF WILKES.</p>
+
+<p>He was born in 1727, the son of a rich distiller.
+Early in life he set up a brewery for himself,
+but soon relinquished the wearisome business.
+Early in life also he improved his fortune by his
+marriage with the daughter and heiress of the celebrated
+Dr. Mead, the author of the "Treatise on
+Poisons." But this lady, being of maturer age
+than himself, and of slight personal attractions,
+was speedily slighted, and he left her with as
+much disgust as he had his brewery. In 1757 he
+was elected Member of Parliament for Aylesbury,
+but never obtained any success as an orator, his
+speeches being, though flippant, yet feeble. In
+truth he had no great ability of any kind, but
+dauntless courage and high animal spirits. Nor
+should we deny him another much rarer praise,—a
+vein of good humor and kindliness, which did
+not forsake him through all his long career,
+amidst the riot of debauchery or the rancor of
+faction. So agreeable and insinuating was his
+conversation, that more than one fair dame as she
+listened found herself forget his sinister squint and
+his ill-favored countenance. He used to say of
+himself in a laughing strain, that though he was
+the ugliest man in England, he wanted nothing
+to make him even with the handsomest but half
+an hour at starting! Politics indeed seemed at
+first wholly alien from Wilkes's sphere; gayety
+and gallantry were his peculiar objects. For
+some time he reigned the oracle of green-rooms
+and the delight of taverns. In conjunction with
+other kindred spirits, as Paul Whitehead and Sir
+Francis Dashwood, amounting in all to twelve,
+he rented Medmenham Abbey, near Marlow. It
+is a secluded and beautiful spot on the banks of
+the Thames, with hanging woods that slope down
+to the crystal stream, a grove of venerable elms,
+and meadows of the softest green. In days of
+old it had been a convent of Cistercian monks, but
+the new brotherhood took the title of Franciscans
+in compliment to Sir Francis Dashwood,
+whom they called their Father Abbot. On the
+portal, now again in ruins, and once more resigned
+to its former solitude and silence, I could still
+a few years since read the inscription placed there
+by Wilkes and his friends: <foreign lang="fr">fay çe que voudras</foreign>.
+Other French and Latin inscriptions, now with
+good reason effaced, then appeared in other parts
+of the grounds, some of them remarkable for wit,
+but all for either profaneness or obscenity, and
+many the more highly applauded as combining
+both. In this retreat the new Franciscans used
+often to meet for summer pastimes, and varied
+the round of their debauchery by a mock celebration
+of the principal Roman Catholic rites.</p>
+</quote>
+
+<pb n="170" /><anchor id="Pg170" />
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">WILKES'S ESSAY ON WOMAN.</p>
+
+<p>It appears that Wilkes had, several years before,
+and in some of his looser hours, composed a
+parody of Pope's "Essay on Man." In this undertaking,
+which, according to his own account,
+cost him a great deal of pains and time, he was,
+it is said, assisted by Thomas Potter, second son
+of the late Archbishop of Canterbury, who had
+been Secretary of Frederick Prince of Wales,
+and had since shown ability and gained office in
+the House of Commons, but was (as well became
+one of Wilkes's friends) of lax morals in his private
+life. The result of their joint authorship,
+however, has little wit or talent to make any
+amends for the blasphemy and lewdness with
+which it abounds. As the original had been inscribed
+by Pope to Lord Bolingbroke, so was the
+parody by Wilkes to Lord Sandwich; thus it began,
+"Awake my Sandwich!" instead of "Awake
+my St. John!" Thus also, in ridicule of Warburton's
+well-known commentary, some burlesque
+notes were appended in the name of the Right
+Reverend the Bishop of Gloucester.</p>
+
+<p>This worthless poem had remained in manuscript,
+and lain in Wilkes's desk, until in the previous
+spring he had occasion to set up a press at
+his own house, and was tempted to print fourteen
+copies only as presents to his boon companions.
+Of one of these copies the Government obtained
+possession, through a subordinate agent, and by not
+very creditable means, and Lord Sandwich holding
+it forth in his hand with the air of injured innocence,
+denounced it as not only scandalous and
+impious, but also as a breach of Privilege against
+the Bishop as a Peer of Parliament. He likewise
+complained of another profane parody, written by
+the same hand, and printed on the same occasion;
+this last was entitled, "The <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">veni creator</hi> paraphrased."
+The most offensive passages of both
+were now by Lord Sandwich's order read aloud
+to the House, until Lord Lyttleton with a groan
+entreated that they might hear no more!</p>
+
+<p>In the discussion which ensured, Bishop Warburton,
+forgetting that such ribaldries could not really
+tarnish his character, showed a heat which little
+became it. He exclaimed that the blackest fiends
+in Hell would disdain to keep company with
+Wilkes,—and then asked pardon of Satan for
+comparing them together! Both the Earl and
+Bishop in their passion would have readily over-leaped
+the common forms of justice. The former,
+after producing evidence at the Bar as to the authorship
+of Wilkes, wished the House to take
+measures for his prosecution, without the least delay.
+But the Peers, although readily agreeing to
+vote the two parodies blasphemous and breaches
+of Privilege, resolved, on the motion of Lord Mansfield,
+to adjourn all further questions until the day
+after the next, so as to give Wilkes the opportunity,
+if he desired it, of alleging any matter in denial
+or defence.</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">LORD THURLOW.</p>
+
+<p>With all his faults and shortcomings there was
+that in Thurlow which overawed and daunted his
+contemporaries, and of which the impression is
+not wholly lost even on posterity. It was a saying
+of Mr. Fox, that no man ever yet was so wise
+as Thurlow looked. His countenance was fraught
+with sense; his aspect stately and commanding;
+his brow broad, massy, and armed with terrors
+like that of the Olympian Jove, to which indeed
+it was often compared. His voice loud, sonorous,
+and as rolling thunder in the distance, augmented
+the effect of his fierce and terrible invective. Few
+indeed were they who did not quail before his
+frown; fewer still who would abide his onset in
+debate. Perhaps no modern English statesman,
+in the House of Lords at least, was ever so much
+dreaded. In parliament, as at the bar, his
+speeches were home thrusts, conveying the
+strongest arguments or keenest reproofs in the
+plainest and clearest words. His enemies might
+accuse his style of being coarse, and sometimes
+even ungrammatical, but they could never deny
+its energy or its effect. In private life Thurlow
+was remarkable for his thorough knowledge of the
+Greek and Latin writers; and no less for his skill
+in argument and brilliant powers of conversation.
+While yet at the bar, Dr. Johnson said of him to
+Boswell: "I honor Thurlow, sir; Thurlow is a fine
+fellow; he fairly puts his mind to yours." And
+after he became Chancellor, the same high authority
+added: "I would prepare myself for no man
+in England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to
+meet him, I should wish to know a day before."
+Unless with ladies, his manner was always uncouth,
+and his voice a constant growl. But beneath
+that rugged rind there appears to have
+lurked much warmth of affection and kindliness
+of heart. Many acts of generous aid and unsolicited
+bounty are recorded of him. Men of learning
+and merit seldom needed any other recommendation
+to his favor. Thus, on reading Horsley's
+"Letters to Dr. Priestly," he at once obtained
+for the author a stall at Gloucester, saying—what
+I earnestly wish all other Chancellors
+had borne in mind—"that those who supported
+the Church should be supported by it." Nevertheless
+his temper, even when in some measure
+sobered down by age, was always liable to violent
+and unreasonable starts of passion. It is related
+by a gentleman who dined with him at Brighton
+only a few months before his death—for I must
+ever hold that great characters are best portrayed
+by little circumstances—that a plateful of
+peaches being brought in, the ex-Chancellor, incensed
+at their ill appearance, ordered the window
+to be opened, and not only the peaches but the
+whole desert to be thrown out!</p>
+</quote>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: center">EDMUND BURKE.</p>
+
+<p>In pamphlets, however, and political essays—and
+even speeches, when revised and sent forth
+singly, may be comprehended in that class,—the
+personal disadvantages of Burke could no longer
+apply; and as regards that class of writings, it
+may be doubted whether he has ever, in any age,
+or in any country, been excelled. The philosophy
+and deep thought of his reflections—the vigor and
+variety of his style—his rich flow of either panegyric
+or invective—his fine touches of irony—the
+glowing abundance and beauty of his metaphors—all
+these might separately claim applause; how
+much more, then, when all blended into one glorious
+whole! To give examples of these merits
+would be to transcribe half his works. Yet still
+if one single and short instance from his maxims
+be allowed me, I will observe that the generous
+ardor and activity of mind called forth by competition
+has formed a theme of philosophic comment
+from a very early age. It is touched both by Cicero
+and Quintilian; it has not been neglected
+either by Bacon or Montaigne. Yet still, as<pb n="171" /><anchor id="Pg171" />
+handled by Burke, this trite topic beams forth, not
+only with the hues of eloquence, but even with
+the bloom of novelty. He invites us to "an amicable
+conflict with difficulty. Difficulty is a severe
+instructor set over us by the supreme ordinance
+of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows
+us better than we know ourselves, as he loves us
+better too. He that wrestles with us strengthens
+our nerves and sharpens our skill. Our antagonist
+is our helper!" If amidst so much of eloquence
+and feeling as Burke's writings display we are desired
+to seek for faults, we shall find them, not in
+the want, but only in the exuberance and overflow
+of beauties. The palate becomes cloyed by
+so much richness, the eye dazzled by so much
+glare. His metaphors, fraught with fancy though
+they be, are often bold; they seem both too numerous
+and strained too far; they sometimes cease
+to please, and occasionally border even on the ludicrous
+and low. Of this defect, as of his excellences,
+a single instance shall suffice me. In the
+"Letter to a Noble Lord," in 1796, Burk compares
+the Duke of Bedford to a lamb already marked
+for slaughter by the Marats and Robespierres of
+France, but still unconscious of his doom, "pleased
+to the last," and who "licks the hand just raised
+to shed his blood." Thus far the simile is conducted
+with admirable force and humor. But not
+satisfied with his success, Burke goes further; he
+insists on leading us into the shambles, and makes
+the revolutionary butchers inquire as to their ducal
+victim, "how he cuts up? how he tallows in
+the caul or on the kidneys?" Apart from the
+beauty of the style, the value, as I conceive, of
+Burke's writings, is subject to one not unimportant
+deduction. For most lofty and far-sighted views
+in politics they will never be consulted in vain.
+On the other hand, let no man expect to find in
+them just or accurate, or even consistent, delineations
+of contemporary character. Where eternal
+principles are at stake, Burke was inaccessible to
+favor or to fear. Where only persons are concerned,
+he was often misled by resentments or by
+partialities, and allowed his fancy full play. The
+rich stores of Burke's memory and the rare powers
+of his mind were not reserved solely for his
+speeches or his writings; they appeared to no less
+advantage in his familiar conversation. Even the
+most trivial topics could elicit, even the most ignorant
+hearers could discern, his genius. "Sir,"
+said Dr. Johnson, "if Burke were to go into a stable
+to see his horse dressed, the hostler would say,
+We have had an extraordinary man here!" On other
+occasions, also, the author of "Rasselas" extols
+him as "never unwilling to begin conversation,
+never at a loss to carry it on, never in haste to
+leave it off." His attempts at wit, indeed, were
+not always successful, and he might be accused of
+an inordinate affection for quibbles and puns. His
+favorite niece, and latterly his guest, was sometimes
+provoked into a—"Really, uncle, that is
+very poor." But upon the whole it may be asserted,
+that in social converse Burke was equalled
+by none of his contemporaries and his countrymen,
+except only Dr. Johnson himself and perhaps
+Lord Thurlow.</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>We have no more room for further extracts;
+those we have made illustrate the
+temper and the style of the work, and will
+commend it to the favorable consideration of
+American readers. Among subjects treated
+most elaborately is that of the authorship of
+Junius; but Lord Mahon has no new facts
+for the vindication of his judgment, that Sir
+Philip Francis was unquestionably the writer
+of the famous letters under that name.</p>
+
+<p>There is an appendix to each volume; and
+in the appendix of one, and in the notes of
+both, are some curious illustrations of the
+worthlessness of Mr. Sparks's editions of the
+writings of Washington and Franklin. We
+first called attention to this subject some five
+years ago, and after the changes, &amp;c. of Mr.
+Sparks had been pointed out in <hi rend="font-style: italic">The International</hi>,
+a series of carefully prepared criticisms
+appeared in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Evening Post</hi>, in which the
+discrepancies between the original letters of
+Washington were exhibited to a degree that at
+once and for ever destroyed the good reputation
+of Mr. Sparks in this department. He chose
+not to take any notice of the disclosures to
+which we refer, but it may be that Lord Mahon's
+criticism will secure his attention, and
+an attempt, at least, for his vindication. Besides
+his comparisons of MS. and printed letters
+in the appendix, Lord Mahon has several
+allusions to the subject, of which we quote
+specimens:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"Some samples of the manner in which that
+gentleman (Mr. Sparks) has thought himself at
+liberty to tamper with the original MSS., will be
+found," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Sparks has printed no part of the correspondence
+precisely as Washington wrote it, but
+has greatly altered, and as he thinks, corrected
+and embellished it. Such a liberty with the writings
+of such a man might be justifiable, nay, even
+in some respects necessary, if Washington and his
+principal contemporaries had been still alive; but
+the date of this publication, the year (1838), leaves,
+as I conceive, no adequate vindication for <hi rend="font-style: italic">tampering
+with the truth of history</hi>."</p>
+
+<p>"Washington, however, in his public letter to
+Congress (unless Mr. Jared Sparks has <hi rend="font-style: italic">improved</hi>
+this passage), says," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>"I know not whether my readers will concur
+with me in liking Washington's own and though
+home-spun, excellent cloth, much better than the
+'Cobweb schemes and gauze coverings' which
+have, it seems, been manufactured in its place."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>A complete errata to Mr. Sparks's editions
+of Washington, Franklin, and Gouverneur
+Morris, would occupy several volumes; and
+we do not remember one instance in which
+his alterations were justifiable, or in which
+they were really an improvement in point
+of style. The reprobation with which Mr.
+Sparks has been visited by the learned and
+judicious of his own country and England will
+be a warning to future laborers in the same
+field. The works edited by Mr. Sparks are
+no longer, we believe, regarded by historical
+students as of the slightest value as authorities,
+and no faithfulness or excellence which
+may be displayed in future works from his
+hand will retrieve his lost reputation.</p>
+
+<p>These volumes will be reprinted immediately
+by the Appletons.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n="172" /><anchor id="Pg172" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.</head>
+
+<p>It were well if writers on the origin of typography
+would obey the injunction of Sir
+Thomas Browne, who thought it not inexpedient
+for those who seek to enlighten mankind
+on any particular subject, first to acquire
+some knowledge thereof themselves, so that
+the labor of readers should not so generally
+be profitless. In an article by Bishop McIlvaine,
+and another in Frazer's Magazine, by
+an anonymous contributor, the exercise of
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">necromancy</hi> is imputed to Fust, the inventor
+or supposed inventor of printing. Nine of
+every ten persons who write any thing on the
+subject fall into the same error; they have
+something always to say of Fust and the devil;
+curious anecdotes to rehearse of the multiplication
+of copies of the Scriptures in Paris
+and elsewhere; spells and incantations by
+the inventor of the "black" art to describe,
+&amp;c. But this is all induced by ignorance of
+the facts. John Fust, the putative inventor
+of printing, was a shrewd silversmith, and
+we suspect a knavish one, for without having
+any thing to do with the <hi rend="font-style: italic">invention</hi> of the
+"art preservative of arts," he managed to
+rob another of the credit and profit of it. He
+was, however, never in Paris; he was never
+in his lifetime accused of the exercise of magical
+arts; he simply endeavored to make
+as much money as he could in Germany by
+underselling the copyists in the book market.
+All stories in which necromancy is attributed
+to him or to any other printer; all accounts
+of the opposition of the priests to typography
+as an infernal invention; in fine, the whole
+popular idea of Faust and the devil, is a modern
+contrivance, and originated in this manner:
+Some bookmaker, about the year 1580,
+undertook to write a history of printing; he
+had an indistinct recollection of Professor
+Faustus of the University of Wittenberg, and
+in his book blended as many of his adventures
+as he could remember with the memoirs of
+John Fust the printer; and from that day a
+succession of ignorant chroniclers have considered
+two men, of totally different characters,
+living at different times, as one individual.</p>
+
+<p>Faust, the necromancer, was born in the
+duchy of Weimer in 1491, twenty-five years
+after the printer is understood to have died.
+He is mentioned by Melancthon, Wierus, and
+many other cotemporary writers, and was
+probably in his time not less distinguished as
+a magician than Agrippa or Albertus Magnus.
+It is related of him by Godwin, that he was
+in his youth adopted by an uncle, dwelling in
+the city of Wittenberg, who had no children.
+Here he was sent to college, and was soon
+distinguished by the greatness of his talents,
+and the rapid progress he made in every species
+of learning that was put before him. He
+was destined by his relative to the profession
+of theology. But he is said ungraciously to
+have set at naught his uncle's pious intentions.
+He went through his examinations with applause,
+and carried off all the first prizes
+among sixteen competitors; he therefore obtained
+the degree of doctor in divinity; but
+his success only made him proud and headstrong.
+He disdained his theological eminence,
+and sighed for distinction as a man of
+the world. He took his degree as a doctor
+of medicine, and aspired to celebrity as a
+practitioner of physic. About the same time
+he fell in with certain cotemporaries, of tastes
+similar to his own, and associated with them
+in the study of Chaldean, Greek, and Arabic
+science, of strange incantations and supernatural
+influences, in short, of all the arts of a
+sorcerer.</p>
+
+<p>Having made such progress as he could by
+dint of study and intense application, he at
+length resolved to prosecute his purposes still
+further by actually raising the devil. He happened
+one evening to walk in a thick, dark
+wood, within a short distance from Wittenberg,
+when it occurred to him that that was
+a fit place for executing his design. He stopped
+at a solitary spot where four roads met,
+and made use of his wand to mark out a large
+circle, and then two small ones within the
+larger. In one of these he fixed himself, appropriating
+the other for the use of his expected
+visitor. He went over the precise
+range of charms and incantations, omitting
+nothing. It was now dark night, between
+the ninth and tenth hours. The devil manifested
+himself by the usual signs of his appearance.
+"Wherefore am I called?" said
+he, "and what is it that you demand?" "I
+require," rejoined Faustus, "that you should
+sedulously attend unto me, answer my inquiries,
+and fulfil my behests."</p>
+
+<p>Immediately upon Faustus pronouncing
+these words, there followed a tumult overhead,
+as if heaven and earth were coming together.
+The trees in their topmost branches
+bended to their very roots. It seemed as if
+the whole forest were peopled with devils,
+making a crash like a thousand wagons, hurrying
+to the right and left, before and behind,
+in every possible direction, with thunder and
+lightning, and the continual discharge of great
+cannon. Hell appeared to have emptied itself
+to have furnished the din. There succeeded
+the most charming music from all sorts
+of instruments, and sounds of hilarity and
+dancing. Next came a report as of a tournament,
+and the clashing of innumerable lances.
+This lasted so long, that Faustus was many
+times about to rush out of the circle in which
+he had inclosed himself, and to abandon his
+preparations. His courage and resolution,
+however, got the better; and he remained
+immovable. He pursued his incantations
+without intermission. Then came to the very
+edge of the circle a griffin first, and next a
+dragon, which in the midst of his enchantments
+grinned at him horribly with his teeth,
+but finally fell down at his feet, and extended
+his length to many a rood. Faustus persisted.
+Then succeeded a sort of fireworks, a pillar<pb n="173" /><anchor id="Pg173" />
+of fire, and a man on fire at the top, who
+leaped down; and there immediately appeared
+a number of globes here and there
+red-hot, while the man on fire went and came
+to every part of the circle for a quarter of an
+hour. At length the devil came forward in
+the shape of a gray monk, and asked Faustus
+what he wanted. Faustus adjourned their further
+conference, and appointed the devil to
+comes to him at his lodging.</p>
+
+<p>He in the mean time busied himself in the
+necessary preparations. He entered his study
+at the appointed time, and found the devil
+waiting for him. Faustus told him that he
+had prepared certain articles, to which it was
+necessary that the demon should fully accord,—that
+he should attend him at all times,
+when required, for all the days of his life;
+that he should bring him every thing he
+wanted; that he should come to him in any
+shape that Faustus required, or be invisible,
+and Faustus should be invisible too whenever
+he desired it; that he should deny him nothing,
+and answer him with perfect veracity
+to every thing he demanded. To some of
+these requisitions the spirit could not consent,
+without authority from his master, the chief
+of devils. At length all these concessions
+were adjusted. The devil on his part also
+prescribed his conditions. That Faustus
+should abjure the Christian religion and all
+reverence for the supreme God; that he
+should enjoy the entire command of his attendant
+demon for a certain term of years;
+and that at the end of that period the devil
+should dispose of him, body and soul, at his
+pleasure [the term was fixed for twenty-four
+years]; that he should at all times steadfastly
+refuse to listen to any one who should desire
+to convert him, or convince him of the error
+of his ways, and lead him to repentance; that
+Faustus should draw up a writing containing
+these particulars, and sign it with his blood;
+that he should deliver this writing to the
+devil, and keep a duplicate of it himself, that
+so there might be no misunderstanding. It
+was further appointed by Faustus, that the
+devil should usually attend him in the habit
+of a cordelier, with a pleasing countenance
+and an insinuating demeanor. Faustus also
+asked the devil his name, who answered that
+he was usually called Mephistophiles.</p>
+
+<p>Numerous adventures of Faustus are related
+in the German histories. It is said that
+the emperor Charles V. was at Inspruck, at
+a time when Faustus also resided there. His
+courtiers informed the emperor that Faustus
+was in the town, and Charles expressed a desire
+to see him. He was introduced. Charles
+asked him whether he could really perform
+such wondrous feats as were reported of
+him. Faustus modestly replied, inviting the
+emperor to make trial of his skill. "Then,"
+said Charles, "of all the eminent personages
+I have ever read of, Alexander the Great is
+the man who most excites my curiosity, and
+whom it would most gratify my wishes to see
+in the very form in which he lived." Faustus
+rejoined that it was out of his power truly to
+raise the dead, but that he had spirits at his
+command who had often seen that great conqueror,
+and that Faustus would willingly
+place him before the emperor as he required.
+He conditioned that Charles should not speak
+to him, nor attempt to touch him. The emperor
+promised compliance. After a few
+ceremonies, therefore, Faustus opened a door,
+and brought in Alexander exactly in the form
+in which he had lived, with the same garments,
+and every circumstance corresponding.
+Alexander made his obeisance to the
+emperor, and walked several times round
+him. The queen of Alexander was then introduced
+in the same manner. Charles just
+then recollected he had read that Alexander
+had a wart on the nape of his neck; and
+with proper precautions Faustus allowed the
+emperor to examine the apparition by this
+test. Alexander then vanished.</p>
+
+<p>As Faustus was approaching the last year
+of his term, he seemed resolved to pamper
+his appetite with every species of luxury.
+He carefully accumulated all the materials of
+voluptuousness and magnificence. He was
+particularly anxious in the selection of women
+who should serve for his pleasures. He
+had one Englishwoman, one Hungarian, one
+French, two of Germany, and two from different
+parts of Italy, all of them eminent for
+the perfections which characterized their different
+countries.</p>
+
+<p>At length he arrived at the end of the term
+for which he had contracted with the devil.
+For two or three years before it expired his
+character gradually altered. He became subject
+to fits of despondency, was no longer
+susceptible of mirth and amusement, and reflected
+with bitter agony on the close in
+which the whole must terminate. He assembled
+his friends together at a grand entertainment,
+and when it was over, addressed them,
+telling them that this was the last day of his
+life, reminding them of the wonders with
+which he had frequently astonished them,
+and informing them of the condition upon
+which he had held this power. They, one
+and all, expressed the deepest sorrow at the
+intelligence. They had had the idea of something
+unlawful in his proceedings; but their
+notions had been very far from coming up to
+the truth. They regretted exceedingly that
+he had not been unreserved in his communications
+at an earlier period. They would
+have had recourse in his behalf, to the means
+of religion, and have applied to pious men,
+desiring them to employ their power to intercede
+with Heaven in his favor. Prayer and
+penitence might have done much for him;
+and the mercy of Heaven was unbounded.
+They advised him to still call upon God, and
+endeavor to secure an interest in the merits
+of the Saviour.</p>
+
+<p>Faustus assured them that it was all in
+vain, and that his tragical fate was inevitable.<pb n="174" /><anchor id="Pg174" />
+He led them to their sleeping apartment, and
+recommended to them to pass the night as
+they could, but by no means, whatever they
+might happen to hear, to come out of it; as
+their interference could in no way be beneficial
+to him, and might be attended with the
+most serious injury to themselves. They lay
+still, therefore, as he had enjoined them; but
+not one of them could close his eyes. Between
+twelve and one in the night they heard
+first a furious storm of wind round all sides
+of the house, as if it would have torn away
+the walls from their foundations. This no
+sooner somewhat abated, than a noise was
+heard of discordant and violent hissing, as if
+the house was full of all sorts of venomous
+reptiles, but which plainly proceeded from
+Faustus's chamber. Next they heard the
+doctor's room-door vehemently burst open,
+and cries for help uttered with dreadful agony,
+but in a half-suppressed voice, which presently
+grew fainter and fainter. Then every
+thing became still, as if the everlasting motion
+of the world was suspended.</p>
+
+<p>When at length it became broad day, the
+students went in a body to the doctor's apartment.
+But he was nowhere to be seen. Only
+the walls were found smeared with his blood,
+and marks as if his brains had been dashed
+out. His body was finally discovered at some
+distance from the house, his limbs dismembered,
+and marks of great violence about the
+features of his face. The students gathered
+up the mutilated parts of his body, and afforded
+them private burial at the temple of
+Mars, in the village where he died.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>SOME SMALL POEMS.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE.</head>
+
+<p>BY R. H. STODDARD.</p>
+
+<p>A PROLOGUE.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Without, the winds of Winter blow;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Without, the Winter sifts its snow:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Within, the hearths are warm and bright,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And all the chambers full of light,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And we again are gathered here,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To greet the advent of the year.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Pile on the wood, and stir the fires,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And in our souls the sweet desires;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And let us frame a mingled rhyme,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To suit the singers and the time;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With different stops, and keys of art,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In quaint old measures, got by heart.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>BY THE SEA.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">By the rolling waves I roam,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And look along the sea,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And dream of the day and the gleaming sail,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">That bore my love from me.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His bark now sails the Indian seas,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Far down the summer zone:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But his thoughts, like swallows, fly to me</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">By the Northern waves alone.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor will he delay, when winds are fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To waft him back to me;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But haste, my love! or my grave will be made</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">By the sad and moaning sea!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>WHEAT AND SHEAVES.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Before me now the village stands,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Its cottages embowered in bloom;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Behind me lies the burying ground,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Its sepulchres in cypress gloom.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The bells before me ring aloud,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A pæan for the live and bold;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The bells behind are tolling low,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A requiem for the dead and cold.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The crowd before me tramp away,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And shout until the winds are stirred;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The crowd behind no longer move,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And never breathe a single word.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Before me many moan, and weep:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Behind, there is not one who grieves;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For blight but wastes the standing wheat.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">It cannot touch the garnered sheaves!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>FRAGMENT.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    The gray old Earth goes on</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">      At its ancient pace,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    Lifting its thunder voice</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">      In the choir of Space;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 6">        And the Years, as they go,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 6">        Are singing slow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    Solemn dirges, full of woe!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Tears are shed, and hearts are broken,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  And many bitter words are spoken,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">    And many left unsaid;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  And many are with the living,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  That were better—better dead!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tyrants sit upon their thrones,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And will not hear the people's moans,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Nor hear their clanking chains;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Or if they do, they add thereto,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And mock, not ease, their pains;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  But little liberty remains—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">There is but little room for thee,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In this wide world, O Liberty!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But where thou hast once set thy foot,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Thou wilt remain, though oft unseen;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And grow like thought, and move like wind,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Upon the troubled sea of Mind,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  No longer now serene.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thy life and strength thou dost retain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Despite the cell, the rack, the pain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And all the battles won—in vain!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And even now thou seest the hour</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That lays in dust the tyrant's power,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When man shall once again be free,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Earth renewed, and young like thee,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  O Liberty! O Liberty!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>CERTAIN MERRY STANZAS.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I often wish that I could know</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  The life in store for me,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The measure of the joy and woe</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Of my futurity.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I do not fear to meet the worst</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  The gathering years can give;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My life has been a life accurst</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  From youth, and yet I live;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The Future may be overcast,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But never darker than the Past!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My mind will grow, as years depart</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  With all the wingéd hours;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And all my buried seeds of Art</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Will bloom again in flowers;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But buried hopes no more will bloom,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  As in the days of old;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My youth is lying in its tomb,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  My heart is dead and cold!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And certain sad, but nameless cares</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Have flecked my locks with silver hairs!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">No bitter feeling clouds my grief,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  No angry thoughts of thee;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For thou art now a faded leaf</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Upon a fading tree.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">From day to day I sea thee sink,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  From deep to deep in shame;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I sigh, but dare not bid thee think</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Upon thine ancient fame—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For oh! the thought of what thou art</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Must be a hell within thy heart!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My life is full of care and pain—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  My heart of old desires;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But living embers yet remain</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Below its dying fires;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor do I fear what all the years</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  May have in store for me,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For I have washed away with tears</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  The blots of Memory:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But thou—despite the love on high—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">What is there left thee but to die!</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<pb n="175" /><anchor id="Pg175" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.<note place="foot"><p>Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Associate Justice of
+the Supreme Court of the United States, and Dane professor
+of law at Harvard University. Edited by his son, William
+W. Story. Two vols. Boston: Little &amp; Brown, 1851.</p></note></head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE.</head>
+
+<p>BY A. OAKEY HALL.</p>
+
+<p>The hurrying pedestrian in Wall-street, or
+in some of its bisecting avenues of commercial
+bustle, if he have time to glance over
+his shoulder, is sure to observe a freshly-painted
+piece of tin (its brief rhetoric revelling in
+the pride and pomp of gold leaf alphabetically
+shaped), denominated by lawyers "a
+shingle"—setting forth that some sanguine
+gentleman has then and there established
+himself as an Attorney and Counsellor at Law.</p>
+
+<p>The sign is by the front door, shining with
+self-conceit at the passers by; and its owner
+is up some weary stairway, yawning over
+"twice told tales" of legal lore, copying precedents
+for the sake of practice, or keeping
+hope alive upon the back benches of the
+court-rooms in listening to the eloquence of
+his seniors while <hi rend="font-style: italic">he</hi> is waiting for clients.</p>
+
+<p>Heaven help many a young attorney in this
+"babel" of money-getting. The race should
+be prayed for in churches: and it should meet
+with a consideration as nearly divine as mortals
+can call up from crowded heart-chambers.</p>
+
+<p>Well: the sign keeps nailed up: and by
+and by the sun blisters it, and dries out the
+pomp of the gilded letters, and perhaps the
+owner yawns over his one case, or sitting
+upon a front bench in the court-room while
+case number thirty is being heard, waits for
+case nine hundred and thirty, against which
+on the calendar that is reposing by the side
+of the complaisant clerk in the corner, his
+name is placed as counsel—shining there like
+a pebble on a wide and extended beach.</p>
+
+<p>The Physiology of the Medical Student
+from facetious pens was reached to us over the
+Atlantic by friendly booksellers some years
+ago; and we should have had by this time
+"the Physiology of the young Attorney."
+He is a good subject for dissection; there's
+plenty of venous humor in his composition;
+and oh! a deal of nerve!</p>
+
+<p>Talk of exploring expeditions to the Arctic
+regions as offering specimens of courage and
+prowess; or of scientific excursions into the
+wilds of Africa to the same purport! These
+instances are trivial compared to the courage
+and prowess yearly displayed by hundreds of
+attorneys who plunge into the ocean of litigation
+in order to swim towards the distant
+buoys which the sun of prosperity always
+cheers with enlivening beams.</p>
+
+<p>Don't waste sympathy in this connection
+for the young Sawbones. <hi rend="font-style: italic">His</hi> thirst for action
+can be slaked at pauper fountains. For
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">him</hi> the emigrant's chamber, the cabin of the
+arriving ship, the dispensary, the asylums,
+the hospitals, and the poor-houses, are always
+open; and if his "soul be in arms," there are
+(Heaven knows) "frays" in this city numerous
+enough for any ambitious surgical eagerness.</p>
+
+<p>But for the aspiring attorney where are
+the avenues open for gratuitous action? Do
+merchants nail up promissory notes upon awning
+posts for attorneys to seize and put in
+suit? What "old nobs" of Wall-street are
+willing to put themselves "in chancery" to
+oblige Hopper Tape, Esq., your humble attendant
+upon the
+Where are the courts possessing suits without
+counsel?</p>
+
+<p>We may be told of unfortunate wretches
+who murder in drunken fits to whom counsel
+are assigned. But what are ten crusts of
+bread per annum among a thousand hungry
+dogs?</p>
+
+<p>Thou must face the truth, young college
+boy, who now and then dost stroll into court-rooms,
+or who dost lounge away an hour in
+a friend's law office admiring his books and
+piles of papers—thinking the while of the
+time when thou wilt have graduated and obtained
+permission to hang up thy pomp-gilded
+"shingle:" <hi rend="font-style: italic">thou must face the truth</hi>! The
+counsel who so attracts thy admiration, in
+thy court-room lounging, has fought weary
+years with myriad obstacles; there are the
+ashes of many nights and days of toil and
+struggle sprinkled upon his hair; he has
+fought his way (from where thou sittest a
+listener to where he stands a speaker), as if
+through an Indian gauntlet file. There were
+a hundred mouths waiting for the first crumbs
+which came to his impatient legal digestion;
+and a hundred envious heads and hearts to
+worry him if possible into a dyspepsia over
+those crumbs. He has began with an office
+in a fifth story, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">climbed down</hi> towards the
+street. He commenced to hive his honey
+near the roof! While out of his office he
+climbed a professional ladder, the holding on
+to which tasked all his powers of physical,
+mental, and pecuniary endurance. Face the
+truth!</p>
+
+<p>Reach me yonder diary and legal register.
+Two thousand practising lawyers in the city
+of New-York! Out of these one hundred
+are "notables;" fifty are "distinguished;"
+twenty-five are eminent.</p>
+
+<p>A large body of them are "conveyancers"
+growing thin in person and thinner in mind
+over deeds and titles; a larger body "attorneys"—getters
+up and supervisors of suits—providers
+of ammunition for "distinguished
+counsel" to discharge with loud reports (the
+said counsel brilliant by the flash: the attorney
+obscured in the smoke); many, very
+many, chained to "larcenies" at the Sessions,
+"landlord dispossessions" at the Marine Court,
+suits on butcher's bills at Ward Courts, or
+"malicious prosecutions" in the Common
+Pleas.</p>
+
+<p>Yet there are hundreds of coral reefs and
+pearls for persevering divers in this ocean
+of litigation. Three thousand pending cases
+every month are three thousand nutshells<pb n="176" /><anchor id="Pg176" />
+where the meat is often fresh and oily, even
+with the weary keeping on the calendar for
+months and years. There are <hi rend="font-style: italic">some</hi> counsel
+who pocket fees and costs to the tune of twenty
+thousand a year. We know many a Quirk,
+Gammon and Snap, who realize an undoubted
+"ten thousand a year," with no Tittlebat Titmouse
+for a standing annoyance. And we
+can taper off on the finger many who do not
+realize five hundred a year, and work like negro
+slaves at that: they are continually rough
+hewing, but no divinity shapes their ends.</p>
+
+<p>Five years of "starvation," and five more
+years of toil and trouble, constitute the depth
+of a lawyer's slough of despond in New-York;
+to say nothing of the giants' castles
+to storm upon the way, or the fights with the
+Apolyons of Envy. Obviously so!</p>
+
+<p>A man now-a-days will let a young Sawbones
+advise ice for his child's croup, or even
+experiment with his own much-abused liver,
+when he would not intrust a young attorney
+with the suing a note where ten witnesses
+saw the note signed and the "consideration
+money" paid over. And if the public really
+knew how much danger their pockets were
+in when the "buttons" were under the control
+of inexperienced lawyers, the number of
+"starvers" would be doubled. What "eminent"
+lawyer is there who does not look back
+to the "practice" of his youth, in perfect terror
+to witness the mistakes he made, as the
+helmsman, who has scudded through the
+breakers to the open sea, glances back at the
+dangers he escaped?</p>
+
+<p>The young lawyers of a year back are,
+however, five years—perhaps ten—in advance
+of the lawyers of this year's growth.
+The latter have greater rivalry in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">hordes</hi>
+of practitioners from the interior whom the
+"new code" have driven from their <hi rend="font-style: italic">trespass
+quare clausum fregit</hi> into the city. Many of
+them, too, were men of mark in their ports of
+departure, bold and confident in their new
+haven!</p>
+
+<p>One field, however, in the legal township
+of this city, offers room upon its face for
+tillers—<hi rend="font-style: italic">the field of advocacy</hi>! It is ploughed
+by some twenty or thirty, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">harrowed</hi> by
+some fifty or sixty. There are a <hi rend="font-style: italic">dozen</hi> whom
+the ghosts of Nisi Prius flock to hear upon
+great occasions. And these will long hold
+the monopoly.</p>
+
+<p>Why?</p>
+
+<p>Because the advocate and barrister must
+have had vast experience at Nisi Prius (or the
+court where matters of fact are investigated
+by judge and jury); have acquired a practised
+tact; have had opportunities of testing their
+own calibre to know if they are fitted for
+emergencies—as the gunsmith tests his barrels
+before he "stocks" them. And the
+young lawyer has small opportunity afforded
+him to acquire this tact—to permit this testing.
+If he can play "devil" for a few years
+to some barrister of extended practice, or
+scent "occasions" like a blood-hound on the
+trail of the valuable fugitive from justice,
+then he is a happy man, and is in the fair way
+of soon becoming a monopolist himself.</p>
+
+<p>Any juryman of two years' standing will
+corroborate our statement as to the openness
+of the field of legal advocacy. How often
+has he seen cause after cause "set down,"
+"reserved," or "put off," because counsel
+are engaged elsewhere? How often has he
+heard the same advocate in four or five causes
+in the same week, in the same court, changing
+positions like the queen of an active chess-board;
+profiting his fame and pocket by
+means of only a hurried glance at the elaborate
+brief which his junior has "got up" for
+him?</p>
+
+<p>Some one has said that the barrister works
+hard, lives well, and dies poor. Regarding
+the first two conditions of his life there is little
+doubt upon the question of truth; the dying
+in poverty <hi rend="font-style: italic">may be</hi> problematical. Yet in
+a recent print, professing to furnish a list of
+wealthy tax-payers, the list contained four
+lawyers, and only one was a barrister. The
+instance proves little, for a lawyer may be
+very rich and yet pay no taxes. The assessors
+may fight shy of his bell-pull as they go
+their rounds, because of his penchant to find
+flaws in their actions and bring them official
+discredit in an apparently laborious task, but
+in reality a sinecure of an employment.</p>
+
+<p>We have often asked ourselves if barristers
+have stomachs. Bowels of compassion they
+have not, that is certain; but have they stomachs?
+Say nine times in a year they dine
+at the same hour of the day; and then spoon
+their soup with the blood all drawn from the
+digestive apparatus to feed the brain. Yet
+they eat like aldermen and drink like German
+princes....</p>
+
+<p>This much of idle reverie, as, with pen in
+hand, we laid down the two bulky and elaborately-published
+volumes whose title we have
+taken as text; this much of glance at the
+condition of the young and old advocate of
+to-day, before we digest our reflections upon
+the advocate and jurist of the past.</p>
+
+<p>It was our privilege in our legal novitiate
+(this is but <hi rend="font-style: italic">a phrase</hi>; for a lawyer is always
+in his novitiate) to have been, at the Cambridge
+Law School, a pupil of Mr. Justice
+Story; and thus to have drank at the very
+fountain head of constitutional law—that
+branch of our national jurisprudence which
+can least fluctuate. Judges of a day and not
+of a generation, or crazy legislators with spasmodic
+wisdom, may alter, and overturn, and
+mystify by simplification, the laws and usages
+of every-day life; but it is scarcely to be apprehended
+that the current of our constitutional
+law will ever be diverted from original
+channels. There is danger rather of its being
+dammed into stagnation.</p>
+
+<p>While fully aware of his faults and foibles
+as a man, and his idiosyncracies as a judge
+and a legal writer, we have never wavered
+in loyalty to his judicial majesty, or found a<pb n="177" /><anchor id="Pg177" />
+flaw in the regard we paid to his memory.
+And no book was more welcome to Zimmerman
+in his solitude than these volumes regarding
+the illustrious judge, prepared by his
+son, were welcome to our Christmas-holiday
+leisure.</p>
+
+<p>Joseph Story was the eldest of eleven children,
+and lived to be indeed the "Joseph"
+of mark and renown to his father and brothers.
+He was born in Marblehead, September
+18th, 1779. His father was a physician,
+and served during a portion of the Revolution
+as army surgeon. He died when the future
+judge was twenty-six years of age: yet what
+the son then was is best told by one sentence
+from the father's will—after making his wife
+sole executrix, he recommends her to his son
+Joseph, adding, "and although this perhaps
+is needless, I do it to mark my special confidence
+in his affections, skill, and abilities."
+From the father, our lawyer thus panegyrized
+received friendly geniality and broad understanding;
+from the mother, indomitable will,
+vigor and enthusiasm.</p>
+
+<p>Habit of observation and desire of knowledge
+were the prominent attributes of his
+childish character; nevertheless he was ardent
+in all the sports of boyhood. To the
+last he maintained a regard for his honor,
+which induced him while yet a lad, and under
+promise not to divulge the name of a schoolmate
+offender, to receive a severe flogging
+rather than to yield up his knowledge upon
+the subject. At the age of sixteen, in the
+midst of a Freshman term at Harvard College,
+he thought of matriculation; but upon inquiry
+learned that he must not only be examined
+upon the works of ordinary preparatory
+reading, but that it was necessary for
+him to expect a call upon the volumes which
+his class had dispatched during the past half
+year. At first he was daunted, but remembering
+there yet remained six weeks of vacation,
+he addressed himself to the necessary
+labor—the severity of which is best evidenced
+by the fact that in the short time above
+mentioned he read Sallust, the odes of Horace,
+two books of Livy, three books of the
+Anabasis, two books of the Iliad, and certain
+English treatises. This sounds like the railroad
+instruction now much in vogue; but its
+effects were permanent in value upon his
+mind. Few readers of his works will accuse
+him of a want of proficiency in Latin! But
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">often</hi> reading—the <hi rend="font-style: italic">saepe legendo</hi> was
+ever his habit: for he remembered the couplet:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Sic homo fit doctus non vi sed saepe legendo.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>He passed muster with the college tutors
+in January, 1795. Among his classmates were
+the (afterwards Reverends) Dr. Tuckerman
+and Wm. E. Channing—to the genius and
+character of the latter of whom he always
+bore the most enthusiastic and hearty testimony.
+Indeed he contested with Channing
+for the highest honor. Channing won it, but
+always gave the honor himself to Story;
+while the latter always declared that the former
+won the just meed of his genius and
+scholarship.</p>
+
+<p>Their graduation was in the summer of
+1798: and immediately upon quitting college
+Mr. Story commenced the study of the law
+with Mr. Samuel Sewall, afterwards Chief Justice
+in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts.
+Fourteen hours a day was over his quantum
+of study. Although sometimes disheartened,
+he never surrendered his determination to
+master the elements and details of his new
+profession.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Studying</hi> law in those days was a far different
+thing from its <hi rend="font-style: italic">reading</hi> now. Then it
+was <hi rend="font-style: italic">multum</hi>: now it is <hi rend="font-style: italic">multa</hi>. No copious
+indexes and multifarious treatises were counted
+by thousands: no digests (directories to
+the streets, the avenues, the fountains and the
+temples of the science), abounded by scores.
+Libraries were carried about in wheelbarrows
+and not in processions of vans, when the inexorable
+moving day came around. Learned
+judges were not then compelled to hold courts
+in remote villages (resorting hereby to a <hi rend="font-style: italic">coup
+de loi</hi>), in order to escape the <hi rend="font-style: italic">cacoethes loquendi</hi>
+of case lawyers and presuming juniors.
+Legal lore was builded up like the massive
+stone and hard grained mortar of the
+edifices of that olden time—slowly, carefully,
+but lastingly; not as are builded now the
+brick and stuccoed mansions of the snob and
+parvenu. Not that abounding treatises and
+familiarizing digests forbid the idea of the
+perfect lawyer now-a-days: only that to-day
+the law student in the midst of a large library
+stands more in need (when thinking of the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">otium</hi> which accompanies certain dignity), to
+utter the ejaculation, "lead us not into temptation"—the
+temptation of possessing that
+knowledge which teaches where to seek for
+information, and not the kind which is information
+of itself.</p>
+
+<p>In 1801 Mr. Story came to the Salem bar
+while at the age of twenty-two. After being
+three years at practice he married his first
+wife, who died within two years afterward,
+plunging him into the deepest grief. During
+his courtship he dabbled (as almost every
+young lawyer does until he finds that clients
+are severe critics) in poetry, and wrote a
+didactic poem of two parts in heroic verse,
+entitled "The Power of Solitude." Adopting
+the criticism of the biographers—its prominent
+defects were exaggeration of feeling,
+confusion of imagery, want of simplicity of
+expression, stilted and artificial style. But
+though dull as a poem, it shows facility and
+talent for versification, breathes a warm aspiration
+for virtue and truth, and is creditable
+to the scholarship of its author.</p>
+
+<p>After the loss of his wife he sought relief
+from painful thoughts in the laborious duties
+of a large and increasing business. His position
+at the bar was prominent, and he was
+engaged in nearly all the cases of importance.<pb n="178" /><anchor id="Pg178" />
+His manner to the jury was earnest and
+spirited; he managed his causes with tact
+(that great acquirement of the successful
+lawyer: being, as a distinguished barrister
+now dead and gone said to Dr. Hosack, the
+same sheet anchor to the advocate which mercury
+or bark is to the physician), was ready
+in attack or defence, and possessed great eloquence
+of expression. As an advocate he
+showed a sagacity of perception which no intricacy
+of detail could blind, no suddenness
+of attack confuse, and which afterwards so
+distinguished him as a Judge. He was thrown
+among the leading lawyers; and undaunted
+as all young lawyers should be (although preserving
+their modesty of deportment and learning),
+he measured swords with the most accomplished.
+Although sometimes vanquished, he
+always received honors from even the victors.</p>
+
+<p>It is a prevailing opinion with the junior
+members of the legal profession, that their
+seniors delight in snubbing them; that they
+are fond of being discourteous, and arrogant;
+that they are envious of some and insulting
+to others. But it is rare indeed that the seniors
+err on other ground in this respect than
+magnanimity. The industrious youngster,
+the self-reliant youngster, the firm but respectful
+youngster, the versed in elementary
+principles among youngsters, are always received
+with open arms. Law begets law. If
+the junior commences a suit a senior may answer
+it: and the reverse. The parson and
+the doctor are in perpetual interference with
+the neighbors and brethren of their particular
+calling. But lawyers, like bees in the
+beehive, must of necessity assist and succor
+each other, or there will be less honey laid
+away when the summer is past and the harvest
+ended.</p>
+
+<p>Early in his professional career he became
+an ardent politician. He was a Jeffersonian
+Democrat, and at the bar of his residence
+stood almost alone in his partisan position.
+As such a party man he went into the State
+Legislature, and became an acknowledged
+leader. He possessed that great quality for
+a leader, the faculty of extempore speaking,
+joined with the ability to condense and elucidate
+the topics he took in hand. But he
+never submitted the convictions of his judgment
+to party dictation; and soon after his
+entering the arena of legislative warfare, he
+bravely stemmed party tide in advocating an
+increase of salaries for the State judges. The
+latter were all federalists, and it was not to
+be wondered that the republicans of that
+day, who wore in their noses the rings of
+party, should shrug their shoulders at the
+prospect of benefiting political opponents.
+But by his firm conduct, and by his confident
+assertion and able arguments in favor of the
+measure, it was carried. And to Joseph
+Story, more than any other man, Massachusetts
+is indebted for the opportunity of employing
+ablest judicial officers, without making
+their families beggars.</p>
+
+<p>It is the disgrace of our country that its
+judicial officers are the most poorly paid of
+all professions and pursuits. And in every
+section of the Union, that distinguished lawyer
+who accepts a seat upon the bench, must
+hold the glories of his honor at a very high
+price, to surrender his ordinary professional
+emoluments for the wretched pittance which
+the various States dole out for days of public
+toil and nights of private study. We desire
+to look no further than this Empire State for
+examples. This Empire State, with its magnificent
+resources and proudly developing
+energies, should be the last to unite in adjudging
+its judicial officers to the labors of
+galley slaves, and to then pay them by the
+year less than a ballet-dancer receives by
+the month in all its principal cities. Two
+thousand five hundred dollars per year is the
+astounding sum which this same Empire
+State pays to its highest judicial officers. If
+we reverse the saying of Walpole, and read
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">every price has its man</hi>," we may not wonder
+if Dogberries and grandmothers are occasionally
+found upon the bench, dispensing
+their honest but destructive platitudes, and
+their Malaprop constructions of commercial
+law, to juries of astounded merchants.</p>
+
+<p>From the arena of State politics, Mr. Story
+next changed his position to the temple of
+national discussions at Washington. His career
+in Congress was, however, limited to one
+session, and to a vacancy-seat occasioned by
+a death. He declined re-election; for in the
+words of his autobiographical account of this
+portion of his career, he had lost all relish
+for political controversy, and had found that
+an entire obedience to party projects required
+such constant sacrifices of opinion and feeling,
+that he preferred to devote himself with singleness
+of heart to the study of the law,
+which was at all times the object of his admiration
+and almost exclusive devotion.
+Public sentiment, however, forced him again
+into the State councils at home, where more
+liberty of professional engagement was permitted.
+He was in political life but a brief
+period again, before, in his thirty-second
+year, President Madison pressed his acceptance
+of a vacant Associate Justiceship in the
+Supreme Court of the United States, which
+had been declined by Levi Lincoln and by
+John Quincy Adams, then in Russia. Although
+the acceptance involved the surrender
+of heavy professional emolument, the high
+honor, the permanence of the tenure, and
+the opportunity of gratifying his juridical
+studies that he so much loved, joined in compelling
+his acquiescence.</p>
+
+<p>"The atrocious crime of being a young
+man," which had compelled a hatred of William
+Pitt the younger, in a former day, was
+now brought up against him by many whose
+party subserviency fairly blushed before his
+manly integrity, and by others who envied
+him his success. But one year at the Circuit
+silenced all complaint. And in his thirty-third<pb n="179" /><anchor id="Pg179" />
+year he was acknowledged to be the
+able jurist whom, at his death in his sixty-sixth
+year of age, a whole nation mourned.</p>
+
+<p>Dismissing for the present all consideration
+of his judicial life, and all estimate of his
+ability upon the bench, and passing over
+nearly twenty years of his life, we meet him
+in the possession of his fourth great honor in
+life—but an honor which was ever the first
+prized by him in all his after career—the appointment
+of Law Professor in Cambrige
+Law School.</p>
+
+<p>Mr. Nathan Dane, whose Abridgement of
+American law in many volumes had obtained
+for him the gratitude of the profession at
+large, and the more substantial testimonial
+of pecuniary profit, had determined, about the
+fiftieth year of Judge Story's life, to repay
+the law some of the profits which its votaries
+had bestowed upon him, by donating ten
+thousand dollars for the establishment of a
+new professorship.  He annexed to his donation,
+however, the condition that Judge Story
+should be the incumbent. To the great delight
+of the donor, and of the College Fellows,
+the Judge assented, and was inaugurated
+as Dane Professor of Law, with a special
+view to Lectures upon the Law of Nations,
+Commercial and Maritime Law, Federal Law
+and Equity—a station which he filled to the
+day of his lamented death.</p>
+
+<p>This brief survey of his life presents him
+then in several public aspects; as a student, as
+an advocate, as a statesman, as a judge, and
+as an expounder of the great principles of law,
+which he worshipped with an idolatry of love.</p>
+
+<p>To speak of his political career would not
+belong to the scope of our article. And to
+sit in judgment upon his judicial career would
+be our presumption. Older and abler pens
+must render their tributes to the extent and
+varied richness of his legal lore, which, taking
+root in principles, branched into the minutiæ
+of detail, under every sun and in every clime
+where law is recognized as a rule of human
+action. His judicial fame can never be increased
+or diminished by individual estimate.
+The law of patents, of admiralty and prizes,
+the jurisprudence of equity, and above all,
+his luminous explorations of what were once
+constitutional labyrinths, are monuments as
+indestructible as the Pyramids. If every
+trace of their original oneness be lost, they
+will yet live in the hours of future judicial
+days, in professional acts, and in the guiding
+policy of a remote posterity. His library of
+treatises are legal classics; and the worst defects
+which flippant carpers and canvassers
+of their claims to merit have discovered in
+their pages, have been their richness of detail
+and polish of learning! And no one can
+deny that as a judge he was the very example
+which 'Hobbes' in his 'Leviathan,' carried
+in mind when he thus wrote—"the
+things that make a good judge or good interpreter
+of the laws, are first—a right understanding
+of that principal law of nature
+called Equity, which depending not on the
+reading of other men's writings, but on the
+goodness of a man's own natural reason and
+meditation, is presumed to be in those most
+who have had most leisure and the most inclination
+to meditate thereon; second—contempt
+of unnecessary riches and preferments;
+third—to be able in judgment to divest himself
+of all fear, anger, hatred, love and compassion;
+fourthly and lastly—patience to
+hear, diligent attention in hearing, and
+memory to retain, digest, and apply what he
+hath heard."</p>
+
+<p>Not the least amiable phase of the life of
+Judge Story, was the attention which he
+gave to letters and literary pursuits. He was
+no <hi rend="font-style: italic">mere</hi> lawyer: no stringer of professional
+centos. He never hid his heart with the
+veil of dignity; nor smothered his fresh impulses
+(preserved intact from worldly rust
+since boyhood) with the weight of his judicial
+and professional labors. While he believed
+that the law was a jealous mistress, he
+knew that this mistress was too stable and
+sensible to decree that a gentle dalliance or
+seasonable flirtation with her maids of honor—Poetry,
+or the Arts, or Literature, or Love—was
+an unloyal act. He could turn from
+Grotius to Dickens, from Vattel to Thackeray.
+He could digest the points of the elaborate
+arguments of eminent counsel, and then turn
+aside to a gentle tonic from the administrating
+hand of Smollett or Walter Scott.
+Method was his master-key to all the combinations
+in the locks of labor.</p>
+
+<p>Twice married he never ceased to eulogize
+the bliss of domesticity. Surrounded by loving
+eyes, the currents of his freshened affection
+flowed deeper and clearer every year. How
+he treasured home and home joys may be
+collected in the following lines from his
+poem on solitude (before referred to), written
+in his twenty-second year.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Grandeur may dazzle with its transient glare</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The herd of folly, and the tribe of care,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who sport and flutter through their listless days,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Like motes that bask in Summer's noontide blaze,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With anxious steps round vacant splendor while,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Live on a look, and banquet on a smile;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But the firm race whose high endowments claim</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The laurel-wreath that decks the brow of fame;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who warmed by sympathy's electric glow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In rapture tremble, and dissolve in woe,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Blest in <hi rend="font-style: italic">retirement</hi>, scorn the frowns of fate,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And feel a transport power can ne'er create."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Touching the poem from which these lines
+are taken, we remember being shown the
+only copy of the published book which was
+known to exist, by the family of the Judge.
+The Assistant Librarian (who was born for
+his station in all that regards enthusiastic
+love of his duties), of the Harvard College
+library, showed us, with great triumph, a
+small sheep-bound volume, entitled "Solitude
+and other Poems, by Joseph Story,"
+printed sometime in the commencement of
+this century: saying, "the Judge has burned
+all the copies he can pick up, and this is only
+to be read here." This poem was a sore
+subject to the author. He viewed it as not<pb n="180" /><anchor id="Pg180" />
+only a blot upon his dignity, but an annoyance
+to his professional fame. Numerous
+critics have laughed at it; but apart from the
+shorter poems, the main theme showed much
+aptitude of poetic imagery, invention, and
+harmony of expression. Glance at the following
+lines, which contain much of the
+genuine spark:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Till nature's self the Vandal torch should raise,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And the vast alcove of creation blaze."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Or this—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Blaze the vast domes inwrought with fretted gold,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The sumptuous pavements veins or pearl unfold,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Arch piled on arch with columned pride ascend,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Grove linked to grove their mingling shadows blend."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Or this—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Let narrow prudence boast its grovelling art</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To chill the generous sympathies of heart,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Teach to subdue each thought sublimely wild,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And crush, like Herod, fancy's new-born child."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>It is highly probable that the learned Justice,
+knowing his taste for the poetical and
+fanciful, and his aptitude at the harmony of
+language, often erred in his judicial writings
+and treatises, by avoiding beauty of expression,
+in fear lest the dignity of his subject
+should be injured by too much association
+with the creatures of fancy. We have known
+most accomplished lawyers err through this
+same caution. Our biographer himself (Mr.
+William W. Story) has certainly done himself
+great injustice as a writer in his work on
+"Contracts," when, in the pages before us,
+he presents us with so much delicacy of fancy
+and rhetorical finish. Blackstone in his
+"Commentaries," Jones in his "Bailment"
+treatise, Stephens in his essay upon "Pleading,"
+time-honored Fearne in his "Contingent
+Remainders," have shown how grateful and
+how suitable it is for the legal readers to find
+brilliancy of rhetoric adorning the most profound
+learning.</p>
+
+<p>But certainly Judge Story possessed to a
+remarkable degree the faculty of condensation
+in his poetical works. His rhyme was
+not reason run mad; but reason in modest
+holiday attire. Where are lines at once so
+compact and so searching in their wisdom as
+the following, penned in 1832, as matters of
+advice to a young law student:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Whene'er you speak, remember every cause</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Pregnant in matter, in expression brief,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Let every sentence stand in bold relief;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">On trifling points nor time nor talents waste,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">A sad offence to learning and to taste;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor deal with pompous phrase; nor e'er suppose</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Poetic flights belong to reasoning prose,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Loose declamation may deceive the crowd,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And seem more striking as it grows more loud;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But sober sense rejects it with disdain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As nought but empty noise, and weak as vain.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The froth of words, the school-boy's vain parade</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of books and cases—all his stock in trade—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The pert conceits, the cunning tricks and play</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of low attorneys, strung in long array,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The unseemly jest, the petulent reply,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That chatters on, and cares not how, or why,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Studious, avoid—unworthy themes to scan,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">They sink the speaker and disgrace the man.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Like the false lights, by flying shadows cast,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Scarce seen when present, and forgot when past.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Begin with dignity: expound with grace</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Each ground of reasoning in its time and place;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Let order reign throughout—each topic touch,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor urge its power too little, or too much.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Give each strong thought its most attractive view,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In diction clear, and yet severely true,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And as the arguments in splendor grow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Let each reflect its light on all below.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When to the close arrive make no delays</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">By petty flourishes, or verbal plays,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But sum the whole in one deep solemn strain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Like a strong current hastening to the main."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>If Mr. Story had never been elevated to
+the bench it is not likely his name would ever
+have become national property. Although
+plunged into politics in his earlier life, he was
+not fitted for the life. His devotion to the
+law, and his dread of becoming that slave to
+party usages which all public men must necessarily
+more or less fashion of themselves,
+would have retained him in his native state,
+and made his usefulness sectional. To the
+politicians of the school of General Jackson,
+and to the administration of that President, he
+was particularly distasteful. His tenacious
+conservatism drew forth from the "old hero,"
+on one occasion, the remark, that "he was
+the most dangerous man in the country."
+Lord Eldon, with his doubts and pertinacious
+toryism was not more unpopular among the
+reformers in England than was Judge Story—the
+last of the old regime of federal judges—with
+the bank radicals of 1832.</p>
+
+<p>When Chief Justice Marshall died he felt
+almost broken-hearted. A new race of constitutional
+expounders had arisen around him.
+Brother justices, with modern constructions,
+and more liberal notions of national law,
+were by his side. In many decisions he was
+now a sole dissenter. His pride was invaded;
+his self-love tortured; his adoration of certain
+legal constructions which he had deemed
+immutable in their nature, was desecrated.
+And, for many years previous to his decease,
+he had contemplated resigning from the federal
+judiciary, and living alone for his darling
+law school.</p>
+
+<p>This school was his adopted child. He had
+taken it in a feeble and helpless infancy. He
+had given it strength and increased vitality.
+He brought it up to a vigorous and useful
+maturity. It was loved by only a handful of
+students when he gave his name and talents
+to aid its life: but when he died, a hundred
+and fifty pupils were its warm suitors, and
+hundreds of lawyers over the whole union
+cherished its prosperity as a link in their own
+chains of happiness.</p>
+
+<p>And, although he thought not of it, his labors
+in the law school secure for his memory
+in the present generation a more brilliant existence
+than his array of judicial decisions,
+and his thousands of written pages, can ever
+bestow. In some pine forest settlement of
+Maine, or in some rude court-house in California,
+there are lawyers who bring before
+them every day his genial smiles and his impressive
+lectures, looked upon and heard by
+them in former times at Cambridge. Over
+all the Union, in almost every village, town,
+and city, are his pupils. Each one of them
+may sometimes reflect with rapture upon
+their days of college life, or remember with<pb n="181" /><anchor id="Pg181" />
+pride their first professional success: but
+not one of these considerations of reminiscence
+is so grateful to his mind as the thought
+of his novitiate with Justice Story. Depend
+upon it he treasures up those Cambridge text-books,
+those Cambridge note-books whose
+leaves daguerreotype the learning of the eminent
+deceased, those catalogues of students
+where his name is proudly found, as the most
+valuable portions of his library. He will never
+part with them: but they will descend
+to his children.</p>
+
+<p>It was our privilege and pleasure also to
+know Mr. Justice Story at Cambridge; to
+have spent days of pleasure in the hours of his
+society; to have rendered to his teachings
+the tribute of delighted attention and grateful
+recollection. We, too, have been fascinated
+with that conversation, whose variety of exuberance
+and sometimes egotism, were its
+greatest ornaments. In the sunshine of his
+intellect our mind has sunned itself, and been
+warmed into zealous and proselyting admiration.
+To his gray-haired teachings we have
+paid personal reverence, and we unaffectedly
+hope to have caught from his society and intercourse
+a spark of that professional enthusiasm
+which is the only true guiding-star of
+the plodding lawyer.</p>
+
+<p>The December blasts are hoarsely sobbing
+to-night through Mount Auburn, the garden
+of his mortal repose—the hallowed spot
+which his eloquence consecrated in its origin,
+and which his religious love in his lifetime
+sacredly cherished. The snows of winter
+and the autumn-woven carpet of fallen leaves
+are heaped upon his honored grave, the sodded
+paths to which, in the glowing spring-time
+and fragrant summer, are pressed most
+frequent with the tread of faithful mourners.
+Years have passed since that honored grave
+was first closed upon him. Longer years have
+flown since we were under his teachings. But
+we seem to view him the same as of yore.
+Again the class is assembled in the hushed
+lecture-room as his familiar tread is heard at
+the door; or as the burst of applause, where
+there is no sycophantic flattery known or
+felt, greets his entrance to his seat. Again
+we see him adjusting his genial spectacles,
+and looking around upon the upturned faces
+with parental pride. Again we hear his
+mellowed, although often impetuous accents,
+expounding familiar principles of law, and
+descending to the consideration of "first
+things" with as much pride and carefulness as
+the artist treats his Rubens or Titian, which
+for years and years has hung before him in
+all lights and shades and in every combination
+of position.</p>
+
+<p>Again, we occupy a modest corner of the
+library while he is holding his moot court;
+infusing into the dignity of his manner a
+marked suavity of disposition which never
+forsook him; or he is perpetrating some appropriate
+legal joke to his audience, who
+never played upon his ease or good nature.</p>
+
+<p>Again, we have stolen into the self-same
+library while he is holding an equity term of
+his circuit, to listen to the words of judicial
+wisdom which came from his utterance, exuberant
+as pearls of fancy from the mouth of
+an inspired poet.</p>
+
+<p>Again, we see him at the summer twilight,
+seated by the trellised portico of his hospitable
+and happy homestead, surrounded by
+family or friends, enjoying the amenities of
+life with unaffected pleasure, and sometimes
+awakening the garden echoes with his cheerful
+ringing laugh; or we see him in the same
+hour of the day driving under the venerable
+elms of the numerous commons, gazing and
+bowing around with all the pleasure which
+the king of the fairy book marked upon his
+face when the love of his subjects, among
+whom he passed, came forth with the evening
+breeze to bless and greet him.</p>
+
+<p>And then we pass into "reverie," and live
+a few minutes of "dream-life," recalling to
+mind the maxims and sayings which were uttered
+in our presence; and the many bright
+exemplars placed before his pupils, and the
+kindly greetings which were showered all
+about—for he was no distinguisher of persons
+so long as honor of feeling and uprightness
+of motive abounded in his presence.</p>
+
+<p>He is gone! Yet in these pages of biography
+before us he will always live. From infancy
+to the ripened greatness of old age, his
+life is preserved to posterity by the hand of
+his faithful and grateful son, whose duty has
+been most ably and interestingly performed.
+The very minutiæ of his life are presented
+with fidelity and modesty of reference. Some
+may carp at this; to these let us say with
+the French proverbialist, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Rien n'est indifférent
+dans la vie d'un grand homme; le genie
+se revéle dans ses moindres actions</hi>. The
+straws of every day life mark the direction
+of the breezes of individual action.</p>
+
+<p>To the hearts of his pupils we would send
+this epitaph, and ask them if aught less tributary
+could be said of one who was and is to
+them a father.</p>
+
+<p>Here sleeps the mortality of Joseph Story,
+who lived his days so well that he won in a
+short lifetime an immortality of fame. His
+career as a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Man</hi> reflected lustre upon the
+lustre of an honored father's manhood, and
+added to the virtues which his mother bequeathed
+him. As a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Politician</hi>, he rendered
+obeisance only to his conscience. As a
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Lawyer</hi>, he never disgraced his profession by
+a thought, and even honored it by his slightest
+acts. The colleague of Marshall, the two
+now shine together as twin stars in the often
+contemplated firmament of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Judicial Renown</hi>.
+Not selfish of his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Learning</hi>, it is scattered to
+the uttermost parts of the earth, and is treasured
+wherever it has fallen. The learning
+which he borrowed from continental Europe
+he repaid with magnificent interest. In Westminster
+Hall his name is associated with Nottingham,
+Hale, Mansfield, and Stowell. Counting<pb n="182" /><anchor id="Pg182" />
+as dross the wealth of professional eminence,
+he became from the love of it an expounder
+of law to its tyros. He has spread
+for thousands of adopted children a banquet
+of the treasures of legal lore, and next to reverencing
+his paternal love they cherish with
+profound gratitude the memory of his slightest
+instructions. While the Union of his birthplace
+exists, her citizens will regard with unfeigned
+admiration his constitutional teachings.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</head>
+
+<p>BY THE AUTHOR OF "NILE NOTES OF A HOWADJI."</p>
+
+<p>Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa in 1437. In 1851 the Genoese
+are finishing his monument.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I am Columbus: will ye let me in?</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Or Doria in his palace by the sea.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Proud Andrea Doria named il Principe,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In your Republic named il Principe,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">By Charles the Fifth, the Emperor of Spain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Monopolizes he your meed of fame</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Before the awful Judgment seat of Time.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Well, and Pisani, the Venetian, he,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Venice as Doria was Genoa,—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Why, wide-mouthed Europe clanged their stunning praise,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And history with their names adorns herself,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Dazzing the eyes of pious pilgrims, who</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Press flowers from Doria's garden, dreaming float</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Upon Pisani's silent waters, and</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Proceed, much meditating human fate.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And they had pleasures, palaces. They stood,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And sat, and went, all men admiring,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Men of a day, in its brief life they lived,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In its swift dying died. Men of a day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Brave, generous, and noble—not enough.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Voluptuous Venice, Genoa superb,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Far fascinating meteors that flashed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then fell forgotten. Do I carp? Not I.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ye love your own, I mine, mine me, amen!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">O pious pilgrims and ye Genoese,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Proceed, much meditating human fate,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And meditate this well.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8">A wanderer driven</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">By every adverse gust of evil times.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Wrecked upon barren reefs of blandest smiles,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Wan victim of a solitary thought</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Too masculine to die unrealized.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tortured with tortuous diplomacy,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Beseeching monarchs still in vain besought,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Not to give kingdoms but to take a world,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Unloved of Fortune, best beloved of Hope,—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When Doria was a lisping boy at school,—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">This wanderer puts forth one summer morn,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Among the other fishers of the sea,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And with a world returns.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8">Nay! nay! no words.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Your hemisphere was only half enough,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Christopher Columbus globed his fame.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And now ye build my statue, Genoese,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">After three silent centuries have died,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When the old fourth is failing, ye do well</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With lagging stones to pile the pedestal,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And shape my sculptured seeming. Not with wrath,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor scorn. Good God and less with gratitude,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Be those worn features wreathed. I love ye not,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ye are no friends of mine. I did not ask</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">A block of marble for my memory,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But gold to carve my hope. It was not much—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nay, had it been your all, was it not well</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To wreck your fortune on a hope sublime?</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And, Merchants! The brave chance; a small outlay,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And income inconceivable! You chose.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My stately Spain was wiser. So much gold,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">A little fleet,—some sailors—leaders known—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If not investment, speculation safe,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The honor of the enterprise, and chance—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Always the siren chance—Spain risked and won,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Genoa lost a world.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8">Sir Advocate!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I understand your meaning; it were hard</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fame drafts upon the Future should be paid</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ere present recognition! 'Twere unjust</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That hope unhazarded in act, were crowned</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With the same coronal that crowns success.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The starving mariner upon your shore—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The riddle of the West unsolved—stood not</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In the same light to set his worthiness,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As when an unimagined Future streamed</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">All over him in glory. Yet he stood</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In that light lonely, as in the old dark,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Lonely, but looking to that light for life.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Spring-pinioned Hope impetuously flew,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And saw, through the deep Future shedding balm,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His fame a tree in flower.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8">If that were all?</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If in his vision of America</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He saw but Christopher made famous? Look!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Not for himself; but for that martyr, Thought,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Which struggles fainting in a foolish world,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To ope a gate to wisdom, his heart swelled</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">When his fixed eye beheld his soul's belief</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fulfilled in Western twilight. Thou my land!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Shalt thunder to the ages evermore</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That dreams and hopes are holy. Thou shalt still</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The croaking voice of souls that shake at dawn,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Loving the dimness of their own decay,—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The lone desire, entreaty and despair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The wasting weariness that breeds disgust,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">All woes but Doubt that, wasp-like, stings Hope back,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">There are ye justified. And never Time</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Goldening this page can slip its moral too:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And never Thought, loving this sweet success,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But still shall love its own wild dreams the more.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And still shall brighter gild all skiey peaks</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of noble daring, with this perfect day.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Regard your leisure with my monument,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My Genoese, for centuries to be</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Will yet retain Its reason as to day.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">There, where my hope was builded, stands my Fame,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The youngest children of the youngest race.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The wide worlds heritors, arch-heirs of Time,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Pronounce my name with reverence, and call</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Your sometime outcast, Father. Be it so.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Andrea's palace claims repairs perhaps,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The sculptured letters must be cut anew,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That on the crumbling girdle of his house</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Proclaim him Principe. That be your task,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And pare your miserable marble, me.</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE</head>
+
+<p>BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.</p>
+
+<p>"Dickon," cried Mother Rigby, "a coal
+for my pipe!"</p>
+
+<p>The pipe was in the old dame's mouth,
+when she said these words. She had thrust
+it there after filling it with tobacco, but without
+stooping to light it at the hearth; where,
+indeed, there was no appearance of a fire
+having been kindled, that morning. Forthwith,
+however, as soon as the order was
+given, there was an intense red glow out of
+the bowl of the pipe, and a whiff of smoke
+from Mother Rigby's lips. Whence the coal
+came, and how brought thither by an invisible
+hand, I have never been able to discover.</p>
+
+<p>"Good!" quoth Mother Rigby, with a nod
+of her head. "Thank ye, Dickon! And
+now for making this scarecrow. Be within
+call, Dickon, in case I need you again!"</p>
+
+<p>The good woman had risen thus early (for
+as yet it was scarcely sunrise), in order to set
+about making a scarecrow, which she intended
+to put in the middle of her corn patch.
+It was now the latter week of May, and the
+crows and blackbirds had already discovered
+the little, green, rolled-up leaf of the Indian
+corn, just peeping out of the soil. She was
+determined, therefore, to contrive as lifelike
+a scarecrow as ever was seen, and to finish it
+immediately, from top to toe, so that it should
+begin its sentinel's duty that very morning.
+Now, mother Rigby (as every body must have
+heard) was one of the most cunning and potent
+witches in New England, and might,
+with very little trouble, have made a scarecrow<pb n="183" /><anchor id="Pg183" />
+ugly enough to frighten the minister
+himself. But, on this occasion, as she had
+awakened in an uncommonly pleasant humor,
+and was further dulcified by her pipe of tobacco,
+she resolved to produce something
+fine, beautiful, and splendid, rather than hideous
+and horrible.</p>
+
+<p>"I don't want to set up a hobgoblin in my
+own corn-patch, and almost at my own doorstep,"
+said Mother Rigby to herself, puffing
+out a whiff of smoke; "I could do it if I pleased;
+but I'm tired of doing marvellous things,
+and so I'll keep within the bounds of everyday
+business, just for variety's sake. Besides,
+there is no use in scaring the little children,
+for a mile roundabout, though 'tis true I'm a
+witch!"</p>
+
+<p>It was settled, therefore, in her own mind,
+that the scarecrow should represent a fine
+gentleman of the period, so far as the materials
+at hand would allow. Perhaps it may be
+as well to enumerate the chief of the articles
+that went to the composition of this figure.</p>
+
+<p>The most important item of all, probably,
+although it made so little show, was a certain
+broomstick, on which Mother Rigby had
+taken many an airy gallop at midnight, and
+which now served the scarecrow by way of
+a spinal column, or, as the unlearned phrase
+it, a backbone. One of its arms was a disabled
+flail which used to be wielded by Goodman
+Rigby, before his spouse worried him
+out of this troublesome world; the other, if
+I mistake not, was composed of the pudding-stick
+and a broken rung of a chair, tied loosely
+together at the elbow. As for its legs,
+the right was a hoe-handle, and the left an
+undistinguished and miscellaneous stick from
+the wood pile. Its lungs, stomach, and other
+affairs of that kind, were nothing better than
+a meal bag, stuffed with straw. Thus, we
+have made out the skeleton and entire corporcity
+of the scarecrow, with the exception
+of its head; and this was admirably supplied
+by a somewhat withered and shrivelled pumpkin,
+in which Mother Rigby cut two holes for
+the eyes and a slit for the mouth, leaving a
+bluish-colored knob in the middle, to pass for
+a nose. It was really quite a respectable face.</p>
+
+<p>"I've seen worse ones on human shoulders,
+at any rate," said Mother Rigby. "And many
+a fine gentleman has a pumpkin head, as well
+as my scarecrow!"</p>
+
+<p>But the clothes, in this case, were to be
+the making of the man. So the good old
+woman took down from a peg an ancient
+plum-colored coat, of London make, and with
+relics of embroidery on its seams, cuffs,
+pocket-flabs, and button-holes, but lamentably
+worn and faded, patched at the elbows,
+tattered at the skirts, and threadbare all over.
+On the left breast was a round hole, whence
+either a star of nobility had been rent away,
+or else the hot heart of some former wearer
+had scorched it through and through. The
+neighbors said, that this rich garment belonged
+to the Black Man's wardrobe, and that
+he kept it at Mother Rigby's cottage for the
+convenience of slipping it on whenever he
+wished to make a grand appearance at the
+governor's table. To match the coat, there
+was a velvet waistcoat of very ample size,
+and formerly embroidered with foliage, that
+had been as brightly golden as the maple-leaves
+in October, but which had now quite
+vanished out of the substance of the velvet.
+Next came a pair of scarlet breeches, once
+worn by the French governor of Louisbourg,
+and the knees of which had touched the lower
+step of the throne of Louis le Grand. The
+Frenchman had given these small-clothes to
+an Indian powwow, who parted with them
+to the old witch for a gill of strong waters,
+at one of their dances in the forest. Furthermore,
+Mother Rigby produced a pair of silk
+stockings, and put them on the figure's legs,
+where they showed as unsubstantial as a
+dream, with the wooden reality of the two
+sticks making itself miserably apparent
+through the holes. Lastly, she put her dead
+husband's wig on the bare scalp of the pumpkin,
+and surmounted the whole with a dusty
+three-cornered hat, in which was stuck the
+longest tail feather of a rooster.</p>
+
+<p>Then the old dame stood the figure up in
+a corner of her cottage, and chuckled to behold
+its yellow semblance of a visage, with
+its nobby little nose thrust into the air. It
+had a strangely self-satisfied aspect, and seemed
+to say, "Come look at me!"</p>
+
+<p>"And you are well worth looking at—that's
+a fact!" quoth Mother Rigby, in admiration
+at her own handiwork: "I've made
+many a puppet, since I've been a witch; but
+methinks this is the finest of them all. 'Tis
+almost too good for a scarecrow. And, by
+the by, I'll just fill a fresh pipe of tobacco,
+and then take him out to the corn-patch."</p>
+
+<p>While filling her pipe, the old woman continued
+to gaze with almost motherly affection
+at the figure in the corner. To say the truth,
+whether it were chance, or skill, or downright
+witchcraft, there was something wonderfully
+human in this ridiculous shape, bedizened
+with its tattered finery; and as for the
+countenance, it appeared to shrivel its yellow
+surface into a grin—a funny kind of expression,
+betwixt scorn and merriment, as if it
+understood itself to be a jest at mankind.
+The more Mother Rigby looked, the better
+she was pleased.</p>
+
+<p>"Dickon," cried she sharply, "another
+coal for my pipe!"</p>
+
+<p>Hardly had she spoken than, just as before,
+there was a red-glowing coal on the top of
+the tobacco. She drew in a long whiff, and
+puffed it forth again into the bar of morning
+sunshine, which struggled through the one
+dusty pane of her cottage window. Mother
+Rigby always liked to flavor her pipe with a
+coal of fire from the particular chimney corner
+whence this had been brought. But
+where that chimney corner might be, or who
+brought the coal from it—further than that<pb n="184" /><anchor id="Pg184" />
+the invisible messenger seemed to respond to
+the name of Dickon—I cannot tell.</p>
+
+<p>"That puppet, yonder," thought Mother
+Rigby, still with her eyes fixed on the scarecrow,
+"is too good a piece of work to stand
+all summer in a corn-patch, frightening away
+the crows and blackbirds. He's capable of
+better things. Why, I've danced with a
+worse one, when partners happened to be
+scarce, at our witch-meetings in the forest!
+What if I should let him take his chance
+among the other men of straw and empty
+fellows, who go bustling about the world?"</p>
+
+<p>The old witch took three or four more
+whiffs of her pipe, and smiled.</p>
+
+<p>"He'll meet plenty of his brethren at every
+street-corner!" continued she. "Well; I
+didn't mean to dabble in witchcraft to-day,
+further than the lighting of my pipe; but a
+witch I am, and a witch I'm likely to be, and
+there's no use trying to shirk it. I'll make a
+man of my scarecrow, were it only for the
+joke's sake!"</p>
+
+<p>While muttering these words, Mother Rigby
+took the pipe from her own mouth, and
+thrust it into the crevice which represented
+the same feature in the pumpkin-visage of
+the scarecrow.</p>
+
+<p>"Puff, darling, puff!" said she. "Puff
+away, my fine fellow! your life depends on
+it!"</p>
+
+<p>This was a strange exhortation, undoubtedly,
+to be addressed to a mere thing of sticks,
+straw, and old clothes, with nothing better
+than a shrivelled pumpkin for a head; as we
+know to have been the scarecrow's case.
+Nevertheless, as we must carefully hold in
+remembrance, Mother Rigby was a witch of
+singular power and dexterity; and, keeping
+this fact duly before our minds, we shall see
+nothing beyond credibility in the remarkable
+incidents of our story. Indeed, the great
+difficulty will be at once got over, if we can
+only bring ourselves to believe, that, as soon
+as the old dame bade him puff, there came a
+whiff of smoke from the scarecrow's mouth.
+It was the very feeblest of whiffs, to be sure;
+but it was followed by another and another,
+each more decided than the preceding one.</p>
+
+<p>"Puff away, my pet! puff away, my pretty
+one!" Mother Rigby kept repeating, with her
+pleasantest smile. "It is the breath of life
+to ye; and that you may take my word for!"</p>
+
+<p>Beyond all question the pipe was bewitched.
+There must have been a spell either in
+the tobacco or in the fiercely glowing coal
+that so mysteriously burned on top of it, or
+in the pungent aromatic smoke which exhaled
+from the kindled weed. The figure,
+after a few doubtful attempts, at length blew
+forth a volley of smoke, extending all the
+way from the obscure corner into the bar of
+sunshine. There it eddied and melted away
+among the motes of dust. It seemed a convulsive
+effort; for the two or three next
+whiffs were fainter, although the coal still
+glowed, and threw a gleam over the scarecrow's
+visage. The old witch clapt her skinny
+hands together, and smiled encouragingly
+upon her handiwork. She saw that the
+charm worked well. The shrivelled, yellow
+face, which heretofore had been no face at
+all, had already a thin, fantastic haze, as it
+were, of human likeness, shifting to and fro
+across it; sometimes vanishing entirely, but
+growing more perceptible than ever with
+the next whiff from the pipe. The whole
+figure, in like manner, assumed a show of
+life, such as we impart to ill-defined shapes
+among the clouds, and half-deceive ourselves
+with the pastime of our own fancy.</p>
+
+<p>If we must needs pry closely into the matter,
+it may be doubted whether there was
+any real change, after all, in the sordid,
+worn-out, worthless, and ill-jointed substance
+of the scarecrow; but merely a spectral illusion,
+and a cunning effect of light and shade,
+so colored and contrived as to delude the eyes
+of most men. The miracles of witchcraft
+seem always to have had a very shallow subtlety;
+and, at least, if the above explanation
+do not hit the truth of the process, I can
+suggest no better.</p>
+
+<p>"Well puffed, my pretty lad!" still cried
+old Mother Rigby. "Come, another good,
+stout whiff, and let it be with might and
+main! Puff for thy life, I tell thee! Puff
+out of the very bottom of thy heart; if any
+heart thou hast, or any bottom to it! Well
+done, again! Thou didst suck in that mouthfull
+as if for the pure love of it."</p>
+
+<p>And then the witch beckoned to the scarecrow,
+throwing so much magnetic potency
+into her gesture, that it seemed as if it must
+inevitably be obeyed, like the mystic call of
+the loadstone, when it summons the iron.</p>
+
+<p>"Why lurkest thou in the corner, lazy
+one?" said she. "Step forth! Thou hast
+the world before thee?"</p>
+
+<p>Upon my word, if the legend were not one
+which I heard on my grandmother's knee,
+and which had established its place among
+things credible before my childish judgment
+could analyze its probability, I question whether
+I should have the face to tell it now!</p>
+
+<p>In obedience to Mother Rigby's word, and
+extending its arm as if to reach her out-stretched
+hand, the figure made a step forward—a
+kind of hitch and jerk, however,
+rather than a step—then tottered, and almost
+lost its balance. What could the witch expect?
+It was nothing, after all, but a scarecrow,
+stuck upon two sticks. But the strong-willed
+old beldam scowled, and beckoned,
+and flung the energy of her purpose so forcibly
+at this poor combination of rotten wood,
+and musty straw, and ragged garments, that
+it was compelled to show itself a man, in spite
+of the reality of things. So it stepped into the
+bar of sunshine. There it stood—poor devil
+of a contrivance that it was!—with only the
+thinnest vesture of human similitude about
+it, through which was evident the stiff, ricketty,
+incongruous, faded, tattered, good-for-nothing<pb n="185" /><anchor id="Pg185" />
+patchwork of its substance, ready to
+sink in a heap upon the floor, as conscious of
+its own unworthiness to be erect. Shall I
+confess the truth? At its present point of
+vivification, the scarecrow reminds me of
+some of the lukewarm and abortive characters,
+composed of heterogeneous materials,
+used for the thousandth time, and never
+worth using, with which romance-writers
+(and myself, no doubt, among the rest), have
+so over-peopled the world of fiction.</p>
+
+<p>But the fierce old hag began to get angry,
+and show a glimpse of her diabolic nature
+(like a snake's head, peeping with a hiss out
+of her bosom,) at this pusillanimous behavior
+of the thing, which she had taken the trouble
+to put together.</p>
+
+<p>"Puff away, wretch!" cried she, wrathfully.
+"Puff, puff, puff, thou thing of straw
+and emptiness!—thou rag or two!—thou
+meal-bag!—thou pumpkin-head!—thou nothing!—where
+shall I find a name vile
+enough to call thee by! Puff, I say, and suck
+in thy fantastic life along with the smoke; else
+I snatch the pipe from thy mouth, and hurl
+thee where that red coal came from!"</p>
+
+<p>Thus threatened, the unhappy scarecrow
+had nothing for it, but to puff away for dear
+life. As need was, therefore, it applied itself
+lustily to the pipe, and sent forth such abundant
+volleys of tobacco-smoke, that the small
+cottage-kitchen became all vaporous. The
+one sunbeam struggled mistily through, and
+could but imperfectly define the image of the
+cracked and dusty window-pane on the opposite
+wall. Mother Rigby, meanwhile, with
+one brown arm akimbo, and the other
+stretched towards the figure, loomed grimly
+amid the obscurity, with such port and expression
+as when she was wont to heave a
+ponderous nightmare on her victims, and
+stand at the bedside to enjoy their agony. In
+fear and trembling did this poor scarecrow
+puff. But its efforts, it must be acknowledged,
+served an excellent purpose; for, with
+each successive whiff, the figure lost more
+and more of its dizzy and perplexing tenuity,
+and seemed to take denser substance. Its
+very garments, moreover, partook of the magical
+change, and shone with the gloss of
+novelty, and glistened with the skilfully embroidered
+gold that had long ago been rent
+away. And, half-revealed among the smoke,
+a yellow visage bent its lustreless eyes on
+Mother Rigby.</p>
+
+<p>At last, the old witch clenched her fist,
+and shook it at the figure. Not that she was
+positively angry, but merely acting on the
+principle—perhaps untrue, or not the only
+truth, though as high a one as Mother Rigby
+could be expected to attain—that feeble and
+torpid natures, being incapable of better inspiration,
+must be stirred up by fear. But
+here was the crisis. Should she fail in what
+she now sought to effect, it was her ruthless
+purpose to scatter the miserable simulacre
+into its original elements.</p>
+
+<p>"Thou hast a man's aspect," said she,
+sternly. "Have also the echo and mockery
+of a voice! I bid thee speak!"</p>
+
+<p>The scarecrow gasped, struggled, and at
+length emitted a murmur, which was so incorporated
+with its smoky breath that you
+could scarcely tell whether it were indeed a
+voice, or only a whiff of tobacco. Some
+narrators of this legend, hold the opinion,
+that Mother Rigby's conjurations, and the
+fierceness of her will, had compelled a familiar
+spirit into the figure, and that the voice was
+his.</p>
+
+<p>"Mother," mumbled the poor stifled voice,
+"be not so awful with me! I would fain
+speak; but being without wits, what can I
+say?"</p>
+
+<p>"Thou canst speak, darling, canst thou?"
+cried Mother Rigby, relaxing her grim countenance
+into a smile. "And what shalt thou
+say, quoth-a! Say, indeed! Art thou of the
+brotherhood of the empty skull, and demandest
+of me what thou shalt say? Thou shalt say
+a thousand things, and saying them a thousand
+times over, thou shalt still have said
+nothing! Be not afraid, I tell thee! When
+thou comest into the world (whither I purpose
+sending thee, forthwith), thou shalt not
+lack the wherewithal to talk. Talk! Why,
+thou shalt babble like a mill-stream, if thou
+wilt. Thou hast brains enough for that, I
+trow!"</p>
+
+<p>"At your service, mother," responded the
+figure.</p>
+
+<p>"And that was well said, my pretty one!"
+answered Mother Rigby. "Then thou spakest
+like thyself, and meant nothing. Thou shalt
+have a hundred such set phrases, and five
+hundred to the boot of them. And now,
+darling, I have taken so much pains with
+thee, and thou art so beautiful, that, by my
+troth, I love thee better than any witch's
+puppet in the world; and I've made them of
+all sorts—clay, wax, straw, sticks, night-fog,
+morning-mist, sea-foam, and chimney-smoke!
+But thou art the very best. So give heed
+to what I say!"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes, kind mother," said the figure,
+"with all my heart!"</p>
+
+<p>"With all thy heart!" cried the old witch,
+setting her hands to her sides, and laughing
+loudly. "Thou hast such a pretty way of
+speaking! With all thy heart! And thou
+didst put thy hand to the left side of thy
+waistcoat, as if thou really hadst one!"</p>
+
+<p>So now, in high good humor with this fantastic
+contrivance of hers, Mother Rigby told
+the scarecrow that it must go and play its
+part in the great world, where not one man
+in a hundred, she affirmed, was gifted with
+more real substance than itself. And, that
+he might hold up his head with the best of
+them, she endowed him, on the spot, with an
+unreckonable amount of wealth. It consisted
+partly of a gold mine in Eldorado, and of ten
+thousand shares in a broken bubble, and of
+half a million acres of vineyard at the North<pb n="186" /><anchor id="Pg186" />
+Pole, and of a castle in the air and a chateau
+in Spain, together with all the rents and income
+therefrom accruing. She further made
+over to him the cargo of a certain ship, laden
+with salt of Cadiz, which she herself, by her
+necromantic arts, had caused to founder, ten
+years before, in the deepest part of mid-ocean.
+If the salt were not dissolved, and could be
+brought to market, it would fetch a pretty
+penny among the fishermen. That he might
+not lack ready money, she gave him a copper
+farthing, of Birmingham manufacture, being
+all the coin she had about her, and likewise
+a great deal of brass, which she applied to
+his forehead, thus making it yellower than
+ever.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>SMILES AND TEARS.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,</head>
+
+<p>BY RICHARD COE.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, little child,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On this clear bright summer's day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In the garden sporting wild,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"If I had that pretty thing,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  That has flown to yonder tree,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I would laugh, and dance, and sing—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then I caught the butterfly,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Placed it in his hands securely,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Now, methought, his pretty eye</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Never more will look demurely!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, now?" said I,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tears were sparkling in his eye;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Lo! the butterfly was dead—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In his hands its life had sped!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, maiden fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On this long, bright summer's day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Culling flowerets so rare,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"If my Henry were but here,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  To enjoy the scene with me;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He whose love is so sincere,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Soon I heard her lover's feet,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Sounding on the gravel lightly,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To his loving words so sweet,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Tender glances answered brightly!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, now?" I said,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Down she hung her lovely head,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Henry leaves for foreign skies—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tears were in the maiden's eyes!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, mother mild,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On this bright, bright summer's day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Gazing on thy cherub child,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"If my baby-boy were well,"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Thus the mother spake to me,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Gratitude my heart would swell—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then the cordial I supplied,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Soon the babe restored completely;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Cherub-faced and angel-eyed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On his mother smiled he sweetly!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, now?" I said;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Would his father were not dead!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thus she answered me with sighs,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Scalding tear-drops in her eyes!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, aged man,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On this glorious summer's day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With a cheek all pale and wan,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"If I were but safe above,"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Spake the old man unto me,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"To enjoy my Saviour's love,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Oh! how happy I should be!"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then the angel Death came down,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And he welcomed him with gladness,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">On his brow so pale and wan,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Not a trace was seen of sadness:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Art thou happy, now?" I said;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Yes!" he answered with his head;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tears of joy were in his eyes,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Dew-drops from the upper skies!</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.</head>
+
+<p>Archbishop Hughes, in a late speech
+attempted an exposition of the relations
+between the Roman Catholic Church and
+Liberty, with special reference to the position
+assumed by him and other prelates, that
+the Roman Catholics are, not less than Protestants,
+upholders of freedom in opinion and
+in discussion. The interesting brochure of
+his Grace will be better appreciated by our
+readers, perhaps, if we mention a few recent
+facts illustrative of the subject, as it affects
+"authors and books." The French Roman
+Catholic Bishop of Lucan has a pastoral
+in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Univers</hi> condemning Walter Scott's
+works, without exception. He does the same
+by Chateaubriand, and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Arabian Nights</hi>,
+and <hi rend="font-style: italic">Don Quixote</hi>—the first as Protestant,
+the second as insufficiently Catholic, the third
+as no Christian, the fourth as of no religion
+at all. One unhappy writer of school-books
+is condemned because he cites Guizot and
+Thierry; another because he blames the massacres
+of Saint Bartholomew, and thinks they
+were caused by "religious fanaticism." But
+first of all, and more than all, the bishop condemns
+"that irreligious" Parisian journal, <hi rend="font-style: italic">La
+Presse</hi>. "The number of its subscribers is
+deplorable; but they are becoming and shall
+become less; no priest must subscribe to it.
+No priest must be seen with it. No priest
+must 'ordinarily' read it." This is all very
+proper, according to antecedents, but we
+should not like it if Bishop Hughes deprived
+us of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tribune</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Herald</hi>, or the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal
+of Commerce</hi>, all of which are as bad, in the
+same way, as the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Presse</hi>. Another example
+of the prohibition of books, we add from the
+cyclic letter just issued by Cardinal Lambruschini,
+condemning Professor Nuytz's works
+on ecclesiastical law:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"And further, although we derive great consolation
+from the promise of Jesus Christ, that the
+gates of hell shall never prevail against the Church,
+our soul cannot but feel excruciating pain, upon
+considering how daring outrages against divine
+and sacred things daily flow from the unbridled
+licentiousness, the perverse effrontery and impiety
+of the press. Now in this pestilence of corrupt
+books which invades us on all sides, the work entitled
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Institutes of Ecclesiastical Law</hi>, by John
+Nepomue Nuytz, Professor in the Royal University
+of Turin, as also the work entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">Essays on
+Ecclesiastical Law</hi>, by the same author, claim a
+conspicuous place, inasmuch as the doctrines contained
+in the said nefarious works are so widely
+disseminated from one of the chairs of that university,
+that uncatholic theses selected from them
+are proposed as fit subjects for discussion to candidates
+aspiring to the doctor's degree. For in the
+above mentioned works and essays, such errors
+are taught under the semblance of asserting the
+rights of the priesthood and of the secular power,
+that instead of sound doctrines, thoroughly poisoned
+cups are offered to youth. For the said author
+hath not blushed to reproduce under a new form,
+in his impious propositions and comments, all those<pb n="187" /><anchor id="Pg187" />
+doctrines which have been condemned by John II.,
+Benedict XIV., Pius VI., and Gregory XVL., as
+well as by the decrees of the fourth Council of
+Lateran, and those of Florence and Trent. <hi rend="font-style: italic">He
+openly asserts for example, that the Church has no
+right to enforce her authority by might, and that
+has no temporal power whatever, whether direct
+or indirect.</hi>"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>One of the latest miracles is described is the
+Paris <hi rend="font-style: italic">Univers</hi>, as follows—in the most perfect
+good faith:—</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"There is much talk at Rome of an extraordinary
+cure which has taken a place in the very palace
+of the Vatican. The following is the manner
+in which this prodigious fact is described,—which
+will, without doubt, become the subject of
+a judicial inquiry: 'A young girl of about twenty
+years of age, whose family is employed in the
+domestic side of the palace, had contracted a bad
+fever, owing to the loss of her father a little time
+before, as well as to the influence of the season,
+which has multiplied at Rome diseases of this
+kind, and by which a great number of victims
+have fallen within the last few months. Notwithstanding
+the enlightened efforts of the doctor of
+the Pontifical 'family,' and of her parents, the
+young invalid was soon at the last extremity. The
+vice-curé of the palace (which, as is known, is a
+foundation), a member of the Augustin order
+(Monseigneur the Sacristan of the same order
+is the titular curé), had administered to her the
+sacrament of extreme unction, and had recited the
+prayer recommending her soul. Her last sigh
+was hourly expected. For the sake of enabling
+our readers to understand the prodigy about to be
+related, it is necessary to state that during the
+course of the malady the vice-curé had several
+times engaged the pious patient to invoke the aid
+of a venerable servant of God, of the Augustin
+order, whose beatification is about to be declared,
+and he had even mixed in the potions given to such
+girl some little fragments of the clothes of the venerable
+man. On the other hand, according to the
+usage of religious families, they had carried into
+the chamber of the dying person the Santo-Bambino
+del'Ara Cœli, demanding of these last resources
+of the faithful a cure no longer in the reach
+of human science to bestow. Let us return to the
+bed of the dying girl, whom we find in a profound
+sleep, from which she shall soon awaken to relate
+with smiles on her lips how she had seen the infant
+Jesus, having at his side a venerable servant
+of God, clad in the habit of the order of St. Augustin.
+She adds that she feels herself cured, but
+very weak, and she asks for a cup of broth to give
+her strength. The broth is given, to her, although
+the request is regarded as coming from one in the
+last agitation of dying; but the sick girl, who had
+felt the action of grace, and who knew well that
+she was cured, rises, throws off all the blisters,
+of which not a trace was left on her body, and on
+the following day repaired to the church of Ara
+Cœli, at more than half a league distant, to thank
+the Santo Bambino and the servant of God, who
+had restored her to life and health. You may
+easily comprehend the sensation that a fact of
+this kind must have produced upon a population
+so full of faith, especially on the eve of the ceremony
+of the 21st, which will put solemnly upon
+the altar, in placing him among the blest, the venerable
+Father Clavier, of the Society of Jesus,
+and at the close of the expiatory <hi rend="font-style: italic">triduo</hi> which
+has been celebrated at Saint Andre della Valle
+in reparation of a sacrilegious outrage committed
+against the Madonna du Vicolo dell' Abate Luigi.'"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>Of course the girl never was ill at all.</p>
+
+<p>Miraculous agencies, it appears, have been
+applied to by the highest powers at Rome,
+with the purpose which actuates the old ladies
+who study Zadkiel. A young peasant
+girl living at Sezza, near the Neapolitan frontier,
+has been for some time in a kind of ecstatic,
+or, as non-believers in miracles would
+call it, magnetic state, and in that part of the
+province of Marittima and Campagna, is already
+known under the denomination of St.
+Catherine. Her fame seems to have originated
+in a miracle which she worked some time ago
+on the person of an old woman, who came
+to her in great distress because her daughter
+had died in childbed, leaving the grandmother
+of the infant without pecuniary means
+for its support. "St. Catherine" is said to
+have directed the old woman to suckle the
+baby herself, assuring her that, before she
+reached home, she would find herself in a
+condition to do so—a direction which the
+venerable applicant strictly obeyed, and
+found her hopes realized! Other supernatural
+answers were subsequently given by the
+saint to various applications of the neighboring
+peasantry, and stolen fowls and stray
+cattle were recovered by her indications.
+But the concourse of people at last grew so
+great that that the ecclesiastical authorities interfered
+in behalf of the sybil, whom they
+placed in safety and repose within the walls
+of a convent, prohibiting, at the same time,
+any one from coming to consult her without
+the express permission of the bishop:—</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"From the accounts of dispassionate spectators,"
+writes the correspondent of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Daily News</hi>,
+"I am led to infer that there is really something
+extraordinary in the mental or physical organization
+of this young girl, as she alternates between
+a dormant state, resembling magnetic sleep, and a
+strong degree of hysterical or nervous excitability;
+but whatever may be the real cause of the
+second sight or preternatural knowledge which
+she has, according to public rumor, so frequently
+displayed, it is certain that many persons of
+this city, including ecclesiastics of high rank,
+have profited by the opportunity of getting a peep
+into the future, and knowing betimes what they
+have to prepare for. Cardinals Lambruschini
+and Franzoni and the Duke Don Marino Torlonia
+are amongst the number of distinguished individuals
+who have applied to this modern oracle.
+The advocate Zaccaleoni, Monseigneur Appoloni,
+and many prelates have followed their example;
+indeed, the surprising replies and alarming prognostics
+of the Pythoness so far roused the fears
+and curiosity of the Pope himself, that he caused
+her to be sent for from the convent at Sezza, and
+brought to Rome, a few days ago, in the carriage
+of a respectable and religious couple, who went
+there for that express purpose. An interview
+took place between Pio Nono and the prophetess,
+immediately after which she was sent back to her
+retirement. The result of the interview has not<pb n="188" /><anchor id="Pg188" />
+transpired, but the girl's revelations were probably
+similar to those with which she has already
+excited the terrors of her exalted applicants;
+namely, predictions of imminent and sanguinary
+disturbances, in which, though not of long duration,
+many persons will fall victims to popular fury."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>The Bolognese paper, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Vero Amico</hi>, which
+is thoroughly devoted to the ecclesiastical
+cause, occasionally devotes some of its columns
+to war in favor of miracles, especially
+as wrought by images. The following is its
+account of a recent miraculous change of the
+weather at the intercession of the Virgin:—</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"The inhabitants of Tossignano not long ago
+obtained a new demonstration of love and favor
+from the prodigious image of the most Holy Mary,
+from that extremely ancient image which, saved
+from iconoclastic fury, always engaged the devout
+worship of their ancestors; and which their not
+degenerate descendants keep as a noble and precious
+heirloom of their hereditary religion, finding
+in it all comfort and support against public and
+private calamities. The late incessant and unseasonable
+rains having hindered the gathering in of
+autumn fruits, and impeded cultivation for the
+coming year, the active pastor, the very revered
+arch-priest Agnoli, in order to avert so heavy a
+calamity, called the inhabitants of Tossignano together,
+and with eloquent and touching words
+brought them before the most prodigious image,
+so that, by the intercession of the Virgin, God
+might restore serene weather. For this purpose,
+on the 7th of October, the flock and their beloved
+pastor met to depose their humble supplications
+at the foot of the altar, sacred to their distinguished
+benefactress; at the first prayer, whilst
+the pastor was offering the propitiatory wafer, a
+ray of sun gladdened the sacred temple, like a
+rainbow of peace smiling on the assembled faithful,
+and in a few hours all appearance of clouds
+vanished from the sky! The Tossignanesi rightly
+attributing this to the peculiar favor of their protectress,
+and full of gratitude to her, resolved to
+sanctify the 12th inst. by solemn acts of thanksgiving."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>These poor absurdities, so suggestive of
+pity and contempt, may he compared with
+the tricks of Rochester knockers and travelling
+mountebanks generally in this country,
+and no "authority of the church" can raise
+them, in the minds of sensible men, to a
+higher respectability.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE SONG QUEEN.</head>
+
+<p>Our excellent friend <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">James T. Fields</hi>, now
+in Europe, sends us from his note book the
+following fine apostrophe to Jenny Lind:</p>
+
+<p>WRITTEN IN A CONCERT ROOM, LONDON, 1847.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Look on her! there she stands, the world's prime wonder</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The great queen of song! Ye rapt musicians,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Touch your golden wires, for now ye prelude strains</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To mortal ears unwonted. Hark! she sings.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Yon pearly gates their magic waves unloose,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And all the liberal air rains melody</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Around. O night! O time! delay, delay,—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Pause here, entranced! Ye evening winds, come near,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But whisper not,—and you ye flowers, fresh culled</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">From odorous nooks, where silvery rivulets run,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Breath silent incense still.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 8">Hail, matchless queen!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thou, like the high white Alps, canst hear, unspoiled,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The world's artillery (thundering praises) pass.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And keep serene and safe thy spotless fame!</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>LOVE SONG.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</head>
+
+<p>BY R. S. CHILTON.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">White and silent shines the moonlight,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And the earth, in slumber deep,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Smiles, as of the silver splendor</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Conscious in her sleep!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">How the moonbeams dance and glimmer—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Hunted by the summer breeze—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">On the bosom of the river,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Through the branches of the trees!</l>
+
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">May this night of quiet beauty</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Be the symbol and the sign,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of the holy love that wraps us</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  In its light divine!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">So shalt thou still reign forever,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  While the glow of life abides,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As thou now dost, dearest—empress</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Of my heart's deep tides!</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>AUTUMN LINES.</head>
+<head type="sub">WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE</head>
+
+<p>BY J. R. THOMPSON.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Gone is the golden October</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Down the swift current of time,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Month by the poets called sober,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Just for the sake of the rhyme.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tints of vermilion and yellow</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Margined the forest and stream;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Poets then told us 'twas mellow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  How inconsistent they seem!</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Now, while the mountain in shadow</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Dappled and hazy appears,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">While the late corn in the meadow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Culprit-like, loses its ears—</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Get some choice spirits together,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Bring out the dogs and the guns,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Follow the birds o'er the heather,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Where the 'cold rivulet' runs.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Look for them under the cover,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Just as the pole-star at sea</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Always is sought by the rover,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Near where the pointers may be.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Yet if your field-tramping brothers</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Should not be fellows of mark,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Leave the young partridge for others,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Only make sure of a lark.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thus shall the charms of the season</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Gently throw round you their spell,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thus enjoy nature in reason,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  If in the country you dwell.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But if condemned as a denizen</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  In a great town to reside,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Take down a volume of Tennyson,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Make him do service as guide;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Borne upon poesy's pinion,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Rise the heights that he gains,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Range over Fancy's dominion,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Walk hypothetical plains.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Soon shall the wintry December</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Darken above us the sky—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Winds their old custom remember</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  All, in a spree, to get high;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And, as they wail through the copses,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Dirge-like and solemn to hear,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nature's own grand Thanatopsis</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Sadly shall strike on the ear.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But all impressions so murky</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Instantly banish like care,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Turn to the ham and the turkey</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Christmas shall shortly prepare.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">None than yourself can be richer,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Seated at night by the hearth,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With an old friend and a pitcher</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Lending a share of the mirth.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then to the needy be given</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Aid from your generous boards,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And to a bountiful Heaven</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Thanks for the wealth it affords.</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<pb n="189" /><anchor id="Pg189" />
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.</head>
+<head type="sub">From Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.</head>
+
+<p></p>
+
+<div>
+<head>I.</head>
+
+<p>There was much bustle and commotion
+in the Castle of Visinara. Servitors ran
+hither and thither, the tire-maidens stood in
+groups to gossip with each other, messengers
+were dispatched in various directions, and
+skilful leeches and experienced nurses were
+brought in. Then came a long silence. Voices
+were hushed, and footsteps muffled; the apartments
+of the countess were darkened, and
+nought was heard save the issued whisper, or
+the stealthy tread of the sick chamber. The
+Lady Adelaide was ill. Hours elapsed—hours
+of intolerable suspense to the Lord of Visinara;
+and then were heard deep, heartfelt
+congratulations; but they were spoken in a
+whisper, for the lady was still in danger, and
+had suffered almost unto death. There was
+born an heir to Visinara. And as Giovanni,
+Count of Visinara, bent over his child, and
+embraced his young wife, he felt repaid for
+all he had suffered in voluntarily severing
+himself from Gina Montani; and from that
+time he forgot her, or something very like it.
+And for this he could not be condemned, for
+it was in the line of honor and of duty. Yet
+it was another proof, if one were wanting,
+of the fickle nature of man's love. It has
+been well compared to words written on the
+sands. Many weeks elapsed ere the Lady
+Adelaide was convalescent; and some more
+before she ventured to join in the gayeties and
+festal meetings of the land. A two days'
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">fête</hi>, given at the Capella Palace, was the signal
+for her reappearance in the world. It
+was to be of great magnificence, rumor ran,
+and the Lady Adelaide consented to attend it
+early on the morning of the second day. She
+placed herself in front of the large mirror in
+her dressing-chamber while she was prepared
+for the visit, the same mirror before which
+she had sat on the evening of her wedding-day.
+The Signora Lucrezia and Gina were
+alone present. The former was arranging her
+rich tresses, whilst Gina handed the signora
+what things she required—combs, and the
+like. Whilst thus engaged, the count entered,
+dressed.</p>
+
+<p>"Giovanni," exclaimed Adelaide, "Lucrezia
+thinks that I should wear something in
+my hair—a wreath, or my diamond coronet;
+but I feel tired already, and wish the dressing
+was over. Need I be teased with ornaments?"</p>
+
+<p>"My sweet wife, wear what you best like.
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">You</hi> need no superficial adorning."</p>
+
+<p>"You hear, Lucrezia: make haste and finish
+my hair. Do not put it in curls to-day;
+braids are less trouble, and sooner done. You
+may put aside the diamond casket, Gina. Oh,
+there's my darling!" continued the countess,
+hearing the baby pass the door with its nurse.
+"Call him in." The count himself advanced,
+opened the door, and took his infant. "The
+precious, precious child!" exclaimed Adelaide,
+bending over the infant, which he placed on
+her knees. "Giovanni," she added, looking up
+eagerly to her husband's face, "do you think
+there ever was so lovely a babe sent on earth?"</p>
+
+<p>He smiled at her earnestness—men are
+never so rapturously blind in the worship of
+their first-born as women. But he stooped
+down, and fondly pressed his lips upon her
+forehead, while he played with the little hand
+of the infant; and she yielded to the temptation
+of suffering her face to rest close to his.</p>
+
+<p>"But it grows late," resumed the young
+mother, "and I suppose we ought to be going.
+Take the baby to its nurse, Lucrezia,"
+she continued, kissing it fifty times as she resigned
+it.</p>
+
+<p>The count had drawn behind the Lady Adelaide,
+where stood Gina. As his eyes happened
+to fall upon her, he was struck by the
+pallid sorrow which sat in her countenance.
+Ill-fated Gina! and he had been so absorbed
+these last few weeks in his new happiness!
+A rush of pity, mingled perhaps with self-reproach,
+flew to his heart. What compensation
+could he offer her? In that moment he
+remembered her last words at the interview
+in his wife's embroidery-room, and gave her
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">a look</hi>. It was not to be mistaken. Love—love,
+pure and tender—gleamed from his eyes,
+and she answered him with a smile which
+told of her thanks, and that he was perfectly
+understood. Had any one been looking on,
+they could scarcely fail to become aware of
+their existing passion, and that there was a
+secret understanding between them.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">And one was looking on.</hi> The Lady Adelaide's
+back was towards them, but in the
+large glass before her she had distinctly seen
+the reflection of all that took place. Her
+countenance became white as death, and her
+anger was terrible. "You may retire for the
+present," she said, in a calm, subdued tone,
+to the startled Gina, upon whose mind flashed
+somewhat of the truth; "and tell the
+Signora Lucrezia not to return until I call for
+her."</p>
+
+<p>To describe the scene that ensued would be
+difficult. The shock to the young wife's feelings
+had been very great. That her husband
+was faithless to her, not only in deed but in
+heart, she doubted not. It was in vain he endeavored
+to explain all; she listened to him
+not. She thought he was uttering falsehoods,
+which but increased his treachery. Gina had
+once spoken of her fierce jealousy, but what
+was hers compared with the Lady Adelaide's?
+In the midst of her explosions of passion,
+Lucrezia, who had either not received, or
+misunderstood, her lady's message by Gina,
+entered. The maiden stood aghast, till, admonished
+by a haughty wave of the hand from
+the count, she hastened from the room. Later
+in the day, the Lord of Visinara quitted
+the castle, to pay the promised visit. His
+wife refused to go. "Mercy! mercy!" she
+exclaimed, in anguish, as she sat alone in her
+apartments, "to be thus requited by Giovanni—whom
+I so loved, my husband! my own husband!<pb n="190" /><anchor id="Pg190" />
+Is it possible that a man can be guilty
+of treachery so deep? Would that I had died
+ere I had known his faithlessness, or ever
+seen him! Shame—shame upon it! to introduce
+his paramour into my very presence; an
+attendant on my person! Holy Virgin, that
+I should be so degraded! Sure a wife, young
+and beautiful, was never treated as I have
+been. Lowered in the eyes of my own servants;
+insulted by him who ought to have
+guarded me from insult; laughed at—ridiculed
+by <hi rend="font-style: italic">her</hi>! Oh! terrible! terrible!"</p>
+
+<p>As she spoke the last words, she rose, and
+unlocking the bright green cabinet, that of
+malachite marble already spoken of, took
+from thence a small bag of silver gilt. Touching
+the secret spring of this, she drew forth
+a letter, opened, and read it:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">'To the Lady Adelaide, Countess of Visinara.</hi></p>
+
+<p>"'You fancy yourself the beloved of Giovanni.
+Count of Visinara; but retire not to your rest this
+night, lady, in any such vain imagining. The heart
+of the count has long been given to another; and,
+you know, by your love for him, that such passion
+can never change its object. Had he met you in
+earlier life, it might have been otherwise. He
+marries you, for your lineage is a high one; and
+she, in the world's eye and in that of his own
+haughty race, was no fit mate for him."</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>"Ay," she shuddered, "it is explained now.
+So, Gina Montani was this beloved one. I am
+his by sufferance—she, by love. Holy Mother,
+have mercy on my brain! I <hi rend="font-style: italic">know</hi> they love—I
+see it all too plainly. And I could believe
+his deceitful explanation, and trust him.
+I <hi rend="font-style: italic">told</hi> him I believed it on our wedding night.
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">He did not know why he went to her house;
+habit, he supposed, or, want of occupation.</hi>
+Oh, shame on his false words! Shame on my
+own credulity!"</p>
+
+<p>None of us forget the stanzas in Collins's
+Ode to the Passions:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Thy numbers, Jealousy, to nought were fixed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Sad proof of thy distressful state:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of differing themes the veering song was mixed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And now it courted love—now, raving, calling on hate."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>And calling, indeed, upon hate, as she strode
+her chamber in a frenzy near akin to madness,
+was the lady Adelaide, when her attendant,
+Lucrezia, entered.</p>
+
+<p>"My dear lady," she exclaimed, bursting
+into tears, as any crocodile might do—"my
+dear, dear young lady, I cannot know that
+you are thus suffering, and keep away from
+your presence. Pardon me for intruding upon
+you against orders."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide smoothed her brow, and
+the lines of her face resumed their haughtiness,
+as she imperiously ordered Lucrezia to
+quit the room. The heart most awake to the
+miseries of life wears to the world the coldest
+surface; and it was not in the Lady Adelaide's
+nature to betray aught of her emotions
+to any living being, save, perhaps, her
+husband.</p>
+
+<p>"Nay, my lady, suffer me to remain yet a
+a moment: at least, while I disclose what I
+know of that viper."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide started; but she suppressed
+all excitement, and Lucrezia began
+her tale—an exaggerated account of the interview
+she had been a witness to between
+the Lord of Visinara and Gina Montani. The
+countess listened to its conclusion, and a low
+moan escaped her.</p>
+
+<p>"What think you now, madam, she deserves?"</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">To die!</hi>" burst from the pale lips of the
+unhappy lady.</p>
+
+<p>"To die," acquiesced Lucrezia, calmly.
+"No other punishment would meet her guilt;
+and no other, that I am aware of, could be
+devised to prevent it for the future."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh! tempt me not," cried the lady, wringing
+her hands. "I spoke hastily."</p>
+
+<p>"Give but the orders, madam," resumed
+Lucrezia, "and they shall be put in practice."</p>
+
+<p>"How can I?" demanded the Lady Adelaide,
+once more pacing the room in her anguish;
+"how could I ever rest afterwards,
+with the guilt of murder upon my soul?"</p>
+
+<p>"It will be no guilt, lady."</p>
+
+<p>"Lucrezia!"</p>
+
+<p>"I have made it my business to inquire
+much about this girl—to ascertain her history.
+I thought it my duty, and very soon I
+should have laid the whole matter before you."</p>
+
+<p>"Well?"</p>
+
+<p>"You may destroy her, madam, as you
+would destroy that little bird there in its
+golden cage, without sin and without compunction."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Lucrezia, Lucrezia! once more I say
+unto thee, tempt me not. Wicked and artful
+as she is, she is still one of God's creatures."</p>
+
+<p>"Scarcely, my lady," answered Lucrezia,
+with a gesture which spoke of deep scorn for
+the culprit. "I have cause to believe—good
+cause," she repeated, lowering her voice, and
+looking round, as if she feared the very walls
+might hear the fearful words she was about
+to utter, "that she is one of those lost creatures
+who are enemies to the Universal Faith,
+a descendant of the Saxons, and an apostate;
+as too many of that race have become."</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">What</hi> say you?" gasped the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"That we have been harboring a heretic,
+madam," continued Lucrezia, her passion rising;
+"a spy, it may be, upon our holy ceremonies.
+No wonder that evil has fallen upon
+this house."</p>
+
+<p>"Go to the cell of Father Anselmo," shivered
+the Lady Adelaide, her teeth chattering
+with horror, "and pray his holiness to step
+hither: this fearful doubt shall at once be set
+at rest."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<head>II.</head>
+
+<p>Gina Montani, her head aching with suspense
+and anxiety, was shut up alone in her
+chamber when she received a summons to
+the apartments of her mistress. Obeying at
+once, she found the confessor, Father Anselmo,
+sitting there, by the side of the countess.
+The monk cast his eyes steadfastly upon Gina,<pb n="191" /><anchor id="Pg191" />
+as if examining her features. "Never, my
+daughter, never!" he said, at length, turning
+to the countess. "I can take upon myself
+to assert that this damsel of thine has never
+once appeared before me to be shriven."</p>
+
+<p>"Examine her," was the reply of the lady.</p>
+
+<p>"Daughter," said the priest, turning to
+Gina, "for so I would fain call thee, until assured
+that thou canst have no claim to the
+title, what faith is it that thou professest."</p>
+
+<p>Gina raised her hand to her burning temples.
+She saw that all was discovered. But
+when she removed it, the perplexity in her
+face had cleared away, and her resolution
+was taken. "The truth, the truth," she murmured;
+"for good, or for ill, I will tell it
+now."</p>
+
+<p>"Hearest thou not?" inquired the priest,
+somewhat more sternly. "Art thou a child
+of the True Faith?"</p>
+
+<p>"I am not a Roman Catholic," she answered,
+timidly, "if you call that faith the
+true one."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide and the priest crossed
+themselves simultaneously, whilst Gina grasped
+the arm of the chair against which she
+was standing. She was endeavoring to steel
+her heart to bravery; but in those days, and
+in that country, such a scene was a terrible
+ordeal.</p>
+
+<p>"Dost thou not worship the One True
+God," continued the priest, "and acknowledge
+his Holiness, our Father at Rome, to be
+His sole representative here?"</p>
+
+<p>"I worship the One True God," replied
+Gina, solemnly, joining her hands in a reverent
+attitude; "but for the Pope at Rome, I
+know him not."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide shrieked with aversion
+and terror, and the pale face of the monk became
+glowing with the crimson of indignation.
+"Knowest thou not," he said, "that
+to the Pope it is given to mediate between
+earth and heaven?"</p>
+
+<p>"I know," faltered Gina, shrinking at the
+monk's looks and tone, yet still courageous
+for the truth, "that there is One Mediator
+between God and man."</p>
+
+<p>"And he—?"</p>
+
+<p>"Our Saviour."</p>
+
+<p>"Miserable heretic!" scowled the monk,
+"hast thou yet to learn that of all the living
+souls this world contains, not one can enter
+the fold of Heaven without the sanction of
+our Holy Father, the Pope?"</p>
+
+<p>"I shall never learn it," whispered Gina,
+"and to me such doctrines savor of blasphemy.
+Therefore, I beseech you, dilate not on
+them."</p>
+
+<p>"Lost, miserable wretch!" cried the priest,
+lifting his hands in dismay. "Need I tell
+thee, that in the next world there is a place
+of torture kept for such as thee—a gulf of
+burning flames, never to be extinguished.</p>
+
+<p>"We are told there is such a place," she
+answered, struggling with her tears, for the
+interview was becoming too painful. "May
+the infinite love and mercy of God keep both
+you and me from it!"</p>
+
+<p>"Thou art hopeless—hopeless!" ejaculated
+the monk, sternly. "Yet, another question
+ere I send thee forth. Where hast thou imbibed
+these deadly doctrines?"</p>
+
+<p>"My mother wedded with an Italian," answered
+Gina, "but she was born on the free
+soil of England, and reared in its Reformed
+Faith."</p>
+
+<p>"A benighted land—an accursed land!"
+screamed the priest, vehemently; "the time
+will come when it shall be deluged from one
+end to the other with its apostates' blood."</p>
+
+<p>"It is an enlightened land—a free, blessed
+land!" retorted Gina, in agitation; "and
+God's mercy will rest upon it, and keep it
+powerful amongst nations, so long as its sons
+remain true to their Reformed Faith."</p>
+
+<p>"Insanity has fallen upon them," raved the
+monk, endeavoring to drown the bold words
+of Gina,—"nothing but insanity. But," he
+added, dropping his voice, "let them beware.
+Quem Deus vult perdere, prius dementat."</p>
+
+<p>Gina understood not the tongue; but the
+Lady Adelaide did, and crossed herself.</p>
+
+<p>"And this mother of thine," sneered the
+monk, turning again to Gina, "where may
+she be?"</p>
+
+<p>"She is dead," gasped Gina, bursting into
+tears.</p>
+
+<p>"Good!" assented the monk; "then she
+is meeting with her deserts."</p>
+
+<p>"God grant she may be!" aspirated the
+maiden, "for she died in the faith of Christ."</p>
+
+<p>"And who have been thy worthy instructors
+since?" proceeded the priest.</p>
+
+<p>"I have had but one guide since," answered
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p>"Disclose the name."</p>
+
+<p>"My Bible."</p>
+
+<p>The monk uttered what seemed very like
+a scream of passion, and the Lady Adelaide,
+as she heard the words, half rose from her
+chair.</p>
+
+<p>"Be calm, my daughter," interrupted the
+monk, waving his hand towards the countess;
+"I will guard thee from the harm caused by
+contact with this heretical being. Desire
+her, I pray thee, to fetch this Book hither,
+that I may glance at it."</p>
+
+<p>"Go," cried the Lady Adelaide, imperiously,
+to Gina; "bring this Bible instantly!"</p>
+
+<p>Gina obeyed, and the sacred volume was
+placed in the hands of the monk. The Lady
+Adelaide shrank from touching it.</p>
+
+<p>"Ha!" cried the monk, perceiving it to be
+printed in the English tongue, "dost thou
+speak this language, then?"</p>
+
+<p>"It is familiar to me as my own," replied
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p>"I will summon thy attendants for a light,
+my daughter," he remarked to the Lady Adelaide.
+And when one was brought, the
+priest advanced to a part of the room where
+the marble floor was uncovered by tapestry,
+and tearing the leaves from the Book, he set<pb n="192" /><anchor id="Pg192" />
+light to them, till all, both the Old and New
+Testament, were consumed, and the ashes
+scattered on the ground. "It is the most
+dangerous instructor that can be placed in
+the hands of the people," he observed, complacently
+watching the black mass smouldering
+there. And Gina Montani pressed her
+hands upon her chest, which was throbbing
+with agitation, but she did not dare to utter
+a word of remonstrance.</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, father, father!" cried the Lady Adelaide,
+sinking at his feet, after Gina had been
+conducted to her chamber, and giving vent
+involuntarily to sobs of agony, "she has dared
+to come between me and my husband—he
+has known her long, it seems. If she
+should have tainted him with this black heresy?"</p>
+
+<p>The monk turned as white as the lady's
+dress at the suggestion. It was enough to
+make him. That that docile and faithful servant
+of the Church, the powerful Chief of Visinara,
+who was ever ready, at only half a hint,
+to endow it with valuable offerings and presents—entire
+robes of point lace for the Virgin
+Mary, and flounces and tuckers for all the
+female saints in the calendar, not to speak of
+his donations in hard cash, and his frequent
+offerings of paintings, most of them representing
+the popes working miracles, particularly
+that very pious one, Alexander VI.—that
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">he</hi> should have had dissent instilled into
+him, perhaps even been made familiar with
+the principles of this upstart creed! Had
+his reverence swooned outright, it would
+have only been what might be expected.</p>
+
+<p>"It will not be a crime to remove her, father,"
+faltered the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Crime</hi>!" cried the ruffled priest; "canst
+thou connect the word—in that sense—with
+so degraded a being?"</p>
+
+<p>"To remove her in <hi rend="font-style: italic">any way</hi>," persisted the
+lady, in a whisper. "Yet the world might
+call it <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">murder</hi>."</p>
+
+<p>"No punishment in this world is adequate
+to her sin," answered the monk. "And she
+must not be suffered to remain in it."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou wilt then grant me absolution beforehand,
+holy father," implored the Lady
+Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"And what canst thou do, my child?" resumed
+the monk, smiling upon the countess.
+"Thou hast not been used to such work, and
+wouldst prove a sad novice at it."</p>
+
+<p>"Too true," she uttered; "my heart is
+trembling now. Indeed, I could think but
+of one way—the moat. And though the order
+seems easy enough to give, I fear I should,
+when the moment came, shrink from issuing
+it."</p>
+
+<p>"And who hast thou in this castle that
+will do thy bidding in secret and in silence?
+It were better that this deed were not known:
+and thou canst not stop tongues, my daughter."</p>
+
+<p>"There are many bound to my interests,
+who would, I believe, lay down their lives for
+me," deliberated the Lady Adelaide; "yet,
+alas! the tongue is an unruly member, and
+is apt to give utterance in unguarded moments
+to words against the will."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou hast reason, my child. I but put
+the question to try thee. I will undertake
+this business for thee. That evil one's sin
+has been committed against the Church, and
+it is fitting that the Church should inflict the
+punishment."</p>
+
+<p>"Thou wilt cause her to be flung into the
+moat?" shuddered the Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"The moat!" echoed the priest. "Thinkest
+thou, my daughter, that the Church is
+wont to carry out her dealings by ordinary
+means? Signal as this woman's sin has been,
+signal must be her expiation."</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Can</hi> it be expiated?"</p>
+
+<p>"Never, either in this world or the next.
+And every moment of delay that we voluntarily
+make in hurling her to her doom, must
+draw down wrath on our own heads from the
+saints on high."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide meekly bowed <hi rend="font-style: italic">her</hi> head,
+as if to deprecate any wrath that might just
+then be falling.</p>
+
+<p>"Thy lady in waiting, Lucrezia, is true, I
+have reason to believe," continued the monk.</p>
+
+<p>"I believe her to be true," answered the
+Lady Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"We may want her co-operation," he concluded,
+"for I opine that thou, my daughter,
+wilt not deign to aid in this; neither do I
+think thou art fitted for it."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>III.</head>
+
+<p>The castle was wrapped in silence, it being
+past the hour at which the household retired
+to repose. Gina Montani was in her nightdress,
+though as yet she had not touched her
+hair, which remained in long curls, as she
+had worn it in the day. Suspense and agitation
+caused her to linger, and she sat at her
+dressing-table in a musing attitude, her head
+resting on her hand, wondering what would
+be the ending to all that the day had brought
+forth. She had dismissed her attendant some
+time before. With a deep sigh she rose to
+continue her preparations for rest, when the
+door softly opened, and the Signora Lucrezia
+appeared.</p>
+
+<p>"You need not prepare yourself for bed,"
+she observed, in a low, distinct whisper;
+"another sort of bed is preparing for you."</p>
+
+<p>"What do you mean?" demanded the
+startled girl.</p>
+
+<p>"That you are this night to die."</p>
+
+<p>Gina shrieked.</p>
+
+<p>"I may tell you," interrupted the lady,
+"that screams and resistance will be wholly
+useless. Your doom is irrevocable, therefore
+it may save you trouble to be silent."</p>
+
+<p>"You are speaking falsely to me. I have
+done nothing to deserve death."</p>
+
+<p>"Equivocation will be alike unavailing,"
+repeated Lucrezia. "And if you ask what
+you have done—you have dared to step with
+your ill-placed passion between my lord and
+the Lady Adelaide: you have brought discredit<pb n="193" /><anchor id="Pg193" />
+upon the long-upheld religion of this
+house."</p>
+
+<p>"I have disturbed no one's faith," returned
+Gina. "I wish to disturb none. It is true
+that I love Giovanni, Count di Visinara, but
+I loved him long ere he saw the Lady Adelaide."</p>
+
+<p>"What!" cried the signora, her cheeks inflamed,
+and her brow darkening, "do you
+dare to avow your shame to my face?"</p>
+
+<p>"It is no shame," answered Gina, sadly;
+there is nothing of guilt in such a love as
+mine."</p>
+
+<p>"Follow me," repeated Lucrezia. "You
+have no time to waste in lamentations."</p>
+
+<p>"By whose orders do I die?" demanded
+the indignant girl. "Not by <hi rend="font-style: italic">his</hi>; and no one
+else has a right to condemn me."</p>
+
+<p>Lucrezia expected this, and was prepared.
+Alas, that the Lord of Visinara should that
+day have left his signet ring behind him!</p>
+
+<p>"Do you know this ring!" demanded Lucrezia,
+holding out the jewel.</p>
+
+<p>"Too well. It is the Count of Visinara's."</p>
+
+<p>"You may then know who has condemned
+you."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, Giovanni!" wailed Gina, as she sank
+prostrate on the floor in her anguish, "this
+from you!" All idea of resistance vanished
+with the thought that it was him she so loved
+who doomed her to destruction. "I thought
+he was still at the Capella Palace," she inquired,
+looking up at Lucrezia, a doubt possibly
+finding its way to her heart. "When
+did he return?"</p>
+
+<p>"I came not to waste the moments in idle
+words," returned Lucrezia, as she prepared
+to utter the falsehood; "it is sufficient for
+you to know that he <hi rend="font-style: italic">has</hi> returned, and has
+given the orders that you seem inclined to
+resist."</p>
+
+<p>"Implore him to come to me for one moment,
+for a last farewell."</p>
+
+<p>"I may not ask it. He is with the Lady
+Adelaide."</p>
+
+<p>"First, my happiness, then, my life, sacrificed
+to appease the Lady Adelaide! Oh,
+Giovanni! false, but dear Giovanni—"</p>
+
+<p>"I have no orders to call those who will
+use violence," interrupted the signora, "but
+I must do so if you delay to follow me."</p>
+
+<p>"I am about to dress myself," returned
+Gina.</p>
+
+<p>"The dress you have on will serve as well
+as another—and better, for a night-gown bears
+some resemblance to a shroud."</p>
+
+<p>"One moment for prayer," was the next
+imploring petition.</p>
+
+<p>"Prayer for you!" broke contemptuously
+from the signora.</p>
+
+<p>"A single moment for prayer," reiterated
+the victim. "If I am, indeed, about to meet
+my Maker, I stand awfully in need of it; for
+I have of late worshipped but one, but it has
+not been Him."</p>
+
+<p>"Prayer for <hi rend="font-style: italic">you</hi>, a <hi rend="font-style: italic">heretic</hi>!" repeated Lucrezia;
+"you may as well offer it up to blocks
+of wood or stone. The creed you profess forfeits
+all inheritance for you in heaven."</p>
+
+<p>Yet still Gina repeated it—"A few moments
+for prayer, in mercy!"</p>
+
+<p>"Then pray away where you are going,"
+returned Lucrezia, impatiently. "You will
+have time enough, and to spare—minutes,
+and hours, and days, perhaps."</p>
+
+<p>The signora evidently took a savage pleasure
+in urging on the death of Gina Montani.
+What could be the reason? Women in general
+are not so frightfully cruel. The motive
+was, that she herself loved the count. As
+Bianca had said, when watching the bridal
+cavalcade, could any be brought into daily
+contact with one so attractive and not learn
+to love him? so it had proved with Lucrezia.
+Being the favorite attendant of her mistress,
+she was much with her, and consequently
+daily and frequently in the company of Giovanni.
+He had many a gay word and passing
+jest for her, for he was by nature a gallant,
+free-spoken man; and this had its effect.
+Whilst he never glanced a thought towards
+her but as one necessary to wait upon his
+wife, he became to her heart dangerously
+dear; and excessively jealous had she been
+of Gina ever since she had heard the conversation
+in the embroidery-room. Pushing the
+unfortunate girl on before her, Lucrezia silently
+passed from Gina's bed-chamber to the
+secret passages, plenty of which might be
+found in the castle. She bore a lantern in
+her hand, which emitted a dim, uncertain
+light. At length they came to a passage, a
+little beyond the chapel, far removed from
+the habited apartments; and in the middle
+of this were two male forms, busily occupied
+at work of some description. A lantern, similar
+to the one Lucrezia carried, was hanging
+high up against the opposite wall; another
+stood on the ground. Gina stopped and shivered,
+but Lucrezia touched her arm, and she
+walked on. They were nearing the men,
+who were habited as monks, and their faces
+shielded beneath their cowls, when the signora
+halted and pressed her hand upon her
+brow, as if in thought. Presently she turned
+to Gina. A second lie was in her mouth;
+but how was the ill-fated young lady to know
+it? "<hi rend="font-style: italic">He</hi> sent you a message," she whispered.
+"It is his last request to you. Will you receive
+it?" The unhappy victim looked up eagerly.</p>
+
+<p>"He requests, then, by his love for you—by
+the remembrance of the happy moments
+you once spent together, that you neither resist
+nor scream."</p>
+
+<p>Her heart was too full to speak; but she
+bowed her head in acquiescence. Lucrezia
+moved to go on. "How is my life to be
+taken? By the dagger? By blows?"</p>
+
+<p>"By neither—by nothing. Not a hair of
+your head will be touched."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! I might have guessed. It is by poison."</p>
+
+<p>"It will be taken by <hi rend="font-style: italic">nothing</hi>, I tell you.
+Why do you not listen to me?"</p>
+
+<pb n="194" /><anchor id="Pg194" />
+
+<p>"You speak in riddles," said Gina, faintly.
+"But I will bear my fate, whatever it may
+be."</p>
+
+<p>"And in silence? <hi rend="font-style: italic">He</hi> asks it by your mutual
+love."</p>
+
+<p>"All, all, for his sake," she answered.
+"Tell him, as I have loved, so will I obey
+him to the last."</p>
+
+<p>Lucrezia walked on, and Gina followed.
+She saw and understood the manner of her
+death, but, faithful to the imagined wish of
+her lover, she uttered neither remonstrance
+nor cry. The clock was upon the stroke of
+one, when smothered groans of fear and anguish
+told that her punishment had begun;
+but no louder sound broke the midnight silence,
+or carried the appalling deed to the inhabitants
+of the castle. An hour passed before
+all was completed: they were long in
+doing their deed of vengeance; and, when it
+was over, Gina Montani had been removed
+from the world forever.</p>
+
+<p>"Madame, she is gone!" was the salutation
+of Lucrezia, her teeth chattering, and
+her face the hue of a corpse, when she entered
+the chamber of her mistress.</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide had not retired to rest.
+She was pacing her apartment in unutterable
+misery. The social conditions of life, its forms
+and objects, were to her as nothing since her
+terrible awaking to reality.</p>
+
+<p>Morning had dawned before the return of
+the Lord of Visinara. He was fatigued both
+in body and mind, and, throwing himself upon
+a couch, slept for some hours. And he
+probably would have rested longer, had not
+an unusual disturbance and commotion in his
+household aroused him. They were telling
+a strange tale: one that, for the moment,
+drove the life-blood away from his heart. It
+was, that the wicked dealings of Gina Montani
+with Satan had been brought to light on
+the previous day. The holy Father Anselmo
+had taxed her with her guilt, and she had
+openly confessed all without reserve; and
+that the Evil One had appeared in the night,
+and had run away with her—a just reward.</p>
+
+<p>In those times, a reputed visit of the devil
+in <hi rend="font-style: italic">propria persona</hi> would have been likely to
+obtain more credence than it could in these:
+but it would probably be going too far to say
+that the Lord of Visinara participated in the
+belief of his horror-stricken household. Certain
+it is, he caused minute inquiries to be
+made, although at the express disapprobation
+of the spiritual directors of the neighboring
+monastery, some of whom were attached to
+the services of his chapel, and pointed out to
+him the grievous sin it was thus to be solicitous
+about the fate of an avowed heretic.
+But he could learn nothing. The maid who
+waited on her testified that she assisted Gina
+to undress on the previous night. In proof
+of which, the garments she had taken off
+were found in the chamber. The remainder
+of her clothes were in their places undisturbed;
+the only article missing being a nightdress,
+which the attendant in question said
+she saw her put on; and her bed had not
+been slept in. Giovanni spoke to his wife,
+but she observed a haughty silence, and it
+was useless to question her. He had the moat
+dragged, and the neighborhood for miles
+round scoured, but no tidings could be obtained.
+Yet, strange to say, in passing on
+that first morning through the remote corridors,
+he fancied he heard her voice pronounce
+his name in a tone of imploring agony. He
+searched in every nook and corner, but found
+nothing, and soon thought no more of it, except
+to marvel how his imagination could so
+have deceived him.</p>
+
+<p>After a time, peace was restored between
+the count and the Lady Adelaide; but all bliss
+for her, all mutual confidence, had ceased for
+ever.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>IV.</head>
+
+<p>It was midnight. In the nursery at the
+castle sat the head nurse, and on her lap was
+the dying heir of Visinara, now eight or ten
+months old. Until nine days previous, he
+had been a healthy child, but, from that time,
+a wasting fever had attacked him, and now
+he was ill unto death. The Lady Adelaide,
+her eyes blinded with tears, knelt beside him,
+gazing on his colorless face. The count himself
+was gently rubbing his little hands to try
+and excite some warmth in them.</p>
+
+<p>"Do you not think he looks a little, a <hi rend="font-style: italic">very</hi>
+little better?" demanded the lady, anxiously.</p>
+
+<p>The nurse hesitated. She did not think
+so, but she was unwilling to say what she
+thought.</p>
+
+<p>"His hands—are they any warmer, Giovanni?"</p>
+
+<p>The count shook his head, and the nurse
+spoke. "There will be hope, madam, if this
+last medicine should take effect."</p>
+
+<p>The Lady Adelaide pressed her lips upon
+the infant's forehead, and burst into tears.</p>
+
+<p>"You will be ill, Adelaide," said her husband.
+"This incessant watching is bad for
+you. Let me persuade you to take rest."</p>
+
+<p>She motioned in the negative.</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, madam, but you ought to do
+so," interrupted Lucrezia, who was present:
+"these many nights you have passed without
+sleep; and your health so delicate!"</p>
+
+<p>"Lie down—lie down, my love," interposed
+her husband, "if only for a short time."</p>
+
+<p>Again she refused; but at length they induced
+her to comply, her husband promising
+to watch over the child, and to let her know
+if there should be the slightest change in him.
+He passed his arms round his wife to lead her
+from the chamber, for she was painfully weak;
+but they had scarcely gone ten steps from
+the door, when a prolonged, shrill scream, as
+of one in unutterable terror, reached their
+ears. They rushed back again. The nurse
+sat, still supporting the child, but with her
+eyes dilating and fixed on one corner of the
+room, and her face rigid with horror. It was
+she who had screamed.</p>
+
+<pb n="195" /><anchor id="Pg195" />
+
+<p>"My child! my child!" groaned the Lady
+Adelaide.</p>
+
+<p>"Nurse, what in the name of the Holy Virgin
+is the matter?" exclaimed the count, perceiving
+no alteration in the infant. "You
+look as if you had seen a spectre!"</p>
+
+<p>"I have seen one," shuddered the nurse.</p>
+
+<p>"What <hi rend="font-style: italic">have</hi> you been dreaming of?" he
+returned, angrily.</p>
+
+<p>"As true as that we are all assembled here,
+my lord," continued the nurse, solemnly, "I
+saw the spirit of Gina Montani!"</p>
+
+<p>A change came over the Lord of Visinara's
+countenance, but he spoke not; whilst the
+Lady Adelaide clung to her husband in fear,
+and Lucrezia darted into the midst of the
+group, and laid hold of the nurse's chair.</p>
+
+<p>"What absurdity!" uttered the count, recovering
+himself. "How could such an idea
+enter your head?"</p>
+
+<p>"Were it the last word I had to speak, my
+lord," continued the woman, "and to my
+dying day, I will maintain what I assert. I
+saw but now the ghost of Gina Montani. It
+was in a night-dress, and stood <hi rend="font-style: italic">there</hi>, far away,
+where the lamp casts its shade."</p>
+
+<p>"Nonsense!" said the count abstractedly.
+"Pray did you see anything?" he continued,
+banteringly, to Lucrezia, and to another attendant
+who was in the room. They answered
+that they had not: but Lucrezia was white,
+and shook convulsively. A wild, frantic sob,
+burst from the Lady Adelaide. The child
+was dead!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>V.</head>
+
+<p>Many months again slipped by, with little
+to distinguish them save the decreasing
+strength of the Lady Adelaide. She had been
+wasting slowly since the shock given her
+heart at discovering her husband's love for
+Gina Montani. She loved him passionately,
+and she <hi rend="font-style: italic">knew</hi> her love was unrequited; for
+affections once bestowed, as his had been, can
+never be recalled and given to another. The
+illness of the mind had its effect upon the
+body; she became worse and worse, and, after
+the birth of a second child, it was evident
+that she was sinking rapidly. She lay upon
+the stately bed in her magnificent chamber,
+about which were scattered many articles
+consecrated to her girlhood, or to her happy
+bridal, and, as such, precious. Seated by the
+bedside was her husband; one hand clasping
+hers, in the other he held a cambric handkerchief,
+with which he occasionally wiped her
+languid brow. "Bear with me a little longer,"
+my husband—but a short time."</p>
+
+<p>"Bear with you, Adelaide!" he repeated;
+"would to the Blessed Virgin you might be
+spared to me!"</p>
+
+<p>"It is impossible," she sighed, pressing his
+hand upon her wasted bosom.</p>
+
+<p>"Adelaide"—he hesitated; after awhile—"I
+would ask you a question—a question
+which, if you can, I entreat that you will
+answer."</p>
+
+<p>She looked at him inquiringly, and he resumed,
+in a low voice: "What became of
+Gina Montani?"</p>
+
+<p>Even amidst the pallid hue of death, a flush
+appeared in her cheeks at the words. She
+gasped once or twice with agitation before
+she could speak. "Bring not up that subject
+now; the only one that came between us to
+disturb our peace—the one to which I am indebted
+for my death. I am lying dying before
+you, Giovanni, and you can think but of
+her."</p>
+
+<p>"My love, why will you so misunderstand
+me?"</p>
+
+<p>"These thoughts excite me dreadfully,"
+she continued. "Let us banish them, if you
+would have peace visit me in dying."</p>
+
+<p>"May your death be far away yet," he
+sighed.</p>
+
+<p>"Ah! I trust so—a little longer—a few
+days with you and my dear child!" And the
+count clasped his hands together as he silently
+echoed her prayer.</p>
+
+<p>"Will you reach me my small casket?" she
+continued; "I put a few trinkets in it, yesterday,
+to leave as tokens of remembrance. I
+must show you how I wish them bestowed."</p>
+
+<p>He rose from his seat, and looked about
+the room; but he could not find the jewelcase.
+"The small one, Giovanni," she said;
+"not my diamond casket. I thought it was
+in the mosaic cabinet. Or, perhaps, they
+may have taken it into my dressing-room."</p>
+
+<p>He went into the adjoining apartment, and
+had found the missing casket, when a shriek
+of horror from the lips of the Lady Adelaide
+smote his ear. He was in an instant at her
+bedside, supporting her in his arms; the attendants
+also came running in. "My dearest
+Adelaide, what is it that excites you thus?"
+But his inquiries were in vain. She lay in
+his arms, sobbing convulsively, and clinging
+to him as if in terror. Broken words came
+from her at length: "I looked up—when
+you were away—and saw—there, in that
+darkened recess—<hi rend="font-style: italic">her</hi>. I did—I did, Giovanni!"</p>
+
+<p>"Whom?" he said becoming very pale.</p>
+
+<p>"Her—Gina Montani. She was in white—a
+long dress it seemed. Oh! Giovanni,
+leave me not again."</p>
+
+<p>"I will never leave you, Adelaide. But
+this—it must have been a fancy—an illusion
+of the imagination. We had just been speaking
+of her."</p>
+
+<p>"You remember," she sobbed, "the night
+our child died—nurse saw the same spectre.
+It may—"</p>
+
+<p>The lady's voice failed her, and her husband
+started, for a rapid change was taking
+place in her countenance.</p>
+
+<p>"I am dying, Giovanni," she said, clinging
+to him, and trembling with nervous terror.
+"Oh, support me! A doctor—a priest—Father
+Anselmo—where are they? He gave
+me absolution, he said. Then why does the
+remembrance of the deed come back again
+now? They would not have done it without<pb n="196" /><anchor id="Pg196" />
+my sanction. Giovanni, my husband—protect
+and love our child—desert him never.
+Giovanni, I say, can they indeed forgive—or
+does it rest above? If so, oh! why did I
+have her killed? Giovanni, who is it—Father
+Anselmo?—God?—<hi rend="font-style: italic">who</hi> is to forgive me?
+It <hi rend="font-style: italic">was</hi> murder! Giovanni, where are you?
+My sight is going—Giovanni—" Her voice
+died away, and the count bowed his head in
+his anguish, whilst the attendants pressed forwards
+to look at her countenance. The Lady
+Adelaide had passed to another world!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>VI.</head>
+
+<p>It was years after the death of Lady Adelaide,
+that workmen were making some alterations
+in the Castle of Visinara, preparatory
+to the second marriage of its lord, who
+was about to espouse the lovely Elena di Capella.
+They were taking down the walls of
+a secret passage, or corridor, leading out of
+the chapel to the neighboring monastery.
+Standing, looking on, was the count, still, to
+all appearance, youthful, though he was, in
+reality, some years past thirty, but his features
+were of a cast that do not quickly take
+the signs of age. By his side stood a fair boy
+of seven years old—his heir—open-hearted,
+engaging, with a smiling countenance, on
+which might be traced his father's features,
+whilst he had inherited his mother's soft blue
+eyes and her sunny hair.</p>
+
+<p>"What a while you are!" exclaimed the
+child, looking on, with impatience, to see the
+walls come down. "You should hit harder."</p>
+
+<p>"The walls are very thick, Alberto," observed
+his father. "All these niches, which
+have been blocked up, and in the olden time
+contained statues, have to come down also."</p>
+
+<p>"They are taking down a niche now, are
+they not, papa?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not yet. They are removing the wall
+which has been built before it. It appears
+fresher, too, than the rest; of more recent
+date."</p>
+
+<p>"It seems extraordinarily fresh, my lord,"
+observed one of the workmen. "The materials
+are old, but it has certainly been rebuilt
+within a few years—within ten, I should
+say."</p>
+
+<p>"Not it," laughed the count. "These corridors
+have not been touched during my lifetime."</p>
+
+<p>"This portion of them has, my lord, you
+may rely upon it."</p>
+
+<p>As he spoke, the remainder came down with
+a tremendous crash, leaving the niches exposed,
+There was no statue there—but the corpse of
+the unfortunate Gina Montani, standing upright
+in her night-dress, was revealed to their
+sight—nearly as fresh as if she had died but
+yesterday, having been excluded from the air.
+The features, it is true, were scarcely to be
+recognized, but the hair—the long brown
+curls falling on her neck—was the same as
+ever. This was her horrible death then—to
+be walled up alive! The count grew sick
+and faint as he gazed. Before he had time
+to collect his startled thoughts, the child pulled
+at and clung to his arm. "Take me away.
+What is that dreadful thing? You look white
+and cold too, not as you always do. Oh, what
+is it? Dear papa, take me from here!"</p>
+
+<p>The workmen were affrighted—perhaps
+more so, though less shocked, than the count.
+But one of them, partially recovering himself,
+touched the corpse with an implement
+he had been using, and it came down a heap
+of dust. The Lord of Visinara turned, and
+with steps that tottered under him, bore his
+child back to the castle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>VII.</head>
+
+<p>You may hear in Italy unto this day, various
+versions of this tradition. One will tell
+you that the Lord of Visinara offered moneys
+and treasures, to the half of his possessions,
+to the monks, if they would lay the troubled
+spirit of Gina Montani, but that, although
+they tried hard, they could not do it. According
+to another version, the friars would
+not try, for that no heretic's soul may be
+prayed for in the Roman Church. But, however
+the monks may have settled it amongst
+themselves, all versions of the history agree
+in one particular, that the ghost <hi rend="font-style: italic">was not</hi> laid;
+that it never would be, and never could be,
+but still wanders on the earth. And you
+were wise to profess faith in it too, if you go
+amongst the Italians, unless you would be
+looked on as an unbeliever, not a degree
+better than the poor Protestant maiden
+Montani.</p>
+
+<p>Several descendants of Giovanni and Adelaide
+of Visinara, are still scattered about
+Italy, though greatly reduced in station. And
+the accredited belief is, that whenever death
+is going to remove one of these, the spirit of
+the ill-fated Gina appears and shows itself to
+them in the moments of their last and most
+terrible agonies.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>VISION OF CHARLES XI.</head>
+<head type="sub">From Sharpe's Magazine</head>
+
+<p>We are in the habit of laughing incredulously
+at stories of visions and supernatural
+apparitions, yet some are so well authenticated,
+that if we refuse to believe them, we
+should, in consistency, reject all historical
+evidence. The fact I am about to relate is
+guaranteed by a declaration signed by four
+credible witnesses; I will only add, that the
+prediction contained in this declaration was
+well known, and generally spoken of, long
+before the occurrence of the events which
+have apparently fulfilled it.</p>
+
+<p>Charles XI., father of the celebrated Charles
+XII., was one of the most despotic, but, at
+the same time, wisest monarchs, who ever
+reigned in Sweden. He curtailed the enormous
+privileges of the nobility, abolished the
+power of the Senate, made laws on his own
+authority; in a word, he changed the constitution
+of the country, hitherto an oligarchy,
+and forced the States to invest him with absolute
+power. He was a man of enlightened<pb n="197" /><anchor id="Pg197" />
+and strong mind, firmly attached to the Lutheran
+religion; his disposition was cold, unfeeling,
+and phlegmatic, utterly destitute of
+imagination. He had just lost his queen,
+Ulrica Eleonora, and he appeared to feel her
+death more than could have been expected
+from a man of his character. He became
+even more gloomy and silent than before, and
+his incessant application to business proved
+his anxiety to banish painful reflections.</p>
+
+<p>Towards the close of an autumn evening,
+he was sitting in his dressing-gown and slippers,
+before a large fire, in his private apartment.
+His chamberlain, Count Brahe, and
+his physician, Baumgarten, were with him.
+The evening wore away, and his majesty did
+not dismiss them as usual; with his head
+down and his eyes fixed on the fire, he maintained
+a profound silence, weary of his guests,
+and fearing, half unconsciously, to remain
+alone. The count and his companion tried
+various subjects of conversation, but could
+interest him in nothing. At length Brahe,
+who supposed that sorrow for the queen was
+the cause of his depression, said with a deep
+sigh, and pointing to her portrait, which hung
+in the room,</p>
+
+<p>"What a likeness that is! How truly it
+gives the expression, at once so gentle and so
+dignified!"</p>
+
+<p>"Nonsense!" said the king, angrily, "the
+portrait is far too flattering; the queen was
+decidedly plain."</p>
+
+<p>Then, vexed at his unkind words, he rose
+and walked up and down the room, to hide
+an emotion at which he blushed. After a few
+minutes he stopped before the window looking
+into the court; the night was black, and
+the moon in her first quarter.</p>
+
+<p>The palace where the kings of Sweden now
+reside was not completed, and Charles XI.
+who commenced it, inhabited the old palace,
+situated on the Ritzholm, facing Lake Modu.
+It is a large building in the form of a horseshoe:
+the king's private apartments were in
+one of the extremities; opposite was the great
+hall where the States assembled to receive
+communications from the crown. The windows
+of that hall suddenly appeared illuminated.
+The king was startled, but at first
+supposed that a servant with a light was passing
+through; but then, that hall was never
+opened except on state occasions, and the
+light was too brilliant to be caused by a single
+lamp. It then occurred to him that it
+must be a conflagration; but there was no
+smoke, and the glass was not broken; it had
+rather the appearance of an illumination.
+Brahe's attention being called to it, he proposed
+sending one of the pages to ascertain
+the cause of the light, but the king stopped
+him, saying, he would go himself to the hall.
+He left the room, followed by the count and
+doctor, with lighted torches. Baumgarten
+called the man who had charge of the keys,
+and ordered him, in the king's name, to open
+the doors of the great hall. Great was his
+surprise at this unexpected command. He
+dressed himself quickly, and came to the king
+with his bunch of keys. He opened the first
+door of a gallery which served as an antechamber
+to the hall. The king entered, and
+what was his amazement at finding the walls
+hung with black.</p>
+
+<p>"What is the meaning of this?" asked he.</p>
+
+<p>The man replied, that he did not know
+what to make of it, adding, "When the gallery
+was last opened, there was certainly no
+hanging over the oak panelling."</p>
+
+<p>The king walked on to the door of the hall.</p>
+
+<p>"Go no further, for heaven's sake," exclaimed
+the man; "surely there is sorcery
+going on inside. At this hour, since the
+queen's death, they say she walks up and
+down here. May God protect us!"</p>
+
+<p>"Stop, sire," cried the count and Baumgarten
+together, "don't you hear that noise?
+Who knows to what dangers you are exposing
+yourself! At all events, allow me to
+summon the guards."</p>
+
+<p>"I will go in," said the king, firmly; "open
+the door at once."</p>
+
+<p>The man's hand trembled so that he could
+not turn the key.</p>
+
+<p>"A fine thing to see an old soldier frightened,"
+said the king, shrugging his shoulders;
+"come, Count, will you open the door?"</p>
+
+<p>"Sire," replied Brahe, "let your majesty
+command me to march to the mouth of a
+Danish or German cannon, and I will obey
+unhesitatingly, but I cannot defy hell itself."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said the king, in a tone of contempt,
+"I can do it myself."</p>
+
+<p>He took the key, opened the massive oak
+door, and entered the hall, pronouncing the
+words, "With the help of God." His three
+attendants, whose curiosity overcame their
+fears, or who, perhaps, were ashamed to desert
+their sovereign, followed him. The hall
+was lighted by an innumerable number of
+torches. A black hanging had replaced the
+old tapestry. The benches round the hall
+were occupied by a multitude, all dressed in
+black; their faces were so dazzlingly bright
+that the four spectators of this scene were
+unable to distinguish one amongst them. On
+an elevated throne, from which the king was
+accustomed to address the assembly, sat a
+bloody corpse, as if wounded in several parts,
+and covered with the ensigns of royalty; on
+his right stood a child, a crown on his head,
+and a sceptre in his hand; at his left an old
+man leant on the throne; he was dressed in
+the mantle formerly worn by the administrators
+of Sweden, before it became a kingdom
+under Gustavus Vasa. Before the throne
+were seated several grave, austere looking
+personages, in long black robes. Between
+the throne and the benches of the assembly
+was a block covered with black crape; an
+axe lay beside it. No one in the vast assembly
+appeared conscious of the presence of
+Charles and his companions. On their entrance
+they heard nothing but a confused<pb n="198" /><anchor id="Pg198" />
+murmur, in which they could distinguish no
+words. Then the most venerable of the
+judges in the black robes, he who seemed to
+be their president, rose, and struck his hand
+five times on a folio volume which lay open
+before him. Immediately there was a profound
+silence, and some young men, richly
+dressed, their hands tied behind their backs,
+entered the hall by a door opposite to that
+which Charles had opened. He who walked
+first, and who appeared the most important
+of the prisoners, stopped in the middle of the
+hall, before the block, which he looked at
+with supreme contempt. At the same time
+the corpse on the throne trembled convulsively,
+and a crimson stream flowed from his
+wounds. The young man knelt down, laid
+his head on the block, the axe glittered in the
+air for a moment, descended on the block, the
+head railed over the marble pavement, and
+reached the feet of the king, and stained his
+slipper with blood. Until this moment surprise
+had kept Charles silent, but this horrible
+spectacle roused him, and advancing two
+or three steps towards the throne, he boldly
+addressed the figure on its left in the well-known
+formulary, "If thou art of God, speak;
+if of the other, leave us in peace."</p>
+
+<p>The phantom answered slowly and solemnly,
+"King Charles, this blood will not flow
+in thy time, but five reigns after." Here the
+voice became less distinct, "Woe, woe, woe
+to the blood of Vasa!" The forms of all the
+assembly now became less clear, and seemed
+but colored shades: soon they entirely disappeared;
+the lights were extinguished; still
+they heard a melodious noise, which one of
+the witnesses compared to the murmuring of
+the wind among the trees, another to the
+sound a harp string gives in breaking. All
+agreed as to the duration of the apparition,
+which they said lasted ten minutes. The
+hangings, the head, the waves of blood, all had
+disappeared with the phantoms, but Charles's
+slipper still retained a crimson stain, which
+alone would have served to remind him of
+the scenes of this night, if indeed they had
+not been too well engraven on his memory.</p>
+
+<p>When the king returned to his apartment,
+he wrote an account of what he had seen,
+and he and his companions signed it. In spite
+of all the precautions taken to keep these circumstances
+private, they were well known,
+even during the lifetime of Charles, and no
+one hitherto has thought fit to raise doubts as
+to their authenticity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.</head>
+<head type="sub">From the Dublin University Magazine.</head>
+
+<p>It seems strange that so obvious a case as
+that of Barlaam and the monks of Mount
+Athos has not been brought into the mesmerical
+collection of <hi rend="font-style: italic">pièces justificatives</hi>. The
+first compiler of the authorities on which it
+rests is Ughelli. The story is told in modern
+language by Mosheim, by Fleury, and by
+Gibbon at the years 1341-51. In taking the
+version of it by the last (Decline and Fall, c.
+63,) we shall run least risk of being imposed
+on by over-credulity.</p>
+
+<p>"The Fakirs of India and the monks of the
+Oriental Church," says the complacent philosopher
+of Lausanne, "were alike persuaded
+that in total abstraction of the mind and body,
+the purer spirit may ascend to the enjoyment
+and vision of the Deity. The opinions
+and practices of the monasteries of Mount
+Athos will be best represented in the words
+of an abbot who flourished in the eleventh
+century. 'When thou art alone in thy cell,'
+says the ascetic teacher, 'shut thy door and
+seat thyself in a corner: raise thy mind above
+all things vain and transitory; recline thy
+beard and chin on thy breast; turn thine
+eyes and thy thoughts towards the middle of
+thy belly, the region of the naval; and search
+the place of the heart, the seat of the soul.
+At first all will be dark and comfortless; but
+if you persevere day and night you will feel
+an ineffable joy; and no sooner has the soul
+discovered the place of the heart, than it is
+involved in a mystic and etherial light.' This
+light, the production of a distempered fancy,
+the creature of an empty stomach and an
+empty brain, was adored by the Quietists as
+the pure and perfect essence of God himself;
+and as long as the folly was confined to Mount
+Athos, the simple solitaries were not inquisitive
+how the divine essence could be a <hi rend="font-style: italic">material</hi>
+substance, or how an <hi rend="font-style: italic">immaterial</hi> substance
+could be perceived by the eyes of the
+body. But in the reign of the younger Andronicus
+these monasteries were visited by
+Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, who was equally
+skilled in philosophy and theology. The indiscretion
+of an ascetic revealed to the curious
+traveller the secrets of mental prayer,
+and Barlaam embraced the opportunity of
+ridiculing the Quietists who placed the soul
+in the naval; of accusing the monks of Mount
+Athos of heresy and blasphemy. His attack
+compelled the more learned to renounce or
+dissemble the simple devotion of their brethren;
+and Gregory Palamas introduced a scholastic
+distinction between the essence and operation
+of God."</p>
+
+<p>Gregory illustrated his argument by a reference
+to the celestial light manifested in the
+transfiguration of our Lord on Mount Thabor.
+On this distinction issue was taken by
+the disputatious Calabrian, and the result was
+the convocation of a synod at Constantinople,
+whose decree "established as an article
+of faith the uncreated light of Mount Thabor;
+and, after so many insults, the reason of mankind
+was slightly wounded by the addition of
+a single absurdity."</p>
+
+<p>Of the truth of facts so long and openly
+discussed, there can be no question. The
+monks of Mount Athos did indeed put themselves
+into a state which may with safety be
+called one of mental lucidity, by fixing their
+eyes intently on a point. Mr. Robertson, who<pb n="199" /><anchor id="Pg199" />
+used to induce the mesmeric sleep by causing
+his votaries to fix their eyes on a wafer, had
+better precedent than he supposed for his
+practice; and Miss Martineau, who, in her
+artificial trances, saw all objects illuminated
+has been unconsciously repeating a monastic
+method of worship. The contemptuous indifference
+of Gibbon for once arises from defect
+of information; and when in a note he
+observes that Mosheim "unfolds the causes
+with the judgment of a philosopher," while
+Fleury "transcribes and translates with the
+prejudices of a Catholic priest," himself gives
+a luculent example of the errors of philosophy,
+and of the often unsuspected approach of prejudice
+to truth. Mosheim's observation, notwithstanding
+the damaging approval of Gibbon,
+is not without its value. "There is no
+reason," he says, "for any to be surprised at
+this account, or to question its correctness.
+For among the precepts and rules of all those
+in the East who teach men how to withdraw
+the mind from the body, and to unite it with
+God, or inculcate what the Latins call a contemplative
+and mystic life, whether they are
+Christians, or Mohammedans, or Pagans, there
+is this precept, viz., <hi rend="font-style: italic">that the eyes must be fixed
+every day for some hours upon some particular
+object</hi>, and that whoever does this
+will be rapt into a kind of ecstasy. See what
+Engelbert Kempfer states concerning the
+monks and mystics of Japan; and the account
+of those of India by Francis Bernier."
+Strange that Mosheim, observing the uniformity
+both of the process and of its results in
+so many different parts of the world, should
+not have suspected that there was something
+more in this species of lucidity than the merely
+casual effects of a distempered imagination.
+By fixing the gaze even of the lower animals
+on an immovable point, they fall into a condition
+equally unnatural, and which, if they
+had language to express their visions, would
+probably be found equally clairvoyant.</p>
+
+<p>A favorite subject of mediæval art is the
+life of the Christian ascetic in the Desert. In
+these representations a human skull may generally
+be seen placed before the eyes of the
+devotee. Such an object would fix the gaze
+and induce the ecstasy as well as any other.
+The charm of this species of contemplation
+must have been intense, since in search of its
+exaltations and illuminations the very convents
+were deserted; and during the fourth
+and fifth centuries the deserts of Idumea, of
+Egypt, and of Pontus, swarmed with anchorites,
+who seemed to live only for the sake
+of escaping from life, and in their fasts and
+mortifications rivalled, if they did not for a
+time even surpass, the Fakirs of the East. To
+such an extent was this religious enthusiasm
+carried, that in Egypt the number of the
+monks was thought to equal that of the rest
+of the male population. Strange consideration,
+if it be the fact, that a few passes of a
+mesmeric operator should produce the same
+effects which these multitudes procured
+through toils so painful and sacrifices to themselves
+and to society so costly.</p>
+
+<p>The Egyptian method of inducing clairvoyance
+in boys, by causing them to gaze on a
+pool of ink in the palm of the hand, has already
+been identified with the practice of Dr.
+Dee, whose blank spherical mirror is now
+said to be in the possession and use of a distinguished
+modern mesmeriser. Divination
+by the crystal is a well-known mediæval
+practice; and from the accounts of it which
+Delrio and others have handed down it appears
+to have resembled, in some remarkable
+particulars, the method now in use among
+the soothsayers of Cairo. It does not appear
+to make any difference whether the polished
+object be black or white, a mirror, a solid
+ball, or a transparent globe containing water:
+the same extraordinary series of appearances
+is alleged to follow an earnest inspection of
+it. Before proceeding to Delrio's singular
+corroboration of this use of the crystal, it
+will be well to state what is known of divination
+by the phial and by the mirror. Divination
+by the phial is technically known as
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">gasteromancy</hi>. "In this kind of divination,"
+says Peucer, "the response is given by pictures,
+not by sounds. They procured glass
+vessels of a globular shape, filled with fair
+water, and set round them lighted tapers;
+and after invoking the demon with a muttered
+incantation, and proposing the question,
+they brought forward a pure boy-child, or a
+pregnant woman, who, gazing intently on the
+glass, and searching it with their eyes, called
+for, and demanded, a solution of the question
+proposed. The devil then answered these
+inquiries by certain images, which, by a kind
+of refraction, shone from the water on the
+polished and mirror-like surface of the phial."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Catoptromancy</hi>, or divination by the mirror,
+is as old as the time of the Roman Emperors.
+In one of the passages relating to
+this method of inducing what is called clairvoyance,
+we have an illustration of the early
+acquaintance of mankind with some of the
+forms of mesmerism. The passage is found
+in Spartian's life of Ditius Julian, the rich Roman
+who purchased the Empire when it was
+put up to auction by the Prætorian guards.
+"Julian was also addicted to the madness of
+consulting magicians, through whom he hoped
+either to appease the indignation of the people,
+or to control the violence of the soldiery.
+For they immolated certain victims (human?)
+not agreeable to the course of Roman sacrifice;
+and they performed certain profane incantations;
+and those things, too, which are
+done at the mirror, in which boys with their
+eyes blindfolded are said, by means of incantations,
+to see objects with the top of the
+head, Julian had recourse to. And the boy
+is said to have seen (in the mirror) both the
+approach of Severus and the death of Julian."</p>
+
+<p>The passage may be variously rendered,
+according to different readings and punctuations,
+either as "boys, who can see with their<pb n="200" /><anchor id="Pg200" />
+eyes blindfolded, by reason of incantations
+made over the top of the head;" or, "boys,
+who, having their eyes blindfolded, can see
+with the top of the head, by reason of incantations;"
+or, "boys, who, having their eyes
+blindfolded, can see with the top of the head,
+it being operated on by way of incantation."
+This seeing, or seeming to see, with the top
+of the head, is one alleged variety of the
+modes of modern clairvoyance. It seems
+difficult to imagine that the boy Horner,
+whose case is related by Mr. Topham, in a
+letter to Dr. Elliotson, dated May 31, 1847,
+could have heard any thing of these pagan
+practices. Mr. Topham, a barrister and man
+of credit, states: "After five or six weeks'
+mesmerism, he began spontaneously to exhibit
+instances of clairvoyance. The first occasion
+was on the 11th of September. It
+was in the dusk of the evening, so that the
+room where he was mesmerised was nearly
+dark. My previous mode of mesmerising
+him had been by pointing at his eyes, but on
+this occasion I began by making passes over
+the top of his head, and continued them after
+he was in the sleep. In the course of five or
+six minutes after the sleep was induced, he
+suddenly exclaimed that he could see into the
+room above us (the drawing-room). I said,
+'Your eyes are closed; how can you see?'
+And he replied, 'I don't see with my eyes;
+I see from the top of my head. All the top
+of my head seems open.' He then described,
+&amp;c. I found every thing as he had described,
+&amp;c." Mr. Topham, it need scarcely be
+added, does not appear to have been at all
+aware of the passage in Spartian, which, indeed,
+has not been cited or referred to in any
+published work for nearly two hundred years
+back.</p>
+
+<p>A like use of the suspended ring, indicating
+the early acquaintance of practitioners in
+these arts with one of the alleged evidences
+of the so-called <hi rend="font-style: italic">odylic</hi> force, is thus described
+by Peucer among various modes of hydromancy:
+"A bowl was filled with water, and
+a ring suspended from the finger was librated
+in the water; and so, according as the question
+was propounded, a declaration or confirmation
+of its truth, or otherwise, was obtained.
+If what was proposed was true, the
+ring, of its own accord, without any impulse,
+struck the sides of the goblet a certain number
+of times. They say that Numa Pompilius
+used to practise this method, and that he
+evoked the gods, and consulted them in water,
+in this way."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Crystallomancy</hi> is the art of divining by
+figures, which appear on the surface of a crystal
+ball, in like manner as on the phial filled
+with water. Concerning this practice, Delrio
+has the following remarkable passage, citing
+his contemporary, Spengler: "A man
+well versed in the Greek and Latin fathers,
+and happy, if he had not presumed, with unclean
+hands, to dabble in the mysteries of our
+faith (Spenger), has published in Germany a
+learned commentary on the nature of demons,
+which he has prefixed to Plutarch's Essay,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">De Defectu Oraculorum</hi>. From this (says
+Delrio) I extract, in his own words, the following
+narrative. There are some (he says)
+who, being consulted on matters unknown,
+distinctly see every thing that is inquired after
+in <hi rend="font-style: italic">crystals</hi>; and a little further on proceeds
+to state, that he once had an acquaintance,
+a man of one of the best families of
+Nuremberg, and that this acquaintance of his
+came to him on one occasion, bringing with
+him a crystal gem, of a round form, wrapped
+up in a piece of silk, which he told him he
+had received from a stranger, who encountering
+him several years before in the market-place,
+had asked his hospitality, and
+whom he had brought home with him and
+lodged for the space of three days; and that
+when the stranger was departing, he had left
+him the crystal as a present, in token of his
+obligation, and had taught him the use of it;
+thus, that if there was any thing he particularly
+wished to be informed of, he should
+take out this crystal and desire a pure male
+child to look into it and say what he should
+see there; and that it would come to pass that
+whatever he desired to be informed of, would
+be indicated by appearances seen by the boy.
+And he affirmed that he never was deceived
+in any instance, and that he learned matters
+of a wonderful kind from the representations
+of those boys, although no one else, by the
+closest inspection, could see any thing except
+the clear and shining gem. At a certain time,
+however, when his wife was pregnant of a
+male child, appearances were visible to her
+also in the crystal. First of all, there used
+to appear the form of a man clad in the ordinary
+habit of the times, and then would open
+the representation of whatever was inquired
+after; and when all was explained, the same
+figure of the man would depart and disappear;
+but in his departure would often appear to
+perambulate the town and enter the churches.
+But the report of these appearances having
+spread in all directions, they began to be
+threatened by the populace. It also appeared,
+that certain men of learning had read in
+the crystal some statements respecting doubts
+entertained by them in their studies; and
+moved by these and other reasons, Spengler
+stated that the owner of the crystal came to
+him, representing that he thought the time
+was come when he ought to cease making such
+a use of it; for that he was now persuaded
+he had sinned in no light degree in doing so,
+and had for a long time suffered grievous
+pangs of a disturbed conscience on that account,
+and had come to the determination of
+having nothing further to do with experiments
+of that kind, and had accordingly
+brought the crystal to him to do with it
+whatever he pleased. Then Spengler, highly
+approving his resolution, states that he took
+the crystal, and having pounded it into minute
+fragments, threw them, together with<pb n="201" /><anchor id="Pg201" />
+the silk wrapper, into a draw-well." So far
+Delrio.</p>
+
+<p>Another variety of this process is found in
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Onuchomanteia</hi>, or nail-divinition, also
+spoken of by Delrio. "In this species," says
+he, "male children, before they have lost
+their purity, smear their nails with oil and
+lamp-black, and then, holding up the nail
+against the sun, repeating some charm, see in
+it what they desire. This mischief," he goes
+on to say, "has gone even farther in our own
+time. I myself knew one Quevedo, a veteran
+Spanish soldier, but more distinguished in
+war and arms than in piety, who, being in
+Brussels at the time when the Duke of Medina
+Cæli set sail from Gallicia for Belgium,
+clearly showed in more than one of his nails
+the fleet leaving the port of Corunna, and
+soon after dreadfully tossed by a tempest.
+Thus this man, who could also cure the
+wounds of others by his words alone, rendered
+his own spiritual state incurable by any
+one."</p>
+
+<p>The like use of the crystal ball and spherical
+phial, containing water, suggests a version
+of the epigrams of Claudian—"De crystallo
+in quo aqua inclusa"—which has not
+been afforded by any of the commentators.
+Globules of water are sometimes found inclosed
+in crystals, as well as in amber. On
+one of those singular gems Claudian has composed
+a series of epigrams, which ascribe properties
+to the stone, and make allusion to uses
+of it hardly reconcileable with the idea of its
+being a merely puerile curiosity. The earlier
+epigrams of the series are neat and playful,
+but insignificant:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"The icy gem its aqueous birth attests,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Part turned to stone, while part in fluid rests;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Winter's numbed hand achieved the cunning feat,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> The perfecter for being incomplete.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Nymphs who your sister nymphs in glassy thrall</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Hold here imprisoned in the crystal ball;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Waters that were and are, declare the cause</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> That your bright forms at once congeals and thaws.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Scorn not the crystal ball, a worth it owns,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Greater than graven Erythrean stones;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Rude though it seems, a formless mass of ice,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> 'Tis justly counted 'mongst our gems of price."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>And so on through several others, until he
+comes to that one which seems to indicate
+something beyond a merely figurative use of
+the word "nymphs;" though, after all, it is
+possible that the word was originally written
+with an <hi rend="font-style: italic">l</hi>, instead of <hi rend="font-style: italic">n</hi>, which would
+make all the difference between "nymphs"
+and "waters":—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"While the soft boy the slippery crystal turns,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> To touch the waters in their icy urns,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Safe in its depths translucent he beholds</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> The nymphs, unconscious of the winter colds:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> And the dry ball exploring with his lip,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Seems, while he fails, the illusive lymph to sip."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The Latin is subjoined:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Dum crystalla puer contingere lubrica gaudet</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">   Et gelidum tenero pollice versat onus,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Videt perspicuo deprensas in marmore nymphas,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">   Dura quibus solis parcere novit hyems:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Et siccum religens labiis sitientibus orbem,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">   Irrita quæsitis oscula figit aquis."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Not the least remarkable of the qualities
+here ascribed to the crystal ball is its energy
+in imparting the sensation of cold. Dom
+Chifflet, who, in 1665, published his learned
+treatise at Antwerp on the objects then recently
+discovered in the supposed tomb of
+King Childeric, at Tournay, says of the crystal
+ball which was found amongst them,
+"You would say it was petrified ice; so cold
+it was, that my palm and fingers, after handling
+it, were quite torpid." And cites Anslem
+Boetius, in his book on stones and gems,
+as saying, "the crystal is of so cold and dry
+a nature, that placed beneath the tongue of
+a feverish person, it allays the thirst; and
+held in the hands even of those violently fevered,
+it refreshes and cools them, especially
+if it be of considerable size, and of a spherical
+figure;" and another writer on the same
+subject, Andreas Cisalpinus, who states of
+the marble called ophite, that "they make of
+it little globes, for the handling of such as are
+in burning fever, the coldness of the stone
+expelling the disease." So far Dom Chifflet.
+It seems almost as if we were reading Reichenbach.
+"He (Reichenbach) found that
+crystals are capable of producing all the phenomena
+resulting from the action of a magnet
+on cataleptic patients. Thus, for instance,
+a large piece of rock crystal, placed in the
+hand of a nervous patient, affects the fingers
+so as to make them grasp the crystal involuntarily,
+and shut the fist. Reichenbach found
+that more than half of all the persons he tried
+were sensible of its action." Chifflet probably
+was a man of a nervous temperament.
+Those who desire to see the crystal ball in
+question, may inspect it, where it is still preserved,
+with other objects found in the tomb,
+at the Gallerie de Medailles, in Paris. Two
+similar balls may be seen here in the collection
+of the Royal Irish Academy.</p>
+
+<p>The use of water in communicating an ecstacy
+similar to the mesmeric lucidity, is
+largely dwelt on by the mystical writers
+known as the Neo-Platonists. Psellus describes
+a mode of divinition among the Assyrians
+by a basin, which smacks strongly of the
+mesmeric practice. "The water, which is
+poured into the basin, seems, as to its substance,
+to differ in nothing from other water;
+but it possesses a certain virtue, infused into
+it by incantations, whereby it is rendered
+more apt for the reception of the demon."
+The effect of the waters of some sacred places
+on those accustomed to their influence, was
+also such as is claimed for the mesmerized
+waters of our present practitioners. Jamblichus
+gives this account of the Colophonian
+oracle:—"There was a subterranean place at
+Colophon, near Ephesus, in which was a fountain.
+The priest on stated nights sacrificed,
+then drank the water, and afterwards prophesied,
+being rendered invisible to the spectators.
+It might seem," he says, "to some
+that the Divine Spirit passed into the priest
+through the water. But this is not so; for
+the divine influence is not transmitted thus
+according to the laws of distance and division,<pb n="202" /><anchor id="Pg202" />
+through these things which participate
+in it, but comprehends them from without,
+and inwardly illuminates and fills them with
+lucidity, and fills the water also with a certain
+virtue conducive to the prophetic faculty,
+that is, a clarifying virtue; so that when
+the priest drinks, it purifies the luminous spirit
+which is implanted in him, and accommodates
+it to God, and by that purifying and
+accommodating process, enables him to apprehend
+the deity. But there is another kind
+of presence of the god, besides the virtue infused
+into the wafer, which illumines all
+around, above, and within us, and which no
+man wants, if he can only attain to the necessary
+state of congruity. And so of a sudden
+it falls on the prophet, and makes use of
+him as an instrument; and he in the meantime
+has no command of himself, and knows
+not what he says, nor where he is, and with
+difficulty comes to himself again, after the
+response given. Moreover, before drinking
+the water, he abstains for a day and night
+from food, and partakes of certain mysteries
+inaccessible to the vulgar; from which it is
+to be collected that there are two methods
+by which man may be prepared for the reception
+of the divine influence: one by the
+drinking of purgatorial water, endowed by
+the Deity with a clarifying virtue; the other,
+by sobriety, solitude, the separation of the
+mind from the body, and the intent contemplation
+of the Deity."</p>
+
+<p>One might here suppose he read of the rites
+of St. Patrick's Purgatory. The water of the
+lake there is usually called wine, and it may
+be that on minds and bodies "which have attained
+to the needful congruity," it has operated
+as wonderful effects as the Colophonian
+fount itself. The proceedings of the priestess
+at Brancidæ, who also, from amongst other
+sources, derived the afflatus, or <hi rend="font-style: italic">Waren</hi>, from
+a fountain, are to the same purpose. "The
+prophetic priestess at Brancidæ either sits on
+an axis [exposing herself to the influence, as
+the Pythoness on her Tripod], or holds a
+wand in her hand, given by some god, or
+dips the hem of her garment, in water, or inhales
+a certain vapor of water, and by these
+methods is filled with the divine illumination,
+receives the god, and prophesies. But, that
+the prophetic faculty comes from no corporeal
+or animal source, and from no local or
+material instrumentality, but solely and extrinsically
+from the presence of the incoming
+deity, appears from this, that the priestess,
+before she gives her oracle, performs many
+ceremonious rites, observes strict purity,
+bathes, abstains for three days from food,
+dwells apart, and so, by little and little, begins
+to be illuminated and enraptured."
+What the exact meaning of sitting on an axis
+may be, it is difficult to divine; but those
+who allege that a patient may be thrown into
+the mesmeric trance by holding a magnetized
+branch—and those also who have read
+of all the phenomena of exorcism being as
+fully elicited by a satchel of feathers as by a
+bag of reliques—will readily apply the wand
+"presented by some deity," and placed in the
+hand of the priestess at the moment when
+she should receive the final cataleptic impulse.
+If there be truth in the alleged modern cases
+of <hi rend="font-style: italic">clairvoyance</hi>, we need not be surprised at
+the singular coincidences which have sustained
+the credit of Colophon and Delphi.</p>
+
+<p>Not to dwell on other methods of inducing
+the afflatus, such as by characters and amulets,
+by music, by dancing, and by movements
+of the body, I shall now proceed with the
+effects alleged to have been produced on the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">afflati</hi>. Jamlichus must still be our principal
+authority. Lucidity and prevision have already
+been sufficiently indicated, and have
+doubtless been readily recognized: the other
+symptoms will be found not less remarkable
+and equally familiar:—"Man has a double
+life—one annexed to the body, the other separate
+from every thing bodily.... In sleep
+we have the capacity of being wholly loosed
+from the chains that confine our spirit, and
+can make use of the life which is not dependent
+on generation. When the soul is thus
+separate from the body in sleep, then that
+(latter) kind of life which usually remains separable
+and separate by itself, immediately
+awakes within us, and acts according to its
+proper nature,... and in that state has a
+presaging knowledge of the future." Then,
+omitting a distinction between sleeping and
+waking inspiration, and coming to the latter,
+in which, also, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">offlati</hi> have a presaging
+power, he proceeds:—"Yet those (latter) are
+so far awake that they can use their senses,
+yet are not capable of reasoning,... for they
+neither (properly speaking) sleep when they
+seem to do so, nor awake when they seem
+awake; for they do not of themselves foresee,
+nor are they moved by any human instrumentality;
+neither know they their own
+condition; nor do they exert any prerogative
+or motion of their own; but all this is done
+under the power and by the energy of the
+deity. For that they who are so affected do
+not live an ordinary animal life is plain, because
+many of them, on contact with fire, are
+not burnt, the divine inward afflatus repelling
+the heat; or, if they be burnt, they do not
+feel it; neither do they feel prickings, or
+scratchings, or other tortures. Further, that
+their actions are not (merely) human, is apparent
+from this, that they make their way
+through pathless tracks, and pass harmless
+through the fire, and pass over rivers in a
+wonderful manner, which the priestess herself
+also does in the Cataballa. By this it
+is plain that the life they live is not human,
+nor animal, nor dependent on the use of
+senses, but divine, as if the soul were taking
+its rest, and the deity were there instead of
+the soul. Various sorts there are of those so
+divinely inspired, as well by reason of the
+varying divinity of the inspiring gods as of
+the modes of inspiration. These modes are<pb n="203" /><anchor id="Pg203" />
+of this sort—either the deity occupies us, or
+we join ourselves to the deity, &amp;c.... According
+to these diversities, there are different
+signs, effects, and works of the inspired;
+thus, some will be moved in their whole bodies,
+others in particular members; others,
+again, will be motionless. Also they will
+perform dances and chants, some well, some
+ill. The bodies, again, of some will seem to
+dilate in height, of others in compass; and
+others, again, will seem to walk in air."</p>
+
+<p>Taking these various manifestations in order,
+and beginning with the alleged power
+of resisting the action of fire, the reader will
+not need to be reminded of many seemingly
+well-authenticated cases of escape from the
+fire-ordeal. It has been usual to ascribe the
+preservation of those who have walked bare-footed
+over heated ploughshares to the use of
+astringent lotions: and where opportunity
+existed for preparation of that kind, their escape
+may perhaps be so explained. But in
+most instances the accused was in the custody
+of the accusers, and not likely to have access
+to such phylacteries. The exemption from
+the effects of fire was not confined to those
+cases of exaltation attendant on the enthusiasm
+of conscious virtue. Bosroger (La Piéte
+Affligée, Rouen, 1752) states of one of the
+possessed sisters of St. Elizabeth at Louviers,
+in 1642: "One morning Sister Saint-Esprit
+was rapt as in an ecstasy. The bishop commanded
+the devil to leave her. Immediately
+she experienced dreadful contortions, and an
+access of rage, and, on a sudden, says the exorcist,
+her demon left her like a flash of lightning,
+and threw the young woman into the
+fire, which was a considerable one, casting
+her with her face and one hand direct between
+the two andirons; and when they
+ran to drag her away, they found that neither
+her face nor her hand were in anywise
+burnt."</p>
+
+<p>It would be idle to multiply instances of
+this sort from the monkish writers. The
+preservation of the three youths in the Chaldæan
+furnace was one of the miracles most
+adapted to the servile yet audacious imitations
+of the Thaumaturgists. It is only when
+their statements correspond in unsuspected
+particulars with the phenomena of experience—as,
+for example, in the case of Barlaam
+and the monks of Mount Athos—that they
+can be adduced without offending the judgment
+of rational inquirers. But the action
+of burning is an operation of mechanical and
+chemical forces; and how any amount of
+spiritual or electrical effusion could prevent
+the expansion of the fluids in the tissues and
+the disruption of the skin, seems hard to
+imagine. Something more must, one should
+think, have been needed; and if the mesmeric
+and Pagan oracular ecstasies be identical, this
+testimony of Jamblichus would lead us to
+suppose that that something was supplied by
+the mind. However this may be, we shall
+be better able to judge after the investigation
+of some other of the alleged concomitants of
+Pagan inspiration.</p>
+
+<p>The insensibility to prickings and pinchings
+is perhaps the commonest test of the cataleptic
+condition; and, as will doubtless suggest
+itself to every reader, was, until modern
+times, a popular test of witchcraft. That the
+unhappy wretches who were put to death in
+such numbers during the middle ages for this
+offence were actually in an unnatural and detestable
+state of mind and body, cannot be
+doubted. They really were insensible to punctures;
+for if they had winced when pricked
+with pins and needles by their triers, it would
+have been deemed a proof of their innocence.
+A person feigning the mesmeric sleep, and
+whose interest it is to feign, may endure such
+prickings with seeming insensibility; but it
+was not the interest of the ancient witch to
+affect an insensibility, which would be taken
+as one of the surest proofs of guilt. A perverse
+desire to be believed guilty is the only
+motive that can be suggested as likely to lead
+to such conduct; and those who have studied
+human nature most profoundly will be disposed
+to give great credit to that suggestion. The
+same nature which in the fourth century ran
+into the epidemic frenzy of anchoritism, and
+impelled the Circumcellionist multitudes to
+extort the boon of martyrdom from reluctant
+tribunals, may be admitted capable even of
+the madness of a voluntary aspiration to the
+stake and pyre of the witch. Certain it is
+that many of the convicts boasted of their
+interviews with the Devil, and seemed to be,
+if they were not, possessed with the conviction
+of having actually partaken of the orgies
+imputed to them. Had they really been there
+in imagination? Was it that the popular mind
+had realized to itself an epidemic idea, and
+that the effect of the contagion was to put
+its victims <hi rend="font-style: italic">en rapport</hi> with the distempered
+picture present to the minds of the multitude?
+In a moral epidemic the crowd, possessed
+with one idea, are the operators: it is
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Panic</hi> possession of the ancients, which
+was not confined to general terrors, but applied
+to general delusions of every kind. The
+multitude itself radiates its own madness;
+witness the Crusaders, the Flagellants, the
+Dancing Fanatics of the fourteenth and fifteenth
+centuries; perhaps even we might add
+the Mathewites of our own day.</p>
+
+<p>The next symptom of possession was the
+power of passing through trackless places,
+the disposition to run to wilds and mountains,
+like that rage of the votary of Bacchus:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Quo me Bacche, rapis tui</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Plenum? Quæ in nemora aut quos agor in specus</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Velox mente nova?"</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The Bacchic ecstasy was not merely drunkenness,
+but an epidemic madness induced by
+long-continued dancing and gesticulating to
+the sound of cymbals and other noisy instruments,
+in all respects identical with the methods
+of inducing the Hindoo <hi rend="font-style: italic">Waren</hi>. The
+dancing mania also of the fifteenth century,<pb n="204" /><anchor id="Pg204" />
+described by Hecker in his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Epidemics of the
+Middle Ages</hi>, was induced in the same manner,
+and its effects were the same,—possession,
+illumination, and insensibility to external influences.
+That the Bacchic and Corybantic
+frenzies were, in all respects, identical with
+the middle age dancing manias, and with the
+possession of those who still exhibit the influences
+of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Waren</hi> in Hindoostan, can hardly be
+doubted. "As for the Bacchanalian motions
+and friskings of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Corybantes</hi>," says Plutarch
+in his Essay on Love, "there is a way to
+allay these extravagant transports, by changing
+the measure from the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Trochaic</hi> to the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Spondaic</hi>, and the tone from the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Phrygian</hi> to
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Doric</hi>:" just as with the dancers of St.
+Vitus, and those bit by the Tarantula. Hecker
+states, "The swarms of St. John's dancers
+were accompanied by minstrels playing those
+noisy instruments which roused their morbid
+feelings; moreover, by means of intoxicating
+music, a kind of demoniacal festival for the
+rude multitude was established, which had
+the effect of spreading this unhappy malady
+wider and wider. Soft harmony was, however,
+employed to calm the excitement of
+those affected, and it is mentioned as a character
+of the tunes played with this view to
+the St. Vitus's dancers, that they contained
+transitions from a quick to a slow measure,
+and passed gradually from a high to a low
+key." After the termination of the frenzy
+the conduct of the dancers, as well indeed as
+of all the victims of this species of possession,
+whether <hi rend="font-style: italic">Taratati</hi>, convulsionnaires, or revivalists,
+tallied precisely with that of the Bacchic
+women. Plutarch, in his thirteenth example
+of the Virtues of Woman, has this
+graphic picture of the condition of a band of
+Bacchante after one of their orgies. "When
+the tyrants of Phocea had taken Delphos, and
+the Thebans undertook that war against them
+which was called the Holy War, certain women
+devoted to Bacchus (which they called
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Thyades</hi>) fell frantic, and went a gadding by
+night, and, mistaking their way, came to Amphissa,
+and being very much tired, and not
+as yet in their right wits, they flung themselves
+down in the market-place and fell
+asleep, as they lay scattered up and down here
+and there. But the wives of the Amphisseans,
+fearing because the city was engaged
+to aid in the Phocean war, and abundance of
+the tyrants' soldiers were present in the city,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Thyades</hi> should have any indignity put
+upon them, ran forth all of them into the
+market-place, and stood silently round about
+them; neither would offer them any disturbance
+while they slept, but when they
+were awake they attended their service particularly,
+and brought them refreshments;
+and, in fine, by persuasion, obtained leave of
+their husbands that they might accompany
+them in safety to their own borders."</p>
+
+<p>In the same way, throughout the fourteenth
+and fifteenth centuries, might groups
+of both sexes be seen lying, exhausted from
+their agitations, in the streets of Aix-la-chapelle,
+Cologne, Strasburg, Naples, and elsewhere;
+and even in our own century sights
+not dissimilar have been witnessed at revival
+assemblages in Wales and Scotland, and at
+camp-meetings in North America. The
+rending of Pentheus on Mount Citheron by
+his own mother and sisters, who, while under
+the influence of the Bacchic <hi rend="font-style: italic">afflatus</hi>, imagined
+they saw in his form the appearance
+of a wild beast, might be adduced as an example
+at once of the furious character of the
+frenzy, and of the liability of the afflated to
+optical illusions. Has what we read of fairy-gifts
+and glamour any foundation in this alleged
+power of the biologist to make his patient
+imagine different forms for the same
+object? But we are still among the mountain
+tops, and must descend to the remaining
+symptoms enumerated by Jamblichus.</p>
+
+<p>"They pass over rivers in a wonderful
+manner, which the priestess herself also does
+in the Cataballa." We here again encounter
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">indicia</hi>, of that possession which went by
+the name of witchcraft in the middle ages.
+A witch, really possessed, could not sink in
+the water, any more than she could feel the
+insertion of a needle. The vulgar belief is,
+that the suspected witch was cast into a
+pond, where, if she floated, she was burned,
+and if she sank she was drowned. The latter
+alternative was not so; if she betrayed no
+preternatural buoyancy, the trial was so far
+in her favor, and she was taken up.</p>
+
+<p>Nor was water the only test, in some
+parts of Germany the triers, less philosophically,
+employed scales; and had fixed weights
+(from 14 to 15 lbs.), which, if the accused
+did not counterpoise, they concluded them to
+be possessed. But it will be asked, how can
+there be degrees of philosophy in practices
+equally insane, and which have been condemned
+by the common consent of enlightened
+nations for near three hundred years?
+Insanity there certainly was, and on a prodigious
+scale, in these ages; but the judges
+and executioners were not so insane as the
+multitudes who either believed themselves
+possessed by others, or believed that they
+themselves exercised the power of possessing.
+To us, living in an age of comparative
+rest from spiritual excitement, it seems
+almost incredible that thousands of persons,
+in all ranks and conditions of life, should
+simultaneously become possessed with the
+belief that they were in direct communication
+with the devil: should cease to attend
+to their duties and callings, passing their time
+in hysterical trances and cataleptic fits, during
+which they seemed to themselves to be borne
+through the air to witch orgies and assemblies
+for devil-worship, in deserts and mountains;
+and that while one portion of society gave
+themselves up to these hallucinations, another
+class should, with an equal abandonment of
+every duty of life, have betaken themselves
+to mope and pine, going into convulsions, and<pb n="205" /><anchor id="Pg205" />
+wasting to skeletons, under the idea of having
+been bewitched; yet nothing is more certain
+than that it was such a frenzy as this the
+heads of the Church and the temporal Government
+had to contend against in the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries. There were
+no mad-houses; if there had been, even to
+the extent we now possess them, they would
+not have sufficed to hold a tenth part of the
+numbers whose contact and example would
+have been fatal to the peace, perhaps even to
+the existence, of society. If such frenzies
+were, unhappily, to burst out among mankind
+at present, civilized nations might transport
+their <hi rend="font-style: italic">energumeni</hi> to distant possessions; but
+the middle-age magistrates had no facilities
+of that kind: they should deal with the terrible
+plague by the only means at their disposal;
+and these were, either to let the madness
+wear itself out, or to repress it by the rope
+and faggot. If they had adopted the former
+course, the epidemic would probably have
+passed through the usual stages of popular
+distempers; would have had its access, its
+crisis, and decline; and when the scourge
+had passed, the public would have awakened
+to a full sense of the madness of which they
+had been the victims; but in that process
+there was the danger of society going to
+pieces—of the visionary frenzy of the possessed
+being taken up by fanatics as the
+foundation of a new and abominable religion,
+and of the hostility of the ignorant and uneducated
+class, among whom chiefly the possession
+prevailed, being directed against the
+restraints of government and the principle
+of property. Having adopted the other
+course, they pushed it to cruel and inexcusable
+lengths; punished many innocent persons,
+and suffered many of the really possessed to
+go free. For they whose madness was most
+to be apprehended, as most contagious, were
+not the wretches who fancied they possessed
+the power of bewitching others; but the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">convulsionnaires</hi>, who deemed themselves bewitched,
+and were their accusers. Certainly
+if the same epidemic should ever again break
+out among a European population, or even
+among a British population, the arm of the
+magistrate would be again required to suppress
+it, and we would be better able to
+judge of the conduct of those whom it has
+been the fashion of modern historians to
+represent as altogether ignorant and brutal
+executioners. So long as possession is only
+the result of manual passes, or of fixing the
+gaze on indifferent objects; so long as the
+effects are regarded as physical or psychological
+phenomena, due to a physical cause, and
+the pretensions of the practitioner are not
+rested on any peculiar religious sanction,
+there is no danger of mesmerism degenerating
+into a dangerous epidemic; but we
+might have seen a very different state of
+affairs if the magnetizers and biologists had
+referred their powers to any species of supernatural
+agency; and possibly would have
+found ourselves long since under the necessity
+of reviving those penal proceedings which we
+have so generally been taught to abhor, as
+among the most revolting remnants of mediæval
+superstition.<note place="foot"><p>As an example of the gravity and formality with
+which proceedings in matters of this nature were conducted,
+even as late as the end of the sixteenth century,
+take the subjoined palinode or recantation of a Flemish
+ecclesiastic, who had been guilty of the offence of doubting
+the evection, or bodily transport through the air, of witches
+and wizards. The original may be found in Delrio, at the
+end of the Appendix, in his 5th book:—</p>
+
+<p>"I Cornelius Loseus Gallidius, born in the town of
+Gouda, in Holland, now, by the command of the renowned
+and illustrious Lord Nuncio Apostolic, the Lord Octavius
+Bishop of Tricaruis, arrested and detained in the Imperial
+Monastery of St. Maximin, near Treves, on account of certain
+tracts 'On True and False Witchcraft,' rashly and
+presumptuously by me written, published, and sent to be
+printed at Cologne, without the perusal or permission of
+the superiors of this place: whereas I am informed for
+certain that in the aforesaid books, and also in certain of
+letters on the same subject, sent clandestinely to the
+clergy and senate of Treves, and others, for the purpose of
+impeding the course of justice against witches and magicians,
+there are contained many articles which are not only
+erroneous and scandalous, but also suspected of heresy,
+and savoring of sedition: I therefore hereby revoke, condemn,
+reject, and repudiate, as if they had never been said
+or asserted by me, the said articles, as seditious and temerarious,
+contrary to the common judgment of learned theologians,
+to the decision and bulls of the supreme Pontiffs,
+and to the practice, and statutes, and laws of the magistrates
+and judges, as well as of this Archdiocese of Treves,
+as of the other provinces and principalities, in the order in
+which the same are hereunto annexed.</p>
+
+<p>"1. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Imprimis.</hi> I revoke, condemn, reject, and hold as
+disproved, what both in words and writing I have often
+and to many persons pertinaciously asserted; and what I
+would have had taken as the head and chief ornament of
+my disputations, to wit, that what is written touching the
+corporeal evection or translation from place to place of
+witches and magicians, is to be held as a vain superstition
+and figment, as well because that opinion savors of heretical
+pravity, as because it partakes of sedition, and so also
+savors of the crimes of <hi rend="font-style: italic">lese majesté</hi>. 2. In the second
+place, I revoke what I have pertinaciously, but without
+solid reasons, alleged against the magistracy, in letters secretly
+sent to several, that is to say, that the course of procedure
+against witches is erroneous and fantastical: asserting,
+moreover, that those witches were compelled by the
+severity of torture to confess acts that they had never done;
+that innocent blood was shed by a cruel judicature; and
+that by a new alchemy gold and silver were extracted from
+human blood. 3. Thereby, and by the like assertions,
+partly diffused by private oral communications among the
+vulgar, partly by various letters addressed to both branches
+of the magistracy, imputing to superiors and judges the exercise
+of tyranny towards the subjects. 4 And consequently,
+inasmuch as the most reverend and illustrious
+Archbishop and Prince Elector of Treves not only permits
+witches and magicians to be subjected to deserved punishment
+in his diocese, but has also ordained laws regulating
+the mode and cost of the procedure against witches, thereby
+with inconsiderate temerity tacitly insinuating the charge
+of tyranny against the said Elector of Treves. 5. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Item.</hi> I
+revoke and condemn these following conclusions, to wit,
+that there are no such beings as sorcerers, who renounce
+God and worship the Devil, who bring on tempests, and do
+the work of Satan and such like, but that all these things
+are dreams. 6. Moreover that magic is not to be called
+sorcery, nor its practisers to be deemed sorcerers, and that
+that that place of Exod. xxii, ('Ye shall not suffer sorcerers to
+live') is to be understood of those who slay with material
+poison, naturally administered. 7. That no contract exists
+or can exist between man and the demon. 8. That demons
+do not assume bodies. 9. That the life of Hilary, written
+by St. Jerome, is not authentic. 10. That the demon cannot
+carnally know mankind. 11. That neither demons nor
+witches can excite tempests, rain, hail, &amp;c., and that what
+is alleged in that behalf is mere dreams. 12. That spirits
+and forms can be seen by mankind separate from matter.
+13. That it is rash to assert that whatever demons can do
+magicians can also by the help of demons. 14. That the
+assertion that the superior demon can expel the inferior is
+erroneous and derogatory to Christ.—Luke xi. 15. That
+the Popes in the bulls do not allege that magicians and
+sorcerers perpetrate such acts as above mentioned.</p>
+
+<p>"All these and the like, my assertions, with my many
+calumnies, falsehoods, and sycophancies, petulantly, indecorously,
+and mendaciously expressed against the magistracy, as well secular as ecclesiastical, wherewith my writings
+on witchcraft abound, I hereby expressly and deliberately
+condemn, recant, and reject, earnestly beseeching
+pardon of God and my superiors, and faithfully promising
+that henceforth I will not, either by word of mouth or by
+writing, by myself or others, in any place where I shall
+happen to be, teach, promulgate, or assert the same or any
+of them. If I shall do to the contrary, I subject myself
+thenceforth and henceforth to the pains of the law against
+relapsed heretics, recusants, seditious misdemeanants, and
+convicts of <hi rend="font-style: italic">lese majesté</hi>, to the pains of libellous sycophants
+publicly convicted, and also to those enacted against perjurers.
+I submit myself also to arbitrary correction at the
+pleasure of the Archbishop of Treves, and of the other
+magistrates under whom I shall happen to live, and who
+may be certified of my relapse or violated undertaking,
+that they may punish me according to my deserts, in
+name, fame, goods, and body.  In testimony of all which
+I have, with my proper hand, subscribed this my recantation
+of the aforesaid articles, in presence of the notary and
+witnesses."</p>
+
+<p>"(Signed,)   Cornelius Loseus Gallidius."</p>
+
+<p>"Attestation.—These presents were done in the
+Imperial Monastery of Saint Maximin Without, near
+Treves, in the abbatial chamber, there being then
+present the Venerable and Excellent Lord Peter
+Binsfeldt, Bishop of Azof, Vicar-General of the Most
+Reverend Lord Archbishop of Treves, our Most Gracious
+Lord in matters spiritual; Reiner, Abbot of
+the said monastery; Bartholomew Bodegem, Reader
+of either Law in the Ecclesiastical Court of Treves;
+George Helffenster, Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean
+of the Collegiate Church of St. Simon, in the city of
+Treves; and John Golmann, Doctor of Laws, Canon
+of the said Church, and Seal-Bearer of the Court of
+Treves, &amp;c.; in the year of our Lord 1592, Treves
+style, on Monday, the 15th day of the month of
+March, in presence of me, the Notary underwritten,
+and of Nicholas Dolent, and Daniel Major, the
+Amanuensis and Secretary respectively of the Reverend
+Lord Abbot, trustworthy witnesses specially
+called and required hereto.</p>
+
+<p>"Subscribed, Adam Tecton, Notary.</p>
+
+<p>"Compared with the original and found to agree,
+by me, the under-written Secretary of the town of
+Antwerp.</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: right">S. Kieffel."</p></note> Even as it is, these<pb n="206" /><anchor id="Pg206" />
+powers of the biologist, if in truth they exist,
+are capable of fearful abuse. Let us take,
+for example, one of the oldest methods of
+exercising influence, for good or evil, on an
+absent person:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"As fire this figure hardens, made of clay,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> And this of wax with fire consumes away;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Such let the soul of cruel Daphnis be,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Hard to the rest of women, soft to me."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>If the waxen or clay image be but a concentrator
+of the good or evil will of the operator
+towards the distant object, and the
+witchcraft of the love-sick magician in Virgil,
+or of the evil-disposed wizard of the
+middle ages, be in truth no more than an exertion
+of biological power, it behoves society
+to take care how individuals should be suffered
+to acquire mesmerical relations with
+others, over whom they may exercise malignant
+as well as healing influences. If the
+pretensions of the biologists be established,
+biology must soon be put under medical supervision.
+But to return to the phenomena
+of possession.</p>
+
+<p>The propriety of trying alleged witches by
+water, has been impugned and defended with
+abundance of scholastic learning; and, singular
+to say, its opponents have been chiefly
+found among the Roman Catholic writers,
+and its advocates among the Reformers.
+Delrio, by far the most learned of all the
+writers on demonology, vigorously assails
+Rickius, the only notable Roman Catholic
+advocate of the practice. The arguments on
+both sides being based entirely on scholastic
+definitions and distinctions respecting the
+nature of demons, and the baptismal and
+other spiritual virtues of water, are of little
+relevance in the present method of discussing
+physical phenomena. Both parties assume
+that the persons of witches exhibit a preternatural
+levity—Delrio admitting that something
+less than fourteen or fifteen pounds
+was the actual weight which popular belief
+throughout Germany ascribed to persons in
+that possessed state, no matter how large or
+fat they might seem to the eye; and Rickius
+gives an example of a woman, executed by
+drowning in 1594, whom the executioner
+could hardly keep under with repeated
+thrusts of his pole, so high did she bound upwards
+from the surface, and "so boil up," as
+it were, out of the depths of the water. The
+levity of possessed persons in water might be
+accounted for by a phenomenon attendant on
+those preternatural conditions of the body
+which follow excitements of an analogous
+kind. The victims of the flogging and
+dancing manias in the middle ages, and
+subjects of the fanatical fervors of camp-meetings
+and revivals, alike experienced a
+windy intestinal distension, consequent on
+the departure of their mental frenzy. To
+control this disagreeable symptom, the candidates
+for both species of afflatus used to come
+to their meetings provided with napkins and
+rollers with which to bind their middles, and
+prevent the supervening inflation. Persons
+so puffed up would certainly float with all
+the buoyancy ascribed to the German witches,
+if cast into water; but they would still
+preserve their proper corporeal gravity if
+placed in a scale. Unless, then, we suppose
+Delrio to have been the dupe of some singular
+and unaccountable delusion on this point,
+the typanitic affections of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">convulsionnaires</hi>
+will not account for the anti-gravitating
+phenomena ascribed to medieval witchcraft.
+There are some reasons, however, for
+the belief that these appearances may not
+have been wholly imaginary; for if any reliance
+can be placed on the concurrent traditions
+of all religions, Pagan as well as Christian,
+supported by wide-spread popular belief,
+the high mental exaltation induced by religious
+abstraction, and also by other vehement
+affections of the mind, is actually attended
+with a diminished specific gravity. Of alleged
+ecclesiastical miracles of this kind it is better
+to say nothing. The Roman Catholic and
+the Hindoo devotees equally claim for their
+adepts in religious contemplation an exemption
+from (among other earthly liabilities)
+the hindrance of weight. In the rapture of
+prayer, the ascetic and the saint alike rise in
+the air, and spurn the law of gravitation with
+the other incidents of matter. Suspected
+evidences of this kind are, however, of no
+weight in philosophical inquiry. It will be
+safer to leave the Etstaticas and the Fakirs<pb n="207" /><anchor id="Pg207" />
+to their respective believers, and to take a
+story of the people, into which religious considerations
+do not so directly enter. The native
+Irish, then, have a remarkable tradition,
+as old, at least, as the seventh or eighth century,
+that phrenetic madmen lose the corporeal
+quality of weight. A picturesque and
+romantic example of this belief is found in
+the story of the fate of Suibhne, son of Colman,
+King of Dalnaraidhe, as related in the
+bardic accounts of the battle of Moyra. Suibhne,
+a valiant warrior, has offered an insult
+to Saint Ere, Bishop of Slane; the affront is
+avenged by a curse, the usual retaliation of
+aggrieved ecclesiastics in those days. The
+curse falls on Sweeny in the most grievous
+form of visitation that could afflict a warrior:—a
+fit of cowardice seizes him in the very onset
+of the battle, and drives him frantic with
+terror. "Giddiness came over him at the
+sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity
+of the Gaels; at the fierce looks, brilliance,
+and ardor of the foreigners; at the rebounding
+furious shouts of the embattled tribes on
+both sides, rushing against and coming into
+collision with one another. Huge, flickering,
+horrible, aërial phantoms, rose up (around
+him), so that from the uproar of the battle,
+the frantic pranks of the demons, the clashing
+of arms, and the sound of the heavy blows
+reverberating on the points of heroic spears,
+and keen edges of swords, and warlike borders
+of broad shields, the hero Suibhne was
+filled and intoxicated with horror, panic, and
+imbecility; his feet trembled as if incessantly
+shaken by the force of a stream; the inlets
+of his hearing were expanded and quickened
+by the horrors of lunacy; his speech became
+faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his
+very soul fluttered with hallucinations, and
+with many and various phantasms. He might
+be compared to a salmon in a weir, or to a
+bird after being caught in the strait prison
+of a crib," &amp;c. "When he was seized with
+this frantic fit, he made a supple, very light
+leap, and where he alighted he was on the
+boss of the shield of the warrior next him;
+and he made a second leap, and perched on
+the crest of the helmet of the same hero, who,
+nevertheless, did not feel him. Then he
+made a third active, very light leap, and
+perched on the top of the sacred tree which
+grew on the smooth surface of the plain in
+which the inferior people and the debilitated
+of the men of Erin were seated, looking on
+at the battle. These shouted at him when
+they saw him, to press him back into the
+battle again; and he in consequence made
+three furious leaps to shun the battle, but
+through the giddiness and imbecility of his
+hallucination, he went back into the same
+field of conflict; but it was not on the earth
+he walked, but alighted on the shoulders of
+men and the tops of their helmets," &amp;c.</p>
+
+<p>In this state, Suibhne flits off the field of
+battle like a bird, or a waif of the forest,
+without weight, and betakes himself to
+the wilds, where he "herds with the deer,
+runs races with the showers, and flees with
+the birds," as a wild denizen of the wilderness;
+but with his ecstacy of terror, he receives
+the gift of prophecy. Dr. O'Donovan,
+in a note on this curious passage, observes,
+"it was the ancient belief in Ireland, and still
+is in the wilder mountainous districts, that
+lunatics are as light as feathers, and can climb
+steeps and precipices like the somnambulists."—See
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Buile Suibhne</hi>, a bardic romance on
+the madness of this unfortunate warrior.
+This latter romance is occupied with Suibhne's
+adventures as a mad prophet, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Omadh</hi>, in Irish.
+Query did the Bacchus <hi rend="font-style: italic">Omadios</hi> of the
+Greeks derive his name from a similar
+source? It would be a singular coincidence
+that would make a Greek god an <hi rend="font-style: italic">omadran</hi>.
+Keats, with a fine intuition, has depicted
+those <hi rend="font-style: italic">mores afflatorum</hi>, in the satyrs who do
+the benevolent biddings of Pan:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Thou, to whom every faun and satyr flies,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> For willing service; whether, to surprise</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> The squatted hare, while, in half-sleeping fit,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Or upward ragged precipices flit</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> To save poor lambkins from the eagle's maw;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Or by mysterious enticement draw</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Bewildered shepherds to their paths again."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Compare with this picture of the Irish lunatic
+among the boughs of the tree on the
+field of Moira, the following extracts from
+Bosroger's account of the possession of the
+nuns of Louviers, in <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">a.d.</hi> 1642. One of the
+sisters, surnamed De Jesus, conceived herself
+to be possessed by a demon whom she called
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Arracon</hi>. "On the occasion of a procession
+of the host by Monseigneur the Bishop of
+Evreux, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Arracon</hi> exhibited another example
+of his quality, causing sister De Jesus to pour
+forth a torrent of blasphemies and furious
+expressions all the time of the procession.
+When she was brought into the choir, and
+held fast by an exorcist, for fear of her offering
+some insult, the holy sacrament was borne
+past her. Arracon immediately caused her
+to be shot forward through the air to a considerable
+distance, so as to strike the gilt sun
+in which the adorable eucharist was placed,
+out of the hands of the lord bishop; and the
+exorcist making an effort to detain her, the
+demon lifted her up in the air over an accoudoir,
+or leaning place, of three feet in height,
+intending to lift her, as he declared, into the
+vault, but the exorcist holding fast, all he
+could do was to cast the nun and exorcist
+back to the floor together," &amp;c. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Putiphar</hi>,
+the possessor of Sister Saint Sacrement,
+"made her with wonderful impetuosity run up
+a mulberry tree, of which the stem was easy
+enough of ascent; but when she got up the
+stem, he forced her onward till she approached
+the extremities of the slenderest branches,
+and caused her to make almost the entire
+circuit of the mulberry tree, in such sort that
+a man who saw her from a distance cried out
+that she flew like a bird. Then the demon
+permitted her to see her peril; she grew
+pale, and cried out with alarm. They ran in
+haste to bring a ladder, but <hi rend="font-style: italic">Putiphar</hi> mocked<pb n="208" /><anchor id="Pg208" />
+them, crying, 'As I made this <hi rend="font-style: italic">chienne</hi> get up
+without a ladder, so she shall go down,'
+and caused her descend the same slender
+branches to the stem, and thence to the
+ground."</p>
+
+<p>Pere de la Menarday, in his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Examen Critique
+de l'Histoire des Diables de London</hi>,
+gives a letter from a missionary priest in Cochin
+China, describing a case of demonopathy,
+in the course of which, if we could believe
+the narrator, the patient seemed for a
+time to have conquered all the ordinary tendencies
+of gravitation. The missionary, M.
+Delacourt, writing from Paris, 25th November,
+1738, begins by protesting his unwillingness
+to expose himself to the repulses of public
+incredulity; but for his friends' sake consents
+to give the particulars. "Voici donc
+le fait dans ses principales circonstances <hi rend="font-style: italic">tel
+que je l'ai vu de mes propres yeux</hi>." In the
+month of May, 1733, a young native communicant,
+named Dodo, residing at the town of
+Cheta, in the province of Cham, and kingdom
+of Cochin China, being reproached by his
+conscience for the suppression of some facts
+in his confession, fell into violent convulsions
+on attempting to take the host in his mouth.
+He was brought to the missionary, foaming,
+leaping, and blaspheming in the manner usual
+among victims of his malady. After many
+exorcisms, both by the missionary and by
+two other ecclesiastics, which only increased
+his sufferings, he was at length, by gentler
+entreaties, brought to make a confession.
+The missionary then renewed his exorcisms,
+which he continued for a month with little
+success. "At last," says he, "I determined
+to make a last effort, and to imitate the example
+of Monseigneur the Bishop of Tilopolis
+on a like occasion, namely, in my exorcism to
+command the demon in Latin to transport
+him to the ceiling of the church, feet up and
+head down. On the instant his body became
+rigid, and as though he were impotent of all
+his members, he was dragged from the middle
+of the church to a column, and there, his
+feet joined fast together, his back closely applied
+to the pillar, without aiding himself
+with his hands, he was transported in the
+twinkling of an eye to the ceiling, just like a
+weight run up by a cord, without any visible
+agency. While he hung there, with his feet
+glued to the ceiling, and his head down, I
+made the demon, for I had determined to
+confound and humiliate him, confess the
+falsehood of the Pagan religion. I made him
+confess that he was a deceiver, and at the
+same time admit the holiness of Christianity.
+I kept him for better than half an hour in the
+air, and not possessing enough of constancy
+to hold him there any longer, so frightened
+was I myself at what I saw, I at length commanded
+him to lay the patient at my feet
+without harming him. Immediately he cast
+him down before me with no more hurt to
+him than if he had been a bundle of foul
+linen." It is by no means improbable that
+Pere Delacourt himself had become infected
+with the madness of the monomaniac whom
+he was engaged in exorcising, before his eyes
+conceived that extraordinary image of the
+patient ascending by invisible agency to the
+ceiling of the church. But his letter bears
+evident marks of having been written under
+a sincere belief of the reality of all that he describes,
+and he refers to several living witnesses
+of the scene.</p>
+
+<p>Reverting to this subject of optical illusion,
+already glanced at, we find still another resemblance
+between the mysticism of the ancients
+and moderns. The priestess rendering
+herself invisible to the bystanders, appears
+to transcend all the rest of Jamblichus's wonders.
+Strange to say, even this pretension
+of the Colophonian prophetess is not without
+something analogous among the alleged phenomena
+of mesmerism. "I requested a young
+lady," says Dr. Elliotson, "whom I had long
+mesmerised, with the never-tiring devotion
+of a parent, and in whom I produced a variety
+of phenomena, to promise to be unable on
+waking to see her maid, who always sat in
+the room at work during my visit, till I left
+the room, and then at once to discern her.
+On waking, she said she did not see the maid,
+but said she saw the chair on which the maid
+sat. Presently, however, she saw the maid,
+was agitated, had an hysteric fit, and passed
+into the sleep-waking state. I now inquired
+how she came to see her maid, as I had not
+left the room, and told her she must not (see
+the maid), when I awoke her again. I then
+awoke her again; she could not see the maid,
+was astonished at the maid's absence, and at
+first supposed she was in an adjoining room;
+but presently rang the bell twice, though the
+woman was standing before her, I moved just
+out of the room, leaving the door open, and
+she saw the maid instantly, and was astonished,
+and laughed." In the Colophonian
+oracle, they were the spectators, not the
+prophetess, who had need thus to be put under
+the influence of the mesmeric <hi rend="font-style: italic">glamour</hi>.
+Can it be that, in certain diseased states of
+the optic nerve, it really is subject to the illusion
+of seeing objects rise in air, as well as go
+round in horizontal motion? They who saw
+these sights in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">adyta</hi> of temples, in caves
+and sacred groves, in initiations and oracular
+consultations, were all prepared by fasting,
+watching, and prayer, for the reception of
+biological influence, and possibly may have
+seemed to themselves to see what others desired
+they should believe themselves to have
+actually seen. Was Lord Shrewsbury under
+this influence at Caldaro?</p>
+
+<p>But the reader will begin to suspect that
+his credulity is about to be solicited for the
+aërial flights of witches on their sweeping
+brooms. This apprehension may be dismissed.
+Witchcraft, or, to call it by its proper pathological
+name, demonopathy, was a true delusion,
+true so far as the belief of the monomaniacs
+themselves was concerned, but resting<pb n="209" /><anchor id="Pg209" />
+wholly in their own distempered imagination.</p>
+
+<p>From a learned and philosophic review of
+the great work of Calmeil, <hi rend="font-style: italic">De la Folie</hi>, in
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medicine</hi>,
+we extract the following <hi rend="font-style: italic">resumé</hi> of the symptoms
+of this dreadful epidemic malady: "The
+leading phenomenon was the belief of the
+sufferers that Satan had obtained full mastery
+over them; that he was the object of their
+most fervent worship, a certain portion of
+their life being spent in the actual company
+of himself and his legion of darkness, when
+every crime that a diseased imagination could
+suggest was committed by them. Both sexes
+attended at the Devil's Sabbaths, as they were
+termed, where the sorcerers met, danced, and
+enjoyed every wild pleasure. To these meetings
+they travelled through the air, though,
+by the power of Satan, their bodies seemed
+to remain at home. They killed children,
+poisoned cattle, produced storms and plagues,
+and held converse with Succubi and Incubi,
+and other fallen spirits. At the Sabbath all
+agreed, that from every country the sorcerers
+arrived transported by demons. Women
+perched on sticks, or riding on goats, naked,
+with dishevelled hair, arrived in thousands;
+they passed like meteors, and their descent
+was more rapid than that of the eagle or
+hawk, when striking his prey. Over this meeting
+Satan presided; indecent dances and licentious
+songs went on, and an altar was raised,
+where Satan, with his head downward,
+his feet turned up, and his back to the altar,
+celebrated his blasphemous mass."</p>
+
+<p>Each individual sufferer believed herself or
+himself to have seen these sights, to have
+gone through these origies, and to have been
+transported to them through the air. If there
+had been but a few confessions, and these exacted
+by torture, it might be thought that the
+fancies of the examiners supplied the phenomena,
+to which the sufferers merely gave an
+enforced and worthless assent. But the confessions
+were as often voluntary as forced,
+and were indeed rather triumphant bravadoes
+than confessions of anything that the sufferers
+themselves deemed shameful. It was a true
+belief in the minds of the parties affected.
+The question has already been asked, were
+they <hi rend="font-style: italic">en rapport</hi> with the rest of the diseased
+multitude, in whose minds the common delusion
+existed? The question presupposes a
+mental sympathy and participation, by one
+mind, of images existing in another, which is
+one of the alleged manifestations of clairvoyance.
+But there is another mode of accounting
+for these and similar phenomena, which
+as yet obtains the approval of physicians,
+more than any suggestions of clairvoyant
+communications. It is, that there are certain
+states of the body in which the patient truly
+believes himself to see particular objects, to
+do particular acts, and to possess special powers,
+which to the rest of the world have no
+existence, but in respect of the patient himself
+are realities as visible, tangible, and perceptible,
+as the actual existences which surround
+him. For example, it is a fact which
+admits of no dispute, that a certain quantity
+of alcohol taken into the human stomach will
+cause the drinker to fall into <hi rend="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</hi>;
+and that in that state the patient will,
+with his waking eyes, see objects of a particular
+kind; in nine cases out of ten, the
+forms of rats and mice running over his bed,
+and about his person. There is no public delusion
+here, no popular mind possessed with
+a fixed idea of these appearances, to which
+the individual delusions might be referred;
+yet the swallower of the alcohol in Dublin,
+and the swallower of the alcohol in Calcutta,
+will both see exactly the same sorts of appearances,
+and will both express precisely the
+same horror and disgust at their supposed tormentors.
+Is it the case, then, that, as the
+forms of rats and mice come into the minds
+of men in one kind of mental sickness, the
+forms of men and women riding on goats and
+broomsticks through the air, and the other
+apparatus of the witch-sabbaths, may have
+been but the manifestations of another disordered
+state of the mental organism, a symptom
+merely and concomitant of an epidemical
+disease? It is easy enough to understand how
+symptoms so simple as the appearance of
+what are usually called "blue devils" should
+be constant in their attendance on a particular
+state of cerebral disorder; but when the
+hallucination becomes so complex as in the
+fantasies of witchcraft, it is difficult to suppose
+that that long train of appearances and
+imaginary transactions should follow on a
+merely pathological derangement of the brain.
+Between the two alternatives of referring
+these hallucinations to such a cause, on the
+one hand, or to a mesmeric sympathy, as
+above suggested, between the individual and
+the crowd of the possessed, on the other, it
+is hard to choose; but, perhaps, the latter will
+appear to offer the less amount of difficulty.
+In the present state of knowledge, however,
+it would be rash to say that a particular state
+of diseased cerebral action might not be attended
+with a perfect set of supposed phenomena
+as complex and constant in the minds
+of the sufferers, as those which existed among
+the victims of demonomania.</p>
+
+<p>An example less difficult of reconcilement
+with the theory of cerebral disorder than that
+of the witchcraft of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, and yet more complex than that
+of the fantasies of <hi rend="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</hi>, may be
+found in the case of <hi rend="font-style: italic">lycanthropism</hi>, or that
+form of mania in which men have fancied
+themselves transformed into wolves. This
+disease also is contagious; and on many occasions
+has exhibited itself in all the terrors
+of a maniacal epidemic. As early as the time
+of Herodotus the belief was rife among the
+Græco-Scythian colonies that a people called
+the Neuri were subject to this species of metamorphosis;
+and Giraldus Cambrensis, in<pb n="210" /><anchor id="Pg210" />
+the twelfth century, found the same superstition
+in full force in Ireland. It again broke
+forth in Livonia, its ancient seat, with all the
+symptoms of a periodical annual epidemic, in
+the sixteenth century. Peucer gives the following
+account of what these maniacs themselves
+believed to happen to them. "Immediately
+after Christmas day, in each year, a
+club-footed boy appears, who goes round the
+country, and summons all those slaves of Satan,
+of whom there are great numbers, to assemble
+and follow him. If they hesitate or
+refuse, a tall man appears, armed with a whip
+of flexible iron wires, and compels them with
+blows of his scourge to come forth and proceed.
+He whips them so severely, that oft-times
+the stripes left by the iron thongs remain
+impressed on their bodies and torment
+them cruelly. As soon as they go out and
+follow in the train, they seem to lose their
+human form, and to put on the appearance
+of wolves. Several thousands thus assemble.
+The leader walks before with his iron scourge;
+the crowd of those who, in their delusion,
+imagine that they have become wolves, follow
+after. Wherever they meet with cattle
+they rush upon them and rend them; they
+carry off such portions as they can, and do
+much destruction; but to touch or injure
+mankind is not permitted to them. When
+they come to rivers, the leader with a stroke
+of his whip divides the waters, which stand
+apart, leaving a dry channel by which they
+cross. After twelve days the band disperses,
+and every man resumes his own form, the
+vulpine mask dropping off him. The way in
+which the change takes place is this, as they
+allege: those who undergo the change, which
+occupies but a moment, drop suddenly down
+as if struck with a fit, and so lie senseless and
+like dead persons; but they do not in fact go
+away or change their places at all; nor while
+lying in that seemingly lifeless state do they
+exhibit any vulpine appearance whatever,
+but they go out of themselves (and leave
+themselves) like dead bodies; and save that
+they are convulsed, and roll about somewhat,
+they exhibit no sign or evidence of life.
+Hence the opinion has arisen that their spirits
+only are taken forth of their bodies, and put
+for a time into the phantasms of vulpine
+forms; and then, after doing the bidding of
+the devil in that way, are remitted back to
+their proper bodies, which thereupon are restored
+to animation; and the were-wolves
+themselves confirm this belief by acknowledging
+that in truth the human form is not withdrawn
+from their bodies, nor the vulpine appearance
+substituted for it; but that it is
+their spirits only which are impelled to leave
+their human bodily prisons, and enter into
+the bodies of wolves, in which they dwell
+and are carried about for the prescribed space
+of time. Some of those who have stated that
+they came long distances after escaping from
+the chains of their wolfish imprisonment, being
+questioned how they got out of that confinement,
+and why they returned, and how
+they could cross such wide and deep rivers,
+gave answer that the imprisoning forms no
+longer confined them, that they felt coerced
+to come out of them, and passed over the rivers
+by aërial flight."</p>
+
+<p>The same features marked the outbreak of
+lycanthropy in the years 1598-1600, among
+the Vaudois. The possessed fell into catalepsy,
+and lay senseless during the time they
+imagined themselves in their bestial transformation.
+The disease was almost uniformly
+complicated with demonopathy, or the possession
+of witchcraft.</p>
+
+<p>There seems no reason to doubt that lycanthropism
+was a disease as constant in its
+character and as well defined in its symptoms
+as <hi rend="font-style: italic">delirium tremens</hi>, or any of the ordinary
+forms of mania. The evidences of its existence
+are, however, considerably stronger
+than those of witchcraft; for where on the
+one hand no credible witness ever saw a witch
+either at the sabbath, or on her way to it,
+or on her return from it, there are not wanting
+distinct proofs on oath, corroborated by
+admitted facts in judicial proceedings, of persons
+afflicted with lycanthropy traversing the
+woods on all-fours, and being found bloody
+from the recent slaughter both of beasts and
+human victims; and in one of these cases,
+that of Jacques Roulet, tried before the Parliament
+of Paris in 1598, the body of a newly
+slain child, half mangled, and with all the
+marks of having been gnawed by canine
+teeth, was found close to the place where the
+maniac was arrested. It is worthy of remark
+that both lycanthropists and witches ascribed
+the power of disembodying themselves to the
+use of ointments. Antiquity furnishes no
+parallel to the horrors of these malignant and
+homicidal manias. Their analogues may be
+found in the fabled styes of Circe, or in the
+frenzied raptures of the Sybilline and Delphic
+priestesses; but the extent, the variety, and
+the hideousness of the disease in modern
+times, infinitely surpass all that was ever
+dreamt of in Pagan credulity. The points of
+resemblance, however, are not yet exhausted.</p>
+
+<p>"A chief sign of the divine afflatus," says
+Jamblichus, citing Porphyry, "is, that he who
+induces the <hi rend="font-style: italic">numen</hi> into himself, sees the spirit
+descending, and its quantity and quality.
+Also, he who receives the <hi rend="font-style: italic">numen</hi> sees before
+the reception a certain likeness of a fire;
+sometimes, also, this is beheld by the bystanders,
+both at the advent and the departure
+of the god. By which sign, they who
+are skilful in these matters discern, with perfect
+accuracy, what is the power of the numen,
+and what its order, and what are the
+things concerning which it can give true responses,
+and what it is competent to do....
+Thus it is that the excellence of this divine
+fire, and appearance, as it were, of ineffable
+light, comes down upon, and fills, and dominates
+over the possessed person, and he is
+wholly involved in it, so that he cannot do<pb n="211" /><anchor id="Pg211" />
+any act of himself.... But after this comes
+ecstacy, or disembodiment."</p>
+
+<p>Thomas Bartholin (brother of Gaspar) has
+anticipated the inquiries of Sir Henry Marsh,
+and of Reichenbach himself, on the subject
+of light from the human body. In a treatise,
+full of singular learning, "De luce Animalium,"
+he has adduced a multitude of examples
+of the evolution of light from the living
+as well as the dead body, and in the cases of
+secular and pagan, as well as of ecclesiastical
+and Christian, persons; and this, without
+having recourse to any testimony of the Hagiologists.
+The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Aureolæ</hi> of the Christian
+saints may not, after all, have been the merely
+fanciful additions of superstitious artists.</p>
+
+<p>The convulsive distortions of the Pythoness
+were but a feeble type of the phenomena
+of demonopathy, or the supposed possession
+of the middle ages. It was chiefly in convents,
+among the crowd of young girls and
+women, that these dreadful disorders were
+used to break out; but the visitation was not
+confined to convents, nor to the profession of
+any particular creed. Wherever religious
+excitation prevailed among the young and
+susceptible, especially when they happened
+to be brought together in considerable numbers,
+there the pest was attracted, as a fever
+or other malady would be attracted by a foul
+atmosphere. No patient in the magnetic
+coma ever exhibited such prodigies of endurance
+as thousands of the involuntary victims
+of these contagious manias. Who in any
+modern <hi rend="font-style: italic">seance</hi> has beheld a patient supported
+only on the protuberance of the stomach,
+with the head and limbs everted, and the
+arms raised in the air, and so remaining
+curved into the appearance of a fish on a stall,
+tied by the tail and gills, motionless for hours
+at a time? Or what rigidity of muscle in
+magnetic catalepsy has ever equalled that of
+a convulsionnaire, who would weary the
+strongest man, inflicting blows of a club, to
+the number of several thousands a day, on
+her stomach, while sustaining herself in an
+arc solely by the support of the head and the
+heels? Madame de Sazilli, who was exorcised
+in presence of the Duke of Orleans, at
+London, in 1631, "became, at the command
+of Pere Elisce, supple as a plate of lead. The
+exorcist plaited her limbs in various ways,
+before and behind, to this side and to that,
+in such sort that her head would sometimes
+almost touch the ground, her demon (say her
+malady) retaining her in each position immovably
+until she was put into the next.
+Next came the demon Sabulon, who rolled
+her through the chapel with horrible convulsions.
+Five or six times he carried her left
+foot up higher than her shoulder; all the
+while her eyes were fixed, wide open, without
+winking; after that he threw out her
+limbs till she touched the ground, with her
+legs extended straight on either side, and
+while in that posture, the exorcist compelled
+her to join her hands, and with the trunk of
+the body in an erect posture, to adore the
+holy sacrament." We seem to read the proceedings
+of an electro-biologist, rather than
+of a pastor of the church: but the parallel is
+not yet at an end. "The same nun," says
+Calmeil, "towards the close of her exorcism,
+executed a command which the Duke imparted
+secretly to her exorcist." Then follows
+this remarkable admission of the learned
+and cautious physiologist:—"On hundreds
+of occasions one might believe, in effect, that
+the Energumenes read the thoughts of the
+ecclesiastics who were charged with the combating
+of their demons. It is certain that
+these young women were endowed, during
+their excesses of hysteria or nervous exaltation,
+with a penetration of mind altogether
+unique." The children of the fanatics of the
+Cevennes, while in their supposed prophetic
+ecstacies, spoke the purest dialect of French,
+and expressed themselves with singular propriety.
+The same facility of speaking in a
+fluent and exalted style while in the divinatory
+ecstacy, was remarked of old in the case
+of the Pythian priestess. "Though it cannot
+be divined," says Plutarch, in his "Inquiry,"
+"why the Pythian priestess ceases to deliver
+her oracles in verse; but that her parentage
+was virtuous and honest, and that she always
+lived a sober and chaste life, yet her education
+was among poor, laboring people, so that
+she was advanced to the oracular sect rude
+and unpolished, void of all the advantages of
+art or experience. For, as it is the opinion of
+Xenophon, that a virgin, ready to be espoused,
+ought to be carried to the bridegroom's
+house before she has either seen or heard the
+least communication, so the Pythian priestess
+ought to converse with Apollo illiterate and
+ignorant almost of every thing, still approaching
+his presence with a truly virgin soul."</p>
+
+<p>We might here, without any stretch of imagination,
+suppose we are reading a commentary
+on the birth and character of Joan of
+Arc, or of any of the prophetesses of the
+Swiss Anabaptists. But to return to the possessions
+recorded by Calmeil.</p>
+
+<p>The biological relations alleged by the mesmerists
+appear in still stronger development
+in the case of the nuns of Auxonne in 1662.
+The Bishop of Chalons reports, speaking of
+the possessed, "that all the aforesaid young
+women, being in number eighteen, as well
+seculars as regulars, and without a single exception,
+appeared to him to have obtained the
+gift of tongues, inasmuch as they accurately
+replied to the matters in Latin, which were
+addressed to them by their exorcists, and
+which were not borrowed from the ritual,
+still less arranged by any preconcert; they
+frequently explained themselves in Latin—sometimes
+in entire periods, sometimes in
+broken sentences;" "that all or almost all of
+them were proved to have introvision (<hi rend="font-style: italic">cognizance
+de l'interieur</hi>) and knowledge of
+whatever thought might be secretly addressed
+to them, as appeared particularly in the<pb n="212" /><anchor id="Pg212" />
+case of the internal commands which were
+often addressed to them by the exorcists, and
+which in general they obeyed implicitly, although
+without any external signification of
+the command, either verbal or by way of
+sign; as the said Lord Bishop experienced in
+many instances, among others, in that of Denise
+Parisot, whom the exorcist having commanded,
+in the depths of his own mind, to
+come to him for the purpose of being exorcised,
+she came incontinently, though dwelling
+in a remote part of the town; telling the
+Lord Bishop that she had received his commands
+and was come accordingly; and this
+she did on several occasions; likewise in the
+person of Sister Jamin, a novice, who, on recovering
+from her fit, told him the internal
+commandment which he had given to her
+demon during the exorcism; also in the case
+of the Sister Borthon, to whom having issued
+a mental commandment in one of her paroxysms
+to come and prostrate herself before
+the Holy Sacrament, with her face to the
+ground and her arms stretched forward, she
+executed his command at the very instant
+that he willed it, with a promptitude and precipitation
+altogether wonderful."</p>
+
+<p>Sister Denise Parisot, one of those who exhibited
+these singularities, also displayed a
+farther and very remarkable manifestation
+of what would now be called biological influence.
+"Being commanded by his Lordship
+to make the pulse of her right arm entirely
+cease beating while that of the left continued,
+and then to transfer the pulsation so as to
+beat in the right arm while it should stop in
+the left, she executed his orders with the utmost
+precision in the presence of the physician
+(Morel), who admitted and deposed to
+the fact, and of several ecclesiastics. Sister
+de la Purification did the same thing two or
+three times, causing her pulse to beat or to
+stop at the command of the exorcist."</p>
+
+<p>Instead of exorcist we may, without much
+apprehension of offending either the reason
+or the belief of any candid person, read
+"Mesmerist." The passes seem similar, the
+phenomena identical. Again, in the case of
+the girls of the parish of Landes, near Bayeux,
+in 1732, the orders given by the exorcists in
+Latin appeared to be well understood by the
+patients. "In general," says Calmeil, quoting
+the contemporaneous account of their
+possession, "during the ecstatic access, the
+sense of touch was not excited even by the
+application of fire; nevertheless the exorcists
+affirm that their patients yielded immediate
+attention to the thoughts which they (the
+exorcists) refrained from expressing, and that
+they described with exactness the interior of
+distant houses which they had never before
+seen."</p>
+
+<p>This long and varied survey of different
+forms of physical and mental malady brings
+us to a point where we may, with some confidence,
+take our stand on inductive conclusions.
+It seems evident, then, that all the
+phenomena of animal magnetism have been
+from an early period known to mankind under
+the various forms of divinatory ecstasy,
+demonopathy or witchmania, theomania, or
+fanatical religious excitation, spontaneous catalepsy,
+and somnambulism. That, in addition
+to the ordinary manifestations of insensibility
+to pain, rigidity, and what is called
+clairvoyance, the patients affected with
+the more intense conditions of the malady
+have at all times exhibited a marvellous command
+of languages; a seeming participation
+in the thoughts, sensations, and impulses of
+others; a power of resisting, for some short
+time at least, the action of fire; and, perhaps,
+a capacity of evolving some hitherto
+unknown energy counteractive of the force
+of gravitation. That the condition of mind
+and body in question can be induced by means
+addressed to each and all of the senses, as
+well as involuntarily by way of sympathy or
+contagion. That the fixing of the eyes on a
+particular point, as a wafer, or the umbilicus,
+or on a polished ball or mirror, is one of the
+most general and efficacious means of artificially
+inducing the condition of clairvoyance.
+That it may also, on those prepared for its
+reception by strong mental excitement, be
+induced by tumultuous music, as by the
+sound of drums and cymbals, by odors, and,
+perhaps, by unguents; and that the same
+condition also frequently supervenes on long-continued
+and intense emotion, as well as on
+those hysterical and convulsive movements
+of the body which sometimes attend on excessive
+religious excitation. That, induced
+by the latter means, clairvoyance has a tendency
+to become contagious, and has often
+afflicted whole communities with the most
+dangerous and deplorable epidemic hallucinations,
+as in the fancied witch-sabbaths of the
+domonomaniacs, and prowling excursions of
+lycanthropes and vampyres; but that, although
+in these demotic frenzies, the prevailing
+ideas and images presented to the minds
+of the sufferers are merely illusory, they possess
+the capacity of being put in such a relation
+with ideas and images derived from actual
+existence in the mind of others, as to
+perceive and appropriate them. Beyond this
+it would be difficult to advance our speculation
+with any degree of certainty; but if
+speculation may be at all indulged in such a
+question, it might, perhaps, be allowed to a
+sanguine speculator to surmise that, possibly,
+the mind in that state may be put <hi rend="font-style: italic">en rapport</hi>
+with not only the ideas and emotions of another
+particular mind, but with the whole of
+the external world, and with all its minds.
+Another step would carry us to that participation
+in the whole scheme of nature, pretended
+to by divinators and seers; but it
+must be owned that, in the present state of
+the evidences, there is no solid ground on
+which to rest the foot of conjecture in taking
+either the one step or the other.</p>
+
+<p>In the mean time, many practitioners are<pb n="213" /><anchor id="Pg213" />
+playing with an agency, the dangerous character
+of which they little suspect. In ancient
+exorcisms, it sometimes happened that the
+exorcist himself became the involuntary recipient
+of the contagious frenzy of the patient.
+If such an event happened now, it
+would not be more wonderful than when it
+befel the Pere Surin, at Loudon, in 1635, as
+he has himself described his disaster in
+his letter to the Jesuit Attichi: "For three
+months and a half I have never been without
+a devil in full exercise within me. While I
+was engaged in the performance of my ministry,
+the devil passed out of the body of the
+possessed, and coming into mine, assaulted
+me and cast me down, shook me, and traversed
+me to and fro, for several hours. I cannot
+tell you what passed within me during
+that time, and how that spirit united itself
+with mine, leaving no liberty either of sensation
+or of thought, but acting in me like another
+self, or as if I possessed two souls;
+these two souls making, as it were, a battle
+ground of my body. When I sought, at the
+instigation of the one, to make the sign of
+the cross on my mouth, the other suddenly
+would turn round my hand and seize the fingers
+with my teeth, making me bite myself
+with rage. When I sought to speak, the word
+would be taken out of my mouth; at mass I
+would be stopped short; at table I could not
+carry the food to my mouth; at confession I
+forgot my sins; in fine, I felt the devil go and
+come within me as if he used me for his
+daily dwelling-house."</p>
+
+<p>Or, if instead of passing into a single operator,
+as in the case of Surin, the diseased contagion
+should suddenly expand itself among
+a crowd of bystanders, there would be nothing
+to wonder at, although enough to deplore,
+in such a catastrophe. It would be no more
+than has already happened in all the epidemics
+of lycanthropy and witchmania, of the
+dancers of St. Vitas, of the Jumpers, Quakers,
+and Revivalists, of the Mewers, Barkers,
+and Convulsionnaires. The absence of
+religious pretensions among the operators
+seems as yet to be the chief guarantee against
+such results. If instead of being made rigid
+and lucid by the manipulations of a professor,
+the patients should find themselves cast into
+that state by contact with the tomb of a
+preacher, or with the reliques of a saint, society
+would soon be revisited with all the
+evils of <hi rend="font-style: italic">pseudo</hi>-miracles and supposed demoniacal
+possessions. The comparatively innocent
+frenzy of the followers of Father Mathew,
+was the nearest approach to a social disturbance
+of that kind that our country has
+been visited by since the barking epidemic
+of the fourteenth century. "In the county
+of Leicester, a person travelling along the
+road," says Camden, "found a pair of gloves,
+fit for his hands, as he thought; but when he
+put them on, he lost his speech immediately,
+and could do nothing but bark like a dog;
+nay, from that moment, the men and women,
+old and young, throughout the whole country,
+barked like dogs, and the children like
+whelps. This plague continued, with some
+eighteen days, with others a month, and with
+some for two years; and, like a contagious
+distemper, at last infected the neighboring
+counties, and set them a barking too."</p>
+
+<p>If mesmerism did no more than demonstrate,
+as it has done, that all the supposed
+evidences of modern inspiration, as well as of
+modern demoniacal possession and ghost-craft,
+are but the manifestations of a physical
+disorder, capable of being induced by ordinary
+agencies, it would have done a great service
+to the cause of social and religious stability.
+In addition to this, it has furnished surgery
+with a new narcotic, perhaps with a new
+anti-spasmodic. It is not impossible that
+here, at length, a means may have been found
+for combating the horrors of hydrophobia.
+Its higher pretensions of clairvoyance and
+provision, if not proved, are at least not yet
+satisfactorily disproved. Its admitted usefulness
+may, perhaps, counterbalance its perils;
+but in every exercise of it, whether curative
+or speculative, it is never to be forgotten,
+that the phenomena are those of disease,
+and that the production of disease, save for
+the counteraction of other maladies more
+hurtful, is in itself an evil.</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: right">S. F.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.</head>
+<head type="sub">From Sharp's Magazine.</head>
+
+<p>By F. Lawrence.</p>
+
+<p>The best epitaphs, according to our notion,
+are generally the shortest and the plainest.
+In no description of composition is elaborate
+and ornate phraseology so much out
+of place.  Where a world-wide reputation
+has been achieved, the name alone, with the
+addition perhaps of a date, is often calculated
+to produce a more impressive effect than an
+ostentatious inscription. It has been observed
+that the simple words—</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center"><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Catherine the Great to Peter the First,</hi></p>
+
+<p>inscribed on the monument erected by the
+Empress Catherine to the memory of her
+husband, arrogant as they are, contain the
+essence of the sublime. And, in like manner,
+among the most impressive memorials in
+Westminster Abbey are the words, "O rare
+Ben Jonson," chiselled beneath the great play-wright's
+bust, and the name of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. Dryden</hi>,
+with the date of his birth and death, and the
+simple statement, that the tomb was erected,
+in 1720, by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham.
+We doubt whether the effect of the
+latter would have been improved by the addition
+of the couplet written for it by Pope,
+admirable as it is:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">This Sheffield raised: the sacred dust below</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Was Dryden once—the rest who does not know?</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Among the best epitaphs in the Poet's Corner,
+we are inclined to number that on Spenser,
+which combines in an eminent degree
+dignity and simplicity, and possesses a character
+which at once attracts attention. The<pb n="214" /><anchor id="Pg214" />
+monument on which it appears had been
+originally erected by Anne, Countess of Dorset,
+and having fallen into decay, was restored,
+in 1768, precisely in its old form:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Heare lyes (expecting the second</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Comminge of our Savior <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Christ</hi></l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Jesus</hi>) the body of Edmond Spencer,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The Prince of Poets in his tyme,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Other witnesse than the works</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Which he left behinde him.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He was borne in London in the yeare 1553,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And died in the year 1598.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The epitaph of Michael Drayton, another
+of the Elizabethan poets, said by some to be
+the composition of Ben Jonson, and by others
+to be by Quarles, has also a species of
+quaint beauty and solemnity which raises it
+above the ordinary level. It was originally
+in gilt letters:</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center"><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Michael Draiton</hi>, Esq.</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center">       A memorable poet of this age,<lb />
+ Exchanged his laurell for a crowne of glorye,<lb />
+                 A<hi rend="vertical-align: super">o</hi>. 1631.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Doe, pious Marble! let thy readers knowe</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  What they and what their children owe</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  To <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Draiton's</hi> name, whose sacred dust</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  We recommend unto thy <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">trust</hi>:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Protect his memory, and preserve his storye,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Remaine a lastinge monument of his glorye;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And when thy ruines shall disclaime</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  To be the treas'rer of his name,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  His name that cannot fade shall be</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  An everlasting monument to thee.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>We cannot say that the Latin compositions
+of this sort in Westminster Abbey are much
+to our taste. One however, we cannot pass
+over—that to the memory of Goldsmith, by
+Dr. Johnson—a scholar-like production, dictated
+by affection, and full of grace and tenderness.
+In the delineation of the personal
+and literary character of his friend, we recognize
+all the grander traits of the honest giant's
+loving heart and powerful pen. Nothing can
+be in better taste than his commendation of
+Goldsmith's genius:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Affectuum <hi rend="font-style: italic">potens et lenis Dominator</hi>;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ingenio sublimis—vividus, versatilis,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Oratione grandis, nitidus, venustus—</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Of the English epitaphs, one of the most
+remarkable for elegance and simplicity is that
+on Purcell, the composer, reputed, on the authority
+of Malone, to be by Dryden, It certainly
+is not unworthy of his pen:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">            Here lyes</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">       <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Purcell</hi>, Esq.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">       Who left this life,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And is gone to that blessed place</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">     Where only his Harmony</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        Can be exceeded.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">     Obiit 21 die Novembris</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">       Anno Ætatis suæ 37</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      Annoque Domini 1695.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Among more modern inscriptions, those on
+the great engineers, Watt and Telford, are
+particularly worthy of notice. The former is
+from the pen of Lord Brougham:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">            Not to perpetuate a name,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Which must endure while the peaceful arts flourish,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                    But to show</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      That mankind have learned to know those</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">         Who best deserve their gratitude,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                      The King,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        His ministers, and many of the nobles</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">              And commoners of the realm</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                Raised this monument to</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                      <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">James Watt</hi>,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    Who, directing the force of an original genius,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        Early exercised in philosophic research,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        To the improvement of the Steam Engine,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">         Enlarged the resources of his country,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">              Increased the power of man,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">               And rose to eminent place</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    Among the most illustrious  followers of science,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        And the real benefactors of the world.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The inscription on Telford's monument is
+equally chaste and beautiful. It presents this
+noble summary of his life and character:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      The orphan son of a shepherd, self-educated,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                   He raised himself,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">       By his extraordinary talents and integrity,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    From the humble condition of an operative mason,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                And became one of the</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">       Most eminent Civil Engineers of the age.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      This marble has been erected near the spot</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">           Where his remains are deposited,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        By the friends who revered his virtues,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  But his noblest monuments are to be found amongst</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        The great public works of his country.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Every visitor will reverently pause before
+the magnificent cenotaph of the great Earl of
+Chatham, which, though somewhat too confused
+and elaborate in its decorations, is not
+unworthy of the greatest of English ministers.
+Having achieved a higher reputation
+as a statesman and orator than any other public
+man which his country had produced, and
+having fallen, as it were, in her service, the
+national gratitude was displayed in an unprecedented
+manner by honors paid his memory.
+His body lay in state three days in the
+painted chamber in the House of Lords—his
+public funeral exceeded in splendor the obsequies
+of princes—his debts were paid by the
+nation—and finally, the stately tomb to which
+we have drawn attention, was placed over
+his remains. The inscription whilst exceedingly
+plain and simple, is impressive and appropriate:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    Erected by the King and Parliament</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">            As a testimonial to</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">          The Virtues and Ability</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">                    of</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">William Pitt, Earl of Chatham</hi>,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">During whose administration, in the reigns of</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        George II. and George III.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">            Divine Providence</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">           Exalted Great Britain</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">    To a height of Prosperity and Glory</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">        Unknown in any former age.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Of poetical epitaphs in the Abbey some of
+the most important are by Pope. Like everything
+else from his pen, they are carefully
+written, but viewed as monumental inscriptions,
+not distinguished for any striking excellence.
+Among the best of them is that on
+the Honourable James Craggs, a secretary of
+state, rather discreditably mixed up with the
+South Sea Bubble:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In action faithful, yet in honour clear!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who broke no promise, served no private end,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who gained no title, and who lost no friend;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ennobled by Himself, by all approved,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Praised, wept, and honored by the Muse he loved.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The one on Gay is interesting as a tribute
+of friendship, and as a faithful portrait of that
+pleasing and amiable poet, the simplicity of
+whose character is admirably delineated in
+the first couplet:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of manners gentle, and affections mild,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"><hi rend="font-style: italic">In wit a man, simplicity a child</hi>.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Altogether it is a beautiful and appropriate<pb n="215" /><anchor id="Pg215" />
+composition, and we cannot but regret that
+the monument on which it appears should be
+disfigured by the doggerel, said to have been
+written by Gay himself, and inscribed on the
+ledge just above Pope's epitaph;</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Life is a jest, and all things show it;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I thought so once, but now I know it.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>That of Nicholas Rowe, the dramatist (also
+by Pope), has been admired for the pathos of
+the concluding lines, the beauty of which,
+however, it is a matter of notoriety, was considerably
+marred by a prosaic circumstance,
+which proves the danger of assuming facts
+even in poetical compositions. The monument
+is commemorative of the poet and of
+his only daughter, the wife of Henry Fane.
+His widow survived him, and her inconsolable
+affliction was beautifully depicted:-</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To these so mourned in death, so loved in life,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The childless parent and the widowed wife,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With tears inscribes this monumental stone,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That holds their ashes, <hi rend="font-style: italic">and expects her own</hi>.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Almost, however, before "the monumental
+stone" was finished, the disconsolate widow
+dried her eyes, and married a gallant colonel
+of dragoons, without considering that she was
+spoiling the beauty of her husband's epitaph.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most flagrant instances of false
+taste, we must specify that on the tomb of
+David Garrick. The tomb itself has been
+described as "a theatrical conceit, of which
+the design exhibits neither taste nor invention."
+The epitaph was the production of
+Pratt, author of Harvest Home and other lucubrations
+which have long since been consigned
+to the tomb of the Capulets; and both
+epitaph and monument are thus spoken of
+by Charles Lamb in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Essays of Elia</hi>. Alluding
+principally to the eccentric attitude of
+the actor's effigy, he observes, "Though I
+would not go so far, with some good Catholics
+abroad, as to shut players altogether out
+of consecrated ground, yet I own I was not
+a little scandalized at the introduction of theatrical
+airs and gestures into a place set apart
+to remind us of the saddest realities. Going
+nearer, I found inscribed under this burlesque
+figure a farrago of false thought and nonsense."
+The farrago in question is in verse,
+and represents Shakspeare and Garrick as
+"twin stars," who as long as time shall last
+are to "irradiate earth with a beam divine."</p>
+
+<p>There are but few epitaphs in St. Paul's
+Cathedral—the other great resting-place of
+illustrious dead—worthy of remark or reproduction.
+The best in the whole edifice, and
+one of the most perfect compositions of its
+kind, is the well-known inscription commemorative
+of its renowned architect, Sir Christopher
+Wren:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Subditus conditur hujus Ecelesiæ at Urbis</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">  Conditor, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Christopherus Wren</hi>, qui vixit</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">      Annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Bono publico. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lector, si monumentum requiris,</hi></l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">               <hi rend="font-style: italic">Circumspice.</hi></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>We need not point out the beauties of this
+celebrated epitaph:—its terseness of phraseology
+(to which no translation could do justice)—its
+suggestiveness, grandeur and dignity.
+Another Latin inscription in St. Paul's
+is also deserving notice, both on account of
+its merit, and the individual it commemorates—that
+on Dr. Samuel Johnson, written by
+the famous Dr. Parr. Of English inscriptions
+in this Cathedral, the most striking is
+that on the monument of John Howard. It
+concludes with the well-known sentence:
+"He trod an open and unfrequented path,to
+immortality, in the ardent and unremitting
+exercise of Christian charity. May this tribute
+to his fame excite an emulation of his
+truly glorious achievements."</p>
+
+<p>It is no very easy matter to produce a
+good epitaph. Great practice in composition
+is required—great power of condensation—and
+the exercise of judgment and discrimination.
+In efforts at epitaph-writing, few
+English poets have appeared to advantage.
+One or two perfect specimens, indeed, we
+possess, but the success of a single writer
+must be set against the failure of a great
+many. Of our good epitaphs, the very best,
+in our opinion, is that on the Countess Dowager
+of Pembroke, the sister of Sir Philip
+Sidney, by Ben Jonson. Although it has
+been often quoted, we cannot exclude it from
+this paper:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Underneath this sable hearse</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Lies the subject of all verse,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Death, ere thou hast slain another,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fair, and wise, and good as she,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Time shall throw his dart at thee.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Another of Jonson's epitaphs, although
+more rugged in versification, is also deserving
+of quotation;</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Underneath this stone doth lie</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As much virtue as could die;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Which, when alive, did vigor give</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To as much beauty as could live.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If she had a single fault,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Leave it buried in this vault.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Not a few of Pope's epitaphs, as we have
+before hinted, appear tame, insipid, and characterized
+by a false taste. We except the
+well-known couplet for the monument of
+Sir Isaac Newton, in which there are dignity
+of language and boldness of conception:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;—</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>David Garrick is the author of some very
+good and characteristic epitaphs. The best,
+is that on Claudius Philips, the musician, who
+lived and died in great poverty. It was some
+time ascribed to Dr. Johnson, but is now
+known to be the production of Garrick:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Philips, whose touch harmonious could remove</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The pangs of guilty power and hapless love,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Rest here, distress'd by poverty no more,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here find that calm thou gav'st so oft before;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Another of Garnet's epitaphs, is that on
+Mr. Havard, the comedian, who died in 1778.
+It is described by the author as a tribute "to
+the memory of a character he long knew and
+respected." Whatever its merits as a composition,
+the professional metaphor introduced
+is sadly out of place:</p>
+
+<pb n="216" /><anchor id="Pg216" />
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"An honest man's the noblest work of God."</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Havard, from sorrow rest beneath this stone;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> An honest man—beloved as soon as known;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Howe'er defective in the mimic art,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> In real life he justly played his part!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> The noblest character he acted well,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> And heaven applauded when the curtain fell.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The one on William Hogarth, in Chiswick
+Churchyard, by Garrick, is in better taste:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Farewell, great painter of mankind,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Who reach'd the noblest point of art;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Whose pictur'd morals charm the mind,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And through the eye correct the heart!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If genius fire thee, reader, stay;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  If nature touch thee, drop a tear:-</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If neither move thee, turn away,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  For Hogarth's honor'd dust lies here.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Some distinguished men have amused themselves,
+while living, by inditing epitaphs for
+themselves. Franklin, and the great lawyer
+and orientalist, Sir William Jones, have left
+characteristic performances of this kind in
+prose, and from Matthew Prior we have a
+mock-serious one in verse. The latter has
+been often quoted, but it will bear repetition:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nobles and heralds, by your leave,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Here lie the bones of Matthew Prior:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The son of Adam and of Eve,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>In the same spirit, but superior in tone and
+quality, is the following, the authorship of
+which is unknown, "on a poor but honest
+man:"</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Stop, reader, here, and deign to look</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  On one without a name,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Ne'er enter'd in the ample book</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Of fortune or of fame.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Studious of peace, he hated strife;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Meek virtues fill'd his breast;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His coat of arms, "a spotless life,"</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  "An honest heart" his crest.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Quarter'd therewith was innocence,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And thus his motto ran:</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"A conscience void of all offence,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Before both God and man."</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In the great day of wrath, through pride</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Now scorns his pedigree,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thousands shall wish they'd been allied</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  To this great family.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The thought in Prior's is ludicrously expressed
+in the following, from a monument
+erected in 1703, in the New Church burying-ground,
+Dundee, to the memory of J. R.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here lies a Man,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Com'd of Adam and Eve;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">If any will climb higher,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I give him leave.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Amongst poetical epitaphs, of the more
+elaborate class, we must notice two by Mason;
+one to the memory of his mother, in Bristol
+Cathedral, and the other on a young lady
+named Drummond, in the church of Brodsworth,
+Yorkshire. We have space for only
+the latter.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here sleeps what once was beauty, once was grace;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Grace, that with tenderness and sense combined</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To form that harmony of soul and face,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Where brainy shines the mirror of the mind.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Such was the maid that, in the morn of youth,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  In virgin innocence, in nature's pride,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Blest with each art that owes its charms to truth,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Sank in her father's fond embrace, and died.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He weeps; O venerate the holy tear!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  Faith lends her aid to ease affliction's load;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The parent mourns his child upon the bier,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  The Christian yields an angel to his God.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Of whimsical and satirical epitaphs—some
+actually inscribed on tombstones, and others
+intended for pasquinades—a large collection
+might be made. We have little taste for
+these anomalous compositions, nor do we consider
+it creditable to the national character,
+that so many English churchyards can be
+pointed out where they occur. But there
+are those who will make even the tomb a
+subject of pleasant humors. The epitaph
+for the tomb of Sir John Vanbrugh, distinguished
+as a dramatist and architect, and reflecting
+on his achievements in the latter capacity,
+is as follows:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Laid many a heavy load on thee.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The original of the following is among the
+epigrams of Boileau:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here lies my wife; there let her lie;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">She is at rest—and so am I.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>We do not suppose that this was ever engraved
+on a tombstone, either in French or
+English; but the following lines are said to
+have been copied from a slab in an English
+church:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here lies the body of Sarah Sexton,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who as a wife did never vex one;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">We can't say that for her at the next stone.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The next specimen is also known to have
+appeared on a tomb in Essex:—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Here lies the man Richard,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And Mary his wife;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Their surname was Pritchard;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  They lived without strife;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And the reason was plain;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  They abounded in riches,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">They no care had nor pain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">  And the wife wore the breeches.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>We will not multiply examples of these
+compositions. Lines of the description we
+have quoted have often found their way into
+print, and we have selected one or two of
+the least offensive as examples of eccentricity.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.</head>
+<head type="sub"><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">An Adventure With Robbers.</hi></head>
+
+<p>From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.</p>
+
+<p>The world, since it was a world at all, has
+ever been fond of singing the praises of
+the good old times. It would seem a general
+rule, that so soon as we get beyond a certain
+age, whatever that may be, we acquire a high
+opinion of the past, and grumble at every
+thing new under the sun. One cause of this
+may be, that distance lends enchantment to
+the view, and that the history of the past,
+like a landscape travelled over, loses in review
+all the rugged and wearisome annoyances
+that rendered it scarcely bearable in
+the journey. But it is hardly worth while
+to speculate upon the causes of an absurdity
+which a little candid retrospection will do
+more to dissipate than whole folios of philosophy.
+We can easily understand a man who
+sighs that he was not born a thousand years
+hence instead of twenty or thirty years ago,
+but that any one should encourage a regret
+that his lot in life was not cast a few centuries
+back, seems inexplicable on any rational
+grounds. The utter folly of praising the<pb n="217" /><anchor id="Pg217" />
+good old times may be illustrated by a reference
+to the wretched condition of most
+European cities; but we shall confine ourselves
+to the single case of Paris, now one
+of the most beautiful capitals in the world.</p>
+
+<p>In the thirteenth century the streets of
+Paris were not paved; they were muddy
+and filthy to a very horrible degree, and
+swine constantly loitered about and fed in
+them. At night there were no public lights,
+and assassinations and robberies were far
+from infrequent. At the beginning of the
+fourteenth century public lighting was begun
+on a limited scale; and at best only a few
+tallow candles were put up in prominent
+situations. The improvement, accordingly,
+did little good, and the numerous bands of
+thieves had it still pretty much their own
+way. Severity of punishment seldom compensates
+the want of precautionary measures.
+It was the general custom at this period to
+cut off the ears of a condemned thief after
+the term of his imprisonment had elapsed.
+Thia was done that offenders might be readily
+recognized should they dare again to enter
+the city, banishment from which was a part
+of the sentence of such as were destined to
+be cropped. But they often found it easier
+to fabricate false ears than to gain a livelihood
+away from the arena of their exploits;
+and this measure, severe and cruel as it was,
+was found inefficient to rid the capital of
+their presence.</p>
+
+<p>Among the various adventures with thieves,
+detailed by an author contemporaneous with
+Louis XIII., the following affords a rich example
+of the organization of the domestic
+brigands of the time, and of the wretched
+security which the capital afforded to its inhabitants.</p>
+
+<p>A celebrated advocate named Polidamor
+had by his reputation for riches aroused the
+covetousness of some chiefs of a band of
+brigands, who flattered themselves that could
+they catch him they would obtain possession
+of an important sum. They placed upon his
+track three bold fellows, who, after many
+fruitless endeavors, encountered him one
+evening accompanied only by a single lackey.
+Seizing fast hold of himself and attendant,
+they rifled him in a twinkling; and as he had
+accidentally left his purse at home, they took
+his rich cloak of Spanish cloth and silk, which
+was quite new, and of great value. Polidamor,
+who at first resisted, found himself compelled
+to yield to force, but asked as a favor
+to be allowed to redeem his mantle. This
+was agreed to at the price of thirty pistoles;
+and the rogues appointed a rendezvous the
+next day, at six in the evening, on the same
+spot, for the purpose of effecting the exchange.
+They recommended him to come
+alone, assuring him that his life would be
+endangered should he appear accompanied
+with an escort. Polidamor repaired to the
+place at the appointed hour, and after a few
+moments of expectation he saw a carriage
+approaching in which were seated four persons
+in the garb of gentlemen. They descended
+from the vehicle, and one of them,
+advancing towards the advocate, asked him
+in a low voice if he were not in search of a
+cloak of Spanish cloth and silk. The victim
+replied in the affirmative, and declared himself
+prepared to redeem it at the sum at
+which it had been taxed. The thieves having
+assured themselves that he was alone, seized
+him, and made him get into the carriage;
+and one of them presenting a pistol to his
+breast, bade him hold his tongue under pain
+of instant death, while another blindfolded
+him. As the advocate trembled with fear,
+they assured him that no harm was intended,
+and bade the coachman drive on.</p>
+
+<p>After a rapid flight, which was yet long
+enough to inspire the prisoner with deadly
+terror, the carriage stopped in front of a
+large mansion, the gate of which opened to
+receive them, and closed again as soon as
+they had passed the threshold. The robbers
+alighted with their captive, from whose eyes
+they now removed the bandage. He was led
+into an immense saloon, where were a number
+of tables, upon which the choicest viands
+were profusely spread, and seated at which
+was a company of gentlemanly-looking personages,
+who chatted familiarly together,
+without the slightest demonstration of confusion
+or alarm. His guardians again enjoined
+him to lay aside all fear, informed him that
+he was in good society, and that they had
+brought him there solely that they might enjoy
+the pleasure of his company at supper.
+In the mean while water was served to the
+guests, that they might wash their hands before
+sitting at table. Every man took his
+place, and a seat was assigned to Polidamor
+at the upper and privileged end of the board.
+Astonished, or rather stupefied at the strange
+circumstances of his adventure, he would
+willingly have abstained from taking any part
+in the repast; but he was compelled to make
+a show of eating, in order to dissemble his
+mistrust and agitation. When the supper
+was ended and the tables were removed, one
+of the gentlemen who had assisted in his capture
+accosted him with polite expressions of
+regret at his want of appetite. During the
+interchange of courtesies which ensued, one
+of the bandits took a lute, another a viol, and
+the party began to amuse themselves with
+music. The advocate was then invited to
+walk into a neighboring room, where he perceived
+a considerable number of mantles
+ranged in order. He was desired to select
+his own, and to count out the thirty pistoles
+agreed upon, together with one for coach-hire,
+and one more for his share of the reckoning
+at supper. Polidamor, who had been
+apprehensive that the drama of which his
+mantle had been the occasion might have a
+very different <hi rend="font-style: italic">dénouement</hi>, was but too well
+pleased to be quit at such a cost, and he took
+leave of the assembly with unfeigned expressions<pb n="218" /><anchor id="Pg218" />
+of gratitude. The carriage was called,
+and before entering it he was again blindfolded;
+his former conductors returned with
+him to the spot where he had been seized,
+where, removing the bandage from his eyes,
+they allowed him to alight, presenting him
+at the same moment with a ticket sealed
+with green wax, and having these words inscribed
+in large letters, <hi rend="font-style: italic">"Freed by the Great
+Band</hi>." This ticket was a passport securing
+his mantle, purse, and person against all further
+assaults. Hastening to regain his residence
+with all speed, he was assailed at a
+narrow turning by three other rascals, who
+demanded his purse or his life. The advocate
+drew his ticket from his pocket, though he
+had no great faith in it as a preservative, and
+presented it to the thieves. One of them,
+provided with a dark lantern, read it, returned
+it, and recommended him to make haste
+home, where he at last arrived in safety.</p>
+
+<p>Early in the seventeenth century the Parisian
+rogues availed themselves of the regulations
+against the use of snuff to pillage the
+snuff-takers. As the sale of this article was
+forbidden by law to any but grocers and
+apothecaries, and as even they could only retail
+it to persons provided with the certificate
+of a medical man, the annoyance of such restrictions
+was loudly complained of. The
+rogues, ever ready to profit by circumstances,
+opened houses for gaming—at that period almost
+a universal vice—where "snuff at discretion"
+was a tempting bait to those long
+accustomed to a gratification all the more
+agreeable because it was forbidden. Here
+the snuff-takers were diligently plied with
+wine, and then cheated of their money; or, if
+too temperate or suspicious to drink to excess,
+they were unceremoniously plundered in a
+sham quarrel. To such a length was this
+practice carried, that an ordinance was at
+length issued in 1629, strictly forbidding all
+snuff-takers from assembling in public places
+or elsewhere, "<hi rend="font-style: italic">pour satisfaire leur goût</hi>!"</p>
+
+<p>The thieves of the good old times were not
+only more numerous in proportion to the population
+than they are at present, but were
+also distinguished by greater audacity and
+cruelty. They had recourse to the most diabolical
+ingenuity to subdue the resistance and
+to prevent the outcries of their victims. Under
+the rule of Henry IV. a band of brigands
+arose, who, in the garb, and with the manners
+of gentlemen, introduced themselves into
+the best houses under the pretext of private
+business, and when alone with the master,
+demanded his money at the dagger's
+point. Some of them made use of a gag—a
+contrivance designated at the period the <hi rend="font-style: italic">poire
+d'angoisse</hi>. This instrument was of a spherical
+shape, and pierced all over with small
+holes; it was forced into the mouth of the
+person intended to be robbed, and upon touching
+a spring sharp points protruded from
+every hole, at once inflicting the most horrible
+anguish, and preventing the sufferer from
+uttering a single cry. It could not be withdrawn
+but by the use of the proper key,
+which contracted the spring. This device
+was adopted universally by one savage band,
+and occasioned immense misery not only in
+Paris but throughout France.</p>
+
+<p>An Italian thief, an enterprising and ingenious
+rogue, adopted a singular expedient for
+robbing women at their devotions in church.
+He placed himself on his knees by the side of
+his intended prey, holding in a pair of artificial
+hands a book of devotion, to which he
+made a show of the most devout attention,
+while with his natural hands he cut the watch
+or purse-string of his unsuspecting neighbor.
+This stratagem, favored by the fashion, then
+general, of wearing mantles, met with great
+success, and of course soon produced a host
+of clumsy imitators, and excited the vigilance
+of the police, who at length made so many
+seizures of solemn-faced devotees provided
+with wooden kid-gloved hands, that it fell into
+complete discredit, and was at last abandoned
+by the profession.</p>
+
+<p>Cunning as were the rogues of a past age,
+they were liable to capture like their modern
+successors. A gentleman having resorted to
+Paris on business, was hustled one day in the
+precincts of the palace, and robbed of his
+well-filled purse. Furious at the loss of a
+considerable sum, he swore to be avenged.
+He procured a clever mechanic, who, under
+his directions, contrived a kind of hand-trap
+for the pocket, managed in such a manner as
+to preclude the possibility of an attempt at
+purse-stealing without detection. Having
+fixed the instrument in its place, impatient
+for the revenge he had promised himself, he
+sallied forth to promenade the public walks,
+mingled with every group, and stopped from
+time to time gazing about him with the air
+of a greenhorn. Several days passed before
+any thing resulted from his plan; but one
+morning, while he was gaping at the portraits
+of the kings of France in one of the public
+galleries, he finds himself surrounded and
+pushed about, precisely as in the former instance;
+he feels a hand insinuating itself
+gently into the open snare, and hears immediately
+the click of the instrument, which assures
+him that the delinquent is safely caught.
+Taking no notice, he walks on as if nothing
+had happened, and resumes his promenade,
+drawing after him the thief, whom pain and
+shame prevented from making the least effort
+to disengage his hand. Occasionally the gentleman
+would turn round, and rebuke his unwilling
+follower for his importunity, and thus
+drew the eyes of the whole crowd upon his
+awkward position. At last, pretending to
+observe for the first time the stranger's hand
+in his pocket, he flies into a violent passion,
+accuses him of being a cut-purse, and demands
+the sum he had previously lost, without
+which he declares the villain shall be
+hanged. It would seem that compounding a
+felony was nothing in those days; for it is<pb n="219" /><anchor id="Pg219" />
+upon record that the thief, though caught in
+the act, was permitted to send a messenger
+to his comrades, who advanced the money,
+and therewith purchased his liberty.</p>
+
+<p>The people were forbidden to employ particular
+materials in the fabrication of their
+clothing, to ride in a coach, to decorate their
+apartments as they chose, to purchase certain
+articles of furniture, and even to give a dinner
+party when and in what style they chose.
+Under the Valois régime strict limits were
+assigned to the expenses of the table, determining
+the number of courses of which a
+banquet should consist, and that of the dishes
+of which each course was to be composed.
+Any guest who should fail to denounce an
+infraction of the law of which he had been a
+witness, was liable to a fine of forty livres;
+and officers of justice, who might be present,
+were strictly enjoined to quit the tables of
+their hosts, and institute immediate proceedings
+against them. The rigor of these regulations
+extended, even to the kitchen, and the
+police had the power of entry at all hours, to
+enforce compliance with the statutes.</p>
+
+<p>But it was during the prevalence of an epidemic
+that it was least agreeable to live in
+France in the good old times. No sooner did
+a contagious malady, or one that was supposed
+to be so, make its appearance, than the
+inhabitants of Paris were all forbidden to remove
+from one residence to another, although
+their term of tenancy had expired, until the
+judge of police had received satisfactory evidence
+that the house they desired to leave
+had not been affected by the contagion.
+When a house was infected, a bundle of straw
+fastened to one of the windows warned the
+public to avoid all intercourse with the inmates.
+At a later period two wooden crosses
+were substituted for the straw, one of which
+was attached to the front door, and the other
+to one of the windows in an upper story.
+In 1596 the provost of Paris having learned
+that the tenants of some houses infected by
+an epidemic which was then making great
+ravages, had removed these badges, issued an
+ordinance commanding that those who transgressed
+in a similar manner again should suffer
+the loss of the right hand—a threat which
+was found perfectly efficient.</p>
+
+<p>By an ordinance of 1533, persons recovering
+from a contagious malady, together with
+their domestics, and all the members of their
+families, were forbidden to appear in the
+streets for a given period without a white
+wand in their hands, to warn the public of
+the danger of contact. Three years after the
+authorities were yet more severe against the
+convalescents, who were ordered to remain
+shut up at home for forty days after their
+cure; and even when the quarantine had expired,
+they were not allowed to appear in the
+streets until they had presented to a magistrate
+a certificate from the commissary of
+their district, attested by a declaration of six
+householders, that the forty days had elapsed.
+In the preceding century (in 1498) an ordinance
+still more extraordinary had been issued.
+It was at the coronation of Louis XII.
+when a great number of the nobles came to
+Paris to take part in the ceremony. The
+provost, desiring to guard them from the danger
+of infection, published an order that all
+persons of both sexes, suffering under certain
+specified maladies, should quit the capital in
+twenty-four hours, <hi rend="font-style: italic">under the penalty of being
+thrown into the river</hi>!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.</head>
+<head type="sub">From Household Words.</head>
+
+<p>A strange story was once told me by a
+Levantine lady of my acquaintance,
+which I shall endeavor to relate—as far as I am
+able with the necessary abridgments—in her
+own words. The circumstances under which
+she told it were peculiar. The family had
+just been disturbed by the visit of a ghost—a
+real ghost, visible, if not palpable. She was
+not what may be called superstitious; and
+though following with more or less assiduity
+the practices of her religion, was afflicted
+now and then with a fit of perfect materialism.
+I was surprised, therefore, to hear her
+relate, with every appearance of profound
+faith, the following incidents:—</p>
+
+<p>There is an old house in Beyrout, which,
+for many successive years, was inhabited by
+a Christian family. It is of great extent,
+and was of yore fitted for the dwelling of a
+prince. The family had, indeed, in early-times
+been very rich; and almost fabulous
+accounts are current of the wealth of its
+founder, Fadlallah Dahân. He was a merchant;
+the owner of ships, the fitter-out of
+caravans. The regions of the East and of the
+West had been visited by him; and, after
+undergoing as many dangers and adventures
+as Sinbad, he had returned to spend the latter
+days of his life in his native city. He
+built, accordingly, a magnificent dwelling,
+the courts of which he adorned with marble
+fountains, and the chambers with silk divans;
+and he was envied on account of his prosperity.</p>
+
+<p>But, in the restlessness of his early years,
+he had omitted to marry, and now found
+himself near the close of his career without
+an heir to inherit his wealth and to perpetuate
+his name. This reflection often disturbed
+him; yet he was unwilling to take a wife
+because he was old. Every now and then, it
+is true, he saw men older than he, with fewer
+teeth and whiter beards, taking to their bosoms
+maidens that bloomed like peaches just
+beginning to ripen against a wall; and his
+friends, who knew he would give a magnificent
+marriage-feast, urged him to do likewise.
+Once he looked with pleasure on a
+young person of not too tender years, whose
+parents purposely presented her to him; but
+having asked her in a whisper whether she
+would like to marry a withered old gentleman<pb n="220" /><anchor id="Pg220" />
+like himself, she frankly confessed a
+preference for his handsome young clerk,
+Harma, who earned a hundred piastres a
+month. Fadlallah laughed philosophically,
+and took care that the young couple should
+be married under happy auspices.</p>
+
+<p>One day he was proceeding along the street
+gravely and slowly—surrounded by a number
+of merchants proud to walk by his side,
+and followed by two or three young men,
+who pressed near in order to be thought of
+the company, and thus establish their credit—when
+an old woman espying him, began to
+cry out, "Yeh! yeh! this is the man who
+has no wife and no child—this is the man
+who is going to die and leave his fortune to
+be robbed by his servants or confiscated by
+the governor! And yet, he has a sagacious
+nose"—(the Orientals have observed that
+there is wisdom in a nose)—"and a beard as
+long as my back! Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful
+sight to see!"</p>
+
+<p>Fadlallah Dahân stopped, and retorted,
+smiling: "Yeh! yeh! this is the woman
+that blames an old man for not marrying a
+young wife. Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful
+sight to see!"</p>
+
+<p>Then the woman replied, "O my lord,
+every pig's tail curls not in the same direction,
+nor does every maiden admire the passing
+quality of youth. If thou wilt, I will bestow
+on thee a wife, who will love thee as
+thou lovest thyself, and serve thee as the
+angels serve Allah. She is more beautiful
+than any of the daughters of Beyrout, and
+her name is Selima, a name of good augury."</p>
+
+<p>The friends of Fadlallah laughed, as did the
+young men who followed in their wake, and
+urged him to go and see this peerless beauty,
+if it were only for a joke. Accordingly, he
+told the woman to lead the way. But she
+said he must mount his mule, for they
+had to go some distance into the country.
+He mounted, and, with a single servant, went
+forth from the gates—the woman preceding—and
+rode until he reached a village in the
+mountains. Here, in a poor little house, he
+found Selima; clothed in the very commonest
+style, engaged in making divan cushions.
+She was a marvellously beautiful girl, and the
+heart of the merchant at once began to yearn
+towards her; yet he endeavored to restrain
+himself, and said, "This beautiful thing is not
+for me." But the woman cried out, "Selima,
+wilt thou consent to love this old man?"
+The girl gazed in his face awhile, and then,
+folding her hands across her bosom, said,
+"Yes; for there is goodness in his countenance."
+Fadlallah wept with joy; and, returning
+to the city, announced his approaching
+marriage to his friends. According to
+custom, they expressed civil surprise to his
+face; but, when his back was turned, they
+whispered that he was an old fool, and had
+been the dupe of a she-adventurer.</p>
+
+<p>The marriage took place with ceremonies
+of royal magnificence; and Selima, who passed
+unmoved from extreme poverty to abundant
+riches, seemed to merit the position of
+the greatest lady in Beyrout. Never was
+woman more prudent than she. No one ever
+knew her previous history, nor that of her
+mother. Some said that a life of misery,
+perhaps of shame, was before them, when
+this unexpected marriage took place. Selima's
+gratitude to Fadlallah was unbounded;
+and out of gratitude grew love. The merchant
+daily offered up thanks for the bright
+diamond which had come to shine in his
+house.</p>
+
+<p>In due time a child was born; a boy lively
+as his mother; and they named him Halil.
+With what joy he was received, what festivities
+announced the glad intelligence to the
+town, may easily be imagined. Selima and
+Fadlallah resolved to devote themselves to
+his education, and determined that he should
+be the most accomplished youth of Bar-er-Shâm.
+But a long succession of children followed,
+each more beautiful than the former—some
+boys, some girls; and every new comer
+was received with additional delight and
+still grander ceremonies; so that the people
+began to say, "Is this a race of sovereigns?"</p>
+
+<p>Now, Halil grew up to the age of twelve—still
+a charming lad; but the parents always
+fully occupied by the last arrival, had not
+carried out their project of education. He
+was as wild and untamed as a colt, and spent
+more of his time in the street than in the
+company of his mother; who, by degrees,
+began to look upon him with a kind of calm
+friendship due to strangers. Fadlallah, as he
+took his accustomed walk with his merchant
+friends, used from time to time to encounter
+a ragged boy fighting in the streets with the
+sons of the Jew butcher; but his eyes beginning
+to grow dim, he often passed without
+recognizing him. One day, however, Halil,
+breathless and bleeding, ran up and took refuge
+beneath the skirts of his mantle from a
+crowd of savage urchins. Fadlallah was
+amazed, and said, "O, my son—for I think
+thou art my son—what evil hath befallen
+thee, and wherefore do I see thee in this
+state?" The boy, whose voice was choked
+by sobs, looked up into his face, and said,
+"Father, I am the son of the richest merchant
+of Beyrout, and behold, there is no one
+so little cared for as I."</p>
+
+<p>Fadlallah's conscience smote him, and he
+wiped the boy's bleeding face with the corner
+of his silk caftan, and blessed him; and, taking
+him by the hand, led him away. The
+merchants smiled benignly one to the other,
+and, pointing with their thumbs, said, "We
+have seen the model youth!"</p>
+
+<p>Whilst they laughed and sneered, Fadlallah,
+humbled yet resolved, returned to his house,
+leading the ragged Halil, and entered his
+wife's chamber. Selima was playing with
+her seventh child, and teaching it to lisp the
+word "Baba"—about the amount of education
+which she had found time to bestow on<pb n="221" /><anchor id="Pg221" />
+each of her offspring. When she saw the
+plight of her eldest son she frowned, and was
+about to scold him; but Fadlallah interposed,
+and said, "Wife, speak no harsh words. We
+have not done our duty by this boy. May
+God forgive us; but we have looked on these
+children that have bloomed from thee, more
+as playthings than as deposits for which we
+are responsible. Halil has become a wild
+out-of-doors lad, doubting with some reason
+of our love. It is too late to bring him back
+to the destiny we had dreamt of; but he
+must not be left to grow up thus uncared for.
+I have a brother established in Bassora; to
+him will I send the lad to learn the arts of
+commerce, and to exercise himself in adventure,
+as his father did before him. Bestow
+thy blessing upon him, Selima (here the good
+old man's voice trembled), and may God in
+his mercy forgive both thee and me for the
+neglect which has made this parting necessary.
+I shall know that I am forgiven, if, before
+I go down into the tomb, my son return
+a wise and sober man; not unmindful that
+we gave him life, and forgetting that, until
+now, we have given him little else."</p>
+
+<p>Selima laid her seventh child in its cradle
+of carved wood, and drew Halil to her
+bosom; and Fadlallah knew that she loved
+him still, because she kissed his face, regardless
+of the blood and dirt that stained it. She
+then washed him and dressed him, and gave
+him a purse of gold, and handed him over to
+his father; who had resolved to send him off
+by the caravan that started that very afternoon.
+Halil, surprised and made happy by
+unwonted caresses, was yet delighted at the
+idea of beginning an adventurous life; and
+went away, manfully stifling his sobs, and endeavoring
+to assume the grave deportment
+of a merchant. Selima shed a few tears, and
+then, attracted by a crow and a chuckle from
+the cradle, began to tickle the infant's soft
+double chin, and went on with her interrupted
+lesson, "Baba, Baba!"</p>
+
+<p>Halil started on his journey, and having
+passed through the Valley of Robbers, the
+Valley of Lions, and the Valley of Devils—this
+is the way in which Orientals localize the
+supposed dangers of travelling—arrived at
+the good city of Bassora; where his uncle
+received him well, and promised to send him,
+as supercargo on board the first vessel he dispatched
+to the Indian seas. What time was
+spent by the caravan upon the road, the narrative
+does not state. Travelling is slow
+work in the East; but almost immediately
+on his arrival in Bassora, Halil was engaged
+in a love adventure. If travelling is slow,
+the approaches of manhood are rapid. The
+youth's curiosity was excited by the extraordinary
+care taken to conceal his cousin Miriam
+from his sight; and having introduced
+himself into her garden, beheld, and, struck
+by her wonderful beauty, loved her. With
+an Oriental fondness he confessed the truth
+to his uncle, who listened with anger and
+dismay, and told him that Miriam was betrothed
+to the Sultan. Halil perceived the
+danger of indulging his passion, and promised
+to suppress it; but whilst he played a
+prudent part, Miriam's curiosity was also excited,
+and she too beheld and loved her cousin.
+Bolts and bars cannot keep two such affections
+asunder. They met and plighted their
+troth and were married secretly, and were
+happy. But inevitable discovery came. Miriam
+was thrown into a dungeon; and the
+unhappy Halil, loaded with chains, was put
+on board a vessel, not as supercargo, but as
+prisoner, with orders that he should be left
+in some distant country.</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile a dreadful pestilence fell upon
+Beyrout, and among the first sufferers was
+an eighth little one that had just learned
+to say "Baba!" Selima was almost too
+astonished to be grieved. It seemed to her
+impossible that death should come into her
+house, and meddle with the fruits of so much
+suffering and love. When they came to take
+away the little form which she had so often
+fondled, her indignation burst forth, and she
+smote the first old woman who stretched out
+her rough unsympathetic hand. But a shriek
+from her waiting-woman announced that
+another victim was singled out; and the
+frantic mother rushed like a tigress to defend
+the young that yet remained to her. But the
+enemy was invisible; and (so the story goes)
+all her little ones drooped one by one and
+died; so that on the seventh day Selima sat
+in her nursery gazing about with stony eyes,
+and counting her losses upon her fingers—Iskender,
+Selima, Wardy, Fadlallah, Hanna,
+Hennenah, Gereges—seven in all. Then she
+remembered Halil, and her neglect of him;
+and, lifting up her voice, she wept aloud;
+and, as the tears rushed fast and hot down
+her cheeks, her heart yearned for her absent
+boy, and she would have parted with worlds
+to have fallen upon his breast—would have
+given up her life in return for one word of
+pardon and of love.</p>
+
+<p>Fadlallah came in to her; and he was now
+very old and feeble. His back was bent, and
+his transparent hand trembled as it clutched
+a cane. A white beard surrounded a still
+whiter face; and as he came near his wife,
+he held out his hand towards her with an
+uncertain gesture, as if the room had been
+dark. This world appeared to him but dimly.
+"Selima," said he, "the Giver hath
+taken. We, too, must go in our turn. Weep,
+my love, but weep with moderation, for
+those little ones that have gone to sing in the
+golden cages of Paradise. There is a heavier
+sorrow in my heart. Since my first-born,
+Halil, departed for Bassora, I have only
+written once to learn intelligence of him.
+He was then well, and had been received
+with favor by his uncle. We have never
+done our duty by that boy." His wife replied,
+"Do not reproach me; for I reproach
+myself more bitterly than thou canst do.<pb n="222" /><anchor id="Pg222" />
+Write, then, to thy brother to obtain tidings
+of the beloved one. I will make of this chamber
+a weeping chamber. It has resounded
+with merriment enough. All my children
+learned to laugh and to talk here. I will
+hang it with black, and erect a tomb in the
+midst; and every day I will come and spend
+two hours, and weep for those who are gone
+and for him who is absent." Fadlallah approved
+her design; and they made a weeping
+chamber, and lamented together every day
+therein. But their letters to Bassora remained
+unanswered; and they began to believe
+that fate had chosen a solitary tomb for Halil.</p>
+
+<p>One day a woman, dressed in the garb of
+the poor, came to the house of Fadlallah with
+a boy about twelve years old. When the
+merchant saw them he was struck with
+amazement, for he beheld in the boy the
+likeness of his son Halil; and he called aloud
+to Selima, who, when she came, shrieked
+with amazement. The woman told her story,
+and it appeared that she was Miriam.
+Having spent some months in prison, she had
+escaped and taken refuge in a forest in the
+house of her nurse. Here she had given birth
+to a son, whom she had called by his father's
+name. When her strength returned, she had
+set out as a beggar to travel over the world
+in search of her lost husband. Marvellous
+were the adventures she underwent, God
+protecting her throughout, until she came to
+the land of Persia, where she found Halil
+working as a slave in the garden of the Governor
+of Fars. After a few stolen interviews,
+she had again resumed her wanderings to
+seek for Fadlallah, that he might redeem his
+son with wealth; but had passed several
+years upon the road.</p>
+
+<p>Fortune, however, now smiled upon this
+unhappy family, and in spite of his age, Fadlallah
+set out for Fars. Heaven made the
+desert easy, and the road short for him. On
+a fine calm evening he entered the gardens
+of the governor, and found his son gaily singing
+as he trimmed an orange tree. After a
+vain attempt to preserve an incognito, the
+good old man lifted up his hands, and shouting,
+"Halil, my first-born!" fell upon the
+breast of the astonished slave. Sweet was
+the interview in the orange grove, sweet the
+murmured conversation between the strong
+young man and the trembling patriarch, until
+the perfumed dew of evening fell upon their
+heads. Halil's liberty was easily obtained,
+and father and son returned in safety to Beyrout.
+Then the Weeping Chamber was closed,
+and the door walled up; and Fadlallah
+and Selima lived happily until age gently did
+its work at their appointed times: and Halil
+and Miriam inherited the house and the
+wealth that had been gathered for them.</p>
+
+<p>The supernatural part of the story remains
+to be told. The Weeping Chamber was never
+again opened; but every time that a death
+was about to occur in the family, a shower of
+heavy tear-drops was heard to fall upon its
+marble floor, and low wailings came through
+the walled doorway. Years, centuries passed
+away, and the mystery repeated itself with
+unvarying uniformity. The family fell into
+poverty, and only occupied a portion of the
+house, but invariably before one of its members
+sickened unto death, a shower of heavy
+drops, as from a thunder-cloud, pattered on
+the pavement of the Weeping Chamber, and
+was heard distinctly at night through the
+whole house. At length the family quitted
+the country in search of better fortunes elsewhere,
+and the house remained for a long
+time uninhabited.</p>
+
+<p>The lady who narrated the story went to
+live in the house, and passed some years
+without being disturbed; but one night she
+was lying awake, and distinctly heard the
+warning shower dripping heavily in the
+Weeping Chamber. Next day the news came
+of her mother's death, and she hastened to
+remove to another dwelling. The house has
+since been utterly abandoned to rats, mice,
+beetles, and an occasional ghost seen sometimes
+streaming along the rain-pierced terraces.
+No one has ever attempted to violate
+the solitude of the sanctuary where Selima
+wept for the seven little ones taken to the
+grave, and for the absent one whom she had
+treated with unmotherly neglect.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.</head>
+<head type="sub">BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CASTILIAN."</head>
+
+<p>It was one of those clear, bright days, peculiar
+to a Spanish summer, when the
+deep blue skies seem to reflect their warmth
+in radiance over the earth; a slumberous influence
+hung over the tranquil streets of
+Madrid, and although it was still early in the
+morning, the fervid rays of the sun gave a
+certain indication of the meridian power he
+was about to display in a few hours.</p>
+
+<p>Such was the day appropriated for the
+splendid and soul-stirring celebration of a
+bull-fight; and accordingly, the inhabitants
+soon began, by an unusual bustle, to evince
+the absorbing interest they are accustomed
+to take in this favorite amusement. Before
+the hour of nine, the beautiful street of Alcala
+was thronged with a promiscuous multitude,
+eager to witness the first exhibition of
+the morning; the Spanish bull-fight being in
+fact composed of two acts, if I may so term
+them, the morning and the evening encounters.</p>
+
+<p>On such days, a general cessation of labor
+takes place throughout the city, and the
+whole population is occupied with speculations
+on the approaching festival. On the
+morning in question, the inhabitants of Madrid,
+the lower classes in particular, attired in
+their holiday finery, began at an early hour
+to issue from their narrow and obscure dormitories,
+and, with tolerably cleanly appearance
+and much importance of demeanor, to
+take up a position in that famous <hi rend="font-style: italic">Puerta del
+sol</hi> which, on less momentous occasions,<pb n="223" /><anchor id="Pg223" />
+seems destined only as a lounge for all the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">ennuyés</hi>, news-hunters, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">petit-maitres</hi> of
+Madrid. The Manolos, too, began to congregate
+in great numbers, casting around those
+terrible glances of recklessness and conscious
+courage, which, in the estimation of foreigners,
+are the certain prognostics of as many
+concealed daggers.</p>
+
+<p>I soon made up my mind to add one to the
+vast concourse now on the alert to witness
+this grand and terrific spectacle, although, for
+many reasons, I prudently resolved to postpone
+my share of the entertainment until the
+evening.</p>
+
+<p>It is at this hour that the higher classes
+prefer visiting the arena: a number of the
+more desperate <hi rend="font-style: italic">amateurs</hi>, however, regardless
+of the influence of a meridian sun, do not
+hesitate to present themselves at the morning
+exhibitions.</p>
+
+<p>At about four in the afternoon, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Calle
+de Alcala</hi> was, if possible, more crowded than
+it had been in the morning. This majestic
+street, which commands a full view of the
+superb triumphal arch which bears its name,
+now presented a most striking and animated
+scene: various groups, fancifully contrasted
+in dress and deportment, were all hurrying
+towards the same spot. Here you might see
+the gorgeous equipage of the haughty grandee,
+sweeping by in all the imposing consciousness
+of pomp and greatness, while carriages
+of more humble pretensions were rattling
+as briskly, if not as proudly, along the
+gay and lively street. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Calesines</hi>, too,
+were seen in great numbers hurrying to the
+scene of anticipated pleasure, and diversifying,
+by the singularity of their appearance,
+and the ringing of small bells, the stately <hi rend="font-style: italic">cortege</hi>
+of more splendid equipages.</p>
+
+<p>Next, an army of <hi rend="font-style: italic">majos</hi> attracted attention
+by their fanciful dresses, and the easy swagger
+with which they accompanied their <hi rend="font-style: italic">morenas</hi>,
+who were not the less conspicuous for
+their graceful though somewhat confident
+demeanor. They were all, of course, attired
+in their peculiar costume, bedizened with
+ribbons, and the short saya reaching only to
+the middle of the calf, and showing the most
+polished ancle and the prettiest foot in the
+world. These gay and lively individuals were
+picturesquely contrasted with crowds of
+monks and friars, of all orders and colors—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery—</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>here and there intermingled with military
+idlers, in the uniforms of their several regiments.</p>
+
+<p>Here you might see the rosy and jolly abbate,
+ambling along upon a mule, having an
+appearance scarcely less clerical than himself,
+jostling the less fortunate friar on the back
+of the humbler donkey, and the sturdy mendicant,
+as he strode along on foot, supported
+only by his staff. The streets, and every
+avenue leading to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Plaza de los Toros</hi>,
+were lined with noisy vendors of delicious
+fruits, who made a grateful display upon their
+stalls of the Seville orange and the cooling
+water-melon; whilst a number of Valencians
+carried about large <hi rend="font-style: italic">vasijas</hi>, or trays of lemonade,
+and other refreshments, for the accommodation
+of the thirsty pedestrians, who had
+no time to squander upon a visit to the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">neveras</hi>, or ice-houses. The effect of this animated
+picture was farther heightened by the
+cries of the venders, the harmony of some
+neighboring barber's guitar, the continual
+jingling of the mules' bells, and the clicking
+of castanets.</p>
+
+<p>Amidst this stunning, yet not unpleasing
+variety of sounds, we at length reached the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Plaza de los Toros</hi>, and it was with some difficulty
+we obtained places in the stage seats.
+A vast concourse of persons of all classes
+were already assembled, and I observed with
+a smile the effect which the novelty of the
+scene had produced upon an English friend,
+whom I had, with great difficulty, prevailed
+upon to accompany me; having, as he declared,
+but little taste for such brutal and
+demoralizing exhibitions. He seemed quite
+excited, and made some passing observation
+relative to the Roman Circus, to which the
+present exhibition bore no unapt resemblance.
+I directed his attention to many of his countrymen,
+as well as other foreigners, who,
+after having been quite as clamorous as himself
+against the sport, had terminated their
+philosophical philippics by becoming constant
+visitors both at the morning and afternoon
+encounters. We arrived at the scene of action
+just in time to witness <hi rend="font-style: italic">El despejo</hi>, or the
+clearing of the arena; a ceremony which is
+effected by a band of soldiers, who enter the
+place and drive every loiterer away, to the
+sound of drums and fifes. In a few minutes,
+not a single person was to be seen in the
+circus; and, consequently, the body of spectators,
+thus driven back upon the crowd, gave
+rise to various energetic expostulations,
+hearty curses, and not a few random cuffs.
+The only inconvenience, however, of these
+frequent <hi rend="font-style: italic">melées</hi>, was the loss of a few ribbons
+and a quantity of hair, of which the <hi rend="font-style: italic">manolus</hi>
+most assiduously set about easing themselves.
+This operation is a source of considerable
+amusement to those who stand aloof from the
+field of strife. We had been happy in securing
+good places, and had nothing to complain of
+but the immediate vicinity of an amateur, or
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">aficionado</hi>, who kept his tongue in continual
+motion, and favored his neighbors with a tremendous
+display of erudition on the <hi rend="font-style: italic">tauromachia</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>Whilst the immense multitude were beguiling
+their impatience in a thousand ways,
+and among others by bandying jests—eating
+oranges—smoking—whistling—love-making
+and quarrelling—the champions of the fète,
+namely, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">espadas</hi>, and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi>, were very piously engaged in prayer
+in a chapel contiguous to the circus, it being
+customary for combatants to solicit the protection
+of the holy Virgin against the tremendous<pb n="224" /><anchor id="Pg224" />
+animal they are about to encounter
+before they venture to provoke its ferocity.</p>
+
+<p>While they proceed in their laudable occupation,
+we will return to the circus, which
+now presented a most striking spectacle. The
+corregidor and the corporation of the town
+had already taken their seats near the splendid
+box fitted up for the use of the king, directly
+opposite to the entrance from which
+the bull was expected to rush into the arena.
+Above this entrance was a platform, occupied
+by a band of musicians, who continued at intervals
+to mingle their animating strains with
+the clamor of the noisy multitude. An officer
+of the town now entered the arena,
+mounted on a fine charger. He was dressed
+in complete sables, and carried in his hand
+the staff of office. Attended by alguazils, he
+advanced,—saluted the box where the king
+was <hi rend="font-style: italic">not</hi>,—and then proceeded to the master
+of the ceremonies, from whom he received
+the keys of the cells, where the terrible animals
+who were to take so conspicuous parts
+in the evening spectacle were confined.</p>
+
+<p>At this critical juncture, a breathless silence
+pervaded the spectators, who by their
+eager looks evinced the absorbing interest
+they took in the soul-stirring spectacle.
+Anon, a band of martial instruments struck
+up;—a general buzz arose on every side, and,
+amidst the overwhelming din that prevailed
+throughout the circus, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi> and the
+rest of their party made their entrance into
+the arena. First came the <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi>, with
+their horses blindfold, wearing enormous
+boots to protect them from the blows of the
+bull; next paced on the <hi rend="font-style: italic">espadas</hi>, or <hi rend="font-style: italic">matadores</hi>,
+on foot, attired in rich silk dresses, each wearing
+a robe of a different color, together with
+ribbons or some other distinctive mark of
+favor from his mistress. The procession
+closed with a numerous troop of <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi>, or
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">banderilleros</hi>, a set of young men lightly and
+fancifully apparelled, whose business is to
+distract the attention of the bull from a fallen
+cavalier, and to harass the animal with the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">banderillas</hi>. In this splendid troop we perceived
+some traces of the ancient spirit of
+chivalry, although, strange to say, the favorite
+sport of the fine cavaliers of the land is
+now confined to the lowest orders. It is only
+from the slaughter-house that the bull-fighters
+now, for the most part, proceed.</p>
+
+<p>The procession moved on, at a slow and
+stately pace, amidst strains of music and the
+vociferations of the lower classes, many of
+whom soon recognized in the heroes of the
+fète, some near relation, some dear friend, or
+at least, well-known acquaintance, whom
+they were desirous of encouraging by their
+shouts. The champions having made their
+respective obeisances to the royal box and to
+the corregidor, retired to the places set apart
+for them in the arena.</p>
+
+<p>The <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi>, according to the order of
+precedence, ranged themselves in the circus,
+close to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">baranda</hi>, or wooden barrier,
+which, though elevated to the height of five
+feet, is sometimes scarcely sufficient to prevent
+the most furious amongst the bulls from
+breaking over it. Suddenly the music ceased—the
+silence was intense—the signal is given—the
+doors were flung open—and, with one
+tremendous burst, forth sprang the bull into
+the middle of the circus! It was a fearful
+animal; not large, but of that peculiar color
+and breed which are accounted the most ferocious.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Dark is his hide on either side, but the blood within doth boil,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And the dun hide glows as if on fire, as he paws to the turmoil,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His eyes are jet, and they are set in crystal rings of snow;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But now they stare with one red glare of brass upon the foe.</l>
+
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Upon the forehead of the bull the horns stand close and near,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">From out the broad and wrinkled skull like daggers they appear;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His neck is massy, like the trunk of some old knotted tree,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Whereon the monster's shagged mane like billows curled ye see.</l>
+
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">His legs are short, his hams are thick, his hoofs are black as night,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Like a strong flail he holds his tail in the fierceness of his might;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Like something molten out of iron, or hewn forth from the rock,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Harpado of Xarama stands, to bide the Alcayde's shock.<note place="foot"><p>Lockhart's Spanish Ballads.</p></note></l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>The appearance of the bull was hailed by
+loud acclamations from the multitude; whilst
+hats, handkerchiefs, and scarfs fluttered in
+the air, in every direction.</p>
+
+<p>The noble animal appeared at first as though
+he were undecided how to act, or on whom
+to wreak his fierce vengeance. He turned on
+every side, and scanned the appalling number
+and firmness of his tormentors; gradually
+he became more and more excited, till, exasperated
+by the clamors of the impatient
+multitude, he tore the ground with his hoofs,
+tossed his head in proud indignation, and
+then stared intently before him, as if to awe
+the circus with the lightnings of his angry
+eye. Again he lowered his head, and blew
+the dust in clouds with the burning breath of
+his distended nostrils, and lashed his sides
+with his tail, as if to work himself up to the
+proper pitch of frenzy; at length, with a sudden
+bound, he rushed furiously against the
+first <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>. The cavalier received the
+charge with perfect coolness and intrepidity,
+and having succeeded in planting his <hi rend="font-style: italic">pica</hi> in
+the higher part of the animal's neck, the
+theatre rung with acclamations at the strength
+and dexterity with which he kept his tremendous
+opponent for some moments fixed
+to the spot. Smarting with pain, the bull
+then retired for a short time; but his rage
+prevailing over his fears, he again rushed forward,
+and was received by a second <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>.
+Less fortunate, however, than his companion,
+he was unable to withstand the overwhelming
+shock; and, after a fruitless effort to
+stem the animal's fury with his <hi rend="font-style: italic">pica</hi>, it at
+length broke, and the bull, with one tremendous
+thrust on the horse's breast, overthrew
+its rider. Fortunately for the fallen <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>,
+he was protected by the bulk of his horse;<pb n="225" /><anchor id="Pg225" />
+and the bull, as it often happens, sated his
+fierceness on the helpless animal, whose blood
+spouted round the arena, from a wound evidently
+mortal. The excitement of the spectators
+now became intense; when the bull,
+having fully disabled his enemy, advanced toward
+the third cavalier. The champion, however,
+had penetration enough to perceive that
+the bull was of a dangerous kind, and evinced
+no particular solicitude to come to closer quarters
+with him. He kept, therefore, retreating,
+under pretext of gaining an advantageous
+position; but the people, who guessed his
+real motive, unanimously protested against
+such dilatory proceedings. Men and women,
+old and young, began to assail the luckless, or
+rather, prudent <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>, with a violent storm
+of abuse.</p>
+
+<p>During the whole of this noisy altercation,
+our erudite neighbor, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">aficionado</hi>, had been
+very scientifically descanting on the various
+points of the combat, to our no small annoyance;
+for he could not rest a moment in his
+seat, and was continually intercepting our
+view. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>, provoked by the bitter
+sarcasms lavished upon him by the more
+vulgar part of the spectators, now advanced
+with an air of determination a little farther
+into the arena; but the sagacious bull kept
+retreating as his enemy advanced, in order
+to render escape more difficult, and his vengeance
+certain. At length he rushed on the
+cavalier with such fury and overwhelming
+force, that both <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi> and horse rolled on
+the ground: unluckily, the man not being
+very dexterous, could seek no protection
+from the horse, but lay exposed to the fury
+of his powerful antagonist.</p>
+
+<p>Cries of horror and alarm for the safety of
+the unfortunate <hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi> were now heard on
+every side, and strange to say, those very
+persons, who had but just driven him to encounter
+the danger, were now the most clamorous
+in shouting for protection for him.
+The <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi> lost no time in applying their art
+to extricate their companion, by harassing
+the animal on all sides, who was thus compelled
+to abandon his prey in order to meet
+his new tormentors. Thus the fallen cavalier
+was rescued from his jeopardy, whilst his
+poor horse, dreadfully gored, ran wildly about
+the arena. The bull, as if satisfied with these
+feats, now stood tranquilly looking on the
+spectators, who filled the air with <hi rend="font-style: italic">vivas</hi> in
+praise of his prowess.</p>
+
+<p>The trumpet again sounded the signal for
+the second part of the combat, and forthwith
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi> advanced nimbly with their <hi rend="font-style: italic">banderillas</hi>,
+each striving to fix his weapon in the
+neck of the animal, as in their hazardous
+course he passed under their extended arms.
+The smart of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">banderillas</hi> tended to goad
+the bull to greater fury, and tormented on
+every side he bellowed out in agony, and
+bounded from place to place, turning first to
+one, and then to another of his aggressors.</p>
+
+<p>Thus, after he had vented his rage, foaming
+at the mouth and flashing fire from his
+eyes, the moment arrived when it was deemed
+expedient to put an end to his protracted
+sufferings, and at a given signal the <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi>
+retired and made place for the <hi rend="font-style: italic">prima-espada</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>This was Candido, who though arrived at
+an advanced age, still retained much of the
+strength and agility of his youth, which,
+combined with the experience he had acquired
+in the game, rendered him a very formidable
+opponent. He advanced with a stately
+pace, bearing in one hand a piece of scarlet
+cloth to entice the animal, and in the other
+his sword. Having arrived in front of the
+seat of the presiding authorities, he made a
+graceful salute, and then performed the same
+ceremony before his friends, who hailed him
+with many hearty <hi rend="font-style: italic">vivas</hi>; whilst a deadly silence
+was observed on the part of the admirers
+of his rival Leoncito. Candido proceeded
+slowly, and warily towards the bull, endeavoring
+to entice him by waving the red cloth.
+The animal, however, would not suddenly
+rush against his foe; but calmly watched for
+the moment when he might find him less
+upon his guard.</p>
+
+<p>Candido, with all the skill of a practised
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">matador</hi>, appeared to guess the sinister intentions
+of the bull, and followed his every
+movement with an active eye—nay, he seemed
+to penetrate into the inmost feelings of
+the animal.—Irritated by the defiance, the
+bull sprang upon his foe; but was baffled in
+his vengeance, for he pierced only the floating
+piece of cloth; the <hi rend="font-style: italic">matador</hi> very adroitly
+turning aside, and plunging his sword into
+his flank as he passed. The wound however
+was not mortal, and the combat was renewed.
+The bull, somewhat intimidated, did not again
+charge his adversary; but preferred awaiting
+his approach;—after some appropriate evolutions,
+Candido at last boldly advanced
+towards him, and with a successful thrust
+pierced him to the heart. Nothing had been
+wanting to complete the success of Candido
+but the solitary triumph of retaining his
+sword in his hand after the death-blow was
+inflicted, this being considered the <hi rend="font-style: italic">ne plus
+ultra</hi> of the art. The bull had no sooner
+fallen to the ground than a set of most beautiful
+mules, splendidly caparisoned, and ornamented
+with a profusion of ribbons and small
+flags, were brought into the circus to convey
+from it the lifeless carcass. This operation
+was performed amid the stormy sounds of
+martial music, and the shouts of the multitude;
+the tremendous animal was dragged
+from the field, leaving in its progress a long
+crimson track upon the scattered sand.</p>
+
+<p>The signal now sounded for a second fight;
+the doors were once more thrown open, and
+a huge bull rushed forward, and without a
+moment's loss ran furiously at the nearest
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">picador</hi>. He was, however, soon sobered,
+and smarting with the pain of the first wound
+he received, prudently retreated, in no hurry
+to taste a like favor from the second cavalier.<pb n="226" /><anchor id="Pg226" />
+In vain did the <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi> provoke him by advancing
+into the arena, he invariably declined
+the re-offered combat. The spectators,
+impatient at this delay, grew expressively
+clamorous, some crying shame! shame! and
+others <hi rend="font-style: italic">vaca! vaca!</hi> (poor cow! poor cow!)—but
+all these energetic remonstrances were
+lost upon the pacific animal.</p>
+
+<p>With much difficulty, and after a pretty
+long interval, the three wounds of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">pica</hi>
+(according to rule) were at length inflicted;
+and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi> came forward to perform their
+part. It was here that the same difficulty
+arose, for alas! it could not be expected that
+the poor bull, who had shown no relish whatever
+for the <hi rend="font-style: italic">pica</hi>, should evince any taste for
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">banderillas</hi>. Consequently a great confusion
+arose, and a simultaneous call for <hi rend="font-style: italic">banderillas
+de fuego</hi>, was heard on every side.
+This it was expected would prove a stimulus
+to the too tranquil temperament of the
+animal.</p>
+
+<p>Accordingly the furs was planted upon his
+neck; but scarcely had the fireworks began
+to crack and whiz around his head, than stunned
+no doubt by the noise as well as the pain,
+he actually turned and fled. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">chulos</hi> ran
+after him, and thus continued <hi rend="font-style: italic">nolens volens</hi>
+to thrust their spears into his unresisting carcass,
+until it was thought expedient to desist
+in order to give him the <hi rend="font-style: italic">coup de grace</hi>. Leoncito
+the second <hi rend="font-style: italic">espada</hi> then came forward,
+and was hailed with joyful acclamations
+by his partisans, especially the <hi rend="font-style: italic">manolas</hi>,
+for he was a young, light-made, dapper man.
+It proved however an exceedingly difficult
+task to kill the bull according to the rules of
+art, owing to the animal's unequivocal disinclination
+for the combat. Leoncito was a
+brave, daring man; but hardly so well skilled
+as Candido. He rushed boldly against the
+bull, and strove to inflict upon him a mortal
+wound. He missed, however, his aim at the
+right place, and the animal began to pour
+forth its blood in a stream. This is considered
+an enormous fault in the art—and it met
+with a becoming storm of groans and hisses.
+The bull, agonized by his wounds, ran wildly
+about. Leoncito gave him another blow—when
+he sat down, and quietly looked around
+him, as the wounds were not immediately
+mortal. This reposing attitude gave immense
+annoyance both to the combatants and the
+spectators. Of course it was out of all question
+to inflict on so gentle and resigned an
+enemy another <hi rend="font-style: italic">estocada</hi>—and yet the public
+could not afford to wait the bull's leisure to
+die, as it was necessary to continue the sport.
+To expedite, therefore, the animal's last moments,
+and the progress of public business,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">eachetero</hi>, a butcher, came forward and
+performed his function of inflicting the death-blow
+on occasions when, owing to the perversity
+of the bull or the clumsiness of the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">matador</hi>, his final assistance becomes requisite.
+Grasping firmly a short sharp dagger,
+he by a steady and well directed blow put a
+period to the agonies of the animal—applauses
+and abuse were then liberally bestowed upon
+Leoncito; after which the fight was suffered
+to proceed, and the third bull sprang into the
+arena. We will not, however, follow the
+perils and chances of this encounter. It may
+e sufficient to mention, that the sport went
+on much upon the same principle as before.
+The usual number of horses were killed, good
+spanking falls were endured by the combatants,
+and the same tumult and confusion prevailed
+throughout the circus. The combat
+had now lasted three hours, and the shadows
+of evening were gradually descending over
+the scene. Yet the spectators appeared by
+no means satisfied; some even grew clamorous,
+and required that a fourth bull should
+be brought forward. Amongst these unreasonable
+requisitionists, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">aficionado</hi> particularly
+distinguished himself. He was (unhappily
+for his neighbors) blessed with most stentorian
+lungs, of which he made a liberal use,
+upon the most trifling occasion,—no other
+bull, however, was produced, and accordingly
+the spectators began slowly and discontentedly
+to disperse.</p>
+
+<p>The fight being ended, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi> and
+the rest of the troop withdrew to the little
+chapel, to return thanks for their escape.
+However, the veracity expected from an historian
+compels me to say, that their evening
+prayers were by no means of the same length
+as those which had preceded the encounter
+of the morning. At the entrance of the chapel
+we perceived many a dark-complexioned <hi rend="font-style: italic">manola</hi>—many
+a terrible looking, fierce-whiskered,
+cigar-smoking <hi rend="font-style: italic">majo</hi>—awaiting the egress
+of their friends; who, as soon as their devotions
+were concluded, stalked out with a martial
+and haughty air to receive the congratulations
+of their comrades. Meantime, the
+vast concourse of people so lately assembled
+together, had gradually dispersed through the
+various avenues of the Prado, affording the
+beholder a most striking and enlivening picture.
+The Prado itself, that beautiful promenade,
+which has attracted the attention of
+all who have visited Spain, now presented a
+most brilliant spectacle: it was crowded with
+carriages, as well as with pedestrians, all
+pressing to enjoy the coolness of the evening
+in that delightful spot. Having strolled a few
+times up and down this fashionable promenade,
+we retired to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Neverria de Solos</hi>, contiguous
+to the Prado, to take our <hi rend="font-style: italic">refresco</hi>.
+To this place, as to many others of the like
+nature, the more elegant class of society retire
+early in the evening to eat ices, and drink
+lemonade and other refreshing beverages.
+From hence each person retires to his own
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">tertulia</hi> for the evening, and thus ends a day
+wholly consecrated to pleasure.</p>
+
+<p>Bull fights are now daily decreasing, both
+in number and splendor of appearance, from
+what they were in former times. Either the
+Spaniards are losing their relish for such
+spectacles, or the scarcity of good <hi rend="font-style: italic">picadores</hi><pb n="227" /><anchor id="Pg227" />
+and <hi rend="font-style: italic">espades</hi> detracts from the interest which
+attaches to them. Not long since, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">matadores</hi>
+were favorites with the public, and were
+regarded with considerable interest even by
+their superiors. Many singular and gallant
+adventures are related of them and ladies of
+rank. It was a common custom, no great
+while ago, to throw purses of gold to the
+combatants, upon the achievement of some
+skilful feat. But unhappily the secret of long
+purses is lost, and there is but little chance
+of a stranger seeing any money thrown away
+in Spain at the present time.</p>
+
+<p>The most renowned of the Matadores were
+Romero and Pepe-Hillo, the author of a treatise
+entitled Tauromachia. The first retired
+from the arena full of honors and considerable
+wealth. But being desirous of obtaining
+for his son a canonship, he was commanded,
+in order to obtain that favor from the queen,
+Maria Louisa, to re-appear in the arena, on
+some grand festival.</p>
+
+<p>Romero joyfully obeyed; but his age and
+feebleness were inadequate to cope with the
+fearful bull, and he would certainly have
+been killed, had not his friends forcibly withdrawn
+him from the arena.</p>
+
+<p>The will, however, was taken for the deed,
+and his son was accordingly made a canon.
+With regard to Pepe-Hillo, like a gallant
+general, he met his death in the field of his
+exploits. On a certain occasion, contrary to
+the opinion of his friends, who knew him to
+be suffering from a wound in the hand, he
+appeared in the arena. Unhappily he had to
+encounter a tremendous animal. The bull
+hurled him on high twice; and when the unfortunate
+man fell on the ground he was frightfully
+gored, and shortly afterwards expired,
+amidst the most excruciating torments.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.</head>
+
+<p>BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">There be of British arms and deeds,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Who sing in noble strain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of Poictiers' field, and Agincourt,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And Cressy's bloody plain.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">High tales of merry England,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Full often have been told,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For never wanted bard to sing</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The actions of the bold.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But now I tune another string,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To try my minstrel power,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">My story's of a gallant knight,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A lady, and a flower.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The noble sun that shines on all,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The little or the great,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As bright on cottage doorway small,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">As on the castle gate,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Came pouring over fair Guienne</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">From the far eastern sea;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And glistened on the broad Garonne,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And slept on Blancford lea.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The morn was up, the morn was bright,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">In southern summer's rays,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Nature caroll'd in the light,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And sung her Maker's praise.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fair Blancford, thou art always fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">With many a shady dell,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And bland variety and change,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Of forest and of fell.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But Blancford on that morn was gay,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">With many a pennon bright,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And glittering arms and panoply</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Shone in the morning light.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For good Prince Edward, England's pride,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Now lay in Blancford's towers,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And weary sickness had consumed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The hero's winter hours.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But now that brighter hopes had come,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">With summer's brighter ray,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He called his gallant knights around,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To spend a festal day.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With tournament and revelry,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To pass away the hours,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And win fair Mary from her sire,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> The Lord of Blancford's towers.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But why fair Mary's brow was sad</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">None in the castle knew,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor why she watched one garden bed,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2"> Where none but wild pinks grew.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Some said that seven nights before</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A page had sped away,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To where Lord Clifford with his power,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">On Touraine's frontier lay.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To Blancford no Lord Clifford came,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And many a tale was told,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For well 'twas known that he had sought,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Fair Mary's love of old.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And some there said Lord Clifford's love</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Had cooled at Mary's pride,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And some there said that other vows</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">His heart inconstant tied.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Foul slander, ready still to soil,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">All that is bright and fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With more than Time's destructiveness,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Who never learned to spare.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The morn was bright, but posts had come,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Bringing no tidings fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For knit was Edward's royal brow,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And full of thoughtful care.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The lists were set, the parted sun</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Shone equal on the plain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And many a knight there manfully</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Strove fresh applause to gain.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Sir Henry Talbot, and Sir Guy</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Of Brackenbury, he</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Who slew the giant Iron-arm,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">On Cressy's famous lea,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Were counted best, and claimed the Prince</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To give the sign that they</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Might run the tilt, and one receive</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The honors of the day.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Speed, knights, perhaps those arms that shine</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">In peace," prince Edward said,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Before a se'nnight pass, may well,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">In Gallic blood be died.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"For here we learn that hostile bands,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Have gathered in Touraine,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Clifford, with his little troop,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Are prisoners or slain.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"For with five hundred spears, how bold</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Soe'er his courage show,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He never could withstand the shock,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Of such a host of foe."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fair Mary spoke not, but the blood</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Fled truant from her cheek,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And left it pale, as when day leaves</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Some mountain's snowy peak.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But then there camp the cry of horse,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The east lea pricking o'er,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And to the lists a weary page</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A tattered pennon bore.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Fast came a knight with blood-stained arms,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And dusty panoply,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And beaver down, and armed lance,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">In chivalric array.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">No crest, no arms, no gay device,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Upon his shield he wore,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But a small knot beside his plume,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Of plain wild pinks he bore.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For love, for love and chivalry,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Lord Clifford rides the plain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And foul he lies who dares to say,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">His honor e'er know stain.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Mary's cheek 'gan blushing bright,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And Mary's heart beat high,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Mary's breath that fear oppressed</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Came in a long glad sigh.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Straight to the Prince the knight he rode,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">"I claim these lists," he cried,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Though late into the field I come,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">My suit be not denied;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<pb n="228" /><anchor id="Pg228" />
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"For we have fought beside the Loire,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And stained our arms in blood;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Not ever lost one step of ground,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">So long as rebels stood.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Hemmed in, I one time never thought</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To die in British land,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Or see my noble prince again,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Or kiss his royal hand.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"But well fought every gallant squire,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And well fought every knight;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And rebels have been taught to feel</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">The force of British might.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"And now in humble terms they sue,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">To know thy high command,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And here stand I these lists to claim,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">For a fair lady's hand.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"For Mary's love, and chivalry,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">I dare the world to fight,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And foul and bitterly he lies,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Who dares deny my right"</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"No, no, brave Clifford," Edward said,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">"No lists to-day for thee,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Thy gallant deeds beside the Loire,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Well prove thy chivalry.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Sir Guy, Sir Henry, and the rest,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Have well acquit their arms,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">But Edward's thanks are Clifford's due,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">As well as Mary's charms."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"My lord, you are her sire," he said,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">"Give kind consent and free,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And who denies our Clifford's right,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Shall ride a tilt with me."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Gay spake the prince, gay laughed the throng,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And Mary said not nay,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And bright with smile, and dance, and song,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Went down the festal day.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And when Lord Clifford to the board</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Led down his Mary fair,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">A knot of pinks was in his cap,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">A knot was in her hair.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">For it had been their sign of love,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And loved by them was still,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Till death came quietly on their heads,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And bowed them to his will.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And now, though years have passed away,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And all that years have seen,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And Clifford's deeds and Mary's charms,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Are as they ne'er had been,</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Some wind, as if in memory</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Has borne the seeds on high,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To deck the ruin's crumbling wall,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">And catch the passing eye.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">It tells a tale to those who hear;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">For beauty, strength, and power,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Are but the idols of a day,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">More short-lived than a flower.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Joy on, joy on, then, while ye may,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Nor waste the moments dear;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor give yourself a cause to sigh,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">Nor teach to shed a tear.</l>
+</lg>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.</head>
+<head type="sub">From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.</head>
+
+<p>I went once to the south of France for
+my health; and being recommended to
+choose the neighborhood of Avignon, took
+my place, I scarcely know why, in the diligence
+all the way from Paris. By this proceeding
+I missed the steam-voyage down the
+Rhone, but fell in with some very pleasant
+people, about whom I am going to speak. I
+travelled in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">intérieur</hi>, and from Lyon
+had no one for companion but a fussy little
+lady, of a certain age, who had a large basket,
+a parrot in a cage, a little lapdog, a bandbox,
+a huge blue umbrella, which she could
+never succeed in stowing any where, and a
+moth-eaten muff. In my valetudinarian state
+I was not pleased with this inroad—especially
+as the little lady had a thin, pinched-up
+face, and obstinately looked out of the window,
+while she popped about the <hi rend="font-style: italic">intérieur</hi>
+as if she had just taken lodgings and was
+putting them in order, throwing me every
+now and then some gracious apology in a not
+unpleasant voice. "Mince as you please,
+madam," thought I; "you are a bore." I
+am sorry to add that I was very unaccommodating,
+gave no assistance in the stowing
+away of the umbrella, and when Fanfreluche
+came and placed his silken paws upon my
+knees, pushed him away very rudely. The
+little old maid—it was evident this was her
+quality—apologized for her dog as she had
+done for herself, and went on arranging her
+furniture—an operation not completed before
+we got to St. Saphorin.</p>
+
+<p>For some hours a perfect silence was preserved,
+although my companion several times
+gave a short dry cough, as if about to make
+an observation. At length, the digestion of
+a hurried dinner being probably completed,
+I felt all of a sudden quite bland and sociable,
+and began to be mightily ashamed of myself.
+"Decidedly," thought I, "I must give this
+poor woman the benefit of my conversation."
+So I spoke, very likely with that self-satisfied
+air assumed sometimes by men accustomed
+to be well received. To my great vexation
+the old maid had by this time taken offence,
+and answered in a very stiff and reserved
+manner. Now the whole absurdity of my
+conduct was evident to me, and I determined
+to make amends. Being naturally of a diplomatic
+turn, I kept quiet for awhile, and then
+began to make advances to Fanfreluche. The
+poor animal bore no malice, and I won his
+heart by stroking his long ears. Then I gave
+a piece of sugar to the parrot; and having
+thus effected a practicable breach, took the
+citadel by storm by pointing out a more commodious
+way of arranging the great blue umbrella.</p>
+
+<p>We were capital friends thenceforward;
+and I soon knew the history of Mlle. Nathalie
+Bernard by heart. A mightily uninteresting
+history it was to all but herself; so I
+shall not repeat it: suffice to say, that she
+had lived long on her little income, as she
+called it, at Lyon, and was now on her way
+to Avignon, where a very important object
+called her. This was no other than to save
+her niece Marie from a distasteful marriage,
+which her parents, very good people, but
+dazzled by the wealth of the unamiable suitor,
+wished to bring about.</p>
+
+<p>"And have you," said I, "any reasonable
+hope of succeeding in your mission?"</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Parbleu!</hi>" replied the old maid, "I have
+composed a little speech on ill-assorted
+unions, which I am sure will melt the hearts
+of my sister and my brother-in-law; and if
+that does not succeed—why, I will make love
+to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">futur</hi> myself, and whisper in his ear that
+a comfortable little income available at once,
+and a willing old maid, are better than a
+cross-grained damsel with expectations only.<pb n="229" /><anchor id="Pg229" />
+You see I am resolved to make any sacrifice
+to effect my object."</p>
+
+<p>I laughed at the old maid's disinterestedness,
+which was perhaps greater than at first
+appeared. At least she assured me that she
+had refused several respectable offers, simply
+because she liked the independence of a single
+life; and that if she had remained single
+to that age, it was a sign that marriage had
+nothing attractive for her in itself. We discussed
+the point learnedly as the diligence
+rolled; and what with the original turn of
+my companion's mind, the sportive disposition
+of Fanfreluche, and the occasional disjointed
+soliloquies of Coco, the parrot, our
+time passed very pleasantly. When night
+came Mlle. Nathalie ensconced herself in the
+corner behind her parcels and animals, and
+endeavored to sleep; but the jolting of the
+diligence, and her own lively imagination,
+wakened her every five minutes; and I had
+each time to give her a solemn assurance, on
+my word of honor as a gentleman, that there
+was no particular danger of our being upset
+into the Rhone.</p>
+
+<p>We were ascending a steep hill next day;
+both had got out to walk. I have omitted
+to note that it was autumn. Trees and fields
+were touched by the golden fingers of the
+season. The prospect was wide, but I forget
+the precise locality. On the opposite side of
+the Rhone, which rolled its rapid current in
+a deepening valley to our right, rose a range
+of hills, covered with fields that sloped wonderfully,
+and sometimes gave place to precipices
+or wood-lined declivities. Here and
+there the ruins of some old castle—reminiscences
+of feudal times—rose amid lofty crags,
+and traced their jagged outline against the
+deep blue sky of Provence. Nathalie became
+almost sentimental as she gazed around on
+this beautiful scene.</p>
+
+<p>We had climbed about half of the hill: the
+diligence was a little way behind: the five
+horses were stamping and striking fire from
+the pavement as they struggled up with the
+ponderous vehicle: the other passengers had
+lingered in the rear with the conductor, who
+had pointed out a little <hi rend="font-style: italic">auberge</hi> among some
+trees. We here saw a man preceding us upon
+the road carrying a little bundle at the
+end of a stick over his shoulder: he seemed
+to advance painfully. Our attention was attracted—I
+scarcely knew why. He paused a
+moment—then went on with an uncertain
+step—paused again, staggered forward, and
+fell on his face just as we came up. Mlle.
+Nathalie, with a presence of mind that surprised
+me, had her smelling-bottle out in an
+instant, and was soon engaged in restoring
+the unfortunate traveller to consciousness. I
+assisted as well as I was able, and trust that
+my good-will may atone for my awkardness.
+Nathalie did every thing; and, just as the
+diligence reached us, was gazing with delight
+on the languid opening of a pair of as fine
+eyes as I have ever seen, and supporting in
+her lap a head covered with beautiful curls.
+Even at that moment, as I afterwards remembered,
+she looked upon the young man
+as a thing over which she had acquired a right
+of property. "He is going our way," said
+she: "let us lift him into the diligence."</p>
+
+<p>"A beggarly Parisian; yo, yo!" quoth the
+postilion as he passed, clacking his long whip.</p>
+
+<p>"Who will answer for his fare?" inquired
+the conductor.</p>
+
+<p>"I will," replied Nathalie, taking the words
+out of my mouth.</p>
+
+<p>In a few minutes the young man, who looked
+bewildered and could not speak, was safely
+stowed among Nathalie's other parcels;
+and the crest of the hill being gained, we began
+rolling rapidly down a steep descent.
+The little old maid, though in a perfect ecstasy
+of delight—the incident evidently appeared
+to her quite an adventure—behaved
+with remarkable prudence. While I was
+puzzling my head to guess by what disease
+this poor young man had been attacked, she
+was getting ready the remedies that appeared
+to her the most appropriate, in the shape
+of some excellent cakes and a bottle of good
+wine, which she fished out of her huge basket.
+Her <hi rend="font-style: italic">protégé</hi>, made tame by hunger, allowed
+himself to be treated like a child. First
+she gave him a very small sip of Burgundy,
+then a diminutive fragment of cake; and
+then another sip and another piece of cake—insisting
+on his eating very slowly. Being
+perfectly useless, I looked quietly on, and
+smiled to see the suhmissiveness with which
+this fine, handsome fellow allowed himself to
+be fed by the fussy old maid, and how he
+kept his eyes fixed upon her with an expression
+of wondering admiration.</p>
+
+<p>Before we arrived at Avignon we knew
+the history of the young man. He was an
+artist, who had spent several years studying
+in Paris, without friends, without resources,
+except a miserable pittance which his mother,
+a poor peasant woman living in a village not
+far from Aix, had managed to send him. At
+first he had been upheld by hope; and although
+he knew that his mother not only denied
+herself necessaries, but borrowed money
+to support him, he was consoled by the idea
+that the time would come when, by the efforts
+of his genius, he would be able to repay
+every thing with the accumulated interest
+which affection alone would calculate. But
+his expenses necessarily increased, and no receipts
+came to meet them. He was compelled
+to apply to his mother for further assistance.
+The answer was one word—"impossible."
+Then he endeavored calmly to examine
+his position, came to the conclusion that
+for several years more he must be a burden
+to his mother if he obstinately pursued his
+career, and that she must be utterly ruined
+to insure his success. So he gave up his art,
+sold every thing he had to pay part of his
+debts, and set out on foot to return to big
+village and become a peasant, as his father<pb n="230" /><anchor id="Pg230" />
+had been before him. The little money he
+had taken with him was gone by the time he
+reached Lyon. He had passed through that
+city without stopping, and for more than
+two days, almost for two nights, had incessantly
+pursued his journey, without rest and
+without food, until he had reached the spot
+where, exhausted with fatigue and hunger,
+he had fallen, perhaps to perish had we not
+been there to assist him.</p>
+
+<p>Nathalie listened with eager attention to
+this narrative, told with a frankness which
+our sympathy excited. Now and then she
+gave a convulsive start, or checked a hysterical
+sob, and at last fairly burst into tears. I
+was interested as well as she, but retained
+more calmness to observe how moral beauty
+almost vainly straggled to appear through the
+insignificant features of this admirable woman.
+Her little eyes, reddened with weeping;
+her pinched-up nose, blooming at the
+point; her thin lips, probably accustomed to
+sarcasm; her cheeks, with a leaded citron
+hue; her hair that forked up in unmanageable
+curls—all combined to obscure the exquisite
+expression of respect and sympathy,
+perhaps already of love, sparkling from her
+kindled soul, that could just be made out by
+an attentive eye. At length, however, she
+became for a moment perfectly beautiful, as,
+when the young painter had finished his story,
+with an expression that showed how bitterly
+he regretted his abandoned art, she took
+both his hands in hers, and exclaimed: "No,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">mon enfant</hi>, you shall not be thus disappointed.
+Your genius"—she already took it for
+granted he had genius—"shall have an opportunity
+for development. Your mother cannot
+do what is necessary—she has played her
+part. I will be a—second mother to you, in
+return f«r the little affection you can bestow
+on me without ingratitude to her to whom
+you owe your life."</p>
+
+<p>"My life has to be paid for twice," said he,
+kissing her hand. Nathalie could not help
+looking round proudly to me. It was so flattering
+to receive the gallant attentions of so
+handsome a young man, that I think she
+tried to forget how she had bought them.</p>
+
+<p>In the exuberance of her hospitality, the
+little old maid invited both Claude Richer
+and myself to spend some time in the large
+farmhouse of her brother-in-law. I declined,
+with a promise to be a frequent visitor; but
+Claude, who was rather commanded than
+asked, could do nothing but accept. I left
+them at the diligence office, and saw them
+walk away, the little Nathalie affecting to
+support her feeble companion. For the honor
+of human nature let me add, that the conductor
+said nothing about the fare. "It
+would have been indelicate," he said to me,
+"to remind Mlle. Nathalie of her promise in
+the young man's presence. I know her well;
+and she will pay me at a future time. At
+any rate I must show that there is a heart
+under this waistcoat." So saying, the conductor
+thumped his breast with simple admiration
+of his own humanity, and went away,
+after recommending me to the Café de Paris—indeed
+and excellent house.</p>
+
+<p>I shall say nothing of a variety of little incidents
+that occurred to me at Avignon, nor
+about my studies on the history of the popes
+who resided there. I must reserve myself
+entirely for the development of Nathalie's
+romance, which I could not follow step by
+step, but the chief features of which I was
+enabled to catch during a series of visits I
+paid to the farmhouse. Nathalie herself was
+very communicative to me at first, and scarcely
+deigned to conceal her sentiments. By degrees,
+however, as the catastrophe approached,
+she became more and more reserved; and
+I had to learn from others, or to guess the
+part she played.</p>
+
+<p>The farmhouse was situated on the other
+side of the river, in a small plain, fertile and
+well wooded. Old Cossu, the owner, was a
+fine jolly fellow, but evidently a little sharp
+in money matters. I was surprised at first
+that he received the visit of Claude favorably;
+but when it came out that a good part
+of his capital belonged to Nathalie, every circumstance
+of deference to her was explained.
+Mère Cossu was not a very remarkable personage;
+unless it be remarkable that she entertained
+the most profound veneration for
+her husband, quoted his commonest sayings
+as witticisms, and was ready to laugh herself
+into convulsions if he sneezed louder than
+usual. Marie was a charming little person;
+perhaps a little too demure in her manners,
+considering her wicked black eyes. She
+was soon very friendly with Claude and me,
+but seemed to prefer passing her time in
+whispered conversations with Nathalie. I
+was let into the secret that their conversation
+turned principally on the means of getting
+rid of the husband-elect—a great lubberly
+fellow, who lived some leagues off, and
+whose red face shone over the garden-gate,
+in company with a huge nosegay, regularly
+every Sunday morning. In spite of the complying
+temper of old Cossu in other respects
+when Nathalie gave her advice, he seemed
+obstinately bent on choosing his own son-in-law.
+Parents are oftener correct than romancers
+will allow, in their negative opinions
+on this delicate subject, but I cannot say as
+much for them when they undertake to be
+affirmative.</p>
+
+<p>I soon observed that Nathalie was not so
+entirely devoted to the accomplishment of
+the object for which she had undertaken her
+journey as she had promised; and, above all,
+that she spoke no more of the disinterested
+sacrifice of herself as a substitute for Marie.
+I maliciously alluded to this subject in one of
+our private confabulations, and Nathalie, instead
+of being offended, frankly answered
+that she could not make big Paul Boneau
+happy and assist Claude in his studies at the
+same time. "I have now," she said, "an<pb n="231" /><anchor id="Pg231" />
+occupation for the rest of my life—namely,
+to develop this genius, of which France will
+one day be proud; and I shall devote myself
+to it unremittingly."</p>
+
+<p>"Come, Nathalie," replied I, taking her
+arm in mine as we crossed the poplar-meadow,
+"have you no hope of a reward?"</p>
+
+<p>"I understand," quoth she frankly; "and
+I will not play at cross-purposes with you.
+If this young man really loves his art, and
+his art alone, as he pretends, could he do
+better than reward me—as you call it—for
+my assistance? The word has a cruel signification,
+but you did not mean it unkindly."</p>
+
+<p>I looked at her wan, sallow countenance,
+that had begun for some days to wear an expression
+of painful anxiety. At that moment
+I saw over a hedge—but she could not—Claude
+and Marie walking in a neighboring
+field, and pausing now and then to bend their
+heads very close together in admiration of
+some very common flower. "Poor old maid,"
+thought I, "you will have no reward save the
+consciousness of your own pure intentions."</p>
+
+<p>The minute development of this drama
+without dramatic scenes would perhaps be
+more instructive than any elaborate analysis
+of human passions in general; but it would
+require a volume, and I can only here give a
+mere summary. Nathalie, in whom alone I
+felt particularly interested, soon found that,
+she had deceived herself as to the nature of
+her sentiments for Claude—that instead of
+regarding him with almost maternal solicitude,
+she loved him with an intensity that is
+the peculiar characteristic of passions awakened
+late in life, when the common consolation
+is inadmissible—"after all, I may find
+better." This was her last, her only chance
+of a happiness, which she had declared to
+me she had never dreamed of, but which in
+reality she had only declined because it did
+not present itself to her under all the conditions
+required by her refined and sensitive
+mind. Claude, who was an excellent fellow,
+but incapable of comprehending her or sacrificing
+himself, never swerved from grateful
+deference to her; but I could observe, that
+as the state of her feelings became more apparent,
+he took greater care to mark the
+character of his sentiments for her, and to
+insist with some affectation on the depth of
+his filial affection. Nathalie's eyes were often
+red with tears—a fact which Claude did not
+choose perhaps to notice, for fear of an explanation.
+Marie, on the contrary, became more
+blooming every day, while her eloquent eyes
+were still more assiduously bent upon the
+ground. It was evident to me that she and
+Claude understood one another perfectly
+well.</p>
+
+<p>At length the same thing became evident
+to Nathalie. How the revelation was
+made to her I do not know; but sudden
+it must have been, for I met her one
+day in the poplar-field, walking hurriedly
+along with an extraordinary expression of
+despair in her countenance. I know not
+why, but the thought at once occurred to me
+that the Rhone ran rapid and deep not far
+off, and I threw myself across her path. She
+started like a guilty thing, but did not resist
+when I took her hand and led her back slowly
+towards the farmhouse. We had nearly
+reached it in silence when she suddenly
+stopped, and bursting into tears turned away
+into a by-lane where was a little bench under
+an elm. Here she sat down and sobbed for
+a long time, while I stood by. At length she
+raised her head and asked me: "Do morality
+and religion require self-sacrifice even to
+the end—even to making half a life a desert,
+even to heart-breaking, even unto death?"</p>
+
+<p>"It scarcely belongs to a selfish mortal to
+counsel such virtue," I replied; "but it is
+because it is exercised here and there, now
+and then, once in a hundred years, that man
+can claim some affinity with the divine
+nature."</p>
+
+<p>A smile of ineffable sweetness played about
+the poor old girl's lips. She wiped her eyes,
+and began talking of the changing aspect of
+the season, and how the trees day by day
+more rapidly shed their leaves, and how the
+Rhone had swelled within its ample bed, and
+of various topics apparently unconnected
+with her frame of mind, but all indicating
+that she felt the winter was coming—a long
+and dreary winter for her. At this moment
+Fanfreluche, which had missed her, came
+down the lane, barking with fierce joy; and
+she took the poor little beast in her arms,
+and exhaled the last bitter feeling that tormented
+her in these words: "Thou at least
+lovest me—because I have fed thee!" In her
+humility she seemed now to believe that her
+only claim to love was her charity; and that
+even this claim was not recognized except by
+a dog!</p>
+
+<p>I was not admitted to the secret of the
+family conclave that took place, but learned
+simply that Nathalie pleaded with feverish
+energy the love that had grown up between
+Marie and Claude as an insuperable bar to
+the proposed marriage between Paul Boneau
+and her niece. Matters were arranged by
+means of large sacrifices on the part of the
+heroic maid. Paul's face ceased to beam over
+the garden-gate on a Sunday morning; and
+by degrees the news got abroad that Marie
+was betrothed to the young artist. One day
+a decent old woman in <hi rend="font-style: italic">sabots</hi> came to the
+farmhouse: it was Claude's mother, who had
+walked from Aix to see him. It was arranged
+that Claude should pursue his studies a year
+longer, and then marry. Whether any explanation
+took place I do not know; but I
+observed that the young man sometimes
+looked with the same expression of wondering
+admiration I had observed in the diligence
+at the little Nathalie—more citron-hued
+than ever. At length she unhooked the
+cage of Coco, the parrot, took Faufreluche
+under one arm and her blue umbrella under<pb n="232" /><anchor id="Pg232" />
+the other, and went away in company with
+the whole family, myself included, every one
+carrying a parcel or a basket to the diligence
+office. What a party that was! Every one
+was in tears except Nathalie. She bore up
+manfully, if I may use the word; laughed,
+and actually joked; but just as I handed
+Coco in, her factitious courage yielded, and
+she burst into an agony of grief. With officious
+zeal I kept at the window until the diligence
+gave a lurch and started; and then
+turning round I looked at Claude and Marie,
+who were already mingling their eyes in selfish
+forgetfulness of their benefactress, and
+said solemnly: "There goes the best woman
+ever created for this unworthy earth." The
+artist, who, for an ordinary man, did not lack
+sentiment, took my hand and said: "Sir, I
+will quarrel with any man who says less of
+that angel than you have done."</p>
+
+<p>The marriage was brought about in less
+time than had been agreed upon. Nathalie
+of course did not come; but she sent some
+presents and a pleasant letter of congratulation,
+in which she called herself "an inveterate
+old maid." About a year afterwards I
+passed through Lyon and saw her. She was
+still very yellow, and more than ever attentive
+to Fanfreluche and Coco. I even thought
+she devoted herself too much to the service of
+these two troublesome pets, to say nothing of a
+huge cat which she had added to her menagerie,
+as a kind of hieroglyphic of her condition.
+"How fare the married couple?" cried
+she, tossing up her cork-screw curls. "Still
+cooing and billing?"</p>
+
+<p>"Mademoiselle," said I, "they are getting
+on pretty well. Claude, finding the historic
+pencil not lucrative, has taken to portrait-painting;
+and being no longer an enthusiastic
+artist, talks even of adopting the more expeditious
+method of the Daguerreotype. In the
+meantime, half the tradesmen of Avignon, to
+say nothing of Aix, have bespoken caricatures
+of themselves by his hand. Marie
+makes a tolerable wife, but has a terrible will
+of her own, and is feared as well as loved."</p>
+
+<p>Nathalie tried to laugh; but the memory of
+her old illusions coming over her, she leaned
+down towards the cat she was nursing, and
+sparkling tears fell upon its glossy fur.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.</head>
+
+<head type="sub">From advance sheets of a capital book entitled "Men and
+Women of the XIXth Century, by Argene Houssaye,"
+in press by Redfield.</head>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo almost
+came into the world dancing. It is related
+that Gritry, when he was scarcely four
+years of age, had an idea of musical tunes.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo danced at a much
+earlier age. She was still in arms when the
+combined airs of a violin and a hautboy
+caught her ear. She jumped about full of life,
+and during the whole time that the music was
+playing, she danced, there is no other word
+for it, keeping time with great delight. It
+must be stated that she was of Spanish origin.
+She was born at Brussels, the 15th of April,
+1710, of a noble family, that had supplied
+several cardinals to the sacred college, and is
+of considerable distinction in Spanish history,
+both ecclesiastical and national. Her name
+was Marianne. Her mother had danced, but
+with the ladies of the court, for her own
+pleasure, and not for that of others. Her
+father, Ferdinand de Cupis de Camargo, was
+a frank Spanish noble, that is to say he was
+poor; he lived at Brussels, upon the crumbs
+of the table of the Prince de Ligne, without
+counting the debts he made. His family,
+which was quite numerous, was brought up
+by the grace of God; the father frequented
+the tavern, trusting to the truth that there is
+a God that rules over children!</p>
+
+<p>Marianne was so pretty that the Princess
+de Ligne used to call her her fairy daughter.
+Light as a bird, she used to spring into the
+elms, and jump from branch to branch. No
+fawn in its morning gayety had more capricious
+and easy movements; no deer
+wounded by the huntsman ever sprang with
+more force and grace. When she was ten
+years old, the Princess de Ligne thought that
+this pretty wonder belonged of right to Paris,
+the city of wonders, Paris, where the opera
+was then displaying its thousand and thousand
+enchantments. It was decided that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo should be a dancing-girl
+at the opera. Her father objected
+strenuously: "Dancing-girl! the daughter
+of a gentleman, a grandee of Spain!"—"Goddess
+of dance, if you please," said the
+Princess of Ligne, in order to quiet him. He
+resigned himself to taking a journey to
+Paris in the prince's carriage. He arrived in
+the style of a lord at the house of Mademoiselle
+Prévost, whom the poets of the day
+celebrated under the name of Terpsichore.
+She consented to give lessons to Marianne de
+Camargo. Three months after his departure,
+M. de Camargo returned to Brussels, with the
+air of a conqueror. Mademoiselle de Prévost
+had predicted that his daughter would be his
+glory and his fortune.</p>
+
+<p>After having danced at a fête given by the
+Prince de Ligne, Marianne de Camargo made
+her first appearance at the Brussels theatre,
+where she reigned for three years as first
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">danseuse</hi>. Her true theatre was not there;
+in spite of her triumph at Brussels, her imagination
+always carried her to Paris; notwithstanding
+when she quitted Brussels she
+went to Rouen. Finally, after a long residence
+in that city, she was permitted to make her
+first appearance at the opera. It was on the
+5th of May, 1726, for the famous day of her
+debût has not been forgotten, that she appeared
+with all the brilliancy of sixteen upon
+the first stage in the world. Mademoiselle
+Prévost, already jealous, from a presentiment
+perhaps, had advised her to make her first
+appearance in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Characters of the Dance</hi>,
+a step almost impossible, which the most
+celebrated dancers hardly had dared to attemp,<pb n="233" /><anchor id="Pg233" />
+at the height even of their reputation.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo, who danced like a
+fairy, surpassed all her predecessors; her triumph
+was so brilliant that on the next day
+all the fashions took their name after her:
+hair <hi rend="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</hi>, dresses <hi rend="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</hi>,
+sleeves <hi rend="font-style: italic">à la Camargo</hi>. All the ladies of the
+court imitated her grace; there were not a
+few that would have liked to have copied her
+face!</p>
+
+<p>I have not told all yet: Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was made by love and for love.
+She was beautiful and pretty at the same
+time. There could be nothing so sweet and
+impassioned as her dark eyes, nothing so enchanting
+as her sweet smile! Lancret, Pater,
+J. B. Vanloo, all the painters that were then
+celebrated, tried to portray her charming face.</p>
+
+<p>On the second night of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo's appearance on the stage, there were
+twenty duels and quarrels without end at the
+door of the opera; every one wanted to get
+in. Mademoiselle Prévost, alarmed at such
+a triumph, intrigued with such success that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo was soon forced to
+fall back to the position of a mere <hi rend="font-style: italic">figurante</hi>.
+She and her admirers had reason to be indignant.
+She was obliged to resign herself to
+dancing unobserved with the company. But
+she was not long in avenging herself with effect.
+One day, while she was dancing with
+a group of demons, Demoulins, called the
+devil, did not make his appearance to dance
+his solo, when the musicians had struck up,
+expecting his entrance. A sudden inspiration
+seizes Mademoiselle de Camargo; she leaves
+the other <hi rend="font-style: italic">figurantes</hi>, she springs forward to
+the middle of the stage, and improvises Demoulins's
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">pas de seul</hi>, but with more effect
+and capricious variety. Applause re-echoed
+throughout the theatre. Mademoiselle de
+Prévost swore that she would ruin her youthful
+rival; but it was too late. Terpsichore
+was dethroned. Mademoiselle de Camargo
+was crowned on that day queen of the opera,
+absolute queen, whose power was unlimited!
+She was the first who dared to make the discovery
+that her petticoats were too long.
+Here I will let Grimm have his say: "This
+useful invention, which puts the amateur in
+the way of forming an intelligent judgment
+of the legs of a dancing-girl, was thought at
+that time to be the cause of a dangerous
+schism. The Jansenists of the pit exclaimed
+heresy, scandal; and were opposed to the
+shortened petticoats. The Molinists, on the
+contrary, held that this innovation was in
+character with the spirit of the primitive
+church, which was opposed to the sight of
+pirouettes and pigeon-wings, embarrassed by
+the length of a petticoat. The Sorbonne of
+the opera had for a long time great trouble
+in establishing the wholesome doctrine on
+this point of discipline, which so much divided
+the faithful."</p>
+
+<p>Monsieur Ferdinand de Camargo grew old
+with a severe anxiety about the virtue and
+the salary of his daughter: he only preserved
+the salary. Intoxicated with her triumph,
+Mademoiselle de Camargo listened too willingly
+to all the lords of the court that frequented
+the company of the actresses behind
+the scenes; it would have been necessary for
+the king to appoint an historiographer, in
+order to record all the passions of this <hi rend="font-style: italic">danseuse</hi>.
+There was a time when all the world
+was in love with her. Every one swore by
+Camargo; every one sang of Camargo;
+every one dreamed about Camargo. The
+madrigals of Voltaire and of the gallant
+poets of that gallant era are not forgotten.</p>
+
+<p>However, the glory of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was extinguished by degrees. Like
+fashion that had patronized her, she passed
+away by degrees, never to return. When
+she insisted upon retiring, although she was
+only forty years of age, no one thought of
+preventing her: she was hardly regretted.
+There was no inquiry made as to whither
+she had gone; she was only spoken of at
+rare intervals, and then she was only alluded
+to as a memory of the past. She had become
+something of a devotee, and very charitable.
+She knew by name all the poor in
+her neighborhood. She occasionally was
+visited by some of the notabilities of a past
+day, forgotten like herself.</p>
+
+<p>In the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Amusements of the Heart and Mind</hi>,
+a collection designed, as is well known, to
+form the mind and the heart, Mademoiselle
+de Camargo is charged with having had a
+thousand and more lovers! Without giving
+the lie to this accusation, can I not prove it
+false by relating, in all its simplicity, a fact
+which proves a profound passion on her part?
+A pretty woman may dance at the opera,
+smile upon numberless admirers, live carelessly
+from day to day, in the noisy excitement
+of the world; still, there will be some
+blessed hours, when the heart, though often
+laid waste, will flourish again all of a sudden.
+Love is like the sky, which looks blue, even
+when reflected in the stream formed by the
+storm. It is thus that love is occasionally
+found pure in a troubled heart. But, moreover,
+this serious passion of Mademoiselle de
+Camargo was experienced by her in all the
+freshness of her youth.</p>
+
+<p>One morning, Grimm, Pont-de-Veyle, Duclos,
+Helvetius, presented themselves in a gay
+mood, at the humble residence of the celebrated
+dancer. She was then living in an
+old house in the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre.
+An aged serving-woman opened
+the door.—"We wish to see Mademoiselle de
+Camargo," said Helvetius, who had great difficulty
+in keeping his countenance. The old
+woman led them into a parlor that was furnished
+with peculiar and grotesque-looking
+furniture. The wainscoting was covered with
+pastels representing Mademoiselle de Camargo
+in all her grace, and in her different characters.
+But the parlor was not adorned by
+her portraits only; there was a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Christ on</hi><pb n="234" /><anchor id="Pg234" />
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">the Mount of Olives</hi>, a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Magdalen at the Tomb</hi>,
+a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Veiled Virgin</hi>, a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Venus</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Three Graces</hi>,
+some <hi rend="font-style: italic">Cupids</hi>, half concealed beneath some
+rosaries and sacred relics, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">Madonnas</hi>,
+covered with trophies from the opera!</p>
+
+<p>The goddess of the place did not keep
+them a long time waiting; a door opened,
+half-a-dozen dogs of every variety of breed
+sprang into the parlor: it must be said, to
+the praise of Mademoiselle de Camargo, that
+these were not lap-dogs. She appeared behind
+them, carrying in her arms (looking like
+a fur muff) an Angora cat of fine growth.
+As she had not followed the fashion for ten
+years or more, she appeared to have come
+from the other world.—"You see, gentlemen,"
+pointing to her dogs, "all the court I
+have at present, but in truth those courtiers
+there are well worth all others. Here, Marquis!
+down, Duke! lie down, Chevalier! Do
+not be offended, gentlemen, that I receive
+you in such company; but how was I to
+know?..."—Grimm first spoke.—"You
+will excuse, mademoiselle, this unannounced
+visit when you know the important object of
+it."—"I am as curious as if I were only twenty
+years old," said Mademoiselle de Camargo;
+"but, alas! when I was twenty, it was the
+heart that was curious; but now, in the
+winter of life, I am no longer troubled on
+that score."—"The heart never grows old,"
+said Helvetius, bowing.—"That is a heresy,
+sir: those only dare to advance such maxims
+who have never been in love. It is love that
+never grows old, for it dies in childhood.
+But the heart—"—"You see, madame, that
+your heart is still young; what you have just
+said proves that you are still full of fire and
+inspiration."—"Yes, yes," said Mademoiselle
+de Camargo, "you are perhaps right; but
+when the hair is gray and the wrinkles are
+deep, the heart is a lost treasure; a coin that
+is no longer current."—While saying this, she
+lifted up Marquis by his two paws, and kissed
+him on the head: Marquis was a fine setter-dog,
+with a beautiful spotted skin.—"They,
+at least, will love me to the last. But it
+seems to me we are talking nonsense; have
+we nothing better to talk about? Come,
+gentlemen, I am all attention!"</p>
+
+<p>The visitors looked at each other with
+some embarrassment; they seemed to be asking
+of each other who was to speak first.
+Pont-de-Veyle collected his thoughts, and
+spoke as follows: "Mademoiselle, we have
+been breakfasting together; we had a gay
+time of it, like men of spirit. Instead of
+bringing before us, as the Egyptians in olden
+times, mummies, in order to remind us that
+time is the most precious of all things, we
+called up all those gay phantoms which enchanted
+our youth: need I say that you were
+not the least charming of them? who did
+not love you? who did not desire to live
+with you one hour, even at the expense of a
+wound? Happiness never costs too much—"
+Mademoiselle Camargo interrupted the speaker:
+"O gentlemen, do not, I beg, blind me
+with the memory of the past; do not awaken
+a buried passion! Let me die in peace! See,
+the tears are in my eyes!"—The visitors, affected,
+looked with a certain degree of emotion
+at the poor old lady who had loved so
+much. "It is strange," said Helvetius to his
+neighbor, "we came here to laugh, but we
+are travelling quite another road; however,
+I must say, nothing could be more ludicrous
+than such a caricature, if it were not of a
+woman." "Proceed, sir," said Mademoiselle
+de Camargo to Pont-de-Veyle. "To tell you
+the truth, madame, the worst fellow in the
+company, or rather he who had drank the
+most, declared that he was, of all your lovers,
+the one you most loved. 'The mere talk of a
+man who has had too much wine,' said one
+of us. But our impertinent emptied his glass,
+and backed his statement. The discussion
+became very lively. We talked, we drank,
+and we talked. When the last bottle was
+empty, and the dispute was likely to end in a
+duel, and we talked without knowing, probably,
+what we said, the most sober of the company
+proposed to go and ask you yourself
+which of your lovers you loved the most. Is
+it the Count de Melun? is it the Duke de
+Richelieu? is it the Marquis de Croismare?
+the Baron de Viomesnil? the Viscount de
+Jumilhac? is it Monsieur de Beaumont, or
+Monsieur d'Aubigny? is it a poet? is it a
+soldier? is it an abbé?" "Pshaw! pshaw!"
+said Mademoiselle de Camargo, smiling; "you
+had better refer to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Court Calendar</hi>!"
+"What we want to know is not the names of
+those who have loved you, but, I repeat, the
+name of him whom you loved the most."
+"You are fools," said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+with an air of sadness and a voice that
+showed emotion; "I will not answer you.
+Let us leave our extinct passions in their
+tombs, in peace. Why unbury all those
+charming follies which have had their day?"
+"Come," says Grimm to Duclos, "do not let
+us grow sentimental; that would be too absurd.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo," said he,
+playing with the dogs at the same time,
+"which was the epoch of short petticoats?
+for that is one of the points of our philosophical
+dispute."</p>
+
+<p>The aged <hi rend="font-style: italic">danseuse</hi> did not answer. Taking
+Pont-de-Veyle by the hand, all of a sudden,
+she said in rising: "Monsieur, follow me."
+He obeyed with some surprise. She conducted
+him to her bedchamber; it was like a
+basket of odds and ends; it looked like a
+linendraper's shop in confusion; it was all
+disorder; it was quite evident that the dogs
+were at home there. Mademoiselle de Camargo
+went to a little rosewood chest of
+drawers, covered with specimens of Saxony
+porcelain, more or less chipped and broken.
+She opened a little ebony box, exposing its
+contents to the eyes of Pont-de-Veyle. "Do
+you see?" said she, with a sigh. Pont-de-Veyle
+saw a torn letter, the dry bouquet of<pb n="235" /><anchor id="Pg235" />
+half a century, the kind of flowers of which
+it was composed could hardly be recognized.
+"Well?" asked Pont-de-Veyle. "Well, do
+you understand?" "Not at all." "Look at
+that portrait." She pointed with her finger
+to a wretched portrait in oils, covered with
+dust and spider's web. "I begin to understand."
+"Yes," said she, "that is his portrait.
+As for myself, I never look at it. The
+one here," striking her breast, "is more like.
+A portrait is a good thing for those who have
+no time for memory."</p>
+
+<p>Pont-de-Veyle looked in turn with much
+interest at the letter, the faded bouquet, and
+the wretched portrait. "Have you ever met
+this person?" "Never." "Let us return,
+then." "No; I beg let me hear the story."
+"Is it not enough to have seen his portrait?
+You can now settle your dispute with a word,
+since you know whether he whom I loved
+the most resembles your friend who had
+taken so much wine." "He does not resemble
+him the least in the world." "Well, that
+is all: I forgive your visit. Farewell! When
+you breakfast with your friends, you can take
+up my defence somewhat. You can tell those
+libertines without pity, that I have saved
+myself by my heart, if we can be saved that
+way.... Yes, yes; it is my plank of safety,
+in the wreck!"</p>
+
+<p>Saying these words, Mademoiselle de Camargo
+approached the door of the saloon.
+Pont-de-Veyle followed her, carrying the
+ebony-box. "Gentlemen," said he, to his
+merry friends, "our drunken toper was a
+coxcomb; I have seen the portrait of the best
+beloved of the goddess of this mansion; now,
+you must join your prayers to mine, to prevail
+upon Mademoiselle de Camargo to relate
+to us the romance of her heart; I only know
+the preface, which is melancholy and interesting;
+I have seen a letter, a bouquet, and a
+portrait." "I will not tell you a word,"
+muttered she; "women are charged with
+not being able to keep a secret; there is,
+however, more than one that they never tell.
+A love-secret is a rose which embalms our
+hearts; if it is told, the rose loses its perfume.
+I who address you," said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+in brightening up, "I have only kept
+my love in all its freshness by keeping it all
+to myself. There were only La Carton and
+that old rogue Fontenelle who ever got hold
+of my secret. Fontenelle was in the habit of
+dining frequently with me; one day, finding
+me in tears, he was so surprised, he who
+never wept himself, from philosophy, doubtless,
+that he tormented me for more than an
+hour for a solution of the enigma. He was almost
+like a woman; he drew from me, by
+his cat-like worrying, the history of my love.
+Would you believe it? I hoped to touch his
+heart, but it was like speaking to the deaf.
+After having listened to the end without saying
+a word, he muttered with his little weak
+voice, '<hi rend="font-style: italic">It is pretty!</hi>' La Carton, however,
+wept with me. It is worth being a poet and
+a philosopher in order not to understand such
+histories."</p>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo was silent; a
+deep silence followed, and every look was
+upon her. "Speak, speak! we are all attention,"
+said Helvetius, "we are more worthy
+of hearing your story than the old philosopher,
+who loved no one but himself." "After
+all," she replied, carried away by the delight
+of her remembrance, "it will be spending
+a happy hour; I speak of myself, and as
+for happy or unhappy hours, not many more
+are to pass during my life, for I feel that I
+am passing away. But I do not know how
+to begin; a fire flashes before my eyes; I cannot
+see, I am so overcome. To begin: I was
+twenty.... But I shall never have the courage
+to read my history aloud before so many
+people." "Fancy, Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, "that you are reading a romance."
+"Well, then," said she, "I will begin
+without ceremony."</p>
+
+<p>"I was twenty years old. You are all
+aware, for the adventure caused a great deal
+of scandal, you all know how the Count de
+Melun carried me off one morning along with
+my sister Sophy. This little mad-cap, who
+had a great deal of imagination, having discovered
+me reading a letter of the count's, in
+which he spoke of his design, she swore upon
+her thirteen years that he must carry her
+off too. I was far from conceding any such
+claim. It was always taken for granted that
+children know nothing; but at the opera,
+and in love, there are no children. The
+Count de Melun, by means of a bribe, had
+gained over the chambermaid. I was very
+culpable; I knew all, and had not informed
+my father. But my father wearied me somewhat;
+he preached in the desert; that is to
+say he preached to me about virtue. He was
+always talking to me about our noble descent,
+of our cousin, who was a cardinal, of our uncle,
+who was a grand inquisitor of the Inquisition.
+Vanity of vanities! all was vanity
+with him, while with me all was love. I did
+not trouble myself about being of an illustrious
+family; I was handsome, I was worshipped,
+and, what was still better, I was young.</p>
+
+<p>"In the middle of the night I heard my
+door open; it was the Count de Melun. I
+was not asleep, I was expecting him. It is
+not every woman who would like it that is
+run away with. I was going to be run away
+with.</p>
+
+<p>"Love is not only charming in itself, it is
+so also from its romance. A passion without
+adventure is like a mistress without caprice.
+I was seated upon my bed. 'Is it
+you, Jacqueline?' I said, affecting fright. 'It
+is I,' said the count, falling upon his knees.
+'You, sir! Your letter was not a joke then?'
+'My horses are at hand; there is no time to
+lose; leave this sad prison: my hotel, my
+fortune, my heart, all are at your service.'
+At that moment a light appeared at the door.
+'My father!' I cried, with affright, as I concealed<pb n="236" /><anchor id="Pg236" />
+myself behind the bed curtains. 'All
+is lost,' muttered the count. It was Sophy.
+I recognized her light step. She approached
+with the light in her hand, and in silence,
+toward the count. 'My sister,' said she, with
+some degree of excitement, but without losing
+her presence of mind, 'here I am, all
+ready.' I did not understand; I looked at
+her with surprise; she was all dressed, from
+head to foot. 'What are you saying? You
+are mad.' 'Not by any means; I want to
+be run away with, like yourself.' The Count
+de Melun could not help laughing. 'Mademoiselle,'
+he said to her, 'you forget your
+dolls and toys. 'Sir,' replied she, with dignity,
+'I am thirteen years old. It was not
+yesterday that I made my <hi rend="font-style: italic">début</hi> at the opera;
+I take a part on the stage in the ravishment
+of Psyche.' 'Good,' says the count, 'we will
+carry you off too.' 'It is as well,' whispered
+the count in my ear; 'this is the only
+way of getting rid of her.'</p>
+
+<p>"I was very much put out by this contretemps,
+which gave a new complication to our
+adventure. My father might forgive my being
+carried off, but Sophy! I tried to dissuade
+her from her mad enterprise. I offered
+her my ornaments; she would not listen
+to reason. She declared, that if she was not
+carried off with me she would inform against
+us, and thus prevent the adventure. 'Do not
+oppose her.' said the count; 'with such a
+tendency she will be sure to be carried off
+sooner or later.'—'Well, let us depart together,'
+The chambermaid, who had approached
+with the stealthy, quiet step of a cat, told us
+to hurry, for she was afraid that the noise of
+the horses, that were pawing the ground near
+by, would awaken Monsieur de Camargo.
+We were off; the carriage drove us to the
+count's hotel, rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais.
+Sophy laughed and sung. In the morning I
+wrote to the manager of the opera, that by
+the advice of my physician it was impossible
+for me to appear for three weeks. To tell
+you the truth, gentlemen, in a week's time I
+went myself to inform the manager that I
+would dance that evening. This, you perceive,
+is not very flattering to the Count de
+Melun; but there are so few men in this
+world who are sufficiently interesting for a
+week together. I loved the count, doubtless,
+but I wanted to breathe a little without him.
+I desired the excitement of the theatre. I
+opened my window, constantly, as if I would
+fly out of it.</p>
+
+<p>"As soon as I appeared at the opera my
+father followed my track, and discovered the
+retreat of his daughters. One evening behind
+the scenes, he went straight to the count
+and insulted him. The count answered him,
+with great deference, that he would avoid
+the chance of taking the life of a gallant gentleman
+who had given birth to such a daughter
+as I was. My father did his best to prove
+and establish his sixteen quarterings, the
+count was not willing to fight him. It was
+about that time that my father presented his
+famous petition to the Cardinal de Fleury:
+'Your petitioner would state to the Lord
+Cardinal, that the Count de Melun, having
+carried off his two daughters in the night,
+between the 10th and 11th of the month of
+May, 1728, holds them imprisoned in his hotel,
+rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais. Your petitioner
+having to do with a person of rank, is
+obliged to have recourse to his majesty's
+ministers; he hopes, through the goodness of
+the king, justice will be done him, and that
+the Count de Melun will be commanded to
+espouse the elder daughter of your petitioner,
+and endow the younger.'</p>
+
+<p>"A father could not have done better.
+The Cardinal de Fleury amused himself a
+good deal with the petition, and recommended
+me, one day that we were supping together,
+for full penance, to make over to my
+father my salary at the opera. But I find I
+am not getting on with my story. But what
+would you have? The beginning is always
+where we dwell with the greatest pleasure.
+I had been living in the count's hotel a year;
+Sophy had returned to my father's house,
+where she did not remain long; but it is not
+her history that I am relating. One morning
+a cousin of the count arrived at the hotel in
+a great bustle; he was about spending a season
+in Paris, in all the wildness of youth. He
+took us by surprise at breakfast; he took his
+seat at table, without ceremony, on the invitation
+of the count.</p>
+
+<p>"In the beginning he did not strike my
+fancy; I thought him somewhat of a braggadocio.
+He cultivated his mustachios with,
+great care (the finest mustachios in the world),
+and spoke quite often enough of his prowess
+in battle. Some visitor interrupting us, the
+count went into his library, and left us together,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">tête-à-tête</hi>. Monsieur de Marteille's
+voice, until then proud and haughty in its
+tone, softened a little. He had at first looked
+at me with the eye of a soldier; he now
+looked at me with the eye of a pupil.—'Excuse,
+madame,' said he, with some emotion,
+'my rude soldier-like bearing; I know nothing
+of fine manners; I have never passed
+through the school of gallantry. Do not be
+offended at any thing I may say.'—'Why,
+sir,' said I, smiling, 'you do not say any thing
+at all.'—'Ah, if I knew how to speak! but,
+in truth, I would feel more at home before a
+whole army than I do before your beautiful
+eyes. The count is very happy in having
+such a beautiful enemy to contend with.'—While
+speaking thus, he looked at me with a
+supplicating tenderness which contrasted singularly
+with his look of the hero. I do not
+know what my eyes answered him. The
+count then came in, and the conversation took
+another turn.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur de Marteille accepted the earnest
+invitation of his cousin to stay at his hotel.
+He went out; I did not see him again till
+evening. He did not know who I was; the<pb n="237" /><anchor id="Pg237" />
+count called me Marianne, and, unintentionally,
+perhaps, he had not spoken a word to
+his cousin about the opera, or my grace and
+skill as a dancer. At supper, Monsieur de
+Marteille had no longer the same frank gayety
+of the morning; a slight uneasiness passed
+like a cloud over his brow; more than once
+I caught his melancholy glance.—'Cheer up
+your cousin,' I said to the count.—'I know
+what he wants,' answered Monsieur de Melun;
+'I will take him to-morrow to the opera.
+You will see that in that God-forsaken place
+he will find his good-humor again.'—I felt
+jealous, without asking myself why.</p>
+
+<p>"Next day the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Triumph of Bacchus</hi> was
+played. I appeared as Ariadne, all covered
+with vine-leaves and flowers. I never danced
+so badly. I had recognized Monsieur de Marteille
+among the gentlemen of the court. He
+looked at me with a serious air. I had hoped
+to have had an opportunity to speak with
+him before the end of the ballet, but he had
+already gone. I was offended at his abrupt
+departure.—'How!' said I to myself, 'he sees
+me dance, and this is the way he makes me
+his compliments.'—Next morning, he breakfasted
+with us; he did not say a word about
+the evening; finally, not being able to resist
+my impatience, 'Well, Monsieur de Marteille,'
+said I to him, somewhat harshly, 'you left
+early last night; it was hardly polite of you.'—'Ah!
+when you were to dance no more!'
+said he, with a sigh. This was the first time
+that I was ever spoken to thus. Fearing that
+he had said too much, and in order to divert
+Monsieur de Melun, who observed him with
+a look of surprise, he began to speak of a little
+singer of no great moment, who had a
+voice of some freshness.</p>
+
+<p>"In the afternoon, the count detained at
+home for some reason or other, begged his
+cousin to accompany me in a ride to the
+woods. He was to join us on horseback.
+The idea of this ride made my heart beat violently.
+It was the first time that I had listened
+with pleasure to the beatings of my heart.</p>
+
+<p>"We started on a fine summer's day.
+Every thing was like a holyday: the sky, the
+houses, the trees, the horses, and the people.
+A veil had fallen from my eyes. For some
+minutes we remained in the deepest silence;
+not knowing what to do, I amused myself by
+making a diamond that I wore glisten in the
+rays of the sun that entered the carriage.
+Monsieur de Marteille caught hold of my
+hand. We both said not a word the whole
+time. I tried to disengage my hand; he held
+it the harder. I blushed; he turned pale.
+A jolt of the carriage occurred very opportunely
+to relieve us from our embarrassment;
+the jolt had lifted me from my seat; it made
+me fall upon his bosom.—'Monsieur,' said I,
+starting. 'Ah, madame, if you knew how I
+love you!'—He said this with a tenderness
+beyond expression; it was love itself that
+spoke! I had no longer the strength to get
+angry. He took my hand again and devoured
+it with kisses. He did not say another word;
+I tried to speak, but did not know what to
+say myself. From time to time our looks
+met each other; it was then that we were eloquent.
+Such eternal pledges, such promises
+of happiness!</p>
+
+<p>"Notwithstanding, we arrived at the woods.
+All of a sudden, as if seized with a new idea,
+he put his head out of the window, and said
+something to the coachman. I understood,
+by the answer of La Violette, the coachman,
+that he was not willing to obey; but Monsieur
+de Marteille having alluded to a caning
+and fifty pistoles, the coachman made no further
+objections. I did not understand very
+well what he was about. After an hour's
+rapid travelling, as I was looking with some
+anxiety as to where we were, he tried to divert
+me by telling me some episodes of his
+life. Although I did not listen very intelligently
+to what he said, I heard enough to
+find out that I was the first woman he had
+ever loved. They all say so, but he told the
+truth, for he spoke with his eyes and his
+heart. I soon found out that we were no
+longer on our right road; but observe how
+far the feebleness of a woman in love will go:
+I hadn't the courage to ask him why he had
+changed our route. We crossed the Seine in
+a boat, between Sèvres and St. Cloud; we
+regained the woods, and after an hour's ride
+through them, we reached an iron park-gate,
+at the extremity of the village of Velaisy.</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur de Marteille had counted without
+his host. He expected not to have found
+a soul in his brother's chateau, but, since the
+evening before, his brother had returned from
+a journey to the coast of France. Seeing that
+the chateau was inhabited, Monsieur de Marteille
+begged me to wait a little in the carriage.
+As soon as he had gone, the coachman
+came to the door.—'Well, madame, we
+breathe at last! my opinion is that we should
+make our escape. Depend upon the word of
+La Violette, we shall be in less than two
+hours at the hotel.'—'La Violette,' said I,
+'open the door.'—I ran a great risk. La
+Violette obeyed.—'Now,' said I to him, when
+I had alighted upon the ground, 'you may
+go!'—He looked at me with the eye of an old
+philosopher, mounted his box, and snapped
+his whip; but he had hardly started, when
+he thought it better to return.—'I will not
+return without madame, for if I return alone,
+I shall be sure of a good heating, and of being
+discharged.'—'Indeed, La Violette! as you
+please.' At that moment I saw the count returning.—'It
+is all for the best,' he cried out,
+in the distance; 'my brother has only two
+days to spend in Paris: he has stopped here
+to give his orders; he wishes, at all hazards,
+to see Camargo dance! I told him that she
+was to appear this evening. He will leave
+in a moment. You must wait in the park till
+he is gone. I will return to him, for I must
+take my leave of him, and wish him a pleasant
+journey.</p>
+
+<pb n="238" /><anchor id="Pg238" />
+
+<p>"An hour afterward we were installed in
+the chateau. La Violette remained, at our
+order, with his carriage and horses. In the
+evening there was great excitement at the
+opera. It was solemnly announced to the
+public that Mademoiselle de Camargo had
+been carried off! The Count de Melun surprised
+at not finding us in the woods, had
+gone to the theatre. He was hissed; he
+swore revenge. He sought every where; he
+found neither his horses, nor his carriage, nor
+his mistress. For three months the opera
+was in mourning! Thirty bailiffs were on
+my track; but we made so little noise in our
+little chateau, hid away in the woods, that
+we were never discovered."</p>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo became pale;
+she was silent, and looked at her listeners as
+if she would say by her looks that had been
+lighted up at that celestial flame which had
+passed over her life: "Oh, how we loved
+each other during those three months!"</p>
+
+<p>She continued as follows: "That season
+has filled a greater space in my life than all
+the rest of my days. When I think of the
+past, it is there where my thoughts travel at
+once. How relate to you the particulars of
+our happiness? When destiny protects us,
+happiness is composed of a thousand charming
+nothings that the hearts of others cannot
+understand. During those three months I
+was entirely happy; I wished to live for ever
+in this charming retreat for him that I loved
+a thousand times more than myself. I wished
+to abandon the opera, that opera that the
+Count de Melun could not make me forget
+for a week!</p>
+
+<p>"Monsieur de Marteille possessed all the
+attraction of a real passion; he loved me
+with a charming simplicity; he put in play,
+without designing it, all the seductions of
+love. What tender words! what impassioned
+looks! what enticing conversation! Each
+day was a holyday, each hour a rapture. I
+had no time to think of the morrow.</p>
+
+<p>"Our days were spent in walks, in the
+shade of the woods, in the thousand windings
+of the park. In the evening I played
+the harpsichord, and I sang. It often occurred
+that I danced, danced for him. In the
+middle of a dance that would have excited a
+furor at the opera, I fell at his feet, completely
+overcome; he raised me up, pressed me to
+his heart and forgave me for having danced.
+I always hear his beautiful voice, which was
+like music, but such music as I dream of, and
+not such as Rameau has composed... But
+now I am speaking without knowing what I
+say."</p>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo turned toward
+Pont-de-Veyle. "Monsieur," said she, "open
+that box or rather hand it to me." She took
+the box, opened it, and took the bouquet from
+it. "But above all, gentlemen, I must explain
+to you why I have preserved this bouquet."
+While saying this she attempted to
+smell the vanished odor of the bouquet.</p>
+
+<p>"One morning," she resumed, "Monsieur
+de Marteille awoke me early—'Farewell!' he
+said, pale and trembling.—'What are you
+saying?' cried I with affright.—'Alas,' replied
+he, embracing me, I did not wish to tell
+you before, but for a fortnight I have had orders
+to leave. Hostilities are to be resumed
+in the Low Countries; I have no longer a
+single hour either for you or for me; I have
+over forty leagues to travel to-day.'—'Oh,
+my God, what will become of me?' said I
+weeping. 'I will follow you.'—'But, my
+dear Marianne, I shall return.'—'You will
+return in an age! Go, cruel one, I shall be
+dead when you return.'</p>
+
+<p>"An hour was spent in taking leave and in
+tears; he was obliged to go; he went.</p>
+
+<p>"I returned to weep in that retreat, that
+was so delightful the evening before. Two
+days after his departure, he wrote me a very
+tender letter, in which he told me that on the
+next day, he would have the consolation of
+engaging in battle. 'I hope,' added he, 'that
+the campaign will not be a long one; some
+days of hard fighting, and then I return to
+your feet.' What more shall I tell you? He
+wrote me once again."</p>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo unfolded slowly
+the torn letter. "Here is the second letter:—</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p rend="text-align: right">Oct 17.</p>
+
+<p>"'No, I shall not return, my dear, I am
+going to die, but without fear, without reproach.
+Oh! if you were here, Marianne!
+What madness! in a hospital where, all of
+us, all, be we what we may, are disfigured
+with wounds, and dying! What an idea to
+dash ahead in the fight, when I only thought
+of seeing you again. As soon as I was
+wounded, I asked the surgeon if I should
+live long enough to reach Paris: "You have
+but an hour," he answered me pitilessly...
+They brought me here with the others. In a
+word, we should learn to resign ourselves to
+what comes from Heaven. I die content
+with having loved you; console yourself; return
+to the opera. I am not jealous of those
+who shall succeed me, for will they love you
+as I have done? Farewell, Marianne, death
+approaches, and death never waits; I thank
+it for having left me sufficient time to bid you
+farewell. Now, it will be I who will wait
+for you.</p>
+
+<p>"'Farewell, farewell, I press you to my
+heart, which ceases to beat.'"</p>
+</quote>
+
+<p>After having wiped her eyes, Mademoiselle
+de Camargo continued as follows: "Shall I
+describe to you all my sorrows, all my tears,
+all my anguish! Alas! as he had said, I returned
+to the opera. I did not forget Monsieur
+de Marteille, in the tempest of my folly.
+Others have loved me. I have loved no one
+but Monsieur de Marteille; his memory has
+beamed upon my life like a blessing from
+heaven. When I reappeared at the opera, I
+was seen attending mass; I was laughed at
+for my devotion. They did not understand,
+philosophers as they were, that I prayed to<pb n="239" /><anchor id="Pg239" />
+God, in consequence of those words of Monsieur
+de Martielle: 'Now it will be I who
+will wait for you.'</p>
+
+<p>"When I left the chateau, I plucked a
+bouquet in the park, thinking that I was
+plucking the flowers that had bloomed for
+him; I brought away this bouquet, along
+with the portrait that you see there. I had
+vowed, in leaving our dear retreat, to go
+every year, at the same season, to gather a
+bouquet in the park. Will you believe it? I
+never went there again!"</p>
+
+<p>Mademoiselle de Camargo thus finished her
+history. "Well, my dear philosopher," said
+Helvetius to Duclos, in descending the steps,
+"you have just read a book that is somewhat
+curious."—"A bad book," answered Duclos,
+"but such books are always interesting."</p>
+
+<p>In April, 1770, the news spread that Mademoiselle
+de Camargo had just died a good
+catholic. "This created a great surprise,"
+says a journal of the day, "in the republic of
+letters, for she was supposed to have been
+dead twenty years." Her last admirer and
+her last friend, to whom she had bequeathed
+her dogs and her cats, had caused her body to
+be interred with a magnificence unexampled
+at the opera. "All the world," says Grimm,
+"admired that white pall, the symbol of
+chastity, that all unmarried persons are entitled
+to in their funeral ceremony."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>MY NOVEL:</head>
+<head type="sub">OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.<note place="foot"><p>Continued from page 109.</p></note></head>
+
+<p>BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.</p>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" level1="BOOK IX. - INITIAL CHAPTER." />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>BOOK IX.—INITIAL CHAPTER.</head>
+
+<p>Now that I am fairly in the heart of my
+story, these preliminary chapters must
+shrink into comparatively small dimensions,
+and not encroach upon the space required by
+the various personages whose acquaintance
+I have picked up here and there, and who
+are now all crowding upon me like poor relations
+to whom one has unadvisedly given a
+general invitation, and who descend upon one
+simultaneously about Christmas time. Where
+they are to be stowed, and what is to become
+of them all, heaven knows; in the meanwhile,
+the reader will have already observed
+that the Caxton family themselves are turned
+out of their own rooms, sent a-packing, in
+order to make way for the new comers.</p>
+
+<p>And now that I refer to that respected
+family, I shall take occasion (dropping all
+metaphor) to intimate a doubt, whether,
+should these papers be collected and republished,
+I shall not wholly recast the Initial
+Chapters in which the Caxtons have been
+permitted to reappear. They assure me,
+themselves, that they feel a bashful apprehension
+lest they may be accused of having
+thrust irrelevant noses into affairs which by
+no means belong to them—an impertinence
+which, being a peculiarly shy race, they have
+carefully shunned in the previous course of
+their innocent and segregated existence. Indeed,
+there is some cause for that alarm,
+seeing that not long since, in a journal professing
+to be critical, this <hi rend="font-style: italic">My Novel, or Varieties
+in English Life</hi>, was misnomed and insulted
+as "a Continuation of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Caxtons</hi>,"
+with which biographical work it has no more
+to do (save in the aforesaid introductions to
+previous Books in the present diversified and
+compendious narrative) than I with Hecuba,
+or Hecuba with me. Reserving the doubt
+herein suggested for maturer deliberation, I
+proceed with my new Initial Chapter. And
+I shall stint the matter therein contained to
+a brief comment upon <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Public Life</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>Were you ever in public life, my dear
+reader? I don't mean by that question, to
+ask whether you were ever Lord Chancellor,
+Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition, or
+even a member of the House of Commons.
+An author hopes to find readers far beyond
+that very egregious but very limited segment
+of the Great Circle. Were you ever a busy
+man in your vestry, active in a municipal
+corporation, one of a committee for furthering
+the interests of an enlightened candidate
+for your native burgh, town, or shire?—in a
+word, did you ever resign your private comforts
+as men in order to share the public
+troubles of mankind? If ever you have so
+far departed from the Lucretian philosophy,
+just look back—was it life at all that you
+lived?—were you an individual distinct existence—a
+passenger in the railway?—or
+were you merely an indistinct portion of that
+common flame which heated the boiler and
+generated the steam that set off the monster
+train?—very hot, very active, very useful, no
+doubt; but all your identity fused in flame,
+and all your forces vanishing in gas.</p>
+
+<p>And you think the people in the railway
+carriages care for you?—do you think that
+the gentleman in the worsted wrapper is
+saying to his neighbor with the striped rug
+on his comfortable knees, "How grateful we
+ought to be for that fiery particle which is
+crackling and hissing under the boiler! It
+helps us on the fraction of an inch from
+Vauxhall to Putney?" Not a bit of it. Ten
+to one but he is saying—"Not sixteen miles
+an hour! What the deuce is the matter
+with the stoker?"</p>
+
+<p>Look at our friend Audley Egerton. You
+have just had a glimpse of the real being that
+struggles under the huge copper;—you have
+heard the hollow sound of the rich man's
+coffers under the tap of Baron Levy's friendly
+knuckle—heard the strong man's heart
+give out its dull warning sound to the scientific
+ear of Dr. F
+vanishes the separate existence, lost again in
+the flame that heats the boiler, and the
+smoke that curls into air from the grimy furnace.</p>
+
+<p>Look to it, O Public Man, whoever thou
+art, and whatsoever thy degree—see if thou
+canst not compound matters, so as to keep a
+little nook apart for thy private life; that is,<pb n="240" /><anchor id="Pg240" />
+for <hi rend="font-style: italic">thyself</hi>! Let the great Popkins Question
+not absorb wholly the individual soul of thee,
+as Smith or Johnson. Don't so entirely consume
+thyself under that insatiable boiler,
+that when thy poor little monad rushes out
+from the sooty furnace, and arrives at the
+stars, thou mayest find no vocation for thee
+there, and feel as if thou hadst nothing to
+do amidst the still splendors of the Infinite.
+I don't deny to thee the uses of "Public
+Life;" I grant that it is much to have helped
+to carry that great Popkins Question; but
+Private Life, my friend, is the life of thy
+Private soul; and there may be matters concerned
+with that which, on consideration,
+thou mayest allow, cannot be wholly mixed
+up with the great Popkins Question—and
+were not finally settled when thou didst exclaim—"I
+have not lived in vain—the Popkins
+Question is carried at last!" O immortal
+soul, for one quarter of an hour <hi rend="font-style: italic">per diem</hi>—de-Popkinise
+thine immortality!</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER II.</head>
+
+<p>It had not been without much persuasion
+on the part of Jackeymo, that Riccabocca
+had consented to settle himself in the house
+which Randal had recommended to him.
+Not that the exile conceived any suspicion
+of the young man beyond that which he
+might have shared with Jackeymo, viz., that
+Randal's interest in the father was increased
+by a very natural and excusable admiration
+of the daughter. But the Italian had the
+pride common to misfortune,—he did not like
+to be indebted to others, and he shrank from
+the pity of those to whom it was known that
+he had held a higher station in his own land.
+These scruples gave way to the strength of
+his affection for his daughter and his dread of
+his foe. Good men, however able and brave,
+who have suffered from the wicked, are apt
+to form exaggerated notions of the power that
+has prevailed against them. Jackeymo had
+conceived a superstitious terror of Peschiera,
+and Riccabocca, though by no means addicted
+to superstition, still had a certain creep of
+the flesh whenever he thought of his foe.</p>
+
+<p>But Riccabocca—than whom no man was
+more physically brave, and no man, in some
+respects, more morally timid—feared the
+Count less as a foe than as a gallant. He remembered
+his kinsman's surpassing beauty—the
+power he had obtained over women. He
+knew him versed in every art that corrupts,
+and void of all the conscience that deters.
+And Riccabocca had unhappily nursed himself
+into so poor an estimate of the female
+character, that even the pure and lofty nature
+of Violante did not seem to him a sufficient
+safeguard against the craft and determination
+of a practised and remorseless intriguer. But
+of all the precautions he could take, none appeared
+more likely to conduce to safety, than
+his establishing a friendly communication
+with one who professed to be able to get at all
+the Count's plans and movements, and who
+could apprise Riccabocca at once should his
+retreat be discovered. "Forewarned is forearmed,"
+said he to himself, in one of the
+proverbs common to all nations. However,
+as with his usual sagacity he came to reflect
+upon the alarming intelligence conveyed to
+him by Randal, viz., that the Count sought
+his daughter's hand, he divined that there
+was some strong personal interest under such
+ambition; and what could be that interest
+save the probability of Riccabocca's ultimate
+admission to the Imperial grace, and the
+Count's desire to assure himself of the heritage
+to an estate that he might be permitted
+to retain no more? Riccabocca was not indeed
+aware of the condition (not according
+to usual customs in Austria) on which the
+Count held the forfeited domains. He knew
+not that they had been granted merely on
+pleasure; but he was too well aware of Peschiera's
+nature to suppose that he would woo
+a bride without a dower, or be moved by remorse
+in any overture of reconciliation. He
+felt assured, too—and this increased all his
+fears—that Peschiera would never venture
+to seek an interview himself; all the Count's
+designs on Violante would be dark, secret,
+and clandestine. He was perplexed and tormented
+by the doubt, whether or not to express
+openly to Violante his apprehensions
+of the nature of the danger to be apprehended.
+He had told her vaguely that it was for her
+sake that he desired secrecy and concealment.
+But that might mean any thing: what danger
+to himself would not menace her? Yet
+to say more was so contrary to a man of his
+Italian notions and Machiavellian maxims!
+To say to a young girl, "There is a man
+come over to England on purpose to woo
+and win you. For heaven's sake take care
+of him; he is diabolically handsome; he never
+fails where he sets his heart." "Cospetto!"
+cried the doctor aloud, as these admonitions
+shaped themselves to speech in the camera-obscura
+of his brain; "such a warning would
+have undone a Cornelia while she was yet an
+innocent spinster." No, he resolved to say
+nothing to Violante of the Count's intention,
+only to keep guard, and make himself and
+Jackeymo all eyes and all ears.</p>
+
+<p>The house Randal had selected pleased
+Riccabocca at first glance. It stood alone,
+upon a little eminence; its upper windows
+commanded the high road. It had been a
+school, and was surrounded by high walls,
+which contained a garden and lawn sufficiently
+large for exercise. The garden doors
+were thick, fortified by strong bolts, and had
+a little wicket lattice, shut and opened at
+pleasure, from which Jackeymo could inspect
+all visitors before he permitted them to
+enter.</p>
+
+<p>An old female servant from the neighborhood
+was cautiously hired; Riccabocca renounced
+his Italian name, and abjured his
+origin. He spoke English sufficiently well to
+think he could pass as an Englishman. He<pb n="241" /><anchor id="Pg241" />
+called himself Mr. Richmouth (a liberal translation
+of Riccabocca). He bought a blunderbuss,
+two pair of pistols, and a huge house-dog.
+Thus provided for, he allowed Jackeymo
+to write a line to Randal and communicate
+his arrival.</p>
+
+<p>Randal lost no time in calling. With his
+usual adaptability and his powers of dissimulation,
+he contrived easily to please Mrs. Riccabocca,
+and to increase the good opinion the
+exile was disposed to form of him. He engaged
+Violante in conversation on Italy and
+its poets. He promised to buy her books.
+He began, though more distantly than he
+could have desired—for her sweet stateliness
+awed him in spite of himself—the preliminaries
+of courtship. He established himself at
+once as a familiar guest, riding down daily in
+the dusk of evening, after the toils of office,
+and retiring at night. In four or five days
+he thought he had made great progress with
+all. Riccabocca watched him narrowly, and
+grew absorbed in thought after every visit.
+At length one night, when he and Mrs. Riccabocca
+were alone in the drawing-room,
+Violante having retired to rest, he thus spoke
+as he filled his pipe:—</p>
+
+<p>"Happy is the man who has no children!
+Thrice happy he who has no girls."</p>
+
+<p>"My dear Alphonso!" said the wife, looking
+up from the wristband to which she was
+attaching a neat mother-o'-pearl button. She
+said no more; it was the sharpest rebuke she
+was in the custom of administering to her
+husband's cynical and odious observations.
+Riccabocca lighted his pipe with a thread
+paper, gave three great puffs, and resumed:</p>
+
+<p>"One blunderbuss, four pistols, and a
+house-dog called Pompey, who would have
+made mince-meat of Julius Cæsar!"</p>
+
+<p>"He certainly eats a great deal, does Pompey!"
+said Mrs. Riccabocca, simply. "But
+if he relieves your mind!"</p>
+
+<p>"He does not relieve it in the least,
+ma'am," groaned Riccabocca; "and that is
+the point I was coming to. This is a most
+harassing life, and a most undignified life.
+And I who have only asked from Heaven
+dignity and repose! But, if Violante were
+once married, I should want neither blunderbuss,
+pistol, nor Pompey. And it is that
+which would relieve my mind, <hi rend="font-style: italic">cara mia</hi>;—Pompey
+only relieves my larder!"</p>
+
+<p>Now Riccabocca had been more communicative
+to Jemima than he had been to Violante.
+Having once trusted her with one
+secret, he had every motive to trust her with
+another; and he had accordingly spoken out
+his fears of the Count di Peschiera. Therefore
+she answered, laying down the work,
+and taking her husband's hand tenderly—</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, my love, since you dread so
+much (though I own that I must think unreasonably)
+this wicked, dangerous man, it
+would be the happiest thing in the world to
+see dear Violante well married; because, you
+see, if she is married to one person, she cannot
+be married to another; and all fear of this
+Count, as you say, would be at an end."</p>
+
+<p>"You cannot express yourself better. It
+is a great comfort to unbosom one's self to a
+wife, after all!" quoth Riccabocca.</p>
+
+<p>"But," said the wife, after a grateful kiss—"but
+where and how can we find a husband
+suitable to the rank of your daughter?"</p>
+
+<p>"There—there—there," cried Riccabocca,
+pushing back his chair to the farther end of
+the room—"that comes of unbosoming one's
+self! Out flies one's secret; it is opening the
+lid of Pandora's box; one is betrayed, ruined,
+undone!"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, there's not a soul that can hear
+us!" said Mrs. Riccabocca, soothingly.</p>
+
+<p>"That's chance, ma'am! If you once contract
+the habit of blabbing out a secret when
+nobody's by, how on earth can you resist it
+when you have the pleasurable excitement
+of telling it to all the world? Vanity,
+vanity—woman's vanity! Woman never could
+withstand rank—never!" The Doctor went
+on railing for a quarter of an hour, and was
+very reluctantly appeased by Mrs. Riccabocca's
+repeated and tearful assurances that she
+would never even whisper to herself that her
+husband had ever held any other rank than
+that of Doctor.—Riccabocca, with a dubious
+shake of the head, renewed—</p>
+
+<p>"I have done with all pomp and pretension.
+Besides, the young man is a born gentleman;
+he seems in good circumstances; he
+has energy and latent ambition; he is akin
+to L'Estrange's intimate friend; he seems attached
+to Violante. I don't think it probable
+that we could do better. Nay, if Peschiera
+fears that I shall be restored to my country,
+and I learn the wherefore, and the ground to
+take, through this young man—why, gratitude
+is the first virtue of the noble!"</p>
+
+<p>"You speak, then, of Mr. Leslie?"</p>
+
+<p>"To be sure—of whom else?"</p>
+
+<p>Mrs. Riccabocca leaned her cheek on her
+hand thoughtfully. "Now you have told
+me <hi rend="font-style: italic">that</hi>, I will observe him with different
+eyes."</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Anima mia</hi>, I don't see how the difference
+of your eyes will alter the object they
+look upon!" grumbled Riccabocca, shaking
+the ashes out of his pipe.</p>
+
+<p>"The object alters when we see it in a
+different point of view!" replied Jemima,
+modestly. "This thread does very well
+when I look at it in order to sew on a button,
+but I should say it would never do to tie up
+Pompey in his kennel."</p>
+
+<p>"Reasoning by illustration, upon my soul!"
+ejaculated Riccabocca, amazed.</p>
+
+<p>"And," continued Jemima, "when I am
+to regard one who is to constitute the happiness
+of that dear child, and for life, can I regard
+him as I would the pleasant guest of an
+evening? Ah, trust me, Alphonso—I don't
+pretend to be wise like you—but, when a
+woman considers what a man is likely to
+prove to woman—his sincerity—his honor—his<pb n="242" /><anchor id="Pg242" />
+heart—oh, trust me, she is wiser than the
+wisest man!"</p>
+
+<p>Riccabocca continued to gaze on Jemima
+with unaffected admiration and surprise.
+And, certainly, to use his phrase, since he
+had unbosomed himself to his better half—since
+he had confided in her, consulted with
+her, her sense had seemed to quicken—her
+whole mind to expand.</p>
+
+<p>"My dear," said the sage, "I vow and declare
+that Machiavelli was a fool to you.
+And I have been as dull as the chair I sit
+upon, to deny myself so many years the
+comfort and counsel of such a—but <hi rend="font-style: italic">corpo
+di Baccho!</hi> forget all about rank; and so
+now to bed."</p>
+
+<p>"One must not holloa till one's out of the
+wood," muttered the ungrateful, suspicious
+villain, as he lighted the chamber candle.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER III.</head>
+
+<p>Riccabocca could not confine himself to
+the precincts within the walls to which he
+condemned Violante. Resuming his spectacles,
+and wrapped in his cloak, he occasionally
+sallied forth upon a kind of outwatch or reconnoitring
+expedition—restricting himself,
+however, to the immediate neighborhood, and
+never going quite out of sight of his house.
+His favorite walk was to the summit of a
+hillock overgrown with stunted bushwood.
+Here he would seat himself musingly, often
+till the hoofs of Randal's horse rang on the
+winding road, as the sun set, over fading herbage,
+red and vaporous, in autumnal skies. Just
+below the hillock, and not two hundred yards
+from his own house, was the only other habitation
+in view—a charming, thoroughly English
+cottage, though somewhat imitated from
+the Swiss—with gable ends, thatched roof,
+and pretty projecting casements, opening
+through creepers and climbing roses. From
+his height he commanded the gardens of this
+cottage, and his eye of artist was pleased,
+from the first sight, with the beauty which
+some exquisite taste had given to the ground.
+Even in that cheerless season of the year, the
+garden wore a summer smile; the evergreens
+were so bright and various, and the few flowers,
+still left, so hardy and so healthful. Facing
+the south, a colonnade, or covered gallery,
+of rustic woodwork had been formed, and
+creeping plants, lately set, were already beginning
+to clothe its columns. Opposite to
+this colonnade there was a fountain which
+reminded Riccabocca of his own at the deserted
+Casino. It was indeed singularly like
+it: the same circular shape, the same girdle
+of flowers around it. But the jet from it varied
+every day—fantastic and multiform, like
+the sports of a Naïad—sometimes shooting
+up like a tree, sometimes shaped as a convolvulus,
+sometimes tossing from its silver spray
+a flower of vermilion, or a fruit of gold—as
+if at play with its toy like a happy child. And
+near the fountain was a large aviary, large
+enough to inclose a tree. The Italian could
+just catch a gleam of rich color from the
+wings of the birds, as they glanced to and
+fro within the network, and could hear their
+songs, contrasting the silence of the free populace
+of air, whom the coming winter had
+already stilled.</p>
+
+<p>Riccabocca's eye, so alive to all aspects of
+beauty, luxuriated in the view of this garden.
+Its pleasantness had a charm that stole him
+from his anxious fear and melancholy memories.</p>
+
+<p>He never saw but two forms within the
+demesnes, and he could not distinguish their
+features. One was a woman, who seemed to
+him of staid manner and homely appearance:
+she was seen but rarely. The other a man,
+often pacing to and fro the colonnade, with
+frequent pauses before the playful fountain,
+or the birds that sang louder as he approached.
+This latter form would then disappear
+within a room, the glass door of which was
+at the extreme end of the colonnade; and if
+the door were left open, Riccabocca could
+catch a glimpse of the figure bending over a
+table covered with books.</p>
+
+<p>Always, however, before the sun set, the
+man would step forth more briskly, and occupy
+himself with the garden, often working
+at it with good heart, as if at a task of delight;
+and then, too, the woman would come
+out, and stand by as if talking to her companion.
+Riccabocca's curiosity grew aroused.
+He bade Jemima inquire of the old maid-servant
+who lived at the cottage, and heard that
+its owner was a Mr. Oran—a quiet gentleman,
+and fond of his book.</p>
+
+<p>While Riccabocca thus amused himself,
+Randal had not been prevented, either by his
+official cares or his schemes on Violante's
+heart and fortune, from furthering the project
+that was to unite Frank Hazeldean and
+Beatrice di Negra. Indeed, as to the first, a
+ray of hope was sufficient to fire the ardent
+and unsuspecting lover. And Randal's artful
+misrepresentation of Mrs. Hazeldean's conversation
+with him, removed all fear of parental
+displeasure from a mind always too disposed
+to give itself up to the temptation of
+the moment. Beatrice, though her feelings
+for Frank were not those of love, became
+more and more influenced by Randal's arguments
+and representations, the more especially
+as her brother grew morose, and even
+menacing, as days slipt on, and she could give
+no clue to the retreat of those whom he
+sought for. Her debts, too, were really urgent.
+As Randal's profound knowledge of
+human infirmity had shrewdly conjectured,
+the scruples of honor and pride, that had
+made her declare she would not bring to a
+husband her own incumbrances, began to
+yield to the pressure of necessity. She listened
+already, with but faint objections, when
+Randal urged her not to wait for the uncertain
+discovery that was to secure her dowry,
+but by a private marriage with Frank escape
+at once into freedom and security. While,<pb n="243" /><anchor id="Pg243" />
+though he had first held out to young Hazeldean
+the inducement of Beatrice's dowry as
+reason of self-justification in the eyes of the
+Squire, it was still easier to drop that inducement,
+which had always rather damped than
+fired the high spirit and generous heart of the
+poor Guardsman. And Randal could conscientiously
+say, that when he had asked the
+Squire if he expected fortune with Frank's
+bride, the Squire had replied, "I don't care."
+Thus encouraged by his friend and his own
+heart, and the softening manner of a woman
+who might have charmed many a colder, and
+fooled many a wiser man, Frank rapidly yielded
+to the snares held out for his perdition.
+And though as yet he honestly shrank from
+proposing to Beatrice or himself a marriage
+without the consent, and even the knowledge,
+of his parents, yet Randal was quite content
+to leave a nature, however good, so thoroughly
+impulsive and undisciplined, to the influences
+of the first strong passion it had ever
+known. Meanwhile, it was easy to dissuade
+Frank from even giving a hint to the folks at
+home. "For," said the wily and able traitor,
+"though we may be sure of Mrs. Hazeldean's
+consent, and her power over your father,
+when the step is once taken, yet we cannot
+count for certain on the Squire—he is so choleric
+and hasty. He might hurry to town—see
+Madame di Negra, blurt out some compassionate,
+rude expressions which would
+wake her resentment, and cause her instant
+rejection. And it might be too late if he repented
+afterwards—as he would be sure to
+do."</p>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Randal Leslie gave a dinner at
+the Clarendon Hotel (an extravagance most
+contrary to his habits), and invited Frank,
+Mr. Borrowell, and Baron Levy.</p>
+
+<p>But this house-spider, which glided with
+so much ease after its flies, through webs so
+numerous and mazy, had yet to amuse Madame
+di Negra with assurances that the fugitives
+sought for would sooner or later be
+discovered. Though Randal baffled and eluded
+her suspicion that he was already acquainted
+with the exiles, ("the persons he had
+thought of were," he said, "quite different
+from her description;" and he even presented
+to her an old singing-master, and a sallow-faced
+daughter, as the Italians who had
+caused his mistake), it was necessary for Beatrice
+to prove the sincerity of the aid she had
+promised to her brother, and to introduce
+Randal to the Count. It was no less desirable
+to Randal to know, and even win the
+confidence of this man—his rival.</p>
+
+<p>The two met at Madame di Negra's house.
+There is something very strange, and almost
+mesmerical, in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">rapport</hi> between two evil
+natures. Bring two honest men together, and
+it is ten to one if they recognize each other
+as honest; differences in temper, manner,
+even politics, may make each misjudge the
+other. But bring together two men, unprincipled
+and perverted—men who, if born in
+a cellar, would have been food for the hulks
+or gallows—and they recognize each other
+by instant sympathy. The eyes of Franzini,
+Count of Peschiera, and Randal Leslie no
+sooner met, than a gleam of intelligence shot
+from both. They talked on indifferent subjects—weather,
+gossip, politics—what not.
+They bowed and they smiled; but, all the
+while, each was watching, plumbing the
+other's heart; each measuring his strength
+with his companion; each inly saying, "This
+is a very remarkable rascal; am I a match
+for him?" It was at dinner they met; and,
+following the English fashion, Madame di
+Negra left them alone with their wine.</p>
+
+<p>Then, for the first time, Count di Peschiera
+cautiously and adroitly made a covered push
+towards the object of the meeting.</p>
+
+<p>"You have never been abroad, my dear
+sir? You must contrive to visit me at Vienna.
+I grant the splendor of your London
+world; but, honestly speaking, it wants the
+freedom of ours—a freedom which unites
+gayety with polish. For as your society is
+mixed, there are pretension and effort with
+those who have no right to be in it, and artificial
+condescension and chilling arrogance
+with those who have to keep their inferiors
+at a certain distance. With us, all being of
+fixed rank and acknowledged birth, familiarity
+is at once established." "Hence," added
+the Count, with his French lively smile—"hence
+there is no place like Vienna for
+a young man—no place like Vienna for <hi rend="font-style: italic">bonnes
+fortunes</hi>."</p>
+
+<p>"Those make the paradise of the idle," replied
+Randal, "but the purgatory of the
+busy. I confess frankly to you, my dear
+Count, that I have as little of the leisure
+which becomes the aspirer to <hi rend="font-style: italic">bonnes fortunes</hi>
+as I have the personal graces which obtain
+them without an effort;" and he inclined his
+head as in compliment.</p>
+
+<p>"So," thought the Count, "woman is not
+his weak side. What is?"</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Morbleu!</hi> my dear Mr. Leslie—had I
+thought as you do some years since, I had
+saved myself from many a trouble. After
+all, Ambition is the best mistress to woo; for
+with her there is always the hope, and never
+the possession."</p>
+
+<p>"Ambition, Count," replied Randal, still
+guarding himself in dry sententiousness, "is
+the luxury of the rich, and the necessity of
+the poor."</p>
+
+<p>"Aha," thought the Count, "it comes, as
+I anticipated from the first—comes to the
+bribe." He passed the wine to Randal, filling
+his own glass, and draining it carelessly:
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Sur mon âme, mon cher</hi>," said the Count,
+"luxury is ever pleasanter than necessity;
+and I am resolved at least to give ambition
+a trial—<hi rend="font-style: italic">je vais me réfugier dans le sein du
+bonheur domestique</hi>—a married life and a
+settled home. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Peste!</hi> If it were not for
+ambition, one would die of ennui. Apropos,
+my dear sir, I have to thank you for promising<pb n="244" /><anchor id="Pg244" />
+my sister your aid in finding a near and
+dear kinsman of mine, who has taken refuge
+in your country, and hides himself even from
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"I should be most happy to assist in your
+search. As yet, however, I have only to regret
+that all my good wishes are fruitless. I
+should have thought, however, that a man
+of such rank had been easily found, even
+through the medium of your own ambassador."</p>
+
+<p>"Our own ambassador is no very warm
+friend of mine; and the rank would be no
+clue, for it is clear that my kinsman has
+never assumed it since he quitted his country."</p>
+
+<p>"He quitted it, I understand, not exactly
+from choice," said Randal, smiling. "Pardon
+my freedom and curiosity, but will you
+explain to me a little more than I learn from
+English rumor (which never accurately reports
+upon foreign matters still more notorious),
+how a person who had so much to
+lose, and so little to win, by revolution, could
+put himself into the same crazy boat with a
+crew of hare-brained adventurers and visionary
+professors?</p>
+
+<p>"Professors!" repeated the Count; "I
+think you have hit on the very answer to
+your question; not but what men of high birth
+were as mad as the <hi rend="font-style: italic">canaille</hi>. I am the more
+willing to gratify your curiosity, since it will
+perhaps serve to guide your kind search in my
+favor. You must know, then, that my kinsman
+was not born the heir to the rank he
+obtained. He was but a distant relation to
+the head of the house which he afterwards
+represented. Brought up in an Italian university,
+he was distinguished for his learning
+and his eccentricities. There, too, I suppose,
+brooding over old wives' tales about freedom,
+and so forth, he contracted his <hi rend="font-style: italic">carbonaro</hi>,
+chimerical notions for the independence of
+Italy. Suddenly, by three deaths, he was
+elevated, while yet young, to a station and
+honors which might have satisfied any man
+in his senses. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Que diable!</hi> what could the
+independence of Italy do for <hi rend="font-style: italic">him</hi>! He and
+I were cousins; we had played together as
+boys; but our lives had been separated till
+his succession to rank brought us necessarily
+together. We became exceedingly intimate.
+And you may judge how I loved him," said
+the Count, averting his eyes slightly from
+Randal's quiet, watchful gaze, "when I add,
+that I forgave him for enjoying a heritage
+that, but for him, had been mine."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, you were next heir?"</p>
+
+<p>"And it is a hard trial to be very near a
+great fortune, and yet just miss it."</p>
+
+<p>"True," cried Randal, almost impetuously.
+The Count now raised his eyes, and again
+the two men looked into each other's souls.</p>
+
+<p>"Harder still, perhaps," resumed the
+Count, after a short pause—"harder still
+might it have been to some men to forgive
+the rival as well as the heir."</p>
+
+<p>"Rival! How?"</p>
+
+<p>"A lady, who had been destined by her
+parents to myself, though we had never, I
+own, been formally betrothed, became the
+wife of my kinsman."</p>
+
+<p>"Did he know of your pretensions?"</p>
+
+<p>"I do him the justice to say he did not.
+He saw and fell in love with the young lady
+I speak of. Her parents were dazzled. Her
+father sent for me. He apologized—he explained;
+he set before me, mildly enough,
+certain youthful imprudences or errors of
+my own, as an excuse for his change of mind;
+and he asked me not only to resign all hope
+of his daughter, but to conceal from her new
+suitor that I had ever ventured to hope."</p>
+
+<p>"And you consented?"</p>
+
+<p>"I consented."</p>
+
+<p>"That was generous. You must indeed
+have been much attached to your kinsman.
+As a lover I cannot comprehend it; perhaps,
+my dear Count, you may enable me to understand
+it better—as a man of the world."</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said the Count, with his most
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">roué</hi> air, "I suppose we <hi rend="font-style: italic">are</hi> both men of the
+world?"</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Both!</hi> certainly," replied Randal, just in
+the tone which Peachum might have used in
+courting the confidence of Lockit.</p>
+
+<p>"As a man of the world, then, I own,"
+said the Count, playing with the rings on his
+fingers, "that if I could not marry the lady
+myself (and that seemed to me clear), it was
+very natural that I should wish to see her
+married to my wealthy kinsman."</p>
+
+<p>"Very natural; it might bring your wealthy
+kinsman and yourself still closer together."</p>
+
+<p>"This is really a very clever fellow!"
+thought the Count, but he made no direct
+reply.</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Enfin</hi>, to cut short a long story, my
+cousin afterwards got entangled in attempts,
+the failure of which is historically known.
+His projects were detected—himself denounced.
+He fled, and the Emperor, in sequestrating
+his estates, was pleased, with
+rare and singular clemency, to permit me, as
+his nearest kinsman, to enjoy the revenues
+of half those estates during the royal pleasure;
+nor was the other half formally confiscated.
+It was no doubt his Majesty's desire
+not to extinguish a great Italian name; and
+if my cousin and his child died in exile, why,
+of that name, I, a loyal subject of Austria—I,
+Franzini, Count di Peschiera, would become
+the representative. Such, in a similar
+case, has been sometimes the Russian policy
+towards Polish insurgents."</p>
+
+<p>"I comprehend perfectly; and I can also
+conceive that you, in profiting so largely,
+though so justly, by the fall of your kinsman,
+may have been exposed to much unpopularity—even
+to painful suspicion."</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Entre nous, mon cher</hi>, I care not a stiver
+for popularity; and as to suspicion, who is
+he that can escape from the calumny of the<pb n="245" /><anchor id="Pg245" />
+envious? But, unquestionably, it would be
+most desirable to unite the divided members
+of our house; and this union I can now effect,
+by the consent of the Emperor to my
+marriage with my kinsman's daughter. You
+see, therefore, why I have so great an interest
+in this research?"</p>
+
+<p>"By the marriage articles you could no
+doubt secure the retention of the half you
+hold; and if you survive your kinsman, you
+would enjoy the whole. A most desirable
+marriage; and, if made, I suppose that would
+suffice to obtain your cousin's amnesty and
+grace?"</p>
+
+<p>"You say it."</p>
+
+<p>"But even without such marriage, since
+the Emperor's clemency has been extended
+to so many of the proscribed, it is perhaps
+probable that your cousin might be restored?"</p>
+
+<p>"It once seemed to me possible," said the
+Count, reluctantly; "but since I have been
+in England, I think not. The recent revolution
+in France, the democratic spirit rising in
+Europe, tend to throw back the cause of a
+proscribed rebel. England swarms with revolutionists;
+my cousin's residence in this
+country is in itself suspicious. The suspicion
+is increased by his strange seclusion. There
+are many Italians here who would aver that
+they had met with him, and that he was still
+engaged in revolutionary projects."</p>
+
+<p>"Aver—untruly."</p>
+
+<p>"<hi rend="font-style: italic">Ma foi</hi>—it comes to the same thing; <hi rend="font-style: italic">les
+absens ont toujours tort</hi>. I speak to a man of
+the world. No; without some such guarantee
+for his faith, as his daughter's marriage with
+myself would give, his recall is improbable.
+By the heaven above us, it shall be <hi rend="font-style: italic">impossible</hi>!"
+The Count rose as he said this—rose
+as if the mask of simulation had fairly fallen
+from the visage of crime—rose tall and towering,
+a very image of masculine power and
+strength, beside the slight bended form and
+sickly face of the intellectual schemer. Randal
+was startled; but, rising also, he said
+carelessly—</p>
+
+<p>"What if this guarantee can no longer be
+given?—what if, in despair of return, and in
+resignation to his altered fortunes, your cousin
+has already married his daughter to some
+English suitor?"</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, that would indeed be, next to my
+own marriage with her, the most fortunate
+thing that could happen to myself."</p>
+
+<p>"How? I don't understand!"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, if my cousin has so abjured his
+birthright, and forsworn his rank—if this
+heritage, which is so dangerous from its
+grandeur, pass, in case of his pardon, to some
+obscure Englishman—a foreigner—a native
+of a country that has no ties with ours—a
+country that is the very refuge of levellers
+and Carbonari—<hi rend="font-style: italic">mort dema vie</hi>—do you think
+that such would not annihilate all chance of
+my cousin's restoration, and be an excuse even
+to the eyes of Italy for formally conferring
+the sequestered estates on an Italian? No;
+unless, indeed, the girl were to marry an Englishman
+of such name and birth and connection
+as would in themselves be a guarantee,
+(and how in poverty is this likely?) I should
+go back to Vienna with a light heart, if I
+could say, 'My kinswoman is an Englishman's
+wife—shall her children be the heirs
+to a house so renowned for its lineage, and so
+formidable for its wealth?' <hi rend="font-style: italic">Parbleu!</hi> if my
+cousin were but an adventurer, or merely a
+professor, he had been pardoned long ago.
+The great enjoy the honor not to be pardoned
+easily."</p>
+
+<p>Randal fell into deep but brief thought.
+The Count observed him, not face to face, but
+by the reflection of an opposite mirror. "This
+man knows something; this man is deliberating;
+this man can help me," thought the
+Count.</p>
+
+<p>But Randal said nothing to confirm these
+hypotheses. Recovering from his abstraction,
+he expressed courteously his satisfaction at
+the Count's prospects, either way. "And
+since, after all," he added, "you mean so well
+to your cousin, it occurs to me that you might
+discover him by a very simple English process."</p>
+
+<p>"How?"</p>
+
+<p>"Advertise that, if he will come to some
+place appointed, he will hear of something to
+his advantage."</p>
+
+<p>The Count shook his head. "He would
+suspect me, and not come."</p>
+
+<p>"But he was intimate with you. He joined
+an insurrection;—you were more prudent.
+You did not injure him, though you may have
+benefited yourself. Why should he shun
+you?"</p>
+
+<p>"The conspirators forgive none who do not
+conspire; besides, to speak frankly, he thought
+I injured him."</p>
+
+<p>"Could you not conciliate him through his
+wife—whom—you resigned to him?"</p>
+
+<p>"She is dead—died before he left the country."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, that is unlucky! Still I think an advertisement
+might do good. Allow me to reflect
+on that subject. Shall we now join Madame la Marquise?"</p>
+
+<p>On re-entering the drawing-room, the gentlemen
+found Beatrice in full dress, seated by
+the fire, and reading so intently that she did
+not remark them enter.</p>
+
+<p>"What so interests you, <hi rend="font-style: italic">ma sœur</hi>?-the
+last novel by Balzac, no doubt?"</p>
+
+<p>Beatrice started, and, looking up, showed
+eyes that were full of tears. "Oh, no! no
+picture of miserable, vicious Parisian life.
+This is beautiful; there is <hi rend="font-style: italic">soul</hi> here."</p>
+
+<p>Randal took up the book which the Marchesa
+laid down; it was the same that had
+charmed the circle at Hazeldean—charmed
+the innocent and fresh-hearted—charmed
+now the wearied and tempted votaress of the
+world.</p>
+
+<p>"Hum," murmured Randal; "the Parson,
+was right. This is power—a sort of a power."</p>
+
+<pb n="246" /><anchor id="Pg246" />
+
+<p>"How I should like to know the author!
+Who can he be—can you guess?"</p>
+
+<p>"Not I. Some old pedant in spectacles."</p>
+
+<p>"I think not—I am sure not. Here beats
+a heart I have ever sighed to find, and never
+found."</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, <hi rend="font-style: italic">naïve enfant</hi>!" cried the Count;
+"<hi rend="font-style: italic">comme son imagination s'égare en rêves enchantés</hi>.
+And to think that, while you talk
+like an Arcadian, you are dressed like a princess."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, I forgot—the Austrian ambassador's.
+I shall not go to-night. This book unfits me
+for the artificial world."</p>
+
+<p>"Just as you will, my sister. I shall go. I
+dislike the man, and he me; but ceremonies
+before men!"</p>
+
+<p>"You are going to the Austrian Embassy?"
+said Randal. "I too shall be there. We shall
+meet." And he took his leave.</p>
+
+<p>"I like your young friend prodigiously,"
+said the Count, yawning. "I am sure that
+he knows of the lost birds, and will stand to
+them like a pointer, if I can but make it his
+interest to do so. We shall see."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER IV.</head>
+
+<p>Randal arrived at the ambassador's before
+the Count, and contrived to mix with the
+young noblemen attached to the embassy,
+and to whom he was known. Standing among
+these was a young Austrian, on his travels,
+of very high birth, and with an air of noble
+grace that suited the ideal of the old German
+chivalry. Randal was presented to him, and,
+after some talk on general topics, observed,
+"By the way, Prince, there is now in London
+a countryman of yours, with whom you are
+doubtless familiarly acquainted—the Count di
+Peschiera."</p>
+
+<p>"He is no countryman of mine. He is an
+Italian. I know him but by sight and by
+name," said the Prince, stiffly.</p>
+
+<p>"He is of very ancient birth, I believe."</p>
+
+<p>"Unquestionably. His ancestors were gentlemen."</p>
+
+<p>"And very rich."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed! I have understood the contrary.
+He enjoys, it is true, a large revenue."</p>
+
+<p>A young <hi rend="font-style: italic">attaché</hi>, less discreet than the
+Prince, here observed, "Oh, Peschiera!—Poor
+fellow, he is too fond of play to be
+rich."</p>
+
+<p>"And there is some chance that the kinsman
+whose revenue he holds, may obtain his
+pardon, and re-enter into possession of his fortunes—so
+I hear, at least," said Randal, artfully.</p>
+
+<p>"I shall be glad if it be true," said the
+Prince with decision; "and I speak the common
+sentiment at Vienna. That kinsman had
+a noble spirit, and was, I believe, equally
+duped and betrayed. Pardon me, sir; but we
+Austrians are not so bad as we are painted.
+Have you ever met in England the kinsman
+you speak of?"</p>
+
+<p>"Never, though he is supposed to reside
+here; and the Count tells me that he has a
+daughter."</p>
+
+<p>"The Count—ha! I heard something of a
+scheme—a wager of that—that Count's—a
+daughter. Poor girl! I hope she will escape
+his pursuit; for, no doubt, he pursues her."</p>
+
+<p>"Possibly she may already have married
+an Englishman."</p>
+
+<p>"I trust not," said the Prince, seriously;
+"that might at present be a serious obstacle
+to her father's return."</p>
+
+<p>"You think so?"</p>
+
+<p>"There can be no doubt of it," interposed
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">attaché</hi> with a grand and positive air;
+"unless, indeed, the Englishman were of a
+rank equal to her own."</p>
+
+<p>Here there was a slight, well-bred murmur
+and buzz at the doors; for the Count di Peschiera
+himself was announced; and as he
+entered, his presence was so striking, and his
+beauty so dazzling, that whatever there might
+be to the prejudice of his character, it seemed
+instantly effaced or forgotten in that irresistible
+admiration which it is the prerogative of
+personal attributes alone to create.</p>
+
+<p>The Prince, with a slight curve of his lip
+at the groups that collected round the Count,
+turned to Randal and said, "Can you tell me
+if a distinguished countryman of yours is in
+England—Lord L'Estrange?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, Prince—he is not. You know him?"</p>
+
+<p>"Well."</p>
+
+<p>"He is acquainted with the Count's kinsman;
+and perhaps from him you have learned
+to think so highly of that kinsman?"</p>
+
+<p>The Prince bowed, and answered as he
+moved away, "When a man of high honor
+vouches for another, he commands the belief
+of all."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly," soliloquized Randal, "I must
+not be precipitate. I was very nearly falling
+into a terrible trap. If I were to marry the
+girl, and only, by so doing, settle away her inheritance
+on Peschiera!—How hard it is to
+be sufficiently cautious in this world!"</p>
+
+<p>While thus meditating, a member of Parliament
+tapped him on the shoulder.</p>
+
+<p>"Melancholy, Leslie! I lay a wager I
+guess your thoughts."</p>
+
+<p>"Guess," answered Randal.</p>
+
+<p>"You were thinking of the place you are
+so soon to lose."</p>
+
+<p>"Soon to lose!"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, if ministers go out, you could hardly
+keep it, I suppose."</p>
+
+<p>This ominous and horrid member of Parliament,
+Squire Hazeldean's favorite county
+member, Sir John, was one of those legislators
+especially odious to officials—an independent
+"large-acred" member, who would
+no more take office himself than he would
+cut down the oaks in his park, and who had
+no bowels of human feeling for those who
+had opposite tastes and less magnificent means.</p>
+
+<p>"Hem!" said Randal, rather surlily. "In
+the first place, Sir John, ministers are not
+going out."</p>
+
+<pb n="247" /><anchor id="Pg247" />
+
+<p>"Oh yes, they will go. You know I vote
+with them generally, and would willingly
+keep them in; but they are men of honor
+and spirit; and if they can't carry their
+measures, they must resign; otherwise, by
+Jove, I would turn round and vote them out
+myself!"</p>
+
+<p>"I have no doubt you would, Sir John;
+you are quite capable of it; that rests with
+you and your constituents. But even if
+ministers did go out, I am but a poor subaltern
+in a public office. I am no minister—why
+should I go out too?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why? Hang it, Leslie, you are laughing
+at me. A young fellow like you could never
+be mean enough to stay in, under the very
+men who drove out your friend Egerton!"</p>
+
+<p>"It is not usual for those in the public
+offices to retire with every change of Government."</p>
+
+<p>"Certainly not; but always those who are
+the relations of a retiring minister—always
+those who have been regarded as politicians,
+and who mean to enter Parliament, as of
+course you will do at the next election. But
+you know that as well as I do—you who are
+so decided a politician—the writer of that
+admirable pamphlet! I should not like to
+tell my friend Hazeldean, who has a sincere
+interest in you, that you ever doubted on a
+question of honor as plain as your A, B, C."</p>
+
+<p>"Indeed, Sir John," said Randal, recovering
+his suavity, while he inly breathed a dire
+anathema on his county member, "I am so
+new to these things, that what you say never
+struck me before. No doubt you must be
+right; at all events, I cannot have a better
+guide and adviser than Mr. Egerton himself."</p>
+
+<p>"No, certainly—perfect gentleman, Egerton!
+I wish we could make it up with him
+and Hazeldean."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Randal</hi>, (sighing)—"Ah, I wish we could!"</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Sir John.</hi>—"And some chance of it now;
+for the time is coming when all true men of
+the old school must stick together."</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Randal.</hi>—"Wisely, and admirably said, my
+dear Sir John. But, pardon me, I must pay
+my respects to the ambassador."</p>
+
+<p>Randal escaped, and, passing on, saw the
+ambassador himself in the next room, conferring
+in a corner with Audley Egerton. The
+ambassador seemed very grave—Egerton
+calm and impenetrable, as usual. Presently
+the Count passed by, and the ambassador
+bowed to him very stiffly. As Randal, some
+time later, was searching for his cloak below,
+Audley Egerton unexpectedly joined him.
+"Ah, Leslie," said the minister, with more
+kindness than usual, "if you don't think the
+night air too cold for you, let us walk home
+together. I have sent away the carriage."</p>
+
+<p>This condescension in his patron was so
+singular that it quite startled Randal, and
+gave him a presentiment of some evil. When
+they were in the street, Egerton, after a
+pause, began—"My dear Mr. Leslie, it was
+my hope and belief that I had provided for
+you at least a competence; and that I might
+open to you, later, a career yet more brilliant.
+Hush! I don't doubt your gratitude; let me
+proceed. There is a possible chance, after
+certain decisions that the Government have
+come to, that we may be beaten in the House
+of Commons, and of course resign. I tell
+you this beforehand, for I wish you to have
+time to consider what, in that case, would be
+your best course. My power of serving you
+would then probably be over. It would, no
+doubt (seeing our close connection, and my
+views with regard to your future being so
+well known)—be expected that you should
+give up the place you hold, and follow my
+fortunes for good or ill. But as I have no
+personal enemies with the opposite party—and
+as I have sufficient position in the world
+to uphold and sanction your choice, whatever
+it may be, if you think it more prudent to
+retain your place, tell me so openly, and I
+think I can contrive that you may do it without
+loss of character and credit. In that
+case confine your ambition merely to rising
+gradually in your office, without mixing in
+politics. If, on the other hand, you should
+prefer to take your chance of my return to
+office, and so resign your own; and, furthermore,
+should commit yourself to a policy
+that may then be not only in opposition, but
+unpopular; I will do my best to introduce
+you into parliamentary life. I cannot say
+that I advise the latter."</p>
+
+<p>Randal felt as a man feels after a severe
+fall—he was literally stunned. At length he
+faltered out—"Can you think, sir, that I
+should ever desert your fortunes—your party—your
+cause?"</p>
+
+<p>"My dear Leslie," replied the minister,
+"you are too young to have committed yourself
+to any men or to any party, except, indeed,
+in that unlucky pamphlet. This must
+not be an affair of sentiment, but of sense
+and reflection. Let us say no more on the
+point now; but, by considering the <hi rend="font-style: italic">pros</hi> and
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">cons</hi>, you can better judge what to do, should
+the time for option suddenly arrive."</p>
+
+<p>"But I hope that time may not come."</p>
+
+<p>"I hope so too, and most sincerely," said
+the minister, with deliberate and genuine
+emphasis.</p>
+
+<p>"What could be so bad for the country?"
+ejaculated Randal. "It does not seem to
+me possible in the nature of things, that you
+and your party should ever go out."</p>
+
+<p>"And when we are once out, there will be
+plenty of wiseacres to say it is out of the
+nature of things that we should ever come
+in again. Here we are at the door."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER V.</head>
+
+<p>Randal passed a sleepless night; but, indeed,
+he was one of those persons who neither
+need, nor are accustomed to much sleep.
+However, towards morning, when dreams
+are said to be prophetic, he fell into a most
+delightful slumber—a slumber peopled by<pb n="248" /><anchor id="Pg248" />
+visions fitted to lure on, through labyrinths of
+law, predestined chancellors, or wreck upon
+the rocks of glory the inebriate souls of youthful
+ensigns—dreams from which Rood Hall
+emerged crowned with the towers of Belvoir
+or Raby, and looking over subject lands and
+manors wrested from the nefarious usurpation
+of Thornhills and Hazeldeans—dreams in
+which Audley Egerton's gold and power—rooms
+in Downing Street, and saloons in
+Grosvenor Square—had passed away to the
+smiling dreamer, as the empire of Chaldæa
+passed to Darius the Median. Why visions
+so belying the gloomy and anxious thoughts
+that preceded them should visit the pillow of
+Randal Leslie, surpasses my philosophy to
+conjecture. He yielded, however, passively
+to their spell, and was startled to hear the
+clock strike eleven as he descended the stairs
+to breakfast. He was vexed at the lateness
+of the hour, for he had meant to have taken
+advantage of the unwonted softness of Egerton,
+and drawn therefrom some promises or
+proffers to cheer the prospects which the minister
+had so chillingly expanded before him
+the preceding night. And it was only at
+breakfast that he usually found the opportunity
+of private conference with his busy patron.
+But Audley Egerton would be sure to
+have sallied forth—and so he had—only Randal
+was surprised to hear that he had gone
+out in his carriage, instead of on foot, as was
+his habit. Randal soon despatched his solitary
+meal, and with a new and sudden affection
+for his office, thitherward bent his way.
+As he passed through Piccadilly, he heard
+behind a voice that had lately become familiar
+to him, and turning round, saw Baron
+Levy walking side by side, though not arm-in-arm,
+with a gentleman almost as smart as
+himself, but with a jauntier step and a brisker
+air—a step that, like Diomed's, as described
+by Shakspeare—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"Rises on the toe—that spirit of his</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">In aspiration lifts him from the earth."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Indeed, one may judge of the spirits and disposition
+of a man by his ordinary gait and
+mien in walking. He who habitually pursues
+abstract thought, looks down on the ground.
+He who is accustomed to sudden impulses, or
+is trying to seize upon some necessary recollection,
+looks up with a kind of jerk. He
+who is a steady, cautious, merely practical
+man, walks on deliberately, his eyes straight
+before him; and even in his most musing
+moods observes things around sufficiently to
+avoid a porter's knot or a butcher's tray.—But
+the man with strong ganglions—of pushing
+lively temperament, who, though practical,
+is yet speculative—the man who is emulous
+and active, and ever trying to rise in
+life—sanguine, alert, bold—walks with a
+spring—looks rather above the heads of his
+fellow-passengers—but with a quick, easy
+turn of his own, which is lightly set on his
+shoulders; his mouth is a little open—his eye
+is bright, rather restless, but penetrative—his
+port has something of defiance—his form is
+erect, but without stiffness. Such was the
+appearance of the Baron's companion. And
+as Randal turned round at Levy's voice, the
+Baron said to his companion, "A young man
+in the first circles—you should book him for
+your fair lady's parties. How d'ye do, Mr.
+Leslie? Let me introduce you to Mr. Richard
+Avenel." Then, as he hooked his arm
+into Randal's, he whispered, "Man of first-rate
+talent—monstrously rich—has two or
+three parliamentary seats in his pocket—wife
+gives parties—her foible."</p>
+
+<p>"Proud to make your acquaintance, sir,"
+said Mr. Avenel, lifting his hat. "Fine day."</p>
+
+<p>"Rather cold, too," said Leslie, who, like
+all thin persons with weak digestion, was
+chilly by temperament; besides, he had
+enough on his mind to chill his body.</p>
+
+<p>"So much the healthier,—braces the
+nerves," said Mr. Avenel; "but you young
+fellows relax the system by hot rooms and
+late hours. Fond of dancing, of course, sir?"
+Then, without waiting for Randal's negative,
+Mr. Richard continued rapidly, "Mrs. Avenel
+has a <hi rend="font-style: italic">soirée dansante</hi> on Thursday—shall
+be very happy to see you in Eaton Square.
+Stop, I have a card;" and he drew out a
+dozen large invitation cards, from which he
+selected one and presented it to Randal.—The
+Baron pressed that young gentleman's
+arm, and Randal replied courteously that it
+would give him great pleasure to be introduced
+to Mrs. Avenel. Then, as he was not
+desirous to be seen under the wing of Baron
+Levy, like a pigeon under that of a hawk, he
+gently extricated himself, and, pleading great
+haste, walked quickly on towards his office.</p>
+
+<p>"That young man will make a figure some
+day," said the Baron. "I don't know any
+one of his age with so few prejudices. He is
+a connection by marriage to Audley Egerton,
+who"—</p>
+
+<p>"Audley Egerton!" exclaimed Mr. Avenel;
+"d
+ungrateful fellow?"</p>
+
+<p>"Why, what do you know of him?"</p>
+
+<p>"He owed his first seat in Parliament to
+the votes of two near relations of mine, and
+when I called upon him some time ago, in
+his office, he absolutely ordered me out of the
+room. Hang his impertinence; if ever I can
+pay him off, I guess I shan't fail for want of
+good will!"</p>
+
+<p>"Ordered you out of the room? That's
+not like Egerton, who is civil, if formal—at
+least, to most men. You must have offended
+him in his weak point."</p>
+
+<p>"A man whom the public pays so handsomely
+should have no weak point. What is
+Egerton's?"</p>
+
+<p>"Oh, he values himself on being a thorough
+gentleman—a man of the nicest honor," said
+Levy with a sneer. "You must have ruffled
+his plumes there. How was it?"</p>
+
+<p>"I forget now," answered Mr. Avenel,
+who was far too well versed in the London<pb n="249" /><anchor id="Pg249" />
+scale of human dignities since his marriage,
+not to look back with a blush at his desire of
+knighthood. "No use bothering our heads
+now about the plumes of an arrogant popinjay.
+To return to the subject we were discussing.
+You must be sure to let me have
+this money next week."</p>
+
+<p>"Rely upon it."</p>
+
+<p>"And you'll not let my bills get into the
+market; keep them under lock and key."</p>
+
+<p>"So we agreed."</p>
+
+<p>"It is but a temporary difficulty—royal
+mourning, such nonsense—panic in trade,
+lest these precious ministers go out. I shall
+soon float over the troubled waters."</p>
+
+<p>"By the help of a paper boat," said the
+Baron, laughing; and the two gentlemen
+shook hands and parted.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER VI.</head>
+
+<p>Meanwhile Audley Egerton's carriage had
+deposited him at the door of Lord Lansmere's
+house, at Knightsbridge. He asked for the
+Countess, and was shown into the drawing-room,
+which was deserted. Egerton was
+paler than usual; and, as the door opened,
+he wiped the unwonted moisture from his
+forehead, and there was a quiver in his firm
+lip. The Countess, too, on entering, showed
+an emotion almost equally unusual to her
+self-control. She pressed Audley's hand in
+silence, and seating herself by his side, seemed
+to collect her thoughts. At length she
+said: "It is rarely indeed that we meet, Mr.
+Egerton, in spite of your intimacy with Lansmere
+and Harley. I go so little into your
+world, and you will not voluntarily come to
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Madam," replied Egerton, "I might evade
+your kind reproach by stating that my hours
+are not at my disposal; but I answer you
+with plain truth—it must be painful to both
+of us to meet."</p>
+
+<p>The Countess colored and sighed, but did
+not dispute the assertion. Audley resumed.
+"And therefore, I presume, that on sending
+for me, you have something of moment to
+communicate."</p>
+
+<p>"It relates to Harley," said the Countess,
+as if in apology; "and I would take your advice."</p>
+
+<p>"To Harley! speak on, I beseech you."</p>
+
+<p>"My son has probably told you that he
+has educated and reared a young girl, with
+the intention to make her Lady L'Estrange,
+and hereafter Countess of Lansmere."</p>
+
+<p>"Harley has no secrets from me," said
+Egerton, mournfully.</p>
+
+<p>"This young lady has arrived in England—is
+here—in this house."</p>
+
+<p>"And Harley too?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, she came over with Lady N
+her daughters. Harley was to follow shortly,
+and I expect him daily. Here is his letter.
+Observe, he has never yet communicated his
+intentions to this young person, now intrusted
+to my care—never spoken to her as the lover."</p>
+
+<p>Egerton took the letter and read it rapidly,
+though with attention.</p>
+
+<p>"True," said he, as he returned the letter:
+"and before he does so, he wishes you to see
+Miss Digby and to judge of her yourself—wishes
+to know if you will approve and sanction
+his choice."</p>
+
+<p>"It is on this that I would consult you—a
+girl without rank;—the father, it is true, a
+gentleman, though almost equivocally one,—but
+the mother, I know not what. And
+Harley for whom I hoped an alliance with
+the first houses in England!" The Countess
+pressed her hands convulsively together.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Egerton.</hi>—"He is no more a boy. His talents
+have been wasted—his life a wanderer's.
+He presents to you a chance of re-settling his
+mind, of re-arousing his native powers, of a
+home besides your own. Lady Lansmere,
+you cannot hesitate!"</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Lady Lansmere.</hi>—"I do, I do! After all
+that I have hoped, after all that I did to prevent"—</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">Egerton</hi> (interrupting her).—"You owe
+him now an atonement: that is in your power—it
+is not in mine."</p>
+
+<p>The Countess again pressed Audley's hand,
+and the tears gushed from her eyes. "It
+shall be so. I consent—I consent. I will silence,
+I will crush back this proud heart.
+Alas! it wellnigh broke his own! I am glad
+you speak thus. I like to think he owes my
+consent to you. In that there is atonement
+for both—both."</p>
+
+<p>"You are too generous, madam," said
+Egerton, evidently moved, though still, as
+ever, striving to repress emotion. "And
+may I see the young lady? This conference
+pains me; you see even my strong nerves
+quiver; and at this time I have much to go
+through—need of all my strength and firmness."</p>
+
+<p>"I hear, indeed, that the government will
+probably retire. But it is with honor: it will
+be soon called back by the voice of the nation."</p>
+
+<p>"Let me see the future wife of Harley
+L'Estrange," said Egerton, without heed of
+this consolatory exclamation.</p>
+
+<p>The Countess rose and left the room. In
+a few minutes she returned with Helen Digby.
+Helen was wondrously improved from
+the pale, delicate child, with the soft smile
+and intelligent eyes, who had sat by the side
+of Leonard in his garret. She was about the
+middle height, still slight but beautifully
+formed; that exquisite roundness of proportion,
+which conveys so well the idea of woman,
+in its undulating pliant grace—formed
+to embellish life, and soften away its rude
+angles—formed to embellish, not to protect.
+Her face might not have satisfied the critical
+eye of an artist—it was not without defects
+in regularity; but its expression was eminently
+gentle and prepossessing; and there
+were few who would not have exclaimed,
+"What a lovely countenance!" The mildness
+of her brow was touched with melancholy—her<pb n="250" /><anchor id="Pg250" />
+childhood had left its traces on
+her youth. Her step was slow, and her manner
+shy, subdued, and timid. Audley gazed
+on her with earnestness as she approached
+him; and then coming forward, took her
+hand and kissed it. "I am your guardian's
+constant friend," said he; and he drew her
+gently to a seat beside him, in the recess of a
+window. With a quick glance of his eye towards
+the Countess, he seemed to imply the
+wish to converse with Helen somewhat apart.
+So the Countess interpreted the glance; and
+though she remained in the room, she seated
+herself at a distance, and bent over a book.</p>
+
+<p>It was touching to see how the austere
+man of business lent himself to draw forth
+the mind of this quiet, shrinking girl; and if
+you had listened, you would have comprehended
+how he came to possess such social
+influence, and how well, some time or other
+in the course of his life, he had learned to
+adapt himself to women. He spoke first of
+Harley L'Estrange—spoke with tact and delicacy.
+Helen at first answered by monosyllables,
+and then, by degrees, with grateful
+and open affection. Audley's brow grew
+shaded. He then spoke of Italy; and though
+no man had less of the poet in his nature,
+yet, with the dexterity of one long versed in
+the world, and who has been accustomed to
+extract evidences from characters most opposed
+to his own, he suggested such topics as
+might serve to arouse poetry in others. Helen's
+replies betrayed a cultivated taste, and a
+charming womanly mind; but they betrayed
+also one accustomed to take its colorings from
+another's—to appreciate, admire, revere the
+Lofty and the Beautiful, but humbly and
+meekly. There was no vivid enthusiasm, no
+remark of striking originality, no flash of the
+self-kindling, creative faculty. Lastly, Egerton
+turned to England—to the critical nature
+of the times—to the claims which the country
+possessed upon all who had the ability to
+serve and guide its troubled destinies. He
+enlarged warmly on Harley's natural talents,
+and rejoiced that he had returned to England,
+perhaps to commence some great career.
+Helen looked surprised, but her face
+caught no correspondent glow from Audley's
+eloquence. He rose, and an expression of
+disappointment passed over his grave, handsome
+features, and as quickly vanished.</p>
+
+<p>"Adieu! my dear Miss Digby; I fear I
+have wearied you, especially with my politics.
+Adieu, Lady Lansmere; no doubt I
+shall see Harley as soon as he returns."</p>
+
+<p>Then he hastened from the room, gained
+his carriage, and ordered the coachman to
+drive to Downing-street. He drew down the
+blinds, and leant back. A certain languor became
+visible in his face, and once or twice he
+mechanically put his hand to his heart.</p>
+
+<p>"She is good, amiable, docile—will make
+an excellent wife, no doubt," said he, murmuringly.
+"But does she love Harley as he
+has dreamed of love? No! Has she the
+power and energy to arouse his faculties, and
+restore to the world the Harley of old? No!
+Meant by heaven to be the shadow of another's
+sun—not herself the sun—this child is
+not the one who can atone for the Past and
+illume the Future."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER VII.</head>
+
+<p>That evening Harley L'Estrange arrived at
+his father's house. The few years that had
+passed since we saw him last, had made no
+perceptible change in his appearance. He
+still preserved his elastic youthfulness of form,
+and singular variety and play of countenance.
+He seemed unaffectedly rejoiced to greet his
+parents, and had something of the gayety
+and the tenderness of a boy returned from
+school. His manner to Helen bespoke the
+chivalry that pervaded all the complexities
+and curves of his character. It was affectionate
+but respectful. Hers to him, subdued—but
+innocently sweet and gently cordial.
+Harley was the chief talker. The aspect of
+the times was so critical, that he could not
+avoid questions on politics; and, indeed, he
+showed an interest in them which he had never
+evinced before. Lord Lansmere was delighted.</p>
+
+<p>"Why, Harley, you love your country, after
+all?"</p>
+
+<p>"The moment she seems in danger—yes!"
+replied the Patrician; and the Sybarite seemed
+to rise into the Athenian.</p>
+
+<p>Then he asked with eagerness about his old
+friend Audley; and, his curiosity satisfied
+there, he inquired the last literary news. He
+had heard much of a book lately published.
+He named the one ascribed by Parson Dale
+to Professor Moss; none of his listeners had
+read it. Harley pished at this, and accused
+them all of indolence and stupidity in his own
+quaint, metaphorical style. Then he said—"And
+town gossip?"</p>
+
+<p>"We never hear it," said Lady Lansmere.</p>
+
+<p>"There is a new plough much talked of at
+Boodle's," said Lord Lansmere.</p>
+
+<p>"God speed it. But is there not a new
+man much talked of at White's?"</p>
+
+<p>"I don't belong to White's."</p>
+
+<p>"Nevertheless, you may have heard of him—a
+foreigner, a Count di Peschiera."</p>
+
+<p>"Yes," said Lord Lansmere; "he was
+pointed out to me in the Park—a handsome
+man for a foreigner; wears his hair properly
+cut; looks gentlemanlike and English."</p>
+
+<p>"Ah, ah! He is here then!" And Harley
+rubbed his hands.</p>
+
+<p>"Which road did you take? Did you pass
+the Simplon?"</p>
+
+<p>"No; I came straight from Vienna."</p>
+
+<p>Then, relating with lively vein his adventures
+by the way, he continued to delight
+Lord Lansmere by his gayety till the time
+came to retire to rest. As soon as Harley
+was in his own room, his mother joined him.</p>
+
+<p>"Well," said he, "I need not ask if you
+like Miss Digby? Who would not?"</p>
+
+<pb n="251" /><anchor id="Pg251" />
+
+<p>"Harley, my own son," said the mother,
+bursting into tears, "be happy your own way;
+only be happy; that is all I ask."</p>
+
+<p>Harley, much affected, replied gratefully
+and soothingly to this fond injunction. And
+then gradually leading his mother on to converse
+of Helen, asked abruptly—"And of the
+chance of our happiness—her happiness
+well as mine—what is your opinion? Speak
+frankly."</p>
+
+<p>"Of <hi rend="font-style: italic">her</hi> happiness, there can be no doubt,"
+replied the mother proudly. "Of yours, how
+can you ask me? Have you not decided on
+that yourself?"</p>
+
+<p>"But still it cheers and encourages one in
+any experiment, however well considered, to
+hear the approval of another. Helen has certainly
+a most gentle temper."</p>
+
+<p>"I should conjecture so. But her mind—"</p>
+
+<p>"Is very well stored."</p>
+
+<p>"She speaks so little—"</p>
+
+<p>"Yes. I wonder why? She's surely a
+woman!"</p>
+
+<p>"Pshaw," said the Countess, smiling in
+spite of herself. "But tell me more of the
+process of your experiment. You took her
+as a child, and resolved to train her according
+to your own ideal. Was that easy?"</p>
+
+<p>"It seemed so. I desired to instil habits
+of truth—she was already by nature truthful
+as the day; a taste for nature and all things
+natural—that seemed inborn: perceptions of
+Art as the interpreter of Nature—those were
+more difficult to teach. I think they may
+come. You have heard her play and sing?"</p>
+
+<p>"No."</p>
+
+<p>"She will surprise you. She has less talent
+for drawing; still, all that teaching could do
+has been done—in a word, she is accomplished.
+Temper, heart, mind—these are all excellent."
+Harley stopped, and suppressed a
+sigh. "Certainly, I ought to be very happy,"
+said he; and he began to wind up his watch.</p>
+
+<p>"Of course she must love you?" said the
+Countess, after a pause. "How could she
+fail?"</p>
+
+<p>"Love me! My dear mother, that is the
+very question I shall have to ask."</p>
+
+<p>"Ask! Love is discovered by a glance;
+it has no need of asking."</p>
+
+<p>"I have never discovered it, then, I assure
+you. The fact is, that before her childhood
+was passed, I removed her, as you may suppose,
+from my roof. She resided with an
+Italian family, near my usual abode. I visited
+her often, directed her studies, watched
+her improvement—"</p>
+
+<p>"And fell in love with her?"</p>
+
+<p>"Fall is such a very violent word. No;
+I don't remember to have had a fall. It was
+all a smooth inclined plane from the first step,
+until at last I said to myself, 'Harley L'Estrange,
+thy time has come. The bud has blossomed
+into flower. Take it to thy breast.'
+And myself replied to myself meekly, 'So be
+it.' Then I found that Lady N
+daughters, was coming to England. I asked
+her Ladyship to take my ward to your house.
+I wrote to you, and prayed your assent; and,
+that granted, I knew you would obtain my
+father's. I am here—you give me the approval
+I sought for. I will speak to Helen
+to-morrow. Perhaps, after all, she may reject
+me."</p>
+
+<p>"Strange, strange—you speak thus coldly,
+thus lightly; you so capable of ardent love!"</p>
+
+<p>"Mother," said Harley, earnestly, "be satisfied!
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">I</hi> am! Love, as of old, I feel, alas!
+too well, can visit me never more. But gentle
+companionship, tender friendship, the relief
+and the sunlight of woman's smile—hereafter
+the voices of children—music that, striking
+on the hearts of both parents, wakens the
+most lasting and the purest of all sympathies:
+these are my hope. Is the hope so mean, my
+fond mother?"</p>
+
+<p>Again the Countess wept, and her tears
+were not dried when she left the room.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>CHAPTER VIII.</head>
+
+<p>Oh! Helen, fair Helen—type of the quiet,
+serene, unnoticed, deep-felt excellence of
+woman! Woman, less as the ideal that a
+poet conjures from the air, than as the companion
+of a poet on the earth! Woman who,
+with her clear sunny vision of things actual,
+and the exquisite fibre of her delicate sense,
+supplies the deficiencies of him whose foot
+stumbles on the soil, because his eye is too
+intent upon the stars! Woman, the provident,
+the comforting angel—whose pinions
+are folded round the heart, guarding there a
+divine spring unmarred by the winter of the
+world! Helen, soft Helen, is it indeed in
+thee that the wild and brilliant "lord of
+wantonness and ease" is to find the regeneration
+of his life—the rebaptism of his soul?
+Of what avail thy meek prudent household
+virtues to one whom Fortune screens from
+rough trial?—whose sorrows lie remote from
+thy ken?—whose spirit, erratic and perturbed,
+now rising, now falling, needs a vision
+more subtle than thine to pursue, and a
+strength that can sustain the reason, when it
+droops, on the wings of enthusiasm and passion?</p>
+
+<p>And thou thyself, O nature, shrinking and
+humble, that needest to be courted forth
+from the shelter, and developed under the
+calm and genial atmosphere of holy, happy
+love—can such affection as Harley L'Estrange
+may proffer suffice to thee? Will not the
+blossoms, yet folded in the petal, wither
+away beneath the shade that may protect
+them from the storm, and yet shut them from
+the sun? Thou who, where thou givest love,
+seekest, though meekly, for love in return;
+—to be the soul's sweet necessity, the life's
+household partner to him who receives all
+thy faith and devotion—canst thou influence
+the sources of joy and of sorrow in the
+heart that does not heave at thy name?
+Hast thou the charm and the force of the
+moon, that the tides of that wayward sea<pb n="252" /><anchor id="Pg252" />
+shall ebb and flow at thy will? Yet who
+shall say—who conjecture how near two
+hearts may become, when no guilt lies between
+them, and time brings the ties all its
+own? Rarest of all things on earth is the
+union in which both, by their contrasts, make
+harmonious their blending; each supplying
+the defects of the helpmate, and completing,
+by fusion, one strong human soul! Happiness
+enough, where even Peace does but seldom
+preside, when each can bring to the
+altar, if not, the flame, still the incense.
+Where man's thoughts are all noble and
+generous, woman's feelings all gentle and
+pure, love may follow, if it does not precede;—and
+if not,—if the roses be missed from
+the garland, one may sigh for the rose, but
+one is safe from the thorn.</p>
+
+<p>The morning was mild, yet somewhat
+overcast by tho mists which announce coming
+winter in London, and Helen walked musingly
+beneath the trees that surrounded the garden
+of Lord Lansmere's house. Many leaves
+were yet left on the boughs; but they were
+sere and withered. And the birds chirped
+at times; but their note was mournful and
+complaining. All within this house, until
+Harley's arrival, had been strange and saddening
+to Helen's timid and subdued spirits.
+Lady Lansmere had received her kindly, but
+with a certain restraint; and the loftiness of
+manner, common to the Countess with all but
+Harley, had awed and chilled the diffident
+orphan. Lady Lansmere's very interest in
+Harley's choice—her attempts to draw Helen
+out of her reserve—her watchful eyes whenever
+Helen shyly spoke, or shyly moved,
+frightened the poor child, and made her unjust
+to herself.</p>
+
+<p>The very servants, though staid, grave,
+and respectful, as suited a dignified, old-fashioned
+household, painfully contrasted the
+bright welcoming smiles and free talk of Italian
+domestics. Her recollections of the
+happy warm Continental manner, which so
+sets the bashful at their ease, made the stately
+and cold precision of all around her doubly
+awful and dispiriting. Lord Lansmere himself,
+who did not as yet know the views of
+Harley, and little dreamed that he was to anticipate
+a daughter-in-law in the ward whom
+he understood Harley, in a freak of generous
+romance had adopted, was familiar and courteous,
+as became a host. But he looked upon
+Helen as a mere child, and naturally left her
+to the Countess. The dim sense of her equivocal
+position—of her comparative humbleness
+of birth and fortunes, oppressed and
+pained her; and even her gratitude to Harley
+was made burthensome by a sentiment of
+helplessness. The grateful long to requite.
+And what could she ever do for him?</p>
+
+<p>Thus musing, she wandered alone through
+the curving walks; and this sort of mock
+country landscape—London loud, and even
+visible, beyond the high gloomy walls, and
+no escape from the windows of the square
+formal house—seemed a type of the prison
+bounds of Rank to one whose soul yearns
+for simple loving Nature.</p>
+
+<p>Helen's reverie was interrupted by Nero's
+joyous bark. He had caught sight of her,
+and came bounding up, and thrust his large
+head into her hand. As she stooped to
+caress the dog, happy at his honest greeting,
+and tears that had been long gathering to
+the lids fell silently on his face, (for I know
+nothing that more moves us to tears than
+the hearty kindness of a dog, when something
+in human beings has pained or chilled
+us,) she heard behind the musical voice of
+Harley. Hastily she dried or repressed her
+tears, as her guardian came up, and drew her
+arm within his own.</p>
+
+<p>"I had so little of your conversation last
+evening, my dear ward, that I may well monopolize
+you now, even to the privation of
+Nero. And so you are once more in your
+native land?"</p>
+
+<p>Helen sighed softly.</p>
+
+<p>"May I not hope that you return under
+fairer auspices than those which your childhood
+knew?"</p>
+
+<p>Helen turned her eyes with ingenuous
+thankfulness to her guardian, and the memory
+of all she owed to him rushed upon
+her heart. Harley renewed, and with earnest
+though melancholy sweetness—"Helen,
+your eyes thank me; but hear me before
+your words do. I deserve no thanks. I am
+about to make to you a strange confession of
+egotism and selfishness."</p>
+
+<p>"You!—oh, impossible!"</p>
+
+<p>"Judge yourself, and then decide which of
+us shall have cause to be grateful. Helen,
+when I was scarcely your age—a boy in
+years, but more, methinks, a man at heart,
+with man's strong energies and sublime aspirings,
+than I have ever since been—I loved,
+and deeply—" He paused a moment in evident
+struggle. Helen listened in mute surprise,
+but his emotion awakened her own;
+her tender woman's heart yearned to console.
+Unconsciously her arm rested on his
+less lightly. "Deeply, and for sorrow. It is
+a long tale, that may be told hereafter. The
+worldly would call my love a madness. I
+did not reason on it then—I cannot reason
+on it now. Enough; death smote suddenly,
+terribly, and to me mysteriously, her whom
+I loved. The love lived on. Fortunately,
+perhaps, for me, I had quick distraction, not
+to grief, but to its inert indulgence. I was a
+soldier; I joined our armies. Men called me
+brave. Flattery! I was a coward before
+the thought of life. I sought death: like
+sleep, it does not come at our call. Peace ensued.
+As when the winds fall the sails droop—so
+when excitement ceased, all seemed to
+me flat and objectless. Heavy, heavy was
+my heart. Perhaps grief had been less obstinate,
+but that I feared I had cause for
+self-reproach. Since then I have been a
+wanderer—a self-made exile. My boyhood<pb n="253" /><anchor id="Pg253" />
+had been ambitious—all ambition ceased.
+Flames, when they reach the core of the
+heart, spread, and leave all in ashes. Let
+me be brief: I did not mean thus weakly to
+complain—I to whom heaven has given so
+many blessings! I felt, as it were, separated
+from the common objects and joys of men.
+I grew startled to see how, year by year,
+wayward humors possessed me. I resolved
+again to attach myself to some living heart—it
+was my sole chance to rekindle my own.
+But the one I had loved remained as my type
+of woman, and she was different from all I
+saw. Therefore I said to myself, 'I will rear
+from childhood some young fresh life, to
+grow up into my ideal.' As this thought began
+to haunt me, I chanced to discover you.
+Struck with the romance of your early life,
+touched by your courage, charmed by your
+affectionate nature, I said to myself, 'Here is
+what I seek.' Helen, in assuming the guardianship
+of your life, in all the culture which
+I have sought to bestow on your docile childhood,
+I repeat, that I have been but the egotist.
+And now, when you have reached that
+age, when it becomes me to speak, and you
+to listen—now, when you are under the sacred
+roof of my own mother—now I ask you,
+can you accept this heart, such as wasted
+years, and griefs too fondly nursed, have left
+it? Can you be, at least, my comforter?
+Can you aid me to regard life as a duty, and
+recover those aspirations which once soared
+from the paltry and miserable confines of our
+frivolous daily being? Helen, here I ask you,
+can you be all this, and under the name of—Wife?"</p>
+
+<p>It would be in vain to describe the rapid,
+varying, indefinable emotions that passed
+through the inexperienced heart of the youthful
+listener as Harley thus spoke. He so
+moved all the springs of amaze, compassion,
+tender respect, sympathy, childlike gratitude,
+that when he paused and gently took
+her hand, she remained bewildered, speechless,
+overpowered. Harley smiled as he gazed
+upon her blushing, downcast, expressive face.
+He conjectured at once that the idea of such
+proposals had never crossed her mind; that
+she had never contemplated him in the character
+of a wooer; never even sounded her
+heart as to the nature of such feelings as his
+image had aroused.</p>
+
+<p>"My Helen," he resumed, with a calm pathos
+of voice, "there is some disparity of years
+between us, and perhaps I may not hope
+henceforth for that love which youth gives
+to the young. Permit me simply to ask, what
+you will frankly answer—Can you have seen
+in our quiet life abroad, or under the roof of our
+Italian friends, any one you prefer to me?"</p>
+
+<p>"No, indeed, no!" murmured Helen. "How
+could I!—who is like you?" Then, with a
+sudden effort—for her innate truthfulness
+took alarm, and her very affection for Harley,
+childlike and reverent, made her tremble lest
+she should deceive him—she drew a little
+aside, and spoke thus: "Oh, my dear guardian,
+noblest of all human beings, at least in
+my eyes, forgive, forgive me if I seem ungrateful,
+hesitating; but I cannot, cannot
+think of myself as worthy of you. I never so
+lifted my eyes. Your rank, your position—"</p>
+
+<p>"Why should they be eternally my curse?
+Forget them and go on."</p>
+
+<p>"It is not only they," said Helen, almost
+sobbing, "though they are much; but I your
+type, your ideal!—I!—impossible! Oh, how
+can I ever be any thing even of use, of aid, of
+comfort to one like you!"</p>
+
+<p>"You can, Helen—you can," cried Harley,
+charmed by such ingenuous modesty. "May
+I not keep this hand?"</p>
+
+<p>And Helen left her hand in Harley's, and
+turned away her face, fairly weeping. A
+stately step passed under the wintry trees.</p>
+
+<p>"My mother," said Harley L'Estrange, looking
+up, "I present to you my future wife."</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: always">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.<note place="foot"><p>We are indebted to Dr. Francis for a revised copy, with
+additions, of his very interesting address here printed, which
+was delivered at the Printers' Banquet in New-York on the
+16th of January.</p></note></head>
+
+<p>BY JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., LL. D.</p>
+
+<p>When the great defender of the Constitution
+delivered the oration at Bunker
+Hill, he pointed to the just completed monument
+and exclaimed, "There stands the Orator
+of the Day." In humble imitation of
+that significant act, I also, in attempting to
+illustrate the interests and the meaning of
+this occasion, would point you, gentlemen, to
+the fact of your presence here to-night—to
+the union at one banquet of printers, editors,
+publishers, authors, and professional men—as
+the best evidence of the importance and
+attractiveness of the occasion. The art of
+printing, among other inestimable blessings,
+has fused together the most productive elements
+of society; it has established a vital
+relation between intellect and mechanics, between
+labor and thought. I see before me in
+this assembly those who have achieved enduring
+literary fame, and those who are the
+present guides of public opinion. I see them
+side by side with the men who have just put
+their thoughts and sentiments into a bodily
+form and disseminated them on the wings of
+the press. The association is not only appropriate,
+but it is honorable to his memory who
+united in his life the humblest manual toil and
+the loftiest flights of genius; who both set up
+types and drew the lightning from heaven,
+and combined in his own person the practical
+printer and the scientific philosopher.</p>
+
+<p>By your courtesy, gentlemen, I have been
+invited to say a few words appropriate to the
+New York-Typographical Society. It is with
+unfeigned reluctance that I assume the task.
+In this presence I behold so many better
+qualified for the undertaking than myself,
+that I am apprehensive I shall be able neither<pb n="254" /><anchor id="Pg254" />
+to do justice to my theme nor satisfy the expectations
+which you in your clemency have
+anticipated. True it is, that in my early life
+I was connected with your fraternity by more
+immediate ties than at present exist. Circumstances
+have modified my career, but I
+should prove recreant to the best feelings of
+my heart, turn ingrate to the pleasantest
+associations of memory, and forget the most
+efficient causes which have favored my journey
+thus far to mellow years, were I unmindful
+of the gratifications I enjoyed while a
+fellow laborer in your noble pursuits. The
+press is the representative of the intellectual
+man on earth; it is the expositor of his cogitative
+powers; the promulgator of his most
+recondite labors; the strong arm of his support
+in the defence and maintenance of his
+inherent rights as a member of the social
+compact; the vindicator of his claims to the
+exalted station of one stamped in the express
+image of God; it is the charter of freedom
+to ameliorated man in the glorious strife of
+social organization, in the pursuits of life, liberty,
+and happiness. Hence I have ever
+cherished the deepest regard for those who
+have appropriated their time and talents to
+this vast engine of civilization. I have ever
+looked upon the vocation as holding the integrity
+of our highest privileges on earth; freedom
+of inquiry, freedom of utterance, and
+the vast behests of civil communion, with the
+kindred of every nation, and the tongues of
+every speech.</p>
+
+<p>When I was a boy of ten years of age, I
+became acquainted with the biography of
+Franklin. I had purchased at auction a Glasgow
+edition of his Life and Essays. I had
+read <hi rend="font-style: italic">Robinson Crusoe</hi>, <hi rend="font-style: italic">George Barnwell</hi>, <hi rend="font-style: italic">The
+House That Jack Built</hi>, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Æsop's Fables</hi>, the
+duodecimo edition of Morse's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Geography</hi>, and
+other common publications of the times. No
+work that I have perused, from that juvenile
+period of my existence up to the present day,
+has ever yielded the peculiar gratification
+which Franklin's memoirs gave me, and my
+admiration and reverence for our illustrious
+sage have through all subsequent inquiry into
+his actions and services, increased in intensity,
+in proportion as I have contemplated his wondrous
+character and his unparalleled achievements.
+I think I owe something to my
+mother for this happy appreciation of our
+Franklin. She was by birth a Philadelphian,
+and for years, during her residence in Arch
+street, was favored with opportunities of
+again and again beholding Dr. Franklin pass
+her door, in company with Dr. Rush and
+Thomas Paine. "There," the children of
+the neighborhood would cry out, "goes Poor
+Richard, Common Sense, and the Doctor."
+It is recorded that Franklin furnished many
+thoughts in the famous pamphlet of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Common
+Sense</hi>, while Paine wrote it, and Rush gave
+the title. There is something in the hereditary
+transmission of the moral and of the
+physical qualities; yet I have thought that
+the benevolent schemes of Rush, the intrepid
+patriotism of Paine, and the honest maxims
+of Franklin—the topics of daily converse in
+that day—had some influence in strengthening
+the principles which my mother inculcated
+in her children.</p>
+
+<p>You have told me, gentlemen, that you
+would be gratified with some reminiscences
+touching New-York—social, literary, personal—of
+men and books—all having a bearing,
+more or less immediate, either on the progress
+of human development, or the character
+of our metropolitan city. I know not
+how to satisfy either you or myself. To do
+justice to the subject would require a different
+opportunity from the one here enjoyed,
+and leisure such as I cannot now command.</p>
+
+<p>The locality upon which we are assembled
+to-night has its associations. We meet this
+evening on the memorable spot in our city's
+early topography denominated the Bayard
+Farm—a property once in the possession of
+the affluent Bayards, of him who was companion
+in his strife with Governor Leisler,
+and whose death for high treason was the
+issue of that protracted contest. That he
+fell a martyr to freedom, our friend Charles
+F. Hoffman has ably demonstrated. Within
+a few doors of this place, on Broadway, very
+many years after, but within my recollection,
+lived that arch negotiator in public counsels,
+Talleyrand, the famous ambassador of France
+to the United States. He published a small
+tractate on America, once much read, and it
+was he who affirmed that the greatest sight
+he had ever beheld in this country, was the
+illustrious Hamilton, with his pile of books
+under his arms, proceeding to the court-room
+in the old City Hall, in order to obtain a
+livelihood, by expounding the law, and vindicating
+the rights of his clients.</p>
+
+<p>Here too is the spot where, some short
+while after, the antics of the Osage tribe of
+Indians were displayed for the admiration of
+the belles and beaux of New-York, and on
+that occasion my old colleague, Dr. Mitchill,
+gave translations into English of their songs
+and war-whoop sounds, for the increased
+gratification of the literary public of that day,
+when Indian literature stood not so high as
+in these times of Congressional appropriation,
+and of Henry Schoolcraft, the faithful and
+patriotic expositor of the red-man's excellences.
+I think I am safe in saying, also, that
+near these grounds occurred the execution of
+Young, a play-actor, convicted of murder—a
+remarkable event in New-York annals, owing
+to peculiar circumstances which marked his
+imprisonment in our old jail, now converted
+into the Hall of Records. There were, about
+the period to which I now refer, other occurrences
+of singular influence in those days.</p>
+
+<p>Crowther and Levi Weeks were both confined
+in this debased prison because of high
+crimes, and many were incarcerated for debt.
+There was, nevertheless, an atmosphere of
+some intellect immolated within its cells; and<pb n="255" /><anchor id="Pg255" />
+for the first, and I believe the only time in
+this country, a newspaper was issued for some
+months' duration from its walls, entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">The
+Prisoner of Hope</hi>. The Wilberforce impulse
+of that crisis had much to do with the movement;
+and no abolition paper of even later
+dates plead more earnestly in behalf of enslaved
+humanity, by graphic illustrations and
+literary talent, than did <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Prisoner of Hope</hi>.
+At that day, many newspapers had their specific
+motto, and that of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Prisoner of Hope</hi>
+was in these words:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Soft, smiling Hope—thou anchor of the mind;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The only comfort that the wretched find;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">All look to thee when sorrow wrings the heart,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To heal, by future prospect, present smart.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>Naturalists tell us that this eligible site was
+once characterized by the graceful foliage of
+the pride of the American forests, the lofty
+plane-tree, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">platanus occidentalis</hi>. It must
+further increase our interest in the spot, to
+be assured that through its shades strolled
+our Franklin, in company with that lover of
+rural scenery, the botanist Kalm—an occurrence
+not unlike the interesting one of the excursions
+of Linnæus with Hans Sloane, in the
+Royal Gardens, near London. Here, too, the
+wild pigeon was taken in great abundance;
+while in the Common (now Park) those primitive
+inhabitants of the city, the Beekman
+family, with the old doctor at their head, shot
+deer and other game in their field sports.
+But enough at present of the locality where
+this anniversary is held.</p>
+
+<p>The history of the American periodical
+press, if given with any thing like fidelity and
+minuteness, would occupy several hours; it
+is a noble specimen of our triumphs as a free
+people, and of our determination so to remain;
+it has demonstrated the progress of knowledge,
+and the intrepidity of New-Yorkers, as
+much as any one series of facts or occurrences
+we could summon for illustration. Everybody
+within this hall is aware that William
+Bradford was the first in time of the newspaper
+publishers of New-York. His gazette
+made its earliest appearance in October, 1725,
+four years after James, the brother of Benjamin
+Franklin, began the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New England Courant</hi>—this
+being seventeen years after the
+commencement of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Boston News Letter</hi>,
+the first regular newspaper commenced in
+North America. I advert to this circumstance
+because we possess the completed file
+of that earliest of the journals of our land
+now in existence. The copy in the library
+of the Massachusetts Historical Society was
+presented that institution by the famous antiquary,
+Dr. Eliot; that in our own Historical
+Society is the file which was preserved by Professor
+McKean, of Harvard University, who
+bequeathed it to the Rev. T. Alden, from
+whom I purchased it and deposited it where
+it now remains.</p>
+
+<p>From Franklin's representations, Bradford
+was a sorry individual, of low cunning, and
+sinister; yet I must not deal harshly with
+him. His, I believe, was the first printing
+press set up in New-York: he published the
+laws, and other state papers, and he was the
+grandfather of Bradford, afterwards Attorney-General
+of the United States; and as
+from his loins proceeded Thomas Bradford,
+the adventurous and patriotic publisher of
+Rees's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Cyclopædia</hi>—the most enterprising of
+the craft, and our greatest patron of engravers—I
+desire to hold him in grateful memory.
+Our second newspaper was the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York
+Weekly Journal</hi>, commenced about three
+years after Bradford's. John Peter Zenger,
+its proprietor, was a German by birth, a palatine,
+and something of a scholar; a man
+of enlarged liberality, patriotic, and an advocate
+of popular rights. He attacked the
+measures of the provincial Governor and
+Council, was subjected to a prosecution by
+the officers of the crown, and was brought to
+trial in 1735, when Andrew Hamilton, the Recorder
+of Philadelphia, came to this city and
+successfully defended him. I have before
+stated that the late illustrious Governor
+Morris considered the decision of that case in
+behalf of the press as the dawn of that liberty
+which subsequently revolutionized America.
+To the ladies now present, the lovers of sweet
+sounds, it may not be uninteresting to know
+that the first piano forte (harpsichord) imported
+into America, arrived in this city for the
+musical gratification of the family of the noble
+Zenger.</p>
+
+<p>But I can say at this time little concerning
+newspapers. Our worthy associate in good
+works, Edwin Williams, has lately issued a
+memoir of much value on the subject, to which
+I must refer you. I regret that his catalogue
+of early journals is somewhat defective. As
+he justly observes, our Historical Society is
+wonderfully rich in these interesting documents.
+Our most precious treasures in that
+way are, unquestionably, the Rivington <hi rend="font-style: italic">Royal
+Gazette</hi>, the old <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York Daily Advertiser</hi>,
+containing debates on the State Constitution,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American Citizen and Republican Watch
+Tower</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York Evening Post</hi>, and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Commercial Advertiser</hi>, through a long series,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York American</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Independent Reflector</hi>,
+containing the patriotic Essays on Toleration,
+by William Livingston, of New Jersey,
+and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Time-Piece of New-York</hi>, replete with
+invective against the Washington Administration—whose
+editor, Philip Freneau, verbally
+assured me that its most vituperative features
+were from suggestions of Jefferson, during the
+crisis in our public affairs provoked by Citizen
+Genet. But I must hasten to other topics.</p>
+
+<p>Among the most conspicuous editors and
+publishers of gazettes whom I have personally
+known was Noah Webster, now so famous for
+his Dictionary. At the time I knew him, some
+forty years ago, he was in person somewhat
+above the ordinary height, slender, with gray
+eyes, and a keen aspect; remarkable for neatness
+in dress, and characterized by an erect
+walk, a broad hat, and a long cue, much after<pb n="256" /><anchor id="Pg256" />
+the manner of Albert Gallatin, as depicted in
+the engraving in Callender's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Prospect Before
+Us</hi>. If with philologists he is deemed a man
+of merit, it may with equal justice be said that
+he is to be recognized by medical men as an
+author of importance, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Pestilence</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>Next I may note William Coleman, usually
+called in earlier days, by his antagonist Cheetham,
+Field-Marshal Coleman. Mr. Bryant,
+the able editor of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Post</hi>, in his biography
+of the first fifty years of that prominent gazette,
+has well described him. He was a sensitive
+man, of great tenacity of opinion, which
+he cherished by intercourse with many of the
+leading patriots and politicians who were
+among us some thirty years ago. He almost
+leaned on the arm of the inflexible Timothy
+Pickering, and had, in his younger days, held
+communion with Hamilton, John Wells and
+Rufus King. I shall never forget how the death
+of the immortal Hamilton subdued his feeling.
+When Gouverneur Morris delivered his
+felicitous eulogy from the portals of old Trinity
+Church, over the dead body of the noble
+martyr, with grief in every countenance, and
+anguish in every heart, Coleman's acuteness
+of feeling paralyzed every movement of his
+frame, and drowned every faculty of his mind.
+While on this topic, the decease of Hamilton,
+I may state an anecdote, the import of which
+can be readily understood. It was not long
+prior to the time of his death that the new
+and authentic edition of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Federalist</hi> was
+published by George F. Hopkins. Hopkins
+told me of the delicacy with which Hamilton
+listened to his proposition to print a new edition
+of these papers. "They are demanded
+by the spirit of the times and the desire of
+the people," said Hopkins. "Do you really
+think, Mr. Hopkins, that those fugitive essays
+will be read, if reprinted?" asked Hamilton;
+"well, give me a few days to consider," said
+he. "Will this not be a good opportunity,
+Gen. Hamilton," rejoined Hopkins, "to revise
+them, and, if so, to make, perhaps, alterations,
+if necessary, in some parts?" "No, sir, if
+reprinted, they must stand exactly as at first,
+not a word of alteration. A comma may be
+inserted or left out, but the work must undergo
+no change whatever."</p>
+
+<p>A few days had elapsed when, on the next
+interview, General Hamilton agreed to the reprint,
+with the express condition that he himself
+must inspect the revised proofs. Not a
+word was ever altered. "You think something
+of the papers?" says Hamilton to the
+printer. "Mr. Hopkins, let them be issued.
+Heretofore, sir, I have given the people common
+milk; hereafter, shortly, sir, I shall give
+them strong meat." What the Union lost by
+that fatal duel, the Deity only knows.</p>
+
+<p>Coleman was a writer of grammatical excellence,
+though occasionally sadly at fault in
+force of diction. Under the influence of some
+perverse conceits, he would labor for months
+to establish a theoretical doctrine, or to elucidate
+a useless proposition. It was hardly
+in the power of mortals ever to alter his opinions
+when once formed. That yellow fever
+was as contagious as small-pox; that skull-cap
+(the <hi rend="font-style: italic">scutellaria</hi>) was a specific for hydrophobia;
+that Napoleon wanted the requisites of
+a military chieftain, were among the crotchets
+of his brain. The everlasting tractates
+which he put forth on these and other subjects,
+would in the present day of editorial
+prowess scarcely be tolerated in a chronicle
+depending on public patronage. Coleman had
+read extensively on medical topics, and was
+the principal writer of that able and elaborate
+Criticism of Miller's Report on the Yellow
+Fever in New-York, addressed to Governor
+Lewis, and printed in the second volume
+of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American Medical and Philosophical
+Register</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>Coleman would underrate the best public
+services, if rendered by a political opponent.
+Chancellor Livingston found no quarters
+with him for his instrumentality in the
+Louisiana purchase. He would ride a hobby
+to death. During the many years in which I
+read the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Post</hi>, I can summon to recollection
+no contributions on any subject, made to that
+paper, that ever awakened one half the attention
+which was enlisted by the felicitous
+productions of our poet Halleck, and the lamented
+Dr. Drake, under the names of Croaker,
+and Croaker &amp; Co.</p>
+
+<p>For numerous years I have well known
+Charles Holt, once editor of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Bee</hi>, during
+John Adams's administration, and afterwards
+of the New-York <hi rend="font-style: italic">Columbian</hi>, during
+Dewitt Clinton's gubernatorial career. I am
+unable to tell you whether he is still among
+the living. I would estimate his age, if so,
+as approaching ninety years. He was a lump
+of benevolence, and a strenuous advocate of
+the great internal improvement policy of
+New-York. He comes forcibly to my mind
+this evening, because in 1798 he wrote a history
+of the yellow fever in New London, and
+every now and then I find him quoted in
+medical books as Dr. Holt, just as his predecessor,
+who wrote on the yellow fever in Philadelphia,
+of 1793, stands in bold relief as Dr.
+Matthew Carey.</p>
+
+<p>Nathaniel Carter is vividly impressed on
+my recollection; he had very considerable
+literary taste; was many years editor of the
+New-York <hi rend="font-style: italic">Statesman</hi>; and after his visit to
+Europe, published his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Letters</hi> on his tour, in
+two large volumes. His merit was only equalled
+by his modesty. He was strongly devoted
+to Dewitt Clinton and the Erie Canal; with
+becoming tenacity he cherished much regard
+for his eastern brethren, and was the first I
+think who introduced his personal friend, our
+constitutional expositor, Daniel Webster, to
+the Bread and Cheese Lunch, founded by J.
+Fenimore Cooper, at which sometimes met, in
+familiar discussions, such minds as those of
+Chief Justice Jones, Peter A. Jay, Henry
+Storrs, Professor Renwick, John Anthon,<pb n="257" /><anchor id="Pg257" />
+Charles King, John Duer, and others of like
+intellectual calibre. Carter was of a feeble
+frame, struggling with pulmonary annoyance,
+from which he died early. He was little initiated
+in the trickery of political controversy.
+His heart was filled with the kindliest feelings
+of which nature is susceptible.</p>
+
+<p>My acquaintance with the late Colonel
+Stone, so long connected with the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Commercial
+Advertiser</hi>, commenced while he was
+the efficient editor of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Albany Daily Advertiser</hi>.
+His devotion to the best interests
+of the state and country; his extensive knowledge
+of American history; his patriotic
+feeling evinced on all occasions in behalf
+of our injured Aborigines; his biographies
+of Red Jacket and Brandt; his great political
+consistency during so many years—all commend
+him to our kindest and most grateful
+recollections. That he was cut off at a comparatively
+early age, was the result of his severe
+and unremitting literary toils. With a
+touching patience, he endured an agonizing
+illness, nor did he cease his useful labors till
+exhausted nature forbade further efforts.</p>
+
+<p>About the time of the death of Colonel
+Stone, New-York lost a valuable promoter of
+its substantial interests by the demise of John
+Pintard. His career is still fresh in the
+memories of those who cherish the actions
+of the benevolent and humane. He was a
+native of this city (born in 1759), where he
+passed the greater part of his life, and died
+in 1844, in his eighty-sixth year. He was
+connected with the newspaper press in the
+earlier times of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Daily Advertiser</hi>. Pintard
+was well acquainted with nearly all the
+distinguished public characters at the period
+of the adoption of our constitution. Possessed
+of sound attainments by his Princeton
+College education, the ardor of his patriotism
+displayed itself by his uniting with a body
+of his college companions, in a military
+movement, in the revolutionary contest. He
+afterwards returned for a while to his <hi rend="font-style: italic">alma
+mater</hi>, with the approbation of President
+Witherspoon. He was next appointed a sub-commissioner
+for American prisoners in New-York,
+and had frequent intercourse with the
+notorious Cunningham, the keeper of the
+Provost; visited the Sugar House, occupied
+by the unfortunate prisoners of war, in Crown
+street (now Liberty street); the Dutch Church
+in Nassau street, the Scotch Church in Little
+Queen street (now Cedar street), and also
+the Friends' Meeting House in Queen street
+(now Pearl street), near Cherry street, all
+tilled with the wretched victims of tyranny.
+He interceded in their behalf with the German
+General Heister, and with Henry Clinton,
+the British commander. He became acquainted
+with Knyphausen, William Smith the historian
+of New-York, Lord Howe, and others, and
+he has described, as an eye-witness, the scenes
+occurring at Washington's inauguration, in
+1789. He was an advocate of the Federal policy
+of that day, and was a member of our
+State Legislature when it held its sessions in
+this city. Time forbids my detailing the objects
+to which he directed his attention during
+a long career of usefulness. Several of
+our important municipal regulations still in
+force were suggested by him. He was an
+earnest champion and successful advocate for
+the incorporation of the Bank of New-York.
+He was one of the founders of the Tammany
+Society, in those days made up of gentlemen
+of all political parties, and the express object
+of which was to preserve the history and habits
+of our red brethren. He urged the plan
+of a Registry of Mortality in this city, and
+was appointed the first City Inspector. The
+New-York Historical Society must look upon
+him as its chief founder. Some of its most
+precious treasures are fruits of his munificence.
+He was among the most strenuous,
+with Bishop Hobart, in establishing and increasing
+the library of the Protestant Episcopal
+Seminary, and was not deficient of contributions
+towards it. He was active with
+Elias Boudinot in projecting the American
+Bible Society. The first Bank of Savings
+mainly originated with him. He revived the
+Chamber of Commerce after its long repose.
+He convened the first assemblage of our citizens
+at the Park; for the purpose of obtaining
+a public expression of opinion in favor of the
+Canal policy for connecting the Erie and the
+Hudson, and this at a period when the spirit
+of party strife had widely scattered doubts
+and ridicule on the contemplated movement.
+In the war of 1812, when paper money in
+small bills largely became our currency, Mr.
+Pintard was the person who caused those
+well-known mottoes, "Mind your own
+business," "Never despair," "Economy is
+wealth," and others of a like import, chiefly
+drawn from Franklin, to surround the designations
+of the value of the money. He had, I believe,
+done a like service in our revolutionary
+times. He carried the measure of having the
+British names of our streets changed to the
+modern ones they are now known by. I have
+noticed these few circumstances concerning
+him, because I wish it to be impressed on
+your memories that the editors and proprietors
+of public journals are often zealous in
+good measures not necessarily connected with
+their immediate vocation. Pintard enjoyed
+an intimacy with booksellers and authors.
+He and Freneau, a native also of this city,
+and his contemporary, had often been in
+close communion, as patriots of the revolution.
+This essential difference, however, obtained
+between them. Pintard was a federalist;
+Freneau an antifederalist. Old Rivington
+had often a hard time with them.
+The sordid tory could neither endure the
+conservative republican principles of Pintard,
+nor the relentless bitterness of the sarcasm
+of Freneau. I shall only add that he was a
+student of many books, and an observer of
+men in every walk of life. He was of grave
+thought, yet often facetious in conversation.<pb n="258" /><anchor id="Pg258" />
+During forty years of medical practice, I have
+rarely fell in with one richer in table-talk, or
+better supplied with topics in life and letters.
+In his death, he manifested the strength of
+his religious faith, and resigned his spirit
+with a benignant composure. But I am forbidden
+to enlarge on the many excellences
+and services of the public-spirited John
+Pintard.</p>
+
+<p>Were we to dwell upon the excellence of a
+gazette according to its merits, I should have
+much to say of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Morning Chronicle</hi>, a paper
+established in this city in the year 1802.
+The leading editor was Dr. Peter Irving, a
+gentleman of refined address, scholastic attainments,
+and elegant erudition. It exhibited
+great power in its editorial capacity, and
+was the vehicle of much literary matter from
+the abundance and ability of its correspondence.
+If I do not greatly err, in this paper
+Washington Irving first appeared as an author,
+by his series of dramatic criticisms, over
+the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle. The
+only poetic writer of whose effusions I now
+retain any recollection was Miss Smith, the
+sister of the late Thomas E. Smith. Her
+pieces were known by the signature of Clara;
+and in bringing together the effusions of the
+early female poets, Dr. Griswold, in his
+praiseworthy zeal in behalf of American
+literature, might well have increased in
+value his interesting collection by specimens
+of the productions of Miss Smith.</p>
+
+<p>The omission, in these reminiscences, of
+some notice of John Lang, would be so quickly
+discovered, that I am necessarily compelled
+to dwell for a moment on the character and
+services of one who, for a long succession of
+years, filled a notable place in our newspaper
+annals. Lang was of Scotch descent, but the
+place of his birth, I believe, was New-York.
+For some forty or more years, Lang's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Gazette</hi>
+was recognized as the leading mercantile
+advertiser, and the patronage which it
+received from the business world was such
+as doubtless secured ample returns to its proprietor.
+The distinction of the paper was
+unquestionably its attention to the shipping
+interests of this commercial emporium. As
+a journal of either political or miscellaneous
+matter it was sadly deficient. Lang adhered
+to his "arrivals" as the prominent object of
+consideration, and the mightiest changes of
+revolutions, in actions or opinions, found but
+a stinted record in his widely-diffused journal.
+Rarely, indeed, did our acknowledged politicians
+or essayists seek its columns for the
+promulgation of their ideas, and its editorial
+displays were generally tormentingly feeble.
+Nevertheless, it was in this gazette, then under
+the control of Lang and McLean, that
+General Hamilton first gave to the public his
+numbers of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Federalist</hi>. There is often
+to be found in one daily issue of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Post</hi>, the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Courier and Enquirer</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal of Commerce</hi>,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Herald</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tribune</hi>, or the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Times</hi>
+of these days, more thought, nice disquisition,
+and real knowledge which awakens the
+contemplation of the statesman and politician,
+than the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York Gazette</hi> contained during
+a twelvemonth; and yet it flourished. The
+traits of Lang's character were unwavering
+devotion to his pursuits; no one could excel
+him in the kindness of his demeanor; unconscious
+of the penury of his intellectual powers,
+he at times, unwittingly became the
+pliant agent of designing individuals, and
+from the blunders into which he was led, his
+baptismal name, John, seemed easily converted
+into that of Solomon, by which specification
+much of his correspondence was maintained.
+He bore the pleasantry with grateful
+composure.</p>
+
+<p>With a characteristic anecdote I must dismiss
+the name of Lang. The discussions of a
+point in chronology, which occurred on the
+commencement of the present century, awakened
+some attention with mathematicians and
+astronomers abroad, and among many with us.
+The learned and pious Dr. Kunze, after much
+investigation, addressed a communication on
+the vexed question to Mr. Lang. He had adverted
+to the Gregorian style in his letter,
+and had mentioned Pope Gregory. The faithful
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Gazette</hi> printed the article Tom Gregory:
+the venerable Doctor hastened to his friend,
+and remonstrated on the injury he had done
+him, and requested the <hi rend="font-style: italic">erratum</hi> to specify,
+instead of Tom Gregory, Pope Gregory XIII.
+Again an alteration was made, and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Gazette</hi>
+requested its readers, for Tom Gregory
+to read Pope Tom Gregory XIII. Only
+one more attempt at correction was made,
+when the compositor had its typography so
+changed that it read Tom Gregory, the Pope.
+The learned divine, with a heavy heart, in a
+final interview with the erudite editor, begged
+him to make no further improvements,
+as he dreaded the loss of all the reputation
+his years of devotion to the subject had secured
+to him. This Dr. Kunze was long a
+prominent minister of the German Lutheran
+Church of this city. He was the preceptor
+in Philadelphia of Henry Stuber, author of
+the continuation of the life of our Socrates,
+Dr. Franklin: a work executed with much
+ability. He was a physician, and a most delectable
+character. Many years ago, I was so
+fortunate as to procure some materials for a
+biography of him, and Dr. Sparks has courteously
+given them a place in his invaluable
+edition of Dr. Franklin's works. Justice to
+the departed Lang demands that I should
+add that he was a gentleman of the old
+school, of great moral excellence, and as a
+husband and a father most exemplary; deeply
+devoted to the interests of this city, and
+evincing a philanthropic spirit on every becoming
+occasion. He died at an advanced
+age; but his career was shortened by the
+great fire, in this city, in 1835. That vast
+destruction in his beloved New-York was an
+oppressive weight upon his heart.</p>
+
+<p>Major Noah has so recently departed from<pb n="259" /><anchor id="Pg259" />
+among us, and the expectation that his active
+life will soon find a biographer is so general,
+that it seems unnecessary on the present occasion
+to speak at any length concerning him.
+I knew him well some thirty-five years. In
+religion a Jew, he was tolerant of all creeds,
+with equal amenity; his natural parts were
+of a remarkable order; few excelled him in
+industry, none in temperance and sobriety.
+He wrote for many journals, and established
+several. By his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Travels in Africa</hi> he became
+known as an author. His work on the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Abolition
+of Imprisonment for Debt</hi> was widely
+read. He was lively in converse, and a most
+social companion. His literary compositions,
+though not always pure in style, often showed
+a nice sense of the ludicrous and a love
+of humor. He abounded in anecdote. Mr.
+Matthews, from his personal knowledge, has
+not overdrawn the character of Noah. He
+possessed the organ of benevolence on a
+large scale. It is to be regretted that by his
+political vacillations his talents finally lost all
+influence in public councils and affairs.</p>
+
+<p>We are susceptible of the pleasures and the
+pains of memory. A retrospect will confirm
+this declaration on many occasions. It is so
+in our contemplations of a newspaper; and
+in no instance have I been more sensible of
+this than when considering the origin, the
+career, and the termination of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York
+American</hi>. Its prominent projector was Johnson
+Verplanck, a native of this city, of a conspicuous
+family, whose mental qualities were
+of a robust order, and whose classical attainments
+entitled him to distinction. With the
+countenance and assistance of enlightened associates,
+he soon acquired for the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American</hi>
+a reputation for eminent talents, great independence
+in opinion, and the most perfect
+freedom in scrutinizing public acts, and in literary
+and artistic criticism. Mr. Verplanck
+was one of the writers of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Buck Tail Bards</hi>,
+a satirical poem, of Hudibrastic flavor. He
+died in 1829. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">American</hi> fell then into
+other hands, and for a long succession of years
+was editorially sustained by one who had
+often previously enriched its columns with his
+lucubrations. I allude to Charles King, now
+President of Columbia College. It was soon
+demonstrated to the satisfaction of its patrons,
+that, although under a new government, and
+its supplies derived from another source, its
+nutrition was not less wholesome and productive.
+For many years it claimed the admiration
+of the conservators of constitutional
+right and of critical taste. It was conducted
+with a manly boldness. Its tone gave dignity
+to political disquisition, though its manner
+was sometimes dreaded by objects of its animadversion:
+if its censures were occasionally
+severe, its approbation was the more highly
+appreciated: it was a record of historical
+value; nor can I comprehend why, in this
+age of universal reading in journalism, its career
+was closed. Its many volumes must
+hereafter be ranked with the once famous
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">National Gazette</hi> of Robert Walsh, and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">National Intelligencer</hi> of Gales &amp; Seaton. Its
+distinguished editor, satisfied that for so long
+a period he had performed his part in the promotion
+of sound principles, with singleness of
+purpose, in behalf of the city, the state and
+the nation, may have sought that relief from
+mental care which is often secured by change
+of occupation. When I cast a thought over
+the hours I have spent in reading the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American</hi>,
+I feel as Whitfield has expressed himself
+on a different occasion, "I am glad, but
+I am sorry;" glad that I have had so long the
+pleasure of being informed by its perusal;
+sorry that the opportunity no longer exists.</p>
+
+<p>In closing this short list of editors, I feel
+justified in deviating for a moment in my
+chronology by a word or two on the character
+and death of one whom I have ever considered
+the ablest writer we have had in our
+public journals. He has been already incidentally
+mentioned. I allude to James Cheetham.
+He succeeded as editor of Greenleaf's
+paper, calling it the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American Citizen</hi>. Cheetham
+was an English radical; had left Manchester
+for this country, and was by trade a
+hatter. His personal appearance was impressive;
+tall, athletic, with a martial bearing
+in his walk, a forehead of great breadth
+and dimensions, and penetrating gray eyes,
+he seemed authoritative wherever he might
+be. He arrived in this country at a period
+of perplexing excitement in the times of Adams's
+administration and Jefferson's entrance
+into the presidency. He found many to
+countenance his radicalism, as Tennis Wortman,
+James Dennison, Charles Christian and
+others—men whom we might call liberals,
+both in religion and in politics. Accidental
+circumstances made me well acquainted with
+him, so early as the summer of 1803. He
+was then universally known as the champion
+of Jefferson, of Governor George Clinton, and
+of De Witt Clinton. He was a most unflinching
+partisan writer, and with earnestness asserted
+the advantages arising from the possession
+of Louisiana, countenanced Blind Palmer,
+the lecturer on Deism, and congratulated
+the public on the return to America of
+Thomas Paine. He ever remained an active
+advocate of old George Clinton, but his friendship
+was suddenly turned into hatred of Paine,
+and his life of that once prominent but wretched
+individual demonstrates the rancor of his
+temper. The murderous death of Hamilton,
+I think, had a strong influence on him. No
+sooner had he breathed his last than Cheetham
+extolled him as the greatest of patriots.
+Many speak of Cheetham as at times holding
+the pen of Junius—a judgment sustained by
+some of his political assaults and essays. He
+possessed a magnificent library, was a great
+reader, and studied Burke and Shakspeare
+more than any other authors. I know nothing
+against his moral character. His death,
+however, was most remarkable: he had removed
+with his family to a country residence,<pb n="260" /><anchor id="Pg260" />
+some three miles from the city, in the summer
+of 1809. A few days afterwards he exposed
+himself to malaria, by walking without
+a hat, through the fields, under a burning
+September sun. He was struck with a complication
+of ills—fever, congestion of the
+brain, and great cerebral distress. The malignancy
+of his case soon foretold to his physician,
+Dr. Hosack, the uncertainty of his recovery.
+Being at that time a student of
+medicine, I was requested to watch him; on
+the second day of his sickness, his fever raging
+higher, he betrayed a disturbed intellect.
+On the night of the third day raving mania
+set in. Incoherently he called his family
+around him, and addressed his sons as to their
+peculiar avocations for life, giving advice to
+one ever to be temperate in all things, and to
+another urging the importance of knowledge.
+After midnight he became much worse, and
+was ungovernable. With herculean strength
+he now raised himself from his pillow; with
+eyes of meteoric fierceness, he grasped his
+bed covering, and in a most vehement but
+rapid articulation, exclaimed to his sons,
+"Boys! study Bolingbroke for style, and
+Locke for sentiment." He spoke no more.
+In a moment life had departed. His funeral
+was a solemn mourning of his political friends.</p>
+
+<p>Paine has been referred too. I have often
+seen him at the different places of his residence
+in this city, now in Partition-street,
+now in Broome-street, &amp;c. His localities
+were not always the most agreeable. In
+Partition-street, near the market, a portion
+of his tenement was occupied for the display
+of wild beasts. Paine generally sat, taking
+an airing, at the lower front windows, the
+gazed-at of all passers by. Jarvis, the painter,
+was often his visitor, and was fortunate
+enough to secure that inimitable plaster cast
+of his head and features, which at his request,
+I deposited with the New-York Historical
+Society. While at that work, Jarvis exclaimed,
+"I shall secure him to a nicety, if I
+am so fortunate as to get plaster enough for
+his carbuncled nose." Jarvis thought this
+bust of Paine his most successful undertaking
+as a sculptor.</p>
+
+<p>I shall trespass some moments by giving a
+few reminiscences concerning booksellers and
+publishers. There are many of this professional
+order, whose character and influence
+might justly demand a detailed account.
+Spence himself would find among them anecdotes
+worthy consideration in the world of
+letters. I must, however, write within circumscribed
+limits. The first in my immediate recollection
+is Everet Duyckinck. He was a
+middle-aged man, when I, a boy, was occasionally
+at his store, an ample and old-fashioned
+building, at the corner of Pearl-street and Old
+Slip. He was grave in his demeanor, and
+somewhat taciturn; of great simplicity in
+dress; accommodating and courteous. He
+must have been rich in literary recollections.
+He for a long while occupied his excellent
+stand for business, and was quite extensively
+engaged as a publisher and seller. He was a
+sort of Mr. Newbury, so precious to juvenile
+memories in the olden times. He largely
+dealt with that order of books, for elementary
+instruction, which were popular abroad,
+just about the close of our revolutionary war
+and at the adoption of our Constitution—Old
+Dyche, and his pupil Dilworth, and Perry, and
+Sheridan. As education and literature advanced,
+he brought forward, by reprints, Johnson
+and Chesterfield, and Vicissimus Knox,
+and a host of others. His store was the nucleus
+of the Connecticut teachers and intellectual
+products, and Barlow and Webster,
+and Morse and Riggs, found in him a patron of
+their works in poetry and their school books.
+Bunyan, Young, Watts, Doddridge and Baxter,
+must have been issued by his enterprise in
+innumerable thousands throughout the old
+thirteen States; and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">English Primer</hi>, now
+improved into the <hi rend="font-style: italic">American Primer</hi>, with its
+captivating emendations, as</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The royal oak, it was the tree</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">That saved his Royal Majesty;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>changed to the more simple couplet—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Oak's not as good</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">As hickory wood;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>and the lines—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Whales in the sea</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">God's voice obey;</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>now modified without loss of its poetic fire—</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">By Washington,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Great deeds were done—</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>led captivity captive, and had an unlimited
+circulation, for the better diffusion of knowledge
+and patriotism throughout the land. As
+our city grew apace, and both instructors and
+their functions enlarged, he engaged in the
+Latin classics. Having a little Latin about
+me, it became my duty to set up at the printing
+office of Lewis Nicholls, Duyckinck's reprint
+of <hi rend="font-style: italic">De Bello Gallico</hi>. The edition was
+edited by a Mr. Rudd. He was the first editor
+I ever saw; I looked on him with school-boy
+admiration when I took him the proofs.
+What alterations or improvements he made
+in the text of Oudendorp, I never ascertained.
+This, however, must have been among the
+beginnings of that American practice, still
+prevailing among us, of having in reprints
+of even the most important works from abroad,
+for better circulation, the name of some one as
+editor, inserted on the title-page. Mr. Duyckinck
+was gifted with great business talents,
+and estimated as a man of punctuality and of
+rigid integrity in fiscal matters. He was the
+first who had the entire Bible, in duodecimo,
+preserved—set up in forms—the better to
+supply, at all times, his patrons. This was
+before stereotype plates were adopted. He
+gave to the Harpers the first job of printing
+they executed—whether Tom Thumb or
+Wesley's Primitive Physic, I do not know.
+The acorn has become the pride of the forest—the
+Cliff-street tree, whose roots and
+branches now ramify all the land. Duyckinck
+faithfully carried out the proverbs of Franklin,<pb n="261" /><anchor id="Pg261" />
+and the sayings of Noah Webster's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Prompter</hi>.
+He was by birth and action a genuine
+Knickerbocker.</p>
+
+<p>There was, about forty years ago, an individual
+somewhat remarkable in several respects,
+whose bookstore was in Maiden Lane—William
+Barlas. He was by birth a Scotchman,
+and was brought up to the ministry;
+but from causes which I never learned, he
+relinquished that vocation in his native land,
+and assumed that of a bookseller in this city.
+He was reputed to be a ripe scholar. He
+dealt almost exclusively in the classics, and
+for numerous years imported the editions—<hi rend="font-style: italic">in
+usum Delphini</hi>, for the students in our schools
+and colleges. Hardly a graduate among us,
+of the olden time, can have forgotten him—Irving,
+Verplanck, John Anthon, and Paulding,
+can doubtless tell much of him. When,
+on a large scale, was commenced in Philadelphia,
+reprints of the Latin and Greek writers,
+poor Mr. Barlas's functions were nearly
+annihilated. I mention him here from his relation
+to the advancement of learning in my
+juvenile days. His opinion on the various
+editions was deemed conclusive; and he controlled
+the judgment as well as the pocket of
+the purchaser. He was long in epistolary
+correspondence with "the friend of Cowper,"
+as some call him—old John Newton of London;
+and I have often wondered that no enterprise
+has yet brought forward, in a new
+edition of the writings of Newton, their correspondence.
+It is not for me to dwell on
+the contrast, so striking, between the present
+period and that to which I have just adverted,
+when even professors of Colleges were
+controlled in their opinions of books by the
+dicta of a bookseller. Such was the fact some
+forty or fifty years ago. What would be the
+reply of our Professor Anthon, of Columbia
+College, to a bookseller who assumed such authority?
+of him whose love and devotion to
+the philosophy of the classics has led him already
+in so many works to spread before the
+cogitative scholars, of both worlds, the deepest
+researches of antiquarian disquisition and
+philological lore, evincing that America is not
+tardy in a just appreciation of the excellencies
+of those treasures which enriched a Bentley,
+a Horseley, a Porson, and a Parr.</p>
+
+<p>Those of our literary connoisseurs who cast
+a retrospective glance over days long past,
+may awaken into memory that delicately constructed
+and pensive-looking man, of Pearl-street,
+recognized by the name of Charles
+Smith. I believe he was a New-Yorker.
+Pulmonary suffering was his physical infirmity—his
+relief, tobacco, the fumes of which
+aver surrounded him like a halo. He abounded
+in the gloom and glory of the American
+Revolution, and published, with portraits, numerous
+diagrams of the campaigns of the war
+in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Military Repository</hi>, a work of great
+fidelity, in which it is thought he was aided
+by Baron Steuben and General Gates. As a
+bibliopolist, little need be said of him. But
+the curious in knowledge will not overlook
+him as the first who popularly made known
+to the English reader the names of Kotzebue
+and Schiller. Several of the novels and plays
+of these German authors were done into English
+by him; and, with William Dunlap, both
+as a translator and as a theatrical manager,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Stranger</hi> and other plays were presented
+to the cultivators of the drama in New-York
+long before their appearance in London, or the
+publication of Thompson's <hi rend="font-style: italic">German Theatre</hi>.
+It is a circumstance worthy of notice, that
+the Rev. Mr. Will, then of this city, added to
+the stock of our literary treasures, by other
+translations into the English, such as the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Constant
+Lovers, &amp;c.</hi>, of Kotzebue, before, I believe,
+any recognized English version appeared
+abroad. But I must leave this subject for the
+fuller investigation of the learned Dr. Schmidt
+professor of German, in Columbia College.</p>
+
+<p>David Longworth's name is a good deal
+blended with the progress of American literature
+during years gone by. He was by
+birth a New Jerseyman; and the publication
+of his <hi rend="font-style: italic">City Directory</hi>, for some thirty or
+more years, gave him sufficient notoriety;
+while his Shaksperean Gallery introduced
+him to many of the cultivators of the fine
+arts, at a period, when Trumbull and Jarvis
+were our prominent painters. Longworth
+had been brought up as a printer, at a daily
+press, but he seems early to have got a taste
+for copper-plate engraving, accurate printing,
+and elegant binding. With determined energy
+he issued an edition of Telemachus,
+which, for beauty of typography and paper,
+was looked upon, by the lovers of choice
+books, as a rich specimen of our art. His
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Belles-Lettres Repository</hi> no less evinced his
+taste in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">elegantiæ literarum</hi>. He was,
+nevertheless, a man of many strange notions.
+It is well known that about the commencement
+of the eighteenth century, in our English
+books, printed in the mother country, the
+substantive words were almost always begun
+with a capital; the like practice obtained in
+many newspapers; but Longworth, not content
+with the partial change which time had
+brought about, of sinking these prominent
+and advantageous upper case type, waged a
+war of extermination against almost every
+capital in the case, and this curious deformity
+is found in many of his publications, as
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">british america</hi>, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">london docks</hi>. Even in
+poetry, of the first word, he tolerated only
+small letters at the beginning of the lines.
+His practice, however, found no imitators,
+though 'tis said that it first began in Paris.
+His bookstore, at a central situation by the
+Park, with works of taste classically displayed,
+afforded an admirable lounge for the litterateurs
+of that day. Here, when Hodgkinson,
+and Hallam, and Cooper, and Cooke were
+at the zenith of their histrionic career in the
+Park Theatre, adjacent, might be seen a
+group of poets and prose writers, who, in
+their generation, added to the original off-spring<pb n="262" /><anchor id="Pg262" />
+of the American press—Brockden
+Brown, Dunlap, Verplanck, Paulding Fessenden,
+Richard Alsop, Peter Irving, and the
+now universally famed Washington Irving.</p>
+
+<p>I must note a circumstance of some import
+on the state of letters among us about
+those times. Longworth had secured from
+abroad a copy of the first edition, in quarto,
+of Scott's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lay of the Last Minstrel</hi>, and determined
+to reprint it; yet, not satisfied
+with his own judgment, he convened a
+meeting of his literary friends to settle the
+matter. The committee, after solemn deliberation,
+suggested his venturing to reproduce
+only the introductions to the cantos, as an experiment,
+in order to ascertain the public
+taste. Would I speak in terms too strong if I
+affirmed that since that committee sat, millions
+of copies of the numerous volumes of
+Sir Walter Scott have been bought by the
+reading world in America. My circle of literary
+acquaintance was a good deal enlarged
+by the coteries I now and then found at
+Longworth's, as he was not backward in
+seizing opportunities of issuing new works,
+when from their nature they might excite
+the appetite of the curious. No publication
+of his so effectually secured this end, as the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Salmagundi</hi>, in 1807, sent forth in bi-weekly
+numbers by young Irving and his friend
+Paulding. When we are apprised that some
+few of our middle-aged citizens, who sustained
+the stroke of that literary scimetar so
+long ago, still survive among us, I think we
+may argue from strong data for the salubrity
+of our climate. At Longworth's, I first saw
+the youngest dramatic genius of the time,
+Howard Payne, then about fourteen years
+old, and who, a short while after, appeared as
+young Norval on the boards of the theatre.
+He was editor of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Thespian Mirror</hi>.</p>
+
+<p>Originally of Ireland, Hugh Gaine, upon
+his emigration to this country during our
+colonial dependence, set up in this city in
+1753 his Royal Gazette, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York Mercury</hi>.
+His fame as well as his patriotism is
+embalmed in the irony of Freneau. It is only
+as a bookseller that I knew him, in Hanover
+Square. He was then at a very advanced
+age. His savings rendered him in due time
+independent in pecuniary matters. We may
+safely infer that he was not surpassed in industry,
+and that he was ever awake to the
+main chance, when we are assured that at the
+commencement of his journal, he collected
+his own news, set up his types, worked off
+his papers, folded his sheets, and personally
+distributed them to his subscribers. Franklin
+had done pretty nearly the same things before.
+Gaine, who in his after-life was an object of a
+good deal of curiosity to the citizens of the
+republic, enjoyed the consideration due to an
+honest man, and many kindly feelings.</p>
+
+<p>Many as were his merits, and great as was
+his enterprise, Isaac Collins was most widely
+known, the latter part of his long career, by
+his editions of the works on grammar, and
+other school books, by the prolific Lindley
+Murray. As in the case of Franklin, his
+earliest effort of magnitude was the printing
+Sewell's <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Quakers</hi>. The neatness
+and accuracy of his printing were familiarly
+remarked among readers; and these excellencies
+he displayed in his quarto Bible,
+the first of that form which was printed in
+this country in 1790. Collins was a native
+of Delaware. He projected a weekly paper,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New Jersey Gazette</hi>, which he published
+at Burlington during the Revolution, and,
+some time after, upon strenuous Whig principles.
+He had authority, like Franklin, for
+the emission of paper money for the State
+Government. He removed to this city in 1796,
+and a few years after this time I knew him.
+As his career was, many portions of it, like
+Franklin's, I had the greater admiration of
+him. He died in 1817. That he enjoyed
+the acquaintance of Franklin, of Rittenhouse
+and Rush, of Livingston of New Jersey, and
+others of the truest patriots in the great
+struggles of the country, may be inferred
+from his profession, his public station, his integrity,
+and his general character. In the society
+of Friends he was prominent, and, like Thomas
+Eddy and Robert Bowne, he was occupied
+with hospitals, and ever zealous in good works.
+He did vast service to the city as a printer, and
+as such he is here introduced.</p>
+
+<p>The oldest inhabitants of our city may well
+recollect the bookstore of the Swords, Thomas
+and James. Some sixty years ago they began
+operations in Pearl-street. They commenced
+when New-York was little more than
+a village in population, and when literary
+projects were almost unknown. They deserve
+ample notice as most efficient pioneers, in
+their day, as printers and booksellers, and
+through a long career they held a high rank;
+they were assiduous and economical almost
+to a fault: their integrity was never doubted;
+their word was as good as their bond. They
+printed good works in more acceptations of
+the phrase than one. They did a great service
+to our scientific enterprise, in issuing the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Medical Repository</hi>, the earliest journal of
+that kind, in the country. A literary periodical,
+of many years duration, was also printed
+by them, called the <hi rend="font-style: italic">New-York Magazine</hi>.
+It was remarkable for the contributions of a
+society, self-named the Drone. Brockden
+Brown, William Dunlap, Anthony Bleucker,
+Josiah Ogden Hoffman, and James Kent (afterwards
+the great Chancellor), were among
+the writers. William Johnson, the well-known
+Reporter, who died recently, was the
+last survivor of this club. Their store for a
+number of years was a rendezvous for professional
+men of different callings—divines,
+physicians, lawyers, with a sprinkling of the
+professed authors of those times, as Clifton,
+Low, Davis, &amp;c. Its theological feature was
+its strongest; and the interest of episcopacy
+were here descanted on with the unction of
+godliness, by such men as Seabury of Connecticut,<pb n="263" /><anchor id="Pg263" />
+and Moore of New-York, with good
+old Dr. Bowden, and Dr. Hawks, my friends
+Drs. Berrian and McVicker of Columbia College,
+and the energetic Bishop Hobart, the
+busiest and most stirring man I ever knew.
+The Messrs. Swords were largely occupied in
+printing works on divinity, and were confessed
+the printers of sound orthodoxy long before
+"the novelties which disturb our peace"
+had invoked polemical controversy.</p>
+
+<p>I should do injustice to my feelings were I
+in this rapid sketch to overlook the late James
+Eastburn, the founder of the first reading-room
+on a becoming scale, in this country,
+and the publisher of the American edition of
+the Edinburgh and London Quarterly Reviews.
+He was a gentleman deserving of much estimation,
+of bland manners, and enthusiastic in
+his calling. He was curious in antiquarian
+literature and a great importer of the older
+authors. Many are the libraries enriched by
+his perseverance. Consumption wasted his
+generous frame, and he died at a comparatively
+early age, to the deep regret of the
+scholar and the philanthropist.</p>
+
+<p>I should like, before I close this portion of
+these reminiscences, to awaken recollections
+of one or two other estimable individuals
+with whom I was long acquainted—George
+F. Hopkins and Jonathan Seymour. Hopkins
+merits a biography; he justly boasted
+that his edition of Robertson's Charles V.
+was the most accurately printed work of the
+time. He was fastidious almost to a fault in
+typographical neatness. He printed only
+works of positive merit. His enterprise led
+him, now fifty years ago, to urge the craft to
+render themselves independent of imported
+types, by establishing type-foundries in the
+country. There were few indeed among us
+who knew practically much about the founts
+of Caslon, the Coryphæus of letter-founders.
+The Scotch hard-faced letter was then extensively
+in use. Hopkins induced the immigration
+to this country of the famous Binney
+and Ronaldson, whose great skill in the art
+was soon recognized, and from that era up
+to the present day competent judges affirm
+that our Bruce, White, Conner, and others,
+have accomplished all that is requisite in the
+type-founding business. Of Jonathan Seymour,
+it is enough to say, that at one period
+of his life he was more largely engaged than
+any of his rivals in printing from manuscripts—so
+well known and appreciated was his devotion
+to his calling, and the accuracy of its
+results. In his death, the art lost one who
+had given it elevation, and society a man possessed
+of the qualities of industry, temperance,
+honesty, and Christian philanthropy in
+the fullest measure.</p>
+
+<p>Within a few days has departed from among
+us, at the age of eighty years, a supporter of
+the press who long contributed to the diffusion
+of wholesome knowledge. I allude to
+Thomas Kirk. I shall terminate these notices
+by a striking occurrence, which involved
+him in great loss. He had determined, about
+the year 1801, to give the Christian community
+an octavo edition, in large type, of the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Book of Common Prayer</hi>, the first of that size
+from an American press. To secure the utmost
+accuracy, he engaged, for a pecuniary
+consideration, the Rev. John Ireland, of
+Brooklyn, to revise the proofs. When the
+sheets were worked off, it was ascertained
+that the copy was an exact reprint, save in
+one particular. The critical acumen of Ireland
+had discovered, in the Apostles' Creed,
+a "tautological error," in the words, "from
+thence he shall come." The word "from"
+was superfluous, ungrammatical, and inelegant,
+according to Ireland, and, accordingly,
+it was not in Kirk's edition. Upon the sale
+of a few copies the omission was remarked;
+the fact became known to the bishop of the
+church; the book was pronounced defective,
+and the ecclesiastical authorities prohibited
+its circulation. The whole edition fell a dead
+weight upon the hands of the well-meaning
+publisher. I had this anecdote from Mr. Kirk
+himself, years ago, and he repeated it to me
+not long prior to his death, in last November.</p>
+
+<p>This allusion to Kirk brings to my mind
+the notorious John Williams, better known
+as Anthony Pasquin, under which name he
+was doomed to everlasting infamy by Gifford,
+in his satire of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Baviad and Mæviad</hi>, in
+judgments afterwards confirmed in a celebrated
+trial for libel in which the famous
+Erskine delivered one of his best forensic
+speeches. Williams was the associate in
+London of a small but ambitious set of mutual
+admirers in literature, of whom Mr.
+Merry and his future wife were the "Della
+Crusca" and "Rosa Matilda," and all three
+of these worthies came to New-York about
+the year 1798. I have an impression that
+Kirk came at the same time. The character
+of Williams was infamous, and a large share of
+his infamy consisted in his ministering to, if
+not creating, the passion for personal scandal,
+and setting the example of black-mail collections,
+in newspapers. In the report of the
+great case of Williams vs. Faulder, it is said
+of his paper, called <hi rend="font-style: italic">The World</hi>, that "In
+this were given the earliest specimens of
+those unqualified and audacious attacks on
+all private character which the town first
+smiled at for their quaintness, then tolerated
+for their absurdity—and will have to lament
+to the last hour of British liberty." After
+he came to this country he associated himself
+with the enemies of Hamilton, and published
+a satire called <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Hamiltoniad</hi>,
+edited a magazine entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Columbian</hi>,
+and was a pioneer in that species of journalism
+which still subsists here upon the most
+scandalous invasions of private life and reputation.
+He was doubly detestable, in that he
+was the corruptor and worst specimen of the
+editorial calling in Europe and in America.
+I remember frequently seeing Williams, in
+the latter part of his life, in his shabby pepper-and-salt<pb n="264" /><anchor id="Pg264" />
+dress, in the obscure parts of the
+city. I believe he died during the first prevalence
+of the cholera in Brooklyn. Fancy may
+depict his expression as illustrating Otway's
+lines, "as if all hell were in his eyes, and he
+in hell." It must not be supposed that I in
+any degree associate the fame of the worthy
+Kirk with that of this literary vagabond.</p>
+
+<p>To a suggestion that I might refer to the
+late William Cobbett, as associated with the
+periodical press of this country, I may say
+that I see in it no impropriety. Unquestionably
+a minute record would include his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Porcupine
+Gazette</hi> and his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Weekly Register</hi>; the
+one an offspring of his juvenile life, the other
+of his ripened years. I had some personal
+acquaintance with him at the time of his last
+residence in New-York. Hazlitt has, in his
+attractive manner, described him to the life.
+He was deemed the best talker of his day,
+and his forcible pen has given us indubitable
+proofs of his powers in literary composition.
+It was not unusual with him to make a visit
+to the printing office at an early morning
+hour, take his seat at the desk, and after some
+half dozen lines were written, to throw off
+MSS. with a rapidity that engaged eleven
+compositors at once in setting up. Thus a
+whole sheet of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Register</hi> might be completed
+ere he desisted from his undertaking.
+I think that in quickness he surpassed even
+the lamented William Leggett, of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Evening
+Post</hi>. The circumstance is certainly interesting
+in a psychological point of view; and
+yet may not be deemed more curious than
+the fact that Priestley made his reply to Lind,
+quite a voluminous pamphlet, in twenty-four
+hours, or that Hodgkinson, the actor, was able
+to peruse crosswise, the entire five columns
+of a newspaper, and within two hours recite
+it thus by memory. I visited Cobbett, when
+his residence was within a couple of miles of
+this city, in company with a few professional
+gentlemen. It was in October, and a delightful
+day. He heard our approach, and came
+to the door without our knocking. "Walk
+in, gentlemen—am I to consider this as a visit
+to me?—walk in and be seated on these
+benches, for I have no chairs—you may be
+fatigued—will you have a bowl of milk? I
+live upon milk and Indian corn—I never drink
+spirit or wine, and yet I am a tolerable example
+of English health." And, indeed, he was
+a most ample specimen of the genuine John
+Bull. His nearly oval face, and florid countenance,
+with strong gray piercing eyes and
+head thickly covered with white hair, closely
+trimmed; his huge frame, of some two hundred
+and seventy pounds weight, corresponding
+abdominal development, and well-proportioned
+limbs, all demonstrated, with anatomical
+accuracy, the truth of his observation.
+His superior intellect seemed roused in all its
+functions. The United States, England, the
+reform measures, the union of church and
+state, and its absurdity, were only a few of the
+subjects of his caustic remark. "I have just
+performed a duty, gentlemen, which has been
+too long delayed; you have neglected the remains
+of Thomas Paine; I have done myself
+the honor to disinter his bones; I have removed
+them from New Rochelle; I have dug
+them up; they are now on their way to England;
+when I return, I shall cause them to
+speak the Common Sense of the great man;
+I shall gather together the people of Liverpool
+and Manchester in one assembly with
+those of London, and those bones will effect
+the reformation of England in Church and
+State." After some two or three hours we
+took our leave, with unlimited admiration of
+his brave utterance and his colloquial talents.</p>
+
+<p>With such a hastily written and imperfect
+sketch of the newspaper periodical press, of
+printers, editors, booksellers, and authors, I
+must close this portion of my present reminiscences.
+I have depended on a memory
+somewhat tenacious as my authority, in most
+instances, having no leisure at command for
+reference. A volume might be written of
+pertinent details. Nevertheless, enough has
+been said to illustrate, in part, the advancement
+of one species of knowledge in this metropolis.
+Did we institute a comparative
+view of the past and present condition of
+the press, we might be better enabled to announce
+the existing condition of our city as
+a Literary Emporium, That it is in accordance
+with the spirit of the age, seems demonstrable.
+Abroad, in England, in 1701,
+when the stamp duty was levied upon every
+number of a periodical paper consisting of a
+sheet, the whole quantity of printed paper
+was estimated at twenty thousand reams annually.
+Nearly at this period (1704), when
+the Boston <hi rend="font-style: italic">News Letter</hi> made its appearance
+in the American colonies, some two or three
+hundred copies weekly may have been its
+circulation. What is the quantity of paper
+demanded by the present British periodical
+press, I am unable to state. In this month
+of January, 1852, it is calculated that there
+are about three thousand different newspapers
+and other periodicals printed in this
+country, the entire issues of which approach
+the yearly aggregate of four hundred and
+twenty-three millions of numbers.</p>
+
+<p>When Franklin was a printer it was a hard
+task to work off over a thousand sheets on
+both sides in a day, by the hand press. Since
+his time we have had the Clymer, the Napier,
+the Ramage, the Adams, and now Hoe's
+Lightning press. By this last-named achievement
+in the arts, so honorable to a son of
+New-York, and so stupendous in its results
+to the world at large, twenty thousand papers
+may be printed in one hour.</p>
+
+<p>If we advert to the instructive fact, of the
+enormous circulation of many of the journals
+of New-York, as the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Herald</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Sun</hi>,
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tribune</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Times</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Express</hi>, the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Mirror</hi>, and others issued daily; if we calculate
+the copies of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Observer</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Home
+Journal</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Christian Advocate</hi>, and others<pb n="265" /><anchor id="Pg265" />
+of the weekly press; the circulation of the
+monthly and other periodicals; if we look at
+the Methodist Book Concern, the Tract Society,
+the American Bible Society, the publications
+of the Appletons, of Putnam, and of the
+enterprising booksellers of this city generally,
+what bounds can we set to the offspring of
+the typographic art? The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Herald</hi> and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Tribune</hi> in their distinct circulation, consume
+an aggregate of fifty thousand reams per
+year. The Harpers, who have thrown John
+Baskerville, and other eminent typographers
+of Europe in the shade by the magnitude of
+their operations, use one hundred reams of
+paper daily, at six dollars per ream, and make
+about ten volumes a minute or six thousand
+a day. On a former occasion I stated to you
+the agency which Franklin had in bringing
+forward stereotype plates, as projected by
+Dr. Colden, in this city, in 1779, and the fact
+that the art was communicated to Didot in
+Paris, by Franklin himself. I well remember
+the anxious John Watts, when he showed me
+his first undertaking in this branch of labor in
+New-York, just forty years ago. It was a
+copy of the Larger Catechism, the one I now
+hold in my hand. Notwithstanding the
+doubts of many, he felt confident of its ultimate
+success, yet suffered by hope deferred.
+What is now the state of the business in the
+matter of stereotyping? The Harpers alone—a
+single firm—have within their vaults
+plates for more than two thousand volumes.</p>
+
+<p>Need I dwell on the improved appliances
+in the great art, which enrich the present
+day, or on the influences now at work on
+the intellectual man? Justly has it been
+stated, that the press of a single office in this
+city issues more matter than the industry of
+the world, with all its scribes and illuminators,
+in an entire year, previous the time of
+Faust. Let us, then, reverence the press, as
+our Franklin did. Let us cherish its freedom,
+as the triumph of our fathers, if we
+love the name of patriot. Let us teach our
+children to acknowledge it the palladium of
+our altars and our firesides. Let us recognize
+it as the Great Instructor, knocking at every
+door, and rendering every hovel, as well as
+every palace, a school-house.</p>
+
+<p>Nor is it solely on the score of quantity,
+that we are to contemplate the measures now
+in force for the disciplining of intellect, and
+the rearing the moral edifice of the nation.
+I have already remarked on the superior
+ability of the press of our days in comparison
+with that of the period through which some
+of us have lived. The same energy which
+has swelled its dimensions, has increased the
+excellence of its material. Libraries so
+abound, knowledge is so diffused, that individuals
+qualified by scholastic powers, can be
+called in requisition for the duties of every
+department a successful journal demands.
+There is moreover a happier recognition of
+intellectual merit; reward is higher and
+more certain; and there exists throughout
+the community a noble estimation of productive
+intellect. Instead of a scattered recruit
+here and there in the ranks of literature,
+we have armies at command, of well-disciplined
+men; and the belief is not altogether
+idle that, in due season, of these armies
+there will be legions. Lovesick tales and Della
+Cruscan poetry, have yielded to stately essays
+on the business of life, in philosophy and in criticism,
+while the native muse has often stronger
+claims to our homage than the verses Dr. Johnson
+has embalmed, and that have made the
+fame of ancient bards. We no longer gaze at
+the author as a drone in the hive of industry.</p>
+
+<p>Our youth are taught that a true man may
+be found among the luxurious and refined as
+well in the humble avocations of life. Ambitious
+of a national literature, we honor
+those who have laid its foundations, in the
+persons of an Irving, a Prescott, and a Bancroft,
+a Longfellow, and a Hawthorne. We
+gratefully remember our historical obligations
+to Sparks. We feel the dignity of the scholar
+when we summon to our aid the classical
+Everett. Mourning with no feigned sorrow
+the demise of that true son of our soil, the
+lamented Cooper, we rejoice that a Bryant
+and a Halleck, a Verplanck and a Paulding,
+are still left with us. Warm in our feelings,
+and made happier by the relations of intercourse,
+we extend the cordial hand to Tuckerman,
+our classical essayist and poet; to
+Willis, for his felicitous comments on passing
+events; to Griswold, for his admirable works
+in criticism and biography; to Dr. Mayo, for
+his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Kaloolah</hi>; to Stoddard, for his exquisite
+poems; to the generous Bethune, the orator
+and bard; to Morris, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Melodies</hi>; to Kimball,
+for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">St. Leger Papers</hi>; to Clark, for
+his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Knickerbocker</hi>; to Melville, for <hi rend="font-style: italic">Typee</hi>;
+to Ik. Marvell, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Reveries</hi>; to Ripley,
+for his fine reviews; to Bigelow, for his book
+on <hi rend="font-style: italic">Jamaica</hi>; to Bayard Taylor, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Views
+A-Foot</hi>; to Greeley, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Crystal Palace</hi>
+labors; and to Duyckinck, the son of our old
+friend, the bookseller, for his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Literary World</hi>.
+In the name of the Republic, we give our
+heartiest thanks to our intimate friend, the
+learned Dr. Cogswell, as we look at the spacious
+walls of the Astor Library.</p>
+
+<p>The very great length to which I have
+unconsciously extended these reminiscences,
+forbids me from dwelling, as my heart and
+your wishes dictate, upon the most glorious
+name in American Printing, the immortal
+Franklin's. His character and deeds, however,
+are familiar to you all; and the language
+of eulogy is needless in regard to one whose
+fame increases with time, and whose transcendent
+merits, the constant development of
+that element he brought under human dominion
+render daily more evident and memorable.
+It is related, gentlemen, that when
+the statues of the Roman Emperors were
+carried in a triumphal procession, one was
+omitted, and the name of that one was shouted
+with more zeal than all the others inspired.<pb n="266" /><anchor id="Pg266" />
+So I know it to be with us to-night. The
+memory of Franklin is too ripe in our
+hearts to require words; it is a spell that
+sheds eternal glory on the typographical art;
+it is the best encouragement of youthful energy;
+it is revealed in every telegraphic despatch;
+it hallows the name of our country to
+the civilized world.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Noctes Amicæ.</head>
+
+<p>Of tipsy drollery, a correspondent of
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Evening Post</hi> (Mr. Bryant himself, we
+have no doubt), writes: "It is esteemed a
+mark of a vulgar mind, to divert one's self at
+the expense of a drunken man; yet we allow
+ourselves to be amused with representations
+of drunkenness on the stage and in comic
+narratives. Nobody is ashamed to laugh at
+Cassio in the play of Othello, when he has
+put an enemy into his mouth to steal away
+his brains. The personation which the elder
+Wallack used to give us some years ago, of
+Dick Dashall, very drunk, but very gentlemanly,
+was one of the most irresistibly comic
+things ever known. I have a mind to give
+you a translation of a German ballad on a
+tipsy man, which has been set to music, and
+is often sung in Germany; it is rather droll
+in the original, and perhaps it has not lost all
+of its humor in being <hi rend="font-style: italic">overset</hi>, as they call it,
+into English. Here it is:"</p>
+
+<p rend="text-align: center">OUT OF THE TAVERN, ETC.</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Out of the tavern I've just stepped to-night</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Street! you are caught in a very bad plight.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Right hand and left hand are both out of place;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Street, you are drunk, 'tis a very clear case.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Moon, 'tis a very queer figure you cut;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">One eye is staring while t'other is shut.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Tipsy, I see; and you're greatly to blame;</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Old as you are 'tis a terrible shame.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Then the street lamps, what a scandalous sight!</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">None of them soberly standing upright.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Rocking and staggering; why, on my word,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Each of the lamps is drunk as a lord.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">All is confusion; now isn't it odd?</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">I am the only thing sober abroad.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Sure it were rash with this crew to remain,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Better go into the tavern again.</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p>This is parodied or stolen by the clever author
+of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Bon Gaultier Ballads</hi>, in one of
+his best pieces.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The famous Quaker <hi rend="font-style: italic">Anthony Benezet</hi>,
+was accustomed to feed the rats in the area
+before his house in Philadelphia. An old
+friend who found him so engaged, expressed
+some surprise that he so kindly treated such
+pernicious vermin, saying, "They should rather
+be killed and out of the way." "Nay,"
+said good Anthony, "I will not treat them
+so; thou wouldst make them thieves by maltreating
+and starving them, but I make them
+honest by feeding them, for being so fed, they
+never prey upon any goods of mine." This
+singular fact is very characteristic. When feeding
+rats, the benevolent philosopher used to
+stand in the area, and they would gather
+round his feet like chickens. One of the
+family once hung a collar about one of them,
+which was seen for years after, feeding in
+the group.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Des Cartes</hi> fought at the siege of Rochelle,
+and after a variety of adventures, established
+himself in Holland, where he composed most
+of his works. These abound in singular
+theories and curious speculations, and their
+spirit of independence aroused the same spirit
+wherever they were read. Scholars and theologians
+vied with each other in battling the
+new opinions. The followers of Aristotle and
+the followers of Locke arrayed themselves
+against him. His novelties even drew the
+attention of women from their fashions. "The
+ladies of quality here, of late," says a writer
+from Paris, in 1642, "addict themselves to
+the study of philosophy, as the men; the ladies
+esteeming their education defective, if
+they cannot confute Aristotle and his disciples.
+The pen has almost supplanted the exercise
+of the needle; and ladies' closets, formerly
+the shops of female baubles, toys, and
+vanities, are now turned to libraries and sanctuaries
+of learned works. There is a new
+star risen in the French horizon, whose influence
+excites the nobler females to this pursuit
+of human science. It is the renowned Monsieur
+Des Cartes, whose lustre far outshines
+the aged winking tapers of Peripatetic Philosophy,
+and has eclipsed the stagyrite, with
+all the ancient lights of Greece and Rome.
+'Tis this matchless soul has drawn so many
+of the fairer sex to the schools. And they are
+more proud of the title—Cartesian—and of
+the capacity to defend his principles, than of
+their noble birth and blood."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>We find in <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Courts of Europe at the Close
+of the last Century</hi>, by Henry Swinburne, the
+following illustration of American manners:</p>
+
+<p>"An English officer, Colonel A
+in a stage to New-York, and was extremely
+annoyed by a free and enlightened citizen's
+perpetually spitting across him, out of the window.
+He bore it patiently for some time, till at last he
+ventured to remonstrate, when the other said,
+'Why, colonel, I estimate you're a-poking fun at
+me—that I do. Now, I'm not a-going to chaw my
+own bilge-water, not for no man. Besides, you
+need not look so thundering ugly. Why, I've
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">practised</hi> all my life, and could squirt through the
+eye of a needle without touching the steel, let
+alone such a great saliva-box as that there window.'
+Colonel A
+at last his anger got up, and he spat bang in his
+companion's face, exclaiming, 'I beg you a thousand
+pardons, squire, but I've not practised as
+much as you have. No doubt, by the time we
+reach New-York, I shall be as great a dabster as
+you are.' The other rubbed his eye, and remained
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">bouche close</hi>."</p>
+
+<pb n="267" /><anchor id="Pg267" />
+
+<p>In support of the hydropathic practice, and
+in illustration of the effect of cold, we cite
+an anecdote <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mignet</hi> tells of the celebrated
+French physician Broussais:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"Seized with a violent fever at Nimèguen,
+Broussais was attended by two of his friends, who
+each prescribed opposite remedies. Embarrassed
+by such contradictory opinions, he resolved to follow
+neither. Believing himself to be seriously in
+danger, he jumped out of bed in the midst of this
+raging fever, and almost naked sat down to his
+escrutoire to arrange his papers. It was in the
+month of January; the streets were covered with
+snow. While thus settling his affairs the fever
+abated, a sensation of freshness and comfort diffused
+itself throughout his frame. Amazed at this
+result, Broussais, like a bold theorist as he was,
+converted his casual forgetfulness into an experience.
+He boldly <hi rend="font-style: italic">threw open the window</hi>, and for
+some time inspired the cold winter air that blew
+in upon him. Finding himself greatly benefited,
+he concluded that cool drink would be as refreshing
+to his stomach as cold air had been to his body.
+He deluged his stomach with cold lemonade, and
+in less than forty-eight hours he was well again!"</p>
+</quote>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The following amusing anecdote is told in
+a work recently published in London of Tom
+Cooke, the actor and musician:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"At a trial in the Court of King's Bench, June,
+1833, betwixt certain publishing tweedledums and
+tweedledees, as to the alleged piracy of an arrangement
+of the 'Old English Gentleman,'—an old
+English air, by the bye—Cooke was subpœnaed as
+a witness. On his cross-examination by Sir James
+Scarlet, afterwards Lord Abinger, for the opposite
+side, that learned counsel rather flippantly questioned
+him thus: 'Now, sir, you say that the two
+melodies are the same, but different; now what
+do you mean by that, sir?' To this Tom promptly
+answered, 'I said that the notes in the two copies
+were alike, but with a different accent, the one being
+in common time, the other in sixth-eight time;
+and, consequently, the position of the accented
+notes was different.' Sir James—'What is musical
+accent?' Cooke—'My terms are a guinea a
+lesson, sir.' (A loud laugh.) Sir James (rather
+ruffled)—'Never mind your terms here. I ask you
+what is musical accent. Can you see it?' Cooke—'No.'
+Sir James—'Can you feel it?' Cooke—'A
+musician can.' (Great laughter.) Sir James
+(very angry)—'Now, pray sir, don't beat about
+the bush, but explain to his lordship and the jury,
+who are supposed to know nothing about music,
+the meaning of what you call accent.' Cooke—'Accent
+in music, is a certain stress laid upon a
+particular note, in the same manner as you would
+lay a stress upon any given word for the purpose
+of being better understood. Thus, if I were to
+say, 'You are an <hi rend="font-style: italic">ass</hi>—it rests on ass; but if I
+were to say, '<hi rend="font-style: italic">You</hi> are an ass—it rests on you, Sir
+James.' Reiterated shouts of laughter by the
+whole court, in which the bench itself joined, followed
+this repartee. Silence having been at length
+obtained, the Judge, with much seeming gravity,
+accosted the chop-fallen counsel thus: Lord Denman—'Are
+you satisfied, Sir James?' Sir James
+(deep red as he naturally was, to use poor Jack
+Reeve's own words, had become scarlet in more
+than name), in a great huff, said, 'The witness may
+go down!'"</p>
+</quote>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A Portuguese paper gives some statistics
+which could only be obtained under the spy
+and secret police system. There are said to
+be in Portugal 872,634 married couples, of
+which the present condition is very nearly as
+follows:—"Women who have left their husbands
+for their lovers, 1,262. Husbands who
+have left their wives for other women, 2,361.
+Couples who have agreed to live separately,
+33,120. Couples who live in open warfare,
+under the same roof, 13,263. Couples who
+cordially hate each other, but dissemble their
+aversion under the appearance of love,
+162,320. Couples who live in a state of tranquil
+indifference, 510,132. Couples who are
+thought by their acquaintances to be happy,
+but are not themselves convinced of their own
+felicity, 1,102. Couples that are happy as
+compared with those that are confessedly unhappy,
+131. Couples indisputably happy in
+each other, 0. Total, 872,634."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The first duel in New England, was fought
+with sword and dagger, between two servants.
+Neither of them was killed, but both
+were wounded. For this disgraceful offence,
+they were formally tried before the whole
+company (the first settlers), and sentenced to
+have their "heads and feet tied together, and
+so to be twenty-four hours, without meat or
+drink." Their bravery all exploded in a little
+while, and they plead piteously to be released,
+which was finally done by the Governor
+on their promising better behavior. "Such
+was the origin," says Dr. Morse, "and such,
+I may almost venture to say, was the termination
+of the odious practice of duelling in
+New England, for there have been very few
+fought there since."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>We are told by Ariosto of a warrior who
+was so happily gifted that when his arms, his
+legs, or even his head, happened to be chopped
+off in battle, he could jump down from
+his horse and replace the dissevered member.
+Many modern humbugs are of this description;
+they are real polipi; chop them into a thousand
+pieces, and each piece will start up as
+brisk and as lively as ever. Metaphysical
+humbugs are the most difficult kind to deal
+with. Contending with them is like wrestling
+with spectres; there is not substance enough
+to catch hold of.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Lately, at a sitting of the Norwegian legislature
+at Christiana, a petition was presented
+from the world-known fiddler, Ole Bull,
+in which he solicited the creation of a national
+theatre in that town, to receive a subvention
+from the government, and to which a
+dramatic school was to be attached. The
+Assembly voted that the petition should be
+taken into consideration, and appointed a
+committee to draw up a report on it. M. Bull
+has already founded, at his own cost, a theatre
+in his native town, Bergen. M. Bull visits
+this country now in search only of pleasure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="268" /><anchor id="Pg268" />
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Authors and Books</head>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Gutzkow's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Ritter vom Geiste</hi> (Knights of
+the Spirit) is at last finished, the ninth volume
+having made its appearance. It has
+faults of detail, and there are deficiencies in
+spots, but as a whole it is praised as eminently
+successful, and truly a new work. The idea
+in some respects recalls the Wilhelm Meister
+of Goethe, and the Nathan the Wise of
+Lessing, but the execution has more force and
+a larger and more imperious movement than
+either. The Knights of the Spirit are a body
+of men who are combined in an order to
+which they give that name, and this book is
+their history and that of the order. At the
+same time there is nothing mystical, supernatural,
+or merely fantastic about it, though its
+spirit is humanitary and even socialistic. The
+scene is in modern times, but though the
+names of the heroes are German, and the circumstances
+in which they are placed German,
+the author has succeeded in producing a truly
+cosmopolitan romance. The nine volumes
+are sold in Germany for about $8 00.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Henry Taylor</hi>, the author of Philip Van
+Artevelde, is the subject of an article in the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Grenzboten</hi>. The writer takes him, as the acknowledged
+first living dramatic poet of England,
+to be the best illustration of the nature
+and characteristics of the English drama.
+This drama is said to be more remarkable for
+sharply-outlined and detailed characters, than
+for the invention of exciting and consistent
+action. The characters in all their peculiarities
+are first created, and situations are made
+and arranged for them afterward. The evil
+of this is, that the whole thus becomes fragmentary,
+and the particulars outweigh and
+obscure the general spirit and intention of
+the piece. Even Shakspeare, with his gigantic
+genius, was not free from this defect.
+His Merry Wives of Windsor, for instance, is
+rich in comic situations and figures, but they
+are arbitrarily put together, and every scene
+has the character of an episode; the action
+does not go forward in a true and consistent
+course. Now-a-days the evil is worse, because
+it is the fashion to substitute reflection for
+natural feeling. Taylor is like those portrait
+painters who paint the features so carefully
+as to destroy the general character of the
+face. His men and women are not alive and
+genuine. Still their language is grave and
+noble, their thoughts comprehensive, often
+striking, and their emotions, though artificial,
+are elaborated with great insight and
+knowledge of the world. Compared with
+the wretched creations of the French romanticists,
+they are worthy of all praise. The
+critic then proceeds to analyze Isaac Comnenus,
+Philip Van Atevelde, and Fair Edwin,
+setting forth with great fairness the excellencies
+and faults of each.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A new contribution to an obscure but
+most interesting part of European history is
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Deutschland in der Revolutions periode von</hi>
+1522-26, (Germany, in the Revolutionary
+Period from 1522 to 26,) by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph Edmund
+Jörg</hi>. The author has had access to a great
+mass of original and hitherto unused materials,
+especially diplomatic correspondence
+and other documents in the Bavarian archives.
+His view of the subject is very different
+from that taken by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Zimmermann</hi>, in his
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Peasants' War</hi>, or by any other writer. He
+mocks at the idea that this revolution grew
+out of the evils and oppressions suffered by
+the people, and finds its most powerful impulse
+in the passion for innovation that
+sprung up along with the revival of classical
+studies in the middle ages.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The antique fashion of presenting poetic
+works to the public, is revived in Germany
+with great success. Professor <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Griepenkerl</hi> of
+Brunswick, whose tragedy of Robespierre
+made a great sensation a year or more since,
+is now reading his new play of the Girondists
+to large audiences in the principal cities.
+He has already been heard at Brunswick,
+Leipzig, Dresden, and Bremen, and proposes
+to visit other places on the same errand. The
+play, which is a tragedy of course, is much
+admired, though it is not thought to be adapted
+to the stage. The Girondists were not
+men of action, but orators and thinkers. The
+final scene in the play is the famous banquet
+before they were taken to execution. Charlotte
+Corday is among the characters; the
+women are said not to be drawn as truly and
+powerfully as the men.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Carlyle's</hi> Life of Stirling is criticised in the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Grenzboten</hi>, which calls Carlyle the strangest
+of all philosophers. This book is said, however,
+to be, on the whole, clearer and more
+intelligible than most of his former productions.
+Still, like most works of the new romantic
+school in England, of which Carlyle
+is the chief, it aims rather to give expression
+to the ideas and abilities of the author, than
+to do justice to its subject. But it is in Warren's
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Lily and the Bee</hi>, that the school appears
+in full bloom. This is said to consist
+mostly of exclamation points, and is written
+in a sort of lapidary style, that deals in riddles,
+pathos without object, sentimentality
+with irony, world-pain, and allusions to all
+the kingdoms of heaven and earth, without
+any explanation as to what relation these allusions
+bear to each other, and with a Titanic
+pessimism as its predominating tone, which
+first rouses itself up to take all by storm, and
+finishes by being soothed into happy intoxication
+by the odors of a lily. This is better treatment
+than <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Lily and the Bee</hi> gets at home.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="269" /><anchor id="Pg269" />
+
+<div>
+<p>In the second volume of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Shakspeare as
+Protestant, Politician, Psychologist and Poet</hi>,
+by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Ed. Vehse</hi>—spoken of as being "even
+more uninteresting than the first," we find
+the two following extraordinary ideas. Firstly,
+that Shakspeare followed a theory of
+physical <hi rend="font-style: italic">temperaments</hi> in his characters—that
+Hamlet was a representative of the melancholy
+or nervous, Othello of the choleric,
+Romeo of the sanguine, and Falstaff of the
+phlegmatic. Secondly, that in Falstaff,
+Shakspeare parodied—himself! Or to give
+his own words, "We may suppose that
+Shakspeare's physical constitution inclined
+to corpulence, and inspired in him the disposition
+to the life of a <hi rend="font-style: italic">bon vivant</hi>. His intimacy
+with the Earl of Southampton may
+have favored this disposition, since they led
+for a long time a dissipated tavern-life, and
+were rivals in love matters!" The work is
+principally made up of extracts from Shakspeare's
+plays, to every which extract we find
+appended "How admirable,"—"Excellent,"
+and similar aids to those who are not familiar
+with the English bard.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>We commend to the attention of philologists
+Das <hi rend="font-style: italic">Gothische Runenalphabet</hi>, (or The
+Gothic Runic Alphabet,) recently published
+by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Hertz</hi> of Berlin. "Before Wulfila, the
+Goths had an alphabet of twenty-five letters,
+formed according to the same principles, and
+bearing nearly the same names as the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Runes</hi>
+of the Anglo-Saxons and Northmen, and probably
+arranged in the same order of succession.
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Wulfila</hi> adopted the Grecian alphabet,
+which through his modification was received
+by the Goths to the old twenty-five letters."
+This is the theory propounded in the work,
+which is not wanting, as we learn, in instructive
+information. In connection with this we
+may notice a book which has been deemed
+worthy of a modern English republication in
+elegant style, the often referred to <hi rend="font-style: italic">Scriptural
+Poems</hi> of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Cædmon</hi>, in Anglo-Saxon, an edition
+of which, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">R. W. Bouterwek</hi>, with
+an Anglo-Saxon Glossary, has recently been
+published by Bædeher of Elberfeldt.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Preussische Zeitung</hi> states that <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M.
+Hanke</hi>, a learned Bohemian, is publishing, in
+Prague, a <hi rend="font-style: italic">fac-simile</hi> of the Gospels on which
+the Kings of France have always been sworn
+at their coronation at Rheims. The manuscript
+volume is in the Slavonian language,
+and has been preserved at Rheims ever since
+the twelfth century, but it has only been lately
+discovered in what language it was written.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The eleventh volume of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Monumenta
+Germaniæ Historica</hi> inde ab anno Christi 500
+usque ad annum 1500 auspiciis societ, aperiendis
+fontibus serum German medii ævi edid,
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">G. H. Pertz</hi>, has just made its appearance.
+This work is regarded as a stupendous effort
+of erudition and historical acumen, even in
+Germany.</p>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Hagberg</hi>, a professor at the University
+of Upsal, has just published at Stockholm a
+version of the complete works of Shakspeare,
+the first ever made in the Swedish language.
+It is in twelve thick octavo volumes. The
+Shaksperian Society of London having received
+a presentation copy of this translation,
+has returned a vote of thanks to Dr. Hagberg,
+accompanied by forty volumes of the Society's
+publications, all relating to the great dramatist
+and the state of dramatic art in his time.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dunlop's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Fiction</hi> has been translated
+into German by Professor Liebrecht of
+Liege, and enlarged so as to be much more
+complete than the original. The version
+bears the title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Geschichte der Prosadichtung
+oder, Geschichte der Romane, Novellen
+und Mährchen</hi> (History of Prose Poetry, or
+History of Romances, Novels and Traditional
+Tales). It gives a complete account of the
+most prominent fictions from the Greek romances
+down to the present day, and is quite
+as valuable for those who like to take their
+novels condensed, as for those who make a
+historical study of literature.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Holtei</hi>, the German poet, has published a
+four-volume novel, called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Die Vagabunden</hi>
+(The Vagabonds). It is a curious and successful
+book. It treats of the various classes that
+get their living by amusing others, not merely
+of theatrical and musical artists, but of circus-riders,
+ventriloquists, jugglers, rope-dancers,
+puppet-showmen, &amp;c. Indeed, actors and
+musicians are only introduced casually, while
+the lower classes, if we may so call them, of
+wandering artists, make up the book; and
+they make it up not in the form of caricatures
+or exaggerations, but as genuine living characters,
+with the faults and virtues that really
+belong to men of their respective professions
+The story is a good one, and is varied with
+all sorts of strange adventures.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In poetry we observe the attractive title
+of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Æolian Harp of the World's Poetry</hi>,
+a collection of poems of all countries and
+ages, "dedicated to German ladies and
+maidens," by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Ferd. Schmidt</hi>. Also by the
+same collector, a Household Treasury of the
+most beautiful Ballads, Romances, and Poetic
+Legends of all Times and Nations; by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Bruno
+Lindner</hi>, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Four Tales</hi>, and from the Countess
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Agnes Schwerin</hi>, a new edition of
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">What I heard from the bird</hi>. Were we
+confident that the Countess were intimately
+familiar with English poetry, we should feel
+half inclined to accuse her of having taken
+this title from</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">"High diddle ding, I heard a bird sing."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">G. Puslitz</hi> has "thrown forth," as Bacchus
+threw the wreath of Ariadne, a "garland of
+Stories," entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">What the Forest Tells</hi>.
+Whether, like the wreath alluded to, it will
+reach the stars, we must leave our readers or
+his to decide.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="270" /><anchor id="Pg270" />
+
+<div>
+<p>In Science, we observe the publication of
+a piece of eccentric nonsense such as emanates
+at the present day only from a weak
+brother in Germany, or occasionally from a
+would-be <hi rend="font-style: italic">original</hi> in New England. The
+work to which we refer is the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Natur und
+Geist</hi> (or <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nature and Spirit</hi>) of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Johann
+Riohers</hi>. In the second volume he attempts
+to utterly overwhelm, confound, and destroy
+Newton's Theory of Attraction, by such an
+argument as the following. "Let any man
+jump from a height, in descending he feels
+no <hi rend="font-style: italic">attraction</hi> to the Earth. How hasty and
+absurd therefore is it to attribute the movement
+in question to such an attraction."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A new collection of German Domestic Legends
+(<hi rend="font-style: italic">Haus Mährchen</hi>) has been published
+at Leipzig, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J.W. Wolf</hi>, a distinguished
+German philologist. His Legends closely resemble
+those collected by Grimm, and, like
+them, are curious and instructive. He obtained
+them, one from a Gipsey, others from
+peasants in the mountain districts, and others
+from some companies of Hessian soldiers.
+He remarks that many such ancient legends
+are yet floating about among the German
+people, and that they ought to be collected
+before they are lost.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Zend Avesta</hi>, or On the things of Heaven
+and the World beyond the Grave, is the title
+of a new book in three volumes just published
+at Leipzig, in German, of course, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Gustav
+Theodor Fechnor</hi>. The author attempts
+to prove the possibility, if not the certainty,
+of a future life of the individual after death.
+His demonstrations are drawn from the analogies
+of the natural world. He exhibits a
+wide acquaintance with nature and with literature,
+but is not thought to have made any
+positive additions to psychological science.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Those who are conversant with the curiosities
+of the Middle Ages, and have read the
+entertaining history of "<hi rend="font-style: italic">Ye Nigromancer
+Virgilius</hi>," in which the Mantuan bard lives
+no longer in the magic of song, but that of
+literal sorcery, will peruse with pleasure the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Virgil's Fortleben im Mittelalter</hi>, or The
+Life of Virgil continued in the Middle Ages,
+by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">G. Rappert</hi>. Of all the wild romantic
+legends which the romantic time brought
+forth, none surpass in singularity and interest
+this singular narration.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Temperance Tales</hi> are produced in Germany
+as well as elsewhere. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Jeremias Gotthelf</hi>
+is the best author who there cultivates
+this style of composition. His <hi rend="font-style: italic">Dürsli, the
+Brandy drinker</hi>, has just passed through a
+fourth edition, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">How five Maidens miserably
+perished in Brandy</hi>, to a second. Gotthelf has
+the talent of combining great dramatic interest
+and artistic freshness of narration, with
+a moral purpose. Hence the popularity of
+these little books.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Niehl's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Bûrgerliche Gesellschaft</hi> (Civil Society)
+is greatly praised by critics, as the most
+valuable work lately published in Germany,
+or indeed in Europe, upon the State of Society
+and the causes operating to change it.
+Especially good are its pictures of the different
+classes in Germany, such as the nobility,
+the peasantry, the industrious middle class,
+and the proletaries. These pictures are said
+to have the minuteness and fidelity of daguerreotypes.
+The chapter on the "proletaries
+of intellectual labor," gives any thing but
+a flattering account of the literary classes on
+the continent. Those classes are held up as
+in a great measure perverted, empty, and
+dangerous. Niehl divides Society in Germany
+into four great classes, namely: the peasantry,
+the aristocracy, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">bourgeoisie</hi> or middle
+class, and the proletariat, or mere laborers
+for wages. The last he regards as the
+decaying and corrupting class, a sort of scum
+in hot effervesence. This is, however, one
+of the classes that produce social movement;
+the other is the middle class; the conservative
+or stationary classes are the peasantry
+and aristocracy. The learned professions he
+reckons among the middle class. He makes
+no distinction between the proletaries who
+live by the soil, and those who live by working
+in connection with manufactures and mechanical
+trades.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Another contribution to Goethean literature
+is the Correspondence between the great
+Poet and his intimate friend Knebel, which
+has just appeared in Germany in two volumes.
+The letters extend from 1774 to 1832,
+and contain the free expression of Goethe's
+opinions on a great variety of important subjects,
+as well as many interesting particulars
+in his personal history, hitherto unknown.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Wetzstein</hi>, Prussian Consul at Damascus,
+has returned to Europe, bringing a
+valuable collection of Arabic, Turkish and
+Persian manuscripts, which he expects to sell
+to the Royal Library at Berlin. Of especial
+value is a history of Persia during the fifteenth
+and sixteenth centuries, which casts
+light on several portions of Persian history
+that have hitherto been obscure.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Longfellow's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Evangeline</hi> has been translated
+into German and published at Hamburg.
+The name of the translator is not given. The
+critics find that the poem has a very marked resemblance
+to Goethe's Herman and Dorothea.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Mayo's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Berber</hi> has been translated
+into the German by Mr. L. Dubois, and published
+at Leipzig.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A new and splendid edition of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Pilgrim's
+Progress</hi> has been published at Leipzig,
+in German. It is curious to see the good
+old book discussed by the critics as if it were
+a new production.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="271" /><anchor id="Pg271" />
+
+<div>
+<p>German Historical Literature has lately
+been enriched by numerous valuable works.
+Among these we notice <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Wenck's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Fränkische
+Reich</hi> (Frankish Empire), which treats that
+subject, from A.D. 843 to 861, with instructive
+thoroughness and philosophical insight;
+two essays by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Ficker</hi>, the one on Reinhald
+von Dassel, the Chancellor of Ferdinand I.,
+and the other on the attempt of Henry VI.
+to render the German empire hereditary;
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Arnthen's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Carinthia</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Rink's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Tirol</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Palazky's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Bohemia</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Minutoli's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Elector Frederic I.</hi>;
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Riedel's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Ten years of the History of the Ancestors
+of the Royal House of Prussia</hi>; the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of Schleswig Holstein</hi>, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">George
+Waitz</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Ruckert's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Annals of German History</hi>;
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">G. Philip's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Outlines of the History of
+the German Empire and German Law</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Gengler's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of German Law</hi>; the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Coins
+of the German Emperors and Kings in the
+Middle Ages</hi>, a large work by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Cappe</hi>; the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Celts and Ancient Helvetians</hi>, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. B. Brozi</hi>;
+and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Campaigns of the Bavarians</hi> from 1643
+to 1645, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. Hellmann</hi>; <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mayr's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Mann von
+Rinn</hi> (Man of Rinn) deserves special mention.
+The man of Rinn is Joseph Speckbacher, the
+hero of the war of 1809 in the Tyrol. His
+deeds, and those of his countrymen, are here
+narrated in a style as attractive as the facts
+are authentic.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In all the States of the German Confederation
+there are 2,651 booksellers, 400 of whom
+deal only in their own publications, 2,200 sell
+books, but do not publish, and 451 keep
+general assortments of books, and publish
+also. At Berlin there are 129 booksellers, at
+Leipzic, 145, at Vienna, 52, at Stuttgard, 50,
+and at Frankfort, 36. A hundred years ago
+there were only 31 at Leipzic and 6 at Berlin,
+and at two fairs held at Leipzic in 1750, only
+350 German booksellers' establishments were
+represented. No one is allowed in Germany
+to become a bookseller without a license from
+the government, and in Prussia the applicant
+has to pass a special examination.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Those desirous of acquiring languages by
+wholesale, may try a recent work by Captain
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. Nepomuk Szöllözy</hi>, with which the scholar
+can learn, according to the Ollendorffian system,
+French, German, English, Italian, Russian,
+Spanish, Hungarian, Wallachian and
+Turkish. Phrases and vocabularies of all the
+languages are appended.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A second edition of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Adolf Stahr's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Preussische
+Revolution</hi>, has appeared in Germany,
+revised by the author and dedicated to Macaulay.
+No recent book in Germany has
+been more successful than this.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Max Schlesinger's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Wanderings through
+London</hi> are announced at Berlin; the first
+volume is already published. One of the
+chapters treats of "Linkoln's-In-Fields."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>We learn from the last number of the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal Asiatique</hi>, that <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Wöpcke</hi>, a mathematician
+who devotes himself to Arabic
+studies, has discovered in some Arabic manuscripts
+two works purporting to be by Euclid,
+which have not been preserved in the Greek
+original, nor are any where referred to as
+his by ancient mathematical writers. One is
+a treatise on the lever, and the other on the
+division of planimetric figures. The authenticity
+of the two is thought to be perfectly
+established by collateral evidence.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The Hungarian author. Baron Eötvös, has
+just published a work called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Ueber den Einfluss
+der Neuen Ideen auf den Staat</hi> (On the
+influence of new ideas upon the State). He
+argues that the students of social and political
+science should confine themselves strictly
+to the method received in the natural sciences,
+and employed there with such success;
+first establish what are the genuine experimental
+phenomena, and then by induction settle
+the law which produces and governs them.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>We expect a treat from <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Moritz Wagner's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Reise nach Persien und dem Lande der Kurden</hi>
+(Journey to Persia and Kurdistan) the
+first volume of which is advertised in our last
+files of German papers. Wagner is one of
+the best of travellers, and we shall look for the
+book itself with some impatience. The second
+volume is announced as to appear in
+three weeks after the first.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The second part of the third volume of
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Humboldt's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Kosmos</hi>, has just appeared at
+Stuttgart. It treats of the heavenly nebulae,
+suns, planets, comets, aurora borealis, zodiacal
+light, meteors, and meteoric stones. This
+completes the uranological part of the description
+of the physical universe. Humboldt has
+already begun his fourth volume, and expects
+to finish it before June next.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Kossuth</hi> is speculated on by a German
+bookseller, who advertises a work giving a
+complete account of his sayings and doings
+since the capitulation at Vilagos, including
+his flight to Turkey and his residence there,
+the negotiations for his release, his journey
+from Kutahia to England, and his tarry there
+up to sailing for America, with a portrait.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">The Rev. Henry T. Cheever's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Life in the
+Sandwich Islands</hi> (noticed by us lately in the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">International</hi>), is reprinted in London, by
+Bentley, and translated in German for a publisher
+at Berlin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Silvio Pellico</hi>, so famous for his works,
+his imprisonments and sufferings, is passing
+the winter in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The complete works of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Clemens Brentano</hi>,
+have been brought out at Frankfort, in
+seven volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="272" /><anchor id="Pg272" />
+
+<div>
+<p>Two books of travels in Scandinavia have
+just appeared in Germany. One is the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Bilder
+aus dem Norden</hi> (Pictures of the North),
+by Professor <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Oscar Schmidt</hi> of Jena; and
+the other <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hägringar</hi>, or a Journey through
+Sweden, Lapland, Norway, and Denmark, in
+1850, by a young author. Professor Schmidt
+amply repays the reader, which is more than
+can always be said of the author of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hägringar</hi>.
+Both works are, however, especially
+worthy the attention of those who wish to
+study the natural history and ethnography of
+the countries in question.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Madame Von Weber</hi>, widow of the composer,
+who has for some years resided at Vienna,
+has applied to the Emperor of Austria
+for permission to dispose of the three original
+MSS. scores of her husband's operas, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Der
+Freischütz, Eutryanthe</hi>, and <hi rend="font-style: italic">Oberon</hi>. These
+were in the Royal Library at Vienna; and
+she purposes offering them to the three sovereigns
+of Saxony, Prussia, and England,—in
+which respective countries they were originally
+produced. The Emperor has caused the
+MSS. to be delivered to her.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Professor Nuytz</hi>, whose work on canon
+law was recently condemned by the Holy See,
+has resumed his lectures at Turin. The lecture-room
+was crowded, and the learned professor
+was received with loud applause. He
+adverted to the hostility of the clergy, and
+to the Papal censures of his work, which censures
+he declared to be in direct opposition to
+the rights of the civil power. He expressed
+his thanks to the ministry for having refused
+to deprive him of his chair.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A valuable contribution to Italian history
+is <hi rend="font-style: italic">Die Carafa von Maddaloni, Neapel unter
+Spanische Herrschaft</hi> (Naples under Spanish
+Domination), just published in Germany, by
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Alfred von Reumont</hi>, a member of the Prussian
+Legation at Florence, who, more than
+almost any other man, has made a study of the
+history of that part of Italy, and who in this
+work has had access to a great mass of new
+documents. He writes as a monarchist, but
+his facts may be relied on. The work is in
+two volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Every body remembers the noise made in
+New-York some fifteen years since by the
+revelations of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Maria Monk</hi>. We notice a
+translation of her famous disclosures advertised,
+with all sorts of trumpet blowing, in
+our German papers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>An edition of the complete works of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Kepler</hi>
+is preparing in Germany, under the supervision
+of Prof. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Frisch</hi>, of Stuttgart. The
+manuscripts of the great astronomer, preserved
+at St. Petersburg, have been examined
+for the purpose, with rich results. It is also
+proposed to erect a monument to Kepler at
+Stuttgart.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Sixteen German books were prohibited in
+Russia in August last; among them were <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Fontaine's</hi><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps"></hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Poems</hi>, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Görre's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Christian Mysticism</hi>,
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Kutz's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Manual of Sacred History</hi>, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Schmidt's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Death of Lord Byron</hi>, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Kinkel's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Truth without
+Poetry</hi>, and <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Strauss's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Life Questions</hi>. Of
+eleven other works, a few pages from each
+were prohibited; among these was the German
+version of Lieutenant <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Lynch's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">United
+States Expedition to the Jordan and the Dead
+Sea</hi>. These works are allowed to enter Russia
+after having the objectionable pages cut out.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The science of landscape gardening is enriched
+by a new work of value just published
+at Leipzig, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Rudolph Liebeck</hi>, the director
+of the public garden in that city. It is called
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Die bildenden Garten Kunst in seinen Modernen
+Formen</hi> (The Modern Constructive Art
+of Gardening). It has twenty colored plates.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Cotta</hi>, of Stuttgart, is preparing to publish
+a splendid illustrated edition of Goethe's
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Faust</hi>. The designs are to be by an artist
+well known in Germany, Engelbert Seibertz.
+The work is to be published in numbers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The historical remains and letters of George
+Spalatin have been published at Weimar.
+They are a valuable addition to the history
+of the Reformation.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>It is remarkable that the only oriental nation
+whose literature has much resemblance
+to ours, and has a direct practical value for
+us, is the Chinese. For instance, the works
+of this people upon agriculture abound in
+practical information, which may be made
+immediately useful in Europe and America.
+We noticed, some time since, the treatise on
+the raising and care of silk worms, translated
+and published at Paris, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Stanislas Julien</hi>,
+which was so warmly welcomed in
+France as a timely addition to what was
+there known upon the subject. It seems that
+this work was but a small portion of an extensive
+Cyclopedia of Agriculture in use in
+China, where the science of tilling the soil
+has in many respects been developed to an
+astonishing degree of perfection. This cyclopedia,
+M. Hervey, a French scholar, whose
+knowledge of the Eastern languages is accompanied
+by an equally profound love of
+farming, has undertaken to translate entire.
+This is a difficult and tedious enterprise, especially
+on account of the mass of botanical
+and technical expressions which occur in the
+work, and of which the dictionaries furnish
+no explanation. Meanwhile M. Hervey has
+published some of the results of his studies in
+a work called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Investigations on Agriculture
+and Gardening among the Chinese</hi>. He mentions
+several varieties of fruits, vegetables,
+and trees, which might advantageously be introduced
+into France and Algiers; he also
+analyzes the Cyclopedia, and shows what are
+the difficulties in translating it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="273" /><anchor id="Pg273" />
+
+<div>
+<p>A remarkable contribution to our knowledge
+of China, is <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Biot</hi>'s recent translation
+of the book called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</hi>. It seems that in
+the twelfth century before Christ, the second
+dynasty that had ruled the country, that of
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Thang</hi>, fell by its own vices, and the empire
+passed into the hands of Wu-wang, the head
+of the princely family of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</hi>. Wu-wang
+was a great soldier and statesman; he confided
+to his brother Tscheu-Kong, a man evidently
+of extraordinary political genius, the
+moral and administrative reformation of the
+empire. He first laid the foundation of a reform
+in moral ideas by an addition to the Y-King
+or sacred book, which the Chinese revere
+and incessantly study, but which still remains
+an unintelligible mystery for Europeans. Of
+his administrative reforms a complete record
+is preserved in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</hi>, and nothing could
+be easier to understand.</p>
+
+<p>When the Tscheus thus came into power,
+they found in existence a powerful feudal
+aristocracy, from which they themselves proceeded,
+and which they must tolerate. Accordingly,
+they recognized within the imperial
+dominions sixty-three federal jurisdictions,
+which were hereditary, but whose
+rulers were obliged to administer according
+to the laws and methods of the empire. Having
+made this concession, they abolished all
+other hereditary offices, and established instead,
+a vast system of centralization, such as
+the world has never seen equalled elsewhere.
+The administration, according to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</hi>,
+is divided among six ministries, which were
+also divided into sections, and the executive
+functions descend regularly and systematically
+to the lowest official, and include the
+entire movement of society. The emperor
+and the feudal princes are restrained by formalities
+and usage, as well as by the expression
+of disapprobation; and the officials of
+every grade by their hierarchical dependency,
+and by a system of incessant oversight; and
+finally, the people by proscription, and the
+education, industrial, as well as mental and
+moral, which the State dispenses to them.
+The sole idea in which this astonishing system
+rests, is that of the State, whose office is
+to care for all that can contribute to the public
+good, and which regulates the action of
+every individual with a view to this end. In
+his organization, Tscheu-Kong excelled every
+thing that the most centralized governments
+of Europe have devised.</p>
+
+<p>The Tscheu family remained in power for
+five centuries, and was finally broken down
+by the feudal element they had preserved.
+But so deep was the impress of Tscheu-Kong
+upon the nation, that after centuries of revolutions
+and civil war, it returned to his institutions
+and principles, and it is by them and
+in a great degree in their exact forms, that
+China is now governed.</p>
+
+<p>In form the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu-li</hi> is like an imperial
+almanac of our own times. It is, however,
+much more complete, because Tscheu-Kong
+gives in it a mass of detailed instructions, in
+order to make the officials aware of their duties
+and the precise limits of their authority.
+Thus the work affords a quite exact picture
+of the social condition of China at that time.
+There is no other monument of antiquity with
+which it can be compared, except the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Manus</hi>,
+the Indian book of law. The difference is,
+that in China the intellectual activity was altogether
+political, and the public organization
+altogether imperial and political; while in India
+the mental activity was metaphysical, and
+the public organization altogether municipal.</p>
+
+<p>The translation of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tscheu</hi> was not published
+till after M. Biot's decease; it was
+brought out by his father, with the assistance
+of M. Stanislas Julien.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The library of the famous Cardinal Mezzofanti
+is about to be sold, and the catalogue is
+already printed—in Italian, of course. It is one
+of the most extensive and valuable collection
+of works in various languages ever made, and
+it is to be hoped that it may not be disposed
+of at the sale, but pass all together into some
+public library—that of some university would
+be most appropriate. To indicate the contents
+of the catalogue, we give the titles of
+the different parts: Books in Albanian or
+Epirotic, Arabic, Armenian, American (Indian
+dialects of Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay,
+Peru, United States), Bohemian, Chaldaic,
+Chinese (Cochin-Chinese, Trin-Chinese, Japanese),
+Danish (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic,
+Laplandic), Hebrew (Antique, Rabbinic,
+Samaritan), Egyptian, or Coptic-Egyptian
+and Coptic, Arabic, Etrusean, Phœnician,
+Flemish, French (Breton-French, Lorraine-French,
+Provençal), Gothic and Visi-Gothic,
+and Greek and Greek-Latin, Modern Greek,
+Georgian or Iberian, Cretian or Rhetian,
+Illyrian, Indo-oriental (Angolese, Burmese
+or Avian, Hindostanee, Malabar, Malayan,
+Sanscrit), English (Arctic, Breton or Celtic,
+Scotch-Celtic, Scotch, Irish, Welch), Italian
+(Fineban dialect, Maltese, Milanese, Sardinian,
+Sicilian), Kurdistanee or Kurdic, Latin, Maronite
+and Syriac Maronite, Oceanic (Australian),
+Dutch, Persian, Polish, Portuguese (various
+dialects), Slavonian (Carniolan, Serbian,
+Ruthenian, Slavo-Wallachian), Syriac, Spanish
+(Catalan, Biscayan), Russian, Turkish,
+Hungarian, Gipsey.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The French historian <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Michelet</hi>, deprived
+of his professorship in the College of France,
+is devoting himself more than ever to literature.
+His last work, of which an authorized
+translation has just appeared in London, is
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Martyrs of Russia</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Michel Nicolas</hi>, one of the ablest among
+the French theologico-ethical writers, has
+published a translation of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Considerations
+on the Nature and Historical Developments
+of Christian Philosophy</hi>, by Dr. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Ritter</hi>, of
+the University of Gottingen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="274" /><anchor id="Pg274" />
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Schonenberger</hi>, a music-publisher at
+Paris, has purchased from the heirs of Paganini
+the copyright of his works, and is now
+publishing them, under the editorial supervision
+of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Achille Paganini</hi>, the son of the
+great violinist. The edition will comprise
+every thing that he left behind in writing.
+Hector Berlioz speaks with enthusiasm in the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal des Debats</hi> of the two grand concertos
+which have just appeared, one of them containing
+the marvellous rondo of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">campanella</hi>.
+Berlioz speaks in high praise of Paganini's
+genius as a composer. A volume would
+be required, he says, to indicate the new effects,
+the ingenious methods, the grand and
+noble forms which he discovered, and even
+the orchestral combinations, which before him
+were not suspected. In spite of the rapid
+progress which, thanks to Paganini, the violin
+is making at the present day in respect of
+mechanical execution, his compositions are
+yet beyond the skill of most violinists, and in
+reading them it is hardly possible to conceive
+how their author was able to execute them.
+Unfortunately he was not able to transmit
+to his successors the vital spark which animated
+and rendered <hi rend="font-style: italic">human</hi> those astonishing
+prodigies of mechanism.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Philarete Chasles</hi>, one of the literary
+critics of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal des Debats</hi>, has published,
+at Paris, a book called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Etudes sur la Litterateur
+et les Mæurs des Anglo-Americanis</hi>,
+which abounds in those curious blunders that
+some French authors seem to be destined to
+when they write upon topics connected with
+foreign countries. For instance, he makes
+the pilgrims of Plymouth to have been the
+founders of Philadelphia, New-York, and
+Boston. Buffalo he sets down opposite to
+Montreal, speaks of the puritans of Pennsylvania
+as near neighbors of Nova Scotia, and
+extends Arkansas to the Rocky Mountains.
+At New-York his regret is that a railroad has
+destroyed the beauty of Hoboken, and at New
+Orleans he laments that marriages between
+whites and Creoles are interdicted. Of Cooper,
+Irving, Bryant, Audubon, and Longfellow,
+he speaks in terms of just praise, but Willis is
+not mentioned. Bancroft and Hildreth are
+mentioned as historians, Prescott is spoken
+of briefly in connection with his Ferdinand
+and Isabella, while his other works are not
+alluded to. To Herman Melville, M. Chasles
+devotes fifty pages, while Mr. Ticknor has not
+even the honor of a mention. The author of
+this work is very far from doing justice either
+to American literature or to himself.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Five of the nine intended volumes of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Lafuente's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">General History of Spain</hi> from the
+remotest times to the present day, have appeared
+in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In Paris a new edition is announced of the
+best French versions of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Fenimore Cooper's</hi>
+works—six or eight illustrated volumes.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Guizot</hi> is about to publish a new volume
+at Paris, with the title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Shakspeare et son
+Temps</hi> (Shakspeare and his Times). It is to be
+composed of his Life of Shakspeare, and the
+articles that he has written at various times
+upon different plays. The only novelty in it is
+a notice on Hamlet which was prepared expressly
+for this publication. He regards both
+Macbeth and Othello as better dramas than
+Hamlet, but thinks the last contains more
+brilliant examples of Shakspeare's sublimest
+beauties and grossest faults. "Nowhere,"
+says Guizot, "has he unveiled with more
+originality, depth and dramatic effect, the inmost
+state of a great soul: but nowhere has
+he more abandoned himself to the caprices,
+terrible or burlesque, of his imagination, and
+to that abundant intemperance of a mind
+pressed to get out its ideas without choosing
+among them, and bent on rendering them
+striking by a strong, ingenious, and unexpected
+mode of expression, without any regard
+to their truth and natural form." The
+French critic also thinks that on the stage
+the effect of Hamlet is irresistible.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A Capital work on Paris has just been
+published at Berlin, from the pen of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Friedrich
+Szarvady</hi>, a Hungarian, who has resided
+for several years in Paris. The titles
+of the chapters are:—Paris in Paris; Strangers
+in Paris; Parisian Women; Street Eloquence;
+the Temple of Jerusalem (the Bourse);
+Salons and Conversation; Dancing, Song,
+and Flowers; the Ball at the Grand Opera;
+Artist Life; the Press; the Feuilleton; History
+on a Public Square; Lamartine, Cavaignac,
+Thiers; Louis Bonaparte. Szarvady observes
+sharply, and writes with as much grace
+and <hi rend="font-style: italic">esprit</hi> as a Frenchman. Nothing can be
+more taking than his pages. They deserve a
+translation from the German into English.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Villergas</hi>, the Spanish historian, who in
+one of his recent works drew a parallel between
+Espartero and Narvaez which excited
+great attention at Madrid and in other parts
+of Spain, has just been condemned by the
+court which has charge of the offences of the
+press, to a fine of twenty thousand reals, or
+twenty-five hundred dollars, for the sin
+against public order and private character
+contained in that parallel.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>An interesting and valuable series of articles
+reviewing historically the systems of
+land tenure which have prevailed in different
+countries, is appearing in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Journal des
+Débats</hi> from the pen of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Henry Trianon</hi>.
+The systems of India and China have already
+been examined.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The termagant wife of Sir Edward Bulwer
+Lytton has just published <hi rend="font-style: italic">The School for Husbands</hi>,
+a novel founded on the life and times
+of Moliere. Probably her own husband is
+shot at in all the chapters.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="275" /><anchor id="Pg275" />
+
+<div>
+<p>The books on modern French history would
+already fill an Alexandrian library, and every
+month produces new ones. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Leonard
+Gallois</hi>, a well-known historical writer, announces
+a <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Revolution of February,
+1848</hi>, in <hi rend="font-style: italic">five</hi> large octavos, with forty-one
+portraits. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Barante</hi>'s <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Convention</hi>
+will consist of six octavos, of which three
+are published, and the last is accompanied by
+it biographical sketch of each of the seven
+hundred and fifty members. The period embraced
+in this work is from 1792 to 1795, inclusive.
+There is a new <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the City of
+Lyons</hi>, in three octavos, by the city librarian.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Letters and unpublished Essays of
+Count</hi> <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Joseph de Maistre</hi> have been brought
+out at Paris, in two volumes octavo. The
+letters show the celebrated author in a new
+and pleasing light; a tone of genial unreserve
+prevails in many of them, which those who
+have become familiar with his brilliant, dogmatic,
+and paradoxical intellect, in his more
+elaborate writings, would hardly suppose him
+capable of. No writer, of this century at
+least, has more powerfully set forth the doctrines
+of the Roman Catholic Church than he.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Political Situation of Cuba</hi>, a volume
+published in Paris, by Don <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Antonio Saco</hi>, is
+commended in the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Revue des Deux Mondes</hi>.
+Don Antonio was one of the most distinguished
+intelligences and liberals of the precious
+island: he argues against independence, or
+annexation to the American Union: he suggests
+various arrangements by which Spain
+could safely establish political freedom in Cuba,
+and he thinks administrative and judicial
+reforms to counteract the worst ills of her
+present situation, might be accomplished.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A New edition of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Sharon Turner</hi>'s <hi rend="font-style: italic">History
+of the Anglo-Saxons</hi> has just appeared
+in London, with important additions and revision.
+The first edition of Turner's History
+was published in London more than fifty
+years ago. At the time when the first volume
+appeared, the subject of Anglo-Saxon
+antiquities had been nearly forgotten by the
+British public, although the most venerated
+laws, customs, and institutions of the nation
+originated before the Norman conquest. The
+Anglo-Saxon manuscripts lay unexamined in
+archives, and the important information they
+contained had never been made a part of general
+history. Mr. Turner undertook a careful
+and patient investigation of all the documents
+belonging to the period preserved in
+the kingdom, and the result of his labors was
+the work in question, which at once gave rise
+to an almost universal passion for the records
+and remains of the Anglo-Saxon people, and
+called forth general applause from the best
+minds of England. A good edition of his
+History was published several years ago by
+Carey and Hart of Philadelphia, but it is
+now, we believe, out of print.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The Rev. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">John Howard Hinton</hi>, author
+of a well-known History of the United States,
+has published, in London, a volume under the
+title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Test of Experience</hi>, in which he
+has presented a masterly argument for the
+voluntary principle in matters of religion.
+The "test of experience" is in this, as in all
+other things, the best of tests, and the religious
+institutions of the United States can well
+bear its application. One of the most noticeable
+results of the non-interference of the
+State is pointed out in the following passage:</p>
+
+<quote rend="display">
+<p>"To travellers in the United States, no fact has
+been more immediately or more powerfully striking
+than the total absence of religious rivalry.
+Amidst such a multitude of sects, an inhabitant of
+the old world naturally, and almost instinctively
+looks for one that sets up exclusive pretensions
+and possesses an actual predominance. But he
+finds nothing of the kind. Neither presbyterianism,
+or prelacy, nor any other form of ecclesiasticism,
+makes the slightest effort to lift its head
+above its fellow. And with the resignation of exclusive
+pretensions, the entire ecclesiastical strife
+has ceased, and the din of angry war has been
+hushed; and here, at length, the voluntary principle
+is able to exhibit itself in its true colors, as a
+lover of peace and the author of concord. It is
+busied no longer with the arguing of disputed
+claims, but throws its whole energy into free and
+combined operations for the extension of Christianity.
+The general religious energy embodies itself
+in a thousand forms; but while there is before the
+church a vast field to which the activities of all
+are scarcely equal, there is, also, 'a fair field and
+no favor,'—a field in which all have the same advantages,
+and in which each is sure to find rewards
+proportionate to its wisdom and its zeal. This inestimable
+benefit of religious peace is clearly due
+to the voluntary principle."</p>
+</quote>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Junius</hi>, since the publication of his Letters,
+never figured more conspicuously than during
+the last month. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Paris Revue des Deux
+Mondes</hi> has a very long article on the great
+secret by M. Charles Remusat, a member of
+the Institute, well known in historical criticism.
+He arrays skilfully the facts and reasonings
+which British inquirers have adduced
+in favor of Sir Philip Francis, and the other
+most probable author, Lord George Sackville.
+He seems to incline to the latter, but does not
+decide. He pronounces that, on the whole,
+Junius was not "a great publicist." His
+powers and influence are investigated and
+explained by M. de Remusat with acuteness
+and comprehensive survey. Lord Mahon, in
+his new volumes, says, "From the proofs adduced
+by others, and on a clear conviction of
+my own, I affirm that the author of Junius
+was no other than Sir Philip Francis." We
+think not. The London <hi rend="font-style: italic">Athenæum</hi>, last year,
+we thought, settled this point. It is understood
+that the editor of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Grenville Papers</hi>,
+now on the eve of publication, in London, is
+in favor of Lord Temple as a claimant for the
+authorship of Junius. The January number of
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Quarterly Review</hi> contains an article on
+the subject.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="276" /><anchor id="Pg276" />
+
+<div>
+<p>The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Natural History of the Human Species</hi>,
+by Lieutenant-Colonel <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Charles Hamilton
+Smith</hi>, is the title of a duodecimo volume
+from the press of Gould &amp; Lincoln of Boston.
+An American editor (Dr. Kneeland) has
+added an introductory survey of recent literature
+on the subject. The whole performance
+is feeble. The author and his editor
+endeavor to make out something like the infidel
+theory of Professor <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Agassiz</hi>, which, a
+year or two ago, attracted sufficient attention
+to induce an investigation and an intelligent
+judgment, in several quarters, as to the
+real claims of that person to the distinctions
+in science which his advertising managers
+claim for him. We have not space now for
+any critical investigation of the work, and
+therefore merely warn that portion of our
+readers who feel any interest in ethnological
+studies, of its utter worthlessness.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>An Englishman, Mr. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Francis Bonynge</hi>, recently
+from the East Indies, has come to this
+country at the instance of our minister in
+London, for the purpose of bringing before
+us the subject of introducing some twenty of
+the most valuable agricultural staples of the
+East, among which are the tea, coffee, and
+indigo plants, into the United States. He
+gives his reasons for believing that tea and
+indigo would become articles of export from
+this country to an amount greater than the
+whole of our present exports. He says that
+tea, for which we now pay from sixty-five to
+one hundred cents per lb. may be produced
+for from two to five cents, free from the noxious
+adulterations of the tea we import. He
+has published a small volume under the title
+of <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Future Wealth of America</hi>, in which his
+opinions are fully explained and illustrated.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The first volume of a work on <hi rend="font-style: italic">Christian
+Iconography</hi>, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Didron</hi>, of Paris, opens
+to the curious reader a new source of intellectual
+enjoyment, both in the department of
+ancient religious art, and in the archæology
+of the early paintings of the Catholic Church.
+The rich, profuse, and quaint plates of the
+original work are used in a translation ably
+made by E.J. Millington, published in London
+by Bohn, and in New-York by Bangs.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Sir Francis Bond Head</hi>, so well known
+in this country as one of the former governors
+of Canada, and as an author of remarkable
+versatility and cleverness, has published
+an agreeable but superficial book on Paris—the
+Paris of January, 1852—under the quaint
+title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">A Bundle of French Sticks</hi>; and Mr.
+Putnam has reprinted it in his new library.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A remarkable book published in Louisville,
+Kentucky, in 1847, by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. D. Nourse</hi>,
+under the title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Remarks on the Past, and
+its Legacies to American Society</hi>, has just
+been reprinted in London, with an introduction
+by <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">D. T. Coulton</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The following works, all of which have
+promising titles, will soon be published by
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. S. Redfield</hi>: <hi rend="font-style: italic">Men of the Times in 1852</hi>,
+comprising biographical sketches of all the
+celebrated men of the present day; <hi rend="font-style: italic">Characters
+in the Gospels</hi>, by Rev. E. H. Chapin;
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Tales and Traditions of Hungary</hi>, by Theresa
+Pulzky; <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Comedy of Love</hi>, and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Eighteenth Century</hi>, by Arsene
+Houssaye; Aytoun's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lays of the Scottish
+Cavaliers</hi>; <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Cavaliers of England</hi>, and
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Knights of the Olden Time, or the Chivalry
+of England, France and Spain</hi>, by Henry
+W. Herbert; <hi rend="font-style: italic">Lectures and Miscellanies</hi>,
+by Henry James; and <hi rend="font-style: italic">Isa: a Pilgrimage</hi>, by
+Caroline Chesebro.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-style: italic">The Westminster Review</hi> says of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Alice
+Carey</hi>, whose <hi rend="font-style: italic">Clovernook</hi> we noticed favorably
+in the last <hi rend="font-style: italic">International</hi>, that "no American
+woman can be compared to her for
+genius;" the Paris <hi rend="font-style: italic">Débats</hi> refers to her as a
+poet of the rank of Mrs. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Elizabeth Barrett
+Browning</hi> in England; the literary critic of
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Tribune</hi> (the learned and accomplished
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Ripley</hi> whose judgment in such a matter is
+beyond appeal) prefers her <hi rend="font-style: italic">Clovernook</hi> to Miss
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mitford's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Our Village</hi>, or Professor <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Wilson's</hi>
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Lights and Shadows of Scottish Life</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Daniel S. Curtiss</hi> has availed himself
+well of large opportunities for personal observation,
+in his volume just published under
+the title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Western Portraiture, and Emigrant's
+Guide</hi>, a description of Wisconsin, Illinois,
+and Iowa, with remarks on Minnesota
+and other territories. It is the most judicious
+and valuable book of the kind we have seen.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Herr Freund</hi>, the Philologist, is in London,
+engaged in constructing a German-English
+and English-German dictionary upon his
+new system; and Professor <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Smith</hi>, the learned
+editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, announces a dictionary of
+Greek and Roman Geography, the articles to
+be written by the principal contributors to
+his previous works.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">The Christmas Books</hi> of the present season
+in England have not been very remarkable.
+Mr. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dickens</hi>, in an extra number of his
+Household Words, printed <hi rend="font-style: italic">What Christmas
+is to Everybody</hi>; and we have from <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Wilkie
+Collins</hi>, <hi rend="font-style: italic">A New Christmas Story</hi>; by the
+author of "The Ogilvies," <hi rend="font-style: italic">Alice Learmont, a
+Fairy Tale of Love</hi>; by the author of "The
+Maiden Aunt," a pleasant little book entitled
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Use of Sunshine</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Under the title of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Excerpta de P. Ovidii
+Nastonis</hi>, Blanchard &amp; Lea of Philadelphia
+have published a series of selections from a
+poet whose works, for obvious reasons, are
+not read entire in the schools. The extracts
+present some of the most beautiful parts of
+this graceful and versatile poet.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="277" /><anchor id="Pg277" />
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>THE FINE ARTS</head>
+
+<p>The American Art Unions have not been
+successful in the last year, unless an exception
+may be made in regard to that of New
+England, at Boston. The American, at New-York,
+deferred indefinitely its annual distribution
+of pictures, on account of the small
+number of its subscriptions; and the Pennsylvanian,
+at Philadelphia, by a recent fire in
+that city has lost its admirably-engraved
+plates of Huntington's pictures from the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Pilgrim's
+Progress</hi>, the last of which was just
+completed and placed in the hands of the
+printer. It will make no distribution.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A Sicilian artist, residing at Naples, has
+amused himself, and probably pleased his sovereign,
+by composing a life-sized group, representing
+Religion supporting King Ferdinand,
+and guarded by an angel, who places
+his foot on an evil spirit. On the other side
+of this group is a child bearing the scales of
+justice. "How much," writes a correspondent
+of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Athenæum</hi>, "the artist is to get for
+this plaster blasphemy, I know not; but a
+more impudent caricature (at the present moment)
+it would be difficult to imagine." Another
+artist has, however, beaten the Sicilian
+sculptor quite out. A small bronze group represents
+Religion triumphing over Impiety
+and Anarchy. Impiety is represented by a
+female figure, under whose arm are two books
+inscribed Voltaire and Luther! Anarchy has
+taken off her mask, and let fall two scrolls, on
+which are written <hi rend="font-style: italic">Communismo</hi> and <hi rend="font-style: italic">Constituto</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Professor Zahn</hi>, who has been engaged
+during a period of more than twenty years in
+examining the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum,
+has exhibited at Berlin a collection of
+casts unique in their kind. These are 8,000
+in number; and comprise all the remarkable
+sculptures of the above places, besides those
+found at Stabiæ, and those of the vast collection
+of the Museo Borbonico and other museums
+of the Two Sicilies. The casts from
+the Museo Borbonico are the first ever made,—the
+King of Naples having accorded the
+privilege of taking these copies to M. Zahn
+alone, in royal recompense for the Professor's
+great work on Pompeii and Herculaneum.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A book which all students of art should
+possess, is <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Kugler's</hi> <hi rend="font-style: italic">Geschichte der Kunst</hi>
+(History of Art), with the Illustrations (<hi rend="font-style: italic">Bilderatlos</hi>)
+which accompany it, and which are
+now being published at Stuttgart. The ancient
+and modern schools of Art—Painting,
+Sculpture, and Architecture—are here represented
+in outlines of their most celebrated
+and characteristic works. Eleven numbers
+of these Illustrations have appeared, and the
+whole work will be completed in the course
+of the coming year.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In our musical world there have been several
+noticable facts in the last month. The
+opera company, perhaps from the utter incapacity
+of its director, has been divided, and
+the best portion of it has been singing at Niblo's
+Theatre. Jenny Lind's farewell series
+of concerts was prevented by intelligence of
+the death of the great singer's mother, in
+Sweden. Catherine Hayes has been successful
+in several concerts at Tripler Hall, and
+Mrs. Bostwick, whom the best critics of the
+city regard as superior to any singer who has
+appeared among us, except Jenny Lind, has
+given a second series of her subscription concerts,
+which were extremely well attended.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A correspondent of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Athenæum</hi>, writing
+from Egypt, urges that a few young artists
+should be sent out with orders to copy
+all the hieroglyphics on the most important
+temples, as well as the numerous tablets and
+fragments which are daily brought to light.
+"A work pursued with such materials—all
+theories and arbitrary classification being excluded—would
+ever remain as a lasting monument,
+and would reflect great credit on the
+Government which should order its execution."
+Less than one-half of the money required
+for the removal of the Obelisk would
+amply cover all expenses.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A correspondent of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Kuhne's Europa</hi> writes
+from Dresden that a number of humorous
+drawings, sketched by the pencil of Schiller,
+and accompanied by descriptions in his own
+hand, have been found in the possession of
+a Swabian family, with whom the great poet
+became acquainted during his residence at
+Loschwitz.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In Berlin, M. von Prinz, a pupil of Kiss,
+the sculptor, is erecting a group which he
+calls <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Lion-killer</hi> in imitation of the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Amazon</hi>. Kiss himself is engaged on a set of
+groups from a fox-hunt, Rauch has almost
+completed a bust of Humboldt, and statues of
+General Gneisenau and of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hope</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>A colossal statue of the Emperor Napoleon,
+thirty feet high, is to be placed on the
+top of the Triumphal Arch, at the end of the
+Champs Elysées, in Paris.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Kaulbach</hi> has undertaken to draw a set
+of sketches for an illustrated edition of Shakspeare,
+which will shortly be published by
+Nicolai, At Berlin.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Greenough</hi>, is now in New-York,
+awaiting the arrival of his splendid group for
+the Capitol, from Italy. He will soon be engaged
+on his statue of his friend the late Mr.
+Cooper, to be erected in this city.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="278" /><anchor id="Pg278" />
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Historical Review of the Month</head>
+
+<p>The extraordinary abilities of Kossuth as
+orator, hid attractive personal qualities, and
+grandeur of his propositions, continue to occupy
+the generous regard of the people of the United
+States, but the impression which obtained at
+one time that the national government would in
+any manner or degree enter into his plans for
+confining a future contest for the liberty of Hungary
+exclusively to the two parties most immediately
+interested, appears to have been very generally
+given up. This country will continue to encourage
+and aid oppressed peoples by showing how
+wisely and efficiently its servants can attend to
+her own affairs. At the same time it is not to be
+doubted that citizens in their private capacity may
+and will do much for the illustrious exile who pleads
+among us for the means of opposing the oppressors
+of his nation. Kossuth has been entertained
+at public banquets since he left New-York by the
+authorities of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington,
+Annapolis, and Harrisburg; he has been received
+by the President of the United States, the
+two houses of Congress, and the legislatures of
+Maryland and Pennsylvania; and on the 7th of
+January he dined with the representatives, senators,
+and other persons connected with the government,
+at Washington, and Daniel Webster,
+Lewis Cass, William H. Seward, and Stephen A.
+Douglass, made speeches on the occasion expressive
+of their personal respect and sympathy, and
+their anxiety as individuals to see Hungary independent.
+Mr. Cass indeed went so far as entirely
+to endorse the doctrine of Kossuth respecting intervention
+to insure non-intervention. Kossuth is
+now in the state of Ohio, and he probably will remain
+in this country long enough—since the French
+revolution has at least deferred any great and united
+movement of the European democracy—to visit
+all the principal cities of the valley of the Mississippi.</p>
+
+<p>But little important business has yet been accomplished
+in Congress, though numerous bills
+have been introduced, as is usual in the early
+weeks of the session. On the morning of the 24th
+of December, a portion of the capitol, occupied
+by the national library, was destroyed by fire, with
+nearly sixty thousand printed volumes, and many
+MSS., maps, medals, portraits, sculptures, and
+other works of art.</p>
+
+<p>The legislature of several of the states are
+now in session. Those of Ohio, Michigan, Mississippi,
+Wisconsin and California, met on the 5th of
+January; those of New-York, Pennsylvania and
+Delaware, on the 7th; those of Maryland and
+Massachusetts, on the 7th; that of Indiana, on the
+8th; those of Virginia and Illinois, on the 12th;
+that of New Jersey, on the 13th; that of Maine,
+on the 14th, and that of Louisiana, on the 19th.
+No great national questions have been prominently
+before the state legislatures, except that
+of our foreign relations, with special reference to
+Hungary, upon which the assemblies in the several
+states appear to be less conservative than
+Congress. The most important subject of local
+administration, is that of the suppression of the
+sales of intoxicating liquors. The law of Maine,
+enacted last year, will probably be sustained in
+that state; in Massachusetts a petition with more
+than one hundred thousand signatures, has been
+offered in the legislature for such a law, and similar
+efforts are being made in New-York and other
+States.</p>
+
+<p>In Mexico there is a continuance of the imbecility
+of the government and the agitations of factions.
+Rumors, constantly varying, in regard to
+the conduct and prospects of Caravajal, leave us
+in doubt whether any thing of real importance
+will grow out of his attempts at revolution in the
+northern provinces. The administration appears
+to have acted with decision, but probably with
+impotence so far as the final result is concerned, in
+regard to the Tehuantepee railroad contract.</p>
+
+<p>South America presents the usual series of disturbances,
+with some facts which indicate a prospect
+of repose; but all such prospects in the
+Spanish states of this continent are apt to be deceptive.
+The birthday of Bolivar was celebrated
+at Caracas on the 28th of October with great public
+festivities. Treaties between Brazil and Uruguay
+were formed for alliance, military aid, commerce
+and navigation, and the mutual surrender of criminals,
+on the 12th of October. We learn from
+Buenos Ayres that, through November, Rosas was
+making great preparations to meet Urquiza. He
+had established a corps of observation in the direction
+of Entre Rios to look out for an invasion.
+A considerable emigration was taking place from
+Buenos Ayres to Montevideo, mostly of previous
+residents of the latter city.</p>
+
+<p>In Great Britain the most important recent
+event is the retirement of Lord Palmerston from
+the cabinet, in which he held the place of Secretary
+of State for Foreign Affairs. This occurred
+on the 22d of December. The causes of Lord
+Palmerston's retirement are a subject of much
+unsatisfactory speculation, and the fact is generally
+regretted by the friends of political liberty in
+Europe. His successor is Lord Granville, a nobleman
+of manly and liberal character, heretofore
+connected with the government. It is apprehended
+that the popular feeling may induce the
+recall of Lord Palmerston to be the head of a new
+Ministry. Great Britain has now no envoy resident
+in the United States, but it is not improbable
+that Sir Henry Bulwer will return to this country
+for the final settlement of affairs connected with
+Central America. It is understood officially that
+the attack of a British man-of-war on the United
+States steamer Prometheus, at Greytown, was
+entirely unauthorized.</p>
+
+<p>The Admiralty have determined not to send
+another expedition in search of Sir John Franklin,
+by way of Behring's Straits. The Plover is to be
+communicated with each year by a man-of-war—the
+Amphitrite is the next. The proposed overland
+expedition of Lieut. Pym has been abandoned.</p>
+
+<p>The English war at the Cape of Good Hope
+continues with little change, though a few important
+successes by the English are reported.
+The war appears to be condemned by a large
+and respectable portion of the journals and the
+people at home. In its character and details it
+continues to resemble our own contest with the
+Indians in Florida.</p>
+
+<pb n="279" /><anchor id="Pg279" />
+
+<p>The month of December, 1851, witnessed, in
+<hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">France</hi>, the successful accomplishment of a <hi rend="font-style: italic">coup
+d'état</hi> not less daring than any that marked the
+earlier annals of that country. It is asserted that
+the personal security of the President was menaced
+with imminent danger, when, on the evening
+of the 1st of December, he came to the resolution
+to strike the first blow. The measures he immediately
+took were, to issue an appeal to the people
+denouncing the conduct of the Assembly,
+and declaring it dissolved; a proclamation to
+the army, telling them that "to-day, at this solemn
+moment, I wish the voice of the army to be heard;"
+and a decree "in the name of the French people,"
+of which the articles were—"1. The National Assembly
+is dissolved; 2. Universal Suffrage is re-established—the
+law of the 31st May is abrogated;
+3. The French people is convoked in its elective
+colleges from the 14th of December to the 21st of
+December following; 4. The state of siege is decreed
+through the first military division; 5. The
+Council of State is dissolved; 6. The Minister of
+the Interior is charged with the execution of the
+present decree." The appeal to the people contained
+these further propositions; "Persuaded
+that the instability of power, that the preponderance
+of a single Assembly, are the permanent
+causes of trouble and discord. I submit to your
+suffrages the fundamental basis of a constitution
+which the Assemblies will develop hereafter—1.
+A responsible chief named for ten years; 2. The
+Ministers dependent on the executive alone; 3. A
+Council of State formed of the most distinguished
+men, preparing the law, and maintaining the discussion
+before the legislative corps; 4. A legislative
+corps, discussing and voting the laws, named
+by universal suffrage, without the <hi rend="font-style: italic">scrutin de liste</hi>
+which falsifies the election; 6. A second Assembly
+formed of all the illustrious persons of the nation—a
+preponderating power, guardian of the
+fundamental pact and of public liberty." At an
+early hour, on the 2d, these manifestoes were
+found covering the walls of Paris, and at the same
+time the principal thoroughfares were filled with
+troops of the line.</p>
+
+<p>The President had taken precautions that the
+National Guard should not be called out. The
+Generals Changarnier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamoricière,
+Leflo, Colonel Charras, MM. Bazé, Thiers.
+Brun, the Commissary of Police of the Assembly,
+and others of the leading heads of parties, were
+arrested before they had risen for the day. Many
+members of the Assembly gathered at the house
+of M. Daru, one of their Vice-Presidents and, having
+him at their head, proceeded to their ordinary
+place of meeting, but found access effectually barred
+by the Chasseurs de Vincennes, a corpse recently
+returned from Algeria. These men forcibly
+withstood the entrance of the members, some of
+whom were slightly wounded. Returning with M.
+Daru, they were invited by General Lauriston to
+the Marie of the 10th arrondissement, where they
+formed a sitting, presided over by two of their
+Vice-Presidents, M. Vitel and M. Benuist d'Azy
+(M. Daru having meanwhile been arrested), and
+proceeded to frame a decree to the following effect:
+"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is deprived of
+his functions as President of the Republic, and the
+citizens are commanded to refuse him obedience;
+the executive power passes in full right to the National
+Assembly; the judges of the High Court
+of Justice are required to meet immediately, on
+pain of dismissal, to proceed to judgment against
+the President and his accomplices. It is enjoined
+on all functionaries and depositaries of authority
+that they obey the requisition made in the name of
+the Assembly, under penalty of forfeiture and the
+punishment prescribed for high treason." While
+this decree was being signed, another was unanimously
+passed, naming General Oudinot commander
+of the forces, and M. Tamisier chief of the staff.
+These decrees had scarcely been signed by all
+present, when a company of soldiers entered, and
+required them to disperse. The Assembly refused
+to do so, when, after some parley, two commissaries
+de police were brought, the presidents were
+arrested, and the whole body of members present,
+230 in number, were marched across the city to
+the barracks of the Quai d'Orsay. The next day
+they were distributed to the prisons of Mount Valerien,
+Mazas, and Vincennes; and the generals
+Cavaignac, Lamoricière, Bedeau, and Changarnier,
+were sent to Ham. During the day the population
+viewed the soldiers in the streets merely as a
+spectacle, and no violent excitement occurred. At
+ten o'clock on Wednesday morning some members
+of the Mountain appeared in the Rue d'Antoine,
+and raised the cry <hi rend="font-style: italic">Aux armes!</hi> The party they
+collected immediately began to erect a barricade
+at the corner of the Rue St. Marguerite. Troops
+were quickly at the spot, when the barricade was
+carried, and the representative Baudin was killed.
+Some other barricades were raised in the afternoon,
+but as quickly destroyed. General Magnan,
+the Commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, seeing
+the day was passed in insignificant skirmishes,
+now determined to withdraw his small posts, to
+allow the discontented to gather to a head. On the
+morning of the 4th it was reported that the insurrection
+had its focus in the Quartiers St. Antoine,
+St. Denis, and St. Martin, and that several
+barricades were in progress. The General deferred
+his attack until two o'clock, when the various
+brigades of troops acted in concert. The barricades
+were attacked in the first instance by
+artillery, and then carried at the point of the
+bayonet. There were none which offered very
+serious resistance, and the whole contest was over
+about five o'clock. In the evening, however, fresh
+barricades were raised in the Rues Montmartre and
+Montorgueil, and others in the Rues Pagevin and
+des Fosses Montmartre, which were successfully
+attacked in the night by the officers in command
+of those quarters. On the 5th the last remains
+of street-fighting were effectually quelled. The
+loss to the military in these operations was twenty-five
+men killed, of whom one was Lieut-Col.
+Loubeau, of the line, and 184 wounded, of whom
+seventeen were officers. The number of insurgents
+killed is unknown, but they are estimated
+it from two to three thousand, including, unfortunately,
+many indifferent persons, who were accidentally
+passing along the boulevards when the
+soldiery suddenly opened their sweeping fire.
+The insurgents taken with arms in their hands
+were carried to the Champ de Mars, and there
+shot by judgment of court martial. Most of the
+political prisoners arrested were discharged after
+a few days, some of the more formidable only being
+longer detained.</p>
+
+<p>By a decree of the President dated the 2d December,
+the French people were convoked in their<pb n="280" /><anchor id="Pg280" />
+respective districts for the 14th of the month to
+accept or reject the following <hi rend="font-style: italic">plébiscite</hi>: "The
+French people wills the maintenance of the authority
+of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, and delegates
+to him the powers necessary to frame a Constitution
+on the bases proposed in his proclamation of
+the 2d December." On that day the voting consequently
+commenced by universal suffrage; and
+the President has been re-elected for ten years by
+a majority greatly exceeding that of his contest
+with Cavaignac. In Paris, of 394,049 registered
+voters 197,091 have voted in the affirmative;
+95,511, in the negative; and 96,819 abstained
+from voting. The majority for Louis Napoleon
+being 191,500. In the provinces he has had a
+majority of eight to one. The inauguration of the
+usurper took place in the church of Notre Dame
+on the 3d of January, and the new order of things
+has been recognized by all the courts of Europe.</p>
+
+<p>On the 25th of November a French squadron
+appeared before Salee, to claim satisfaction for an
+act of piracy committed by the inhabitants of that
+town. The Caid asked for six days to take the
+orders of the Emperor of Morocco; and the Caid
+of Rabat sent a similar evasive reply. The next
+day the French bombarded the place for seven
+hours, the fire being returned by both forts of
+Rabat and Salee. The Admiral, however, confined
+his chastisement to the latter, which he thoroughly
+performed, and fired the town in several
+places. The French fleet arrived at Tangier on
+the morning of the 29th, when the Consul-General
+for Morocco and several officers of the squadron
+landed, and had an interview with the Bashaw of
+the province, which ended in a satisfactory arrangement,
+to the great relief of the people of
+Tangier, who were in consternation at the prospect
+of sharing the fate of their neighbors.</p>
+
+<p>From Austria we learn the partial amelioration
+in private business of the financial difficulties.
+The Emperor published, on the 1st of January,
+decrees, that whereas the provisions of the constitution
+were cancelled by the imperial edict of
+August 20, 1851, the last principles of political
+right conceded by the constitution are now disavowed.
+There now exists no political right in the
+empire. The Austrian government continues to
+watch with the keenest anxiety the proceedings
+of the exiled Italians and Hungarians, and by very
+stringent arrangements in regard to the press,
+and the interdiction of most foreign journals, keeps
+the "dangerous classes" in ignorance of the sympathy
+with which they are regarded from abroad.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen of Spain, by a spontaneous act of
+her royal clemency, granted a pardon to all such
+prisoners, made in the last expedition against the
+Isle of Cuba, as are citizens of the United States,
+whether they be already in Spain, undergoing the
+punishments they have incurred, or whether they be
+still in Cuba. The queen on the 20th of December
+gave birth to a princess, who is heir to the throne.</p>
+
+<p>From China there are reports that the Emperor
+has been compelled to resign in favor of the revolutionary
+general, whose triumphant march through
+many revolted provinces has, from time to time,
+been noticed in the last half year. The statement,
+however, does not appear to be credited by
+some of the best informed London journals.</p>
+
+<p>The Queen of Madagascar is bent on exterminating
+Christianity in her dominions, and has long
+mercilessly persecuted those who prefer the "new
+religion." In the last outburst of this protracted
+persecution, four persons were burnt alive; fourteen
+precipitated from a high rock and crushed to
+death; a hundred and seventeen persons condemned
+to work in chains as long as they live;
+twenty persons cruelly flogged with rods, besides
+1,748 other persons mulcted in heavy penalties,
+reduced into slavery, and compelled to buy themselves
+back, or deprived of their wives and families.
+Persons of rank have been degraded, and
+sent as forced laborers to carry stone for twelve
+months together to build houses; and, in an endless
+variety of other ways have the maddened passions
+of one wicked woman been permitted now
+for years past to plunge a great country in ruin.</p>
+
+<p>There has been a serious Mussulman riot at
+Bombay, occasioned by the Parsee editor of an
+illustrated newspaper, in each number of which is
+given a life and portrait of some remarkable historical
+character, having published—in the series
+(next to one of Benjamin Franklin)—a life and portrait
+of Mahomet. Both are said to have been
+unexceptionable according to European ideas, but
+the whole Mussulman population (145,000 in number)
+considered their faith insulted and outraged
+by the publication, holding it sacrilege and idolatry
+to imagine and print any likeness whatever of
+so sacred a personage.</p>
+
+<p>The Wahabees, who inhabit the interior and
+highland portion of Arabia, have pillaged the holy
+cities of Mecca and Medina, destroying the
+mosques, sacking the cities, and carrying off numbers
+of women and children into the desert. It
+is supposed to be in revenge for the punishment
+inflicted on them thirty years ago, when they had
+conquered the same cities.</p>
+
+<p>The Turkish government has introduced the culture
+of cotton in the vicinity of Damascus, with seed
+procured from the United States. It is successful.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.</head>
+
+<p>In London, among the scientific questions of a
+practical kind much discussed, is that of a patent
+process for contracting the fibres of calico, and
+of obtaining on calico thus prepared colors of much
+brilliancy. It is regarded by chemists as likely to
+lead to valuable results. In the British Association,
+it was described as the discovery that a solution
+of cold but caustic soda acts peculiarly on
+cotton fibre, immediately causing it to contract;
+and although the soda can be readily washed out,
+yet the fibre has undergone a change. Thus, taking
+a coarse cotton fabric, and acting upon it by
+the proper solution of caustic soda, this could be
+made much finer in appearance; and if the finest
+calico made in England—known as one hundred
+and eighty picks to the web—be thus acted on, it
+immediately appears as fine as two hundred and
+sixty picks. Stockings of open weaving assume a
+much finer texture by the condensation process;
+but the effect of the alteration is most strikingly<pb n="281" /><anchor id="Pg281" />
+shown by colors: the tint of pink cotton velvet
+becomes deepened to an intense degree; and printed
+calicoes, especially with colors hitherto applied
+with little satisfaction—such as lilac—come out
+with strength and brilliancy, besides producing
+fabrics finer than could be possibly woven by hand.
+The strength, too, is increased by this process; for
+a string of calico which breaks with a weight of
+thirteen ounces when not soaked, will bear twenty
+ounces when half condensed by the caustic soda.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>At a recent meeting of the Paris <hi rend="font-style: italic">Academy of
+Sciences</hi>, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">M. Yvart</hi> read an important practical
+Memoir on the production of Wool, in the Merino
+race. He teaches that the only means of obtaining
+fine wool—taking into account the weight of
+the sheep's body,—is the employment of races
+of small size. When the skin is very delicate, it
+secretes less of wool than when it is otherwise;—the
+fineness of the wool is proportioned to that of
+the skin. Those countries in which the winter is
+long or cold, or where the sheep remains in the
+fold the greater part of the year, and does not lie
+on ploughed lands, are especially suited to the production
+of the finest and most elastic wools, those
+chiefly sought after for manufacture of cloth.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>Experiments on the application of electro-magnetism
+as a motive power, have been made with
+some striking results in Paris, as well as in this
+country. M. Dumont, in a paper on the subject
+submitted to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Female Academy</hi>, states, "that if
+in the production of great power the electro-magnetic
+force is inferior to that of steam, it becomes
+equal to it, and perhaps superior in the production
+of small power, which may be subdivided, varied,
+and introduced into employments or trades requiring
+but little capital, and where the absolute
+value of the mechanical power is less essential
+than the facility of producing instantaneously and
+at pleasure the power itself. In this point of view
+electro-magnetic power comes to complete, not to
+supersede, that of steam."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>In the papers of the celebrated Lalande, recently
+presented to the Paris <hi rend="font-style: italic">Academy of Sciences</hi>,
+by M. Arago, there is a note to the effect that so
+far back as the 25th of October, 1800, he and
+Burckhardt were of opinion, from calculations,
+that there must be a planet beyond Uranus, and
+they occupied themselves for some time in trying
+to discover its precise position. This is a very curious
+fact for astronomers.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Recent Deaths.</head>
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Joel R. Poinsett</hi>, LL.D., long distinguished in
+society and in affairs, died at his residence in
+Statesburg, South Carolina, on the 12th of December.
+The first American ancestor of Mr.
+Poinsett came to this country from Soubisi, near
+Rochelle, in France, soon after the revocation of
+the edict of Nantz. His father was a physician,
+and served in the Revolution under Count Pulaski.
+He himself was born at Charleston on the second
+of March, 1779, and, after having passed some
+time at the school of the Rev. Timothy Dwight
+(afterward President of Yale College), at Greenfield,
+Connecticut, he was sent, at the close of the
+Revolution, to England, to complete his studies,
+and for the advantages of foreign travel. Returning
+in 1800, when he was twenty-one years of age,
+he commenced the study of law in the office of
+Mr. Desaussure, afterwards Chancellor of South
+Carolina, Before his admission to the bar, he
+again embarked for Europe, extending his travels
+to Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, and the northern
+countries of the continent. At St. Petersburg he
+became acquainted with the Emperor Alexander,
+soon after his accession, and was received by him
+with marked partiality, and often questioned respecting
+the peculiar institutions of this country. On
+one occasion, after he had been expatiating at large
+on the advantages of America, the Czar exclaimed,
+"Were I not an emperor, I would be a republican."
+Declining the offer of a place in the service
+of the Emperor, he commenced a tour into
+the East, travelling through Persia and Armenia,
+and, returning to Europe, resided for some time in
+its principal capitals. On the breaking out of difficulties
+between the United States and Great
+Britain, in 1808, he returned to his own country,
+and applied to Mr. Madison for a commission in
+the army. Owing to some objections by the
+Secretary of War, he did not obtain the commission,
+but was sent by the President to South
+America, to ascertain the result of the revolutions
+which had recently occurred in that quarter.
+While in Chili, he heard of the declaration of war
+between England and America. Embarking in
+the frigate Essex, to return to this country, with a
+view to enter the army, he was made a prisoner
+on the surrender of that vessel to the British by
+Commodore Porter. The British Commander refused
+to allow his return home with the rest of the
+prisoners, regarding him as a dangerous enemy of
+England, and he therefore determined to cross the
+continent to the Atlantic. He passed the Andes
+in the month of April, when they were covered
+with snow, and, after great difficulties, reached
+Buenos Ayres. He succeeded, in a Portuguese
+vessel, in reaching Madeira, where, on his arrival,
+he learned that a treaty of peace had been concluded.
+Soon after he reached South Carolina, he
+was elected to the Legislature of that State, in which
+he devoted himself chiefly to the establishment of
+a system of internal improvements. In 1821 he
+was elected to Congress, from the Charleston District,
+and was twice re-elected to that body. In
+1822, he was sent to Mexico, by President Monroe,
+to obtain information with regard to the government
+under Iturbide. He performed this mission
+with signal success. Foreseeing the speedy downfall
+of the imperial administration, he gave his
+advice against all connection with it, on the part
+of this country. He had scarcely returned home,
+when Iturbide abdicated the throne. Soon after
+the election of Mr. Adams, which he had strongly
+opposed, Mr. Poinsett was again appointed Minister
+to Mexico, whore he remained until the summer
+of 1829. His important services in this period are
+amply detailed in a memoir of his political life,
+in the first volume of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Democratic Review</hi>, and
+were warmly approved in the first annual message
+of President Jackson. On returning to the United
+States, he devoted himself to the pursuits of private<pb n="282" /><anchor id="Pg282" />
+life, in South Carolina. When the States
+Rights controversy broke out, he again engaged in
+political affairs, and became a prominent advocate
+of the principles of the Union party, as opposed to
+Nullification. In 1836, he was nominated by his
+friends as a candidate for the State Senate, and
+was elected with but little opposition. On the
+formation of Mr. Van Buren's cabinet, Mr. Poinsett
+accepted the office of Secretary of War. On the
+election of Gen. Harrison he retired to his home
+in South Carolina, where he devoted himself to
+those literary pursuits which formed the pleasure
+of his life; and thence he issued, only two years
+ago, those stirring appeals against secession, which
+were among the most powerful influences for the
+preservation of the endangered peace of the Union
+at that period. Mr. Poinsett received the degree
+of Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in this
+city, and he was a member of many learned societies
+in this country, and in Europe. Besides his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Notes
+on Mexico</hi>, written soon after his last return from
+that country, he published several addresses, was
+a large contributor to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Southern Quarterly
+Review</hi> and other periodicals, and furnished some
+important papers to the Paris Geographical Society,
+and other learned associations abroad and at home.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Moses Stuart</hi>, D.D., of the Theological Seminary
+at Andover, died at his residence in that
+town on the 4th of January, in the seventy-second
+year of his age. He was born in Wilton, Conn.,
+March 16, 1780; was graduated at Yale College in
+1799; and was a tutor in that institution from 1802
+to 1804. After having studied the profession of
+the law, he turned his attention to theology, and
+in 1806 was ordained pastor of the Central Congregational
+church in New Haven. He was
+called to the Professorship of Sacred Literature in
+Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, and continued
+for nearly forty years to discharge its important
+duties. Professor Stuart was a man of
+great natural abilities, honorable principles, and
+a strong will; for a long period he occupied the
+first place among cultivators of sacred learning in
+this country; and though younger men, with
+larger opportunities, have recently attained to
+greater eminence, no one in the same field has
+ever exercised a more important and advantageous
+influence. His first considerable work was
+a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hebrew Grammar</hi>, published in 1823. It
+scarcely deserves comparison with the more celebrated
+performance of Gesenius, of which Professor
+Stuart himself gave to the public a translation,
+more than twenty years after the publication of
+his own work; but for some time after its original
+appearance it was the best Hebrew Grammar in
+the English language. In 1825 he was associated
+with Professor Robinson in the production of a
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Greek Grammar of the New Testament</hi>; in 1827
+he published his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Epistle to the
+Hebrews</hi>; in 1829 his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hebrew Chrestomathy</hi>, and in
+1830 his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Course of Hebrew Study</hi>. His Commentary
+on the Hebrews, was received as an accession
+to the body of permanent theological literature.
+It was spoken of in England as "the most
+valuable philological aid" that had been published
+"for the critical study of that important, and in
+many respects difficult book;" and the late Dr.
+Pye Smith, one of the first biblical, theological,
+and classical scholars in Great Britain, stated, that
+he felt it to be his duty to describe it as "the most
+important present to the cause of sound biblical
+interpretation that had ever been made in the
+English language." In Germany also it secured
+for Professor Stuart the highest consideration; and
+it continues in all countries to be regarded as one
+of the noblest examples of philological theology
+and exegetical criticism. In 1832 Professor Stuart
+published another great work of a similar character:
+his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans</hi>.
+It was distinguished for a profoundness
+of research, for an intensity and minuteness of
+philological labor, and a singleness of purpose to
+arrive at the meaning of the apostle, without regard
+to any preconceived or partisan opinions,
+which obtained for it a regard as an authority
+equal to that awarded to its predecessor. In
+1845 he published a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Commentary on the Apocalypse</hi>;
+a profoundly learned and critical work, in
+which the interpretation of this difficult book varies
+much from that which has been most generally
+received. In the same year he also gave to the
+church a <hi rend="font-style: italic">Critical History and Defence of the Old
+Testament Canon</hi>. His devotion to biblical criticism
+continued to the close of his life, and we believe,
+his last use of the pen was in the correction of
+the concluding sheets of a volume of Commentaries.</p>
+
+<p>In his later years Professor Stuart entered into
+political controversies, and was particularly distinguished
+for his defence of the policy of Mr.
+Webster, in a pamphlet entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">Conscience and
+the Constitution</hi>. He also ventured very injudiciously
+into the field of classical criticism, in an
+edition of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Cicero</hi>, which was sharply reviewed by
+Professor Kingsley of Yale College; and he lost
+reputation in his more legitimate sphere by a controversy
+with Professor Conant, of Madison University,
+growing out of his translation of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hebrew
+Grammar of Gesenius</hi>. It is not to be denied
+that in measuring his strength against that of these
+accomplished scholars, he was signally unfortunate.</p>
+
+<p>In his personal character he was simple, sincere,
+enthusiastic, brave, and religious. He was well
+entitled to the great respect in which he was held
+by the church. He had been ordained for high
+services, and he had accomplished them. Every
+duty of which he was capable was finished, and
+he could have added nothing to his good reputation
+if his years had been prolonged.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">William Grimshaw</hi>, born in Ireland in 1781,
+but nearly all his life a resident of this country,
+where he was for many years well known as a
+writer, died near Philadelphia on the 8th of January.
+Besides editing and rewriting a considerable
+portion of Baine's <hi rend="font-style: italic">History of the Wars growing
+out of the French Revolution</hi>, he was the author
+of Histories of Great Britain, France, and
+several other countries, which for a long time
+were very generally used as text-books in schools,
+and he also wrote <hi rend="font-style: italic">The American Chesterfield</hi>,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">The Ladies' Lexicon</hi>, and numerous smaller volumes,
+which were creditable to his abilities. His
+reading was extensive, and his knowledge of
+events during his lifetime, particularly in British
+affairs, was minute and accurate. His mind lost
+none of its vigor with the approach of age, and in
+his fine countenance, and imposing figure, there
+were no appearances of decay. His love of reading
+continued to the last, and within a year he
+frequently employed his pen on such subjects as
+he took an especial interest in.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="283" /><anchor id="Pg283" />
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Nicholas Gran de Dieu Soult</hi>, Marshal General
+of France, Duke of Dalmatia, &amp;c., died on the
+26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg,
+near the place where he was born. We have
+given in another part of this magazine an estimate
+of his character. The Paris <hi rend="font-style: italic">Pays</hi> furnishes us a
+brief abstract of his history. He was born at St.
+Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His father, who
+was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his
+own profession, allowed him to enter the army.
+The future Marshal of France entered the Royal
+Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon
+remarked by his aptitude for the functions of instructor.
+He was made non-commissioned officer
+in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the intermediate
+grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General
+of the Staff, when General Lefebvre
+attached him to his own service with the grade of
+Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through
+the campaigns of 1794 and 1795 with the army
+of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as well as
+to his republican principles, a rapid promotion.
+Successively raised to the rank of General of
+Brigade, and then to that of General of Division,
+he took part in all the campaigns of Germany
+until 1799, when he followed Massena into Switzerland,
+and thence to Genoa, where he was
+wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after
+the battle of Marengo, and raised to the command
+of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace
+of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels
+of the Guard of the Consuls. When the
+Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominated
+Marshal of France, and during the campaign
+which terminated in Austerlitz, held the command
+of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the
+conquest of Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal
+Soult solicited and obtained the command of
+the second corps of the army of Spain, with
+which he overran Galicia and the Austrians, and
+passed into Portugal, where he fought the memorable
+battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that
+city, when delivered up by treason to the English,
+he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous retreat,
+which did the greatest honor to his energy
+and presence of mind. Being named Commander-in-Chief
+of the army of Spain, he marched to the
+succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish
+army, and his movement was crowned with full
+success. He continued in this command until
+March, 1813, when he was appointed in Saxony
+to the command-in-chief of the Imperial Guard.
+The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to
+again confer on Marshal Soult the command of the
+French troops in Spain. The point then was to
+defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced
+to fall back on Toulouse, he there terminated by
+a brilliant engagement, due to most able strategic
+arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On
+the announcement of the event at Paris he signed
+a suspension of arms, and adhered to the reëstablishment
+of Louis XVIII., who presented him
+with the Cross of St. Louis, and called him to the
+command of the 13th military division, and then
+to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March
+8th, learning the landing from Elba, he published
+the order of the day which is so well known, and
+in which Napoleon is treated more than severely.
+On March 11th he resigned his portfolio as Minister
+of War, and declared for the Emperor, who,
+passing over the famous proclamation, raised him
+to the dignity of Peer of France and Major General
+of the Army. After Waterloo, where he
+fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge
+at Malzieu (Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret,
+his former aid-de-camp. Being set down on
+the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf
+on the banks of the Rhine, until 1819, when
+a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to
+France. He then went to live with his family at
+St. Amand, his native place, and on his reiterated
+representations his marshal's baton, which had
+been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles
+X. treated Marshal Soult with favor, creating him
+knight of his orders, and afterward making him
+Peer of France. After the revolution of July,
+1830, the declaration of the Chamber of Deputies
+of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but
+he was restored to it four days later by a special
+nomination of Louis Philippe, who soon after appointed
+him Minister of War. We shall not follow
+Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative
+career. He always showed himself devoted
+to the constitutive principles of the Government
+of July. He was twice named President of the
+Council of King Louis Philippe, who elevated him
+to the dignity of Marshal General, of which Turenne
+had been the last possessor. Since the revolution
+of February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate,
+in the midst of his family, and almost forgotten in
+our present political agitations.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Karl Friederich Rungenhagen</hi>, late Royal Director
+of Music at Berlin, was born in that city on
+September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant.
+In 1801 he became member of the Singing Academy,
+and studied under Zetter. In 1814 he wrote
+the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful.
+In 1815 he became director of the Singing
+Academy, with Zetter; most of his religious
+music was composed after this time. In 1825 he
+was appointed to the post of Royal Music Director,
+and in 1833, after Zetter's death, he became
+sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence
+has been considerable upon the culture of
+music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber was
+his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils.
+He died at Berlin on the 22d of last December.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The journals of Moscow announce the death of
+the Armenian Archbishop, <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Michael Sallantian</hi>,
+the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the
+present day. He was born at Constantinople in
+1782, and educated at the Armenian monastery
+at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at
+Moscow, where he had been professor of theology
+and literature for sixteen years before his elevation
+to the Archbishopric.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Dr. Graefe</hi>, one of the most eminent veterans
+of European philology, died suddenly at St Petersburg
+on November 30th. He was born at
+Chemnitz, in Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to
+Russia in 1810, to assume the professorship of
+Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The Russian General, Kiel, has died in Paris.
+He was employed by the Emperor Nicholas in directing
+works of art in the Russian empire.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Herr Meinhold</hi>, author of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Amber Witch</hi>,
+died in Germany in December.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="284" /><anchor id="Pg284" />
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">J. W. M. Turner</hi>, the greatest of English artists,
+and the hero of Mr. Ruskin's brilliant book
+entitled <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Modern Painters</hi>, died in London on
+the 20th of December, at the age of 77. He had
+always a reluctance to have his portrait taken,
+but the engraving accompanying this article—from
+a sketch made without his knowledge—is
+said, by the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Illustrated London News</hi> to be remarkably
+like him. It is understood that by his
+will he has left a million dollars (£200,000) for the
+purpose of founding an institution for the relief of
+of decayed artists, and has given it also the chief
+part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is
+to be occupied by it. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Times</hi> says, "although
+it would be out of place to revive the discussions
+occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner's
+style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient
+proofs of the variety and fertility of his
+genius to establish an undoubted claim to a prominent
+rank among the painters of England. His
+life had been extended to the verge of human existence;
+for although he was fond of throwing a
+mystery over his precise age, we believe that he
+was born in Maiden-lane, Covent-garden, in the
+year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or
+77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of
+a barber), he enjoyed the advantages of an accurate
+rather than a liberal education. His first studies,
+some of which are still in existence, were in
+architectural design; and few of those who have
+been astonished or enchanted by the profusion and
+caprice of form and color in his mature pictures,
+would have guessed the minute and scientific precision
+with which he had cultivated the arts of
+linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood
+was spent partly on the coast, where he imbibed
+his inexhaustible attachment for marine
+scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and
+varied aspect of the ocean. Somewhat later he
+repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for several
+years the drawing to the <hi rend="font-style: italic">University Almanac</hi>.
+But his genius was rapidly breaking
+through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of
+public opinion; for before he had completed his
+30th year he was on the high road to fame. As
+early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water-colored
+drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at
+the exhibition of the Academy, and in 1793 his
+first oil painting. In November, 1799, he was
+elected an associate, and in February, 1802, he attained
+the rank of a Royal Academician. We
+shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of
+his paintings from his earlier productions, such as
+the "Wreck," in Lord Yarborough's collection, the
+"Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">pendant</hi> to Lord Ellesmere's "Vanderwelde," or
+Mr. Munro's "Venus and Adonis," in the Titianesque
+manner, to the more obscure, original, and,
+as some think, unapproachable productions of his
+later years, such as the "Rome," the "Venice,"
+the "Golden Bough," the "Téméraire," and the
+"Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded
+rapidly from his palette, his powers
+of design were no less actively engaged in the
+exquisite water-colored drawings that have
+formed the basis of the modern school of "illustration."
+The "Liber studiorum" had been commenced
+in 1807, in imitation of Claude's "Liber
+veritatis," and was etched, if we are not mistaken,
+by Turner's own hand. The title-page was engraved
+and altered half-a-dozen times, from his
+singular and even nervous attention to the most
+trifling details. But this volume was only the
+precursor of an immense series of drawings and
+sketches, embracing the topography of this country
+in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern
+Coast"—the scenery of the Alps, of Italy, and
+great part of Europe—and the ideal creations of
+our greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers,
+all imbued with the brilliancy of a genius
+which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to
+the world at large when it adopted the popular
+form of engraving. These drawings are now
+widely diffused in England, and form the basis of
+several important collections, such as those of Petworth,
+of Mr. Windus, Mr. Fawkes, and Mr.
+Munro. So great is the value of them that 120
+guineas have not unfrequently been paid for a
+small sketch in water-colors; and a sketch-book,
+containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner's river
+tours on the continent, has lately fetched the enormous
+sum of 600 guineas. The prices of his
+more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last
+few years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas.
+All his works may now be said to have acquired
+triple or quadruple the value originally paid for
+them. Mr. Turner undoubtedly realized a very
+large fortune, and great curiosity will be felt to
+ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it.
+His personal habits were peculiar, and even penurious,
+but in all that related to his art he was generous
+to munificence; and we are not without
+hope that his last intentions were for the benefit
+of the nation, and the preservation of his own
+fame. He was never married, he was not known
+to have any relations, and his wants were limited
+to the strictest simplicity. The only ornaments of
+his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures
+by his own hand, which he had constantly refused
+to part with at any price, among which the "Rise
+and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the
+Brook," rank among the choicest specimens of his
+finest manner.</p>
+
+<p>"Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society,
+and only displayed in the closest intimacy the
+shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness
+of his wit. Every where he kept back much of
+what was in him, and while the keenest intelligence,
+mingled with a strong tinge of satire, animated
+his brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse
+him to be but half understood. His nearest social
+ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of
+which he was by far the oldest member, and to
+whose interests he was most warmly attached.
+He filled at one time the chair of Professor of
+Perspective, but without conspicuous success, and
+that science has since been taught in the Academy
+by means better suited to promote it than a course
+of lectures. In the composition and execution of
+his works, Mr. Turner was jealously sensitive of
+all interference or supervision. He loved to deal
+in the secrets and mysteries of his art, and many
+of his peculiar effects are produced by means
+which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.</p>
+
+<p>"We hope that the Society of Arts or the British
+Gallery will take an early opportunity of commemorating
+the genius of this great artist, and of
+reminding the public of the prodigious range of
+his pencil, by forming a general exhibition of his
+principal works, if, indeed, they are not permanently
+gathered in a nobler repository. Such an<pb n="285" /><anchor id="Pg285" />
+exhibition will serve far better than any observations
+of ours to demonstrate that it is not by those
+deviations from established rules which arrest the
+most superficial criticism that Mr. Turner's fame
+or merit are to be estimated. For nearly sixty
+years Mr. Turner contributed largely to the arts
+of this country. He lived long enough to see his
+greatest productions rise to uncontested supremacy,
+however imperfectly they were understood
+when they first appeared in the earlier years of
+this century; and, though in his later works and
+in advanced age, force and precision of execution
+have not accompanied his vivacity of conception,
+public opinion has gradually and steadily advanced
+to a more just appreciation of his power. He
+is the Shelley of English painting—the poet and
+the painter both alike veiling their own creations
+in the dazzling splendor of the imagery with which
+they are surrounded, mastering every mode of expression,
+combining scientific labor with an air of
+negligent profusion, and producing in the end
+works in which color and language are but the
+vestments of poetry. Of such minds it may be
+said in the words of Alastor:</p>
+
+<lg>
+<l rend="margin-left: 4">        "Nature's most secret steps</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">He, like her shadow, has pursued, where'er</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">The red volcano overcanopies</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Its fields of snow and pinnacles of ice</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">With burning smoke; or where the starry domes</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of diamond and of gold expand above</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Numberless and immeasurable halls,</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Frequent with crystal column and clear shrines</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Of pearl, and thrones radiant with chrysolite.</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Nor had that scene of ampler majesty</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">Than gems or gold—the varying roof of heaven</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">And the green earth—lost in his heart its claims</l>
+<l rend="margin-left: 2">To love and wonder...."</l>
+</lg>
+
+<figure url="images/image15.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<head>THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER</head>
+<figDesc>Illustration: THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<pb n="286" /><anchor id="Pg286" />
+
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Basil Montagu</hi>, an eminent philosophical and
+legal writer, was the illegitimate son of the well-known
+statesman, John fourth Earl of Sandwich,
+many years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the
+unfortunate Miss Margaret Reay, who was assassinated,
+in 1779, by her affianced lover, the Rev.
+Mr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited
+immense interest at the time, and which gave rise
+to various romantic stories, is to be found in most
+series of judicial investigations, and especially in
+a collection of celebrated trials recently published.
+It appears that Margaret Reay was the daughter
+of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her
+apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having attracted
+the attention of Lord Sandwich, he treated
+her from that period until her assassination, with
+the greatest tenderness and affection. He introduced
+to her a young ensign of the 68th Regiment,
+then in command of a recruiting party at
+Huntingdon, in the neighborhood of the mansion
+of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the first
+moment was desperately in love with her, and his
+passion increased with the daily opportunities afforded
+by invitations he received to Lord Sandwich's
+table. With the object of continuing his
+attentions, and the hope of ultimately engaging
+her affections, he quitted the army, and, taking orders,
+obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk.
+That Miss Reay had given him some encouragement,
+is proved by the tenor of their correspondence;
+but prudential motives induced her afterwards
+to refuse the offer of his hand, and to intimate
+a necessity for discontinuing his visits. Stung
+by this unexpected termination of his long-cherished
+expectations, Hackman's mind became unsettled;
+on the 7th of April, 1779, he was occupied
+all the morning in reading Blair's <hi rend="font-style: italic">Sermons</hi>; but in
+the evening, as he was walking towards the Admiralty,
+he saw Miss Reay pass in her coach, accompanied
+by Signora Galli. He followed, and
+discovered that she alighted at Covent-garden
+Theatre, where she went to witness <hi rend="font-style: italic">Love in a Village</hi>.
+He returned to his lodgings, armed himself
+with a brace of pistols, went back to the theatre,
+and when the performance was over, as Miss Reay
+was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in
+each hand, one of which he discharged at her, and
+killed her on the spot, and the other at himself,
+but it did not take effect. He then beat his head
+with the butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but
+was, after a struggle, secured and carried before
+Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell,
+and he was shortly after tried at the Old
+Bailey, before the celebrated Justice Blackstone,
+found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th
+of the month.</p>
+
+<p>Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received
+his education at the Charter House. He was called
+to the English bar by the Society of Gray's
+Inn, the 19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained
+considerable practice as a conveyancer. It was,
+however, by his legal authorship and reporting
+that he became particularly distinguished in the
+profession. His various works and reports on the
+subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy,
+were of high estimation and lasting utility. In
+1801, he produced his <hi rend="font-style: italic">Summary of the Law of Set
+Off</hi>, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined
+in the Courts of Law and Equity, in one
+volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four volumes, <hi rend="font-style: italic">A Digest
+of the Bankrupt Laws</hi>, with a Collection of
+the Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three
+editions, and brought him into immediate notice
+and considerable practice; and, some time afterward,
+he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts' Certificates.
+His fame in this branch of forensic learning
+procured him the appointment of a Commissioner
+of Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote
+also on philosophical subjects. Among his productions
+of this tendency were <hi rend="font-style: italic">Thoughts of Divines
+and Philosophers; Selections from Taylor, Hooker,
+Bishop Hall, and Bacon</hi>. He edited an edition
+of Lord Bacon's works, in seventeen volumes.
+Another bent which his mind took, placed him by
+the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the cause
+of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorrence
+of depriving any living thing of life, and
+with regard to his own diet he totally abstained
+from animal food. This led him to bestow his active
+attention towards putting a stop to capital
+punishment. In 1809 he published <hi rend="font-style: italic">Opinions of
+Different Authors on the Punishment of Death</hi>.
+The work was so well received, that he added a
+a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when
+the important question occupied Parliament, he
+edited <hi rend="font-style: italic">The Debates on a Bill for Abolishing the
+Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling
+House</hi>. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally
+published in 1801, called <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hanging not Punishment
+enough for Murderers</hi>. Mr. Basil Montagu, who
+had some years ago been made a Queen's counsel,
+died at Boulogne on the 27th of November, in the
+eighty-second year of his age.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Rear-Admiral Henry Gage Morris</hi>, entered
+the navy at the early age of twelve, and served
+as midshipman throughout the French and American
+wars. He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant,
+April 2, 1793. He was engaged at the
+capture of the French frigate <hi rend="font-style: italic">Sybille</hi>, in 1783, and
+at the attack on Martinique, in 1793. He was
+promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and was
+made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley,
+24th ult. aged eighty-two. Admiral Morris was
+younger brother of the late Captain Amherst Morris,
+being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a
+member of the Governor's Council at New-York,
+by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse, of this
+city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity,
+deriving its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a
+famed chieftain of Wales in the eleventh century.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Sapio</hi> the once celebrated tenor singer, was
+born in London, in 1792. In his early life he was
+page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He
+made his first appearance on the metropolitan
+stage at Drury Lane, the 1st December, 1824, as
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Seraskier</hi>, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and he
+soon attained and long preserved a high vocal
+reputation. He died in obscurity, in London, about
+the end of November.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>One of the most distinguished chiefs of the war
+of Greek independence, General <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Jatrako</hi>, is just
+dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of
+Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for
+many generations back been famous for their hereditary
+medical talents, and the tradition exists among
+them that a branch of their family formerly passed
+from Sparta to Italy, translated their name into
+Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated family of
+that name.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="287" /><anchor id="Pg287" />
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Priessnitz</hi>, the celebrated founder of hydropathy,
+died at Graefenberg on the 26th of November,
+at the age of fifty-two. In the morning of that
+day Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early
+hour, but complained of the cold, and had wood
+brought in to make a large fire. His friends had
+for some time believed him to be suffering from
+dropsy of the chest, and at their earnest entreaty
+he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming
+all the while, "It's of no use!" He would see no
+physician, but remained to the last true to his profession.
+About four o'clock in the afternoon of
+the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon
+being laid down he expired! In early life he received
+serious injury in the chest from an accident,
+and he used to say himself that his constitution
+was bad; that nothing but his own mode of life
+and his own "cure" would have sustained him.
+It is not known what attempts will be made to
+carry on the establishment at Graefenberg, which
+was in full activity at the moment of his death.
+The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest
+daughter and her husband (a Hungarian of property)
+will carry it on, with the aid of some physician
+who has studied Priessnitz's method. This
+may succeed to a certain extent, for the place and
+neighborhood are admirably adapted for taking the
+water-cure, and the <hi rend="font-style: italic">prestige</hi> of Priessnitz's name,
+as well as the tradition of his practice, will long
+survive him: but the attraction which brought patients,
+not only from the neighboring cities, but
+from the remotest parts of the world, is gone. It
+is not exactly known what amount of property
+Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly
+£100,000. When it is considered how small, compared
+to that given to other physicians, was the
+remuneration he received from his patients, and
+that thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant,
+this fortune gives some measure of his immense
+success.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">George Dunbar</hi>, the distinguished Professor of
+Greek Literature in the University of Edinburgh,
+died on the 6th of December, at his residence in
+that city. The natural decay attending even an
+otherwise green old age has been for some years
+aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which
+at the commencement of the present season compelled
+him to relinquish his academic duties. He
+was born at the village of Caldingham, in Berwickshire,
+in 1774. In early life he labored as a
+gardener, but an accidental lameness, which lasted
+throughout his subsequent life, incapacitated him
+from active bodily employment. His attention
+was then devoted to literature. He soon became
+a scholar, and in truth a ripe and good one. Going
+to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of
+his acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord
+Provost Fettes. Having been shortly after selected
+as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was
+appointed, on that professor's death, to the Greek
+chair in the Edinburgh University, in 1805. The
+duties of this responsible position he discharged
+most zealously and ably. The published works
+of Professor Dunbar are well known. The <hi rend="font-style: italic">Collectanea
+Minora</hi>, the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Collectanea Majora</hi>, and the
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">Greek Grammar</hi>, have all had great reputation.
+His chief production—massive in every sense—the
+main object of his life of learned toil, was
+his Greek Lexicon, which was given to the world
+with his name in 1840.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Henry Luttrell</hi>, one of the ornaments of a
+society of what may be termed conversational
+wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion,
+<hi rend="font-style: italic">hand impari passu</hi>, of Jeckyll, Mackintosh,
+Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of
+that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry,
+Rogers, Moore, and but a few others, are still
+left. A correspondent of the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Times</hi> says: "He
+charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance
+of his wit, the appropriateness and felicity
+of illustration, the shrewdness of his remarks, and
+the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Liveliness
+of fancy was tempered in him with good
+breeding and great kindness of disposition; and
+one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse
+and delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent
+sallies, without wounding the feelings of any
+one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature."</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>English journals notice with expressions of regret
+the death in Philadelphia of <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">R. C. Taylor</hi>,
+on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr.
+Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously
+well known as a Fellow both of the Antiquarian
+and of the Geological Societies. He had published
+a work of great care and research while
+resident in his native county, Norfolk, <hi rend="font-style: italic">Index Monasticus
+for East Anglia</hi>; and had made some
+useful explorations into the fossil remains on the
+coast of Norfolk. In America he wrote for various
+philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his
+work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he
+was much known to the public of this country.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p>The Royal University of Berlin has lost by
+death since Christmas, MM. Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi,
+Erman, and Dr. <hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Charles Theodore Franz</hi>,
+who died at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely
+age of forty-five. For eleven years Dr.
+Franz occupied the chair of Classical Philology in
+the University of Berlin. He is the author of a
+variety of works: in the first rank of which stand
+his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his
+several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions
+before unpublished. The London Morning Chronicle
+remarks that the continent never before lost
+so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">William Jacob</hi>, F.R.S., a profound writer on
+science and agriculture, was born in 1762. His
+work, <hi rend="font-style: italic">An Inquiry into the Precious Metals</hi>, has
+been held in high estimation. His other principal
+productions were <hi rend="font-style: italic">Considerations on the Price of
+Corn</hi>; <hi rend="font-style: italic">Tracts on Corn-Laws</hi>; and a <hi rend="font-style: italic">View of Agriculture
+in Germany</hi>. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly
+Comptroller of Corn Returns in the Board
+of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his
+residence in London, aged eighty-eight.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div>
+<p><hi rend="font-variant: small-caps">Mr. Paul Barras</hi>, died in Paris from wounds
+received in the contests between the people and
+the military, on the second day of the usurpation
+of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in New-York
+about twenty years, and was engaged here
+as a teacher of his native language, and as a correspondent
+of one of the Parisian journals. He
+was an amiable man, of considerable talents, and
+enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism.
+He wrote several articles on American subjects in
+the <hi rend="font-style: italic">Revue de Paris</hi>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<pb n="288" /><anchor id="Pg288" />
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<index index="toc" />
+<index index="pdf" />
+<head>Ladies' Fashions for February.</head>
+
+<figure url="images/image16.png" rend="w90">
+<index index="fig" />
+<figDesc>Illustration</figDesc>
+</figure>
+
+<p>In matters of fashion there have been very few
+changes since our last publication. We are in
+the midst of the gay season, but its modes, until
+disturbed by the approach of spring, were fixed
+before the holidays, and for the most part have
+already been reported. The Paris journals, we
+may remark, however, dwell much on the unusual
+ascendency of black, in furs, velvets, cloths, and
+other heavy stuffs, for walking and carriage dresses,
+and on the greater demand than in recent winters
+for every species of embroidery.</p>
+
+<p>In the first of the above figures, representing a
+promenade costume, we have a high dress of rich
+silk; the skirt has plaided tucks woven in the material;
+it is long, and very full. Manteau of velvet,
+very richly embroidered; a broad black lace
+is set on round the shoulders in the style of a cape,
+and the cloak is embroidered above it. Capote of
+white silk, of a very elegant form, with deep bavolet
+or curtain; a droop of small feathers on the left side.</p>
+
+<p>The second figure, or visiting costume, of heavy
+silk, with four flounces, and corresponding waistcoat.
+The waistcoat now takes the first place in a
+lady's toilette, and may be considered a triumph
+of luxury and elegance, reviving every description
+of embroidery, and forcing the jewellers to be constantly
+bringing out some novelty in buttons, &amp;c.
+It is made very simple or very richly ornamented:
+for instance, those of the most simple description
+are made either of black velvet, embroidered with
+braid, and fastened with black jet buttons, or of
+cachemire; and a pretty style, of straw color,
+embroidered in the same colored silk, and closed
+with fancy silk bell buttons, whilst a few may be
+seen in white, quilted and embroidered with oak
+leaves and rose-buds. The rich style of waistcoat
+being covered with embroideries, and being closed
+up the front with buttons of brilliants. As a general
+rule, the waistcoat is made high up the
+throat, round which is a fall of lace, or opens <hi rend="font-style: italic">en
+cœur</hi>, having a <hi rend="font-style: italic">fichu à plastron</hi> of embroidery,
+worn under. The waistcoat has also two pockets.</p>
+</div>
+
+</body>
+
+<back rend="page-break-before: right">
+<div>
+<pgIf output="pdf">
+  <then>
+      <div>
+        <divGen type="footnotes" />
+      </div>
+  </then>
+  <else>
+      <div>
+        <head>Footnotes</head>
+        <divGen type="footnotes" />
+      </div>
+  </else>
+</pgIf>
+</div>
+
+<div rend="page-break-before: right">
+<divGen type="pgfooter" />
+</div>
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+</back>
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+    </text>
+</TEI.2>
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,15056 @@
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of The International Monthly Magazine - Volume
+V - No II by Various
+
+
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no
+restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under
+the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or
+online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license
+
+
+
+Title: The International Monthly Magazine - Volume V - No II
+
+Author: Various
+
+Release Date: December 13, 2006 [Ebook #20102]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: US-ASCII
+
+
+***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE - VOLUME V - NO II***
+
+
+
+
+
+THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+                     Of Literature, Art, and Science.
+
+
+Vol. V.
+NEW-YORK, FEBRUARY 1, 1852.
+No. II.
+
+        [Illustration: THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.]
+
+                THE LATE MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+LOVE SONG.
+AUTUMN LINES.
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+   III.
+   IV.
+   V.
+   VI.
+   VII.
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+MY NOVEL:
+   BOOK IX. - INITIAL CHAPTER.
+   CHAPTER II.
+   CHAPTER III.
+   CHAPTER IV.
+   CHAPTER V.
+   CHAPTER VI.
+   CHAPTER VII.
+   CHAPTER VIII.
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.
+Noctes Amicae.
+Authors and Books
+THE FINE ARTS
+Historical Review of the Month
+Scientific Discoveries and Proceedings of Learned Societies.
+Recent Deaths.
+Ladies' Fashions for February.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+MARSHAL SOULT, DUKE OF DALMATIA.
+
+
+On the preceding page is a portrait, and under the head of Recent Deaths,
+in another part of this magazine, is a sketch of the history of NICHOLAS
+JEAN-DE-DIEU SOULT, the last of the great Marshals created by the Emperor
+Napoleon. He was unquestionably possessed of extraordinary abilities,
+fitting him for eminence in many and diverse capacities, but it cannot be
+said that he was of the first rank of illustrious generals, as the world
+has been led to suppose, chiefly by the masterly but partial delineations
+of his career in the Peninsula by General Napier. He had a genius for war
+which qualified him for every position in connection with it but that of
+leader in the field. The subtle and irreversible decisions of Napoleon
+followed his astonishingly quick apprehensions of facts, as suddenly as
+the thunderbolt follows lightning; but Soult, profoundly familiar with all
+the arts of war, and surpassing any of the great commanders with whom he
+was associated except only his chief, in the wisdom of his judgments, was
+yet so slow in his intellectual operations, so destitute of the
+enthusiasm, passion, and fire, which in high circumstance give an almost
+miraculous activity to the minds of the first order of men, that he could
+never have entitled himself to all the precedences he has received in
+history. Napoleon understood him, and in a few pregnant words addressed to
+O'Meara, gave that measure of his character which will be adopted as the
+final opinion of the world. "He is," said Napoleon, "an excellent minister
+at war, or major-general of an army, one who knows much better how to
+manage an army than to command in chief."
+
+The course of Soult as a citizen, a legislator, and a minister, was not
+one upon which his best biographers will linger with much satisfaction.
+The glory he had achieved as one of the lieutenants of Napoleon, in that
+turbulent and grand career which has no parallel for interest or
+importance in human history, was his only claim to distinction in
+politics. His master had an ambition as fair in its proportions as it was
+vast in its extent, and brought to every purpose the same forces of
+character and preternatural energy of intelligence; but Soult had no love
+for civil duties, but little capacity for them, and he accepted place as a
+gratification of vanity or a means of success in mercenary aims. We see in
+all his private and political life "the soilure of his revolutionary
+origin,"--proofs that he loved money and power far more than he loved
+honor, and himself far more than his country or mankind.
+
+The last of the imperial marshals, the last of that gigantic race who
+filled the world with a red glory like the gloom which will precede the
+judgment, closed his stormy life peacefully in the place where he was
+born, and thence was borne to the Invalides, to "sleep well" with his old
+companions."
+
+
+
+
+
+THE HOMES OF COWLEY AND FOX.
+
+
+We have in the last _Art Journal_ another of the pleasant gossipping
+_Pilgrimages to English Shrines_, by Mrs. S. C. HALL, and the following
+abridgement of it will please all who have perused the previous papers of
+the series. In Chertsey and its neighborhood are memorials of some of the
+noblest men of England.
+
+                     [Illustration: ABRAHAM COWLEY.]
+
+                             ABRAHAM COWLEY.
+
+
+
+
+
+CHERTSEY AND ITS FAMOUS CHARACTERS.
+
+
+The county of Surrey is rich to overflowing in memories, both of persons
+and events, and the little quaint and quiet town of Chertsey could tell of
+the gorgeous and gloomy past as much as many of its ancient neighbors
+within a day's drive of the city. Had its old abbey stones but tongues,
+how they could discourse of years when a visit to Chertsey was an
+undertaking; though now the distance is but half an hour.
+
+Nowhere within twenty miles of London does the Thames appear more queenly,
+or sweep with greater grace through its fertile dominions, than it does at
+Chertsey. It is, indeed, delightful to stand on the bridge in the glowing
+sunset of a summer evening, and turning from the refreshing green of the
+Shepperton Range, look into the deep clear blue of the flowing river,
+while the murmur of the waters rushing through Laleham Lock give a sort of
+spirit music to the scene. On the right, as you leave Chertsey, the river
+bends gracefully towards the double bridge of Walton, and to the left, it
+undulates smoothly along, having passed Runnymede and Staines, while the
+almost conical hill of St. Anne's attracts attention by its abrupt and
+singular form when viewed from the vale of the Thames.
+
+About a mile, on the Walton side, from our favorite bridge (Old Camden
+tells us so), is the spot where Caesar crossed the Thames. Were the
+peasantry as imaginative as their brethren of Killarney, what legends
+would have grown out of this tradition; how often would the "noblest Roman
+of them all" have been seen by the pale moonlight leading his steed over
+the waters of the rapid river--how many would have heard Cassivelaunus
+himself during the stillness of some particular Midsummer night working at
+the rude defence which can still be traced beneath the blue waters of the
+Thames. What hosts of pale and ghastly spectres would have risen from
+those tranquil banks, and from the deepest hollows of the rushing current,
+and--like the Huns, who almost live on the inspired canvas of
+Kaulbach,--fought their last earthly battle, again and again, in the spirit
+world, amid the stars! But ours is no region of romance; even remnants of
+history, which go beyond the commonest capacity, are rejected as dreams,
+or put aside as legends. But history has enough to tell to interest us
+all; and we may be satisfied with the abundant enjoyment we have in
+delicious rambles through the lanes and up the hills, along the fair
+river's banks, and among the many traditional ruins of ancient and
+beautiful Surrey.
+
+Never was desolation more complete than in the ruin of the Mitred Abbey of
+Chertsey; hardly one stone remains above another to tell where this
+stately edifice--since the far-away year 664--grew and flourished, lording
+it with imperial sway over, not only the surrounding villages, but
+extending its paternal wings into Middlesex and even as far as London. The
+abbey was of the Benedictine order, and founded, almost as soon as the
+Saxons were converted from Paganism; but it was finished and chiefly
+endowed by Frithwald, Earl of Surrey. The endowment prospered rarely; the
+establishment increased in the reputation of wealth and sanctity; that it
+was "thickly populated" is certain, for when the abbey was sacked and
+burnt by the Danes, in the ninth century, the abbot, and ninety monks,
+were barbarously murdered by the invaders.
+
+Standing upon the site of their now obliterated cloisters and towers,
+their aisles and dormitories, cells and confessionals, seeing nothing but
+the dank, damp grass, and the tracings of the fish-ponds--stagnant pools in
+our day--it is almost impossible to realize the onslaught of these wild
+barbarians panting for plunder, the earnest defence of men who fought (the
+monks of old could wield either sword or crosier) for life or death, the
+terrible destruction, the treasures and relics, and painted glass, and
+monuments, the plunder of the secret almerys, the intoxicated triumph of
+those rude northern hordes let loose in our fair and lovely island; what
+scenes of savagery, where now the jackdaw builds, and the blackbird
+whistles, and the wild water-rat plays with her brood amongst the tangled
+weeds!
+
+The fierce sea-kings being driven back to their frozen land, King Edgar,
+willing to serve God after the fashion of his times, refounded the Abbey
+of Chertsey, dedicating it to St. Peter, and vying with Pope Alexander in
+augmenting its privileges and its wealth.
+
+Some of the abbots took great interest in home improvements, planting
+woods, conducting streams, enlarging ponds--building, now a mill, now a
+dove-cot, according to the wants of the abbey or their own fancies. Henry
+I. granted them permission to keep dogs, that, according to the old
+chronicle, they might take "hare, fox, and cats." King John, in the first
+year of his reign, gave them ample confirmation of all their privileges,
+which, it would seem, they had somewhat abused, for we find that the
+sovereign seized their manors of Egham and "Torp" (Thorp) on account of a
+servant of the abbot's having killed "Hagh de Torp." Oh, rare "old times!"
+The abbot was mulcted in a heavy fine. Then, while Bartholomew de
+Winchester was abbot, from 1272 until 1307, during the reign of our first
+Edward, complaints were made to Pope Gregory X. that the possessions of
+the abbey were alienated to civilians and laymen, whereupon the pope
+issued a bull ordering such grants to be revoked.
+
+It is worthy of note, that the Chertsey monastery sheltered, for a time,
+the remains of the pious, but unfortunate, Henry VI.
+
+  "Poor key-cold figure of a Holy King,
+  Pale ashes of the house of Lancaster."
+
+And the reader of Shakespeare will recall the scene in which Richard meets
+the Lady Anne on her way to Chertsey with her husband's body. This poor
+king's remains had a claim to be well received by the monks of Chertsey
+Abbey, for he had granted to the abbot the privilege of holding a fair on
+St. Anne's-hill, then called Mount Eldebury, on the feast of St. Anne's
+(the 26th of July): the fair has changed its time and quarters as well as
+its patron, and is held in the town on the 6th of August, and called Black
+Cherry Fair. Manning, in his history of Surrey, says, that the tolls of
+this fair were taken by the abbot, and are now taken by the owner of the
+site of the Abbey House; thus the memory of King Henry VI. is commemorated
+in the town of Chertsey to this day, by the sale of black cherries in the
+harvest month of August!
+
+                    [Illustration: "THE NUN'S WELL."]
+
+                            "THE NUN'S WELL."
+
+
+Centuries passed over those magnificent abbeys, whose ruins in many places
+add so much beauty to our fertile landscapes; they grew and grew, and
+added acre to acre, and stone to stone, and knowledge to knowledge; but
+most they cherished the knowledge which blazed like a lamp under a bushel,
+and kept all but themselves in darkness; they preached no freedom in
+Christ to the Christian world, they abolished no serfdom, they taught no
+liberty, they enslaved even those who in their turn enslaved their "born
+thralls," and saw no evil in it. Oh, rare old times! Better it is for us
+that the site of Chertsey Abbey should be scarcely traceable now-a-days
+than that it should be as it was, with its proud pageants and pent-up
+learning!--Yet we have neither sympathy no respect for that foul king, who,
+to serve his own carnal purposes, overthrew the very faith which had
+hallowed his throne. But he did not attack and storm the Abbey of
+Chertsey, as he did other religious houses. He came to them, this Eighth
+Harry, with a fair show of kindness, saying that "to the honor of God, and
+for the health of his soul, he proposed and most nobly intended to refound
+the late Monastery, Priory, or Abbey of Bisham in Berks, and to
+incorporate and establish the Abbot and Convent of Chertsey, as Abbot and
+Convent of Bisham, and to endow them with all the Manors late belonging to
+Bisham." How the then Abbot John Cordrey, and his brethren, must have
+shivered at the conditions; how they must have grieved at quitting their
+cherished home, their stews and fish-ponds, their rich meadows of Thorpe,
+overlooked by the woods of Eldebury hill, their nursing ground where their
+calves and young lambs were stowed in luxurious safety in the pleasant
+farm of Simple Marsh at Addlestone!
+
+But their star was setting, and they were forced to "give, sell, grant and
+confirm, to the king their house and all manors belonging to them."
+
+The total destruction of the Abbey must have amazed the whole country. An
+earthquake could hardly have obliterated it more entirely. Aubrey, writing
+in the year 1673, says "of this great Abbey, scarce any thing of the old
+building remains, except the out walls about it. Out of this ruin, is
+built a 'fair house,' which is now in possession of Sir Nicholas Carew,
+master of the Buckhounds." Dr. Stukeley alludes to this house, in a letter
+written in 1752; he speaks of the inveterate destruction, and of "the
+gardener" carrying him through a "court" where he saw the remains of the
+church of the Abbey. He says the "east end reached up to an artificial
+mount along the garden wall; that mount and all the terraces of the
+pleasure garden, to the back front of the house, are entirely made up of
+the sacred _rudera_ or rubbish of continual devastations. Bones of abbots,
+monks, and great personages, who were buried in large numbers in the
+church and cloisters which lay on the south side of the church, were
+spread thick all over the garden, _so that one may pick up whole handsfull
+of them every where amongst the garden stuff_." Brayley mentions in his
+pleasant History of Surrey, that this artificial mount was levelled in
+1810, and its materials employed to fill up a pond. Many human skulls and
+bones were found intermixed with the chalk and mortar of which it had been
+formed. Fragments of old tiles were also frequently found, and are still
+sometimes turned up. No trace even of the "Abbey house" is left; it was
+purchased in 1809 by a stock-broker, who in the following year sold the
+materials--and so ends the great monastic history of Chertsey. Where are
+now its spiritualities in Surrey?--its temporalities in Berkshire and
+Hampshire?--its revenues of Stanwell, and rents of assize?--its
+spiritualities in Cardiganshire? Alas! they have left no sign, except on
+the yellow parchment--of rare value to the antiquary.
+
+Those who desire, like ourselves, to investigate what tradition has
+sanctified, will do well to turn down a lane beyond Chertsey Church, which
+leads directly to the Abbey bridge, and there, amid tangled hedge rows and
+orchards, stands the fragment of an arch, partly built up, and so to say,
+disfigured by brick-work, and an old wall, both evidently portions of the
+Abbey. In the wall are a great number of what the people call "_black
+stones_," a geological formation, making them seem fused by fire. Layers
+of tiles were also inserted in this wall, and where the cement has dropped
+away they can be distinctly traced; there is also an ivy, very aged
+indeed; it is so knotted and thick that it seems to grow through the
+stones, the soil has so evidently encroached on the wall that it is most
+probably rooted at the foundation. The pleasant market garden of Mr. Roake
+covers the actual ground on which the Abbey stood. The workmen frequently
+turn up broken tiles and human bones, and there is no doubt that by
+digging deeper much would be discovered that might elucidate the history
+of the past. At the farther end of the market garden a vault has been
+discovered which is of considerable length and breadth; but the water
+rises so high in it (except after a long continuance of dry weather has
+sealed the land springs) that it is impossible to get to the end without
+wading. An enormous quantity of richly-colored and decorated encaustic
+tiles have been found here; some are preserved in our local museum. But
+the most interesting remains in this place are the "stews," or fish-ponds,
+which run parallel to each other like the bars of a gridiron; these ponds
+do not communicate one with the other, nor has the water any outlet: a
+little care and attention might make them valuable for their old purposes;
+but they are deplorably neglected. Occasionally you see the fin of some
+huge fish, whose slow movement partakes of the character of the stagnant
+water he has inhabited for years;--who can tall how many?
+
+                   [Illustration: "THE GOLDEN GROVE."]
+
+                           "THE GOLDEN GROVE."
+
+
+"The Abbey River," as it is still called, travels slowly along its way,
+fertilizing the meadows and imparting life and freshness to the placid
+scene. The denizens of Chertsey have planted orchards, and in a few
+instances gardens on its banks. One, the garden of Mr. Herring, is a model
+of neatness, almost concealed by its roses and carefully tended shrubs. We
+wandered from orchard to orchard, amid the trees and over the uneven
+ground; all was so still and lonely that it required the suggestions of an
+active imagination to believe it had ever been the scene of contention by
+flood and field. From the Abbey Bridge the richness of the meadow scenery
+is exceedingly refreshing, the grass is deep and verdant, as it cannot
+fail to be, lying so low, and fertilized by perpetual moisture.
+
+During their wide-spreading magnificence, the abbots of Chertsey erected a
+picturesque chapel on the lovely hill of St. Anne: this was done somewhat
+about the year 1334. Orleton, Bishop of Winchester, granted an indulgence
+of forty days to such persons as should repair to, and contribute to the
+fabric and its ornaments.
+
+There is nowhere a more delightful road, than that which leads from the
+"Golden Grove," rendered picturesque by its old tree, the plantations of
+Monksgrove on one side, and those of the once residence of Charles James
+Fox on the other. The road is perfectly embowered, and so close is the
+foliage that you have no idea of the beautiful view which awaits you,
+until leaving the statesman's house to the left, you pass through a sort
+of wicket gate on the right, and follow a foot-path to where two
+magnificent trees crown the hill; it is wisest to wait until passing along
+the level ridge you arrive at the "view point," and there, spread around
+you in such a panorama as England only can show, and show against the
+world for its extreme richness. On the left is Cooper's Hill, which
+Denham, that high-priest of "Local poetry," long ago made famous; in the
+bend just where it meets the plain, you see the towers of Windsor Castle;
+there is Harrow Hill, the sun shining brightly on its tall church; a deep
+pall hovers over London, but you can see the dome of St. Paul's looming
+through the mist; nay, we have heard of those who have told the hour of
+the day upon its broad-faced clock, with the assistance of a good glass.
+How beautifully the Thames winds! Ay! there is the grand stand at Epsom,
+and there Twickenham, delicious, soft, balmy Twickenham; and Richmond
+Hill--a very queen of beauty!
+
+                [Illustration: REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.]
+
+                        REMAINS OF CHERTSEY ABBEY.
+
+
+Yonder, beyond the valley, are Foxes Hills crowned with lofty pines--and
+that is the church at Staines, and as you turn, there again is Cooper's
+Hill; Laleham seems spread as a tribute at your feet, and there is no end
+to the villages and mansions--the parks, and cottages like snow-drops in a
+parterre, and church spires more than we can number; while close behind us
+are the stones piled thickly one on the other--the only relics of the holy
+Chapel of St. Anne.
+
+How grandly the promontory of St. George's Hill stands out--sheltering
+Weybridge, and forming a beautiful back-ground to Byfleet and the banks of
+the Way; not forgetting its ruins--a Roman encampment of two thousand years
+age, and its modern ornaments of rare trees, of which a generous nobleman
+has made common property, to be enjoyed daily by all who choose. At the
+foot of this richly planted hill, is the beautiful park of Oatlands--on the
+eve of becoming an assemblage of villa-grounds. How pleasant to feel that
+we can account, by our own knowledge of that glowing mount, for all the
+shades formed by the hills and hollows, and different growths of trees in
+the depths or heights of "the encampment," which forms the delight of many
+a toilsome antiquary. Beyond are the more distant eminences of the North
+Downs, and a tract of country extending into Kent. But we have not yet
+explored the beauties of this our own hill of Chertsey; truly, to do so,
+would take a day as long as that of its own black cherry fair.
+
+A path to the left, among the fern and heather, leads to a well, famed for
+its healing properties--it is called the Nun's Well; even now, the peasants
+believe that its waters are a cure for diseases of the eye; the path is
+steep and dangerous, and it is far pleasanter to walk round the brow of
+the hill and overlook the dense wood which conceals the well, fringing the
+meadows of Thorpe, than to seek its tangled hiding-place in the dell. The
+monks of old would be sorely perplexed if they could arise, to account for
+the long line of smoke which marks the passage of the different trains
+along their railroads. But we turn from them to enjoy a ramble round the
+brow of St. Anne's Hill; the coppice which clothes the descent into the
+valley, is so thick, that though it is intersected by many paths, you
+might lose yourself half-a-dozen times within an hour; if it be evening,
+the nightingales in the thickets of Monksgrove have commenced their
+chorus, and the town of Chertsey, down below, is seen to its full extent,
+its church tower toned into beauty by the rich light of the setting sun,
+while through the trees and holly thickets you obtain glimpses of the
+Guildford and Leatherhead hills, so softly blue, that they meet and mingle
+with the sky.
+
+                   [Illustration: GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.]
+
+                           GATE OF FOX'S HOUSE.
+
+
+              [Illustration: SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.]
+
+                      SUMMER HOUSE IN FOX'S GARDEN.
+
+
+                  [Illustration: TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.]
+
+                          TEMPLE OF FRIENDSHIP.
+
+
+Those who feel no interest in monkish chronicles, may reverence St. Anne's
+Hill, because of its having been the favorite residence of Charles James
+Fox, the contemporary of Pitt and Burke and Sheridan and Grattan, at a
+period when men felt strongly and spoke eloquently. The site of the house
+on the south-eastern site of the hill is extremely beautiful, and it is
+much regretted in the neighborhood that it finds so little favor in the
+heart of its present noble proprietor. The grounds are laid out with much
+taste; there is a noble cedar planted by Mrs. Fox when only the size of a
+wand. The statesman's widow survived her husband more than thirty-six
+years, but never outlived her friends or her faculties. There is a temple
+dedicated to Friendship, which was erected to perpetuate the coming of age
+of one of the late Lords Holland; on a pedestal ornamented by a vase, are
+inscribed some verses by General Fitzpatrick; another placed by Mrs. Fox
+to mark a favorite spot where Mr. Fox loved to muse, is enriched by a
+quotation from the "Flower and the Leaf," concluded by two graceful
+stanzas:
+
+  "Cheerful in this sequestered bower,
+    From all the storms of life removed;
+  Here Fox enjoyed his evening hour,
+    In converse with the friends he loved.
+  And here these lines he oft would quote,
+    Pleased from his favorite poet's lay;
+  When challenged by the warbler's note,
+    That breathed a song from every spray."
+
+At the bottom of the garden is a grotto, which must have once possessed
+many attractions, and above it there is a pretty little quaint chamber
+that was used as a tea-room, when, according to the custom of the time,
+the English drank tea by daylight; it is adorned by painted glass windows;
+there are portraits of the Prince of Wales and Mr. Fox, when both were
+looking their best, and the balcony in front commands a delicious view of
+the surrounding country.
+
+The peasantry are still loud in their praise of "Madam Fox;" and some
+remember with gratitude the education they received at her school, and
+love to tell how the old lady was drawn there at "feast times," to see how
+they all looked in their new dresses. She certainly retained her sympathy
+with the young, and put away the feelings and habits of old age with a
+determined hand, for it is said, when she was eighty she took lessons on
+the harp. The present generation remember personally nothing of the great
+statesman; he has become history to us, and we must look to history,
+garbled as it always is, and always will be, by the opinions and feelings
+of its writers, to determine the position of Charles James Fox in the
+annals of his country. Those who were admitted to his society have written
+with enthusiasm of his social qualities, and bestow equal praise on his
+brilliant talents, his affability of manner, and the generosity of his
+disposition. He was the third son of Henry Fox, afterwards Lord Holland,
+and his mother was the eldest daughter of Charles, second Duke of
+Richmond, and consequently great-granddaughter to Charles II.; the
+material descent is one of blotted royalty, of which a man like Fox could
+not have been proud. His academic course was unmarked by any of those
+honors of which Oxford men are so ambitious, and yet, like his great
+rival, William Pitt, he became a statesman before he was of age.
+
+                       [Illustration: FOX'S ARBOR.]
+
+                               FOX'S ARBOR.
+
+
+At St. Anne's Hill he enjoyed as many intervals of repose and tranquillity
+as could fall to a statesman's lot; in the time of wars and tumults, how
+he must have luxuriated in its delicious quiet, surrounded by friends who
+dearly loved him; and swayed only for good by the wife who (although it is
+known that her early intimacy with him was such as prevented her general
+recognition in society) according to the evidence of all who knew her, was
+the minister only to his better thoughts and nobler ambitions, and who
+weaned him from nearly all the follies and vices which stained his youth
+and earlier manhood. Various causes led to his death, before age had added
+infirmities to disease. He died at Chiswick House, and his last words,
+addressed to Mrs. Fox were, "I die happy." It is said he wished to be
+buried at Chertsey, but his remains were interred in Westminister Abbey.
+
+The brilliant Sheridan pronounced so elegant an eulogium on his character,
+that it is pleasant to think of it in those shades where, as we have said,
+he so often sought and found repose: "When Mr. Fox ceased to live, the
+cause of private honor and friendship lost its highest glory, public
+liberty its most undaunted champion, and general humanity its most active
+and ardent assertor. In him was united the most amiable disposition with
+the most firm and resolute spirit; the mildest manners, with the most
+exalted mind. With regard to that great man it might, indeed, be well
+said, that in him the bravest heart and most exalted mind sat upon the
+seat of gentleness."
+
+                      [Illustration: COWLEY'S SEAT.]
+
+                              COWLEY'S SEAT.
+
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE--STREET FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY'S HOUSE--STREET FRONT.
+
+
+There is, at all events, an imaginary pleasure in turning from the wearing
+out turmoil of a statesman's life, to what the world believes the tranquil
+dreams of a poet's existence. But there are few things the worldling so
+little understands as literary industry, or so little sympathizes with as
+literary care. We have no inclination to over-rate either its toils or its
+pleasures, and perhaps no life is more abundantly supplied with both. Its
+toils must be evident to any who have noted the increasing literary labor
+which is necessary to produce the ordinary sources of comforts; but its
+high and holy enjoyments are not so apparent; they are so different from
+those of almost all others as not to be easily explained or understood;
+but above all other gifts, the marvellous gift of poesy is a distinction
+conferred by the Almighty, and should be acknowledged and treasured as
+such. We know little of a poet's studies except by their imperishable
+produce, and it is a common but ill-founded prejudice to imagine
+regularity or diligence incompatible with high genius. Genius is neither
+above law, nor opposed to it; but as many have a poetic taste and
+temperament _without_ the inspiration, the world is apt to mistake the
+eccentricity of the pretender for the outward and visible sign of genius.
+Whether or not the poet of the Porch-house of Chertsey had the actual
+poetic fire we do not venture to determine. Abraham Cowley takes a
+prominent position, amongst the poets of our land, and the eventful times
+in which he lived, and his participation in their tumults give him
+additional interest in all the relations of his anxious and not over-happy
+life. It is recorded of him that he became a poet in consequence of
+reading the Faery Queene, which chance threw in his way while yet a child.
+In allusion to this, Dr. Johnson gave his well-known definition of genius:
+"A mind of large general powers, accidentally determined to some
+particular direction." We had almost dared to say this is rather the
+definition of a philosopher than of one who comprehended the spirituality
+of a marvellous gift. Abraham Cowley--the posthumous son of a London
+grocer--owed much to his mother. She, by her exertions, procured him a
+classical education at Westminster School. She lived to see him loved,
+honored, and great, and what was better still, and more uncommon,
+grateful. At the age of fifteen he published a volume called "Poetic
+Blossoms," which he afterwards described as "commendable extravagancies in
+a boy." He obtained a scholarship in Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1686,
+and there took his degree; but was ejected by the Parliament, and thence
+removed to Oxford. Shortly after, he followed the Queen Henrietta to
+Paris, as Secretary to the Earl of St. Albans, and was employed in the
+court of the exiles in the most confidential capacity. In 1656 he returned
+to England, and was immediately arrested as a suspected spy. He submitted
+quietly--the royalists thought too quietly--to the dominion of the
+Protector, but his whole life proved that he was no traitor. At the
+Restoration, that great national disappointment, his claims upon the
+ungrateful monarch were met by a taunt and a false insinuation--he was told
+that his pardon was his reward! Wood said, "he lost the place by certain
+enemies of the Muses;" certain "friends of the Muses," however, procured
+for him the lease of the Porch-house and farm at Chertsey, held under the
+Queen, and the great desire of his life--solitude--was obtained.
+
+               [Illustration: COWLEY'S HOUSE--GARDEN FRONT.]
+
+                       COWLEY'S HOUSE--GARDEN FRONT.
+
+
+The place still seems a meet dwelling for a poet, and is, perhaps, even
+more attractive to strangers than St. Anne's hill. The porch, which caused
+his residence to be called "The Porch-house," was taken down during the
+last century by the father of its present proprietor, the Rev. John Crosby
+Clarke, and the house is now known as "Cowley House."(1) It is situated
+near the bridge which crosses a narrow and rapid stream, in a lonely part
+of Guildford Street; a latticed window which overhangs the road is the
+window of the room in which the poet expired; on the outside wall Mr.
+Clarke has recorded his reason for removing the porch. "The porch of this
+house, which projected ten feet into the highway, was taken down in the
+year 1786, for the safety and accommodation of the public."
+
+  "Here the last accents flowed from Cowley's tongue."
+
+                [Illustration: STAIRCASE--COWLEY'S HOUSE.]
+
+                        STAIRCASE--COWLEY'S HOUSE.
+
+
+The appearance of the house from Guildford Street, is no index to its size
+or conveniences.(2) You enter by a side gate, and the new front of the
+dwelling is that of a comfortable and gentlemanly home; the old part it is
+said was built in the reign of James the First, and what remains is
+sufficiently quaint to bear out the legend; the old and new are much
+mingled, and the modern part consists of one or two bed-rooms, a large
+dining-room, and a drawing-room, commanding a delicious garden view, the
+meanderings of the stream, and a long tract of luxuriant meadows,
+terminated by the high and richly timbered ground of St. Anne's Hill. A
+portion of the old stairway is preserved, the wood is not as has been
+stated oak, but sweet chestnut. One of the rooms is panelled with oak, and
+Cowley's study is a small closet-like chamber, the window looking towards
+St. Anne's Hill. It is never difficult to imagine a poet in a _small
+chamber_, particularly when his mind may imbibe inspiration from so rich
+and lovely a landscape. Beside the group of trees, beneath whose shadow
+the poet frequently sat, there is a horse chestnut of such exceeding size
+and beauty, that it is worthy a pilgrimage, and no lover of nature could
+look upon it without mingled feelings of reverence and affection.
+
+Here then amid such tranquil scenes, and such placid beauty, the
+"melancholy Cowley," passed the later days of big anxious existence; here
+we may fancy him receiving Evelyn and Denham, the poets and men of letters
+of his troubled day, who found the disappointments of courtly life more
+than their philosophy could endure. Here his friendly biographer, Doctor
+Spratt, cheered his lonely hours.
+
+Cowley was one of those fortunate bards who obtain fame and honor during
+life. His learning was deep, his reading extensive, his acquaintance with
+mankind large. "To him," says Denham in his famous elegy,
+
+  "To him no author was unknown,
+  Yet what he wrote was all his own."
+
+His biographer adds, "There was nothing affected or singular in his habit,
+or person, or gesture; _he understood the forms of good breeding enough to
+practise them without burdening himself or others_." This indeed is the
+perfection of good breeding and good sense.
+
+Having obtained, as we have said, the Porch-house at Chertsey, his mind
+dwelt with pleasure--a philosophic pleasure--upon the hereafter, which he
+hoped for in this life of tranquillity, and the silent labor he so dearly
+loved; but he was destined to prove the reality of his own poesy:
+
+  "Oh life, thou _Nothing's_ younger brother,
+  So _like_ that one might take one for the other."
+
+The career of Abraham Cowley was never sullied by vice,(3) he was loyal
+without being servile, and at once modest, independent and sincere. His
+character is eloquently drawn by Doctor Spratt. "He governed his passions
+with great moderation, his virtues were never troublesome or uneasy to
+any, whatever he disliked in others he only corrected by the silent
+reproof of a better practice."
+
+He died at Chertsey on the 28th of July, 1667, and was interred in
+Westminster Abbey. A throng of nobles followed him to his grave, and the
+worthless king who had deserted him is reported to have said, that Mr.
+Cowley had not left a better man behind him in England.
+
+It is said the body of Cowley was removed from Chertsey by water, thus
+making the Thames he loved so well, the highway to his grave; there is
+something highly poetic in this idea of a funeral, so still and solemn,
+with the oars dropping noiselessly in the blue water. Pope in allusion to
+it, says:
+
+  "What tears the river shed,
+  When the sad pomp along his banks was led;"
+
+which rather inclines us to the belief, that in this, as in many other
+instances, the poetic reading is not the true one,
+
+  "The muses oft in lands of vision play:"
+
+but the fact that he died at Chertsey, as much respected as a man, as he
+was admired as a poet, is certain, and his house is often visited by
+strangers, who are permitted to see his favorite haunts by the kindness of
+its proprietor, who honors the spot so hallowed by memories of "the
+melancholy Cowley:"--he who considered and described "business" as:
+
+  "The contradiction to his fate."
+
+But we must postpone our farther rambles for the present.
+
+                 [Illustration: TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.]
+
+                         TREES ON ST ANNE'S HILL.
+
+
+
+Chertsey loses half its romantic interest by the intrusion of the
+progressive agents of our time--our noisy time, of which the spirit
+willingly brooks no souvenirs of monastic repose. The old quaint quiet
+town has now its railroad, and the shades of its heroes have departed.
+
+
+
+
+
+TRAUGOTT BROMME ON THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA, TEXAS AND THE
+COLONIES.
+
+
+We have at different times, by reviews or translations, endeavored to give
+our readers some idea of what people think of us, in continental Europe.
+But there are two sides to every thing--or there is an universal dualism,
+as Emerson declares--which is perfectly true as to the method which might
+be adopted in the execution of this self-imposed task. One class of
+readers understand by the word _people_ the _beau monde_, and would have
+us invariably follow the school of the Countesses Hahn-Hahn or Ladies
+Blessington or Milords Fitz-Flummery, contented if we have but a fair name
+in society. Another and more reasonable class would be satisfied to know
+the opinion of the literati, or perhaps the poets, particularly when they
+do fit homage to our "grand old woods," and to Niagara. Others regard with
+most respect a plain literal account of our branches of industry--our
+railroads, factories, and canals. They would have the country judged
+purely from a mechanical or practical point of view--contenting themselves
+as to other matters with the reflection. "Oh, sensible people care very
+little about any thing else. If they know what we produce, and what our
+resources are, they'll understand and respect us sufficiently."
+
+Now the opinion of each of these classes has its weight, and though not of
+the _greatest_ ultimate importance, is always to be respected. If we were
+questioned as to the views of which of them we yielded full regard, we
+should candidly say, "to none." It is the general, universal opinion, of a
+nation at large that we deem authoritative, and none other. It is that
+popular opinion so readily yet often so falsely formed (at times from
+trifles of almost incredible levity), and which when once fairly
+developed, is well-nigh ineradicable. In a word, it is to the views of the
+people.
+
+We propose, as opportunity shall offer, to make our readers familiar with
+the writings of all these different classes of travellers--and in the
+present article, we shall make a few extracts from a work interesting, as
+having probably contributed more than any other to a general knowledge of
+the United States in Germany. It is the book which has had the greatest
+currency among all classes, but particularly with the lower order of
+readers and emigrants.
+
+Before proceeding, however, to the work itself, it may be as well to
+answer a question which has perhaps been suggested to the minds of a
+certain class of readers. Of what great use, after all, is this nervous
+regard as to the opinion of the world? Is not our character
+established--are not our characteristics known, to the uttermost corners of
+the earth? To which question we may answer, _Not quite_. In avoiding that
+ridiculous sensitiveness which prompts so many Americans to feel
+personally insulted by the weak remarks of every wandering ignoramus, we
+would by no means fall into the opposite error of attaching no importance
+whatever to the good opinion or the degree of consciousness as to our
+existence entertained by the world at large.
+
+Should any feel disposed to smile at such an expression, as "the
+consciousness of our existence," we will take the liberty of citing a few
+curious instances, for the authenticity of which we assume the entire
+responsibility--instances which may perhaps astonish a few even of the
+better informed. There are in many districts (not altogether provincial)
+of Italy and France great numbers, who would not even in America be
+classed as _ignorant_ in regard to other matters, who have not the
+remotest idea as to the nature or geography of our country. An instance
+has come to our knowledge of an intelligent Hungarian who, by intercourse
+with the world, had acquired a fluency in five languages, and who inquired
+of an American gentleman if his country were not situated somewhere in
+England. The late Mr. Cooper, when placing his daughters at a celebrated
+seminary on the continent, found a great curiosity had been created by the
+rumor that they were coming, some supposing they were black, some that
+they were copper-colored, and all unprepared to see American girls looking
+for all the world like the young German ladies. We have heard of a similar
+instance in which an English _gentleman_--a Cambridge graduate--inquired of
+an American what was the current language of the United States. Lastly, we
+may cite the case of an English author, well known to our own public, and
+favorably mentioned not long since in these pages, who was under the
+impression that owing to the great emigration from Germany, the English
+language must with us, in a very few years, yield to that of the
+_Vaterland_. Now our commercial and industrial relations are seriously
+hindered by this absurd ignorance of America, which in a word prevails to
+such an extent, that we have known an American, who--probably from having
+been over-questioned and speered at in New England--had imbibed such a
+wholesome hatred of inquisitiveness, that he wished the French government
+would hang up, for the benefit of all concerned, the following list of
+questions, with satisfactory answers annexed, in all the _cafes_ of the
+politest nation in Europe:
+
+      Whether America is an island or a continent?
+      What is the color of its inhabitants?
+      What language do they speak?
+      Have they a religion and what is it?
+      What is the state of their morals and cookery?
+      Have they a correct state of feeling as regards the opera?
+
+The reader is not to infer that this is the general state of knowledge
+regarding our country. But it is worth nothing as a curious illustration
+of the vast number of individuals who derive their ideas, not from what is
+going on at the present day, or from available sources of information, but
+from the antiquated views of a by-gone generation. And we trust it will
+not be deemed inappropriate that we here speak a word of the want of
+opportunities of acquiring very general information under which the
+ordinary readers of continental Europe suffer. With all their libraries,
+all their immense arrays of magazines and journals, we find among them an
+apathy in regard to the world without (to the Fan-Qui), which appears
+incredible until we reflect on the deadening influences of the censorship,
+which views with distrust all information in regard to the Land of
+Liberty. We are not aware, throughout the whole of continental Europe, of
+a single publication so thoroughly cosmopolite in its character, so
+general in the scope of its information, or which is so universally
+disseminated among _all_ classes of readers, as _The International_; and
+we trust we do not go too far when we assert, that it is to an extended
+sale of periodical publications somewhat approaching it in the
+concentration and dissemination of news from the world at large, that our
+countrymen owe that superior intelligence and citizen-of-the-world
+character which distinguish them from the insular Briton, self-important
+Frenchman, or abstracted German.
+
+The work from which we propose to make some extracts, is TRAUGOTT BROMME's
+_Hand und Reisebuch fuer Auswanderer nach den Vereinigten Staaten_ (or
+Traugott Bromme's Journey and Handbook for Emigrants to the United
+States). As we have already stated, no work on America is at the present
+day more familiarly known to that class of readers to whom it is
+addressed. Certain remarks on the present condition of German emigration
+with which it is prefaced, may not be devoid of interest to our readers,
+though not constituting a part of such observations as we have more
+particularly referred to:
+
+
+    "There is, it appears, implanted in every man an impulse to
+    advance and better his condition--an impulse caused by poverty,
+    dependent circumstances, or pressure from every side, vexing at
+    times even the highest in rank, and which is the cause why
+    thousands leave their fatherland, to seek afar a now home, and
+    hundreds of thousands cast around them disturbed and anxious
+    glances, restrained only by hard poverty, which imprisons them at
+    home. Such is very generally the case at present in our own
+    country, where--despite the political concessions of March in the
+    year 1848, of the published original privileges of the German
+    people, and of the promising prospect of a free and united
+    Germany, with a concluding general empire--emigration appears to be
+    by no means on the decrease." "These emigrants of the present day
+    consist not as formerly of poor people of the lower orders, who
+    turn their backs on the German fatherland, or liberal declaimers,
+    dreaming of an ideal of freedom which could scarcely be realized
+    in Utopia, but of sober excellent families of the middle class,
+    who, free from all delusive fancies, do not expect to find in the
+    western world wealth and honorable offices, but desire only to
+    inhabit a land, wherein they may dwell quietly and happily with
+    their children." "What the German wants is _room_--a new broad
+    field for his abilities--and this America extends to him in
+    unbounded space. No one at the present day hopes to obtain hills
+    of gold without labor, but every one knows that the far more
+    estimable treasure of perfect independence, or to speak more
+    correctly, of perfect _self-dependence_, with the prospect of a
+    future free from care, may in America be obtained at the cost of a
+    few years of earnest, honest industry. And what, to the man
+    oppressed in his fatherland by all the cares incident upon the
+    obtaining a bare subsistence, is two or three or even _four_ years
+    of hard work, when compared to a whole life of poverty and
+    misery?"
+
+
+After accurately sketching the extreme misery and poverty oppressing the
+inhabitants of many districts of Germany, of late years sadly increased by
+the falling off in manufactures since the political disturbances, our
+author proceeds to set forth the advantages offered by America:
+
+
+    "That most emigrants should rather look to America, than Poland,
+    Russia, Servia, or Siebenburgen, is natural enough, since all of
+    these countries together cannot offer so many attractions as
+    America. Where on earth is there such a vast array of unoccupied
+    lands, offered at such a moderate price--land so cheap that in many
+    districts twenty or thirty and even more acres, covered with wood,
+    are given at a price for which a single acre of similar land is
+    sold in Germany?"
+
+
+The richness of the soil, the excellence of the climate, and the demand
+for labor, are then described; to which, as the greatest inducement, he
+adds the fact that in _America_ the fullest "liberty of labor and
+mechanical calling or trade," is allowed. Also, that the taxes are so
+light that an industrious man is able not only to live, but even to lay up
+something for his old age, or his children, or to employ in the extension
+of his business.
+
+
+    "For as there exists in America no standing army, its inhabitants
+    may retain their children, as the best possible assistants in
+    labor, and train, govern, and discipline them as can only properly
+    done under the eye of a parent. Furthermore, in that country every
+    one is permitted to enjoy the fullest civil and religious liberty.
+    These are the advantages to be expected from an emigration to
+    America, _and he who anticipates more will find himself bitterly
+    deceived_. But a man who can be content with this, and can live
+    actively, moderately, and frugally, will here, better than in any
+    other land in the world, ultimately attain to happiness and
+    fortune. In times like ours, when every branch of industry is
+    crowded, when tender parents think with grief and trouble on the
+    future prospects of their children, there are for the emigrant no
+    other resources save those held out by a full and bountiful
+    nature, and no means of livelihood which may be so certainly
+    depended upon as those afforded by agriculture. Here it is that
+    industry throws open the widest field, and affords the fullest
+    opportunity of doing good."
+
+
+In the following extract, our author proceeds to set forth the national
+character of the American:
+
+
+    "The national character of the American has been greatly
+    misunderstood; few travellers seem, in fact, to have understood
+    it, since they mention it as something as new and unfounded as the
+    country itself, and yet it is so well confirmed--so well
+    established in every elevated and noble characteristic of the
+    human race, that it may confidently be placed in comparison with
+    that of the most celebrated nations of antiquity. Springing
+    originally from England, they have the pride and manly confidence
+    of the Briton, for through their ancestry they claim an equal
+    share of all which gives dignity to those inheriting glory and a
+    great name. Their forefathers were those brave religious pilgrims
+    who were transferred by British laws (or rather by old German) and
+    British genius to the shores of the new world--to there give to
+    those laws and genius an immortality. Building still further on
+    this new land, they opened the temple of the Lord to all his
+    followers, and received with open arms all the unfortunate or
+    oppressed exiles of Europe. For the first time in reality in this
+    world they flung wide the flag of truth and freedom--fought under
+    its folds an unequal fight against the mightiest power in the
+    world--and overcame it. And when a second time they armed
+    themselves to combat with England, they again came forth
+    unconquered from the contest. Reason enough this for the national
+    pride of the American, for nothing could more naturally cause a
+    certain degree of self-content than to belong to a nation whose
+    brilliant deeds in war as in politics, in commerce as in
+    manufactures, have astonished the world. A second and not less
+    characteristic trait of the American is seen in a certain
+    earnestness, which appears to strangers to indicate a want of
+    sociable feeling--and yet perhaps in _no_ country is true noble
+    sociability as developed in domestic life, so much at home, as in
+    America.
+
+    "Accustomed from his cradle to reflect on himself and his
+    circumstances, the American from the first instant of his entry
+    into active life is ever on the watch to improve their condition.
+    Is he rich, and consequently more directly interested in the
+    common wealth, then every new law, every change in the personal
+    direction of the government, awakes in him a new care for the
+    future, while on the other hand, if poor, then every change in the
+    state may perhaps afford him a new opportunity of bettering his
+    condition. Therefore he is ever wide awake--ever looking out for
+    the future, not as a mere spectator, but as one playing a part and
+    occupied in maintaining the present state of affairs, or in
+    improving them. The entire mass of the population is continually
+    in a state of political agitation, and, urged by hope of their aid
+    or fear of their power, we see every one continually seeking for
+    expressions of public opinion. No man is so rich or powerful that
+    he need not fear them--none so wretched and poor but that he may
+    venture to entertain the hope of being through them aided and
+    relieved. Public opinion is in America the mightiest organ of
+    justice--shielding no one, from the president to the simplest
+    citizen, and proceeds, mowing, casting down, or grinding to powder
+    all things which oppose it and deserve its condemnation.
+
+    "This condition of perpetual agitation gives the American an
+    appearance of ceaseless restlessness, but it is in reality the
+    true ground of peace and content. _The American has no time to be
+    discontented_, and this is the most praiseworthy point of their
+    constitution and popular life. The republican has necessarily as
+    many severe and arduous duties to fulfil as the inhabitants of any
+    monarchy--but their fulfilment is gratifying and consoling--for it
+    is allied to the consciousness of power. The American has no
+    desire for the quiet temper of the European, and least of all for
+    the silent happiness of the German, which last, alas! appears
+    since the dissipation of the intoxication of the Revolution of
+    March, 1848, to consist, as far as the great mass of the
+    population is concerned, merely in the egotistic repose of
+    self-sufficiency, weakness, and ignorance. The American finds
+    repose only in his house, in his family circle, and among his
+    children; all without the walls of that home is an incessant
+    working and striving, in politics as in trade--by the streets and
+    canals, as in the woods of the West. Different as the elements are
+    from which the inhabitants of the United States are formed, and
+    different as the circumstances may be under which they live, there
+    still prevails among them a certain unity of character, an
+    equanimity of feeling, which it would be difficult to parallel,
+    resulting perhaps from the very heterogeneousness and mixture of
+    elements itself, since no one element allows to another
+    pre-eminence. They have all something in common in their
+    appearance, which gives them the air almost of relations--something
+    in their gait and manners which declares them to be other than
+    English, Germans, or French. Through the entire land, through
+    every class, there is disseminated a certain refinement of manner,
+    an appreciation of decency and nobility of character, which
+    springs from a consciousness of their own rights and respect for
+    mankind. Even emigrants, in America, soon learn to cast aside
+    their rough prejudices as regards caste, for the proud affability
+    of the aristocratic, the vanity of the small citizen, the want of
+    confidence and ease in the mechanic, the slavish servitude and
+    snappish insolence of liveried servants, find in America no place.
+    _Man_ is there esteemed only as _man_--only ability gains honor--and
+    where _that_ is, and there alone, can true nobility be found. No
+    one there inquires who a man is, or who were his parents, but
+    'What can he _do_, what are his capabilities, and what can he
+    produce?' Rank and caste are in America unknown. Every man feels
+    his freedom and independence, and expresses himself accordingly.
+    Even the servant is a free man, who has, it is true, hired his
+    service, but not his entire existence. The American is polite, but
+    over-refined, unmeaning compliments form no part of his manners,
+    nor does he expect them from others. No man vexes or troubles
+    himself for another, in consequence of which we find in American
+    society very little stiffness and reserve, yet we find in every
+    respect that the very highest regard is there paid to propriety
+    and decency--particularly as regards the female sex, since in no
+    country, not even in England, do ladies enjoy such respect and
+    regard as in the United States. Ever depending upon, and confiding
+    in himself, the American is in his manners free, open, and
+    unreserved. The mass of the people is possessed of intelligence
+    and spirit, though not so scientifically educated as in Europe,
+    and a higher degree of intelligence penetrates even the lower
+    class, who consequently form a marked and singular contrast with
+    those of like rank in Europe. It is not from being versed in the
+    higher branches of abstract learning and science, but from the
+    great amount of that direct practical knowledge which exerts the
+    greatest influence in making life happy, that the Americans are
+    distinguished from other nations, and for the acquisition of which
+    they have made better provision and preparation than any other
+    people. As yet too deeply occupied with the Needful and Important,
+    they are compelled to leave the development of the higher branches
+    to the care and noble generosity of individuals. But a glance at
+    the sums which are annually devoted to the establishment and
+    maintenance of schools and universities, will suffice to evidence
+    the liberality with which the proper education of the people is
+    cared for in the United States. Knowledge is indeed esteemed, but
+    only according to its use and applicability to the wants of life;
+    so that a practical tanner is there worth more than a learned
+    pedant. _Wealth, or rather wealth allied to ability and
+    universality of talent, is there more highly esteemed than
+    learning,_ while hospitality, patriotism, and toleration, allowing
+    every one to think and feel as he likes, are universal
+    characteristics. So that in the United States nothing is wanting
+    to the attainment of a true civil and social freedom, even though
+    the means thereto are not invariably correctly understood or
+    admitted (as is indeed the case by us), and though--since men are
+    every where subject to the same weaknesses--they measure happiness
+    rather by the standard of their own intelligence and virtues, than
+    by fortune and nature, which latter, impartially considered, is
+    the basis of the physical happiness of the American. That,
+    however, which constitutes his _moral_ happiness is this; that in
+    his country, domestic life enjoys the true supremacy, _and to
+    this, public life and the state are subordinate_. It is true that
+    the American statesmen have fallen into the same error as the
+    European--_id est_, to believe that without _them_ the people could
+    never prosper, and still live in the belief that home-happiness
+    hangs on them, their theories and arts of governing; but the most
+    superficial glance teaches that if wise laws are able to effect
+    more for the happiness of man than they can bring about, still no
+    one should _there_ attempt to draw happiness from such a source
+    when popular and private life have combined to bestow it. But
+    should the happiness of the Americans ever be derived from this
+    side, it will be more sensible to assume that the foundation
+    thereof will be the release from that which in the recent culture
+    has passed for the deepest political wisdom. The true secret of
+    all the good fortune of America lies in the favorable condition of
+    external things. 'It is not with them as in Europe, where the poor
+    can only better their condition or become rich by making the rich
+    poor, for therein lies the source of an infinite strife which hath
+    been combated for centuries, with the axioms of religion and
+    morals. But in America, men when striving to better their
+    condition, instead of becoming enemies and turning their arms
+    against each other, strive with _Nature_, and wring from her
+    boundless stores that wealth which she so bountifully affords!'"
+
+
+We have made these quotations less on account of any merit which they
+possess, than to give our readers an idea of the general opinion
+prevailing in Germany in regard to our country; and to confirm an
+assertion made in a recent number of the _International_, that in no
+country in Europe are we so impartially and favorably judged. There is one
+particular, however, in which we find this book worthy of especial praise.
+The author highly commends the flourishing state of religion in the United
+States, declaring that we are in this respect superior to the Germans, and
+that on the Sabbath the churches are filled to a degree unknown in Europe.
+It is from our deep-rooted attachment to domestic life, and our observance
+of religion, that he correctly deduces our true happiness, as separated
+from the natural advantages of the country. It is greatly to be desired
+that the majority of his countrymen resident in America, would allow
+themselves to be impressed in a similar manner as to the advantages of
+piety and Sabbath-keeping. There is in the United States a vast number of
+German newspapers--conducted we should imagine for the greater part by
+unprincipled and worthless adventurers of the red republican, socialist
+stamp, who, despite the protection which they here enjoy, incessantly and
+spitefully abuse every institution to which they are really indebted for
+their asylum among us, and most of all our observation of the Sabbath, in
+a style which entitles them to something severer than mere contempt. But
+Herr Bromme is right. Respect for morality and religion, a due regard for
+the Sabbath, and a dependence on the home-circle for pleasure and
+recreation, are the surest safeguard of peace, happiness, and prosperity.
+
+
+
+
+
+A VISIT TO THE FIRE WORSHIPPERS' TEMPLE AT BAKU.
+
+
+In a recent number of the _Russian Archives for Scientific Information_,
+is an account of a visit made by a Russian lady of distinction, in company
+with her husband and sons, to a temple of the Indian sect of Gebers, or
+Fire Worshippers, near Baku, a city of Georgia, lying on the Caspian Sea.
+We translate this interesting narrative for the _International_, as
+follows:
+
+In order the better to enjoy the spectacle of the fire, we chose the
+evening for our excursion thither; but a thick fog came on, which made the
+road difficult and dangerous. When we finally reached the place it was
+pitch dark; the flames were rising in beautiful purity to the peaceful sky
+of night, and the entire castle, within which was the temple, seemed to be
+surrounded by a circle of watch-fires. These were lighted by Persians from
+the neighborhood, who were busy burning lime and baking bread, dark forms
+like those which worked on the tower of Babel, and burnt lime for it. They
+were now brought here by the ease and cheapness of carrying on their
+occupations. All that is necessary is to make a hole in the ground, touch
+a burning coal to it, and an inexhaustible flame rises forth like a
+spring. Behind this range of little flames and fires, rose, in the pale
+light, the dirty white walls of the castle, in the centre of which there
+flashed from the summit of two lofty pillars great masses of the purest,
+clearest, and keenest flame, which were now bent down horizontally and
+wreathed like serpents by the force of the wind, and now rose
+perpendicularly to the sky, whose dome they lighted up like two vast altar
+tapers. We drove around the edifice, and stopped on one side where there
+were no flames rising from the earth. A fine rain was falling, but we
+remained without while our guide went in to announce us. He came back
+immediately with a swarthy Hindoo. The sight of this man impressed me
+strangely, and I forgot that he belonged to a remote colony of a few
+individuals, and asked myself if we had been suddenly transported to
+India, or if India had been brought up to the Caspian.
+
+We went into the court-yard, in which stands the temple, with its two
+fire-pillars. About half way up hang a couple of large bells, which the
+Hindoo sounded by way of preparing us for what we were to see. There was
+something fearful in the loud clangor, and my boys crowded close beside
+me. Except our party, no one was to be seen except the swart Geber, in his
+white turban and long brown robe, with just enough of a pair of light blue
+trowsers visible to bring into distinctness his naked black feet. His
+features were noble, and his beard long and black. He looked like a
+conjurer, like the lord of an enchanted castle, summoning his spirits. The
+hissing fire, as if obeying him, flashed up more brightly at the crash of
+the bells; now it was clear as day around us, and now it was twilight as
+the wind lowered the flame. My husband and sons and the guide who had
+brought us to the place, were all dressed in oriental costume, and I alone
+seemed to belong to Europe. A shudder of home-sickness came over me, and
+at every moment I expected to see something monstrous, to behold all the
+cruelties of a heathenish and barbarous worship.
+
+The interpreter now summoned us to follow the Geber. We were told that the
+castle was built by a rich Indian nabob, who was a fire worshipper, and
+who, with his followers, long inhabited it. Now, only three Hindoos remain
+from that period of splendor. But nature remains eternally the same, and
+whether worshipped or not, the flames still shine and awe the
+superstitious, and so great is the fame of the place that many pilgrims
+come yearly from distant India to pray, and to have prayers said for them,
+here in the visible presence of the primeval light.
+
+At last we came to the cell of the priest, and on his invitation entered
+it. We passed through a low door, and down a few steps, and found
+ourselves in a small, semicircular, low, but very white room, with a floor
+of mason-work, and a small altar in the centre. Around the wall were
+seats, also of mason-work. In the altar there was an opening as large as a
+gun-barrel, from which rose a slender flame that lighted the room very
+clearly. There were other little openings on the sides of the altar. The
+Hindoo took a wisp of straw, lighted it, and touched these openings, from
+which the most beautiful flames at once issued. The children, who had
+never seen gas lights, or at least did not remember them, regarded all
+this as the most perfect witchery. On a second altar, which, like the
+first, was about the height of a common table, lay or stood the idols and
+treasures of our priest. Small steps led up to it, which were used to hold
+muscles, stones, shells, and other instruments employed in the sacred
+rites. The idols were of metal, and ugly and monstrous, like Chinese
+images. Beside these figures, we were astonished to see crosses of various
+forms and sizes. We asked the Geber about them, and he answered with
+oriental emphasis: "There is one God, and no one has seen him; therefore
+every one adores him after his own way, and represents him after his own
+way." The reply was diplomatic enough, and we could not ascertain how the
+crosses had come there.
+
+On the altar and its steps lay a great number of singularly beautiful
+Indian stones, which the boys wanted very much, but which, in spite of our
+large offers, we could not obtain. They were mementoes from the distant
+fatherland, and possibly they served as sacred ornaments for the little
+cell. There were also several censers, lamps, and little silver plates and
+salvers. The air was stifling from the fumes of gas, and the heat was like
+that of a vapor bath. The priest took from the altar some pieces of red
+and white candied sugar, held them, praying, before his idols, sprinkled
+them with holy water, and handed them to us on a silver plate.
+
+A second Hindoo now came in, a tall old man, whose name, as he told us,
+was Amintaas. He invited us into his cell, which was larger and
+differently arranged. In the centre was a large kettle, set in mason-work,
+with water in it, and a gas flame burning under it; the altar was in
+another apartment beyond, and separated from the first by a low wall or
+fence, with a passage through. Another apartment, similarly divided off,
+was spread with carpets for sleeping. After we had seen the stones,
+shells, and idols, which were richer and more numerous than in the former
+cell, the Hindoos asked us if they should pray for us. We agreed, and the
+ceremony began. A large muscle shell was washed in the kettle, the plates
+were set in order at the foot of the altar, a censer began to smoke, the
+silver plate with candied sugar was set over a lamp Between two bells,
+whose handles were the most monstrous figures of idols. These bells
+Amintaas took and began to ring vehemently. The other Hindoos stood behind
+him and beat two big cymbals, accompanying this noise with the most
+inhuman and frightful howling that a man's lungs ever produced. Still,
+there was method and a regular cadence in it. Finally, they made a pause,
+bowed before the images, murmuring softly, after which they arranged the
+plates anew, and sprinkled the sugar with holy water. My husband whispered
+in my ear a line from the conjuration in "Faust," and the whole of that
+scene rushed vividly into my memory.
+
+Meanwhile the lungs of the old Amintaas had recovered their power, for he
+now seized a conch shell, held it in both hands, and with incredible
+strength blew long wild notes, with scarce any thing like a tune. I grew
+dizzy in listening to this clamor, and at once understood what is meant by
+the heathen making a "vain noise," This cannibalistic music was kept up
+for a long time, and seemed to form the climax of the sacred rites. The
+finale was a combination of wild shouting, banging of the cymbals, ringing
+and murmuring. At last the concert was over, and we breathed freely.
+Amintaas handed us the candied sugar, and my husband laid down two ducats
+in its place. They were received with warm expressions of gratitude, and
+laid upon the altar. We went out into the open air, but the scene had
+changed. The lonely castle was crowded with Persians who had come from
+their lime-burning to see the Europeans. Persian women were sitting around
+by sundry little ovens of masonry, where, by the help of gas flames, they
+baked their _Tsheuks_, thin cakes of unleavened bread. Followed by the
+crowd, we were led a couple of hundred steps from the castle to a spring
+that was covered over; the cover was taken off, and a bundle of burning
+straw thrown in, when, crackling and hissing, sprung up a splendid pillar
+of fire, vanishing in sparks like stars. This beautiful spectacle lasted
+but for a moment, and a quarter of an hour was necessary to collect gas
+enough to repeat the experiment.
+
+We returned to Baku in the rain, more dead than alive. It was the eve of
+Easter. The next morning, as I was sitting on the sofa with the children,
+there came in a tall, meagre Hindoo, with gray hair; he was dressed in a
+white robe, and brought me white and red sugar on a silver plate. He was
+the chief priest from the temple of the Gebers, and had come to Baku to
+see the Easter festivities. We took a few grains of his sugar, and I laid
+a silver rouble on the plate. While he was making his bows for this, my
+husband came in and told him, partly in Tartar, partly in Russian, and
+partly in pantomime, that we had been to his temple the night before, and
+had prayers said there. He asked at once, with eagerness, how much we had
+given, and when he learned the sum, asked for a certificate to that
+effect, as, without it, the others would give him no part of the money. We
+sent him away without granting his request, for the two screamers of the
+night previous had earned all we gave them. We learned afterwards that the
+gifts of visitors occasioned quarrels, and often blows, in the romantic
+fire-castle. This disgusted me, and yet it is not the fault of these poor
+fellows. They must necessarily become covetous, since they profane their
+most sacred ceremonies as a means of living. They have neither fields nor
+gardens, and the only thing like vegetation that I saw was some lone boxes
+in the court yard, filled with shrubs and plants, remains, no doubt, from
+the time of the Indian nabob, who sought in vain to establish cultivation
+in a soil impregnated with inflammable gas. However, I learned to my
+sorrow that grass at least grows there, for, in going through it to the
+spring, my feet became perfectly wet.
+
+The air of the locality does not seem to be unwholesome for man. At least,
+the Geber priests, who had lived there for years, were perfect lions for
+health and vigor.
+
+
+
+
+
+A NEW PORTRAIT OF CICERO.
+
+
+In the third volume of his _History of the Romans under the Empire_, just
+published in London, Mr. MERIVALE gives some elaborate pieces of character
+writing, one of which has for its subject CICERO. It is not good for a man
+to think harshly of Cicero, and however easy it may seem to be to condemn
+manifest faults in his character, it is by no means easy to be fair in the
+estimate we make. Mr. Merivale sums up a character which has too often
+been roughly put down as that of a great writer and a little man, as
+follows:
+
+
+    "Many writers, it has been remarked, have related the death of
+    Cicero, but Plutarch alone has painted it. In the narrative here
+    laid before him the reader has the substance of this picturesque
+    account, together with some touches introduced from collateral
+    sources. In this, as in many other massages of his Lives, the
+    Greek biographer has evidently aimed at creating an effect, and
+    though he seems to have been mainly guided by the genuine
+    narrative of Tiro, Cicero's beloved freedman, we may suspect him
+    of having embellished it to furnish a striking termination to one
+    of his favorite sketches. Nevertheless the narrative is mainly
+    confirmed by a fragment of Livy's history, which has fortunately
+    been preserved. The Roman author vies with the Greek in throwing
+    dignity and interest over the great statesman's end. But in
+    reviewing the uneven tenor of his career, Livy concludes with the
+    stern comment, "He bore none of his calamities as a man should,
+    except his death." These are grave words. In the mouth of one who
+    had cast his scrutinizing glance over the characters and exploits
+    of all the heroes of the great republic, and had learnt by the
+    training of his life-long studies to discriminate moral qualities
+    and estimate desert, they constitute the most important judgment
+    on the conduct of Cicero that antiquity has bequeathed to us. Few
+    indeed among the Romans ever betrayed a want of resolution in the
+    face of impending death. But it was in the endurance of calamity
+    rather than the defiance of danger that the courage of Cicero was
+    deficient. The orator, whose genius lay in the arts of peace and
+    persuasion, exhibited on more than one occasion a martial spirit
+    worthy of other habits and a ruder training. In the contest with
+    Catilina he displayed all the moral confidence of a veteran
+    general: in the struggle with Antonius he threw himself without
+    reserve into a position where there was no alternative but to
+    conquer or to perish. In the earlier conflict he had still his
+    fame to acquire, his proud ascendency to establish; and the love
+    of praise and glory inspired him with the audacity which makes and
+    justifies its own success. But in the later, he courted danger for
+    the sake of retaining the fame he so dearly prized. He had once
+    saved his country, and he could not endure that it should be said
+    he had ever deserted it. He loved his country; but it wan for his
+    own honor, which he could preserve, rather than for his country's
+    freedom, which he despaired of, that he returned to his post when
+    escape was still possible. He might have remained silent, but he
+    opened the floodgates of his eloquence. When indeed he had once
+    launched himself on the torrent he lost all self-command; he could
+    neither retrace nor moderate his career; he saw the rocks before
+    him, but he dashed himself headlong against them. But another
+    grave authority has given us the judgment of antiquity, that
+    Cicero's defect was the want of steadfastness. His courage had no
+    dignity because it lacked consistency. All men and all parties
+    agreed that he could not be relied upon to lead, to co-operate, or
+    to follow. In all the great enterprises of his party, he was left
+    behind, except that which the nobles undertook against Catilina,
+    in which they rather thrust him before them than engaged with him
+    on terms of mutual support. When we read the vehement claims which
+    Cicero put forth to the honor of association, however tardy, with
+    the glories and dangers of Caesar's assassins, we should deem the
+    conspirators guilty of a monstrous oversight in having neglected
+    to enlist him in their design, were we not assured that he was not
+    to be trusted as a confederate either for good or for evil.
+
+    "Of all the characters of antiquity Cicero is undoubtedly that
+    with which we are most intimately acquainted; for he alone has
+    left to us the record of his thoughts and actions for more than
+    half his public career in a voluminous mass of familiar as well as
+    political correspondence. No public character probably could pass
+    unscathed through the fiery ordeal to which he has thus subjected
+    himself. Cicero, it must be avowed, is convicted from his own
+    mouth of vanity, inconstancy, sordidness, jealousy, malice,
+    selfishness, and timidity. But on the other hand no character,
+    public or private, could thus bare its workings to our view
+    without laying a stronger claim to our sympathy, and extorting
+    from us more kindly consideration than we can give to the mere
+    shell of the human being with which ordinary history brings us in
+    contact. Cicero gains more than he loses by the confessions he
+    pours into our ear. We read in his letters what we should vainly
+    search for in the meagre pages of Sallust and Appian, in the
+    captious criticism of Dion, and even in the pleasant anecdotes of
+    his friendly biographer Plutarch, his amiableness, his refined
+    urbanity, his admiration for excellence, his thirst for fame, his
+    love of truth, equity, and reason. Much indeed of the patriotism,
+    the honesty, the moral courage he exhibited, was really no other
+    than the refined ambition of attaining the respect of his
+    contemporaries and bequeathing a name to posterity. He might not
+    act from a sense of duty, like Cato, but his motives, personal and
+    selfish as they in some sense were, coincided with what a more
+    enlightened conscience would have felt to be duty. Thus his
+    proconsulate is perhaps the purest and most honorable passage in
+    his life. His strict and rare probity amidst the temptations of
+    office arrests our attention and extorts our praise: yet assuredly
+    Cicero had no nice sense of honor, and was controlled by no
+    delicacy of sentiment, where public opinion was silent, or a
+    transaction strictly private. His courting his ward Publilia for
+    her dower, his caressing Dolabella for the sake of getting his
+    debt paid, his soliciting the historian Lucceius to color and
+    exaggerate the merits of his consulship, display a grievous want
+    of magnanimity and of a predominant sense of right. Fortunately
+    his instinct taught him to see in the constitution of the republic
+    the fairest field for the display of his peculiar talents; the
+    orator and the pleader could not fail to love the arena on which
+    the greatest triumph of his genius had been or were yet, as he
+    hoped, to be acquired. And Cicero indeed was not less ambitious
+    than Caeesar or Pompeius, Antonius or Octavius. To the pursuit of
+    fame he sacrificed many interests and friendships. He was not less
+    jealous of a rival in his chosen career than any of the leaders of
+    party and candidates for popular favor. He could not endure
+    competition for the throne of eloquence and the sceptre of
+    persuasion. It was on this account perhaps that he sought his
+    associates among the young, from whose rivalry he had nothing to
+    fear, rather than from his own contemporaries, the candidates for
+    the same prize of public admiration which he aimed at securing for
+    himself. From his pages there flows an incessant stream of abuse
+    of all the great masters of political power in his time; of Caesar
+    and Pompeius; of Crassus and Antonius, not to mention his coarse
+    vituperation of Piso and Gabinius, and his uneasy sneers at the
+    impracticable Cato. We may note the different tone which his
+    disparagement assumes towards these men respectively. He speaks of
+    Caesar with awe, of Pompeius with mortification, with dislike of
+    Crassus, with bitter malice of Antonius. Caesar, even when he most
+    deeply reprobates him, he personally loves; the cold distrust of
+    Pompeius vexes his self-esteem; between him and Crassus there
+    subsists a natural antipathy of temperament: but Antonius, the
+    hate of his old age, becomes to him the incarnation of all the
+    evil his long and bitter experience of mankind have discovered in
+    the human heart. While we suspect Cicero of injustice towards the
+    great men of his day, we are bound also to specify the gross
+    dishonesty with which he magnifies his own merits where they are
+    trivial, and embellishes them where they are really important. The
+    perpetual recurrence to the topic of his own political deserts
+    must have wearied the most patient of friends, and more than
+    balanced the display of sordidness and time-serving which Atticus
+    doubtless reflected back in his share of the correspondence
+    between them.
+
+    "But while Cicero stands justly charged with many grave
+    infirmities of temper and defects of principle, while we remark
+    with a sigh the vanity, the inconstancy, and the ingratitude he so
+    often manifested, while we lament his ignoble subserviencies and
+    his ferocious resentments, the high standard by which we claim to
+    judge him is in itself the fullest acknowledgment of his
+    transcendent merits. For undoubtedly had he not placed himself on
+    a higher moral level than the statesmen and sages of his day, we
+    should pass over many of his weaknesses in silence, and allow his
+    pretensions to our esteem to pass almost unchallenged. But we
+    demand a nearer approach to the perfection of human wisdom and
+    virtue in one who sought to approve himself the greatest of their
+    teachers. Nor need we scruple to admit that the judgment of the
+    ancients on Cicero was for the most part unfavorable. The
+    moralists of antiquity required in their heroes virtues with which
+    we can more readily dispense: and they too had less sympathy with
+    many qualities which a purer religion and a wider experience have
+    taught us to love and admire. Nor were they capable, from their
+    position, of estimating the slow and silent effects upon human
+    happiness of the lessons which Cicero enforced. After all the
+    severe judgments we are compelled to pass on his conduct, we must
+    acknowledge that there remains a residue of what is amiable in his
+    character and noble in his teaching beyond all ancient example.
+    Cicero lived and died in faith. He has made converts to the belief
+    in virtue, and had disciples in the wisdom of love. There have
+    been dark periods in the history of man, when the feeble ray of
+    religious instruction paled before the torch of his generous
+    philanthropy. The praise which the great critic pronounced upon
+    his excellence in oratory may be justly extended to the qualities
+    of his heart, and even in our enlightened days it may be held no
+    mean advance in virtue to venerate the master of Roman
+    philosophy."
+
+
+
+
+
+LORD MAHON'S HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
+
+
+Incomparably the best history of our struggle for independence that has
+been written by a foreigner is that of which we have the larger portion in
+the just-published fifth and sixth volumes of Lord MAHON'S _History of
+England from the Peace of Utrecht_, comprising the period from 1763 to
+1780--from the commencement of the popular discontents until the virtual
+conclusion of the war.
+
+The character of Lord Mahon as a historian has long been established. When
+Sismondi, in 1842, had brought his History of France down to the peace of
+Aix-la-Chapelle, he lamented that he could no longer be guided by Lord
+Mahon, and expressed a hope that his "brilliant labors" would be
+continued. The portion of his work on which the illustrious Frenchman thus
+set the seal of his approval has been reprinted in this country by the
+Appletons, in two large volumes (embracing the first four of the original
+impression), carefully and judiciously edited by Professor Henry Reed, of
+Philadelphia. It well indicates the right of its author to a place with
+the best British writers in this department. History was never before
+written so brilliantly or profoundly as in the last half century. Germany
+in this period has boasted her Schiller, Niebuhr, Von Hammer, Heeren,
+Ranke, and two Mullers; France her Sismondi, Barrante, Thierrys, Michelet,
+Mignet, Guizot, and Thiers; England her Mitford, Arnold, Thirlwall, Grote,
+Napier, Hallam, Mackintosh, Macaulay, Palgrave, and Mahon; and we have
+ourselves the noble names of Bancroft, Prescott, and Irving, to send to
+the next ages. Of the English authors we have mentioned, we regard Lord
+Mahon as in many respects the first; Hallam is a laborious and wise
+critic; Thirlwall and Grote, in their province, have greatly increased the
+fame of British scholarship; and Macaulay, brilliant and picturesque
+beyond any of his contemporaries, has an unprecedented popularity, which
+will last until the worthlessness of his opinions and the viciousness of
+his style are more justly appreciated than they are likely to be by the
+mobs of novel readers who in this generation have preferred him to James
+and Ainsworth. Lord Mahon is the most legitimate successor of the greatest
+historian of his country, David Hume.
+
+Although the chief subject of these new volumes is the American war, the
+general political history of England, from the decline of the fortunes of
+Bute through the administration of Grenville, Rockingham, Chatham, the
+Duke of Grafton, and Lord North, is illustrated and commented on as
+largely as the special purpose of the author permitted; and we have many
+striking passages respecting Wilkes and his various persecutions, the
+Letters of Junius and their authorship, and the common intellectual and
+material progress of the British empire. The spirit in which he regards
+our Revolution is illustrated by the following paragraph, on the
+rejection, by the House of Peers, of the conciliatory Bill by which Lord
+Chatham hoped, in 1775, to prevent the threatened separation of the
+colonies:
+
+
+    "It may be proper, or at least pardonable, here to pause for an
+    inquiry, what probable issue might have attended an opposite
+    decision in the British Parliament? If the ministers had been
+    defeated on this Bill, if, in consequence, they had resigned, and
+    it had in other hands been carried through, would the Americans
+    have accepted the measure cheerfully and readily--would it for a
+    long time to come have closed the breach, and cemented the union
+    with the Mother Country? From all the facts and testimonies then
+    or since made public, I answer without hesitation that it would.
+    The sword was then slumbering in its scabbard. On both sides there
+    were injuries to redress, but not as yet bloodshed to avenge. It
+    was only a quarrel. It was not as yet a war. Even the boldest
+    leaders of that war in after years, whether in council or the
+    field, were still, in January, 1775, the firm friends of colonial
+    subordination. Washington himself (and he at least was no
+    dissembler--from him, at least, there never came any promise or
+    assurance that did not deserve the most implicit credit) had only
+    a few months before presided at a meeting of Fairfax County, in
+    Virginia. That meeting, while claiming relief of grievances, had
+    also at his instance adopted the following Resolve:--'That it is
+    our greatest wish and inclination, as well as interest, to
+    continue our connection with, and dependence upon, the British
+    Government.' But further still, although the first Congress was
+    praised by Chatham for its moderate counsels, and although the
+    calmer voice of history has ratified the praise, we learn that
+    these moderate counsels did not lag behind, but rather exceeded
+    and outran the prevailing sentiment in many of the colonies. To
+    this fact we find an unimpeachable testimony in the letters of
+    President Reed, who, writing to a friend in strict confidence,
+    laments that 'The proceedings of Congress have been pitched on too
+    high a key for some of those middle provinces.' With such
+    feelings, how gladly, how gratefully would they have welcomed the
+    hand of reconciliation stretched out by the Parliament of England!
+    It may be true, indeed, that such feelings as these did not
+    prevail in all, or nearly all, the colonies. It may be true,
+    especially, that no amount of good government, of forbearance, or
+    of kindness, would have won back Massachusetts. But herein lay, as
+    I think, the especial force and efficacy of Lord Chatham's scheme,
+    that it did not refer the questions of parliamentary supremacy and
+    colonial taxation to the decision of any one province; but, as the
+    Americans themselves desired, to the decision of a Congress
+    composed from all the provinces, so that disaffection, however
+    firmly rooted here and there, would of course be overpowered by a
+    loyal and large majority. Nor do I believe that the proposal of a
+    new grant to the Crown, and the consequent necessity of increased
+    taxation to the people, would have interposed any serious
+    obstacle. The load of taxation on the colonies was at this period
+    light indeed: according to a calculation made by Lord North in
+    that very year, each inhabitant of England paid in taxes, upon an
+    average, not less than twenty-five shillings annually; but each
+    inhabitant of British America no more than sixpence. The
+    experience of the closely-following Revolutionary war proves how
+    easily and readily, when their feelings were involved, the
+    Americans could raise far greater supplies. And surely had Lord
+    Chatham's scheme prevailed, their feelings would have been
+    involved. They would have been pleased and proud to show that
+    their previous refusal to pay taxes sprang from principle, and not
+    from inability or disaffection; and that, when once their views of
+    principle had been complied with, they could contribute with no
+    sparing hand to the exigencies of their countrymen, and to the
+    service of their king."
+
+
+The opinion of Lord Mahon that, even after Burgoyne's surrender, and the
+treaty of alliance between France and America, the colonies might have
+been preserved, had Lord Chatham lived and returned to office, we think
+entirely erroneous. Our separation from England, though there had been no
+stamp act or tea tax, was inevitable.
+
+Lord Mahon is exceedingly fond of personal portraiture, in which he is
+sometimes very successful. One of his most carefully-elaborated
+performances in this way has for its subject Washington, and in the dozen
+pages he devotes to the analysis of the character of the great chief he
+has displayed his best abilities, though, we confess, without suggesting
+any thing very novel. He dislikes Franklin, and loses no opportunity of
+imputing to him personal dishonesty. We think the influence of Mr. William
+B. Reed's Life of President Reed is traceable in almost every allusion
+made by Lord Mahon to our philosopher. Without further observation upon
+the qualities of the work, we avail ourselves of the possession of an
+early copy of it to present our readers with some of the most striking
+passages pencilled in a hasty reading.
+
+
+                               WASHINGTON.
+
+    During many years did Washington continue to enjoy the pleasures
+    and fulfil the duties of an independent country gentleman.
+    Field-sports divided his time with the cultivation and improvement
+    of his land, and the sales of his tobacco; he showed kindness to
+    his dependents, and hospitality to his friends; and having been
+    elected one of the House of Burgesses in Virginia, he was,
+    whenever that House met, exact in his attendance. To that
+    well-regulated mind nothing within the course of its ordinary and
+    appointed avocations seemed unworthy of its care. His ledgers and
+    day-books were kept by himself: he took note of all the houses
+    where he partook of hospitality, so that not even the smallest
+    courtesies might pass by unremembered; and until his press of
+    business in the Revolutionary War he was wont every evening to set
+    down the variations of the weather during the preceding day. It
+    was also his habit through life, whenever he wished to possess
+    himself perfectly of the contents of any paper, to transcribe it
+    in his own hand, and apparently with deliberation, so that no
+    point might escape his notice. Many copies of this kind were after
+    his death found among his manuscripts.
+
+    We may observe, however, that in the mind of Washington
+    punctuality and precision did not, as we often find them, turn in
+    any degree to selfishness. On the contrary, he was rather careless
+    of small points where only his own comfort was concerned. Thus he
+    could seldom be persuaded to take any remedy, or desist from any
+    business, whenever he caught a cold, but used to say, "let it go
+    as it came!"
+
+    Nor yet was his constant regularity of habits attended by undue
+    formality of manner. In one of his most private letters there
+    appears given incidentally, and as it were by chance, a golden
+    rule upon that subject:--"As to the gentlemen you mention I cannot
+    charge myself with incivility, or what in my opinion is
+    tantamount, ceremonious civility.
+
+    In figure Washington was thin and tall (above six feet high), in
+    countenance grave, unimpassioned, and benign. An inborn worth, an
+    unaffected dignity, beamed forth in every look as in every word
+    and deed. His first appearance and address might not convey the
+    idea of superior talents; such at least was the remark of his
+    accomplished countryman, Mr. Gallatin; but no man, whether friend
+    or enemy, ever viewed without respect the noble simplicity of his
+    demeanor, the utter absence in him of every artifice and every
+    affectation.
+
+    It has been justly remarked that of General Washington there are
+    fewer anecdotes to tell than perhaps of any other great man on
+    record. So equally framed were the features of his mind, so
+    harmonious all its proportions, that no one quality rose salient
+    above the rest. There were none of those chequered ques, none of
+    those warring emotions, in which Biography delights. There was no
+    contrast of lights and shades, no flickering of the flame; it was
+    a mild light that seldom dazzled, but that ever cheered and
+    warmed. His contemporaries or his close observers, as Mr.
+    Jefferson and Mr. Gallatin, assert that he had naturally strong
+    passions, but had attained complete mastery over them. In
+    self-control indeed he has never been surpassed. If sometimes on
+    rare occasions, and on strong provocation, there was wrung from
+    him a burst of anger, it was almost instantly quelled by the
+    dominion of his will. He decided surely, though he deliberated
+    slowly; nor could any urgency or peril move him from his serene
+    composure, his calm and clear-headed good sense. Integrity and
+    truth were also ever present in his mind. Not a single instance,
+    as I believe, can be found in his whole career when he was
+    impelled by any but an upright motive, or endeavored to attain an
+    object by any but worthy means. Such are some of the high
+    qualities which have justly earned for General Washington the
+    admiration even of the country he opposed, and not merely the
+    admiration but the gratitude and affection of his own. Such was
+    the pure and upright spirit to which, when its toils were over and
+    its earthly course had been run, was offered the unanimous homage
+    of the assembled Congress, all clad in deep mourning for their
+    common loss, as to "the man first in war, first in peace, and
+    first in the hearts of his fellow-citizens." At this day in the
+    United States the reverence for his character is, as it should be,
+    deep and universal, and not confined, as with nearly all our
+    English statesmen, to one party, one province, or one creed. Such
+    reverence for Washington is felt even by those who wander furthest
+    from the paths in which he trod. A President when recommending
+    measures of aggression and invasion can still refer to him whose
+    rule was ever to arm only in self-defence as to "the greatest and
+    best of men!" States which exult in their bankruptcy as a proof of
+    their superior shrewdness, and have devised "Repudiation" as a
+    newer and more graceful term for it, yet look up to their great
+    General--the very soul of good faith and honor--with their reverence
+    unimpaired!"
+
+
+                              PATRICK HENRY.
+
+    The colony of Virginia was the place, and the the year 1736 the
+    time, of birth to Patrick Henry. His parents were in easy
+    circumstances, but burthened with a numerous family; they resided
+    at a country scat to which the ambitious name of Mount Brilliant
+    had been given. In childhood Patrick Henry gave little promise of
+    distinction. His person is represented as having been coarse, his
+    manners extremely awkward, his dress slovenly, and his aversion to
+    study invincible. No persuasion could bring him either to read or
+    to work. At sixteen his father gave him means to open a small
+    shop, which failed, however, in less than one year. Then he tried
+    a small farm, and married; then again he entered upon the life of
+    a tradesman, but in a few years more was a bankrupt. It was at
+    this period that he became acquainted with Mr. Jefferson,
+    afterwards President of the United States. "Mr. Henry," says
+    Jefferson, "had a little before broken up his store (shop), or
+    rather it had broken him up, but his misfortunes were not to be
+    traced either in his countenance or conduct. His manners had
+    something of coarseness in them; his passion was music, dancing,
+    and pleasantry. He excelled in the last, and it attached every one
+    to him."
+
+    As a last resource, Patrick Henry now determined to make a trial
+    of the law. It cannot be said that his preparatory studies were
+    unduly arduous, since, as his biographer informs us, they were all
+    comprised in the period of six weeks. Under such unpromising
+    circumstances, and in the year 1763, he obtained a brief in the
+    long-contested cause then raging in Virginia between the clergy on
+    the one side, and the legislature on the other, as regarding the
+    stipends which the former claimed. On this occasion Henry, to the
+    astonishment of all who knew him, poured forth a strain of such
+    impassioned eloquence as not only carried the cause, contrary to
+    all previous expectation, but placed him ever afterwards at the
+    head of his profession in the colony. To this very day, says Mr.
+    Wirt, writing in 1818, the impression remains, and the old people
+    of that district think that no higher compliment can be paid to
+    any public speaker than to say of him in their homely phrase, "He
+    is almost equal to Patrick when he plead (pleaded) against the
+    parsons!"
+
+    The natural eloquence which on this occasion flashed forth from
+    the coarse and unlettered Henry, as the spark-of fire from the
+    flint, continued to distinguished him both as a Member of the
+    House of Burgesses at Williamsburg, and afterwards as a member of
+    Congress. He took from the first a bold and active part against
+    the pretensions of the mother country; indeed Mr. Jefferson goes
+    so far as to declare that "Mr. Henry certainly gave the earliest
+    impulse to the ball of revolution." His most celebrated burst of
+    oratory, or rather turn of phrase, was in this very year 1765,
+    when descanting in the House of Burgesses on the tyranny of the
+    Stamp Act. "Caesar--" he cried, in a voice of thunder and with an
+    eye of fire--"Caesar had his Brutus--Charles the First had his
+    Cromwell--and George the Third"--"Treason!" here exclaimed the
+    Speaker, "Treason! Treason!" re-echoed from every part of the
+    House. Henry did not for an instant falter, but fixing his eye
+    firmly on the Speaker, he concluded his sentence thus "--may profit
+    by their example. If this be treason make the most of it!"
+
+    Indolence and aversion to reading seemed almost as natural to
+    Henry's mind as powers of debate. To the last he never overcame
+    them. Thus, at his death, in 1799, his books were found to be
+    extremely few, and these too consisting chiefly of odd volumes.
+    But his gift of speech was (for his hearers) sufficiently
+    supported by his fiery energy, his practical shrewdness, and his
+    ever keen glance into the feelings and characters of other. Nor
+    were these his only claims to his country's favor. He retained the
+    manners and custom of the common people, with what his friendly
+    biographer terms "religious caution.--He dressed as plainly as the
+    plainest of them," continues Mr. Wirt, "ate only their homely
+    fare, and drank their simple beverage, mixed with them on a
+    footing of the most entire and perfect equality, and conversed
+    with them even in their own vicious and depraved pronunciation."
+    By such means he soon acquired and long retained a large measure
+    of popularity, and he applied himself with zeal and success before
+    any audience, and on every occasion which arose, to increase and
+    perpetuate the estrangement between the North American Colonies
+    and England.
+
+
+                                FRANKLIN.
+
+    Dr. Benjamin Franklin is one of those men who have made the task
+    of succeeding biographers more difficult by having been in part
+    their own. He was born at Boston in 1706, the youngest of ten
+    sons. "My father," he says, "intended to devote me, as the tithe
+    of his sons, to the service of the Church;" but on further
+    reflection, the charges of a college education were thought too
+    burthensome, and young Benjamin became a journeyman printer. From
+    a very early age he showed a passionate fondness for reading, and
+    much ingenuity in argument, but, as he acknowledges, had at first
+    contracted a disputatious and wrangling turn of conversation. "I
+    have since observed," he says, "that persons of good sense seldom
+    fall into it, except lawyers, University-men, and generally men of
+    all sorts who have been bred at Edinburgh."
+
+    Young Franklin was at first bound apprentice to one of his elder
+    brothers, a printer at Boston; but some differences arising
+    between them, he proceeded to Philadelphia, where he soon obtained
+    employment, and ere long set up for himself. His success in life
+    was secured by his great frugality, industry, and shrewdness. In
+    his own words: "I spent no time in taverns, games, or frolics of
+    any kind; reading was the only amusement I allowed myself." His
+    knowledge and shrewdness,--great zeal in urging any improvements,
+    and great ingenuity in promoting them,--speedily raised him high in
+    the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, and enabled him to take a
+    forward part in all the affairs of his province. In England, and
+    indeed all Europe, he became celebrated by his experiments and
+    discoveries in electricity. These may deserve the greater credit
+    when we recollect both their practical utility and their
+    unassisted progress,--how much the pointed rods which he introduced
+    have tended to avert the dangers of lightning, and how far removed
+    was Franklin at the time from all scientific society, libraries,
+    or patronage.
+
+    It has also been stated by no less an authority in science than
+    Sir Humphrey Davy, that "the style and manner of Dr. Franklin's
+    publication on Electricity are almost as worthy of admiration as
+    the doctrine it contains." The same remark may indeed be applied
+    to all his writings. All of them are justly celebrated for their
+    clear, plain, and lively style, free from every appearance of art,
+    but, in fact, carefully pointed and nicely poised. In public
+    speaking, on the other hand, he was much less eminent. His last
+    American biographer observes of him, that he never even pretended
+    to the accomplishments of an orator or debater. He seldom spoke in
+    a deliberative assembly, except for some special object, and then
+    only for a few minutes at a time.
+
+    As a slight instance of Franklin's humor and shrewdness in all
+    affairs of common life I may quote the following: "QUESTION. I am
+    about courting a girl I have had but little acquaintance with. How
+    shall I come to a knowledge of her faults? ANSWER. Commend her
+    among her female acquaintance!"
+
+    Whether in science and study, or in politics and action, the great
+    aim of Franklin's mind was ever practical utility. Here again we
+    may quote Sir Humphrey Davy as saying of Franklin that he sought
+    rather to make philosophy a useful inmate and servant in the
+    common habitations of man, than to preserve her merely as an
+    object of admiration in temples and palaces. Thus, also, in
+    affairs he had a keen eye to his own interest, but likewise a
+    benevolent concern for the public good. Nor was he ever
+    indifferent to cases of individual grievance or hardship. In the
+    pursuit of his objects, public or private, he was, beyond most
+    other men, calm, sagacious, and wary; neither above business nor
+    yet below it; never turned aside from it by flights of fancy nor
+    yet by bursts of passion.
+
+    Among the good qualities which we may with just cause ascribe to
+    Franklin we cannot number any firm reliance on the truths of
+    Revelation. Only five weeks before his death we find him express a
+    cold approbation of the "system of morals" bequeathed to us by
+    "Jesus of Nazareth." In his Memoirs he declares that he always
+    believed in the existence of a Deity and a future state of rewards
+    and punishments, but he adds that although he continued to adhere
+    to his first--the Presbyterian--sect, some of its dogmas appeared to
+    him unintelligible, and others doubtful. "I early absented myself
+    from the public assemblies of the sect; and I seldom attended any
+    public worship; Sunday being my studying day."
+
+    Such being Franklin's own practice, and such his own description
+    of it as to public worship, it seems worthy of note that it was he
+    who in the American Convention brought forward a motion for daily
+    prayers. "I have lived, Sir," said he, "a long time, and the
+    longer I live the more convincing proofs I see of this truth, that
+    God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to
+    the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can
+    rise without his aid?" But in spite of this most earnest appeal
+    the motion was rejected, since, as we are told, "the Convention,
+    except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary."
+
+    The accomplished American biographer, by whom this last incident
+    is recorded, expresses in the same passage deep regret that Dr.
+    Franklin did not bestow more attention than he seems to have done
+    on the evidences of Christianity. And indeed there are several
+    indications that he was less well acquainted with points of
+    Christian faith and discipline than with almost any other subject.
+    One of these indications, and surely a most strange one, occurs in
+    the Private Diary which he kept at Passy during part of 1784. It
+    appears that two young American gentlemen had come over to London
+    with the view of entering Holy Orders, but that the Archbishop of
+    Canterbury refused them Ordination unless they would take the Oath
+    of Allegiance. In this dilemma Franklin actually applied to the
+    Pope's Nuncio at Paris to ascertain whether a Roman Catholic
+    Bishop in America might not perform the ceremony for them as
+    Protestants, and he transcribes as remarkable the natural reply:
+    "The Nuncio says the thing is impossible unless the gentlemen
+    become Roman Catholics."
+
+    The religious scepticism or indifference of Franklin, which his
+    present biographers justly lament, was, however, in his own day, a
+    recommendation and a merit with the French philosophists. On the
+    other hand, his hostility to England endeared him to the French
+    politicians. On both these grounds, as well as from his high
+    scientific attainments, he found himself during his residence of
+    several years at Paris in no common measure courted, flattered,
+    and caressed. A fine verse, one of the noblest which modern
+    Latinity can boast, describes him as having plucked the lightning
+    from Heaven and the sceptre from tyrants.
+
+    Descending from such lofty flights to the regions of sober
+    reality, we may observe that Franklin in his later years, and
+    especially in France, adopted to a great extent the Quaker garb.
+    He laid aside the huge wig which he used to wear in England, and
+    allowed his long white hair to flow down nearly to his shoulders.
+    His clothes were of the plainest cut and of the dunnest color. The
+    Parisians of that period, ever swayed by external impressions,
+    were greatly struck with, and in their writings frequently refer
+    to, his venerable aspect, and they compared him by turns to all
+    the sages of antiquity. It is also probable that his Quaker-like
+    attire may have tended to invest him in their estimation with the
+    other attributes which they assigned to the ideal Quaker
+    character, as simplicity, guilelessness, inviolable truth.
+
+
+                               LA FAYETTE.
+
+    It so chanced that in the summer of 1776, La Fayette, still in his
+    teens, and serving as a subaltern with the French army, was
+    stationed with his regiment at Metz. It happened also that in the
+    course of a foreign tour their Royal Highnesses of Gloucester
+    passed a few days in that town. The principal officers entertained
+    the Duke at dinner, when the conversation turned to the last news
+    from Philadelphia and the new Declaration of Independence. Being
+    at that period offended with his Court, from its neglect of the
+    Duchess, the Duke indulged in Opposition topics, and, in some
+    degree at least, took the part of the Americans. The details were
+    new to La Fayette. He listened with eagerness, and prolonged the
+    conversation by asking questions of the Royal guest. The cause of
+    the colonies that had risen against England seemed to him just and
+    noble, even on the showing of one of the English princes; and
+    before he left the table, the thought came into his head that he
+    would go to America, and offer the Americans his services. He
+    determined to return to Paris, and make further inquiries. His
+    inquiries being mainly addressed to Silas Deane and other zealous
+    friends of the insurgents, could not fail to confirm him in his
+    first impressions. He became fired with an ardent zeal for
+    Republican principles and the American cause. That zeal continued
+    ever afterwards--for well nigh sixty years--the polar star of his
+    course. That zeal, favored as it was by fortune, adapted to the
+    times that came upon him, and urged forward by great personal
+    vanity, laid the foundations of his fame far more, as I conceive,
+    than any strength of mind or talents of his own. Few men have ever
+    been so conspicuous from afar with so little, when closely viewed,
+    of real weight or dimension. As a general, it can scarcely be
+    pretended that his exploits were either many or considerable. As
+    an orator, we look in vain for any high powers of debate. As a
+    statesman, we find only an undistinguishing eagerness to apply the
+    Transatlantic examples and to act the part of Washington, without
+    duly estimating either the immense superiority of Washington's
+    character above his own, or the manifold points of difference
+    between America and Europe.
+
+    It was said by Napoleon at St. Helena, that "La Fayette was a man
+    of no ability, either in civil or military life; his understanding
+    was confined to narrow bounds; his character was full of
+    dissimulation, and swayed by vague ideas of liberty, which, in
+    him, were undefined and ill-digested." No doubt there is some
+    exaggeration in these words. No doubt the late Emperor, at that
+    period, was stirred by personal resentment at the hostile conduct
+    of the General in 1815; yet it will perhaps be found more easy by
+    any admirer of La Fayette to impugn the good faith of the
+    draughtsman than the general accuracy of the portrait.
+
+    The fortune of La Fayette was ample, his yearly income being
+    little short of two hundred thousand livres; and his connexions,
+    as we have seen, were among the first at Court. Under such
+    circumstances, Silas Deane felt the vast importance of securing
+    him. An agreement was concluded between them, by the intervention
+    of one Mr. Carmichael (for as yet La Fayette spoke no English, and
+    Deane little French), according to the terms of which the Marquis
+    de La Fayette was to join the American service, and to receive
+    from Congress the rank of Major-General--no slight temptation to a
+    stripling of nineteen! La Fayette was to be accompanied, or rather
+    attended, by the Baron de Kalb and eleven other officers of lower
+    rank, seeking service in America. He sent, in secret, an agent to
+    Bordeaux, there to purchase and prepare a vessel for their voyage.
+    Meanwhile he made an excursion of three weeks to London, where his
+    kinsman, the Marquis de Noailles, was ambassador. He was presented
+    to the King, and graciously received. He saw at the opera General
+    Clinton, who had come home on a winter leave of absence, and who
+    was next to meet him on a field of battle in America. But, mindful
+    of his own hostile designs, he deemed it proper to forbear from
+    prying into the military forces of the kingdom, and declined an
+    invitation to visit the naval armament at Portsmouth.
+
+    On his return to France, La Fayette bade farewell to his young
+    wife, leaving her four months gone with child, and set out for
+    Bordeaux. Thus far all had prospered according to his wishes. But
+    at Bordeaux he found that his preparations had been discovered and
+    complained of by Lord Stormont, and that a LETTRE DE CACHET for
+    his arrest was already issued. Nevertheless, he did not relinquish
+    his design. He crossed the Spanish frontier in the disguise of a
+    courier, found his vessel at Pasages, and there embarked with his
+    companions. Towards the middle of June he landed on the coast of
+    Carolina; and after a few days' rest, pursued his route to
+    Philadelphia. His reception by the Congress was not at first a
+    warm one; but La Fayette declared that he would accept no pay, and
+    was willing to serve as a volunteer; and under these
+    circumstances, the Assembly fulfilled the terms of the secret
+    agreement, and bestowed on him the rank of Major-General.
+
+    At Philadelphia La Fayette saw the American troops for the first
+    time, and, according to his own account, was struck with their
+    grotesque appearance--with green boughs fastened to their
+    hats--coarse hunting-shirts instead of uniforms--and muskets, many
+    wanting bayonets, and all of unequal make and size. But he soon
+    learnt to think more favorably of these raw levies, when,
+    notwithstanding all their disadvantages, he observed their conduct
+    in the field. With regard to their commander, his early
+    impressions never changed. It was also at Philadelphia, and at a
+    dinner-table, comprising several members of the Congress, that La
+    Fayette was introduced to Washington. The boy-general found
+    himself warmly welcomed by the chief whom he had long admired.
+    "When you come to the army," said Washington, "I shall be pleased
+    if you will make my quarters your home, and consider yourself as
+    one of my family." The invitation thus frankly tendered was no
+    less frankly accepted. Thus did a cordial intimacy arise between
+    them, Washington at all times treating La Fayette with fatherly
+    kindness, and La Fayette looking up to Washington with filial
+    regard.
+
+    La Fayette had already begun to speak a little English, and by
+    degrees acquired more. But to the last the difficulties of the
+    language were a main obstacle, not only to himself, but to every
+    other foreigner who served with, or under, the United States. Thus
+    there are still preserved some of the ill-spelled and scarcely
+    intelligible notes of Count Pulasky, during the short time that he
+    served as general of cavalry. Still worse was the case of Baron
+    Steuben, a veteran of the school of Frederick the Second, who
+    joined the Americans a few months later than La Fayette, and who
+    greatly aided them in the establishment of discipline. The Baron,
+    it appears, could not teach and drill, nor even swear and curse,
+    but by means of an interpreter! He was, therefore, most fortunate
+    in securing as his aid-de-camp Captain Walker of New-York--most
+    fortunate, if, as his American biographer assures us, "there was
+    not, perhaps, another officer in the army, unless Hamilton be
+    excepted, who could speak French and English so as to be well
+    understood in both."
+
+    La Fayette did not always confine himself to the bounds of his own
+    profession; sometimes, and, perhaps, not greatly to his credit, he
+    stepped beyond them. Here is one case recorded with much
+    satisfaction by himself. He states, that soon after his arrival in
+    America, and while attending on Sunday the service of the Church
+    of England, he was displeased with the clergyman, because in his
+    sermon he had said nothing at all of politics. "I charged him to
+    his face," says La Fayette, "with preaching only about Heaven!...
+    But next Sunday," continues the keen young officer, "I heard him
+    again, when his loud invectives against 'the execrable House of
+    Hanover,' showed that he was ready and willing to take my good
+    advice."
+
+
+                            JOHN HORNE TOOKE.
+
+    His abilities were ill fitted for the profession of a clergyman,
+    which indeed he at last renounced, but they highly qualified him
+    for his favorite occupation as a demagogue. Between him and Wilkes
+    there now arose a violent animosity and a keen altercation carried
+    on in newspapers. Descending to the lowest and most selfish
+    details, they were not ashamed thus publicly to wrangle respecting
+    a Welsh pony and a hamper of claret! Even before the close of 1770
+    might be discerned the growing discord and weakness of Wilkes and
+    his city friends. At a meeting which they convened to consider
+    their course of action, some proposed a new Remonstrance to the
+    King, while others urged an impeachment of Lord North in the House
+    of Commons. "What is the use of a new Remonstrance?" cried Wilkes.
+    "It would only serve to make another paper kite for His Royal
+    Highness the Prince of Wales!"--"What is the use of an
+    impeachment?" cried Sawbridge. "Lord North is quite sure of the
+    Bishops and the Scotch Peers in the Upper House, and could not
+    fail to be acquitted!" But although these ardent patriots might
+    differ a little as to the means, they were bent on one and the
+    same end; and the Remonstrance which was at last agreed upon,
+    appears to have been framed by their united wisdom. As thus drawn
+    up it teemed with silly vagaries fit only to please the lowest
+    order of intellects. Thus it prayed that His Majesty would for
+    ever remove from his presence and councils all his Ministers and
+    Secretaries of State, especially Lord Mansfield (who by the way
+    was not one of them), and that His Majesty would not again admit
+    any Scotchman into the administration!
+
+
+                         THE CHARACTER OF WILKES.
+
+    He was born in 1727, the son of a rich distiller. Early in life he
+    set up a brewery for himself, but soon relinquished the wearisome
+    business. Early in life also he improved his fortune by his
+    marriage with the daughter and heiress of the celebrated Dr. Mead,
+    the author of the "Treatise on Poisons." But this lady, being of
+    maturer age than himself, and of slight personal attractions, was
+    speedily slighted, and he left her with as much disgust as he had
+    his brewery. In 1757 he was elected Member of Parliament for
+    Aylesbury, but never obtained any success as an orator, his
+    speeches being, though flippant, yet feeble. In truth he had no
+    great ability of any kind, but dauntless courage and high animal
+    spirits. Nor should we deny him another much rarer praise,--a vein
+    of good humor and kindliness, which did not forsake him through
+    all his long career, amidst the riot of debauchery or the rancor
+    of faction. So agreeable and insinuating was his conversation,
+    that more than one fair dame as she listened found herself forget
+    his sinister squint and his ill-favored countenance. He used to
+    say of himself in a laughing strain, that though he was the
+    ugliest man in England, he wanted nothing to make him even with
+    the handsomest but half an hour at starting! Politics indeed
+    seemed at first wholly alien from Wilkes's sphere; gayety and
+    gallantry were his peculiar objects. For some time he reigned the
+    oracle of green-rooms and the delight of taverns. In conjunction
+    with other kindred spirits, as Paul Whitehead and Sir Francis
+    Dashwood, amounting in all to twelve, he rented Medmenham Abbey,
+    near Marlow. It is a secluded and beautiful spot on the banks of
+    the Thames, with hanging woods that slope down to the crystal
+    stream, a grove of venerable elms, and meadows of the softest
+    green. In days of old it had been a convent of Cistercian monks,
+    but the new brotherhood took the title of Franciscans in
+    compliment to Sir Francis Dashwood, whom they called their Father
+    Abbot. On the portal, now again in ruins, and once more resigned
+    to its former solitude and silence, I could still a few years
+    since read the inscription placed there by Wilkes and his friends:
+    fay ce que voudras. Other French and Latin inscriptions, now with
+    good reason effaced, then appeared in other parts of the grounds,
+    some of them remarkable for wit, but all for either profaneness or
+    obscenity, and many the more highly applauded as combining both.
+    In this retreat the new Franciscans used often to meet for summer
+    pastimes, and varied the round of their debauchery by a mock
+    celebration of the principal Roman Catholic rites.
+
+
+                         WILKES'S ESSAY ON WOMAN.
+
+    It appears that Wilkes had, several years before, and in some of
+    his looser hours, composed a parody of Pope's "Essay on Man." In
+    this undertaking, which, according to his own account, cost him a
+    great deal of pains and time, he was, it is said, assisted by
+    Thomas Potter, second son of the late Archbishop of Canterbury,
+    who had been Secretary of Frederick Prince of Wales, and had since
+    shown ability and gained office in the House of Commons, but was
+    (as well became one of Wilkes's friends) of lax morals in his
+    private life. The result of their joint authorship, however, has
+    little wit or talent to make any amends for the blasphemy and
+    lewdness with which it abounds. As the original had been inscribed
+    by Pope to Lord Bolingbroke, so was the parody by Wilkes to Lord
+    Sandwich; thus it began, "Awake my Sandwich!" instead of "Awake my
+    St. John!" Thus also, in ridicule of Warburton's well-known
+    commentary, some burlesque notes were appended in the name of the
+    Right Reverend the Bishop of Gloucester.
+
+    This worthless poem had remained in manuscript, and lain in
+    Wilkes's desk, until in the previous spring he had occasion to set
+    up a press at his own house, and was tempted to print fourteen
+    copies only as presents to his boon companions. Of one of these
+    copies the Government obtained possession, through a subordinate
+    agent, and by not very creditable means, and Lord Sandwich holding
+    it forth in his hand with the air of injured innocence, denounced
+    it as not only scandalous and impious, but also as a breach of
+    Privilege against the Bishop as a Peer of Parliament. He likewise
+    complained of another profane parody, written by the same hand,
+    and printed on the same occasion; this last was entitled, "The
+    VENI CREATOR paraphrased." The most offensive passages of both
+    were now by Lord Sandwich's order read aloud to the House, until
+    Lord Lyttleton with a groan entreated that they might hear no
+    more!
+
+    In the discussion which ensured, Bishop Warburton, forgetting that
+    such ribaldries could not really tarnish his character, showed a
+    heat which little became it. He exclaimed that the blackest fiends
+    in Hell would disdain to keep company with Wilkes,--and then asked
+    pardon of Satan for comparing them together! Both the Earl and
+    Bishop in their passion would have readily over-leaped the common
+    forms of justice. The former, after producing evidence at the Bar
+    as to the authorship of Wilkes, wished the House to take measures
+    for his prosecution, without the least delay. But the Peers,
+    although readily agreeing to vote the two parodies blasphemous and
+    breaches of Privilege, resolved, on the motion of Lord Mansfield,
+    to adjourn all further questions until the day after the next, so
+    as to give Wilkes the opportunity, if he desired it, of alleging
+    any matter in denial or defence.
+
+
+                              LORD THURLOW.
+
+    With all his faults and shortcomings there was that in Thurlow
+    which overawed and daunted his contemporaries, and of which the
+    impression is not wholly lost even on posterity. It was a saying
+    of Mr. Fox, that no man ever yet was so wise as Thurlow looked.
+    His countenance was fraught with sense; his aspect stately and
+    commanding; his brow broad, massy, and armed with terrors like
+    that of the Olympian Jove, to which indeed it was often compared.
+    His voice loud, sonorous, and as rolling thunder in the distance,
+    augmented the effect of his fierce and terrible invective. Few
+    indeed were they who did not quail before his frown; fewer still
+    who would abide his onset in debate. Perhaps no modern English
+    statesman, in the House of Lords at least, was ever so much
+    dreaded. In parliament, as at the bar, his speeches were home
+    thrusts, conveying the strongest arguments or keenest reproofs in
+    the plainest and clearest words. His enemies might accuse his
+    style of being coarse, and sometimes even ungrammatical, but they
+    could never deny its energy or its effect. In private life Thurlow
+    was remarkable for his thorough knowledge of the Greek and Latin
+    writers; and no less for his skill in argument and brilliant
+    powers of conversation. While yet at the bar, Dr. Johnson said of
+    him to Boswell: "I honor Thurlow, sir; Thurlow is a fine fellow;
+    he fairly puts his mind to yours." And after he became Chancellor,
+    the same high authority added: "I would prepare myself for no man
+    in England but Lord Thurlow. When I am to meet him, I should wish
+    to know a day before." Unless with ladies, his manner was always
+    uncouth, and his voice a constant growl. But beneath that rugged
+    rind there appears to have lurked much warmth of affection and
+    kindliness of heart. Many acts of generous aid and unsolicited
+    bounty are recorded of him. Men of learning and merit seldom
+    needed any other recommendation to his favor. Thus, on reading
+    Horsley's "Letters to Dr. Priestly," he at once obtained for the
+    author a stall at Gloucester, saying--what I earnestly wish all
+    other Chancellors had borne in mind--"that those who supported the
+    Church should be supported by it." Nevertheless his temper, even
+    when in some measure sobered down by age, was always liable to
+    violent and unreasonable starts of passion. It is related by a
+    gentleman who dined with him at Brighton only a few months before
+    his death--for I must ever hold that great characters are best
+    portrayed by little circumstances--that a plateful of peaches being
+    brought in, the ex-Chancellor, incensed at their ill appearance,
+    ordered the window to be opened, and not only the peaches but the
+    whole desert to be thrown out!
+
+
+                              EDMUND BURKE.
+
+    In pamphlets, however, and political essays--and even speeches,
+    when revised and sent forth singly, may be comprehended in that
+    class,--the personal disadvantages of Burke could no longer apply;
+    and as regards that class of writings, it may be doubted whether
+    he has ever, in any age, or in any country, been excelled. The
+    philosophy and deep thought of his reflections--the vigor and
+    variety of his style--his rich flow of either panegyric or
+    invective--his fine touches of irony--the glowing abundance and
+    beauty of his metaphors--all these might separately claim applause;
+    how much more, then, when all blended into one glorious whole! To
+    give examples of these merits would be to transcribe half his
+    works. Yet still if one single and short instance from his maxims
+    be allowed me, I will observe that the generous ardor and activity
+    of mind called forth by competition has formed a theme of
+    philosophic comment from a very early age. It is touched both by
+    Cicero and Quintilian; it has not been neglected either by Bacon
+    or Montaigne. Yet still, as handled by Burke, this trite topic
+    beams forth, not only with the hues of eloquence, but even with
+    the bloom of novelty. He invites us to "an amicable conflict with
+    difficulty. Difficulty is a severe instructor set over us by the
+    supreme ordinance of a parental guardian and legislator, who knows
+    us better than we know ourselves, as he loves us better too. He
+    that wrestles with us strengthens our nerves and sharpens our
+    skill. Our antagonist is our helper!" If amidst so much of
+    eloquence and feeling as Burke's writings display we are desired
+    to seek for faults, we shall find them, not in the want, but only
+    in the exuberance and overflow of beauties. The palate becomes
+    cloyed by so much richness, the eye dazzled by so much glare. His
+    metaphors, fraught with fancy though they be, are often bold; they
+    seem both too numerous and strained too far; they sometimes cease
+    to please, and occasionally border even on the ludicrous and low.
+    Of this defect, as of his excellences, a single instance shall
+    suffice me. In the "Letter to a Noble Lord," in 1796, Burk
+    compares the Duke of Bedford to a lamb already marked for
+    slaughter by the Marats and Robespierres of France, but still
+    unconscious of his doom, "pleased to the last," and who "licks the
+    hand just raised to shed his blood." Thus far the simile is
+    conducted with admirable force and humor. But not satisfied with
+    his success, Burke goes further; he insists on leading us into the
+    shambles, and makes the revolutionary butchers inquire as to their
+    ducal victim, "how he cuts up? how he tallows in the caul or on
+    the kidneys?" Apart from the beauty of the style, the value, as I
+    conceive, of Burke's writings, is subject to one not unimportant
+    deduction. For most lofty and far-sighted views in politics they
+    will never be consulted in vain. On the other hand, let no man
+    expect to find in them just or accurate, or even consistent,
+    delineations of contemporary character. Where eternal principles
+    are at stake, Burke was inaccessible to favor or to fear. Where
+    only persons are concerned, he was often misled by resentments or
+    by partialities, and allowed his fancy full play. The rich stores
+    of Burke's memory and the rare powers of his mind were not
+    reserved solely for his speeches or his writings; they appeared to
+    no less advantage in his familiar conversation. Even the most
+    trivial topics could elicit, even the most ignorant hearers could
+    discern, his genius. "Sir," said Dr. Johnson, "if Burke were to go
+    into a stable to see his horse dressed, the hostler would say, We
+    have had an extraordinary man here!" On other occasions, also, the
+    author of "Rasselas" extols him as "never unwilling to begin
+    conversation, never at a loss to carry it on, never in haste to
+    leave it off." His attempts at wit, indeed, were not always
+    successful, and he might be accused of an inordinate affection for
+    quibbles and puns. His favorite niece, and latterly his guest, was
+    sometimes provoked into a--"Really, uncle, that is very poor." But
+    upon the whole it may be asserted, that in social converse Burke
+    was equalled by none of his contemporaries and his countrymen,
+    except only Dr. Johnson himself and perhaps Lord Thurlow.
+
+
+We have no more room for further extracts; those we have made illustrate
+the temper and the style of the work, and will commend it to the favorable
+consideration of American readers. Among subjects treated most elaborately
+is that of the authorship of Junius; but Lord Mahon has no new facts for
+the vindication of his judgment, that Sir Philip Francis was
+unquestionably the writer of the famous letters under that name.
+
+There is an appendix to each volume; and in the appendix of one, and in
+the notes of both, are some curious illustrations of the worthlessness of
+Mr. Sparks's editions of the writings of Washington and Franklin. We first
+called attention to this subject some five years ago, and after the
+changes, &c. of Mr. Sparks had been pointed out in _The International_, a
+series of carefully prepared criticisms appeared in the _Evening Post_, in
+which the discrepancies between the original letters of Washington were
+exhibited to a degree that at once and for ever destroyed the good
+reputation of Mr. Sparks in this department. He chose not to take any
+notice of the disclosures to which we refer, but it may be that Lord
+Mahon's criticism will secure his attention, and an attempt, at least, for
+his vindication. Besides his comparisons of MS. and printed letters in the
+appendix, Lord Mahon has several allusions to the subject, of which we
+quote specimens:
+
+
+    "Some samples of the manner in which that gentleman (Mr. Sparks)
+    has thought himself at liberty to tamper with the original MSS.,
+    will be found," &c.
+
+    "Mr. Sparks has printed no part of the correspondence precisely as
+    Washington wrote it, but has greatly altered, and as he thinks,
+    corrected and embellished it. Such a liberty with the writings of
+    such a man might be justifiable, nay, even in some respects
+    necessary, if Washington and his principal contemporaries had been
+    still alive; but the date of this publication, the year (1838),
+    leaves, as I conceive, no adequate vindication for _tampering with
+    the truth of history_."
+
+    "Washington, however, in his public letter to Congress (unless Mr.
+    Jared Sparks has _improved_ this passage), says," &c.
+
+    "I know not whether my readers will concur with me in liking
+    Washington's own and though home-spun, excellent cloth, much
+    better than the 'Cobweb schemes and gauze coverings' which have,
+    it seems, been manufactured in its place."
+
+
+A complete errata to Mr. Sparks's editions of Washington, Franklin, and
+Gouverneur Morris, would occupy several volumes; and we do not remember
+one instance in which his alterations were justifiable, or in which they
+were really an improvement in point of style. The reprobation with which
+Mr. Sparks has been visited by the learned and judicious of his own
+country and England will be a warning to future laborers in the same
+field. The works edited by Mr. Sparks are no longer, we believe, regarded
+by historical students as of the slightest value as authorities, and no
+faithfulness or excellence which may be displayed in future works from his
+hand will retrieve his lost reputation.
+
+These volumes will be reprinted immediately by the Appletons.
+
+
+
+
+
+FAUST OF WITTENBERG AND FUST OF MENTZ.
+
+
+It were well if writers on the origin of typography would obey the
+injunction of Sir Thomas Browne, who thought it not inexpedient for those
+who seek to enlighten mankind on any particular subject, first to acquire
+some knowledge thereof themselves, so that the labor of readers should not
+so generally be profitless. In an article by Bishop McIlvaine, and another
+in Frazer's Magazine, by an anonymous contributor, the exercise of
+_necromancy_ is imputed to Fust, the inventor or supposed inventor of
+printing. Nine of every ten persons who write any thing on the subject
+fall into the same error; they have something always to say of Fust and
+the devil; curious anecdotes to rehearse of the multiplication of copies
+of the Scriptures in Paris and elsewhere; spells and incantations by the
+inventor of the "black" art to describe, &c. But this is all induced by
+ignorance of the facts. John Fust, the putative inventor of printing, was
+a shrewd silversmith, and we suspect a knavish one, for without having any
+thing to do with the _invention_ of the "art preservative of arts," he
+managed to rob another of the credit and profit of it. He was, however,
+never in Paris; he was never in his lifetime accused of the exercise of
+magical arts; he simply endeavored to make as much money as he could in
+Germany by underselling the copyists in the book market. All stories in
+which necromancy is attributed to him or to any other printer; all
+accounts of the opposition of the priests to typography as an infernal
+invention; in fine, the whole popular idea of Faust and the devil, is a
+modern contrivance, and originated in this manner: Some bookmaker, about
+the year 1580, undertook to write a history of printing; he had an
+indistinct recollection of Professor Faustus of the University of
+Wittenberg, and in his book blended as many of his adventures as he could
+remember with the memoirs of John Fust the printer; and from that day a
+succession of ignorant chroniclers have considered two men, of totally
+different characters, living at different times, as one individual.
+
+Faust, the necromancer, was born in the duchy of Weimer in 1491,
+twenty-five years after the printer is understood to have died. He is
+mentioned by Melancthon, Wierus, and many other cotemporary writers, and
+was probably in his time not less distinguished as a magician than Agrippa
+or Albertus Magnus. It is related of him by Godwin, that he was in his
+youth adopted by an uncle, dwelling in the city of Wittenberg, who had no
+children. Here he was sent to college, and was soon distinguished by the
+greatness of his talents, and the rapid progress he made in every species
+of learning that was put before him. He was destined by his relative to
+the profession of theology. But he is said ungraciously to have set at
+naught his uncle's pious intentions. He went through his examinations with
+applause, and carried off all the first prizes among sixteen competitors;
+he therefore obtained the degree of doctor in divinity; but his success
+only made him proud and headstrong. He disdained his theological eminence,
+and sighed for distinction as a man of the world. He took his degree as a
+doctor of medicine, and aspired to celebrity as a practitioner of physic.
+About the same time he fell in with certain cotemporaries, of tastes
+similar to his own, and associated with them in the study of Chaldean,
+Greek, and Arabic science, of strange incantations and supernatural
+influences, in short, of all the arts of a sorcerer.
+
+Having made such progress as he could by dint of study and intense
+application, he at length resolved to prosecute his purposes still further
+by actually raising the devil. He happened one evening to walk in a thick,
+dark wood, within a short distance from Wittenberg, when it occurred to
+him that that was a fit place for executing his design. He stopped at a
+solitary spot where four roads met, and made use of his wand to mark out a
+large circle, and then two small ones within the larger. In one of these
+he fixed himself, appropriating the other for the use of his expected
+visitor. He went over the precise range of charms and incantations,
+omitting nothing. It was now dark night, between the ninth and tenth
+hours. The devil manifested himself by the usual signs of his appearance.
+"Wherefore am I called?" said he, "and what is it that you demand?" "I
+require," rejoined Faustus, "that you should sedulously attend unto me,
+answer my inquiries, and fulfil my behests."
+
+Immediately upon Faustus pronouncing these words, there followed a tumult
+overhead, as if heaven and earth were coming together. The trees in their
+topmost branches bended to their very roots. It seemed as if the whole
+forest were peopled with devils, making a crash like a thousand wagons,
+hurrying to the right and left, before and behind, in every possible
+direction, with thunder and lightning, and the continual discharge of
+great cannon. Hell appeared to have emptied itself to have furnished the
+din. There succeeded the most charming music from all sorts of
+instruments, and sounds of hilarity and dancing. Next came a report as of
+a tournament, and the clashing of innumerable lances. This lasted so long,
+that Faustus was many times about to rush out of the circle in which he
+had inclosed himself, and to abandon his preparations. His courage and
+resolution, however, got the better; and he remained immovable. He pursued
+his incantations without intermission. Then came to the very edge of the
+circle a griffin first, and next a dragon, which in the midst of his
+enchantments grinned at him horribly with his teeth, but finally fell down
+at his feet, and extended his length to many a rood. Faustus persisted.
+Then succeeded a sort of fireworks, a pillar of fire, and a man on fire at
+the top, who leaped down; and there immediately appeared a number of
+globes here and there red-hot, while the man on fire went and came to
+every part of the circle for a quarter of an hour. At length the devil
+came forward in the shape of a gray monk, and asked Faustus what he
+wanted. Faustus adjourned their further conference, and appointed the
+devil to comes to him at his lodging.
+
+He in the mean time busied himself in the necessary preparations. He
+entered his study at the appointed time, and found the devil waiting for
+him. Faustus told him that he had prepared certain articles, to which it
+was necessary that the demon should fully accord,--that he should attend
+him at all times, when required, for all the days of his life; that he
+should bring him every thing he wanted; that he should come to him in any
+shape that Faustus required, or be invisible, and Faustus should be
+invisible too whenever he desired it; that he should deny him nothing, and
+answer him with perfect veracity to every thing he demanded. To some of
+these requisitions the spirit could not consent, without authority from
+his master, the chief of devils. At length all these concessions were
+adjusted. The devil on his part also prescribed his conditions. That
+Faustus should abjure the Christian religion and all reverence for the
+supreme God; that he should enjoy the entire command of his attendant
+demon for a certain term of years; and that at the end of that period the
+devil should dispose of him, body and soul, at his pleasure [the term was
+fixed for twenty-four years]; that he should at all times steadfastly
+refuse to listen to any one who should desire to convert him, or convince
+him of the error of his ways, and lead him to repentance; that Faustus
+should draw up a writing containing these particulars, and sign it with
+his blood; that he should deliver this writing to the devil, and keep a
+duplicate of it himself, that so there might be no misunderstanding. It
+was further appointed by Faustus, that the devil should usually attend him
+in the habit of a cordelier, with a pleasing countenance and an
+insinuating demeanor. Faustus also asked the devil his name, who answered
+that he was usually called Mephistophiles.
+
+Numerous adventures of Faustus are related in the German histories. It is
+said that the emperor Charles V. was at Inspruck, at a time when Faustus
+also resided there. His courtiers informed the emperor that Faustus was in
+the town, and Charles expressed a desire to see him. He was introduced.
+Charles asked him whether he could really perform such wondrous feats as
+were reported of him. Faustus modestly replied, inviting the emperor to
+make trial of his skill. "Then," said Charles, "of all the eminent
+personages I have ever read of, Alexander the Great is the man who most
+excites my curiosity, and whom it would most gratify my wishes to see in
+the very form in which he lived." Faustus rejoined that it was out of his
+power truly to raise the dead, but that he had spirits at his command who
+had often seen that great conqueror, and that Faustus would willingly
+place him before the emperor as he required. He conditioned that Charles
+should not speak to him, nor attempt to touch him. The emperor promised
+compliance. After a few ceremonies, therefore, Faustus opened a door, and
+brought in Alexander exactly in the form in which he had lived, with the
+same garments, and every circumstance corresponding. Alexander made his
+obeisance to the emperor, and walked several times round him. The queen of
+Alexander was then introduced in the same manner. Charles just then
+recollected he had read that Alexander had a wart on the nape of his neck;
+and with proper precautions Faustus allowed the emperor to examine the
+apparition by this test. Alexander then vanished.
+
+As Faustus was approaching the last year of his term, he seemed resolved
+to pamper his appetite with every species of luxury. He carefully
+accumulated all the materials of voluptuousness and magnificence. He was
+particularly anxious in the selection of women who should serve for his
+pleasures. He had one Englishwoman, one Hungarian, one French, two of
+Germany, and two from different parts of Italy, all of them eminent for
+the perfections which characterized their different countries.
+
+At length he arrived at the end of the term for which he had contracted
+with the devil. For two or three years before it expired his character
+gradually altered. He became subject to fits of despondency, was no longer
+susceptible of mirth and amusement, and reflected with bitter agony on the
+close in which the whole must terminate. He assembled his friends together
+at a grand entertainment, and when it was over, addressed them, telling
+them that this was the last day of his life, reminding them of the wonders
+with which he had frequently astonished them, and informing them of the
+condition upon which he had held this power. They, one and all, expressed
+the deepest sorrow at the intelligence. They had had the idea of something
+unlawful in his proceedings; but their notions had been very far from
+coming up to the truth. They regretted exceedingly that he had not been
+unreserved in his communications at an earlier period. They would have had
+recourse in his behalf, to the means of religion, and have applied to
+pious men, desiring them to employ their power to intercede with Heaven in
+his favor. Prayer and penitence might have done much for him; and the
+mercy of Heaven was unbounded. They advised him to still call upon God,
+and endeavor to secure an interest in the merits of the Saviour.
+
+Faustus assured them that it was all in vain, and that his tragical fate
+was inevitable. He led them to their sleeping apartment, and recommended
+to them to pass the night as they could, but by no means, whatever they
+might happen to hear, to come out of it; as their interference could in no
+way be beneficial to him, and might be attended with the most serious
+injury to themselves. They lay still, therefore, as he had enjoined them;
+but not one of them could close his eyes. Between twelve and one in the
+night they heard first a furious storm of wind round all sides of the
+house, as if it would have torn away the walls from their foundations.
+This no sooner somewhat abated, than a noise was heard of discordant and
+violent hissing, as if the house was full of all sorts of venomous
+reptiles, but which plainly proceeded from Faustus's chamber. Next they
+heard the doctor's room-door vehemently burst open, and cries for help
+uttered with dreadful agony, but in a half-suppressed voice, which
+presently grew fainter and fainter. Then every thing became still, as if
+the everlasting motion of the world was suspended.
+
+When at length it became broad day, the students went in a body to the
+doctor's apartment. But he was nowhere to be seen. Only the walls were
+found smeared with his blood, and marks as if his brains had been dashed
+out. His body was finally discovered at some distance from the house, his
+limbs dismembered, and marks of great violence about the features of his
+face. The students gathered up the mutilated parts of his body, and
+afforded them private burial at the temple of Mars, in the village where
+he died.
+
+
+
+
+
+SOME SMALL POEMS.
+
+
+             WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY R. H. STODDARD.
+
+A PROLOGUE.
+
+  Without, the winds of Winter blow;
+  Without, the Winter sifts its snow:
+  Within, the hearths are warm and bright,
+  And all the chambers full of light,
+  And we again are gathered here,
+  To greet the advent of the year.
+
+  Pile on the wood, and stir the fires,
+  And in our souls the sweet desires;
+  And let us frame a mingled rhyme,
+  To suit the singers and the time;
+  With different stops, and keys of art,
+  In quaint old measures, got by heart.
+
+BY THE SEA.
+
+  By the rolling waves I roam,
+    And look along the sea,
+  And dream of the day and the gleaming sail,
+    That bore my love from me.
+
+  His bark now sails the Indian seas,
+    Far down the summer zone:
+  But his thoughts, like swallows, fly to me
+    By the Northern waves alone.
+
+  Nor will he delay, when winds are fair,
+    To waft him back to me;
+  But haste, my love! or my grave will be made
+    By the sad and moaning sea!
+
+WHEAT AND SHEAVES.
+
+  Before me now the village stands,
+    Its cottages embowered in bloom;
+  Behind me lies the burying ground,
+    Its sepulchres in cypress gloom.
+
+  The bells before me ring aloud,
+    A paean for the live and bold;
+  The bells behind are tolling low,
+    A requiem for the dead and cold.
+
+  The crowd before me tramp away,
+    And shout until the winds are stirred;
+  The crowd behind no longer move,
+    And never breathe a single word.
+
+  Before me many moan, and weep:
+    Behind, there is not one who grieves;
+  For blight but wastes the standing wheat.
+    It cannot touch the garnered sheaves!
+
+FRAGMENT.
+
+  The gray old Earth goes on
+    At its ancient pace,
+  Lifting its thunder voice
+    In the choir of Space;
+      And the Years, as they go,
+      Are singing slow,
+  Solemn dirges, full of woe!
+
+  Tears are shed, and hearts are broken,
+  And many bitter words are spoken,
+    And many left unsaid;
+  And many are with the living,
+  That were better--better dead!
+
+  Tyrants sit upon their thrones,
+  And will not hear the people's moans,
+    Nor hear their clanking chains;
+  Or if they do, they add thereto,
+    And mock, not ease, their pains;
+    But little liberty remains--
+  There is but little room for thee,
+  In this wide world, O Liberty!
+  But where thou hast once set thy foot,
+    Thou wilt remain, though oft unseen;
+  And grow like thought, and move like wind,
+  Upon the troubled sea of Mind,
+    No longer now serene.
+  Thy life and strength thou dost retain,
+  Despite the cell, the rack, the pain,
+  And all the battles won--in vain!
+  And even now thou seest the hour
+  That lays in dust the tyrant's power,
+  When man shall once again be free,
+  And Earth renewed, and young like thee,
+    O Liberty! O Liberty!
+
+CERTAIN MERRY STANZAS.
+
+  I often wish that I could know
+    The life in store for me,
+  The measure of the joy and woe
+    Of my futurity.
+  I do not fear to meet the worst
+    The gathering years can give;
+  My life has been a life accurst
+    From youth, and yet I live;
+  The Future may be overcast,
+  But never darker than the Past!
+
+  My mind will grow, as years depart
+  With all the winged hours;
+  And all my buried seeds of Art
+  Will bloom again in flowers;
+  But buried hopes no more will bloom,
+  As in the days of old;
+  My youth is lying in its tomb,
+  My heart is dead and cold!
+  And certain sad, but nameless cares
+  Have flecked my locks with silver hairs!
+
+  No bitter feeling clouds my grief,
+  No angry thoughts of thee;
+  For thou art now a faded leaf
+  Upon a fading tree.
+  From day to day I sea thee sink,
+  From deep to deep in shame;
+  I sigh, but dare not bid thee think
+  Upon thine ancient fame--
+  For oh! the thought of what thou art
+  Must be a hell within thy heart!
+
+  My life is full of care and pain--
+  My heart of old desires;
+  But living embers yet remain
+  Below its dying fires;
+  Nor do I fear what all the years
+  May have in store for me,
+  For I have washed away with tears
+  The blots of Memory:
+  But thou--despite the love on high--
+  What is there left thee but to die!
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. JUSTICE STORY, WITH SOME REMINISCENT REFLECTIONS.(4)
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE.
+
+
+BY A. OAKEY HALL.
+
+The hurrying pedestrian in Wall-street, or in some of its bisecting
+avenues of commercial bustle, if he have time to glance over his shoulder,
+is sure to observe a freshly-painted piece of tin (its brief rhetoric
+revelling in the pride and pomp of gold leaf alphabetically shaped),
+denominated by lawyers "a shingle"--setting forth that some sanguine
+gentleman has then and there established himself as an Attorney and
+Counsellor at Law.
+
+The sign is by the front door, shining with self-conceit at the passers
+by; and its owner is up some weary stairway, yawning over "twice told
+tales" of legal lore, copying precedents for the sake of practice, or
+keeping hope alive upon the back benches of the court-rooms in listening
+to the eloquence of his seniors while _he_ is waiting for clients.
+
+Heaven help many a young attorney in this "babel" of money-getting. The
+race should be prayed for in churches: and it should meet with a
+consideration as nearly divine as mortals can call up from crowded
+heart-chambers.
+
+Well: the sign keeps nailed up: and by and by the sun blisters it, and
+dries out the pomp of the gilded letters, and perhaps the owner yawns over
+his one case, or sitting upon a front bench in the court-room while case
+number thirty is being heard, waits for case nine hundred and thirty,
+against which on the calendar that is reposing by the side of the
+complaisant clerk in the corner, his name is placed as counsel--shining
+there like a pebble on a wide and extended beach.
+
+The Physiology of the Medical Student from facetious pens was reached to
+us over the Atlantic by friendly booksellers some years ago; and we should
+have had by this time "the Physiology of the young Attorney." He is a good
+subject for dissection; there's plenty of venous humor in his composition;
+and oh! a deal of nerve!
+
+Talk of exploring expeditions to the Arctic regions as offering specimens
+of courage and prowess; or of scientific excursions into the wilds of
+Africa to the same purport! These instances are trivial compared to the
+courage and prowess yearly displayed by hundreds of attorneys who plunge
+into the ocean of litigation in order to swim towards the distant buoys
+which the sun of prosperity always cheers with enlivening beams.
+
+Don't waste sympathy in this connection for the young Sawbones. _His_
+thirst for action can be slaked at pauper fountains. For _him_ the
+emigrant's chamber, the cabin of the arriving ship, the dispensary, the
+asylums, the hospitals, and the poor-houses, are always open; and if his
+"soul be in arms," there are (Heaven knows) "frays" in this city numerous
+enough for any ambitious surgical eagerness.
+
+But for the aspiring attorney where are the avenues open for gratuitous
+action? Do merchants nail up promissory notes upon awning posts for
+attorneys to seize and put in suit? What "old nobs" of Wall-street are
+willing to put themselves "in chancery" to oblige Hopper Tape, Esq., your
+humble attendant upon the Where are the courts possessing suits without
+counsel?
+
+We may be told of unfortunate wretches who murder in drunken fits to whom
+counsel are assigned. But what are ten crusts of bread per annum among a
+thousand hungry dogs?
+
+Thou must face the truth, young college boy, who now and then dost stroll
+into court-rooms, or who dost lounge away an hour in a friend's law office
+admiring his books and piles of papers--thinking the while of the time when
+thou wilt have graduated and obtained permission to hang up thy
+pomp-gilded "shingle:" _thou must face the truth_! The counsel who so
+attracts thy admiration, in thy court-room lounging, has fought weary
+years with myriad obstacles; there are the ashes of many nights and days
+of toil and struggle sprinkled upon his hair; he has fought his way (from
+where thou sittest a listener to where he stands a speaker), as if through
+an Indian gauntlet file. There were a hundred mouths waiting for the first
+crumbs which came to his impatient legal digestion; and a hundred envious
+heads and hearts to worry him if possible into a dyspepsia over those
+crumbs. He has began with an office in a fifth story, and _climbed down_
+towards the street. He commenced to hive his honey near the roof! While
+out of his office he climbed a professional ladder, the holding on to
+which tasked all his powers of physical, mental, and pecuniary endurance.
+Face the truth!
+
+Reach me yonder diary and legal register. Two thousand practising lawyers
+in the city of New-York! Out of these one hundred are "notables;" fifty
+are "distinguished;" twenty-five are eminent.
+
+A large body of them are "conveyancers" growing thin in person and thinner
+in mind over deeds and titles; a larger body "attorneys"--getters up and
+supervisors of suits--providers of ammunition for "distinguished counsel"
+to discharge with loud reports (the said counsel brilliant by the flash:
+the attorney obscured in the smoke); many, very many, chained to
+"larcenies" at the Sessions, "landlord dispossessions" at the Marine
+Court, suits on butcher's bills at Ward Courts, or "malicious
+prosecutions" in the Common Pleas.
+
+Yet there are hundreds of coral reefs and pearls for persevering divers in
+this ocean of litigation. Three thousand pending cases every month are
+three thousand nutshells where the meat is often fresh and oily, even with
+the weary keeping on the calendar for months and years. There are _some_
+counsel who pocket fees and costs to the tune of twenty thousand a year.
+We know many a Quirk, Gammon and Snap, who realize an undoubted "ten
+thousand a year," with no Tittlebat Titmouse for a standing annoyance. And
+we can taper off on the finger many who do not realize five hundred a
+year, and work like negro slaves at that: they are continually rough
+hewing, but no divinity shapes their ends.
+
+Five years of "starvation," and five more years of toil and trouble,
+constitute the depth of a lawyer's slough of despond in New-York; to say
+nothing of the giants' castles to storm upon the way, or the fights with
+the Apolyons of Envy. Obviously so!
+
+A man now-a-days will let a young Sawbones advise ice for his child's
+croup, or even experiment with his own much-abused liver, when he would
+not intrust a young attorney with the suing a note where ten witnesses saw
+the note signed and the "consideration money" paid over. And if the public
+really knew how much danger their pockets were in when the "buttons" were
+under the control of inexperienced lawyers, the number of "starvers" would
+be doubled. What "eminent" lawyer is there who does not look back to the
+"practice" of his youth, in perfect terror to witness the mistakes he
+made, as the helmsman, who has scudded through the breakers to the open
+sea, glances back at the dangers he escaped?
+
+The young lawyers of a year back are, however, five years--perhaps ten--in
+advance of the lawyers of this year's growth. The latter have greater
+rivalry in the _hordes_ of practitioners from the interior whom the "new
+code" have driven from their _trespass quare clausum fregit_ into the
+city. Many of them, too, were men of mark in their ports of departure,
+bold and confident in their new haven!
+
+One field, however, in the legal township of this city, offers room upon
+its face for tillers--_the field of advocacy_! It is ploughed by some
+twenty or thirty, and _harrowed_ by some fifty or sixty. There are a
+_dozen_ whom the ghosts of Nisi Prius flock to hear upon great occasions.
+And these will long hold the monopoly.
+
+Why?
+
+Because the advocate and barrister must have had vast experience at Nisi
+Prius (or the court where matters of fact are investigated by judge and
+jury); have acquired a practised tact; have had opportunities of testing
+their own calibre to know if they are fitted for emergencies--as the
+gunsmith tests his barrels before he "stocks" them. And the young lawyer
+has small opportunity afforded him to acquire this tact--to permit this
+testing. If he can play "devil" for a few years to some barrister of
+extended practice, or scent "occasions" like a blood-hound on the trail of
+the valuable fugitive from justice, then he is a happy man, and is in the
+fair way of soon becoming a monopolist himself.
+
+Any juryman of two years' standing will corroborate our statement as to
+the openness of the field of legal advocacy. How often has he seen cause
+after cause "set down," "reserved," or "put off," because counsel are
+engaged elsewhere? How often has he heard the same advocate in four or
+five causes in the same week, in the same court, changing positions like
+the queen of an active chess-board; profiting his fame and pocket by means
+of only a hurried glance at the elaborate brief which his junior has "got
+up" for him?
+
+Some one has said that the barrister works hard, lives well, and dies
+poor. Regarding the first two conditions of his life there is little doubt
+upon the question of truth; the dying in poverty _may be_ problematical.
+Yet in a recent print, professing to furnish a list of wealthy tax-payers,
+the list contained four lawyers, and only one was a barrister. The
+instance proves little, for a lawyer may be very rich and yet pay no
+taxes. The assessors may fight shy of his bell-pull as they go their
+rounds, because of his penchant to find flaws in their actions and bring
+them official discredit in an apparently laborious task, but in reality a
+sinecure of an employment.
+
+We have often asked ourselves if barristers have stomachs. Bowels of
+compassion they have not, that is certain; but have they stomachs? Say
+nine times in a year they dine at the same hour of the day; and then spoon
+their soup with the blood all drawn from the digestive apparatus to feed
+the brain. Yet they eat like aldermen and drink like German princes....
+
+This much of idle reverie, as, with pen in hand, we laid down the two
+bulky and elaborately-published volumes whose title we have taken as text;
+this much of glance at the condition of the young and old advocate of
+to-day, before we digest our reflections upon the advocate and jurist of
+the past.
+
+It was our privilege in our legal novitiate (this is but _a phrase_; for a
+lawyer is always in his novitiate) to have been, at the Cambridge Law
+School, a pupil of Mr. Justice Story; and thus to have drank at the very
+fountain head of constitutional law--that branch of our national
+jurisprudence which can least fluctuate. Judges of a day and not of a
+generation, or crazy legislators with spasmodic wisdom, may alter, and
+overturn, and mystify by simplification, the laws and usages of every-day
+life; but it is scarcely to be apprehended that the current of our
+constitutional law will ever be diverted from original channels. There is
+danger rather of its being dammed into stagnation.
+
+While fully aware of his faults and foibles as a man, and his
+idiosyncracies as a judge and a legal writer, we have never wavered in
+loyalty to his judicial majesty, or found a flaw in the regard we paid to
+his memory. And no book was more welcome to Zimmerman in his solitude than
+these volumes regarding the illustrious judge, prepared by his son, were
+welcome to our Christmas-holiday leisure.
+
+Joseph Story was the eldest of eleven children, and lived to be indeed the
+"Joseph" of mark and renown to his father and brothers. He was born in
+Marblehead, September 18th, 1779. His father was a physician, and served
+during a portion of the Revolution as army surgeon. He died when the
+future judge was twenty-six years of age: yet what the son then was is
+best told by one sentence from the father's will--after making his wife
+sole executrix, he recommends her to his son Joseph, adding, "and although
+this perhaps is needless, I do it to mark my special confidence in his
+affections, skill, and abilities." From the father, our lawyer thus
+panegyrized received friendly geniality and broad understanding; from the
+mother, indomitable will, vigor and enthusiasm.
+
+Habit of observation and desire of knowledge were the prominent attributes
+of his childish character; nevertheless he was ardent in all the sports of
+boyhood. To the last he maintained a regard for his honor, which induced
+him while yet a lad, and under promise not to divulge the name of a
+schoolmate offender, to receive a severe flogging rather than to yield up
+his knowledge upon the subject. At the age of sixteen, in the midst of a
+Freshman term at Harvard College, he thought of matriculation; but upon
+inquiry learned that he must not only be examined upon the works of
+ordinary preparatory reading, but that it was necessary for him to expect
+a call upon the volumes which his class had dispatched during the past
+half year. At first he was daunted, but remembering there yet remained six
+weeks of vacation, he addressed himself to the necessary labor--the
+severity of which is best evidenced by the fact that in the short time
+above mentioned he read Sallust, the odes of Horace, two books of Livy,
+three books of the Anabasis, two books of the Iliad, and certain English
+treatises. This sounds like the railroad instruction now much in vogue;
+but its effects were permanent in value upon his mind. Few readers of his
+works will accuse him of a want of proficiency in Latin! But the _often_
+reading--the _saepe legendo_ was ever his habit: for he remembered the
+couplet:
+
+  Gutta cavat lapidem non vi sed saepe cadendo
+  Sic homo fit doctus non vi sed saepe legendo.
+
+He passed muster with the college tutors in January, 1795. Among his
+classmates were the (afterwards Reverends) Dr. Tuckerman and Wm. E.
+Channing--to the genius and character of the latter of whom he always bore
+the most enthusiastic and hearty testimony. Indeed he contested with
+Channing for the highest honor. Channing won it, but always gave the honor
+himself to Story; while the latter always declared that the former won the
+just meed of his genius and scholarship.
+
+Their graduation was in the summer of 1798: and immediately upon quitting
+college Mr. Story commenced the study of the law with Mr. Samuel Sewall,
+afterwards Chief Justice in the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Fourteen
+hours a day was over his quantum of study. Although sometimes
+disheartened, he never surrendered his determination to master the
+elements and details of his new profession.
+
+_Studying_ law in those days was a far different thing from its _reading_
+now. Then it was _multum_: now it is _multa_. No copious indexes and
+multifarious treatises were counted by thousands: no digests (directories
+to the streets, the avenues, the fountains and the temples of the
+science), abounded by scores. Libraries were carried about in wheelbarrows
+and not in processions of vans, when the inexorable moving day came
+around. Learned judges were not then compelled to hold courts in remote
+villages (resorting hereby to a _coup de loi_), in order to escape the
+_cacoethes loquendi_ of case lawyers and presuming juniors. Legal lore was
+builded up like the massive stone and hard grained mortar of the edifices
+of that olden time--slowly, carefully, but lastingly; not as are builded
+now the brick and stuccoed mansions of the snob and parvenu. Not that
+abounding treatises and familiarizing digests forbid the idea of the
+perfect lawyer now-a-days: only that to-day the law student in the midst
+of a large library stands more in need (when thinking of the _otium_ which
+accompanies certain dignity), to utter the ejaculation, "lead us not into
+temptation"--the temptation of possessing that knowledge which teaches
+where to seek for information, and not the kind which is information of
+itself.
+
+In 1801 Mr. Story came to the Salem bar while at the age of twenty-two.
+After being three years at practice he married his first wife, who died
+within two years afterward, plunging him into the deepest grief. During
+his courtship he dabbled (as almost every young lawyer does until he finds
+that clients are severe critics) in poetry, and wrote a didactic poem of
+two parts in heroic verse, entitled "The Power of Solitude." Adopting the
+criticism of the biographers--its prominent defects were exaggeration of
+feeling, confusion of imagery, want of simplicity of expression, stilted
+and artificial style. But though dull as a poem, it shows facility and
+talent for versification, breathes a warm aspiration for virtue and truth,
+and is creditable to the scholarship of its author.
+
+After the loss of his wife he sought relief from painful thoughts in the
+laborious duties of a large and increasing business. His position at the
+bar was prominent, and he was engaged in nearly all the cases of
+importance. His manner to the jury was earnest and spirited; he managed
+his causes with tact (that great acquirement of the successful lawyer:
+being, as a distinguished barrister now dead and gone said to Dr. Hosack,
+the same sheet anchor to the advocate which mercury or bark is to the
+physician), was ready in attack or defence, and possessed great eloquence
+of expression. As an advocate he showed a sagacity of perception which no
+intricacy of detail could blind, no suddenness of attack confuse, and
+which afterwards so distinguished him as a Judge. He was thrown among the
+leading lawyers; and undaunted as all young lawyers should be (although
+preserving their modesty of deportment and learning), he measured swords
+with the most accomplished. Although sometimes vanquished, he always
+received honors from even the victors.
+
+It is a prevailing opinion with the junior members of the legal
+profession, that their seniors delight in snubbing them; that they are
+fond of being discourteous, and arrogant; that they are envious of some
+and insulting to others. But it is rare indeed that the seniors err on
+other ground in this respect than magnanimity. The industrious youngster,
+the self-reliant youngster, the firm but respectful youngster, the versed
+in elementary principles among youngsters, are always received with open
+arms. Law begets law. If the junior commences a suit a senior may answer
+it: and the reverse. The parson and the doctor are in perpetual
+interference with the neighbors and brethren of their particular calling.
+But lawyers, like bees in the beehive, must of necessity assist and succor
+each other, or there will be less honey laid away when the summer is past
+and the harvest ended.
+
+Early in his professional career he became an ardent politician. He was a
+Jeffersonian Democrat, and at the bar of his residence stood almost alone
+in his partisan position. As such a party man he went into the State
+Legislature, and became an acknowledged leader. He possessed that great
+quality for a leader, the faculty of extempore speaking, joined with the
+ability to condense and elucidate the topics he took in hand. But he never
+submitted the convictions of his judgment to party dictation; and soon
+after his entering the arena of legislative warfare, he bravely stemmed
+party tide in advocating an increase of salaries for the State judges. The
+latter were all federalists, and it was not to be wondered that the
+republicans of that day, who wore in their noses the rings of party,
+should shrug their shoulders at the prospect of benefiting political
+opponents. But by his firm conduct, and by his confident assertion and
+able arguments in favor of the measure, it was carried. And to Joseph
+Story, more than any other man, Massachusetts is indebted for the
+opportunity of employing ablest judicial officers, without making their
+families beggars.
+
+It is the disgrace of our country that its judicial officers are the most
+poorly paid of all professions and pursuits. And in every section of the
+Union, that distinguished lawyer who accepts a seat upon the bench, must
+hold the glories of his honor at a very high price, to surrender his
+ordinary professional emoluments for the wretched pittance which the
+various States dole out for days of public toil and nights of private
+study. We desire to look no further than this Empire State for examples.
+This Empire State, with its magnificent resources and proudly developing
+energies, should be the last to unite in adjudging its judicial officers
+to the labors of galley slaves, and to then pay them by the year less than
+a ballet-dancer receives by the month in all its principal cities. Two
+thousand five hundred dollars per year is the astounding sum which this
+same Empire State pays to its highest judicial officers. If we reverse the
+saying of Walpole, and read "_every price has its man_," we may not wonder
+if Dogberries and grandmothers are occasionally found upon the bench,
+dispensing their honest but destructive platitudes, and their Malaprop
+constructions of commercial law, to juries of astounded merchants.
+
+From the arena of State politics, Mr. Story next changed his position to
+the temple of national discussions at Washington. His career in Congress
+was, however, limited to one session, and to a vacancy-seat occasioned by
+a death. He declined re-election; for in the words of his autobiographical
+account of this portion of his career, he had lost all relish for
+political controversy, and had found that an entire obedience to party
+projects required such constant sacrifices of opinion and feeling, that he
+preferred to devote himself with singleness of heart to the study of the
+law, which was at all times the object of his admiration and almost
+exclusive devotion. Public sentiment, however, forced him again into the
+State councils at home, where more liberty of professional engagement was
+permitted. He was in political life but a brief period again, before, in
+his thirty-second year, President Madison pressed his acceptance of a
+vacant Associate Justiceship in the Supreme Court of the United States,
+which had been declined by Levi Lincoln and by John Quincy Adams, then in
+Russia. Although the acceptance involved the surrender of heavy
+professional emolument, the high honor, the permanence of the tenure, and
+the opportunity of gratifying his juridical studies that he so much loved,
+joined in compelling his acquiescence.
+
+"The atrocious crime of being a young man," which had compelled a hatred
+of William Pitt the younger, in a former day, was now brought up against
+him by many whose party subserviency fairly blushed before his manly
+integrity, and by others who envied him his success. But one year at the
+Circuit silenced all complaint. And in his thirty-third year he was
+acknowledged to be the able jurist whom, at his death in his sixty-sixth
+year of age, a whole nation mourned.
+
+Dismissing for the present all consideration of his judicial life, and all
+estimate of his ability upon the bench, and passing over nearly twenty
+years of his life, we meet him in the possession of his fourth great honor
+in life--but an honor which was ever the first prized by him in all his
+after career--the appointment of Law Professor in Cambrige Law School.
+
+Mr. Nathan Dane, whose Abridgement of American law in many volumes had
+obtained for him the gratitude of the profession at large, and the more
+substantial testimonial of pecuniary profit, had determined, about the
+fiftieth year of Judge Story's life, to repay the law some of the profits
+which its votaries had bestowed upon him, by donating ten thousand dollars
+for the establishment of a new professorship.  He annexed to his donation,
+however, the condition that Judge Story should be the incumbent. To the
+great delight of the donor, and of the College Fellows, the Judge
+assented, and was inaugurated as Dane Professor of Law, with a special
+view to Lectures upon the Law of Nations, Commercial and Maritime Law,
+Federal Law and Equity--a station which he filled to the day of his
+lamented death.
+
+This brief survey of his life presents him then in several public aspects;
+as a student, as an advocate, as a statesman, as a judge, and as an
+expounder of the great principles of law, which he worshipped with an
+idolatry of love.
+
+To speak of his political career would not belong to the scope of our
+article. And to sit in judgment upon his judicial career would be our
+presumption. Older and abler pens must render their tributes to the extent
+and varied richness of his legal lore, which, taking root in principles,
+branched into the minutiae of detail, under every sun and in every clime
+where law is recognized as a rule of human action. His judicial fame can
+never be increased or diminished by individual estimate. The law of
+patents, of admiralty and prizes, the jurisprudence of equity, and above
+all, his luminous explorations of what were once constitutional
+labyrinths, are monuments as indestructible as the Pyramids. If every
+trace of their original oneness be lost, they will yet live in the hours
+of future judicial days, in professional acts, and in the guiding policy
+of a remote posterity. His library of treatises are legal classics; and
+the worst defects which flippant carpers and canvassers of their claims to
+merit have discovered in their pages, have been their richness of detail
+and polish of learning! And no one can deny that as a judge he was the
+very example which 'Hobbes' in his 'Leviathan,' carried in mind when he
+thus wrote--"the things that make a good judge or good interpreter of the
+laws, are first--a right understanding of that principal law of nature
+called Equity, which depending not on the reading of other men's writings,
+but on the goodness of a man's own natural reason and meditation, is
+presumed to be in those most who have had most leisure and the most
+inclination to meditate thereon; second--contempt of unnecessary riches and
+preferments; third--to be able in judgment to divest himself of all fear,
+anger, hatred, love and compassion; fourthly and lastly--patience to hear,
+diligent attention in hearing, and memory to retain, digest, and apply
+what he hath heard."
+
+Not the least amiable phase of the life of Judge Story, was the attention
+which he gave to letters and literary pursuits. He was no _mere_ lawyer:
+no stringer of professional centos. He never hid his heart with the veil
+of dignity; nor smothered his fresh impulses (preserved intact from
+worldly rust since boyhood) with the weight of his judicial and
+professional labors. While he believed that the law was a jealous
+mistress, he knew that this mistress was too stable and sensible to decree
+that a gentle dalliance or seasonable flirtation with her maids of
+honor--Poetry, or the Arts, or Literature, or Love--was an unloyal act. He
+could turn from Grotius to Dickens, from Vattel to Thackeray. He could
+digest the points of the elaborate arguments of eminent counsel, and then
+turn aside to a gentle tonic from the administrating hand of Smollett or
+Walter Scott. Method was his master-key to all the combinations in the
+locks of labor.
+
+Twice married he never ceased to eulogize the bliss of domesticity.
+Surrounded by loving eyes, the currents of his freshened affection flowed
+deeper and clearer every year. How he treasured home and home joys may be
+collected in the following lines from his poem on solitude (before
+referred to), written in his twenty-second year.
+
+  "Grandeur may dazzle with its transient glare
+  The herd of folly, and the tribe of care,
+  Who sport and flutter through their listless days,
+  Like motes that bask in Summer's noontide blaze,
+  With anxious steps round vacant splendor while,
+  Live on a look, and banquet on a smile;
+  But the firm race whose high endowments claim
+  The laurel-wreath that decks the brow of fame;
+  Who warmed by sympathy's electric glow,
+  In rapture tremble, and dissolve in woe,
+  Blest in _retirement_, scorn the frowns of fate,
+  And feel a transport power can ne'er create."
+
+Touching the poem from which these lines are taken, we remember being
+shown the only copy of the published book which was known to exist, by the
+family of the Judge. The Assistant Librarian (who was born for his station
+in all that regards enthusiastic love of his duties), of the Harvard
+College library, showed us, with great triumph, a small sheep-bound
+volume, entitled "Solitude and other Poems, by Joseph Story," printed
+sometime in the commencement of this century: saying, "the Judge has
+burned all the copies he can pick up, and this is only to be read here."
+This poem was a sore subject to the author. He viewed it as not only a
+blot upon his dignity, but an annoyance to his professional fame. Numerous
+critics have laughed at it; but apart from the shorter poems, the main
+theme showed much aptitude of poetic imagery, invention, and harmony of
+expression. Glance at the following lines, which contain much of the
+genuine spark:
+
+  "Till nature's self the Vandal torch should raise,
+  And the vast alcove of creation blaze."
+
+Or this--
+
+  "Blaze the vast domes inwrought with fretted gold,
+  The sumptuous pavements veins or pearl unfold,
+  Arch piled on arch with columned pride ascend,
+  Grove linked to grove their mingling shadows blend."
+
+Or this--
+
+  "Let narrow prudence boast its grovelling art
+  To chill the generous sympathies of heart,
+  Teach to subdue each thought sublimely wild,
+  And crush, like Herod, fancy's new-born child."
+
+It is highly probable that the learned Justice, knowing his taste for the
+poetical and fanciful, and his aptitude at the harmony of language, often
+erred in his judicial writings and treatises, by avoiding beauty of
+expression, in fear lest the dignity of his subject should be injured by
+too much association with the creatures of fancy. We have known most
+accomplished lawyers err through this same caution. Our biographer himself
+(Mr. William W. Story) has certainly done himself great injustice as a
+writer in his work on "Contracts," when, in the pages before us, he
+presents us with so much delicacy of fancy and rhetorical finish.
+Blackstone in his "Commentaries," Jones in his "Bailment" treatise,
+Stephens in his essay upon "Pleading," time-honored Fearne in his
+"Contingent Remainders," have shown how grateful and how suitable it is
+for the legal readers to find brilliancy of rhetoric adorning the most
+profound learning.
+
+But certainly Judge Story possessed to a remarkable degree the faculty of
+condensation in his poetical works. His rhyme was not reason run mad; but
+reason in modest holiday attire. Where are lines at once so compact and so
+searching in their wisdom as the following, penned in 1832, as matters of
+advice to a young law student:
+
+  "Whene'er you speak, remember every cause
+  Stands not on eloquence, but stands on laws--
+  Pregnant in matter, in expression brief,
+  Let every sentence stand in bold relief;
+  On trifling points nor time nor talents waste,
+  A sad offence to learning and to taste;
+  Nor deal with pompous phrase; nor e'er suppose
+  Poetic flights belong to reasoning prose,
+  Loose declamation may deceive the crowd,
+  And seem more striking as it grows more loud;
+  But sober sense rejects it with disdain,
+  As nought but empty noise, and weak as vain.
+  The froth of words, the school-boy's vain parade
+  Of books and cases--all his stock in trade--
+  The pert conceits, the cunning tricks and play
+  Of low attorneys, strung in long array,
+  The unseemly jest, the petulent reply,
+  That chatters on, and cares not how, or why,
+  Studious, avoid--unworthy themes to scan,
+  They sink the speaker and disgrace the man.
+  Like the false lights, by flying shadows cast,
+  Scarce seen when present, and forgot when past.
+    Begin with dignity: expound with grace
+  Each ground of reasoning in its time and place;
+  Let order reign throughout--each topic touch,
+  Nor urge its power too little, or too much.
+  Give each strong thought its most attractive view,
+  In diction clear, and yet severely true,
+  And as the arguments in splendor grow,
+  Let each reflect its light on all below.
+  When to the close arrive make no delays
+  By petty flourishes, or verbal plays,
+  But sum the whole in one deep solemn strain,
+  Like a strong current hastening to the main."
+
+If Mr. Story had never been elevated to the bench it is not likely his
+name would ever have become national property. Although plunged into
+politics in his earlier life, he was not fitted for the life. His devotion
+to the law, and his dread of becoming that slave to party usages which all
+public men must necessarily more or less fashion of themselves, would have
+retained him in his native state, and made his usefulness sectional. To
+the politicians of the school of General Jackson, and to the
+administration of that President, he was particularly distasteful. His
+tenacious conservatism drew forth from the "old hero," on one occasion,
+the remark, that "he was the most dangerous man in the country." Lord
+Eldon, with his doubts and pertinacious toryism was not more unpopular
+among the reformers in England than was Judge Story--the last of the old
+regime of federal judges--with the bank radicals of 1832.
+
+When Chief Justice Marshall died he felt almost broken-hearted. A new race
+of constitutional expounders had arisen around him. Brother justices, with
+modern constructions, and more liberal notions of national law, were by
+his side. In many decisions he was now a sole dissenter. His pride was
+invaded; his self-love tortured; his adoration of certain legal
+constructions which he had deemed immutable in their nature, was
+desecrated. And, for many years previous to his decease, he had
+contemplated resigning from the federal judiciary, and living alone for
+his darling law school.
+
+This school was his adopted child. He had taken it in a feeble and
+helpless infancy. He had given it strength and increased vitality. He
+brought it up to a vigorous and useful maturity. It was loved by only a
+handful of students when he gave his name and talents to aid its life: but
+when he died, a hundred and fifty pupils were its warm suitors, and
+hundreds of lawyers over the whole union cherished its prosperity as a
+link in their own chains of happiness.
+
+And, although he thought not of it, his labors in the law school secure
+for his memory in the present generation a more brilliant existence than
+his array of judicial decisions, and his thousands of written pages, can
+ever bestow. In some pine forest settlement of Maine, or in some rude
+court-house in California, there are lawyers who bring before them every
+day his genial smiles and his impressive lectures, looked upon and heard
+by them in former times at Cambridge. Over all the Union, in almost every
+village, town, and city, are his pupils. Each one of them may sometimes
+reflect with rapture upon their days of college life, or remember with
+pride their first professional success: but not one of these
+considerations of reminiscence is so grateful to his mind as the thought
+of his novitiate with Justice Story. Depend upon it he treasures up those
+Cambridge text-books, those Cambridge note-books whose leaves
+daguerreotype the learning of the eminent deceased, those catalogues of
+students where his name is proudly found, as the most valuable portions of
+his library. He will never part with them: but they will descend to his
+children.
+
+It was our privilege and pleasure also to know Mr. Justice Story at
+Cambridge; to have spent days of pleasure in the hours of his society; to
+have rendered to his teachings the tribute of delighted attention and
+grateful recollection. We, too, have been fascinated with that
+conversation, whose variety of exuberance and sometimes egotism, were its
+greatest ornaments. In the sunshine of his intellect our mind has sunned
+itself, and been warmed into zealous and proselyting admiration. To his
+gray-haired teachings we have paid personal reverence, and we unaffectedly
+hope to have caught from his society and intercourse a spark of that
+professional enthusiasm which is the only true guiding-star of the
+plodding lawyer.
+
+The December blasts are hoarsely sobbing to-night through Mount Auburn,
+the garden of his mortal repose--the hallowed spot which his eloquence
+consecrated in its origin, and which his religious love in his lifetime
+sacredly cherished. The snows of winter and the autumn-woven carpet of
+fallen leaves are heaped upon his honored grave, the sodded paths to
+which, in the glowing spring-time and fragrant summer, are pressed most
+frequent with the tread of faithful mourners. Years have passed since that
+honored grave was first closed upon him. Longer years have flown since we
+were under his teachings. But we seem to view him the same as of yore.
+Again the class is assembled in the hushed lecture-room as his familiar
+tread is heard at the door; or as the burst of applause, where there is no
+sycophantic flattery known or felt, greets his entrance to his seat. Again
+we see him adjusting his genial spectacles, and looking around upon the
+upturned faces with parental pride. Again we hear his mellowed, although
+often impetuous accents, expounding familiar principles of law, and
+descending to the consideration of "first things" with as much pride and
+carefulness as the artist treats his Rubens or Titian, which for years and
+years has hung before him in all lights and shades and in every
+combination of position.
+
+Again, we occupy a modest corner of the library while he is holding his
+moot court; infusing into the dignity of his manner a marked suavity of
+disposition which never forsook him; or he is perpetrating some
+appropriate legal joke to his audience, who never played upon his ease or
+good nature.
+
+Again, we have stolen into the self-same library while he is holding an
+equity term of his circuit, to listen to the words of judicial wisdom
+which came from his utterance, exuberant as pearls of fancy from the mouth
+of an inspired poet.
+
+Again, we see him at the summer twilight, seated by the trellised portico
+of his hospitable and happy homestead, surrounded by family or friends,
+enjoying the amenities of life with unaffected pleasure, and sometimes
+awakening the garden echoes with his cheerful ringing laugh; or we see him
+in the same hour of the day driving under the venerable elms of the
+numerous commons, gazing and bowing around with all the pleasure which the
+king of the fairy book marked upon his face when the love of his subjects,
+among whom he passed, came forth with the evening breeze to bless and
+greet him.
+
+And then we pass into "reverie," and live a few minutes of "dream-life,"
+recalling to mind the maxims and sayings which were uttered in our
+presence; and the many bright exemplars placed before his pupils, and the
+kindly greetings which were showered all about--for he was no distinguisher
+of persons so long as honor of feeling and uprightness of motive abounded
+in his presence.
+
+He is gone! Yet in these pages of biography before us he will always live.
+From infancy to the ripened greatness of old age, his life is preserved to
+posterity by the hand of his faithful and grateful son, whose duty has
+been most ably and interestingly performed. The very minutiae of his life
+are presented with fidelity and modesty of reference. Some may carp at
+this; to these let us say with the French proverbialist, _Rien n'est
+indifferent dans la vie d'un grand homme; le genie se revele dans ses
+moindres actions_. The straws of every day life mark the direction of the
+breezes of individual action.
+
+To the hearts of his pupils we would send this epitaph, and ask them if
+aught less tributary could be said of one who was and is to them a father.
+
+Here sleeps the mortality of Joseph Story, who lived his days so well that
+he won in a short lifetime an immortality of fame. His career as a _Man_
+reflected lustre upon the lustre of an honored father's manhood, and added
+to the virtues which his mother bequeathed him. As a _Politician_, he
+rendered obeisance only to his conscience. As a _Lawyer_, he never
+disgraced his profession by a thought, and even honored it by his
+slightest acts. The colleague of Marshall, the two now shine together as
+twin stars in the often contemplated firmament of _Judicial Renown_. Not
+selfish of his _Learning_, it is scattered to the uttermost parts of the
+earth, and is treasured wherever it has fallen. The learning which he
+borrowed from continental Europe he repaid with magnificent interest. In
+Westminster Hall his name is associated with Nottingham, Hale, Mansfield,
+and Stowell. Counting as dross the wealth of professional eminence, he
+became from the love of it an expounder of law to its tyros. He has spread
+for thousands of adopted children a banquet of the treasures of legal
+lore, and next to reverencing his paternal love they cherish with profound
+gratitude the memory of his slightest instructions. While the Union of his
+birthplace exists, her citizens will regard with unfeigned admiration his
+constitutional teachings.
+
+
+
+
+
+COLUMBUS AT THE GATES OF GENOA.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY THE AUTHOR OF "NILE NOTES OF A HOWADJI."
+
+Christopher Columbus was born at Genoa in 1437. In 1851 the Genoese are
+finishing his monument.
+
+  I am Columbus: will ye let me in?
+  Or Doria in his palace by the sea.
+  Proud Andrea Doria named il Principe,
+  In your Republic named il Principe,
+  By Charles the Fifth, the Emperor of Spain,
+  Monopolizes he your meed of fame
+  Before the awful Judgment seat of Time.
+    Well, and Pisani, the Venetian, he,
+  Venice as Doria was Genoa,--
+  Why, wide-mouthed Europe clanged their stunning praise,
+  And history with their names adorns herself,
+  Dazzing the eyes of pious pilgrims, who
+  Press flowers from Doria's garden, dreaming float
+  Upon Pisani's silent waters, and
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate.
+  And they had pleasures, palaces. They stood,
+  And sat, and went, all men admiring,
+  Men of a day, in its brief life they lived,
+  In its swift dying died. Men of a day,
+  Brave, generous, and noble--not enough.
+  Voluptuous Venice, Genoa superb,
+  Far fascinating meteors that flashed,
+  Then fell forgotten. Do I carp? Not I.
+  Ye love your own, I mine, mine me, amen!
+  O pious pilgrims and ye Genoese,
+  Proceed, much meditating human fate,
+  And meditate this well.
+        A wanderer driven
+  By every adverse gust of evil times.
+  Wrecked upon barren reefs of blandest smiles,
+  Wan victim of a solitary thought
+  Too masculine to die unrealized.
+  Tortured with tortuous diplomacy,
+  Beseeching monarchs still in vain besought,
+  Not to give kingdoms but to take a world,
+  Unloved of Fortune, best beloved of Hope,--
+  When Doria was a lisping boy at school,--
+  This wanderer puts forth one summer morn,
+  Among the other fishers of the sea,
+  And with a world returns.
+        Nay! nay! no words.
+  Your hemisphere was only half enough,
+  And Christopher Columbus globed his fame.
+    And now ye build my statue, Genoese,
+  After three silent centuries have died,
+  When the old fourth is failing, ye do well
+  With lagging stones to pile the pedestal,
+  And shape my sculptured seeming. Not with wrath,
+  Nor scorn. Good God and less with gratitude,
+  Be those worn features wreathed. I love ye not,
+  Ye are no friends of mine. I did not ask
+  A block of marble for my memory,
+  But gold to carve my hope. It was not much--
+  Nay, had it been your all, was it not well
+  To wreck your fortune on a hope sublime?
+  And, Merchants! The brave chance; a small outlay,
+  And income inconceivable! You chose.
+  My stately Spain was wiser. So much gold,
+  A little fleet,--some sailors--leaders known--
+  If not investment, speculation safe,
+  The honor of the enterprise, and chance--
+  Always the siren chance--Spain risked and won,
+  And Genoa lost a world.
+        Sir Advocate!
+  I understand your meaning; it were hard
+  Fame drafts upon the Future should be paid
+  Ere present recognition! 'Twere unjust
+  That hope unhazarded in act, were crowned
+  With the same coronal that crowns success.
+  The starving mariner upon your shore--
+  The riddle of the West unsolved--stood not
+  In the same light to set his worthiness,
+  As when an unimagined Future streamed
+  All over him in glory. Yet he stood
+  In that light lonely, as in the old dark,
+  Lonely, but looking to that light for life.
+  Spring-pinioned Hope impetuously flew,
+  And saw, through the deep Future shedding balm,
+  His fame a tree in flower.
+        If that were all?
+  If in his vision of America
+  He saw but Christopher made famous? Look!
+  Not for himself; but for that martyr, Thought,
+  Which struggles fainting in a foolish world,
+  To ope a gate to wisdom, his heart swelled
+  When his fixed eye beheld his soul's belief
+  Fulfilled in Western twilight. Thou my land!
+  Shalt thunder to the ages evermore
+  That dreams and hopes are holy. Thou shalt still
+  The croaking voice of souls that shake at dawn,
+  Loving the dimness of their own decay,--
+  The lone desire, entreaty and despair,
+  The wasting weariness that breeds disgust,
+  All woes but Doubt that, wasp-like, stings Hope back,
+  There are ye justified. And never Time
+  Goldening this page can slip its moral too:
+  And never Thought, loving this sweet success,
+  But still shall love its own wild dreams the more.
+  And still shall brighter gild all skiey peaks
+  Of noble daring, with this perfect day.
+    Regard your leisure with my monument,
+  My Genoese, for centuries to be
+  Will yet retain Its reason as to day.
+  There, where my hope was builded, stands my Fame,
+  The youngest children of the youngest race.
+  The wide worlds heritors, arch-heirs of Time,
+  Pronounce my name with reverence, and call
+  Your sometime outcast, Father. Be it so.
+  Andrea's palace claims repairs perhaps,
+  The sculptured letters must be cut anew,
+  That on the crumbling girdle of his house
+  Proclaim him Principe. That be your task,
+  And pare your miserable marble, me.
+
+
+
+
+
+FEATHERTOP: A MORALIZED LEGEND.
+
+
+              WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MONTHLY MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY NATHANIEL HAWTHORNE.
+
+"Dickon," cried Mother Rigby, "a coal for my pipe!"
+
+The pipe was in the old dame's mouth, when she said these words. She had
+thrust it there after filling it with tobacco, but without stooping to
+light it at the hearth; where, indeed, there was no appearance of a fire
+having been kindled, that morning. Forthwith, however, as soon as the
+order was given, there was an intense red glow out of the bowl of the
+pipe, and a whiff of smoke from Mother Rigby's lips. Whence the coal came,
+and how brought thither by an invisible hand, I have never been able to
+discover.
+
+"Good!" quoth Mother Rigby, with a nod of her head. "Thank ye, Dickon! And
+now for making this scarecrow. Be within call, Dickon, in case I need you
+again!"
+
+The good woman had risen thus early (for as yet it was scarcely sunrise),
+in order to set about making a scarecrow, which she intended to put in the
+middle of her corn patch. It was now the latter week of May, and the crows
+and blackbirds had already discovered the little, green, rolled-up leaf of
+the Indian corn, just peeping out of the soil. She was determined,
+therefore, to contrive as lifelike a scarecrow as ever was seen, and to
+finish it immediately, from top to toe, so that it should begin its
+sentinel's duty that very morning. Now, mother Rigby (as every body must
+have heard) was one of the most cunning and potent witches in New England,
+and might, with very little trouble, have made a scarecrow ugly enough to
+frighten the minister himself. But, on this occasion, as she had awakened
+in an uncommonly pleasant humor, and was further dulcified by her pipe of
+tobacco, she resolved to produce something fine, beautiful, and splendid,
+rather than hideous and horrible.
+
+"I don't want to set up a hobgoblin in my own corn-patch, and almost at my
+own doorstep," said Mother Rigby to herself, puffing out a whiff of smoke;
+"I could do it if I pleased; but I'm tired of doing marvellous things, and
+so I'll keep within the bounds of everyday business, just for variety's
+sake. Besides, there is no use in scaring the little children, for a mile
+roundabout, though 'tis true I'm a witch!"
+
+It was settled, therefore, in her own mind, that the scarecrow should
+represent a fine gentleman of the period, so far as the materials at hand
+would allow. Perhaps it may be as well to enumerate the chief of the
+articles that went to the composition of this figure.
+
+The most important item of all, probably, although it made so little show,
+was a certain broomstick, on which Mother Rigby had taken many an airy
+gallop at midnight, and which now served the scarecrow by way of a spinal
+column, or, as the unlearned phrase it, a backbone. One of its arms was a
+disabled flail which used to be wielded by Goodman Rigby, before his
+spouse worried him out of this troublesome world; the other, if I mistake
+not, was composed of the pudding-stick and a broken rung of a chair, tied
+loosely together at the elbow. As for its legs, the right was a
+hoe-handle, and the left an undistinguished and miscellaneous stick from
+the wood pile. Its lungs, stomach, and other affairs of that kind, were
+nothing better than a meal bag, stuffed with straw. Thus, we have made out
+the skeleton and entire corporcity of the scarecrow, with the exception of
+its head; and this was admirably supplied by a somewhat withered and
+shrivelled pumpkin, in which Mother Rigby cut two holes for the eyes and a
+slit for the mouth, leaving a bluish-colored knob in the middle, to pass
+for a nose. It was really quite a respectable face.
+
+"I've seen worse ones on human shoulders, at any rate," said Mother Rigby.
+"And many a fine gentleman has a pumpkin head, as well as my scarecrow!"
+
+But the clothes, in this case, were to be the making of the man. So the
+good old woman took down from a peg an ancient plum-colored coat, of
+London make, and with relics of embroidery on its seams, cuffs,
+pocket-flabs, and button-holes, but lamentably worn and faded, patched at
+the elbows, tattered at the skirts, and threadbare all over. On the left
+breast was a round hole, whence either a star of nobility had been rent
+away, or else the hot heart of some former wearer had scorched it through
+and through. The neighbors said, that this rich garment belonged to the
+Black Man's wardrobe, and that he kept it at Mother Rigby's cottage for
+the convenience of slipping it on whenever he wished to make a grand
+appearance at the governor's table. To match the coat, there was a velvet
+waistcoat of very ample size, and formerly embroidered with foliage, that
+had been as brightly golden as the maple-leaves in October, but which had
+now quite vanished out of the substance of the velvet. Next came a pair of
+scarlet breeches, once worn by the French governor of Louisbourg, and the
+knees of which had touched the lower step of the throne of Louis le Grand.
+The Frenchman had given these small-clothes to an Indian powwow, who
+parted with them to the old witch for a gill of strong waters, at one of
+their dances in the forest. Furthermore, Mother Rigby produced a pair of
+silk stockings, and put them on the figure's legs, where they showed as
+unsubstantial as a dream, with the wooden reality of the two sticks making
+itself miserably apparent through the holes. Lastly, she put her dead
+husband's wig on the bare scalp of the pumpkin, and surmounted the whole
+with a dusty three-cornered hat, in which was stuck the longest tail
+feather of a rooster.
+
+Then the old dame stood the figure up in a corner of her cottage, and
+chuckled to behold its yellow semblance of a visage, with its nobby little
+nose thrust into the air. It had a strangely self-satisfied aspect, and
+seemed to say, "Come look at me!"
+
+"And you are well worth looking at--that's a fact!" quoth Mother Rigby, in
+admiration at her own handiwork: "I've made many a puppet, since I've been
+a witch; but methinks this is the finest of them all. 'Tis almost too good
+for a scarecrow. And, by the by, I'll just fill a fresh pipe of tobacco,
+and then take him out to the corn-patch."
+
+While filling her pipe, the old woman continued to gaze with almost
+motherly affection at the figure in the corner. To say the truth, whether
+it were chance, or skill, or downright witchcraft, there was something
+wonderfully human in this ridiculous shape, bedizened with its tattered
+finery; and as for the countenance, it appeared to shrivel its yellow
+surface into a grin--a funny kind of expression, betwixt scorn and
+merriment, as if it understood itself to be a jest at mankind. The more
+Mother Rigby looked, the better she was pleased.
+
+"Dickon," cried she sharply, "another coal for my pipe!"
+
+Hardly had she spoken than, just as before, there was a red-glowing coal
+on the top of the tobacco. She drew in a long whiff, and puffed it forth
+again into the bar of morning sunshine, which struggled through the one
+dusty pane of her cottage window. Mother Rigby always liked to flavor her
+pipe with a coal of fire from the particular chimney corner whence this
+had been brought. But where that chimney corner might be, or who brought
+the coal from it--further than that the invisible messenger seemed to
+respond to the name of Dickon--I cannot tell.
+
+"That puppet, yonder," thought Mother Rigby, still with her eyes fixed on
+the scarecrow, "is too good a piece of work to stand all summer in a
+corn-patch, frightening away the crows and blackbirds. He's capable of
+better things. Why, I've danced with a worse one, when partners happened
+to be scarce, at our witch-meetings in the forest! What if I should let
+him take his chance among the other men of straw and empty fellows, who go
+bustling about the world?"
+
+The old witch took three or four more whiffs of her pipe, and smiled.
+
+"He'll meet plenty of his brethren at every street-corner!" continued she.
+"Well; I didn't mean to dabble in witchcraft to-day, further than the
+lighting of my pipe; but a witch I am, and a witch I'm likely to be, and
+there's no use trying to shirk it. I'll make a man of my scarecrow, were
+it only for the joke's sake!"
+
+While muttering these words, Mother Rigby took the pipe from her own
+mouth, and thrust it into the crevice which represented the same feature
+in the pumpkin-visage of the scarecrow.
+
+"Puff, darling, puff!" said she. "Puff away, my fine fellow! your life
+depends on it!"
+
+This was a strange exhortation, undoubtedly, to be addressed to a mere
+thing of sticks, straw, and old clothes, with nothing better than a
+shrivelled pumpkin for a head; as we know to have been the scarecrow's
+case. Nevertheless, as we must carefully hold in remembrance, Mother Rigby
+was a witch of singular power and dexterity; and, keeping this fact duly
+before our minds, we shall see nothing beyond credibility in the
+remarkable incidents of our story. Indeed, the great difficulty will be at
+once got over, if we can only bring ourselves to believe, that, as soon as
+the old dame bade him puff, there came a whiff of smoke from the
+scarecrow's mouth. It was the very feeblest of whiffs, to be sure; but it
+was followed by another and another, each more decided than the preceding
+one.
+
+"Puff away, my pet! puff away, my pretty one!" Mother Rigby kept
+repeating, with her pleasantest smile. "It is the breath of life to ye;
+and that you may take my word for!"
+
+Beyond all question the pipe was bewitched. There must have been a spell
+either in the tobacco or in the fiercely glowing coal that so mysteriously
+burned on top of it, or in the pungent aromatic smoke which exhaled from
+the kindled weed. The figure, after a few doubtful attempts, at length
+blew forth a volley of smoke, extending all the way from the obscure
+corner into the bar of sunshine. There it eddied and melted away among the
+motes of dust. It seemed a convulsive effort; for the two or three next
+whiffs were fainter, although the coal still glowed, and threw a gleam
+over the scarecrow's visage. The old witch clapt her skinny hands
+together, and smiled encouragingly upon her handiwork. She saw that the
+charm worked well. The shrivelled, yellow face, which heretofore had been
+no face at all, had already a thin, fantastic haze, as it were, of human
+likeness, shifting to and fro across it; sometimes vanishing entirely, but
+growing more perceptible than ever with the next whiff from the pipe. The
+whole figure, in like manner, assumed a show of life, such as we impart to
+ill-defined shapes among the clouds, and half-deceive ourselves with the
+pastime of our own fancy.
+
+If we must needs pry closely into the matter, it may be doubted whether
+there was any real change, after all, in the sordid, worn-out, worthless,
+and ill-jointed substance of the scarecrow; but merely a spectral
+illusion, and a cunning effect of light and shade, so colored and
+contrived as to delude the eyes of most men. The miracles of witchcraft
+seem always to have had a very shallow subtlety; and, at least, if the
+above explanation do not hit the truth of the process, I can suggest no
+better.
+
+"Well puffed, my pretty lad!" still cried old Mother Rigby. "Come, another
+good, stout whiff, and let it be with might and main! Puff for thy life, I
+tell thee! Puff out of the very bottom of thy heart; if any heart thou
+hast, or any bottom to it! Well done, again! Thou didst suck in that
+mouthfull as if for the pure love of it."
+
+And then the witch beckoned to the scarecrow, throwing so much magnetic
+potency into her gesture, that it seemed as if it must inevitably be
+obeyed, like the mystic call of the loadstone, when it summons the iron.
+
+"Why lurkest thou in the corner, lazy one?" said she. "Step forth! Thou
+hast the world before thee?"
+
+Upon my word, if the legend were not one which I heard on my grandmother's
+knee, and which had established its place among things credible before my
+childish judgment could analyze its probability, I question whether I
+should have the face to tell it now!
+
+In obedience to Mother Rigby's word, and extending its arm as if to reach
+her out-stretched hand, the figure made a step forward--a kind of hitch and
+jerk, however, rather than a step--then tottered, and almost lost its
+balance. What could the witch expect? It was nothing, after all, but a
+scarecrow, stuck upon two sticks. But the strong-willed old beldam
+scowled, and beckoned, and flung the energy of her purpose so forcibly at
+this poor combination of rotten wood, and musty straw, and ragged
+garments, that it was compelled to show itself a man, in spite of the
+reality of things. So it stepped into the bar of sunshine. There it
+stood--poor devil of a contrivance that it was!--with only the thinnest
+vesture of human similitude about it, through which was evident the stiff,
+ricketty, incongruous, faded, tattered, good-for-nothing patchwork of its
+substance, ready to sink in a heap upon the floor, as conscious of its own
+unworthiness to be erect. Shall I confess the truth? At its present point
+of vivification, the scarecrow reminds me of some of the lukewarm and
+abortive characters, composed of heterogeneous materials, used for the
+thousandth time, and never worth using, with which romance-writers (and
+myself, no doubt, among the rest), have so over-peopled the world of
+fiction.
+
+But the fierce old hag began to get angry, and show a glimpse of her
+diabolic nature (like a snake's head, peeping with a hiss out of her
+bosom,) at this pusillanimous behavior of the thing, which she had taken
+the trouble to put together.
+
+"Puff away, wretch!" cried she, wrathfully. "Puff, puff, puff, thou thing
+of straw and emptiness!--thou rag or two!--thou meal-bag!--thou
+pumpkin-head!--thou nothing!--where shall I find a name vile enough to call
+thee by! Puff, I say, and suck in thy fantastic life along with the smoke;
+else I snatch the pipe from thy mouth, and hurl thee where that red coal
+came from!"
+
+Thus threatened, the unhappy scarecrow had nothing for it, but to puff
+away for dear life. As need was, therefore, it applied itself lustily to
+the pipe, and sent forth such abundant volleys of tobacco-smoke, that the
+small cottage-kitchen became all vaporous. The one sunbeam struggled
+mistily through, and could but imperfectly define the image of the cracked
+and dusty window-pane on the opposite wall. Mother Rigby, meanwhile, with
+one brown arm akimbo, and the other stretched towards the figure, loomed
+grimly amid the obscurity, with such port and expression as when she was
+wont to heave a ponderous nightmare on her victims, and stand at the
+bedside to enjoy their agony. In fear and trembling did this poor
+scarecrow puff. But its efforts, it must be acknowledged, served an
+excellent purpose; for, with each successive whiff, the figure lost more
+and more of its dizzy and perplexing tenuity, and seemed to take denser
+substance. Its very garments, moreover, partook of the magical change, and
+shone with the gloss of novelty, and glistened with the skilfully
+embroidered gold that had long ago been rent away. And, half-revealed
+among the smoke, a yellow visage bent its lustreless eyes on Mother Rigby.
+
+At last, the old witch clenched her fist, and shook it at the figure. Not
+that she was positively angry, but merely acting on the principle--perhaps
+untrue, or not the only truth, though as high a one as Mother Rigby could
+be expected to attain--that feeble and torpid natures, being incapable of
+better inspiration, must be stirred up by fear. But here was the crisis.
+Should she fail in what she now sought to effect, it was her ruthless
+purpose to scatter the miserable simulacre into its original elements.
+
+"Thou hast a man's aspect," said she, sternly. "Have also the echo and
+mockery of a voice! I bid thee speak!"
+
+The scarecrow gasped, struggled, and at length emitted a murmur, which was
+so incorporated with its smoky breath that you could scarcely tell whether
+it were indeed a voice, or only a whiff of tobacco. Some narrators of this
+legend, hold the opinion, that Mother Rigby's conjurations, and the
+fierceness of her will, had compelled a familiar spirit into the figure,
+and that the voice was his.
+
+"Mother," mumbled the poor stifled voice, "be not so awful with me! I
+would fain speak; but being without wits, what can I say?"
+
+"Thou canst speak, darling, canst thou?" cried Mother Rigby, relaxing her
+grim countenance into a smile. "And what shalt thou say, quoth-a! Say,
+indeed! Art thou of the brotherhood of the empty skull, and demandest of
+me what thou shalt say? Thou shalt say a thousand things, and saying them
+a thousand times over, thou shalt still have said nothing! Be not afraid,
+I tell thee! When thou comest into the world (whither I purpose sending
+thee, forthwith), thou shalt not lack the wherewithal to talk. Talk! Why,
+thou shalt babble like a mill-stream, if thou wilt. Thou hast brains
+enough for that, I trow!"
+
+"At your service, mother," responded the figure.
+
+"And that was well said, my pretty one!" answered Mother Rigby. "Then thou
+spakest like thyself, and meant nothing. Thou shalt have a hundred such
+set phrases, and five hundred to the boot of them. And now, darling, I
+have taken so much pains with thee, and thou art so beautiful, that, by my
+troth, I love thee better than any witch's puppet in the world; and I've
+made them of all sorts--clay, wax, straw, sticks, night-fog, morning-mist,
+sea-foam, and chimney-smoke! But thou art the very best. So give heed to
+what I say!"
+
+"Yes, kind mother," said the figure, "with all my heart!"
+
+"With all thy heart!" cried the old witch, setting her hands to her sides,
+and laughing loudly. "Thou hast such a pretty way of speaking! With all
+thy heart! And thou didst put thy hand to the left side of thy waistcoat,
+as if thou really hadst one!"
+
+So now, in high good humor with this fantastic contrivance of hers, Mother
+Rigby told the scarecrow that it must go and play its part in the great
+world, where not one man in a hundred, she affirmed, was gifted with more
+real substance than itself. And, that he might hold up his head with the
+best of them, she endowed him, on the spot, with an unreckonable amount of
+wealth. It consisted partly of a gold mine in Eldorado, and of ten
+thousand shares in a broken bubble, and of half a million acres of
+vineyard at the North Pole, and of a castle in the air and a chateau in
+Spain, together with all the rents and income therefrom accruing. She
+further made over to him the cargo of a certain ship, laden with salt of
+Cadiz, which she herself, by her necromantic arts, had caused to founder,
+ten years before, in the deepest part of mid-ocean. If the salt were not
+dissolved, and could be brought to market, it would fetch a pretty penny
+among the fishermen. That he might not lack ready money, she gave him a
+copper farthing, of Birmingham manufacture, being all the coin she had
+about her, and likewise a great deal of brass, which she applied to his
+forehead, thus making it yellower than ever.
+
+
+
+
+
+SMILES AND TEARS.
+
+
+                 WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE,
+
+
+BY RICHARD COE.
+
+  "Art thou happy, little child,
+    On this clear bright summer's day,
+  In the garden sporting wild,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I had that pretty thing,
+    That has flown to yonder tree,
+  I would laugh, and dance, and sing--
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then I caught the butterfly,
+    Placed it in his hands securely,
+  Now, methought, his pretty eye
+    Never more will look demurely!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" said I,
+  Tears were sparkling in his eye;
+  Lo! the butterfly was dead--
+  In his hands its life had sped!
+
+  "Art thou happy, maiden fair,
+    On this long, bright summer's day,
+  Culling flowerets so rare,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my Henry were but here,
+    To enjoy the scene with me;
+  He whose love is so sincere,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Soon I heard her lover's feet,
+    Sounding on the gravel lightly,
+  To his loving words so sweet,
+    Tender glances answered brightly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said,
+  Down she hung her lovely head,
+  Henry leaves for foreign skies--
+  Tears were in the maiden's eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, mother mild,
+    On this bright, bright summer's day,
+  Gazing on thy cherub child,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If my baby-boy were well,"
+    Thus the mother spake to me,
+  "Gratitude my heart would swell--
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the cordial I supplied,
+    Soon the babe restored completely;
+  Cherub-faced and angel-eyed,
+    On his mother smiled he sweetly!
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Would his father were not dead!"
+  Thus she answered me with sighs,
+  Scalding tear-drops in her eyes!
+
+  "Art thou happy, aged man,
+    On this glorious summer's day,
+  With a cheek all pale and wan,
+    Art thou happy? tell me, pray!"
+  "If I were but safe above,"
+    Spake the old man unto me,
+  "To enjoy my Saviour's love,
+    Oh! how happy I should be!"
+  Then the angel Death came down,
+    And he welcomed him with gladness,
+  On his brow so pale and wan,
+    Not a trace was seen of sadness:
+  "Art thou happy, now?" I said;
+  "Yes!" he answered with his head;
+  Tears of joy were in his eyes,
+  Dew-drops from the upper skies!
+
+
+
+
+
+FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND THE LATEST MIRACLES.
+
+
+Archbishop Hughes, in a late speech attempted an exposition of the
+relations between the Roman Catholic Church and Liberty, with special
+reference to the position assumed by him and other prelates, that the
+Roman Catholics are, not less than Protestants, upholders of freedom in
+opinion and in discussion. The interesting brochure of his Grace will be
+better appreciated by our readers, perhaps, if we mention a few recent
+facts illustrative of the subject, as it affects "authors and books." The
+French Roman Catholic Bishop of Lucan has a pastoral in the _Univers_
+condemning Walter Scott's works, without exception. He does the same by
+Chateaubriand, and the _Arabian Nights_, and _Don Quixote_--the first as
+Protestant, the second as insufficiently Catholic, the third as no
+Christian, the fourth as of no religion at all. One unhappy writer of
+school-books is condemned because he cites Guizot and Thierry; another
+because he blames the massacres of Saint Bartholomew, and thinks they were
+caused by "religious fanaticism." But first of all, and more than all, the
+bishop condemns "that irreligious" Parisian journal, _La Presse_. "The
+number of its subscribers is deplorable; but they are becoming and shall
+become less; no priest must subscribe to it. No priest must be seen with
+it. No priest must 'ordinarily' read it." This is all very proper,
+according to antecedents, but we should not like it if Bishop Hughes
+deprived us of the _Tribune_, the _Herald_, or the _Journal of Commerce_,
+all of which are as bad, in the same way, as the _Presse_. Another example
+of the prohibition of books, we add from the cyclic letter just issued by
+Cardinal Lambruschini, condemning Professor Nuytz's works on
+ecclesiastical law:
+
+
+    "And further, although we derive great consolation from the
+    promise of Jesus Christ, that the gates of hell shall never
+    prevail against the Church, our soul cannot but feel excruciating
+    pain, upon considering how daring outrages against divine and
+    sacred things daily flow from the unbridled licentiousness, the
+    perverse effrontery and impiety of the press. Now in this
+    pestilence of corrupt books which invades us on all sides, the
+    work entitled _Institutes of Ecclesiastical Law_, by John Nepomue
+    Nuytz, Professor in the Royal University of Turin, as also the
+    work entitled _Essays on Ecclesiastical Law_, by the same author,
+    claim a conspicuous place, inasmuch as the doctrines contained in
+    the said nefarious works are so widely disseminated from one of
+    the chairs of that university, that uncatholic theses selected
+    from them are proposed as fit subjects for discussion to
+    candidates aspiring to the doctor's degree. For in the above
+    mentioned works and essays, such errors are taught under the
+    semblance of asserting the rights of the priesthood and of the
+    secular power, that instead of sound doctrines, thoroughly
+    poisoned cups are offered to youth. For the said author hath not
+    blushed to reproduce under a new form, in his impious propositions
+    and comments, all those doctrines which have been condemned by
+    John II., Benedict XIV., Pius VI., and Gregory XVL., as well as by
+    the decrees of the fourth Council of Lateran, and those of
+    Florence and Trent. _He openly asserts for example, that the
+    Church has no right to enforce her authority by might, and that
+    has no temporal power whatever, whether direct or indirect._"
+
+
+One of the latest miracles is described is the Paris _Univers_, as
+follows--in the most perfect good faith:--
+
+
+    "There is much talk at Rome of an extraordinary cure which has
+    taken a place in the very palace of the Vatican. The following is
+    the manner in which this prodigious fact is described,--which will,
+    without doubt, become the subject of a judicial inquiry: 'A young
+    girl of about twenty years of age, whose family is employed in the
+    domestic side of the palace, had contracted a bad fever, owing to
+    the loss of her father a little time before, as well as to the
+    influence of the season, which has multiplied at Rome diseases of
+    this kind, and by which a great number of victims have fallen
+    within the last few months. Notwithstanding the enlightened
+    efforts of the doctor of the Pontifical 'family,' and of her
+    parents, the young invalid was soon at the last extremity. The
+    vice-cure of the palace (which, as is known, is a foundation), a
+    member of the Augustin order (Monseigneur the Sacristan of the
+    same order is the titular cure), had administered to her the
+    sacrament of extreme unction, and had recited the prayer
+    recommending her soul. Her last sigh was hourly expected. For the
+    sake of enabling our readers to understand the prodigy about to be
+    related, it is necessary to state that during the course of the
+    malady the vice-cure had several times engaged the pious patient
+    to invoke the aid of a venerable servant of God, of the Augustin
+    order, whose beatification is about to be declared, and he had
+    even mixed in the potions given to such girl some little fragments
+    of the clothes of the venerable man. On the other hand, according
+    to the usage of religious families, they had carried into the
+    chamber of the dying person the Santo-Bambino del'Ara Coeli,
+    demanding of these last resources of the faithful a cure no longer
+    in the reach of human science to bestow. Let us return to the bed
+    of the dying girl, whom we find in a profound sleep, from which
+    she shall soon awaken to relate with smiles on her lips how she
+    had seen the infant Jesus, having at his side a venerable servant
+    of God, clad in the habit of the order of St. Augustin. She adds
+    that she feels herself cured, but very weak, and she asks for a
+    cup of broth to give her strength. The broth is given, to her,
+    although the request is regarded as coming from one in the last
+    agitation of dying; but the sick girl, who had felt the action of
+    grace, and who knew well that she was cured, rises, throws off all
+    the blisters, of which not a trace was left on her body, and on
+    the following day repaired to the church of Ara Coeli, at more than
+    half a league distant, to thank the Santo Bambino and the servant
+    of God, who had restored her to life and health. You may easily
+    comprehend the sensation that a fact of this kind must have
+    produced upon a population so full of faith, especially on the eve
+    of the ceremony of the 21st, which will put solemnly upon the
+    altar, in placing him among the blest, the venerable Father
+    Clavier, of the Society of Jesus, and at the close of the
+    expiatory _triduo_ which has been celebrated at Saint Andre della
+    Valle in reparation of a sacrilegious outrage committed against
+    the Madonna du Vicolo dell' Abate Luigi.'"
+
+
+Of course the girl never was ill at all.
+
+Miraculous agencies, it appears, have been applied to by the highest
+powers at Rome, with the purpose which actuates the old ladies who study
+Zadkiel. A young peasant girl living at Sezza, near the Neapolitan
+frontier, has been for some time in a kind of ecstatic, or, as
+non-believers in miracles would call it, magnetic state, and in that part
+of the province of Marittima and Campagna, is already known under the
+denomination of St. Catherine. Her fame seems to have originated in a
+miracle which she worked some time ago on the person of an old woman, who
+came to her in great distress because her daughter had died in childbed,
+leaving the grandmother of the infant without pecuniary means for its
+support. "St. Catherine" is said to have directed the old woman to suckle
+the baby herself, assuring her that, before she reached home, she would
+find herself in a condition to do so--a direction which the venerable
+applicant strictly obeyed, and found her hopes realized! Other
+supernatural answers were subsequently given by the saint to various
+applications of the neighboring peasantry, and stolen fowls and stray
+cattle were recovered by her indications. But the concourse of people at
+last grew so great that that the ecclesiastical authorities interfered in
+behalf of the sybil, whom they placed in safety and repose within the
+walls of a convent, prohibiting, at the same time, any one from coming to
+consult her without the express permission of the bishop:--
+
+
+    "From the accounts of dispassionate spectators," writes the
+    correspondent of the _Daily News_, "I am led to infer that there
+    is really something extraordinary in the mental or physical
+    organization of this young girl, as she alternates between a
+    dormant state, resembling magnetic sleep, and a strong degree of
+    hysterical or nervous excitability; but whatever may be the real
+    cause of the second sight or preternatural knowledge which she
+    has, according to public rumor, so frequently displayed, it is
+    certain that many persons of this city, including ecclesiastics of
+    high rank, have profited by the opportunity of getting a peep into
+    the future, and knowing betimes what they have to prepare for.
+    Cardinals Lambruschini and Franzoni and the Duke Don Marino
+    Torlonia are amongst the number of distinguished individuals who
+    have applied to this modern oracle. The advocate Zaccaleoni,
+    Monseigneur Appoloni, and many prelates have followed their
+    example; indeed, the surprising replies and alarming prognostics
+    of the Pythoness so far roused the fears and curiosity of the Pope
+    himself, that he caused her to be sent for from the convent at
+    Sezza, and brought to Rome, a few days ago, in the carriage of a
+    respectable and religious couple, who went there for that express
+    purpose. An interview took place between Pio Nono and the
+    prophetess, immediately after which she was sent back to her
+    retirement. The result of the interview has not transpired, but
+    the girl's revelations were probably similar to those with which
+    she has already excited the terrors of her exalted applicants;
+    namely, predictions of imminent and sanguinary disturbances, in
+    which, though not of long duration, many persons will fall victims
+    to popular fury."
+
+
+The Bolognese paper, _Vero Amico_, which is thoroughly devoted to the
+ecclesiastical cause, occasionally devotes some of its columns to war in
+favor of miracles, especially as wrought by images. The following is its
+account of a recent miraculous change of the weather at the intercession
+of the Virgin:--
+
+
+    "The inhabitants of Tossignano not long ago obtained a new
+    demonstration of love and favor from the prodigious image of the
+    most Holy Mary, from that extremely ancient image which, saved
+    from iconoclastic fury, always engaged the devout worship of their
+    ancestors; and which their not degenerate descendants keep as a
+    noble and precious heirloom of their hereditary religion, finding
+    in it all comfort and support against public and private
+    calamities. The late incessant and unseasonable rains having
+    hindered the gathering in of autumn fruits, and impeded
+    cultivation for the coming year, the active pastor, the very
+    revered arch-priest Agnoli, in order to avert so heavy a calamity,
+    called the inhabitants of Tossignano together, and with eloquent
+    and touching words brought them before the most prodigious image,
+    so that, by the intercession of the Virgin, God might restore
+    serene weather. For this purpose, on the 7th of October, the flock
+    and their beloved pastor met to depose their humble supplications
+    at the foot of the altar, sacred to their distinguished
+    benefactress; at the first prayer, whilst the pastor was offering
+    the propitiatory wafer, a ray of sun gladdened the sacred temple,
+    like a rainbow of peace smiling on the assembled faithful, and in
+    a few hours all appearance of clouds vanished from the sky! The
+    Tossignanesi rightly attributing this to the peculiar favor of
+    their protectress, and full of gratitude to her, resolved to
+    sanctify the 12th inst. by solemn acts of thanksgiving."
+
+
+These poor absurdities, so suggestive of pity and contempt, may he
+compared with the tricks of Rochester knockers and travelling mountebanks
+generally in this country, and no "authority of the church" can raise
+them, in the minds of sensible men, to a higher respectability.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE SONG QUEEN.
+
+
+Our excellent friend JAMES T. FIELDS, now in Europe, sends us from his
+note book the following fine apostrophe to Jenny Lind:
+
+WRITTEN IN A CONCERT ROOM, LONDON, 1847.
+
+  Look on her! there she stands, the world's prime wonder
+  The great queen of song! Ye rapt musicians,
+  Touch your golden wires, for now ye prelude strains
+  To mortal ears unwonted. Hark! she sings.
+  Yon pearly gates their magic waves unloose,
+  And all the liberal air rains melody
+  Around. O night! O time! delay, delay,--
+  Pause here, entranced! Ye evening winds, come near,
+  But whisper not,--and you ye flowers, fresh culled
+  From odorous nooks, where silvery rivulets run,
+  Breath silent incense still.
+        Hail, matchless queen!
+  Thou, like the high white Alps, canst hear, unspoiled,
+  The world's artillery (thundering praises) pass.
+  And keep serene and safe thy spotless fame!
+
+
+
+
+
+LOVE SONG.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY R. S. CHILTON.
+
+  White and silent shines the moonlight,
+    And the earth, in slumber deep,
+  Smiles, as of the silver splendor
+    Conscious in her sleep!
+  How the moonbeams dance and glimmer--
+    Hunted by the summer breeze--
+  On the bosom of the river,
+    Through the branches of the trees!
+  May this night of quiet beauty
+    Be the symbol and the sign,
+  Of the holy love that wraps us
+    In its light divine!
+  So shalt thou still reign forever,
+    While the glow of life abides,
+  As thou now dost, dearest--empress
+    Of my heart's deep tides!
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTUMN LINES.
+
+
+                  WRITTEN FOR THE INTERNATIONAL MAGAZINE
+
+
+BY J. R. THOMPSON.
+
+  Gone is the golden October
+    Down the swift current of time,
+  Month by the poets called sober,
+    Just for the sake of the rhyme.
+
+  Tints of vermilion and yellow
+    Margined the forest and stream;
+  Poets then told us 'twas mellow,
+    How inconsistent they seem!
+
+  Now, while the mountain in shadow
+    Dappled and hazy appears,
+  While the late corn in the meadow,
+    Culprit-like, loses its ears--
+
+  Get some choice spirits together,
+    Bring out the dogs and the guns,
+  Follow the birds o'er the heather,
+    Where the 'cold rivulet' runs.
+
+  Look for them under the cover,
+    Just as the pole-star at sea
+  Always is sought by the rover,
+    Near where the pointers may be.
+
+  Yet if your field-tramping brothers
+    Should not be fellows of mark,
+  Leave the young partridge for others,
+    Only make sure of a lark.
+
+  Thus shall the charms of the season
+    Gently throw round you their spell,
+  Thus enjoy nature in reason,
+    If in the country you dwell.
+
+  But if condemned as a denizen
+    In a great town to reside,
+  Take down a volume of Tennyson,
+    Make him do service as guide;
+
+  Borne upon poesy's pinion,
+    Rise the heights that he gains,
+  Range over Fancy's dominion,
+    Walk hypothetical plains.
+
+  Soon shall the wintry December
+    Darken above us the sky--
+  Winds their old custom remember
+    All, in a spree, to get high;
+
+  And, as they wail through the copses,
+    Dirge-like and solemn to hear,
+  Nature's own grand Thanatopsis
+    Sadly shall strike on the ear.
+
+  But all impressions so murky
+    Instantly banish like care,
+  Turn to the ham and the turkey
+    Christmas shall shortly prepare.
+
+  None than yourself can be richer,
+    Seated at night by the hearth,
+  With an old friend and a pitcher
+    Lending a share of the mirth.
+
+  Then to the needy be given
+    Aid from your generous boards,
+  And to a bountiful Heaven
+    Thanks for the wealth it affords.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE PUNISHMENT OF GINA MONTANI.
+
+
+                   From Colburn's New Monthly Magazine.
+
+
+
+
+I.
+
+
+There was much bustle and commotion in the Castle of Visinara. Servitors
+ran hither and thither, the tire-maidens stood in groups to gossip with
+each other, messengers were dispatched in various directions, and skilful
+leeches and experienced nurses were brought in. Then came a long silence.
+Voices were hushed, and footsteps muffled; the apartments of the countess
+were darkened, and nought was heard save the issued whisper, or the
+stealthy tread of the sick chamber. The Lady Adelaide was ill. Hours
+elapsed--hours of intolerable suspense to the Lord of Visinara; and then
+were heard deep, heartfelt congratulations; but they were spoken in a
+whisper, for the lady was still in danger, and had suffered almost unto
+death. There was born an heir to Visinara. And as Giovanni, Count of
+Visinara, bent over his child, and embraced his young wife, he felt repaid
+for all he had suffered in voluntarily severing himself from Gina Montani;
+and from that time he forgot her, or something very like it. And for this
+he could not be condemned, for it was in the line of honor and of duty.
+Yet it was another proof, if one were wanting, of the fickle nature of
+man's love. It has been well compared to words written on the sands. Many
+weeks elapsed ere the Lady Adelaide was convalescent; and some more before
+she ventured to join in the gayeties and festal meetings of the land. A
+two days' _fete_, given at the Capella Palace, was the signal for her
+reappearance in the world. It was to be of great magnificence, rumor ran,
+and the Lady Adelaide consented to attend it early on the morning of the
+second day. She placed herself in front of the large mirror in her
+dressing-chamber while she was prepared for the visit, the same mirror
+before which she had sat on the evening of her wedding-day. The Signora
+Lucrezia and Gina were alone present. The former was arranging her rich
+tresses, whilst Gina handed the signora what things she required--combs,
+and the like. Whilst thus engaged, the count entered, dressed.
+
+"Giovanni," exclaimed Adelaide, "Lucrezia thinks that I should wear
+something in my hair--a wreath, or my diamond coronet; but I feel tired
+already, and wish the dressing was over. Need I be teased with ornaments?"
+
+"My sweet wife, wear what you best like. _You_ need no superficial
+adorning."
+
+"You hear, Lucrezia: make haste and finish my hair. Do not put it in curls
+to-day; braids are less trouble, and sooner done. You may put aside the
+diamond casket, Gina. Oh, there's my darling!" continued the countess,
+hearing the baby pass the door with its nurse. "Call him in." The count
+himself advanced, opened the door, and took his infant. "The precious,
+precious child!" exclaimed Adelaide, bending over the infant, which he
+placed on her knees. "Giovanni," she added, looking up eagerly to her
+husband's face, "do you think there ever was so lovely a babe sent on
+earth?"
+
+He smiled at her earnestness--men are never so rapturously blind in the
+worship of their first-born as women. But he stooped down, and fondly
+pressed his lips upon her forehead, while he played with the little hand
+of the infant; and she yielded to the temptation of suffering her face to
+rest close to his.
+
+"But it grows late," resumed the young mother, "and I suppose we ought to
+be going. Take the baby to its nurse, Lucrezia," she continued, kissing it
+fifty times as she resigned it.
+
+The count had drawn behind the Lady Adelaide, where stood Gina. As his
+eyes happened to fall upon her, he was struck by the pallid sorrow which
+sat in her countenance. Ill-fated Gina! and he had been so absorbed these
+last few weeks in his new happiness! A rush of pity, mingled perhaps with
+self-reproach, flew to his heart. What compensation could he offer her? In
+that moment he remembered her last words at the interview in his wife's
+embroidery-room, and gave her _a look_. It was not to be mistaken.
+Love--love, pure and tender--gleamed from his eyes, and she answered him
+with a smile which told of her thanks, and that he was perfectly
+understood. Had any one been looking on, they could scarcely fail to
+become aware of their existing passion, and that there was a secret
+understanding between them.
+
+_And one was looking on._ The Lady Adelaide's back was towards them, but
+in the large glass before her she had distinctly seen the reflection of
+all that took place. Her countenance became white as death, and her anger
+was terrible. "You may retire for the present," she said, in a calm,
+subdued tone, to the startled Gina, upon whose mind flashed somewhat of
+the truth; "and tell the Signora Lucrezia not to return until I call for
+her."
+
+To describe the scene that ensued would be difficult. The shock to the
+young wife's feelings had been very great. That her husband was faithless
+to her, not only in deed but in heart, she doubted not. It was in vain he
+endeavored to explain all; she listened to him not. She thought he was
+uttering falsehoods, which but increased his treachery. Gina had once
+spoken of her fierce jealousy, but what was hers compared with the Lady
+Adelaide's? In the midst of her explosions of passion, Lucrezia, who had
+either not received, or misunderstood, her lady's message by Gina,
+entered. The maiden stood aghast, till, admonished by a haughty wave of
+the hand from the count, she hastened from the room. Later in the day, the
+Lord of Visinara quitted the castle, to pay the promised visit. His wife
+refused to go. "Mercy! mercy!" she exclaimed, in anguish, as she sat alone
+in her apartments, "to be thus requited by Giovanni--whom I so loved, my
+husband! my own husband! Is it possible that a man can be guilty of
+treachery so deep? Would that I had died ere I had known his
+faithlessness, or ever seen him! Shame--shame upon it! to introduce his
+paramour into my very presence; an attendant on my person! Holy Virgin,
+that I should be so degraded! Sure a wife, young and beautiful, was never
+treated as I have been. Lowered in the eyes of my own servants; insulted
+by him who ought to have guarded me from insult; laughed at--ridiculed by
+_her_! Oh! terrible! terrible!"
+
+As she spoke the last words, she rose, and unlocking the bright green
+cabinet, that of malachite marble already spoken of, took from thence a
+small bag of silver gilt. Touching the secret spring of this, she drew
+forth a letter, opened, and read it:
+
+
+    "_'To the Lady Adelaide, Countess of Visinara._
+
+    "'You fancy yourself the beloved of Giovanni. Count of Visinara;
+    but retire not to your rest this night, lady, in any such vain
+    imagining. The heart of the count has long been given to another;
+    and, you know, by your love for him, that such passion can never
+    change its object. Had he met you in earlier life, it might have
+    been otherwise. He marries you, for your lineage is a high one;
+    and she, in the world's eye and in that of his own haughty race,
+    was no fit mate for him."
+
+
+"Ay," she shuddered, "it is explained now. So, Gina Montani was this
+beloved one. I am his by sufferance--she, by love. Holy Mother, have mercy
+on my brain! I _know_ they love--I see it all too plainly. And I could
+believe his deceitful explanation, and trust him. I _told_ him I believed
+it on our wedding night. _He did not know why he went to her house; habit,
+he supposed, or, want of occupation._ Oh, shame on his false words! Shame
+on my own credulity!"
+
+None of us forget the stanzas in Collins's Ode to the Passions:
+
+  "Thy numbers, Jealousy, to nought were fixed,
+    Sad proof of thy distressful state:
+  Of differing themes the veering song was mixed,
+    And now it courted love--now, raving, calling on hate."
+
+And calling, indeed, upon hate, as she strode her chamber in a frenzy near
+akin to madness, was the lady Adelaide, when her attendant, Lucrezia,
+entered.
+
+"My dear lady," she exclaimed, bursting into tears, as any crocodile might
+do--"my dear, dear young lady, I cannot know that you are thus suffering,
+and keep away from your presence. Pardon me for intruding upon you against
+orders."
+
+The Lady Adelaide smoothed her brow, and the lines of her face resumed
+their haughtiness, as she imperiously ordered Lucrezia to quit the room.
+The heart most awake to the miseries of life wears to the world the
+coldest surface; and it was not in the Lady Adelaide's nature to betray
+aught of her emotions to any living being, save, perhaps, her husband.
+
+"Nay, my lady, suffer me to remain yet a a moment: at least, while I
+disclose what I know of that viper."
+
+The Lady Adelaide started; but she suppressed all excitement, and Lucrezia
+began her tale--an exaggerated account of the interview she had been a
+witness to between the Lord of Visinara and Gina Montani. The countess
+listened to its conclusion, and a low moan escaped her.
+
+"What think you now, madam, she deserves?"
+
+"_To die!_" burst from the pale lips of the unhappy lady.
+
+"To die," acquiesced Lucrezia, calmly. "No other punishment would meet her
+guilt; and no other, that I am aware of, could be devised to prevent it
+for the future."
+
+"Oh! tempt me not," cried the lady, wringing her hands. "I spoke hastily."
+
+"Give but the orders, madam," resumed Lucrezia, "and they shall be put in
+practice."
+
+"How can I?" demanded the Lady Adelaide, once more pacing the room in her
+anguish; "how could I ever rest afterwards, with the guilt of murder upon
+my soul?"
+
+"It will be no guilt, lady."
+
+"Lucrezia!"
+
+"I have made it my business to inquire much about this girl--to ascertain
+her history. I thought it my duty, and very soon I should have laid the
+whole matter before you."
+
+"Well?"
+
+"You may destroy her, madam, as you would destroy that little bird there
+in its golden cage, without sin and without compunction."
+
+"Oh, Lucrezia, Lucrezia! once more I say unto thee, tempt me not. Wicked
+and artful as she is, she is still one of God's creatures."
+
+"Scarcely, my lady," answered Lucrezia, with a gesture which spoke of deep
+scorn for the culprit. "I have cause to believe--good cause," she repeated,
+lowering her voice, and looking round, as if she feared the very walls
+might hear the fearful words she was about to utter, "that she is one of
+those lost creatures who are enemies to the Universal Faith, a descendant
+of the Saxons, and an apostate; as too many of that race have become."
+
+"_What_ say you?" gasped the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"That we have been harboring a heretic, madam," continued Lucrezia, her
+passion rising; "a spy, it may be, upon our holy ceremonies. No wonder
+that evil has fallen upon this house."
+
+"Go to the cell of Father Anselmo," shivered the Lady Adelaide, her teeth
+chattering with horror, "and pray his holiness to step hither: this
+fearful doubt shall at once be set at rest."
+
+
+
+
+II.
+
+
+Gina Montani, her head aching with suspense and anxiety, was shut up alone
+in her chamber when she received a summons to the apartments of her
+mistress. Obeying at once, she found the confessor, Father Anselmo,
+sitting there, by the side of the countess. The monk cast his eyes
+steadfastly upon Gina, as if examining her features. "Never, my daughter,
+never!" he said, at length, turning to the countess. "I can take upon
+myself to assert that this damsel of thine has never once appeared before
+me to be shriven."
+
+"Examine her," was the reply of the lady.
+
+"Daughter," said the priest, turning to Gina, "for so I would fain call
+thee, until assured that thou canst have no claim to the title, what faith
+is it that thou professest."
+
+Gina raised her hand to her burning temples. She saw that all was
+discovered. But when she removed it, the perplexity in her face had
+cleared away, and her resolution was taken. "The truth, the truth," she
+murmured; "for good, or for ill, I will tell it now."
+
+"Hearest thou not?" inquired the priest, somewhat more sternly. "Art thou
+a child of the True Faith?"
+
+"I am not a Roman Catholic," she answered, timidly, "if you call that
+faith the true one."
+
+The Lady Adelaide and the priest crossed themselves simultaneously, whilst
+Gina grasped the arm of the chair against which she was standing. She was
+endeavoring to steel her heart to bravery; but in those days, and in that
+country, such a scene was a terrible ordeal.
+
+"Dost thou not worship the One True God," continued the priest, "and
+acknowledge his Holiness, our Father at Rome, to be His sole
+representative here?"
+
+"I worship the One True God," replied Gina, solemnly, joining her hands in
+a reverent attitude; "but for the Pope at Rome, I know him not."
+
+The Lady Adelaide shrieked with aversion and terror, and the pale face of
+the monk became glowing with the crimson of indignation. "Knowest thou
+not," he said, "that to the Pope it is given to mediate between earth and
+heaven?"
+
+"I know," faltered Gina, shrinking at the monk's looks and tone, yet still
+courageous for the truth, "that there is One Mediator between God and
+man."
+
+"And he--?"
+
+"Our Saviour."
+
+"Miserable heretic!" scowled the monk, "hast thou yet to learn that of all
+the living souls this world contains, not one can enter the fold of Heaven
+without the sanction of our Holy Father, the Pope?"
+
+"I shall never learn it," whispered Gina, "and to me such doctrines savor
+of blasphemy. Therefore, I beseech you, dilate not on them."
+
+"Lost, miserable wretch!" cried the priest, lifting his hands in dismay.
+"Need I tell thee, that in the next world there is a place of torture kept
+for such as thee--a gulf of burning flames, never to be extinguished.
+
+"We are told there is such a place," she answered, struggling with her
+tears, for the interview was becoming too painful. "May the infinite love
+and mercy of God keep both you and me from it!"
+
+"Thou art hopeless--hopeless!" ejaculated the monk, sternly. "Yet, another
+question ere I send thee forth. Where hast thou imbibed these deadly
+doctrines?"
+
+"My mother wedded with an Italian," answered Gina, "but she was born on
+the free soil of England, and reared in its Reformed Faith."
+
+"A benighted land--an accursed land!" screamed the priest, vehemently; "the
+time will come when it shall be deluged from one end to the other with its
+apostates' blood."
+
+"It is an enlightened land--a free, blessed land!" retorted Gina, in
+agitation; "and God's mercy will rest upon it, and keep it powerful
+amongst nations, so long as its sons remain true to their Reformed Faith."
+
+"Insanity has fallen upon them," raved the monk, endeavoring to drown the
+bold words of Gina,--"nothing but insanity. But," he added, dropping his
+voice, "let them beware. Quem Deus vult perdere, prius dementat."
+
+Gina understood not the tongue; but the Lady Adelaide did, and crossed
+herself.
+
+"And this mother of thine," sneered the monk, turning again to Gina,
+"where may she be?"
+
+"She is dead," gasped Gina, bursting into tears.
+
+"Good!" assented the monk; "then she is meeting with her deserts."
+
+"God grant she may be!" aspirated the maiden, "for she died in the faith
+of Christ."
+
+"And who have been thy worthy instructors since?" proceeded the priest.
+
+"I have had but one guide since," answered Gina.
+
+"Disclose the name."
+
+"My Bible."
+
+The monk uttered what seemed very like a scream of passion, and the Lady
+Adelaide, as she heard the words, half rose from her chair.
+
+"Be calm, my daughter," interrupted the monk, waving his hand towards the
+countess; "I will guard thee from the harm caused by contact with this
+heretical being. Desire her, I pray thee, to fetch this Book hither, that
+I may glance at it."
+
+"Go," cried the Lady Adelaide, imperiously, to Gina; "bring this Bible
+instantly!"
+
+Gina obeyed, and the sacred volume was placed in the hands of the monk.
+The Lady Adelaide shrank from touching it.
+
+"Ha!" cried the monk, perceiving it to be printed in the English tongue,
+"dost thou speak this language, then?"
+
+"It is familiar to me as my own," replied Gina.
+
+"I will summon thy attendants for a light, my daughter," he remarked to
+the Lady Adelaide. And when one was brought, the priest advanced to a part
+of the room where the marble floor was uncovered by tapestry, and tearing
+the leaves from the Book, he set light to them, till all, both the Old and
+New Testament, were consumed, and the ashes scattered on the ground. "It
+is the most dangerous instructor that can be placed in the hands of the
+people," he observed, complacently watching the black mass smouldering
+there. And Gina Montani pressed her hands upon her chest, which was
+throbbing with agitation, but she did not dare to utter a word of
+remonstrance.
+
+"Oh, father, father!" cried the Lady Adelaide, sinking at his feet, after
+Gina had been conducted to her chamber, and giving vent involuntarily to
+sobs of agony, "she has dared to come between me and my husband--he has
+known her long, it seems. If she should have tainted him with this black
+heresy?"
+
+The monk turned as white as the lady's dress at the suggestion. It was
+enough to make him. That that docile and faithful servant of the Church,
+the powerful Chief of Visinara, who was ever ready, at only half a hint,
+to endow it with valuable offerings and presents--entire robes of point
+lace for the Virgin Mary, and flounces and tuckers for all the female
+saints in the calendar, not to speak of his donations in hard cash, and
+his frequent offerings of paintings, most of them representing the popes
+working miracles, particularly that very pious one, Alexander VI.--that
+_he_ should have had dissent instilled into him, perhaps even been made
+familiar with the principles of this upstart creed! Had his reverence
+swooned outright, it would have only been what might be expected.
+
+"It will not be a crime to remove her, father," faltered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"_Crime_!" cried the ruffled priest; "canst thou connect the word--in that
+sense--with so degraded a being?"
+
+"To remove her in _any way_," persisted the lady, in a whisper. "Yet the
+world might call it MURDER."
+
+"No punishment in this world is adequate to her sin," answered the monk.
+"And she must not be suffered to remain in it."
+
+"Thou wilt then grant me absolution beforehand, holy father," implored the
+Lady Adelaide.
+
+"And what canst thou do, my child?" resumed the monk, smiling upon the
+countess. "Thou hast not been used to such work, and wouldst prove a sad
+novice at it."
+
+"Too true," she uttered; "my heart is trembling now. Indeed, I could think
+but of one way--the moat. And though the order seems easy enough to give, I
+fear I should, when the moment came, shrink from issuing it."
+
+"And who hast thou in this castle that will do thy bidding in secret and
+in silence? It were better that this deed were not known: and thou canst
+not stop tongues, my daughter."
+
+"There are many bound to my interests, who would, I believe, lay down
+their lives for me," deliberated the Lady Adelaide; "yet, alas! the tongue
+is an unruly member, and is apt to give utterance in unguarded moments to
+words against the will."
+
+"Thou hast reason, my child. I but put the question to try thee. I will
+undertake this business for thee. That evil one's sin has been committed
+against the Church, and it is fitting that the Church should inflict the
+punishment."
+
+"Thou wilt cause her to be flung into the moat?" shuddered the Lady
+Adelaide.
+
+"The moat!" echoed the priest. "Thinkest thou, my daughter, that the
+Church is wont to carry out her dealings by ordinary means? Signal as this
+woman's sin has been, signal must be her expiation."
+
+"_Can_ it be expiated?"
+
+"Never, either in this world or the next. And every moment of delay that
+we voluntarily make in hurling her to her doom, must draw down wrath on
+our own heads from the saints on high."
+
+The Lady Adelaide meekly bowed _her_ head, as if to deprecate any wrath
+that might just then be falling.
+
+"Thy lady in waiting, Lucrezia, is true, I have reason to believe,"
+continued the monk.
+
+"I believe her to be true," answered the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"We may want her co-operation," he concluded, "for I opine that thou, my
+daughter, wilt not deign to aid in this; neither do I think thou art
+fitted for it."
+
+
+
+
+III.
+
+
+The castle was wrapped in silence, it being past the hour at which the
+household retired to repose. Gina Montani was in her nightdress, though as
+yet she had not touched her hair, which remained in long curls, as she had
+worn it in the day. Suspense and agitation caused her to linger, and she
+sat at her dressing-table in a musing attitude, her head resting on her
+hand, wondering what would be the ending to all that the day had brought
+forth. She had dismissed her attendant some time before. With a deep sigh
+she rose to continue her preparations for rest, when the door softly
+opened, and the Signora Lucrezia appeared.
+
+"You need not prepare yourself for bed," she observed, in a low, distinct
+whisper; "another sort of bed is preparing for you."
+
+"What do you mean?" demanded the startled girl.
+
+"That you are this night to die."
+
+Gina shrieked.
+
+"I may tell you," interrupted the lady, "that screams and resistance will
+be wholly useless. Your doom is irrevocable, therefore it may save you
+trouble to be silent."
+
+"You are speaking falsely to me. I have done nothing to deserve death."
+
+"Equivocation will be alike unavailing," repeated Lucrezia. "And if you
+ask what you have done--you have dared to step with your ill-placed passion
+between my lord and the Lady Adelaide: you have brought discredit upon the
+long-upheld religion of this house."
+
+"I have disturbed no one's faith," returned Gina. "I wish to disturb none.
+It is true that I love Giovanni, Count di Visinara, but I loved him long
+ere he saw the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"What!" cried the signora, her cheeks inflamed, and her brow darkening,
+"do you dare to avow your shame to my face?"
+
+"It is no shame," answered Gina, sadly; there is nothing of guilt in such
+a love as mine."
+
+"Follow me," repeated Lucrezia. "You have no time to waste in
+lamentations."
+
+"By whose orders do I die?" demanded the indignant girl. "Not by _his_;
+and no one else has a right to condemn me."
+
+Lucrezia expected this, and was prepared. Alas, that the Lord of Visinara
+should that day have left his signet ring behind him!
+
+"Do you know this ring!" demanded Lucrezia, holding out the jewel.
+
+"Too well. It is the Count of Visinara's."
+
+"You may then know who has condemned you."
+
+"Oh, Giovanni!" wailed Gina, as she sank prostrate on the floor in her
+anguish, "this from you!" All idea of resistance vanished with the thought
+that it was him she so loved who doomed her to destruction. "I thought he
+was still at the Capella Palace," she inquired, looking up at Lucrezia, a
+doubt possibly finding its way to her heart. "When did he return?"
+
+"I came not to waste the moments in idle words," returned Lucrezia, as she
+prepared to utter the falsehood; "it is sufficient for you to know that he
+_has_ returned, and has given the orders that you seem inclined to
+resist."
+
+"Implore him to come to me for one moment, for a last farewell."
+
+"I may not ask it. He is with the Lady Adelaide."
+
+"First, my happiness, then, my life, sacrificed to appease the Lady
+Adelaide! Oh, Giovanni! false, but dear Giovanni--"
+
+"I have no orders to call those who will use violence," interrupted the
+signora, "but I must do so if you delay to follow me."
+
+"I am about to dress myself," returned Gina.
+
+"The dress you have on will serve as well as another--and better, for a
+night-gown bears some resemblance to a shroud."
+
+"One moment for prayer," was the next imploring petition.
+
+"Prayer for you!" broke contemptuously from the signora.
+
+"A single moment for prayer," reiterated the victim. "If I am, indeed,
+about to meet my Maker, I stand awfully in need of it; for I have of late
+worshipped but one, but it has not been Him."
+
+"Prayer for _you_, a _heretic_!" repeated Lucrezia; "you may as well offer
+it up to blocks of wood or stone. The creed you profess forfeits all
+inheritance for you in heaven."
+
+Yet still Gina repeated it--"A few moments for prayer, in mercy!"
+
+"Then pray away where you are going," returned Lucrezia, impatiently. "You
+will have time enough, and to spare--minutes, and hours, and days,
+perhaps."
+
+The signora evidently took a savage pleasure in urging on the death of
+Gina Montani. What could be the reason? Women in general are not so
+frightfully cruel. The motive was, that she herself loved the count. As
+Bianca had said, when watching the bridal cavalcade, could any be brought
+into daily contact with one so attractive and not learn to love him? so it
+had proved with Lucrezia. Being the favorite attendant of her mistress,
+she was much with her, and consequently daily and frequently in the
+company of Giovanni. He had many a gay word and passing jest for her, for
+he was by nature a gallant, free-spoken man; and this had its effect.
+Whilst he never glanced a thought towards her but as one necessary to wait
+upon his wife, he became to her heart dangerously dear; and excessively
+jealous had she been of Gina ever since she had heard the conversation in
+the embroidery-room. Pushing the unfortunate girl on before her, Lucrezia
+silently passed from Gina's bed-chamber to the secret passages, plenty of
+which might be found in the castle. She bore a lantern in her hand, which
+emitted a dim, uncertain light. At length they came to a passage, a little
+beyond the chapel, far removed from the habited apartments; and in the
+middle of this were two male forms, busily occupied at work of some
+description. A lantern, similar to the one Lucrezia carried, was hanging
+high up against the opposite wall; another stood on the ground. Gina
+stopped and shivered, but Lucrezia touched her arm, and she walked on.
+They were nearing the men, who were habited as monks, and their faces
+shielded beneath their cowls, when the signora halted and pressed her hand
+upon her brow, as if in thought. Presently she turned to Gina. A second
+lie was in her mouth; but how was the ill-fated young lady to know it?
+"_He_ sent you a message," she whispered. "It is his last request to you.
+Will you receive it?" The unhappy victim looked up eagerly.
+
+"He requests, then, by his love for you--by the remembrance of the happy
+moments you once spent together, that you neither resist nor scream."
+
+Her heart was too full to speak; but she bowed her head in acquiescence.
+Lucrezia moved to go on. "How is my life to be taken? By the dagger? By
+blows?"
+
+"By neither--by nothing. Not a hair of your head will be touched."
+
+"Ah! I might have guessed. It is by poison."
+
+"It will be taken by _nothing_, I tell you. Why do you not listen to me?"
+
+"You speak in riddles," said Gina, faintly. "But I will bear my fate,
+whatever it may be."
+
+"And in silence? _He_ asks it by your mutual love."
+
+"All, all, for his sake," she answered. "Tell him, as I have loved, so
+will I obey him to the last."
+
+Lucrezia walked on, and Gina followed. She saw and understood the manner
+of her death, but, faithful to the imagined wish of her lover, she uttered
+neither remonstrance nor cry. The clock was upon the stroke of one, when
+smothered groans of fear and anguish told that her punishment had begun;
+but no louder sound broke the midnight silence, or carried the appalling
+deed to the inhabitants of the castle. An hour passed before all was
+completed: they were long in doing their deed of vengeance; and, when it
+was over, Gina Montani had been removed from the world forever.
+
+"Madame, she is gone!" was the salutation of Lucrezia, her teeth
+chattering, and her face the hue of a corpse, when she entered the chamber
+of her mistress.
+
+The Lady Adelaide had not retired to rest. She was pacing her apartment in
+unutterable misery. The social conditions of life, its forms and objects,
+were to her as nothing since her terrible awaking to reality.
+
+Morning had dawned before the return of the Lord of Visinara. He was
+fatigued both in body and mind, and, throwing himself upon a couch, slept
+for some hours. And he probably would have rested longer, had not an
+unusual disturbance and commotion in his household aroused him. They were
+telling a strange tale: one that, for the moment, drove the life-blood
+away from his heart. It was, that the wicked dealings of Gina Montani with
+Satan had been brought to light on the previous day. The holy Father
+Anselmo had taxed her with her guilt, and she had openly confessed all
+without reserve; and that the Evil One had appeared in the night, and had
+run away with her--a just reward.
+
+In those times, a reputed visit of the devil in _propria persona_ would
+have been likely to obtain more credence than it could in these: but it
+would probably be going too far to say that the Lord of Visinara
+participated in the belief of his horror-stricken household. Certain it
+is, he caused minute inquiries to be made, although at the express
+disapprobation of the spiritual directors of the neighboring monastery,
+some of whom were attached to the services of his chapel, and pointed out
+to him the grievous sin it was thus to be solicitous about the fate of an
+avowed heretic. But he could learn nothing. The maid who waited on her
+testified that she assisted Gina to undress on the previous night. In
+proof of which, the garments she had taken off were found in the chamber.
+The remainder of her clothes were in their places undisturbed; the only
+article missing being a nightdress, which the attendant in question said
+she saw her put on; and her bed had not been slept in. Giovanni spoke to
+his wife, but she observed a haughty silence, and it was useless to
+question her. He had the moat dragged, and the neighborhood for miles
+round scoured, but no tidings could be obtained. Yet, strange to say, in
+passing on that first morning through the remote corridors, he fancied he
+heard her voice pronounce his name in a tone of imploring agony. He
+searched in every nook and corner, but found nothing, and soon thought no
+more of it, except to marvel how his imagination could so have deceived
+him.
+
+After a time, peace was restored between the count and the Lady Adelaide;
+but all bliss for her, all mutual confidence, had ceased for ever.
+
+
+
+
+IV.
+
+
+It was midnight. In the nursery at the castle sat the head nurse, and on
+her lap was the dying heir of Visinara, now eight or ten months old. Until
+nine days previous, he had been a healthy child, but, from that time, a
+wasting fever had attacked him, and now he was ill unto death. The Lady
+Adelaide, her eyes blinded with tears, knelt beside him, gazing on his
+colorless face. The count himself was gently rubbing his little hands to
+try and excite some warmth in them.
+
+"Do you not think he looks a little, a _very_ little better?" demanded the
+lady, anxiously.
+
+The nurse hesitated. She did not think so, but she was unwilling to say
+what she thought.
+
+"His hands--are they any warmer, Giovanni?"
+
+The count shook his head, and the nurse spoke. "There will be hope, madam,
+if this last medicine should take effect."
+
+The Lady Adelaide pressed her lips upon the infant's forehead, and burst
+into tears.
+
+"You will be ill, Adelaide," said her husband. "This incessant watching is
+bad for you. Let me persuade you to take rest."
+
+She motioned in the negative.
+
+"Indeed, madam, but you ought to do so," interrupted Lucrezia, who was
+present: "these many nights you have passed without sleep; and your health
+so delicate!"
+
+"Lie down--lie down, my love," interposed her husband, "if only for a short
+time."
+
+Again she refused; but at length they induced her to comply, her husband
+promising to watch over the child, and to let her know if there should be
+the slightest change in him. He passed his arms round his wife to lead her
+from the chamber, for she was painfully weak; but they had scarcely gone
+ten steps from the door, when a prolonged, shrill scream, as of one in
+unutterable terror, reached their ears. They rushed back again. The nurse
+sat, still supporting the child, but with her eyes dilating and fixed on
+one corner of the room, and her face rigid with horror. It was she who had
+screamed.
+
+"My child! my child!" groaned the Lady Adelaide.
+
+"Nurse, what in the name of the Holy Virgin is the matter?" exclaimed the
+count, perceiving no alteration in the infant. "You look as if you had
+seen a spectre!"
+
+"I have seen one," shuddered the nurse.
+
+"What _have_ you been dreaming of?" he returned, angrily.
+
+"As true as that we are all assembled here, my lord," continued the nurse,
+solemnly, "I saw the spirit of Gina Montani!"
+
+A change came over the Lord of Visinara's countenance, but he spoke not;
+whilst the Lady Adelaide clung to her husband in fear, and Lucrezia darted
+into the midst of the group, and laid hold of the nurse's chair.
+
+"What absurdity!" uttered the count, recovering himself. "How could such
+an idea enter your head?"
+
+"Were it the last word I had to speak, my lord," continued the woman, "and
+to my dying day, I will maintain what I assert. I saw but now the ghost of
+Gina Montani. It was in a night-dress, and stood _there_, far away, where
+the lamp casts its shade."
+
+"Nonsense!" said the count abstractedly. "Pray did you see anything?" he
+continued, banteringly, to Lucrezia, and to another attendant who was in
+the room. They answered that they had not: but Lucrezia was white, and
+shook convulsively. A wild, frantic sob, burst from the Lady Adelaide. The
+child was dead!
+
+
+
+
+V.
+
+
+Many months again slipped by, with little to distinguish them save the
+decreasing strength of the Lady Adelaide. She had been wasting slowly
+since the shock given her heart at discovering her husband's love for Gina
+Montani. She loved him passionately, and she _knew_ her love was
+unrequited; for affections once bestowed, as his had been, can never be
+recalled and given to another. The illness of the mind had its effect upon
+the body; she became worse and worse, and, after the birth of a second
+child, it was evident that she was sinking rapidly. She lay upon the
+stately bed in her magnificent chamber, about which were scattered many
+articles consecrated to her girlhood, or to her happy bridal, and, as
+such, precious. Seated by the bedside was her husband; one hand clasping
+hers, in the other he held a cambric handkerchief, with which he
+occasionally wiped her languid brow. "Bear with me a little longer," my
+husband--but a short time."
+
+"Bear with you, Adelaide!" he repeated; "would to the Blessed Virgin you
+might be spared to me!"
+
+"It is impossible," she sighed, pressing his hand upon her wasted bosom.
+
+"Adelaide"--he hesitated; after awhile--"I would ask you a question--a
+question which, if you can, I entreat that you will answer."
+
+She looked at him inquiringly, and he resumed, in a low voice: "What
+became of Gina Montani?"
+
+Even amidst the pallid hue of death, a flush appeared in her cheeks at the
+words. She gasped once or twice with agitation before she could speak.
+"Bring not up that subject now; the only one that came between us to
+disturb our peace--the one to which I am indebted for my death. I am lying
+dying before you, Giovanni, and you can think but of her."
+
+"My love, why will you so misunderstand me?"
+
+"These thoughts excite me dreadfully," she continued. "Let us banish them,
+if you would have peace visit me in dying."
+
+"May your death be far away yet," he sighed.
+
+"Ah! I trust so--a little longer--a few days with you and my dear child!"
+And the count clasped his hands together as he silently echoed her prayer.
+
+"Will you reach me my small casket?" she continued; "I put a few trinkets
+in it, yesterday, to leave as tokens of remembrance. I must show you how I
+wish them bestowed."
+
+He rose from his seat, and looked about the room; but he could not find
+the jewelcase. "The small one, Giovanni," she said; "not my diamond
+casket. I thought it was in the mosaic cabinet. Or, perhaps, they may have
+taken it into my dressing-room."
+
+He went into the adjoining apartment, and had found the missing casket,
+when a shriek of horror from the lips of the Lady Adelaide smote his ear.
+He was in an instant at her bedside, supporting her in his arms; the
+attendants also came running in. "My dearest Adelaide, what is it that
+excites you thus?" But his inquiries were in vain. She lay in his arms,
+sobbing convulsively, and clinging to him as if in terror. Broken words
+came from her at length: "I looked up--when you were away--and saw--there, in
+that darkened recess--_her_. I did--I did, Giovanni!"
+
+"Whom?" he said becoming very pale.
+
+"Her--Gina Montani. She was in white--a long dress it seemed. Oh! Giovanni,
+leave me not again."
+
+"I will never leave you, Adelaide. But this--it must have been a fancy--an
+illusion of the imagination. We had just been speaking of her."
+
+"You remember," she sobbed, "the night our child died--nurse saw the same
+spectre. It may--"
+
+The lady's voice failed her, and her husband started, for a rapid change
+was taking place in her countenance.
+
+"I am dying, Giovanni," she said, clinging to him, and trembling with
+nervous terror. "Oh, support me! A doctor--a priest--Father Anselmo--where
+are they? He gave me absolution, he said. Then why does the remembrance of
+the deed come back again now? They would not have done it without my
+sanction. Giovanni, my husband--protect and love our child--desert him
+never. Giovanni, I say, can they indeed forgive--or does it rest above? If
+so, oh! why did I have her killed? Giovanni, who is it--Father
+Anselmo?--God?--_who_ is to forgive me? It _was_ murder! Giovanni, where are
+you? My sight is going--Giovanni--" Her voice died away, and the count bowed
+his head in his anguish, whilst the attendants pressed forwards to look at
+her countenance. The Lady Adelaide had passed to another world!
+
+
+
+
+VI.
+
+
+It was years after the death of Lady Adelaide, that workmen were making
+some alterations in the Castle of Visinara, preparatory to the second
+marriage of its lord, who was about to espouse the lovely Elena di
+Capella. They were taking down the walls of a secret passage, or corridor,
+leading out of the chapel to the neighboring monastery. Standing, looking
+on, was the count, still, to all appearance, youthful, though he was, in
+reality, some years past thirty, but his features were of a cast that do
+not quickly take the signs of age. By his side stood a fair boy of seven
+years old--his heir--open-hearted, engaging, with a smiling countenance, on
+which might be traced his father's features, whilst he had inherited his
+mother's soft blue eyes and her sunny hair.
+
+"What a while you are!" exclaimed the child, looking on, with impatience,
+to see the walls come down. "You should hit harder."
+
+"The walls are very thick, Alberto," observed his father. "All these
+niches, which have been blocked up, and in the olden time contained
+statues, have to come down also."
+
+"They are taking down a niche now, are they not, papa?"
+
+"Not yet. They are removing the wall which has been built before it. It
+appears fresher, too, than the rest; of more recent date."
+
+"It seems extraordinarily fresh, my lord," observed one of the workmen.
+"The materials are old, but it has certainly been rebuilt within a few
+years--within ten, I should say."
+
+"Not it," laughed the count. "These corridors have not been touched during
+my lifetime."
+
+"This portion of them has, my lord, you may rely upon it."
+
+As he spoke, the remainder came down with a tremendous crash, leaving the
+niches exposed, There was no statue there--but the corpse of the
+unfortunate Gina Montani, standing upright in her night-dress, was
+revealed to their sight--nearly as fresh as if she had died but yesterday,
+having been excluded from the air. The features, it is true, were scarcely
+to be recognized, but the hair--the long brown curls falling on her
+neck--was the same as ever. This was her horrible death then--to be walled
+up alive! The count grew sick and faint as he gazed. Before he had time to
+collect his startled thoughts, the child pulled at and clung to his arm.
+"Take me away. What is that dreadful thing? You look white and cold too,
+not as you always do. Oh, what is it? Dear papa, take me from here!"
+
+The workmen were affrighted--perhaps more so, though less shocked, than the
+count. But one of them, partially recovering himself, touched the corpse
+with an implement he had been using, and it came down a heap of dust. The
+Lord of Visinara turned, and with steps that tottered under him, bore his
+child back to the castle.
+
+
+
+
+VII.
+
+
+You may hear in Italy unto this day, various versions of this tradition.
+One will tell you that the Lord of Visinara offered moneys and treasures,
+to the half of his possessions, to the monks, if they would lay the
+troubled spirit of Gina Montani, but that, although they tried hard, they
+could not do it. According to another version, the friars would not try,
+for that no heretic's soul may be prayed for in the Roman Church. But,
+however the monks may have settled it amongst themselves, all versions of
+the history agree in one particular, that the ghost _was not_ laid; that
+it never would be, and never could be, but still wanders on the earth. And
+you were wise to profess faith in it too, if you go amongst the Italians,
+unless you would be looked on as an unbeliever, not a degree better than
+the poor Protestant maiden Montani.
+
+Several descendants of Giovanni and Adelaide of Visinara, are still
+scattered about Italy, though greatly reduced in station. And the
+accredited belief is, that whenever death is going to remove one of these,
+the spirit of the ill-fated Gina appears and shows itself to them in the
+moments of their last and most terrible agonies.
+
+
+
+
+
+VISION OF CHARLES XI.
+
+
+                          From Sharpe's Magazine
+
+
+We are in the habit of laughing incredulously at stories of visions and
+supernatural apparitions, yet some are so well authenticated, that if we
+refuse to believe them, we should, in consistency, reject all historical
+evidence. The fact I am about to relate is guaranteed by a declaration
+signed by four credible witnesses; I will only add, that the prediction
+contained in this declaration was well known, and generally spoken of,
+long before the occurrence of the events which have apparently fulfilled
+it.
+
+Charles XI., father of the celebrated Charles XII., was one of the most
+despotic, but, at the same time, wisest monarchs, who ever reigned in
+Sweden. He curtailed the enormous privileges of the nobility, abolished
+the power of the Senate, made laws on his own authority; in a word, he
+changed the constitution of the country, hitherto an oligarchy, and forced
+the States to invest him with absolute power. He was a man of enlightened
+and strong mind, firmly attached to the Lutheran religion; his disposition
+was cold, unfeeling, and phlegmatic, utterly destitute of imagination. He
+had just lost his queen, Ulrica Eleonora, and he appeared to feel her
+death more than could have been expected from a man of his character. He
+became even more gloomy and silent than before, and his incessant
+application to business proved his anxiety to banish painful reflections.
+
+Towards the close of an autumn evening, he was sitting in his
+dressing-gown and slippers, before a large fire, in his private apartment.
+His chamberlain, Count Brahe, and his physician, Baumgarten, were with
+him. The evening wore away, and his majesty did not dismiss them as usual;
+with his head down and his eyes fixed on the fire, he maintained a
+profound silence, weary of his guests, and fearing, half unconsciously, to
+remain alone. The count and his companion tried various subjects of
+conversation, but could interest him in nothing. At length Brahe, who
+supposed that sorrow for the queen was the cause of his depression, said
+with a deep sigh, and pointing to her portrait, which hung in the room,
+
+"What a likeness that is! How truly it gives the expression, at once so
+gentle and so dignified!"
+
+"Nonsense!" said the king, angrily, "the portrait is far too flattering;
+the queen was decidedly plain."
+
+Then, vexed at his unkind words, he rose and walked up and down the room,
+to hide an emotion at which he blushed. After a few minutes he stopped
+before the window looking into the court; the night was black, and the
+moon in her first quarter.
+
+The palace where the kings of Sweden now reside was not completed, and
+Charles XI. who commenced it, inhabited the old palace, situated on the
+Ritzholm, facing Lake Modu. It is a large building in the form of a
+horseshoe: the king's private apartments were in one of the extremities;
+opposite was the great hall where the States assembled to receive
+communications from the crown. The windows of that hall suddenly appeared
+illuminated. The king was startled, but at first supposed that a servant
+with a light was passing through; but then, that hall was never opened
+except on state occasions, and the light was too brilliant to be caused by
+a single lamp. It then occurred to him that it must be a conflagration;
+but there was no smoke, and the glass was not broken; it had rather the
+appearance of an illumination. Brahe's attention being called to it, he
+proposed sending one of the pages to ascertain the cause of the light, but
+the king stopped him, saying, he would go himself to the hall. He left the
+room, followed by the count and doctor, with lighted torches. Baumgarten
+called the man who had charge of the keys, and ordered him, in the king's
+name, to open the doors of the great hall. Great was his surprise at this
+unexpected command. He dressed himself quickly, and came to the king with
+his bunch of keys. He opened the first door of a gallery which served as
+an antechamber to the hall. The king entered, and what was his amazement
+at finding the walls hung with black.
+
+"What is the meaning of this?" asked he.
+
+The man replied, that he did not know what to make of it, adding, "When
+the gallery was last opened, there was certainly no hanging over the oak
+panelling."
+
+The king walked on to the door of the hall.
+
+"Go no further, for heaven's sake," exclaimed the man; "surely there is
+sorcery going on inside. At this hour, since the queen's death, they say
+she walks up and down here. May God protect us!"
+
+"Stop, sire," cried the count and Baumgarten together, "don't you hear
+that noise? Who knows to what dangers you are exposing yourself! At all
+events, allow me to summon the guards."
+
+"I will go in," said the king, firmly; "open the door at once."
+
+The man's hand trembled so that he could not turn the key.
+
+"A fine thing to see an old soldier frightened," said the king, shrugging
+his shoulders; "come, Count, will you open the door?"
+
+"Sire," replied Brahe, "let your majesty command me to march to the mouth
+of a Danish or German cannon, and I will obey unhesitatingly, but I cannot
+defy hell itself."
+
+"Well," said the king, in a tone of contempt, "I can do it myself."
+
+He took the key, opened the massive oak door, and entered the hall,
+pronouncing the words, "With the help of God." His three attendants, whose
+curiosity overcame their fears, or who, perhaps, were ashamed to desert
+their sovereign, followed him. The hall was lighted by an innumerable
+number of torches. A black hanging had replaced the old tapestry. The
+benches round the hall were occupied by a multitude, all dressed in black;
+their faces were so dazzlingly bright that the four spectators of this
+scene were unable to distinguish one amongst them. On an elevated throne,
+from which the king was accustomed to address the assembly, sat a bloody
+corpse, as if wounded in several parts, and covered with the ensigns of
+royalty; on his right stood a child, a crown on his head, and a sceptre in
+his hand; at his left an old man leant on the throne; he was dressed in
+the mantle formerly worn by the administrators of Sweden, before it became
+a kingdom under Gustavus Vasa. Before the throne were seated several
+grave, austere looking personages, in long black robes. Between the throne
+and the benches of the assembly was a block covered with black crape; an
+axe lay beside it. No one in the vast assembly appeared conscious of the
+presence of Charles and his companions. On their entrance they heard
+nothing but a confused murmur, in which they could distinguish no words.
+Then the most venerable of the judges in the black robes, he who seemed to
+be their president, rose, and struck his hand five times on a folio volume
+which lay open before him. Immediately there was a profound silence, and
+some young men, richly dressed, their hands tied behind their backs,
+entered the hall by a door opposite to that which Charles had opened. He
+who walked first, and who appeared the most important of the prisoners,
+stopped in the middle of the hall, before the block, which he looked at
+with supreme contempt. At the same time the corpse on the throne trembled
+convulsively, and a crimson stream flowed from his wounds. The young man
+knelt down, laid his head on the block, the axe glittered in the air for a
+moment, descended on the block, the head railed over the marble pavement,
+and reached the feet of the king, and stained his slipper with blood.
+Until this moment surprise had kept Charles silent, but this horrible
+spectacle roused him, and advancing two or three steps towards the throne,
+he boldly addressed the figure on its left in the well-known formulary,
+"If thou art of God, speak; if of the other, leave us in peace."
+
+The phantom answered slowly and solemnly, "King Charles, this blood will
+not flow in thy time, but five reigns after." Here the voice became less
+distinct, "Woe, woe, woe to the blood of Vasa!" The forms of all the
+assembly now became less clear, and seemed but colored shades: soon they
+entirely disappeared; the lights were extinguished; still they heard a
+melodious noise, which one of the witnesses compared to the murmuring of
+the wind among the trees, another to the sound a harp string gives in
+breaking. All agreed as to the duration of the apparition, which they said
+lasted ten minutes. The hangings, the head, the waves of blood, all had
+disappeared with the phantoms, but Charles's slipper still retained a
+crimson stain, which alone would have served to remind him of the scenes
+of this night, if indeed they had not been too well engraven on his
+memory.
+
+When the king returned to his apartment, he wrote an account of what he
+had seen, and he and his companions signed it. In spite of all the
+precautions taken to keep these circumstances private, they were well
+known, even during the lifetime of Charles, and no one hitherto has
+thought fit to raise doubts as to their authenticity.
+
+
+
+
+
+DIVINATION, WITCHCRAFT, AND MESMERISM.
+
+
+                   From the Dublin University Magazine.
+
+
+It seems strange that so obvious a case as that of Barlaam and the monks
+of Mount Athos has not been brought into the mesmerical collection of
+_pieces justificatives_. The first compiler of the authorities on which it
+rests is Ughelli. The story is told in modern language by Mosheim, by
+Fleury, and by Gibbon at the years 1341-51. In taking the version of it by
+the last (Decline and Fall, c. 63,) we shall run least risk of being
+imposed on by over-credulity.
+
+"The Fakirs of India and the monks of the Oriental Church," says the
+complacent philosopher of Lausanne, "were alike persuaded that in total
+abstraction of the mind and body, the purer spirit may ascend to the
+enjoyment and vision of the Deity. The opinions and practices of the
+monasteries of Mount Athos will be best represented in the words of an
+abbot who flourished in the eleventh century. 'When thou art alone in thy
+cell,' says the ascetic teacher, 'shut thy door and seat thyself in a
+corner: raise thy mind above all things vain and transitory; recline thy
+beard and chin on thy breast; turn thine eyes and thy thoughts towards the
+middle of thy belly, the region of the naval; and search the place of the
+heart, the seat of the soul. At first all will be dark and comfortless;
+but if you persevere day and night you will feel an ineffable joy; and no
+sooner has the soul discovered the place of the heart, than it is involved
+in a mystic and etherial light.' This light, the production of a
+distempered fancy, the creature of an empty stomach and an empty brain,
+was adored by the Quietists as the pure and perfect essence of God
+himself; and as long as the folly was confined to Mount Athos, the simple
+solitaries were not inquisitive how the divine essence could be a
+_material_ substance, or how an _immaterial_ substance could be perceived
+by the eyes of the body. But in the reign of the younger Andronicus these
+monasteries were visited by Barlaam, a Calabrian monk, who was equally
+skilled in philosophy and theology. The indiscretion of an ascetic
+revealed to the curious traveller the secrets of mental prayer, and
+Barlaam embraced the opportunity of ridiculing the Quietists who placed
+the soul in the naval; of accusing the monks of Mount Athos of heresy and
+blasphemy. His attack compelled the more learned to renounce or dissemble
+the simple devotion of their brethren; and Gregory Palamas introduced a
+scholastic distinction between the essence and operation of God."
+
+Gregory illustrated his argument by a reference to the celestial light
+manifested in the transfiguration of our Lord on Mount Thabor. On this
+distinction issue was taken by the disputatious Calabrian, and the result
+was the convocation of a synod at Constantinople, whose decree
+"established as an article of faith the uncreated light of Mount Thabor;
+and, after so many insults, the reason of mankind was slightly wounded by
+the addition of a single absurdity."
+
+Of the truth of facts so long and openly discussed, there can be no
+question. The monks of Mount Athos did indeed put themselves into a state
+which may with safety be called one of mental lucidity, by fixing their
+eyes intently on a point. Mr. Robertson, who used to induce the mesmeric
+sleep by causing his votaries to fix their eyes on a wafer, had better
+precedent than he supposed for his practice; and Miss Martineau, who, in
+her artificial trances, saw all objects illuminated has been unconsciously
+repeating a monastic method of worship. The contemptuous indifference of
+Gibbon for once arises from defect of information; and when in a note he
+observes that Mosheim "unfolds the causes with the judgment of a
+philosopher," while Fleury "transcribes and translates with the prejudices
+of a Catholic priest," himself gives a luculent example of the errors of
+philosophy, and of the often unsuspected approach of prejudice to truth.
+Mosheim's observation, notwithstanding the damaging approval of Gibbon, is
+not without its value. "There is no reason," he says, "for any to be
+surprised at this account, or to question its correctness. For among the
+precepts and rules of all those in the East who teach men how to withdraw
+the mind from the body, and to unite it with God, or inculcate what the
+Latins call a contemplative and mystic life, whether they are Christians,
+or Mohammedans, or Pagans, there is this precept, viz., _that the eyes
+must be fixed every day for some hours upon some particular object_, and
+that whoever does this will be rapt into a kind of ecstasy. See what
+Engelbert Kempfer states concerning the monks and mystics of Japan; and
+the account of those of India by Francis Bernier." Strange that Mosheim,
+observing the uniformity both of the process and of its results in so many
+different parts of the world, should not have suspected that there was
+something more in this species of lucidity than the merely casual effects
+of a distempered imagination. By fixing the gaze even of the lower animals
+on an immovable point, they fall into a condition equally unnatural, and
+which, if they had language to express their visions, would probably be
+found equally clairvoyant.
+
+A favorite subject of mediaeval art is the life of the Christian ascetic in
+the Desert. In these representations a human skull may generally be seen
+placed before the eyes of the devotee. Such an object would fix the gaze
+and induce the ecstasy as well as any other. The charm of this species of
+contemplation must have been intense, since in search of its exaltations
+and illuminations the very convents were deserted; and during the fourth
+and fifth centuries the deserts of Idumea, of Egypt, and of Pontus,
+swarmed with anchorites, who seemed to live only for the sake of escaping
+from life, and in their fasts and mortifications rivalled, if they did not
+for a time even surpass, the Fakirs of the East. To such an extent was
+this religious enthusiasm carried, that in Egypt the number of the monks
+was thought to equal that of the rest of the male population. Strange
+consideration, if it be the fact, that a few passes of a mesmeric operator
+should produce the same effects which these multitudes procured through
+toils so painful and sacrifices to themselves and to society so costly.
+
+The Egyptian method of inducing clairvoyance in boys, by causing them to
+gaze on a pool of ink in the palm of the hand, has already been identified
+with the practice of Dr. Dee, whose blank spherical mirror is now said to
+be in the possession and use of a distinguished modern mesmeriser.
+Divination by the crystal is a well-known mediaeval practice; and from the
+accounts of it which Delrio and others have handed down it appears to have
+resembled, in some remarkable particulars, the method now in use among the
+soothsayers of Cairo. It does not appear to make any difference whether
+the polished object be black or white, a mirror, a solid ball, or a
+transparent globe containing water: the same extraordinary series of
+appearances is alleged to follow an earnest inspection of it. Before
+proceeding to Delrio's singular corroboration of this use of the crystal,
+it will be well to state what is known of divination by the phial and by
+the mirror. Divination by the phial is technically known as
+_gasteromancy_. "In this kind of divination," says Peucer, "the response
+is given by pictures, not by sounds. They procured glass vessels of a
+globular shape, filled with fair water, and set round them lighted tapers;
+and after invoking the demon with a muttered incantation, and proposing
+the question, they brought forward a pure boy-child, or a pregnant woman,
+who, gazing intently on the glass, and searching it with their eyes,
+called for, and demanded, a solution of the question proposed. The devil
+then answered these inquiries by certain images, which, by a kind of
+refraction, shone from the water on the polished and mirror-like surface
+of the phial."
+
+_Catoptromancy_, or divination by the mirror, is as old as the time of the
+Roman Emperors. In one of the passages relating to this method of inducing
+what is called clairvoyance, we have an illustration of the early
+acquaintance of mankind with some of the forms of mesmerism. The passage
+is found in Spartian's life of Ditius Julian, the rich Roman who purchased
+the Empire when it was put up to auction by the Praetorian guards. "Julian
+was also addicted to the madness of consulting magicians, through whom he
+hoped either to appease the indignation of the people, or to control the
+violence of the soldiery. For they immolated certain victims (human?) not
+agreeable to the course of Roman sacrifice; and they performed certain
+profane incantations; and those things, too, which are done at the mirror,
+in which boys with their eyes blindfolded are said, by means of
+incantations, to see objects with the top of the head, Julian had recourse
+to. And the boy is said to have seen (in the mirror) both the approach of
+Severus and the death of Julian."
+
+The passage may be variously rendered, according to different readings and
+punctuations, either as "boys, who can see with their eyes blindfolded, by
+reason of incantations made over the top of the head;" or, "boys, who,
+having their eyes blindfolded, can see with the top of the head, by reason
+of incantations;" or, "boys, who, having their eyes blindfolded, can see
+with the top of the head, it being operated on by way of incantation."
+This seeing, or seeming to see, with the top of the head, is one alleged
+variety of the modes of modern clairvoyance. It seems difficult to imagine
+that the boy Horner, whose case is related by Mr. Topham, in a letter to
+Dr. Elliotson, dated May 31, 1847, could have heard any thing of these
+pagan practices. Mr. Topham, a barrister and man of credit, states: "After
+five or six weeks' mesmerism, he began spontaneously to exhibit instances
+of clairvoyance. The first occasion was on the 11th of September. It was
+in the dusk of the evening, so that the room where he was mesmerised was
+nearly dark. My previous mode of mesmerising him had been by pointing at
+his eyes, but on this occasion I began by making passes over the top of
+his head, and continued them after he was in the sleep. In the course of
+five or six minutes after the sleep was induced, he suddenly exclaimed
+that he could see into the room above us (the drawing-room). I said, 'Your
+eyes are closed; how can you see?' And he replied, 'I don't see with my
+eyes; I see from the top of my head. All the top of my head seems open.'
+He then described, &c. I found every thing as he had described, &c." Mr.
+Topham, it need scarcely be added, does not appear to have been at all
+aware of the passage in Spartian, which, indeed, has not been cited or
+referred to in any published work for nearly two hundred years back.
+
+A like use of the suspended ring, indicating the early acquaintance of
+practitioners in these arts with one of the alleged evidences of the
+so-called _odylic_ force, is thus described by Peucer among various modes
+of hydromancy: "A bowl was filled with water, and a ring suspended from
+the finger was librated in the water; and so, according as the question
+was propounded, a declaration or confirmation of its truth, or otherwise,
+was obtained. If what was proposed was true, the ring, of its own accord,
+without any impulse, struck the sides of the goblet a certain number of
+times. They say that Numa Pompilius used to practise this method, and that
+he evoked the gods, and consulted them in water, in this way."
+
+_Crystallomancy_ is the art of divining by figures, which appear on the
+surface of a crystal ball, in like manner as on the phial filled with
+water. Concerning this practice, Delrio has the following remarkable
+passage, citing his contemporary, Spengler: "A man well versed in the
+Greek and Latin fathers, and happy, if he had not presumed, with unclean
+hands, to dabble in the mysteries of our faith (Spenger), has published in
+Germany a learned commentary on the nature of demons, which he has
+prefixed to Plutarch's Essay, _De Defectu Oraculorum_. From this (says
+Delrio) I extract, in his own words, the following narrative. There are
+some (he says) who, being consulted on matters unknown, distinctly see
+every thing that is inquired after in _crystals_; and a little further on
+proceeds to state, that he once had an acquaintance, a man of one of the
+best families of Nuremberg, and that this acquaintance of his came to him
+on one occasion, bringing with him a crystal gem, of a round form, wrapped
+up in a piece of silk, which he told him he had received from a stranger,
+who encountering him several years before in the market-place, had asked
+his hospitality, and whom he had brought home with him and lodged for the
+space of three days; and that when the stranger was departing, he had left
+him the crystal as a present, in token of his obligation, and had taught
+him the use of it; thus, that if there was any thing he particularly
+wished to be informed of, he should take out this crystal and desire a
+pure male child to look into it and say what he should see there; and that
+it would come to pass that whatever he desired to be informed of, would be
+indicated by appearances seen by the boy. And he affirmed that he never
+was deceived in any instance, and that he learned matters of a wonderful
+kind from the representations of those boys, although no one else, by the
+closest inspection, could see any thing except the clear and shining gem.
+At a certain time, however, when his wife was pregnant of a male child,
+appearances were visible to her also in the crystal. First of all, there
+used to appear the form of a man clad in the ordinary habit of the times,
+and then would open the representation of whatever was inquired after; and
+when all was explained, the same figure of the man would depart and
+disappear; but in his departure would often appear to perambulate the town
+and enter the churches. But the report of these appearances having spread
+in all directions, they began to be threatened by the populace. It also
+appeared, that certain men of learning had read in the crystal some
+statements respecting doubts entertained by them in their studies; and
+moved by these and other reasons, Spengler stated that the owner of the
+crystal came to him, representing that he thought the time was come when
+he ought to cease making such a use of it; for that he was now persuaded
+he had sinned in no light degree in doing so, and had for a long time
+suffered grievous pangs of a disturbed conscience on that account, and had
+come to the determination of having nothing further to do with experiments
+of that kind, and had accordingly brought the crystal to him to do with it
+whatever he pleased. Then Spengler, highly approving his resolution,
+states that he took the crystal, and having pounded it into minute
+fragments, threw them, together with the silk wrapper, into a draw-well."
+So far Delrio.
+
+Another variety of this process is found in the _Onuchomanteia_, or
+nail-divinition, also spoken of by Delrio. "In this species," says he,
+"male children, before they have lost their purity, smear their nails with
+oil and lamp-black, and then, holding up the nail against the sun,
+repeating some charm, see in it what they desire. This mischief," he goes
+on to say, "has gone even farther in our own time. I myself knew one
+Quevedo, a veteran Spanish soldier, but more distinguished in war and arms
+than in piety, who, being in Brussels at the time when the Duke of Medina
+Caeli set sail from Gallicia for Belgium, clearly showed in more than one
+of his nails the fleet leaving the port of Corunna, and soon after
+dreadfully tossed by a tempest. Thus this man, who could also cure the
+wounds of others by his words alone, rendered his own spiritual state
+incurable by any one."
+
+The like use of the crystal ball and spherical phial, containing water,
+suggests a version of the epigrams of Claudian--"De crystallo in quo aqua
+inclusa"--which has not been afforded by any of the commentators. Globules
+of water are sometimes found inclosed in crystals, as well as in amber. On
+one of those singular gems Claudian has composed a series of epigrams,
+which ascribe properties to the stone, and make allusion to uses of it
+hardly reconcileable with the idea of its being a merely puerile
+curiosity. The earlier epigrams of the series are neat and playful, but
+insignificant:--
+
+  "The icy gem its aqueous birth attests,
+  Part turned to stone, while part in fluid rests;
+  Winter's numbed hand achieved the cunning feat,
+  The perfecter for being incomplete.
+
+  "Nymphs who your sister nymphs in glassy thrall
+  Hold here imprisoned in the crystal ball;
+  Waters that were and are, declare the cause
+  That your bright forms at once congeals and thaws.
+
+  "Scorn not the crystal ball, a worth it owns,
+  Greater than graven Erythrean stones;
+  Rude though it seems, a formless mass of ice,
+  'Tis justly counted 'mongst our gems of price."
+
+And so on through several others, until he comes to that one which seems
+to indicate something beyond a merely figurative use of the word "nymphs;"
+though, after all, it is possible that the word was originally written
+with an _l_, instead of _n_, which would make all the difference between
+"nymphs" and "waters":--
+
+  "While the soft boy the slippery crystal turns,
+  To touch the waters in their icy urns,
+  Safe in its depths translucent he beholds
+  The nymphs, unconscious of the winter colds:
+  And the dry ball exploring with his lip,
+  Seems, while he fails, the illusive lymph to sip."
+
+The Latin is subjoined:--
+
+  "Dum crystalla puer contingere lubrica gaudet
+    Et gelidum tenero pollice versat onus,
+  Videt perspicuo deprensas in marmore nymphas,
+    Dura quibus solis parcere novit hyems:
+  Et siccum religens labiis sitientibus orbem,
+    Irrita quaesitis oscula figit aquis."
+
+Not the least remarkable of the qualities here ascribed to the crystal
+ball is its energy in imparting the sensation of cold. Dom Chifflet, who,
+in 1665, published his learned treatise at Antwerp on the objects then
+recently discovered in the supposed tomb of King Childeric, at Tournay,
+says of the crystal ball which was found amongst them, "You would say it
+was petrified ice; so cold it was, that my palm and fingers, after
+handling it, were quite torpid." And cites Anslem Boetius, in his book on
+stones and gems, as saying, "the crystal is of so cold and dry a nature,
+that placed beneath the tongue of a feverish person, it allays the thirst;
+and held in the hands even of those violently fevered, it refreshes and
+cools them, especially if it be of considerable size, and of a spherical
+figure;" and another writer on the same subject, Andreas Cisalpinus, who
+states of the marble called ophite, that "they make of it little globes,
+for the handling of such as are in burning fever, the coldness of the
+stone expelling the disease." So far Dom Chifflet. It seems almost as if
+we were reading Reichenbach. "He (Reichenbach) found that crystals are
+capable of producing all the phenomena resulting from the action of a
+magnet on cataleptic patients. Thus, for instance, a large piece of rock
+crystal, placed in the hand of a nervous patient, affects the fingers so
+as to make them grasp the crystal involuntarily, and shut the fist.
+Reichenbach found that more than half of all the persons he tried were
+sensible of its action." Chifflet probably was a man of a nervous
+temperament. Those who desire to see the crystal ball in question, may
+inspect it, where it is still preserved, with other objects found in the
+tomb, at the Gallerie de Medailles, in Paris. Two similar balls may be
+seen here in the collection of the Royal Irish Academy.
+
+The use of water in communicating an ecstacy similar to the mesmeric
+lucidity, is largely dwelt on by the mystical writers known as the
+Neo-Platonists. Psellus describes a mode of divinition among the Assyrians
+by a basin, which smacks strongly of the mesmeric practice. "The water,
+which is poured into the basin, seems, as to its substance, to differ in
+nothing from other water; but it possesses a certain virtue, infused into
+it by incantations, whereby it is rendered more apt for the reception of
+the demon." The effect of the waters of some sacred places on those
+accustomed to their influence, was also such as is claimed for the
+mesmerized waters of our present practitioners. Jamblichus gives this
+account of the Colophonian oracle:--"There was a subterranean place at
+Colophon, near Ephesus, in which was a fountain. The priest on stated
+nights sacrificed, then drank the water, and afterwards prophesied, being
+rendered invisible to the spectators. It might seem," he says, "to some
+that the Divine Spirit passed into the priest through the water. But this
+is not so; for the divine influence is not transmitted thus according to
+the laws of distance and division, through these things which participate
+in it, but comprehends them from without, and inwardly illuminates and
+fills them with lucidity, and fills the water also with a certain virtue
+conducive to the prophetic faculty, that is, a clarifying virtue; so that
+when the priest drinks, it purifies the luminous spirit which is implanted
+in him, and accommodates it to God, and by that purifying and
+accommodating process, enables him to apprehend the deity. But there is
+another kind of presence of the god, besides the virtue infused into the
+wafer, which illumines all around, above, and within us, and which no man
+wants, if he can only attain to the necessary state of congruity. And so
+of a sudden it falls on the prophet, and makes use of him as an
+instrument; and he in the meantime has no command of himself, and knows
+not what he says, nor where he is, and with difficulty comes to himself
+again, after the response given. Moreover, before drinking the water, he
+abstains for a day and night from food, and partakes of certain mysteries
+inaccessible to the vulgar; from which it is to be collected that there
+are two methods by which man may be prepared for the reception of the
+divine influence: one by the drinking of purgatorial water, endowed by the
+Deity with a clarifying virtue; the other, by sobriety, solitude, the
+separation of the mind from the body, and the intent contemplation of the
+Deity."
+
+One might here suppose he read of the rites of St. Patrick's Purgatory.
+The water of the lake there is usually called wine, and it may be that on
+minds and bodies "which have attained to the needful congruity," it has
+operated as wonderful effects as the Colophonian fount itself. The
+proceedings of the priestess at Brancidae, who also, from amongst other
+sources, derived the afflatus, or _Waren_, from a fountain, are to the
+same purpose. "The prophetic priestess at Brancidae either sits on an axis
+[exposing herself to the influence, as the Pythoness on her Tripod], or
+holds a wand in her hand, given by some god, or dips the hem of her
+garment, in water, or inhales a certain vapor of water, and by these
+methods is filled with the divine illumination, receives the god, and
+prophesies. But, that the prophetic faculty comes from no corporeal or
+animal source, and from no local or material instrumentality, but solely
+and extrinsically from the presence of the incoming deity, appears from
+this, that the priestess, before she gives her oracle, performs many
+ceremonious rites, observes strict purity, bathes, abstains for three days
+from food, dwells apart, and so, by little and little, begins to be
+illuminated and enraptured." What the exact meaning of sitting on an axis
+may be, it is difficult to divine; but those who allege that a patient may
+be thrown into the mesmeric trance by holding a magnetized branch--and
+those also who have read of all the phenomena of exorcism being as fully
+elicited by a satchel of feathers as by a bag of reliques--will readily
+apply the wand "presented by some deity," and placed in the hand of the
+priestess at the moment when she should receive the final cataleptic
+impulse. If there be truth in the alleged modern cases of _clairvoyance_,
+we need not be surprised at the singular coincidences which have sustained
+the credit of Colophon and Delphi.
+
+Not to dwell on other methods of inducing the afflatus, such as by
+characters and amulets, by music, by dancing, and by movements of the
+body, I shall now proceed with the effects alleged to have been produced
+on the _afflati_. Jamlichus must still be our principal authority.
+Lucidity and prevision have already been sufficiently indicated, and have
+doubtless been readily recognized: the other symptoms will be found not
+less remarkable and equally familiar:--"Man has a double life--one annexed
+to the body, the other separate from every thing bodily.... In sleep we
+have the capacity of being wholly loosed from the chains that confine our
+spirit, and can make use of the life which is not dependent on generation.
+When the soul is thus separate from the body in sleep, then that (latter)
+kind of life which usually remains separable and separate by itself,
+immediately awakes within us, and acts according to its proper nature,...
+and in that state has a presaging knowledge of the future." Then, omitting
+a distinction between sleeping and waking inspiration, and coming to the
+latter, in which, also, the _offlati_ have a presaging power, he
+proceeds:--"Yet those (latter) are so far awake that they can use their
+senses, yet are not capable of reasoning,... for they neither (properly
+speaking) sleep when they seem to do so, nor awake when they seem awake;
+for they do not of themselves foresee, nor are they moved by any human
+instrumentality; neither know they their own condition; nor do they exert
+any prerogative or motion of their own; but all this is done under the
+power and by the energy of the deity. For that they who are so affected do
+not live an ordinary animal life is plain, because many of them, on
+contact with fire, are not burnt, the divine inward afflatus repelling the
+heat; or, if they be burnt, they do not feel it; neither do they feel
+prickings, or scratchings, or other tortures. Further, that their actions
+are not (merely) human, is apparent from this, that they make their way
+through pathless tracks, and pass harmless through the fire, and pass over
+rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself also does in the
+Cataballa. By this it is plain that the life they live is not human, nor
+animal, nor dependent on the use of senses, but divine, as if the soul
+were taking its rest, and the deity were there instead of the soul.
+Various sorts there are of those so divinely inspired, as well by reason
+of the varying divinity of the inspiring gods as of the modes of
+inspiration. These modes are of this sort--either the deity occupies us, or
+we join ourselves to the deity, &c.... According to these diversities,
+there are different signs, effects, and works of the inspired; thus, some
+will be moved in their whole bodies, others in particular members; others,
+again, will be motionless. Also they will perform dances and chants, some
+well, some ill. The bodies, again, of some will seem to dilate in height,
+of others in compass; and others, again, will seem to walk in air."
+
+Taking these various manifestations in order, and beginning with the
+alleged power of resisting the action of fire, the reader will not need to
+be reminded of many seemingly well-authenticated cases of escape from the
+fire-ordeal. It has been usual to ascribe the preservation of those who
+have walked bare-footed over heated ploughshares to the use of astringent
+lotions: and where opportunity existed for preparation of that kind, their
+escape may perhaps be so explained. But in most instances the accused was
+in the custody of the accusers, and not likely to have access to such
+phylacteries. The exemption from the effects of fire was not confined to
+those cases of exaltation attendant on the enthusiasm of conscious virtue.
+Bosroger (La Piete Affligee, Rouen, 1752) states of one of the possessed
+sisters of St. Elizabeth at Louviers, in 1642: "One morning Sister
+Saint-Esprit was rapt as in an ecstasy. The bishop commanded the devil to
+leave her. Immediately she experienced dreadful contortions, and an access
+of rage, and, on a sudden, says the exorcist, her demon left her like a
+flash of lightning, and threw the young woman into the fire, which was a
+considerable one, casting her with her face and one hand direct between
+the two andirons; and when they ran to drag her away, they found that
+neither her face nor her hand were in anywise burnt."
+
+It would be idle to multiply instances of this sort from the monkish
+writers. The preservation of the three youths in the Chaldaean furnace was
+one of the miracles most adapted to the servile yet audacious imitations
+of the Thaumaturgists. It is only when their statements correspond in
+unsuspected particulars with the phenomena of experience--as, for example,
+in the case of Barlaam and the monks of Mount Athos--that they can be
+adduced without offending the judgment of rational inquirers. But the
+action of burning is an operation of mechanical and chemical forces; and
+how any amount of spiritual or electrical effusion could prevent the
+expansion of the fluids in the tissues and the disruption of the skin,
+seems hard to imagine. Something more must, one should think, have been
+needed; and if the mesmeric and Pagan oracular ecstasies be identical,
+this testimony of Jamblichus would lead us to suppose that that something
+was supplied by the mind. However this may be, we shall be better able to
+judge after the investigation of some other of the alleged concomitants of
+Pagan inspiration.
+
+The insensibility to prickings and pinchings is perhaps the commonest test
+of the cataleptic condition; and, as will doubtless suggest itself to
+every reader, was, until modern times, a popular test of witchcraft. That
+the unhappy wretches who were put to death in such numbers during the
+middle ages for this offence were actually in an unnatural and detestable
+state of mind and body, cannot be doubted. They really were insensible to
+punctures; for if they had winced when pricked with pins and needles by
+their triers, it would have been deemed a proof of their innocence. A
+person feigning the mesmeric sleep, and whose interest it is to feign, may
+endure such prickings with seeming insensibility; but it was not the
+interest of the ancient witch to affect an insensibility, which would be
+taken as one of the surest proofs of guilt. A perverse desire to be
+believed guilty is the only motive that can be suggested as likely to lead
+to such conduct; and those who have studied human nature most profoundly
+will be disposed to give great credit to that suggestion. The same nature
+which in the fourth century ran into the epidemic frenzy of anchoritism,
+and impelled the Circumcellionist multitudes to extort the boon of
+martyrdom from reluctant tribunals, may be admitted capable even of the
+madness of a voluntary aspiration to the stake and pyre of the witch.
+Certain it is that many of the convicts boasted of their interviews with
+the Devil, and seemed to be, if they were not, possessed with the
+conviction of having actually partaken of the orgies imputed to them. Had
+they really been there in imagination? Was it that the popular mind had
+realized to itself an epidemic idea, and that the effect of the contagion
+was to put its victims _en rapport_ with the distempered picture present
+to the minds of the multitude? In a moral epidemic the crowd, possessed
+with one idea, are the operators: it is the _Panic_ possession of the
+ancients, which was not confined to general terrors, but applied to
+general delusions of every kind. The multitude itself radiates its own
+madness; witness the Crusaders, the Flagellants, the Dancing Fanatics of
+the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; perhaps even we might add the
+Mathewites of our own day.
+
+The next symptom of possession was the power of passing through trackless
+places, the disposition to run to wilds and mountains, like that rage of
+the votary of Bacchus:
+
+  "Quo me Bacche, rapis tui
+  Plenum? Quae in nemora aut quos agor in specus
+  Velox mente nova?"
+
+The Bacchic ecstasy was not merely drunkenness, but an epidemic madness
+induced by long-continued dancing and gesticulating to the sound of
+cymbals and other noisy instruments, in all respects identical with the
+methods of inducing the Hindoo _Waren_. The dancing mania also of the
+fifteenth century, described by Hecker in his _Epidemics of the Middle
+Ages_, was induced in the same manner, and its effects were the
+same,--possession, illumination, and insensibility to external influences.
+That the Bacchic and Corybantic frenzies were, in all respects, identical
+with the middle age dancing manias, and with the possession of those who
+still exhibit the influences of _Waren_ in Hindoostan, can hardly be
+doubted. "As for the Bacchanalian motions and friskings of the
+_Corybantes_," says Plutarch in his Essay on Love, "there is a way to
+allay these extravagant transports, by changing the measure from the
+_Trochaic_ to the _Spondaic_, and the tone from the _Phrygian_ to the
+_Doric_:" just as with the dancers of St. Vitus, and those bit by the
+Tarantula. Hecker states, "The swarms of St. John's dancers were
+accompanied by minstrels playing those noisy instruments which roused
+their morbid feelings; moreover, by means of intoxicating music, a kind of
+demoniacal festival for the rude multitude was established, which had the
+effect of spreading this unhappy malady wider and wider. Soft harmony was,
+however, employed to calm the excitement of those affected, and it is
+mentioned as a character of the tunes played with this view to the St.
+Vitus's dancers, that they contained transitions from a quick to a slow
+measure, and passed gradually from a high to a low key." After the
+termination of the frenzy the conduct of the dancers, as well indeed as of
+all the victims of this species of possession, whether _Taratati_,
+convulsionnaires, or revivalists, tallied precisely with that of the
+Bacchic women. Plutarch, in his thirteenth example of the Virtues of
+Woman, has this graphic picture of the condition of a band of Bacchante
+after one of their orgies. "When the tyrants of Phocea had taken Delphos,
+and the Thebans undertook that war against them which was called the Holy
+War, certain women devoted to Bacchus (which they called _Thyades_) fell
+frantic, and went a gadding by night, and, mistaking their way, came to
+Amphissa, and being very much tired, and not as yet in their right wits,
+they flung themselves down in the market-place and fell asleep, as they
+lay scattered up and down here and there. But the wives of the
+Amphisseans, fearing because the city was engaged to aid in the Phocean
+war, and abundance of the tyrants' soldiers were present in the city, the
+_Thyades_ should have any indignity put upon them, ran forth all of them
+into the market-place, and stood silently round about them; neither would
+offer them any disturbance while they slept, but when they were awake they
+attended their service particularly, and brought them refreshments; and,
+in fine, by persuasion, obtained leave of their husbands that they might
+accompany them in safety to their own borders."
+
+In the same way, throughout the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, might
+groups of both sexes be seen lying, exhausted from their agitations, in
+the streets of Aix-la-chapelle, Cologne, Strasburg, Naples, and elsewhere;
+and even in our own century sights not dissimilar have been witnessed at
+revival assemblages in Wales and Scotland, and at camp-meetings in North
+America. The rending of Pentheus on Mount Citheron by his own mother and
+sisters, who, while under the influence of the Bacchic _afflatus_,
+imagined they saw in his form the appearance of a wild beast, might be
+adduced as an example at once of the furious character of the frenzy, and
+of the liability of the afflated to optical illusions. Has what we read of
+fairy-gifts and glamour any foundation in this alleged power of the
+biologist to make his patient imagine different forms for the same object?
+But we are still among the mountain tops, and must descend to the
+remaining symptoms enumerated by Jamblichus.
+
+"They pass over rivers in a wonderful manner, which the priestess herself
+also does in the Cataballa." We here again encounter the _indicia_, of
+that possession which went by the name of witchcraft in the middle ages. A
+witch, really possessed, could not sink in the water, any more than she
+could feel the insertion of a needle. The vulgar belief is, that the
+suspected witch was cast into a pond, where, if she floated, she was
+burned, and if she sank she was drowned. The latter alternative was not
+so; if she betrayed no preternatural buoyancy, the trial was so far in her
+favor, and she was taken up.
+
+Nor was water the only test, in some parts of Germany the triers, less
+philosophically, employed scales; and had fixed weights (from 14 to 15
+lbs.), which, if the accused did not counterpoise, they concluded them to
+be possessed. But it will be asked, how can there be degrees of philosophy
+in practices equally insane, and which have been condemned by the common
+consent of enlightened nations for near three hundred years? Insanity
+there certainly was, and on a prodigious scale, in these ages; but the
+judges and executioners were not so insane as the multitudes who either
+believed themselves possessed by others, or believed that they themselves
+exercised the power of possessing. To us, living in an age of comparative
+rest from spiritual excitement, it seems almost incredible that thousands
+of persons, in all ranks and conditions of life, should simultaneously
+become possessed with the belief that they were in direct communication
+with the devil: should cease to attend to their duties and callings,
+passing their time in hysterical trances and cataleptic fits, during which
+they seemed to themselves to be borne through the air to witch orgies and
+assemblies for devil-worship, in deserts and mountains; and that while one
+portion of society gave themselves up to these hallucinations, another
+class should, with an equal abandonment of every duty of life, have
+betaken themselves to mope and pine, going into convulsions, and wasting
+to skeletons, under the idea of having been bewitched; yet nothing is more
+certain than that it was such a frenzy as this the heads of the Church and
+the temporal Government had to contend against in the fifteenth and
+sixteenth centuries. There were no mad-houses; if there had been, even to
+the extent we now possess them, they would not have sufficed to hold a
+tenth part of the numbers whose contact and example would have been fatal
+to the peace, perhaps even to the existence, of society. If such frenzies
+were, unhappily, to burst out among mankind at present, civilized nations
+might transport their _energumeni_ to distant possessions; but the
+middle-age magistrates had no facilities of that kind: they should deal
+with the terrible plague by the only means at their disposal; and these
+were, either to let the madness wear itself out, or to repress it by the
+rope and faggot. If they had adopted the former course, the epidemic would
+probably have passed through the usual stages of popular distempers; would
+have had its access, its crisis, and decline; and when the scourge had
+passed, the public would have awakened to a full sense of the madness of
+which they had been the victims; but in that process there was the danger
+of society going to pieces--of the visionary frenzy of the possessed being
+taken up by fanatics as the foundation of a new and abominable religion,
+and of the hostility of the ignorant and uneducated class, among whom
+chiefly the possession prevailed, being directed against the restraints of
+government and the principle of property. Having adopted the other course,
+they pushed it to cruel and inexcusable lengths; punished many innocent
+persons, and suffered many of the really possessed to go free. For they
+whose madness was most to be apprehended, as most contagious, were not the
+wretches who fancied they possessed the power of bewitching others; but
+the _convulsionnaires_, who deemed themselves bewitched, and were their
+accusers. Certainly if the same epidemic should ever again break out among
+a European population, or even among a British population, the arm of the
+magistrate would be again required to suppress it, and we would be better
+able to judge of the conduct of those whom it has been the fashion of
+modern historians to represent as altogether ignorant and brutal
+executioners. So long as possession is only the result of manual passes,
+or of fixing the gaze on indifferent objects; so long as the effects are
+regarded as physical or psychological phenomena, due to a physical cause,
+and the pretensions of the practitioner are not rested on any peculiar
+religious sanction, there is no danger of mesmerism degenerating into a
+dangerous epidemic; but we might have seen a very different state of
+affairs if the magnetizers and biologists had referred their powers to any
+species of supernatural agency; and possibly would have found ourselves
+long since under the necessity of reviving those penal proceedings which
+we have so generally been taught to abhor, as among the most revolting
+remnants of mediaeval superstition.(5) Even as it is, these powers of the
+biologist, if in truth they exist, are capable of fearful abuse. Let us
+take, for example, one of the oldest methods of exercising influence, for
+good or evil, on an absent person:--
+
+  "As fire this figure hardens, made of clay,
+  And this of wax with fire consumes away;
+  Such let the soul of cruel Daphnis be,
+  Hard to the rest of women, soft to me."
+
+If the waxen or clay image be but a concentrator of the good or evil will
+of the operator towards the distant object, and the witchcraft of the
+love-sick magician in Virgil, or of the evil-disposed wizard of the middle
+ages, be in truth no more than an exertion of biological power, it behoves
+society to take care how individuals should be suffered to acquire
+mesmerical relations with others, over whom they may exercise malignant as
+well as healing influences. If the pretensions of the biologists be
+established, biology must soon be put under medical supervision. But to
+return to the phenomena of possession.
+
+The propriety of trying alleged witches by water, has been impugned and
+defended with abundance of scholastic learning; and, singular to say, its
+opponents have been chiefly found among the Roman Catholic writers, and
+its advocates among the Reformers. Delrio, by far the most learned of all
+the writers on demonology, vigorously assails Rickius, the only notable
+Roman Catholic advocate of the practice. The arguments on both sides being
+based entirely on scholastic definitions and distinctions respecting the
+nature of demons, and the baptismal and other spiritual virtues of water,
+are of little relevance in the present method of discussing physical
+phenomena. Both parties assume that the persons of witches exhibit a
+preternatural levity--Delrio admitting that something less than fourteen or
+fifteen pounds was the actual weight which popular belief throughout
+Germany ascribed to persons in that possessed state, no matter how large
+or fat they might seem to the eye; and Rickius gives an example of a
+woman, executed by drowning in 1594, whom the executioner could hardly
+keep under with repeated thrusts of his pole, so high did she bound
+upwards from the surface, and "so boil up," as it were, out of the depths
+of the water. The levity of possessed persons in water might be accounted
+for by a phenomenon attendant on those preternatural conditions of the
+body which follow excitements of an analogous kind. The victims of the
+flogging and dancing manias in the middle ages, and subjects of the
+fanatical fervors of camp-meetings and revivals, alike experienced a windy
+intestinal distension, consequent on the departure of their mental frenzy.
+To control this disagreeable symptom, the candidates for both species of
+afflatus used to come to their meetings provided with napkins and rollers
+with which to bind their middles, and prevent the supervening inflation.
+Persons so puffed up would certainly float with all the buoyancy ascribed
+to the German witches, if cast into water; but they would still preserve
+their proper corporeal gravity if placed in a scale. Unless, then, we
+suppose Delrio to have been the dupe of some singular and unaccountable
+delusion on this point, the typanitic affections of the _convulsionnaires_
+will not account for the anti-gravitating phenomena ascribed to medieval
+witchcraft. There are some reasons, however, for the belief that these
+appearances may not have been wholly imaginary; for if any reliance can be
+placed on the concurrent traditions of all religions, Pagan as well as
+Christian, supported by wide-spread popular belief, the high mental
+exaltation induced by religious abstraction, and also by other vehement
+affections of the mind, is actually attended with a diminished specific
+gravity. Of alleged ecclesiastical miracles of this kind it is better to
+say nothing. The Roman Catholic and the Hindoo devotees equally claim for
+their adepts in religious contemplation an exemption from (among other
+earthly liabilities) the hindrance of weight. In the rapture of prayer,
+the ascetic and the saint alike rise in the air, and spurn the law of
+gravitation with the other incidents of matter. Suspected evidences of
+this kind are, however, of no weight in philosophical inquiry. It will be
+safer to leave the Etstaticas and the Fakirs to their respective
+believers, and to take a story of the people, into which religious
+considerations do not so directly enter. The native Irish, then, have a
+remarkable tradition, as old, at least, as the seventh or eighth century,
+that phrenetic madmen lose the corporeal quality of weight. A picturesque
+and romantic example of this belief is found in the story of the fate of
+Suibhne, son of Colman, King of Dalnaraidhe, as related in the bardic
+accounts of the battle of Moyra. Suibhne, a valiant warrior, has offered
+an insult to Saint Ere, Bishop of Slane; the affront is avenged by a
+curse, the usual retaliation of aggrieved ecclesiastics in those days. The
+curse falls on Sweeny in the most grievous form of visitation that could
+afflict a warrior:--a fit of cowardice seizes him in the very onset of the
+battle, and drives him frantic with terror. "Giddiness came over him at
+the sight of the horrors, grimness, and rapidity of the Gaels; at the
+fierce looks, brilliance, and ardor of the foreigners; at the rebounding
+furious shouts of the embattled tribes on both sides, rushing against and
+coming into collision with one another. Huge, flickering, horrible, aerial
+phantoms, rose up (around him), so that from the uproar of the battle, the
+frantic pranks of the demons, the clashing of arms, and the sound of the
+heavy blows reverberating on the points of heroic spears, and keen edges
+of swords, and warlike borders of broad shields, the hero Suibhne was
+filled and intoxicated with horror, panic, and imbecility; his feet
+trembled as if incessantly shaken by the force of a stream; the inlets of
+his hearing were expanded and quickened by the horrors of lunacy; his
+speech became faltering from the giddiness of imbecility; his very soul
+fluttered with hallucinations, and with many and various phantasms. He
+might be compared to a salmon in a weir, or to a bird after being caught
+in the strait prison of a crib," &c. "When he was seized with this frantic
+fit, he made a supple, very light leap, and where he alighted he was on
+the boss of the shield of the warrior next him; and he made a second leap,
+and perched on the crest of the helmet of the same hero, who,
+nevertheless, did not feel him. Then he made a third active, very light
+leap, and perched on the top of the sacred tree which grew on the smooth
+surface of the plain in which the inferior people and the debilitated of
+the men of Erin were seated, looking on at the battle. These shouted at
+him when they saw him, to press him back into the battle again; and he in
+consequence made three furious leaps to shun the battle, but through the
+giddiness and imbecility of his hallucination, he went back into the same
+field of conflict; but it was not on the earth he walked, but alighted on
+the shoulders of men and the tops of their helmets," &c.
+
+In this state, Suibhne flits off the field of battle like a bird, or a
+waif of the forest, without weight, and betakes himself to the wilds,
+where he "herds with the deer, runs races with the showers, and flees with
+the birds," as a wild denizen of the wilderness; but with his ecstacy of
+terror, he receives the gift of prophecy. Dr. O'Donovan, in a note on this
+curious passage, observes, "it was the ancient belief in Ireland, and
+still is in the wilder mountainous districts, that lunatics are as light
+as feathers, and can climb steeps and precipices like the
+somnambulists."--See _Buile Suibhne_, a bardic romance on the madness of
+this unfortunate warrior. This latter romance is occupied with Suibhne's
+adventures as a mad prophet, _Omadh_, in Irish. Query did the Bacchus
+_Omadios_ of the Greeks derive his name from a similar source? It would be
+a singular coincidence that would make a Greek god an _omadran_. Keats,
+with a fine intuition, has depicted those _mores afflatorum_, in the
+satyrs who do the benevolent biddings of Pan:
+
+  "Thou, to whom every faun and satyr flies,
+  For willing service; whether, to surprise
+  The squatted hare, while, in half-sleeping fit,
+  Or upward ragged precipices flit
+  To save poor lambkins from the eagle's maw;
+  Or by mysterious enticement draw
+  Bewildered shepherds to their paths again."
+
+Compare with this picture of the Irish lunatic among the boughs of the
+tree on the field of Moira, the following extracts from Bosroger's account
+of the possession of the nuns of Louviers, in A.D. 1642. One of the
+sisters, surnamed De Jesus, conceived herself to be possessed by a demon
+whom she called _Arracon_. "On the occasion of a procession of the host by
+Monseigneur the Bishop of Evreux, _Arracon_ exhibited another example of
+his quality, causing sister De Jesus to pour forth a torrent of
+blasphemies and furious expressions all the time of the procession. When
+she was brought into the choir, and held fast by an exorcist, for fear of
+her offering some insult, the holy sacrament was borne past her. Arracon
+immediately caused her to be shot forward through the air to a
+considerable distance, so as to strike the gilt sun in which the adorable
+eucharist was placed, out of the hands of the lord bishop; and the
+exorcist making an effort to detain her, the demon lifted her up in the
+air over an accoudoir, or leaning place, of three feet in height,
+intending to lift her, as he declared, into the vault, but the exorcist
+holding fast, all he could do was to cast the nun and exorcist back to the
+floor together," &c. _Putiphar_, the possessor of Sister Saint Sacrement,
+"made her with wonderful impetuosity run up a mulberry tree, of which the
+stem was easy enough of ascent; but when she got up the stem, he forced
+her onward till she approached the extremities of the slenderest branches,
+and caused her to make almost the entire circuit of the mulberry tree, in
+such sort that a man who saw her from a distance cried out that she flew
+like a bird. Then the demon permitted her to see her peril; she grew pale,
+and cried out with alarm. They ran in haste to bring a ladder, but
+_Putiphar_ mocked them, crying, 'As I made this _chienne_ get up without a
+ladder, so she shall go down,' and caused her descend the same slender
+branches to the stem, and thence to the ground."
+
+Pere de la Menarday, in his _Examen Critique de l'Histoire des Diables de
+London_, gives a letter from a missionary priest in Cochin China,
+describing a case of demonopathy, in the course of which, if we could
+believe the narrator, the patient seemed for a time to have conquered all
+the ordinary tendencies of gravitation. The missionary, M. Delacourt,
+writing from Paris, 25th November, 1738, begins by protesting his
+unwillingness to expose himself to the repulses of public incredulity; but
+for his friends' sake consents to give the particulars. "Voici donc le
+fait dans ses principales circonstances _tel que je l'ai vu de mes propres
+yeux_." In the month of May, 1733, a young native communicant, named Dodo,
+residing at the town of Cheta, in the province of Cham, and kingdom of
+Cochin China, being reproached by his conscience for the suppression of
+some facts in his confession, fell into violent convulsions on attempting
+to take the host in his mouth. He was brought to the missionary, foaming,
+leaping, and blaspheming in the manner usual among victims of his malady.
+After many exorcisms, both by the missionary and by two other
+ecclesiastics, which only increased his sufferings, he was at length, by
+gentler entreaties, brought to make a confession. The missionary then
+renewed his exorcisms, which he continued for a month with little success.
+"At last," says he, "I determined to make a last effort, and to imitate
+the example of Monseigneur the Bishop of Tilopolis on a like occasion,
+namely, in my exorcism to command the demon in Latin to transport him to
+the ceiling of the church, feet up and head down. On the instant his body
+became rigid, and as though he were impotent of all his members, he was
+dragged from the middle of the church to a column, and there, his feet
+joined fast together, his back closely applied to the pillar, without
+aiding himself with his hands, he was transported in the twinkling of an
+eye to the ceiling, just like a weight run up by a cord, without any
+visible agency. While he hung there, with his feet glued to the ceiling,
+and his head down, I made the demon, for I had determined to confound and
+humiliate him, confess the falsehood of the Pagan religion. I made him
+confess that he was a deceiver, and at the same time admit the holiness of
+Christianity. I kept him for better than half an hour in the air, and not
+possessing enough of constancy to hold him there any longer, so frightened
+was I myself at what I saw, I at length commanded him to lay the patient
+at my feet without harming him. Immediately he cast him down before me
+with no more hurt to him than if he had been a bundle of foul linen." It
+is by no means improbable that Pere Delacourt himself had become infected
+with the madness of the monomaniac whom he was engaged in exorcising,
+before his eyes conceived that extraordinary image of the patient
+ascending by invisible agency to the ceiling of the church. But his letter
+bears evident marks of having been written under a sincere belief of the
+reality of all that he describes, and he refers to several living
+witnesses of the scene.
+
+Reverting to this subject of optical illusion, already glanced at, we find
+still another resemblance between the mysticism of the ancients and
+moderns. The priestess rendering herself invisible to the bystanders,
+appears to transcend all the rest of Jamblichus's wonders. Strange to say,
+even this pretension of the Colophonian prophetess is not without
+something analogous among the alleged phenomena of mesmerism. "I requested
+a young lady," says Dr. Elliotson, "whom I had long mesmerised, with the
+never-tiring devotion of a parent, and in whom I produced a variety of
+phenomena, to promise to be unable on waking to see her maid, who always
+sat in the room at work during my visit, till I left the room, and then at
+once to discern her. On waking, she said she did not see the maid, but
+said she saw the chair on which the maid sat. Presently, however, she saw
+the maid, was agitated, had an hysteric fit, and passed into the
+sleep-waking state. I now inquired how she came to see her maid, as I had
+not left the room, and told her she must not (see the maid), when I awoke
+her again. I then awoke her again; she could not see the maid, was
+astonished at the maid's absence, and at first supposed she was in an
+adjoining room; but presently rang the bell twice, though the woman was
+standing before her, I moved just out of the room, leaving the door open,
+and she saw the maid instantly, and was astonished, and laughed." In the
+Colophonian oracle, they were the spectators, not the prophetess, who had
+need thus to be put under the influence of the mesmeric _glamour_. Can it
+be that, in certain diseased states of the optic nerve, it really is
+subject to the illusion of seeing objects rise in air, as well as go round
+in horizontal motion? They who saw these sights in the _adyta_ of temples,
+in caves and sacred groves, in initiations and oracular consultations,
+were all prepared by fasting, watching, and prayer, for the reception of
+biological influence, and possibly may have seemed to themselves to see
+what others desired they should believe themselves to have actually seen.
+Was Lord Shrewsbury under this influence at Caldaro?
+
+But the reader will begin to suspect that his credulity is about to be
+solicited for the aerial flights of witches on their sweeping brooms. This
+apprehension may be dismissed. Witchcraft, or, to call it by its proper
+pathological name, demonopathy, was a true delusion, true so far as the
+belief of the monomaniacs themselves was concerned, but resting wholly in
+their own distempered imagination.
+
+From a learned and philosophic review of the great work of Calmeil, _De la
+Folie_, in the _Dublin Quarterly Journal of Medicine_, we extract the
+following _resume_ of the symptoms of this dreadful epidemic malady: "The
+leading phenomenon was the belief of the sufferers that Satan had obtained
+full mastery over them; that he was the object of their most fervent
+worship, a certain portion of their life being spent in the actual company
+of himself and his legion of darkness, when every crime that a diseased
+imagination could suggest was committed by them. Both sexes attended at
+the Devil's Sabbaths, as they were termed, where the sorcerers met,
+danced, and enjoyed every wild pleasure. To these meetings they travelled
+through the air, though, by the power of Satan, their bodies seemed to
+remain at home. They killed children, poisoned cattle, produced storms and
+plagues, and held converse with Succubi and Incubi, and other fallen
+spirits. At the Sabbath all agreed, that from every country the sorcerers
+arrived transported by demons. Women perched on sticks, or riding on
+goats, naked, with dishevelled hair, arrived in thousands; they passed
+like meteors, and their descent was more rapid than that of the eagle or
+hawk, when striking his prey. Over this meeting Satan presided; indecent
+dances and licentious songs went on, and an altar was raised, where Satan,
+with his head downward, his feet turned up, and his back to the altar,
+celebrated his blasphemous mass."
+
+Each individual sufferer believed herself or himself to have seen these
+sights, to have gone through these origies, and to have been transported
+to them through the air. If there had been but a few confessions, and
+these exacted by torture, it might be thought that the fancies of the
+examiners supplied the phenomena, to which the sufferers merely gave an
+enforced and worthless assent. But the confessions were as often voluntary
+as forced, and were indeed rather triumphant bravadoes than confessions of
+anything that the sufferers themselves deemed shameful. It was a true
+belief in the minds of the parties affected. The question has already been
+asked, were they _en rapport_ with the rest of the diseased multitude, in
+whose minds the common delusion existed? The question presupposes a mental
+sympathy and participation, by one mind, of images existing in another,
+which is one of the alleged manifestations of clairvoyance. But there is
+another mode of accounting for these and similar phenomena, which as yet
+obtains the approval of physicians, more than any suggestions of
+clairvoyant communications. It is, that there are certain states of the
+body in which the patient truly believes himself to see particular
+objects, to do particular acts, and to possess special powers, which to
+the rest of the world have no existence, but in respect of the patient
+himself are realities as visible, tangible, and perceptible, as the actual
+existences which surround him. For example, it is a fact which admits of
+no dispute, that a certain quantity of alcohol taken into the human
+stomach will cause the drinker to fall into _delirium tremens_; and that
+in that state the patient will, with his waking eyes, see objects of a
+particular kind; in nine cases out of ten, the forms of rats and mice
+running over his bed, and about his person. There is no public delusion
+here, no popular mind possessed with a fixed idea of these appearances, to
+which the individual delusions might be referred; yet the swallower of the
+alcohol in Dublin, and the swallower of the alcohol in Calcutta, will both
+see exactly the same sorts of appearances, and will both express precisely
+the same horror and disgust at their supposed tormentors. Is it the case,
+then, that, as the forms of rats and mice come into the minds of men in
+one kind of mental sickness, the forms of men and women riding on goats
+and broomsticks through the air, and the other apparatus of the
+witch-sabbaths, may have been but the manifestations of another disordered
+state of the mental organism, a symptom merely and concomitant of an
+epidemical disease? It is easy enough to understand how symptoms so simple
+as the appearance of what are usually called "blue devils" should be
+constant in their attendance on a particular state of cerebral disorder;
+but when the hallucination becomes so complex as in the fantasies of
+witchcraft, it is difficult to suppose that that long train of appearances
+and imaginary transactions should follow on a merely pathological
+derangement of the brain. Between the two alternatives of referring these
+hallucinations to such a cause, on the one hand, or to a mesmeric
+sympathy, as above suggested, between the individual and the crowd of the
+possessed, on the other, it is hard to choose; but, perhaps, the latter
+will appear to offer the less amount of difficulty. In the present state
+of knowledge, however, it would be rash to say that a particular state of
+diseased cerebral action might not be attended with a perfect set of
+supposed phenomena as complex and constant in the minds of the sufferers,
+as those which existed among the victims of demonomania.
+
+An example less difficult of reconcilement with the theory of cerebral
+disorder than that of the witchcraft of the fifteenth and sixteenth
+centuries, and yet more complex than that of the fantasies of _delirium
+tremens_, may be found in the case of _lycanthropism_, or that form of
+mania in which men have fancied themselves transformed into wolves. This
+disease also is contagious; and on many occasions has exhibited itself in
+all the terrors of a maniacal epidemic. As early as the time of Herodotus
+the belief was rife among the Graeco-Scythian colonies that a people called
+the Neuri were subject to this species of metamorphosis; and Giraldus
+Cambrensis, in the twelfth century, found the same superstition in full
+force in Ireland. It again broke forth in Livonia, its ancient seat, with
+all the symptoms of a periodical annual epidemic, in the sixteenth
+century. Peucer gives the following account of what these maniacs
+themselves believed to happen to them. "Immediately after Christmas day,
+in each year, a club-footed boy appears, who goes round the country, and
+summons all those slaves of Satan, of whom there are great numbers, to
+assemble and follow him. If they hesitate or refuse, a tall man appears,
+armed with a whip of flexible iron wires, and compels them with blows of
+his scourge to come forth and proceed. He whips them so severely, that
+oft-times the stripes left by the iron thongs remain impressed on their
+bodies and torment them cruelly. As soon as they go out and follow in the
+train, they seem to lose their human form, and to put on the appearance of
+wolves. Several thousands thus assemble. The leader walks before with his
+iron scourge; the crowd of those who, in their delusion, imagine that they
+have become wolves, follow after. Wherever they meet with cattle they rush
+upon them and rend them; they carry off such portions as they can, and do
+much destruction; but to touch or injure mankind is not permitted to them.
+When they come to rivers, the leader with a stroke of his whip divides the
+waters, which stand apart, leaving a dry channel by which they cross.
+After twelve days the band disperses, and every man resumes his own form,
+the vulpine mask dropping off him. The way in which the change takes place
+is this, as they allege: those who undergo the change, which occupies but
+a moment, drop suddenly down as if struck with a fit, and so lie senseless
+and like dead persons; but they do not in fact go away or change their
+places at all; nor while lying in that seemingly lifeless state do they
+exhibit any vulpine appearance whatever, but they go out of themselves
+(and leave themselves) like dead bodies; and save that they are convulsed,
+and roll about somewhat, they exhibit no sign or evidence of life. Hence
+the opinion has arisen that their spirits only are taken forth of their
+bodies, and put for a time into the phantasms of vulpine forms; and then,
+after doing the bidding of the devil in that way, are remitted back to
+their proper bodies, which thereupon are restored to animation; and the
+were-wolves themselves confirm this belief by acknowledging that in truth
+the human form is not withdrawn from their bodies, nor the vulpine
+appearance substituted for it; but that it is their spirits only which are
+impelled to leave their human bodily prisons, and enter into the bodies of
+wolves, in which they dwell and are carried about for the prescribed space
+of time. Some of those who have stated that they came long distances after
+escaping from the chains of their wolfish imprisonment, being questioned
+how they got out of that confinement, and why they returned, and how they
+could cross such wide and deep rivers, gave answer that the imprisoning
+forms no longer confined them, that they felt coerced to come out of them,
+and passed over the rivers by aerial flight."
+
+The same features marked the outbreak of lycanthropy in the years
+1598-1600, among the Vaudois. The possessed fell into catalepsy, and lay
+senseless during the time they imagined themselves in their bestial
+transformation. The disease was almost uniformly complicated with
+demonopathy, or the possession of witchcraft.
+
+There seems no reason to doubt that lycanthropism was a disease as
+constant in its character and as well defined in its symptoms as _delirium
+tremens_, or any of the ordinary forms of mania. The evidences of its
+existence are, however, considerably stronger than those of witchcraft;
+for where on the one hand no credible witness ever saw a witch either at
+the sabbath, or on her way to it, or on her return from it, there are not
+wanting distinct proofs on oath, corroborated by admitted facts in
+judicial proceedings, of persons afflicted with lycanthropy traversing the
+woods on all-fours, and being found bloody from the recent slaughter both
+of beasts and human victims; and in one of these cases, that of Jacques
+Roulet, tried before the Parliament of Paris in 1598, the body of a newly
+slain child, half mangled, and with all the marks of having been gnawed by
+canine teeth, was found close to the place where the maniac was arrested.
+It is worthy of remark that both lycanthropists and witches ascribed the
+power of disembodying themselves to the use of ointments. Antiquity
+furnishes no parallel to the horrors of these malignant and homicidal
+manias. Their analogues may be found in the fabled styes of Circe, or in
+the frenzied raptures of the Sybilline and Delphic priestesses; but the
+extent, the variety, and the hideousness of the disease in modern times,
+infinitely surpass all that was ever dreamt of in Pagan credulity. The
+points of resemblance, however, are not yet exhausted.
+
+"A chief sign of the divine afflatus," says Jamblichus, citing Porphyry,
+"is, that he who induces the _numen_ into himself, sees the spirit
+descending, and its quantity and quality. Also, he who receives the
+_numen_ sees before the reception a certain likeness of a fire; sometimes,
+also, this is beheld by the bystanders, both at the advent and the
+departure of the god. By which sign, they who are skilful in these matters
+discern, with perfect accuracy, what is the power of the numen, and what
+its order, and what are the things concerning which it can give true
+responses, and what it is competent to do.... Thus it is that the
+excellence of this divine fire, and appearance, as it were, of ineffable
+light, comes down upon, and fills, and dominates over the possessed
+person, and he is wholly involved in it, so that he cannot do any act of
+himself.... But after this comes ecstacy, or disembodiment."
+
+Thomas Bartholin (brother of Gaspar) has anticipated the inquiries of Sir
+Henry Marsh, and of Reichenbach himself, on the subject of light from the
+human body. In a treatise, full of singular learning, "De luce Animalium,"
+he has adduced a multitude of examples of the evolution of light from the
+living as well as the dead body, and in the cases of secular and pagan, as
+well as of ecclesiastical and Christian, persons; and this, without having
+recourse to any testimony of the Hagiologists. The _Aureolae_ of the
+Christian saints may not, after all, have been the merely fanciful
+additions of superstitious artists.
+
+The convulsive distortions of the Pythoness were but a feeble type of the
+phenomena of demonopathy, or the supposed possession of the middle ages.
+It was chiefly in convents, among the crowd of young girls and women, that
+these dreadful disorders were used to break out; but the visitation was
+not confined to convents, nor to the profession of any particular creed.
+Wherever religious excitation prevailed among the young and susceptible,
+especially when they happened to be brought together in considerable
+numbers, there the pest was attracted, as a fever or other malady would be
+attracted by a foul atmosphere. No patient in the magnetic coma ever
+exhibited such prodigies of endurance as thousands of the involuntary
+victims of these contagious manias. Who in any modern _seance_ has beheld
+a patient supported only on the protuberance of the stomach, with the head
+and limbs everted, and the arms raised in the air, and so remaining curved
+into the appearance of a fish on a stall, tied by the tail and gills,
+motionless for hours at a time? Or what rigidity of muscle in magnetic
+catalepsy has ever equalled that of a convulsionnaire, who would weary the
+strongest man, inflicting blows of a club, to the number of several
+thousands a day, on her stomach, while sustaining herself in an arc solely
+by the support of the head and the heels? Madame de Sazilli, who was
+exorcised in presence of the Duke of Orleans, at London, in 1631, "became,
+at the command of Pere Elisce, supple as a plate of lead. The exorcist
+plaited her limbs in various ways, before and behind, to this side and to
+that, in such sort that her head would sometimes almost touch the ground,
+her demon (say her malady) retaining her in each position immovably until
+she was put into the next. Next came the demon Sabulon, who rolled her
+through the chapel with horrible convulsions. Five or six times he carried
+her left foot up higher than her shoulder; all the while her eyes were
+fixed, wide open, without winking; after that he threw out her limbs till
+she touched the ground, with her legs extended straight on either side,
+and while in that posture, the exorcist compelled her to join her hands,
+and with the trunk of the body in an erect posture, to adore the holy
+sacrament." We seem to read the proceedings of an electro-biologist,
+rather than of a pastor of the church: but the parallel is not yet at an
+end. "The same nun," says Calmeil, "towards the close of her exorcism,
+executed a command which the Duke imparted secretly to her exorcist." Then
+follows this remarkable admission of the learned and cautious
+physiologist:--"On hundreds of occasions one might believe, in effect, that
+the Energumenes read the thoughts of the ecclesiastics who were charged
+with the combating of their demons. It is certain that these young women
+were endowed, during their excesses of hysteria or nervous exaltation,
+with a penetration of mind altogether unique." The children of the
+fanatics of the Cevennes, while in their supposed prophetic ecstacies,
+spoke the purest dialect of French, and expressed themselves with singular
+propriety. The same facility of speaking in a fluent and exalted style
+while in the divinatory ecstacy, was remarked of old in the case of the
+Pythian priestess. "Though it cannot be divined," says Plutarch, in his
+"Inquiry," "why the Pythian priestess ceases to deliver her oracles in
+verse; but that her parentage was virtuous and honest, and that she always
+lived a sober and chaste life, yet her education was among poor, laboring
+people, so that she was advanced to the oracular sect rude and unpolished,
+void of all the advantages of art or experience. For, as it is the opinion
+of Xenophon, that a virgin, ready to be espoused, ought to be carried to
+the bridegroom's house before she has either seen or heard the least
+communication, so the Pythian priestess ought to converse with Apollo
+illiterate and ignorant almost of every thing, still approaching his
+presence with a truly virgin soul."
+
+We might here, without any stretch of imagination, suppose we are reading
+a commentary on the birth and character of Joan of Arc, or of any of the
+prophetesses of the Swiss Anabaptists. But to return to the possessions
+recorded by Calmeil.
+
+The biological relations alleged by the mesmerists appear in still
+stronger development in the case of the nuns of Auxonne in 1662. The
+Bishop of Chalons reports, speaking of the possessed, "that all the
+aforesaid young women, being in number eighteen, as well seculars as
+regulars, and without a single exception, appeared to him to have obtained
+the gift of tongues, inasmuch as they accurately replied to the matters in
+Latin, which were addressed to them by their exorcists, and which were not
+borrowed from the ritual, still less arranged by any preconcert; they
+frequently explained themselves in Latin--sometimes in entire periods,
+sometimes in broken sentences;" "that all or almost all of them were
+proved to have introvision (_cognizance de l'interieur_) and knowledge of
+whatever thought might be secretly addressed to them, as appeared
+particularly in the case of the internal commands which were often
+addressed to them by the exorcists, and which in general they obeyed
+implicitly, although without any external signification of the command,
+either verbal or by way of sign; as the said Lord Bishop experienced in
+many instances, among others, in that of Denise Parisot, whom the exorcist
+having commanded, in the depths of his own mind, to come to him for the
+purpose of being exorcised, she came incontinently, though dwelling in a
+remote part of the town; telling the Lord Bishop that she had received his
+commands and was come accordingly; and this she did on several occasions;
+likewise in the person of Sister Jamin, a novice, who, on recovering from
+her fit, told him the internal commandment which he had given to her demon
+during the exorcism; also in the case of the Sister Borthon, to whom
+having issued a mental commandment in one of her paroxysms to come and
+prostrate herself before the Holy Sacrament, with her face to the ground
+and her arms stretched forward, she executed his command at the very
+instant that he willed it, with a promptitude and precipitation altogether
+wonderful."
+
+Sister Denise Parisot, one of those who exhibited these singularities,
+also displayed a farther and very remarkable manifestation of what would
+now be called biological influence. "Being commanded by his Lordship to
+make the pulse of her right arm entirely cease beating while that of the
+left continued, and then to transfer the pulsation so as to beat in the
+right arm while it should stop in the left, she executed his orders with
+the utmost precision in the presence of the physician (Morel), who
+admitted and deposed to the fact, and of several ecclesiastics. Sister de
+la Purification did the same thing two or three times, causing her pulse
+to beat or to stop at the command of the exorcist."
+
+Instead of exorcist we may, without much apprehension of offending either
+the reason or the belief of any candid person, read "Mesmerist." The
+passes seem similar, the phenomena identical. Again, in the case of the
+girls of the parish of Landes, near Bayeux, in 1732, the orders given by
+the exorcists in Latin appeared to be well understood by the patients. "In
+general," says Calmeil, quoting the contemporaneous account of their
+possession, "during the ecstatic access, the sense of touch was not
+excited even by the application of fire; nevertheless the exorcists affirm
+that their patients yielded immediate attention to the thoughts which they
+(the exorcists) refrained from expressing, and that they described with
+exactness the interior of distant houses which they had never before
+seen."
+
+This long and varied survey of different forms of physical and mental
+malady brings us to a point where we may, with some confidence, take our
+stand on inductive conclusions. It seems evident, then, that all the
+phenomena of animal magnetism have been from an early period known to
+mankind under the various forms of divinatory ecstasy, demonopathy or
+witchmania, theomania, or fanatical religious excitation, spontaneous
+catalepsy, and somnambulism. That, in addition to the ordinary
+manifestations of insensibility to pain, rigidity, and what is called
+clairvoyance, the patients affected with the more intense conditions of
+the malady have at all times exhibited a marvellous command of languages;
+a seeming participation in the thoughts, sensations, and impulses of
+others; a power of resisting, for some short time at least, the action of
+fire; and, perhaps, a capacity of evolving some hitherto unknown energy
+counteractive of the force of gravitation. That the condition of mind and
+body in question can be induced by means addressed to each and all of the
+senses, as well as involuntarily by way of sympathy or contagion. That the
+fixing of the eyes on a particular point, as a wafer, or the umbilicus, or
+on a polished ball or mirror, is one of the most general and efficacious
+means of artificially inducing the condition of clairvoyance. That it may
+also, on those prepared for its reception by strong mental excitement, be
+induced by tumultuous music, as by the sound of drums and cymbals, by
+odors, and, perhaps, by unguents; and that the same condition also
+frequently supervenes on long-continued and intense emotion, as well as on
+those hysterical and convulsive movements of the body which sometimes
+attend on excessive religious excitation. That, induced by the latter
+means, clairvoyance has a tendency to become contagious, and has often
+afflicted whole communities with the most dangerous and deplorable
+epidemic hallucinations, as in the fancied witch-sabbaths of the
+domonomaniacs, and prowling excursions of lycanthropes and vampyres; but
+that, although in these demotic frenzies, the prevailing ideas and images
+presented to the minds of the sufferers are merely illusory, they possess
+the capacity of being put in such a relation with ideas and images derived
+from actual existence in the mind of others, as to perceive and
+appropriate them. Beyond this it would be difficult to advance our
+speculation with any degree of certainty; but if speculation may be at all
+indulged in such a question, it might, perhaps, be allowed to a sanguine
+speculator to surmise that, possibly, the mind in that state may be put
+_en rapport_ with not only the ideas and emotions of another particular
+mind, but with the whole of the external world, and with all its minds.
+Another step would carry us to that participation in the whole scheme of
+nature, pretended to by divinators and seers; but it must be owned that,
+in the present state of the evidences, there is no solid ground on which
+to rest the foot of conjecture in taking either the one step or the other.
+
+In the mean time, many practitioners are playing with an agency, the
+dangerous character of which they little suspect. In ancient exorcisms, it
+sometimes happened that the exorcist himself became the involuntary
+recipient of the contagious frenzy of the patient. If such an event
+happened now, it would not be more wonderful than when it befel the Pere
+Surin, at Loudon, in 1635, as he has himself described his disaster in his
+letter to the Jesuit Attichi: "For three months and a half I have never
+been without a devil in full exercise within me. While I was engaged in
+the performance of my ministry, the devil passed out of the body of the
+possessed, and coming into mine, assaulted me and cast me down, shook me,
+and traversed me to and fro, for several hours. I cannot tell you what
+passed within me during that time, and how that spirit united itself with
+mine, leaving no liberty either of sensation or of thought, but acting in
+me like another self, or as if I possessed two souls; these two souls
+making, as it were, a battle ground of my body. When I sought, at the
+instigation of the one, to make the sign of the cross on my mouth, the
+other suddenly would turn round my hand and seize the fingers with my
+teeth, making me bite myself with rage. When I sought to speak, the word
+would be taken out of my mouth; at mass I would be stopped short; at table
+I could not carry the food to my mouth; at confession I forgot my sins; in
+fine, I felt the devil go and come within me as if he used me for his
+daily dwelling-house."
+
+Or, if instead of passing into a single operator, as in the case of Surin,
+the diseased contagion should suddenly expand itself among a crowd of
+bystanders, there would be nothing to wonder at, although enough to
+deplore, in such a catastrophe. It would be no more than has already
+happened in all the epidemics of lycanthropy and witchmania, of the
+dancers of St. Vitas, of the Jumpers, Quakers, and Revivalists, of the
+Mewers, Barkers, and Convulsionnaires. The absence of religious
+pretensions among the operators seems as yet to be the chief guarantee
+against such results. If instead of being made rigid and lucid by the
+manipulations of a professor, the patients should find themselves cast
+into that state by contact with the tomb of a preacher, or with the
+reliques of a saint, society would soon be revisited with all the evils of
+_pseudo_-miracles and supposed demoniacal possessions. The comparatively
+innocent frenzy of the followers of Father Mathew, was the nearest
+approach to a social disturbance of that kind that our country has been
+visited by since the barking epidemic of the fourteenth century. "In the
+county of Leicester, a person travelling along the road," says Camden,
+"found a pair of gloves, fit for his hands, as he thought; but when he put
+them on, he lost his speech immediately, and could do nothing but bark
+like a dog; nay, from that moment, the men and women, old and young,
+throughout the whole country, barked like dogs, and the children like
+whelps. This plague continued, with some eighteen days, with others a
+month, and with some for two years; and, like a contagious distemper, at
+last infected the neighboring counties, and set them a barking too."
+
+If mesmerism did no more than demonstrate, as it has done, that all the
+supposed evidences of modern inspiration, as well as of modern demoniacal
+possession and ghost-craft, are but the manifestations of a physical
+disorder, capable of being induced by ordinary agencies, it would have
+done a great service to the cause of social and religious stability. In
+addition to this, it has furnished surgery with a new narcotic, perhaps
+with a new anti-spasmodic. It is not impossible that here, at length, a
+means may have been found for combating the horrors of hydrophobia. Its
+higher pretensions of clairvoyance and provision, if not proved, are at
+least not yet satisfactorily disproved. Its admitted usefulness may,
+perhaps, counterbalance its perils; but in every exercise of it, whether
+curative or speculative, it is never to be forgotten, that the phenomena
+are those of disease, and that the production of disease, save for the
+counteraction of other maladies more hurtful, is in itself an evil.
+
+                                                                     S. F.
+
+
+
+
+
+A CHAPTER OF EPITAPHS.
+
+
+                          From Sharp's Magazine.
+
+
+By F. Lawrence.
+
+The best epitaphs, according to our notion, are generally the shortest and
+the plainest. In no description of composition is elaborate and ornate
+phraseology so much out of place.  Where a world-wide reputation has been
+achieved, the name alone, with the addition perhaps of a date, is often
+calculated to produce a more impressive effect than an ostentatious
+inscription. It has been observed that the simple words--
+
+                 CATHERINE THE GREAT TO PETER THE FIRST,
+
+inscribed on the monument erected by the Empress Catherine to the memory
+of her husband, arrogant as they are, contain the essence of the sublime.
+And, in like manner, among the most impressive memorials in Westminster
+Abbey are the words, "O rare Ben Jonson," chiselled beneath the great
+play-wright's bust, and the name of J. DRYDEN, with the date of his birth
+and death, and the simple statement, that the tomb was erected, in 1720,
+by John Sheffield, Duke of Buckingham. We doubt whether the effect of the
+latter would have been improved by the addition of the couplet written for
+it by Pope, admirable as it is:
+
+  This Sheffield raised: the sacred dust below
+  Was Dryden once--the rest who does not know?
+
+Among the best epitaphs in the Poet's Corner, we are inclined to number
+that on Spenser, which combines in an eminent degree dignity and
+simplicity, and possesses a character which at once attracts attention.
+The monument on which it appears had been originally erected by Anne,
+Countess of Dorset, and having fallen into decay, was restored, in 1768,
+precisely in its old form:
+
+  Heare lyes (expecting the second
+  Comminge of our Savior CHRIST
+  JESUS) the body of Edmond Spencer,
+  The Prince of Poets in his tyme,
+  Other witnesse than the works
+  Which he left behinde him.
+  He was borne in London in the yeare 1553,
+    And died in the year 1598.
+
+The epitaph of Michael Drayton, another of the Elizabethan poets, said by
+some to be the composition of Ben Jonson, and by others to be by Quarles,
+has also a species of quaint beauty and solemnity which raises it above
+the ordinary level. It was originally in gilt letters:
+
+                          MICHAEL DRAITON, Esq.
+
+                      A memorable poet of this age,
+              Exchanged his laurell for a crowne of glorye,
+                                Ao. 1631.
+
+    Doe, pious Marble! let thy readers knowe
+    What they and what their children owe
+    To DRAITON'S name, whose sacred dust
+    We recommend unto thy TRUST:
+  Protect his memory, and preserve his storye,
+  Remaine a lastinge monument of his glorye;
+    And when thy ruines shall disclaime
+    To be the treas'rer of his name,
+    His name that cannot fade shall be
+    An everlasting monument to thee.
+
+We cannot say that the Latin compositions of this sort in Westminster
+Abbey are much to our taste. One however, we cannot pass over--that to the
+memory of Goldsmith, by Dr. Johnson--a scholar-like production, dictated by
+affection, and full of grace and tenderness. In the delineation of the
+personal and literary character of his friend, we recognize all the
+grander traits of the honest giant's loving heart and powerful pen.
+Nothing can be in better taste than his commendation of Goldsmith's
+genius:
+
+  Affectuum _potens et lenis Dominator_;
+  Ingenio sublimis--vividus, versatilis,
+  Oratione grandis, nitidus, venustus--
+
+Of the English epitaphs, one of the most remarkable for elegance and
+simplicity is that on Purcell, the composer, reputed, on the authority of
+Malone, to be by Dryden, It certainly is not unworthy of his pen:
+
+  Here lyes
+  HENRY PURCELL, Esq.
+  Who left this life,
+  And is gone to that blessed place
+  Where only his Harmony
+  Can be exceeded.
+  Obiit 21 die Novembris
+  Anno AEtatis suae 37
+  Annoque Domini 1695.
+
+Among more modern inscriptions, those on the great engineers, Watt and
+Telford, are particularly worthy of notice. The former is from the pen of
+Lord Brougham:
+
+  Not to perpetuate a name,
+  Which must endure while the peaceful arts flourish,
+  But to show
+  That mankind have learned to know those
+  Who best deserve their gratitude,
+  The King,
+  His ministers, and many of the nobles
+  And commoners of the realm
+  Raised this monument to
+  JAMES WATT,
+  Who, directing the force of an original genius,
+  Early exercised in philosophic research,
+  To the improvement of the Steam Engine,
+  Enlarged the resources of his country,
+  Increased the power of man,
+  And rose to eminent place
+  Among the most illustrious  followers of science,
+  And the real benefactors of the world.
+
+The inscription on Telford's monument is equally chaste and beautiful. It
+presents this noble summary of his life and character:
+
+  The orphan son of a shepherd, self-educated,
+  He raised himself,
+  By his extraordinary talents and integrity,
+  From the humble condition of an operative mason,
+  And became one of the
+  Most eminent Civil Engineers of the age.
+  This marble has been erected near the spot
+  Where his remains are deposited,
+  By the friends who revered his virtues,
+  But his noblest monuments are to be found amongst
+  The great public works of his country.
+
+Every visitor will reverently pause before the magnificent cenotaph of the
+great Earl of Chatham, which, though somewhat too confused and elaborate
+in its decorations, is not unworthy of the greatest of English ministers.
+Having achieved a higher reputation as a statesman and orator than any
+other public man which his country had produced, and having fallen, as it
+were, in her service, the national gratitude was displayed in an
+unprecedented manner by honors paid his memory. His body lay in state
+three days in the painted chamber in the House of Lords--his public funeral
+exceeded in splendor the obsequies of princes--his debts were paid by the
+nation--and finally, the stately tomb to which we have drawn attention, was
+placed over his remains. The inscription whilst exceedingly plain and
+simple, is impressive and appropriate:
+
+  Erected by the King and Parliament
+  As a testimonial to
+  The Virtues and Ability
+  of
+  WILLIAM PITT, EARL OF CHATHAM,
+  During whose administration, in the reigns of
+  George II. and George III.
+  Divine Providence
+  Exalted Great Britain
+  To a height of Prosperity and Glory
+  Unknown in any former age.
+
+Of poetical epitaphs in the Abbey some of the most important are by Pope.
+Like everything else from his pen, they are carefully written, but viewed
+as monumental inscriptions, not distinguished for any striking excellence.
+Among the best of them is that on the Honourable James Craggs, a secretary
+of state, rather discreditably mixed up with the South Sea Bubble:--
+
+  Statesman, yet friend to truth! of soul sincere,
+  In action faithful, yet in honour clear!
+  Who broke no promise, served no private end,
+  Who gained no title, and who lost no friend;
+  Ennobled by Himself, by all approved,
+  Praised, wept, and honored by the Muse he loved.
+
+The one on Gay is interesting as a tribute of friendship, and as a
+faithful portrait of that pleasing and amiable poet, the simplicity of
+whose character is admirably delineated in the first couplet:--
+
+  Of manners gentle, and affections mild,
+  _In wit a man, simplicity a child_.
+
+Altogether it is a beautiful and appropriate composition, and we cannot
+but regret that the monument on which it appears should be disfigured by
+the doggerel, said to have been written by Gay himself, and inscribed on
+the ledge just above Pope's epitaph;
+
+  Life is a jest, and all things show it;
+  I thought so once, but now I know it.
+
+That of Nicholas Rowe, the dramatist (also by Pope), has been admired for
+the pathos of the concluding lines, the beauty of which, however, it is a
+matter of notoriety, was considerably marred by a prosaic circumstance,
+which proves the danger of assuming facts even in poetical compositions.
+The monument is commemorative of the poet and of his only daughter, the
+wife of Henry Fane. His widow survived him, and her inconsolable
+affliction was beautifully depicted:-
+
+  To these so mourned in death, so loved in life,
+  The childless parent and the widowed wife,
+  With tears inscribes this monumental stone,
+  That holds their ashes, _and expects her own_.
+
+Almost, however, before "the monumental stone" was finished, the
+disconsolate widow dried her eyes, and married a gallant colonel of
+dragoons, without considering that she was spoiling the beauty of her
+husband's epitaph.
+
+Among the most flagrant instances of false taste, we must specify that on
+the tomb of David Garrick. The tomb itself has been described as "a
+theatrical conceit, of which the design exhibits neither taste nor
+invention." The epitaph was the production of Pratt, author of Harvest
+Home and other lucubrations which have long since been consigned to the
+tomb of the Capulets; and both epitaph and monument are thus spoken of by
+Charles Lamb in the _Essays of Elia_. Alluding principally to the
+eccentric attitude of the actor's effigy, he observes, "Though I would not
+go so far, with some good Catholics abroad, as to shut players altogether
+out of consecrated ground, yet I own I was not a little scandalized at the
+introduction of theatrical airs and gestures into a place set apart to
+remind us of the saddest realities. Going nearer, I found inscribed under
+this burlesque figure a farrago of false thought and nonsense." The
+farrago in question is in verse, and represents Shakspeare and Garrick as
+"twin stars," who as long as time shall last are to "irradiate earth with
+a beam divine."
+
+There are but few epitaphs in St. Paul's Cathedral--the other great
+resting-place of illustrious dead--worthy of remark or reproduction. The
+best in the whole edifice, and one of the most perfect compositions of its
+kind, is the well-known inscription commemorative of its renowned
+architect, Sir Christopher Wren:
+
+  Subditus conditur hujus Ecelesiae at Urbis
+  Conditor, CHRISTOPHERUS WREN, qui vixit
+  Annos ultra nonaginta, non sibi, sed
+  Bono publico. _Lector, si monumentum requiris,_
+  _Circumspice._
+
+We need not point out the beauties of this celebrated epitaph:--its
+terseness of phraseology (to which no translation could do justice)--its
+suggestiveness, grandeur and dignity. Another Latin inscription in St.
+Paul's is also deserving notice, both on account of its merit, and the
+individual it commemorates--that on Dr. Samuel Johnson, written by the
+famous Dr. Parr. Of English inscriptions in this Cathedral, the most
+striking is that on the monument of John Howard. It concludes with the
+well-known sentence: "He trod an open and unfrequented path,to
+immortality, in the ardent and unremitting exercise of Christian charity.
+May this tribute to his fame excite an emulation of his truly glorious
+achievements."
+
+It is no very easy matter to produce a good epitaph. Great practice in
+composition is required--great power of condensation--and the exercise of
+judgment and discrimination. In efforts at epitaph-writing, few English
+poets have appeared to advantage. One or two perfect specimens, indeed, we
+possess, but the success of a single writer must be set against the
+failure of a great many. Of our good epitaphs, the very best, in our
+opinion, is that on the Countess Dowager of Pembroke, the sister of Sir
+Philip Sidney, by Ben Jonson. Although it has been often quoted, we cannot
+exclude it from this paper:
+
+  Underneath this sable hearse
+  Lies the subject of all verse,
+  Sidney's sister, Pembroke's mother:
+  Death, ere thou hast slain another,
+  Fair, and wise, and good as she,
+  Time shall throw his dart at thee.
+
+Another of Jonson's epitaphs, although more rugged in versification, is
+also deserving of quotation;
+
+  Underneath this stone doth lie
+  As much virtue as could die;
+  Which, when alive, did vigor give
+  To as much beauty as could live.
+  If she had a single fault,
+  Leave it buried in this vault.
+
+Not a few of Pope's epitaphs, as we have before hinted, appear tame,
+insipid, and characterized by a false taste. We except the well-known
+couplet for the monument of Sir Isaac Newton, in which there are dignity
+of language and boldness of conception:
+
+  Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night;--
+  God said, "Let Newton be!" and all was light.
+
+David Garrick is the author of some very good and characteristic epitaphs.
+The best, is that on Claudius Philips, the musician, who lived and died in
+great poverty. It was some time ascribed to Dr. Johnson, but is now known
+to be the production of Garrick:
+
+  Philips, whose touch harmonious could remove
+  The pangs of guilty power and hapless love,
+  Rest here, distress'd by poverty no more,
+  Here find that calm thou gav'st so oft before;
+  Sleep undisturbed within this peaceful shrine,
+  Till angels wake thee with a note like thine.
+
+Another of Garnet's epitaphs, is that on Mr. Havard, the comedian, who
+died in 1778. It is described by the author as a tribute "to the memory of
+a character he long knew and respected." Whatever its merits as a
+composition, the professional metaphor introduced is sadly out of place:
+
+  "An honest man's the noblest work of God."
+  Havard, from sorrow rest beneath this stone;
+  An honest man--beloved as soon as known;
+  Howe'er defective in the mimic art,
+  In real life he justly played his part!
+  The noblest character he acted well,
+  And heaven applauded when the curtain fell.
+
+The one on William Hogarth, in Chiswick Churchyard, by Garrick, is in
+better taste:
+
+  Farewell, great painter of mankind,
+    Who reach'd the noblest point of art;
+  Whose pictur'd morals charm the mind,
+    And through the eye correct the heart!
+  If genius fire thee, reader, stay;
+    If nature touch thee, drop a tear:-
+  If neither move thee, turn away,
+    For Hogarth's honor'd dust lies here.
+
+Some distinguished men have amused themselves, while living, by inditing
+epitaphs for themselves. Franklin, and the great lawyer and orientalist,
+Sir William Jones, have left characteristic performances of this kind in
+prose, and from Matthew Prior we have a mock-serious one in verse. The
+latter has been often quoted, but it will bear repetition:
+
+  Nobles and heralds, by your leave,
+    Here lie the bones of Matthew Prior:
+  The son of Adam and of Eve,
+    Can Bourbon or Nassau go higher?
+
+In the same spirit, but superior in tone and quality, is the following,
+the authorship of which is unknown, "on a poor but honest man:"
+
+  Stop, reader, here, and deign to look
+    On one without a name,
+  Ne'er enter'd in the ample book
+    Of fortune or of fame.
+  Studious of peace, he hated strife;
+    Meek virtues fill'd his breast;
+  His coat of arms, "a spotless life,"
+    "An honest heart" his crest.
+  Quarter'd therewith was innocence,
+    And thus his motto ran:
+  "A conscience void of all offence,
+    Before both God and man."
+  In the great day of wrath, through pride
+    Now scorns his pedigree,
+  Thousands shall wish they'd been allied
+    To this great family.
+
+The thought in Prior's is ludicrously expressed in the following, from a
+monument erected in 1703, in the New Church burying-ground, Dundee, to the
+memory of J. R.
+
+  Here lies a Man,
+  Com'd of Adam and Eve;
+  If any will climb higher,
+  I give him leave.
+
+Amongst poetical epitaphs, of the more elaborate class, we must notice two
+by Mason; one to the memory of his mother, in Bristol Cathedral, and the
+other on a young lady named Drummond, in the church of Brodsworth,
+Yorkshire. We have space for only the latter.
+
+  Here sleeps what once was beauty, once was grace;
+    Grace, that with tenderness and sense combined
+  To form that harmony of soul and face,
+    Where brainy shines the mirror of the mind.
+  Such was the maid that, in the morn of youth,
+    In virgin innocence, in nature's pride,
+  Blest with each art that owes its charms to truth,
+    Sank in her father's fond embrace, and died.
+  He weeps; O venerate the holy tear!
+    Faith lends her aid to ease affliction's load;
+  The parent mourns his child upon the bier,
+    The Christian yields an angel to his God.
+
+Of whimsical and satirical epitaphs--some actually inscribed on tombstones,
+and others intended for pasquinades--a large collection might be made. We
+have little taste for these anomalous compositions, nor do we consider it
+creditable to the national character, that so many English churchyards can
+be pointed out where they occur. But there are those who will make even
+the tomb a subject of pleasant humors. The epitaph for the tomb of Sir
+John Vanbrugh, distinguished as a dramatist and architect, and reflecting
+on his achievements in the latter capacity, is as follows:
+
+  Lie heavy on him, Earth, for he
+  Laid many a heavy load on thee.
+
+The original of the following is among the epigrams of Boileau:--
+
+  Here lies my wife; there let her lie;
+  She is at rest--and so am I.
+
+We do not suppose that this was ever engraved on a tombstone, either in
+French or English; but the following lines are said to have been copied
+from a slab in an English church:--
+
+  Here lies the body of Sarah Sexton,
+  Who as a wife did never vex one;
+  We can't say that for her at the next stone.
+
+The next specimen is also known to have appeared on a tomb in Essex:--
+
+  Here lies the man Richard,
+    And Mary his wife;
+  Their surname was Pritchard;
+    They lived without strife;
+  And the reason was plain;
+    They abounded in riches,
+  They no care had nor pain,
+    And the wife wore the breeches.
+
+We will not multiply examples of these compositions. Lines of the
+description we have quoted have often found their way into print, and we
+have selected one or two of the least offensive as examples of
+eccentricity.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE GOOD OLD TIMES IN PARIS.
+
+
+                        AN ADVENTURE WITH ROBBERS.
+
+
+From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.
+
+The world, since it was a world at all, has ever been fond of singing the
+praises of the good old times. It would seem a general rule, that so soon
+as we get beyond a certain age, whatever that may be, we acquire a high
+opinion of the past, and grumble at every thing new under the sun. One
+cause of this may be, that distance lends enchantment to the view, and
+that the history of the past, like a landscape travelled over, loses in
+review all the rugged and wearisome annoyances that rendered it scarcely
+bearable in the journey. But it is hardly worth while to speculate upon
+the causes of an absurdity which a little candid retrospection will do
+more to dissipate than whole folios of philosophy. We can easily
+understand a man who sighs that he was not born a thousand years hence
+instead of twenty or thirty years ago, but that any one should encourage a
+regret that his lot in life was not cast a few centuries back, seems
+inexplicable on any rational grounds. The utter folly of praising the good
+old times may be illustrated by a reference to the wretched condition of
+most European cities; but we shall confine ourselves to the single case of
+Paris, now one of the most beautiful capitals in the world.
+
+In the thirteenth century the streets of Paris were not paved; they were
+muddy and filthy to a very horrible degree, and swine constantly loitered
+about and fed in them. At night there were no public lights, and
+assassinations and robberies were far from infrequent. At the beginning of
+the fourteenth century public lighting was begun on a limited scale; and
+at best only a few tallow candles were put up in prominent situations. The
+improvement, accordingly, did little good, and the numerous bands of
+thieves had it still pretty much their own way. Severity of punishment
+seldom compensates the want of precautionary measures. It was the general
+custom at this period to cut off the ears of a condemned thief after the
+term of his imprisonment had elapsed. Thia was done that offenders might
+be readily recognized should they dare again to enter the city, banishment
+from which was a part of the sentence of such as were destined to be
+cropped. But they often found it easier to fabricate false ears than to
+gain a livelihood away from the arena of their exploits; and this measure,
+severe and cruel as it was, was found inefficient to rid the capital of
+their presence.
+
+Among the various adventures with thieves, detailed by an author
+contemporaneous with Louis XIII., the following affords a rich example of
+the organization of the domestic brigands of the time, and of the wretched
+security which the capital afforded to its inhabitants.
+
+A celebrated advocate named Polidamor had by his reputation for riches
+aroused the covetousness of some chiefs of a band of brigands, who
+flattered themselves that could they catch him they would obtain
+possession of an important sum. They placed upon his track three bold
+fellows, who, after many fruitless endeavors, encountered him one evening
+accompanied only by a single lackey. Seizing fast hold of himself and
+attendant, they rifled him in a twinkling; and as he had accidentally left
+his purse at home, they took his rich cloak of Spanish cloth and silk,
+which was quite new, and of great value. Polidamor, who at first resisted,
+found himself compelled to yield to force, but asked as a favor to be
+allowed to redeem his mantle. This was agreed to at the price of thirty
+pistoles; and the rogues appointed a rendezvous the next day, at six in
+the evening, on the same spot, for the purpose of effecting the exchange.
+They recommended him to come alone, assuring him that his life would be
+endangered should he appear accompanied with an escort. Polidamor repaired
+to the place at the appointed hour, and after a few moments of expectation
+he saw a carriage approaching in which were seated four persons in the
+garb of gentlemen. They descended from the vehicle, and one of them,
+advancing towards the advocate, asked him in a low voice if he were not in
+search of a cloak of Spanish cloth and silk. The victim replied in the
+affirmative, and declared himself prepared to redeem it at the sum at
+which it had been taxed. The thieves having assured themselves that he was
+alone, seized him, and made him get into the carriage; and one of them
+presenting a pistol to his breast, bade him hold his tongue under pain of
+instant death, while another blindfolded him. As the advocate trembled
+with fear, they assured him that no harm was intended, and bade the
+coachman drive on.
+
+After a rapid flight, which was yet long enough to inspire the prisoner
+with deadly terror, the carriage stopped in front of a large mansion, the
+gate of which opened to receive them, and closed again as soon as they had
+passed the threshold. The robbers alighted with their captive, from whose
+eyes they now removed the bandage. He was led into an immense saloon,
+where were a number of tables, upon which the choicest viands were
+profusely spread, and seated at which was a company of gentlemanly-looking
+personages, who chatted familiarly together, without the slightest
+demonstration of confusion or alarm. His guardians again enjoined him to
+lay aside all fear, informed him that he was in good society, and that
+they had brought him there solely that they might enjoy the pleasure of
+his company at supper. In the mean while water was served to the guests,
+that they might wash their hands before sitting at table. Every man took
+his place, and a seat was assigned to Polidamor at the upper and
+privileged end of the board. Astonished, or rather stupefied at the
+strange circumstances of his adventure, he would willingly have abstained
+from taking any part in the repast; but he was compelled to make a show of
+eating, in order to dissemble his mistrust and agitation. When the supper
+was ended and the tables were removed, one of the gentlemen who had
+assisted in his capture accosted him with polite expressions of regret at
+his want of appetite. During the interchange of courtesies which ensued,
+one of the bandits took a lute, another a viol, and the party began to
+amuse themselves with music. The advocate was then invited to walk into a
+neighboring room, where he perceived a considerable number of mantles
+ranged in order. He was desired to select his own, and to count out the
+thirty pistoles agreed upon, together with one for coach-hire, and one
+more for his share of the reckoning at supper. Polidamor, who had been
+apprehensive that the drama of which his mantle had been the occasion
+might have a very different _denouement_, was but too well pleased to be
+quit at such a cost, and he took leave of the assembly with unfeigned
+expressions of gratitude. The carriage was called, and before entering it
+he was again blindfolded; his former conductors returned with him to the
+spot where he had been seized, where, removing the bandage from his eyes,
+they allowed him to alight, presenting him at the same moment with a
+ticket sealed with green wax, and having these words inscribed in large
+letters, _"Freed by the Great Band_." This ticket was a passport securing
+his mantle, purse, and person against all further assaults. Hastening to
+regain his residence with all speed, he was assailed at a narrow turning
+by three other rascals, who demanded his purse or his life. The advocate
+drew his ticket from his pocket, though he had no great faith in it as a
+preservative, and presented it to the thieves. One of them, provided with
+a dark lantern, read it, returned it, and recommended him to make haste
+home, where he at last arrived in safety.
+
+Early in the seventeenth century the Parisian rogues availed themselves of
+the regulations against the use of snuff to pillage the snuff-takers. As
+the sale of this article was forbidden by law to any but grocers and
+apothecaries, and as even they could only retail it to persons provided
+with the certificate of a medical man, the annoyance of such restrictions
+was loudly complained of. The rogues, ever ready to profit by
+circumstances, opened houses for gaming--at that period almost a universal
+vice--where "snuff at discretion" was a tempting bait to those long
+accustomed to a gratification all the more agreeable because it was
+forbidden. Here the snuff-takers were diligently plied with wine, and then
+cheated of their money; or, if too temperate or suspicious to drink to
+excess, they were unceremoniously plundered in a sham quarrel. To such a
+length was this practice carried, that an ordinance was at length issued
+in 1629, strictly forbidding all snuff-takers from assembling in public
+places or elsewhere, "_pour satisfaire leur gout_!"
+
+The thieves of the good old times were not only more numerous in
+proportion to the population than they are at present, but were also
+distinguished by greater audacity and cruelty. They had recourse to the
+most diabolical ingenuity to subdue the resistance and to prevent the
+outcries of their victims. Under the rule of Henry IV. a band of brigands
+arose, who, in the garb, and with the manners of gentlemen, introduced
+themselves into the best houses under the pretext of private business, and
+when alone with the master, demanded his money at the dagger's point. Some
+of them made use of a gag--a contrivance designated at the period the
+_poire d'angoisse_. This instrument was of a spherical shape, and pierced
+all over with small holes; it was forced into the mouth of the person
+intended to be robbed, and upon touching a spring sharp points protruded
+from every hole, at once inflicting the most horrible anguish, and
+preventing the sufferer from uttering a single cry. It could not be
+withdrawn but by the use of the proper key, which contracted the spring.
+This device was adopted universally by one savage band, and occasioned
+immense misery not only in Paris but throughout France.
+
+An Italian thief, an enterprising and ingenious rogue, adopted a singular
+expedient for robbing women at their devotions in church. He placed
+himself on his knees by the side of his intended prey, holding in a pair
+of artificial hands a book of devotion, to which he made a show of the
+most devout attention, while with his natural hands he cut the watch or
+purse-string of his unsuspecting neighbor. This stratagem, favored by the
+fashion, then general, of wearing mantles, met with great success, and of
+course soon produced a host of clumsy imitators, and excited the vigilance
+of the police, who at length made so many seizures of solemn-faced
+devotees provided with wooden kid-gloved hands, that it fell into complete
+discredit, and was at last abandoned by the profession.
+
+Cunning as were the rogues of a past age, they were liable to capture like
+their modern successors. A gentleman having resorted to Paris on business,
+was hustled one day in the precincts of the palace, and robbed of his
+well-filled purse. Furious at the loss of a considerable sum, he swore to
+be avenged. He procured a clever mechanic, who, under his directions,
+contrived a kind of hand-trap for the pocket, managed in such a manner as
+to preclude the possibility of an attempt at purse-stealing without
+detection. Having fixed the instrument in its place, impatient for the
+revenge he had promised himself, he sallied forth to promenade the public
+walks, mingled with every group, and stopped from time to time gazing
+about him with the air of a greenhorn. Several days passed before any
+thing resulted from his plan; but one morning, while he was gaping at the
+portraits of the kings of France in one of the public galleries, he finds
+himself surrounded and pushed about, precisely as in the former instance;
+he feels a hand insinuating itself gently into the open snare, and hears
+immediately the click of the instrument, which assures him that the
+delinquent is safely caught. Taking no notice, he walks on as if nothing
+had happened, and resumes his promenade, drawing after him the thief, whom
+pain and shame prevented from making the least effort to disengage his
+hand. Occasionally the gentleman would turn round, and rebuke his
+unwilling follower for his importunity, and thus drew the eyes of the
+whole crowd upon his awkward position. At last, pretending to observe for
+the first time the stranger's hand in his pocket, he flies into a violent
+passion, accuses him of being a cut-purse, and demands the sum he had
+previously lost, without which he declares the villain shall be hanged. It
+would seem that compounding a felony was nothing in those days; for it is
+upon record that the thief, though caught in the act, was permitted to
+send a messenger to his comrades, who advanced the money, and therewith
+purchased his liberty.
+
+The people were forbidden to employ particular materials in the
+fabrication of their clothing, to ride in a coach, to decorate their
+apartments as they chose, to purchase certain articles of furniture, and
+even to give a dinner party when and in what style they chose. Under the
+Valois regime strict limits were assigned to the expenses of the table,
+determining the number of courses of which a banquet should consist, and
+that of the dishes of which each course was to be composed. Any guest who
+should fail to denounce an infraction of the law of which he had been a
+witness, was liable to a fine of forty livres; and officers of justice,
+who might be present, were strictly enjoined to quit the tables of their
+hosts, and institute immediate proceedings against them. The rigor of
+these regulations extended, even to the kitchen, and the police had the
+power of entry at all hours, to enforce compliance with the statutes.
+
+But it was during the prevalence of an epidemic that it was least
+agreeable to live in France in the good old times. No sooner did a
+contagious malady, or one that was supposed to be so, make its appearance,
+than the inhabitants of Paris were all forbidden to remove from one
+residence to another, although their term of tenancy had expired, until
+the judge of police had received satisfactory evidence that the house they
+desired to leave had not been affected by the contagion. When a house was
+infected, a bundle of straw fastened to one of the windows warned the
+public to avoid all intercourse with the inmates. At a later period two
+wooden crosses were substituted for the straw, one of which was attached
+to the front door, and the other to one of the windows in an upper story.
+In 1596 the provost of Paris having learned that the tenants of some
+houses infected by an epidemic which was then making great ravages, had
+removed these badges, issued an ordinance commanding that those who
+transgressed in a similar manner again should suffer the loss of the right
+hand--a threat which was found perfectly efficient.
+
+By an ordinance of 1533, persons recovering from a contagious malady,
+together with their domestics, and all the members of their families, were
+forbidden to appear in the streets for a given period without a white wand
+in their hands, to warn the public of the danger of contact. Three years
+after the authorities were yet more severe against the convalescents, who
+were ordered to remain shut up at home for forty days after their cure;
+and even when the quarantine had expired, they were not allowed to appear
+in the streets until they had presented to a magistrate a certificate from
+the commissary of their district, attested by a declaration of six
+householders, that the forty days had elapsed. In the preceding century
+(in 1498) an ordinance still more extraordinary had been issued. It was at
+the coronation of Louis XII. when a great number of the nobles came to
+Paris to take part in the ceremony. The provost, desiring to guard them
+from the danger of infection, published an order that all persons of both
+sexes, suffering under certain specified maladies, should quit the capital
+in twenty-four hours, _under the penalty of being thrown into the river_!
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LEGEND OF THE WEEPING CHAMBER.
+
+
+                          From Household Words.
+
+
+A strange story was once told me by a Levantine lady of my acquaintance,
+which I shall endeavor to relate--as far as I am able with the necessary
+abridgments--in her own words. The circumstances under which she told it
+were peculiar. The family had just been disturbed by the visit of a
+ghost--a real ghost, visible, if not palpable. She was not what may be
+called superstitious; and though following with more or less assiduity the
+practices of her religion, was afflicted now and then with a fit of
+perfect materialism. I was surprised, therefore, to hear her relate, with
+every appearance of profound faith, the following incidents:--
+
+There is an old house in Beyrout, which, for many successive years, was
+inhabited by a Christian family. It is of great extent, and was of yore
+fitted for the dwelling of a prince. The family had, indeed, in
+early-times been very rich; and almost fabulous accounts are current of
+the wealth of its founder, Fadlallah Dahan. He was a merchant; the owner
+of ships, the fitter-out of caravans. The regions of the East and of the
+West had been visited by him; and, after undergoing as many dangers and
+adventures as Sinbad, he had returned to spend the latter days of his life
+in his native city. He built, accordingly, a magnificent dwelling, the
+courts of which he adorned with marble fountains, and the chambers with
+silk divans; and he was envied on account of his prosperity.
+
+But, in the restlessness of his early years, he had omitted to marry, and
+now found himself near the close of his career without an heir to inherit
+his wealth and to perpetuate his name. This reflection often disturbed
+him; yet he was unwilling to take a wife because he was old. Every now and
+then, it is true, he saw men older than he, with fewer teeth and whiter
+beards, taking to their bosoms maidens that bloomed like peaches just
+beginning to ripen against a wall; and his friends, who knew he would give
+a magnificent marriage-feast, urged him to do likewise. Once he looked
+with pleasure on a young person of not too tender years, whose parents
+purposely presented her to him; but having asked her in a whisper whether
+she would like to marry a withered old gentleman like himself, she frankly
+confessed a preference for his handsome young clerk, Harma, who earned a
+hundred piastres a month. Fadlallah laughed philosophically, and took care
+that the young couple should be married under happy auspices.
+
+One day he was proceeding along the street gravely and slowly--surrounded
+by a number of merchants proud to walk by his side, and followed by two or
+three young men, who pressed near in order to be thought of the company,
+and thus establish their credit--when an old woman espying him, began to
+cry out, "Yeh! yeh! this is the man who has no wife and no child--this is
+the man who is going to die and leave his fortune to be robbed by his
+servants or confiscated by the governor! And yet, he has a sagacious
+nose"--(the Orientals have observed that there is wisdom in a nose)--"and a
+beard as long as my back! Yeh! yeh! what a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Fadlallah Dahan stopped, and retorted, smiling: "Yeh! yeh! this is the
+woman that blames an old man for not marrying a young wife. Yeh! yeh! what
+a wonderful sight to see!"
+
+Then the woman replied, "O my lord, every pig's tail curls not in the same
+direction, nor does every maiden admire the passing quality of youth. If
+thou wilt, I will bestow on thee a wife, who will love thee as thou lovest
+thyself, and serve thee as the angels serve Allah. She is more beautiful
+than any of the daughters of Beyrout, and her name is Selima, a name of
+good augury."
+
+The friends of Fadlallah laughed, as did the young men who followed in
+their wake, and urged him to go and see this peerless beauty, if it were
+only for a joke. Accordingly, he told the woman to lead the way. But she
+said he must mount his mule, for they had to go some distance into the
+country. He mounted, and, with a single servant, went forth from the
+gates--the woman preceding--and rode until he reached a village in the
+mountains. Here, in a poor little house, he found Selima; clothed in the
+very commonest style, engaged in making divan cushions. She was a
+marvellously beautiful girl, and the heart of the merchant at once began
+to yearn towards her; yet he endeavored to restrain himself, and said,
+"This beautiful thing is not for me." But the woman cried out, "Selima,
+wilt thou consent to love this old man?" The girl gazed in his face
+awhile, and then, folding her hands across her bosom, said, "Yes; for
+there is goodness in his countenance." Fadlallah wept with joy; and,
+returning to the city, announced his approaching marriage to his friends.
+According to custom, they expressed civil surprise to his face; but, when
+his back was turned, they whispered that he was an old fool, and had been
+the dupe of a she-adventurer.
+
+The marriage took place with ceremonies of royal magnificence; and Selima,
+who passed unmoved from extreme poverty to abundant riches, seemed to
+merit the position of the greatest lady in Beyrout. Never was woman more
+prudent than she. No one ever knew her previous history, nor that of her
+mother. Some said that a life of misery, perhaps of shame, was before
+them, when this unexpected marriage took place. Selima's gratitude to
+Fadlallah was unbounded; and out of gratitude grew love. The merchant
+daily offered up thanks for the bright diamond which had come to shine in
+his house.
+
+In due time a child was born; a boy lively as his mother; and they named
+him Halil. With what joy he was received, what festivities announced the
+glad intelligence to the town, may easily be imagined. Selima and
+Fadlallah resolved to devote themselves to his education, and determined
+that he should be the most accomplished youth of Bar-er-Sham. But a long
+succession of children followed, each more beautiful than the former--some
+boys, some girls; and every new comer was received with additional delight
+and still grander ceremonies; so that the people began to say, "Is this a
+race of sovereigns?"
+
+Now, Halil grew up to the age of twelve--still a charming lad; but the
+parents always fully occupied by the last arrival, had not carried out
+their project of education. He was as wild and untamed as a colt, and
+spent more of his time in the street than in the company of his mother;
+who, by degrees, began to look upon him with a kind of calm friendship due
+to strangers. Fadlallah, as he took his accustomed walk with his merchant
+friends, used from time to time to encounter a ragged boy fighting in the
+streets with the sons of the Jew butcher; but his eyes beginning to grow
+dim, he often passed without recognizing him. One day, however, Halil,
+breathless and bleeding, ran up and took refuge beneath the skirts of his
+mantle from a crowd of savage urchins. Fadlallah was amazed, and said, "O,
+my son--for I think thou art my son--what evil hath befallen thee, and
+wherefore do I see thee in this state?" The boy, whose voice was choked by
+sobs, looked up into his face, and said, "Father, I am the son of the
+richest merchant of Beyrout, and behold, there is no one so little cared
+for as I."
+
+Fadlallah's conscience smote him, and he wiped the boy's bleeding face
+with the corner of his silk caftan, and blessed him; and, taking him by
+the hand, led him away. The merchants smiled benignly one to the other,
+and, pointing with their thumbs, said, "We have seen the model youth!"
+
+Whilst they laughed and sneered, Fadlallah, humbled yet resolved, returned
+to his house, leading the ragged Halil, and entered his wife's chamber.
+Selima was playing with her seventh child, and teaching it to lisp the
+word "Baba"--about the amount of education which she had found time to
+bestow on each of her offspring. When she saw the plight of her eldest son
+she frowned, and was about to scold him; but Fadlallah interposed, and
+said, "Wife, speak no harsh words. We have not done our duty by this boy.
+May God forgive us; but we have looked on these children that have bloomed
+from thee, more as playthings than as deposits for which we are
+responsible. Halil has become a wild out-of-doors lad, doubting with some
+reason of our love. It is too late to bring him back to the destiny we had
+dreamt of; but he must not be left to grow up thus uncared for. I have a
+brother established in Bassora; to him will I send the lad to learn the
+arts of commerce, and to exercise himself in adventure, as his father did
+before him. Bestow thy blessing upon him, Selima (here the good old man's
+voice trembled), and may God in his mercy forgive both thee and me for the
+neglect which has made this parting necessary. I shall know that I am
+forgiven, if, before I go down into the tomb, my son return a wise and
+sober man; not unmindful that we gave him life, and forgetting that, until
+now, we have given him little else."
+
+Selima laid her seventh child in its cradle of carved wood, and drew Halil
+to her bosom; and Fadlallah knew that she loved him still, because she
+kissed his face, regardless of the blood and dirt that stained it. She
+then washed him and dressed him, and gave him a purse of gold, and handed
+him over to his father; who had resolved to send him off by the caravan
+that started that very afternoon. Halil, surprised and made happy by
+unwonted caresses, was yet delighted at the idea of beginning an
+adventurous life; and went away, manfully stifling his sobs, and
+endeavoring to assume the grave deportment of a merchant. Selima shed a
+few tears, and then, attracted by a crow and a chuckle from the cradle,
+began to tickle the infant's soft double chin, and went on with her
+interrupted lesson, "Baba, Baba!"
+
+Halil started on his journey, and having passed through the Valley of
+Robbers, the Valley of Lions, and the Valley of Devils--this is the way in
+which Orientals localize the supposed dangers of travelling--arrived at the
+good city of Bassora; where his uncle received him well, and promised to
+send him, as supercargo on board the first vessel he dispatched to the
+Indian seas. What time was spent by the caravan upon the road, the
+narrative does not state. Travelling is slow work in the East; but almost
+immediately on his arrival in Bassora, Halil was engaged in a love
+adventure. If travelling is slow, the approaches of manhood are rapid. The
+youth's curiosity was excited by the extraordinary care taken to conceal
+his cousin Miriam from his sight; and having introduced himself into her
+garden, beheld, and, struck by her wonderful beauty, loved her. With an
+Oriental fondness he confessed the truth to his uncle, who listened with
+anger and dismay, and told him that Miriam was betrothed to the Sultan.
+Halil perceived the danger of indulging his passion, and promised to
+suppress it; but whilst he played a prudent part, Miriam's curiosity was
+also excited, and she too beheld and loved her cousin. Bolts and bars
+cannot keep two such affections asunder. They met and plighted their troth
+and were married secretly, and were happy. But inevitable discovery came.
+Miriam was thrown into a dungeon; and the unhappy Halil, loaded with
+chains, was put on board a vessel, not as supercargo, but as prisoner,
+with orders that he should be left in some distant country.
+
+Meanwhile a dreadful pestilence fell upon Beyrout, and among the first
+sufferers was an eighth little one that had just learned to say "Baba!"
+Selima was almost too astonished to be grieved. It seemed to her
+impossible that death should come into her house, and meddle with the
+fruits of so much suffering and love. When they came to take away the
+little form which she had so often fondled, her indignation burst forth,
+and she smote the first old woman who stretched out her rough
+unsympathetic hand. But a shriek from her waiting-woman announced that
+another victim was singled out; and the frantic mother rushed like a
+tigress to defend the young that yet remained to her. But the enemy was
+invisible; and (so the story goes) all her little ones drooped one by one
+and died; so that on the seventh day Selima sat in her nursery gazing
+about with stony eyes, and counting her losses upon her fingers--Iskender,
+Selima, Wardy, Fadlallah, Hanna, Hennenah, Gereges--seven in all. Then she
+remembered Halil, and her neglect of him; and, lifting up her voice, she
+wept aloud; and, as the tears rushed fast and hot down her cheeks, her
+heart yearned for her absent boy, and she would have parted with worlds to
+have fallen upon his breast--would have given up her life in return for one
+word of pardon and of love.
+
+Fadlallah came in to her; and he was now very old and feeble. His back was
+bent, and his transparent hand trembled as it clutched a cane. A white
+beard surrounded a still whiter face; and as he came near his wife, he
+held out his hand towards her with an uncertain gesture, as if the room
+had been dark. This world appeared to him but dimly. "Selima," said he,
+"the Giver hath taken. We, too, must go in our turn. Weep, my love, but
+weep with moderation, for those little ones that have gone to sing in the
+golden cages of Paradise. There is a heavier sorrow in my heart. Since my
+first-born, Halil, departed for Bassora, I have only written once to learn
+intelligence of him. He was then well, and had been received with favor by
+his uncle. We have never done our duty by that boy." His wife replied, "Do
+not reproach me; for I reproach myself more bitterly than thou canst do.
+Write, then, to thy brother to obtain tidings of the beloved one. I will
+make of this chamber a weeping chamber. It has resounded with merriment
+enough. All my children learned to laugh and to talk here. I will hang it
+with black, and erect a tomb in the midst; and every day I will come and
+spend two hours, and weep for those who are gone and for him who is
+absent." Fadlallah approved her design; and they made a weeping chamber,
+and lamented together every day therein. But their letters to Bassora
+remained unanswered; and they began to believe that fate had chosen a
+solitary tomb for Halil.
+
+One day a woman, dressed in the garb of the poor, came to the house of
+Fadlallah with a boy about twelve years old. When the merchant saw them he
+was struck with amazement, for he beheld in the boy the likeness of his
+son Halil; and he called aloud to Selima, who, when she came, shrieked
+with amazement. The woman told her story, and it appeared that she was
+Miriam. Having spent some months in prison, she had escaped and taken
+refuge in a forest in the house of her nurse. Here she had given birth to
+a son, whom she had called by his father's name. When her strength
+returned, she had set out as a beggar to travel over the world in search
+of her lost husband. Marvellous were the adventures she underwent, God
+protecting her throughout, until she came to the land of Persia, where she
+found Halil working as a slave in the garden of the Governor of Fars.
+After a few stolen interviews, she had again resumed her wanderings to
+seek for Fadlallah, that he might redeem his son with wealth; but had
+passed several years upon the road.
+
+Fortune, however, now smiled upon this unhappy family, and in spite of his
+age, Fadlallah set out for Fars. Heaven made the desert easy, and the road
+short for him. On a fine calm evening he entered the gardens of the
+governor, and found his son gaily singing as he trimmed an orange tree.
+After a vain attempt to preserve an incognito, the good old man lifted up
+his hands, and shouting, "Halil, my first-born!" fell upon the breast of
+the astonished slave. Sweet was the interview in the orange grove, sweet
+the murmured conversation between the strong young man and the trembling
+patriarch, until the perfumed dew of evening fell upon their heads.
+Halil's liberty was easily obtained, and father and son returned in safety
+to Beyrout. Then the Weeping Chamber was closed, and the door walled up;
+and Fadlallah and Selima lived happily until age gently did its work at
+their appointed times: and Halil and Miriam inherited the house and the
+wealth that had been gathered for them.
+
+The supernatural part of the story remains to be told. The Weeping Chamber
+was never again opened; but every time that a death was about to occur in
+the family, a shower of heavy tear-drops was heard to fall upon its marble
+floor, and low wailings came through the walled doorway. Years, centuries
+passed away, and the mystery repeated itself with unvarying uniformity.
+The family fell into poverty, and only occupied a portion of the house,
+but invariably before one of its members sickened unto death, a shower of
+heavy drops, as from a thunder-cloud, pattered on the pavement of the
+Weeping Chamber, and was heard distinctly at night through the whole
+house. At length the family quitted the country in search of better
+fortunes elsewhere, and the house remained for a long time uninhabited.
+
+The lady who narrated the story went to live in the house, and passed some
+years without being disturbed; but one night she was lying awake, and
+distinctly heard the warning shower dripping heavily in the Weeping
+Chamber. Next day the news came of her mother's death, and she hastened to
+remove to another dwelling. The house has since been utterly abandoned to
+rats, mice, beetles, and an occasional ghost seen sometimes streaming
+along the rain-pierced terraces. No one has ever attempted to violate the
+solitude of the sanctuary where Selima wept for the seven little ones
+taken to the grave, and for the absent one whom she had treated with
+unmotherly neglect.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE BULL FIGHT OF MADRID.
+
+
+                    BY THE AUTHOR OF "THE CASTILIAN."
+
+
+It was one of those clear, bright days, peculiar to a Spanish summer, when
+the deep blue skies seem to reflect their warmth in radiance over the
+earth; a slumberous influence hung over the tranquil streets of Madrid,
+and although it was still early in the morning, the fervid rays of the sun
+gave a certain indication of the meridian power he was about to display in
+a few hours.
+
+Such was the day appropriated for the splendid and soul-stirring
+celebration of a bull-fight; and accordingly, the inhabitants soon began,
+by an unusual bustle, to evince the absorbing interest they are accustomed
+to take in this favorite amusement. Before the hour of nine, the beautiful
+street of Alcala was thronged with a promiscuous multitude, eager to
+witness the first exhibition of the morning; the Spanish bull-fight being
+in fact composed of two acts, if I may so term them, the morning and the
+evening encounters.
+
+On such days, a general cessation of labor takes place throughout the
+city, and the whole population is occupied with speculations on the
+approaching festival. On the morning in question, the inhabitants of
+Madrid, the lower classes in particular, attired in their holiday finery,
+began at an early hour to issue from their narrow and obscure dormitories,
+and, with tolerably cleanly appearance and much importance of demeanor, to
+take up a position in that famous _Puerta del sol_ which, on less
+momentous occasions, seems destined only as a lounge for all the
+_ennuyes_, news-hunters, and _petit-maitres_ of Madrid. The Manolos, too,
+began to congregate in great numbers, casting around those terrible
+glances of recklessness and conscious courage, which, in the estimation of
+foreigners, are the certain prognostics of as many concealed daggers.
+
+I soon made up my mind to add one to the vast concourse now on the alert
+to witness this grand and terrific spectacle, although, for many reasons,
+I prudently resolved to postpone my share of the entertainment until the
+evening.
+
+It is at this hour that the higher classes prefer visiting the arena: a
+number of the more desperate _amateurs_, however, regardless of the
+influence of a meridian sun, do not hesitate to present themselves at the
+morning exhibitions.
+
+At about four in the afternoon, the _Calle de Alcala_ was, if possible,
+more crowded than it had been in the morning. This majestic street, which
+commands a full view of the superb triumphal arch which bears its name,
+now presented a most striking and animated scene: various groups,
+fancifully contrasted in dress and deportment, were all hurrying towards
+the same spot. Here you might see the gorgeous equipage of the haughty
+grandee, sweeping by in all the imposing consciousness of pomp and
+greatness, while carriages of more humble pretensions were rattling as
+briskly, if not as proudly, along the gay and lively street. The
+_Calesines_, too, were seen in great numbers hurrying to the scene of
+anticipated pleasure, and diversifying, by the singularity of their
+appearance, and the ringing of small bells, the stately _cortege_ of more
+splendid equipages.
+
+Next, an army of _majos_ attracted attention by their fanciful dresses,
+and the easy swagger with which they accompanied their _morenas_, who were
+not the less conspicuous for their graceful though somewhat confident
+demeanor. They were all, of course, attired in their peculiar costume,
+bedizened with ribbons, and the short saya reaching only to the middle of
+the calf, and showing the most polished ancle and the prettiest foot in
+the world. These gay and lively individuals were picturesquely contrasted
+with crowds of monks and friars, of all orders and colors--
+
+  White, black, and gray, with all their trumpery--
+
+here and there intermingled with military idlers, in the uniforms of their
+several regiments.
+
+Here you might see the rosy and jolly abbate, ambling along upon a mule,
+having an appearance scarcely less clerical than himself, jostling the
+less fortunate friar on the back of the humbler donkey, and the sturdy
+mendicant, as he strode along on foot, supported only by his staff. The
+streets, and every avenue leading to the _Plaza de los Toros_, were lined
+with noisy vendors of delicious fruits, who made a grateful display upon
+their stalls of the Seville orange and the cooling water-melon; whilst a
+number of Valencians carried about large _vasijas_, or trays of lemonade,
+and other refreshments, for the accommodation of the thirsty pedestrians,
+who had no time to squander upon a visit to the _neveras_, or ice-houses.
+The effect of this animated picture was farther heightened by the cries of
+the venders, the harmony of some neighboring barber's guitar, the
+continual jingling of the mules' bells, and the clicking of castanets.
+
+Amidst this stunning, yet not unpleasing variety of sounds, we at length
+reached the _Plaza de los Toros_, and it was with some difficulty we
+obtained places in the stage seats. A vast concourse of persons of all
+classes were already assembled, and I observed with a smile the effect
+which the novelty of the scene had produced upon an English friend, whom I
+had, with great difficulty, prevailed upon to accompany me; having, as he
+declared, but little taste for such brutal and demoralizing exhibitions.
+He seemed quite excited, and made some passing observation relative to the
+Roman Circus, to which the present exhibition bore no unapt resemblance. I
+directed his attention to many of his countrymen, as well as other
+foreigners, who, after having been quite as clamorous as himself against
+the sport, had terminated their philosophical philippics by becoming
+constant visitors both at the morning and afternoon encounters. We arrived
+at the scene of action just in time to witness _El despejo_, or the
+clearing of the arena; a ceremony which is effected by a band of soldiers,
+who enter the place and drive every loiterer away, to the sound of drums
+and fifes. In a few minutes, not a single person was to be seen in the
+circus; and, consequently, the body of spectators, thus driven back upon
+the crowd, gave rise to various energetic expostulations, hearty curses,
+and not a few random cuffs. The only inconvenience, however, of these
+frequent _melees_, was the loss of a few ribbons and a quantity of hair,
+of which the _manolus_ most assiduously set about easing themselves. This
+operation is a source of considerable amusement to those who stand aloof
+from the field of strife. We had been happy in securing good places, and
+had nothing to complain of but the immediate vicinity of an amateur, or
+_aficionado_, who kept his tongue in continual motion, and favored his
+neighbors with a tremendous display of erudition on the _tauromachia_.
+
+Whilst the immense multitude were beguiling their impatience in a thousand
+ways, and among others by bandying jests--eating
+oranges--smoking--whistling--love-making and quarrelling--the champions of the
+fete, namely, the _picadores_, the _espadas_, and the _chulos_, were very
+piously engaged in prayer in a chapel contiguous to the circus, it being
+customary for combatants to solicit the protection of the holy Virgin
+against the tremendous animal they are about to encounter before they
+venture to provoke its ferocity.
+
+While they proceed in their laudable occupation, we will return to the
+circus, which now presented a most striking spectacle. The corregidor and
+the corporation of the town had already taken their seats near the
+splendid box fitted up for the use of the king, directly opposite to the
+entrance from which the bull was expected to rush into the arena. Above
+this entrance was a platform, occupied by a band of musicians, who
+continued at intervals to mingle their animating strains with the clamor
+of the noisy multitude. An officer of the town now entered the arena,
+mounted on a fine charger. He was dressed in complete sables, and carried
+in his hand the staff of office. Attended by alguazils, he
+advanced,--saluted the box where the king was _not_,--and then proceeded to
+the master of the ceremonies, from whom he received the keys of the cells,
+where the terrible animals who were to take so conspicuous parts in the
+evening spectacle were confined.
+
+At this critical juncture, a breathless silence pervaded the spectators,
+who by their eager looks evinced the absorbing interest they took in the
+soul-stirring spectacle. Anon, a band of martial instruments struck up;--a
+general buzz arose on every side, and, amidst the overwhelming din that
+prevailed throughout the circus, the _picadores_ and the rest of their
+party made their entrance into the arena. First came the _picadores_, with
+their horses blindfold, wearing enormous boots to protect them from the
+blows of the bull; next paced on the _espadas_, or _matadores_, on foot,
+attired in rich silk dresses, each wearing a robe of a different color,
+together with ribbons or some other distinctive mark of favor from his
+mistress. The procession closed with a numerous troop of _chulos_, or
+_banderilleros_, a set of young men lightly and fancifully apparelled,
+whose business is to distract the attention of the bull from a fallen
+cavalier, and to harass the animal with the _banderillas_. In this
+splendid troop we perceived some traces of the ancient spirit of chivalry,
+although, strange to say, the favorite sport of the fine cavaliers of the
+land is now confined to the lowest orders. It is only from the
+slaughter-house that the bull-fighters now, for the most part, proceed.
+
+The procession moved on, at a slow and stately pace, amidst strains of
+music and the vociferations of the lower classes, many of whom soon
+recognized in the heroes of the fete, some near relation, some dear
+friend, or at least, well-known acquaintance, whom they were desirous of
+encouraging by their shouts. The champions having made their respective
+obeisances to the royal box and to the corregidor, retired to the places
+set apart for them in the arena.
+
+The _picadores_, according to the order of precedence, ranged themselves
+in the circus, close to the _baranda_, or wooden barrier, which, though
+elevated to the height of five feet, is sometimes scarcely sufficient to
+prevent the most furious amongst the bulls from breaking over it. Suddenly
+the music ceased--the silence was intense--the signal is given--the doors
+were flung open--and, with one tremendous burst, forth sprang the bull into
+the middle of the circus! It was a fearful animal; not large, but of that
+peculiar color and breed which are accounted the most ferocious.
+
+  Dark is his hide on either side, but the blood within doth boil,
+  And the dun hide glows as if on fire, as he paws to the turmoil,
+  His eyes are jet, and they are set in crystal rings of snow;
+  But now they stare with one red glare of brass upon the foe.
+  Upon the forehead of the bull the horns stand close and near,
+  From out the broad and wrinkled skull like daggers they appear;
+  His neck is massy, like the trunk of some old knotted tree,
+  Whereon the monster's shagged mane like billows curled ye see.
+  His legs are short, his hams are thick, his hoofs are black as night,
+  Like a strong flail he holds his tail in the fierceness of his might;
+  Like something molten out of iron, or hewn forth from the rock,
+  Harpado of Xarama stands, to bide the Alcayde's shock.(6)
+
+The appearance of the bull was hailed by loud acclamations from the
+multitude; whilst hats, handkerchiefs, and scarfs fluttered in the air, in
+every direction.
+
+The noble animal appeared at first as though he were undecided how to act,
+or on whom to wreak his fierce vengeance. He turned on every side, and
+scanned the appalling number and firmness of his tormentors; gradually he
+became more and more excited, till, exasperated by the clamors of the
+impatient multitude, he tore the ground with his hoofs, tossed his head in
+proud indignation, and then stared intently before him, as if to awe the
+circus with the lightnings of his angry eye. Again he lowered his head,
+and blew the dust in clouds with the burning breath of his distended
+nostrils, and lashed his sides with his tail, as if to work himself up to
+the proper pitch of frenzy; at length, with a sudden bound, he rushed
+furiously against the first _picador_. The cavalier received the charge
+with perfect coolness and intrepidity, and having succeeded in planting
+his _pica_ in the higher part of the animal's neck, the theatre rung with
+acclamations at the strength and dexterity with which he kept his
+tremendous opponent for some moments fixed to the spot. Smarting with
+pain, the bull then retired for a short time; but his rage prevailing over
+his fears, he again rushed forward, and was received by a second
+_picador_. Less fortunate, however, than his companion, he was unable to
+withstand the overwhelming shock; and, after a fruitless effort to stem
+the animal's fury with his _pica_, it at length broke, and the bull, with
+one tremendous thrust on the horse's breast, overthrew its rider.
+Fortunately for the fallen _picador_, he was protected by the bulk of his
+horse; and the bull, as it often happens, sated his fierceness on the
+helpless animal, whose blood spouted round the arena, from a wound
+evidently mortal. The excitement of the spectators now became intense;
+when the bull, having fully disabled his enemy, advanced toward the third
+cavalier. The champion, however, had penetration enough to perceive that
+the bull was of a dangerous kind, and evinced no particular solicitude to
+come to closer quarters with him. He kept, therefore, retreating, under
+pretext of gaining an advantageous position; but the people, who guessed
+his real motive, unanimously protested against such dilatory proceedings.
+Men and women, old and young, began to assail the luckless, or rather,
+prudent _picador_, with a violent storm of abuse.
+
+During the whole of this noisy altercation, our erudite neighbor, the
+_aficionado_, had been very scientifically descanting on the various
+points of the combat, to our no small annoyance; for he could not rest a
+moment in his seat, and was continually intercepting our view. The
+_picador_, provoked by the bitter sarcasms lavished upon him by the more
+vulgar part of the spectators, now advanced with an air of determination a
+little farther into the arena; but the sagacious bull kept retreating as
+his enemy advanced, in order to render escape more difficult, and his
+vengeance certain. At length he rushed on the cavalier with such fury and
+overwhelming force, that both _picador_ and horse rolled on the ground:
+unluckily, the man not being very dexterous, could seek no protection from
+the horse, but lay exposed to the fury of his powerful antagonist.
+
+Cries of horror and alarm for the safety of the unfortunate _picador_ were
+now heard on every side, and strange to say, those very persons, who had
+but just driven him to encounter the danger, were now the most clamorous
+in shouting for protection for him. The _chulos_ lost no time in applying
+their art to extricate their companion, by harassing the animal on all
+sides, who was thus compelled to abandon his prey in order to meet his new
+tormentors. Thus the fallen cavalier was rescued from his jeopardy, whilst
+his poor horse, dreadfully gored, ran wildly about the arena. The bull, as
+if satisfied with these feats, now stood tranquilly looking on the
+spectators, who filled the air with _vivas_ in praise of his prowess.
+
+The trumpet again sounded the signal for the second part of the combat,
+and forthwith the _chulos_ advanced nimbly with their _banderillas_, each
+striving to fix his weapon in the neck of the animal, as in their
+hazardous course he passed under their extended arms. The smart of the
+_banderillas_ tended to goad the bull to greater fury, and tormented on
+every side he bellowed out in agony, and bounded from place to place,
+turning first to one, and then to another of his aggressors.
+
+Thus, after he had vented his rage, foaming at the mouth and flashing fire
+from his eyes, the moment arrived when it was deemed expedient to put an
+end to his protracted sufferings, and at a given signal the _chulos_
+retired and made place for the _prima-espada_.
+
+This was Candido, who though arrived at an advanced age, still retained
+much of the strength and agility of his youth, which, combined with the
+experience he had acquired in the game, rendered him a very formidable
+opponent. He advanced with a stately pace, bearing in one hand a piece of
+scarlet cloth to entice the animal, and in the other his sword. Having
+arrived in front of the seat of the presiding authorities, he made a
+graceful salute, and then performed the same ceremony before his friends,
+who hailed him with many hearty _vivas_; whilst a deadly silence was
+observed on the part of the admirers of his rival Leoncito. Candido
+proceeded slowly, and warily towards the bull, endeavoring to entice him
+by waving the red cloth. The animal, however, would not suddenly rush
+against his foe; but calmly watched for the moment when he might find him
+less upon his guard.
+
+Candido, with all the skill of a practised _matador_, appeared to guess
+the sinister intentions of the bull, and followed his every movement with
+an active eye--nay, he seemed to penetrate into the inmost feelings of the
+animal.--Irritated by the defiance, the bull sprang upon his foe; but was
+baffled in his vengeance, for he pierced only the floating piece of cloth;
+the _matador_ very adroitly turning aside, and plunging his sword into his
+flank as he passed. The wound however was not mortal, and the combat was
+renewed. The bull, somewhat intimidated, did not again charge his
+adversary; but preferred awaiting his approach;--after some appropriate
+evolutions, Candido at last boldly advanced towards him, and with a
+successful thrust pierced him to the heart. Nothing had been wanting to
+complete the success of Candido but the solitary triumph of retaining his
+sword in his hand after the death-blow was inflicted, this being
+considered the _ne plus ultra_ of the art. The bull had no sooner fallen
+to the ground than a set of most beautiful mules, splendidly caparisoned,
+and ornamented with a profusion of ribbons and small flags, were brought
+into the circus to convey from it the lifeless carcass. This operation was
+performed amid the stormy sounds of martial music, and the shouts of the
+multitude; the tremendous animal was dragged from the field, leaving in
+its progress a long crimson track upon the scattered sand.
+
+The signal now sounded for a second fight; the doors were once more thrown
+open, and a huge bull rushed forward, and without a moment's loss ran
+furiously at the nearest _picador_. He was, however, soon sobered, and
+smarting with the pain of the first wound he received, prudently
+retreated, in no hurry to taste a like favor from the second cavalier. In
+vain did the _picadores_ provoke him by advancing into the arena, he
+invariably declined the re-offered combat. The spectators, impatient at
+this delay, grew expressively clamorous, some crying shame! shame! and
+others _vaca! vaca!_ (poor cow! poor cow!)--but all these energetic
+remonstrances were lost upon the pacific animal.
+
+With much difficulty, and after a pretty long interval, the three wounds
+of the _pica_ (according to rule) were at length inflicted; and the
+_chulos_ came forward to perform their part. It was here that the same
+difficulty arose, for alas! it could not be expected that the poor bull,
+who had shown no relish whatever for the _pica_, should evince any taste
+for the _banderillas_. Consequently a great confusion arose, and a
+simultaneous call for _banderillas de fuego_, was heard on every side.
+This it was expected would prove a stimulus to the too tranquil
+temperament of the animal.
+
+Accordingly the furs was planted upon his neck; but scarcely had the
+fireworks began to crack and whiz around his head, than stunned no doubt
+by the noise as well as the pain, he actually turned and fled. The
+_chulos_ ran after him, and thus continued _nolens volens_ to thrust their
+spears into his unresisting carcass, until it was thought expedient to
+desist in order to give him the _coup de grace_. Leoncito the second
+_espada_ then came forward, and was hailed with joyful acclamations by his
+partisans, especially the _manolas_, for he was a young, light-made,
+dapper man. It proved however an exceedingly difficult task to kill the
+bull according to the rules of art, owing to the animal's unequivocal
+disinclination for the combat. Leoncito was a brave, daring man; but
+hardly so well skilled as Candido. He rushed boldly against the bull, and
+strove to inflict upon him a mortal wound. He missed, however, his aim at
+the right place, and the animal began to pour forth its blood in a stream.
+This is considered an enormous fault in the art--and it met with a becoming
+storm of groans and hisses. The bull, agonized by his wounds, ran wildly
+about. Leoncito gave him another blow--when he sat down, and quietly looked
+around him, as the wounds were not immediately mortal. This reposing
+attitude gave immense annoyance both to the combatants and the spectators.
+Of course it was out of all question to inflict on so gentle and resigned
+an enemy another _estocada_--and yet the public could not afford to wait
+the bull's leisure to die, as it was necessary to continue the sport. To
+expedite, therefore, the animal's last moments, and the progress of public
+business, the _eachetero_, a butcher, came forward and performed his
+function of inflicting the death-blow on occasions when, owing to the
+perversity of the bull or the clumsiness of the _matador_, his final
+assistance becomes requisite. Grasping firmly a short sharp dagger, he by
+a steady and well directed blow put a period to the agonies of the
+animal--applauses and abuse were then liberally bestowed upon Leoncito;
+after which the fight was suffered to proceed, and the third bull sprang
+into the arena. We will not, however, follow the perils and chances of
+this encounter. It may e sufficient to mention, that the sport went on
+much upon the same principle as before. The usual number of horses were
+killed, good spanking falls were endured by the combatants, and the same
+tumult and confusion prevailed throughout the circus. The combat had now
+lasted three hours, and the shadows of evening were gradually descending
+over the scene. Yet the spectators appeared by no means satisfied; some
+even grew clamorous, and required that a fourth bull should be brought
+forward. Amongst these unreasonable requisitionists, the _aficionado_
+particularly distinguished himself. He was (unhappily for his neighbors)
+blessed with most stentorian lungs, of which he made a liberal use, upon
+the most trifling occasion,--no other bull, however, was produced, and
+accordingly the spectators began slowly and discontentedly to disperse.
+
+The fight being ended, the _picadores_ and the rest of the troop withdrew
+to the little chapel, to return thanks for their escape. However, the
+veracity expected from an historian compels me to say, that their evening
+prayers were by no means of the same length as those which had preceded
+the encounter of the morning. At the entrance of the chapel we perceived
+many a dark-complexioned _manola_--many a terrible looking,
+fierce-whiskered, cigar-smoking _majo_--awaiting the egress of their
+friends; who, as soon as their devotions were concluded, stalked out with
+a martial and haughty air to receive the congratulations of their
+comrades. Meantime, the vast concourse of people so lately assembled
+together, had gradually dispersed through the various avenues of the
+Prado, affording the beholder a most striking and enlivening picture. The
+Prado itself, that beautiful promenade, which has attracted the attention
+of all who have visited Spain, now presented a most brilliant spectacle:
+it was crowded with carriages, as well as with pedestrians, all pressing
+to enjoy the coolness of the evening in that delightful spot. Having
+strolled a few times up and down this fashionable promenade, we retired to
+the _Neverria de Solos_, contiguous to the Prado, to take our _refresco_.
+To this place, as to many others of the like nature, the more elegant
+class of society retire early in the evening to eat ices, and drink
+lemonade and other refreshing beverages. From hence each person retires to
+his own _tertulia_ for the evening, and thus ends a day wholly consecrated
+to pleasure.
+
+Bull fights are now daily decreasing, both in number and splendor of
+appearance, from what they were in former times. Either the Spaniards are
+losing their relish for such spectacles, or the scarcity of good
+_picadores_ and _espades_ detracts from the interest which attaches to
+them. Not long since, the _matadores_ were favorites with the public, and
+were regarded with considerable interest even by their superiors. Many
+singular and gallant adventures are related of them and ladies of rank. It
+was a common custom, no great while ago, to throw purses of gold to the
+combatants, upon the achievement of some skilful feat. But unhappily the
+secret of long purses is lost, and there is but little chance of a
+stranger seeing any money thrown away in Spain at the present time.
+
+The most renowned of the Matadores were Romero and Pepe-Hillo, the author
+of a treatise entitled Tauromachia. The first retired from the arena full
+of honors and considerable wealth. But being desirous of obtaining for his
+son a canonship, he was commanded, in order to obtain that favor from the
+queen, Maria Louisa, to re-appear in the arena, on some grand festival.
+
+Romero joyfully obeyed; but his age and feebleness were inadequate to cope
+with the fearful bull, and he would certainly have been killed, had not
+his friends forcibly withdrawn him from the arena.
+
+The will, however, was taken for the deed, and his son was accordingly
+made a canon. With regard to Pepe-Hillo, like a gallant general, he met
+his death in the field of his exploits. On a certain occasion, contrary to
+the opinion of his friends, who knew him to be suffering from a wound in
+the hand, he appeared in the arena. Unhappily he had to encounter a
+tremendous animal. The bull hurled him on high twice; and when the
+unfortunate man fell on the ground he was frightfully gored, and shortly
+afterwards expired, amidst the most excruciating torments.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE LADY AND THE FLOWER.
+
+
+BY G. P. R. JAMES, ESQ.
+
+  There be of British arms and deeds,
+    Who sing in noble strain,
+  Of Poictiers' field, and Agincourt,
+    And Cressy's bloody plain.
+
+  High tales of merry England,
+    Full often have been told,
+  For never wanted bard to sing
+    The actions of the bold.
+
+  But now I tune another string,
+    To try my minstrel power,
+  My story's of a gallant knight,
+    A lady, and a flower.
+
+  The noble sun that shines on all,
+    The little or the great,
+  As bright on cottage doorway small,
+    As on the castle gate,
+
+  Came pouring over fair Guienne
+    From the far eastern sea;
+  And glistened on the broad Garonne,
+    And slept on Blancford lea.
+
+  The morn was up, the morn was bright,
+    In southern summer's rays,
+  And Nature caroll'd in the light,
+    And sung her Maker's praise.
+
+  Fair Blancford, thou art always fair,
+    With many a shady dell,
+  And bland variety and change,
+    Of forest and of fell.
+
+  But Blancford on that morn was gay,
+    With many a pennon bright,
+  And glittering arms and panoply
+    Shone in the morning light.
+
+  For good Prince Edward, England's pride,
+    Now lay in Blancford's towers,
+  And weary sickness had consumed,
+    The hero's winter hours.
+
+  But now that brighter hopes had come,
+    With summer's brighter ray,
+  He called his gallant knights around,
+    To spend a festal day.
+
+  With tournament and revelry,
+    To pass away the hours,
+  And win fair Mary from her sire,
+  The Lord of Blancford's towers.
+
+  But why fair Mary's brow was sad
+    None in the castle knew,
+  Nor why she watched one garden bed,
+  Where none but wild pinks grew.
+
+  Some said that seven nights before
+    A page had sped away,
+  To where Lord Clifford with his power,
+    On Touraine's frontier lay.
+
+  To Blancford no Lord Clifford came,
+    And many a tale was told,
+  For well 'twas known that he had sought,
+    Fair Mary's love of old.
+
+  And some there said Lord Clifford's love
+    Had cooled at Mary's pride,
+  And some there said that other vows
+    His heart inconstant tied.
+
+  Foul slander, ready still to soil,
+    All that is bright and fair,
+  With more than Time's destructiveness,
+    Who never learned to spare.
+
+  The morn was bright, but posts had come,
+    Bringing no tidings fair,
+  For knit was Edward's royal brow,
+    And full of thoughtful care.
+
+  The lists were set, the parted sun
+    Shone equal on the plain,
+  And many a knight there manfully
+    Strove fresh applause to gain.
+
+  Sir Henry Talbot, and Sir Guy
+    Of Brackenbury, he
+  Who slew the giant Iron-arm,
+    On Cressy's famous lea,
+
+  Were counted best, and claimed the Prince
+    To give the sign that they
+  Might run the tilt, and one receive
+    The honors of the day.
+
+  "Speed, knights, perhaps those arms that shine
+    In peace," prince Edward said,
+  "Before a se'nnight pass, may well,
+    In Gallic blood be died.
+
+  "For here we learn that hostile bands,
+    Have gathered in Touraine,
+  And Clifford, with his little troop,
+    Are prisoners or slain.
+
+  "For with five hundred spears, how bold
+    Soe'er his courage show,
+  He never could withstand the shock,
+    Of such a host of foe."
+
+  Fair Mary spoke not, but the blood
+    Fled truant from her cheek,
+  And left it pale, as when day leaves
+    Some mountain's snowy peak.
+
+  But then there camp the cry of horse,
+    The east lea pricking o'er,
+  And to the lists a weary page
+    A tattered pennon bore.
+
+  Fast came a knight with blood-stained arms,
+    And dusty panoply,
+  And beaver down, and armed lance,
+    In chivalric array.
+
+  No crest, no arms, no gay device,
+    Upon his shield he wore,
+  But a small knot beside his plume,
+    Of plain wild pinks he bore.
+
+  For love, for love and chivalry,
+    Lord Clifford rides the plain,
+  And foul he lies who dares to say,
+    His honor e'er know stain.
+
+  And Mary's cheek 'gan blushing bright,
+    And Mary's heart beat high,
+  And Mary's breath that fear oppressed
+    Came in a long glad sigh.
+
+  Straight to the Prince the knight he rode,
+    "I claim these lists," he cried,
+  "Though late into the field I come,
+    My suit be not denied;
+
+  "For we have fought beside the Loire,
+    And stained our arms in blood;
+  Not ever lost one step of ground,
+    So long as rebels stood.
+
+  "Hemmed in, I one time never thought
+    To die in British land,
+  Or see my noble prince again,
+    Or kiss his royal hand.
+
+  "But well fought every gallant squire,
+    And well fought every knight;
+  And rebels have been taught to feel
+    The force of British might.
+
+  "And now in humble terms they sue,
+    To know thy high command,
+  And here stand I these lists to claim,
+    For a fair lady's hand.
+
+  "For Mary's love, and chivalry,
+    I dare the world to fight,
+  And foul and bitterly he lies,
+    Who dares deny my right"
+
+  "No, no, brave Clifford," Edward said,
+    "No lists to-day for thee,
+  Thy gallant deeds beside the Loire,
+    Well prove thy chivalry.
+
+  "Sir Guy, Sir Henry, and the rest,
+    Have well acquit their arms,
+  But Edward's thanks are Clifford's due,
+    As well as Mary's charms."
+
+  "My lord, you are her sire," he said,
+    "Give kind consent and free,
+  And who denies our Clifford's right,
+    Shall ride a tilt with me."
+
+  Gay spake the prince, gay laughed the throng,
+    And Mary said not nay,
+  And bright with smile, and dance, and song,
+    Went down the festal day.
+
+  And when Lord Clifford to the board
+    Led down his Mary fair,
+  A knot of pinks was in his cap,
+    A knot was in her hair.
+
+  For it had been their sign of love,
+    And loved by them was still,
+  Till death came quietly on their heads,
+    And bowed them to his will.
+
+  And now, though years have passed away,
+    And all that years have seen,
+  And Clifford's deeds and Mary's charms,
+    Are as they ne'er had been,
+
+  Some wind, as if in memory
+    Has borne the seeds on high,
+  To deck the ruin's crumbling wall,
+    And catch the passing eye.
+
+  It tells a tale to those who hear;
+    For beauty, strength, and power,
+  Are but the idols of a day,
+    More short-lived than a flower.
+
+  Joy on, joy on, then, while ye may,
+    Nor waste the moments dear;
+  Nor give yourself a cause to sigh,
+    Nor teach to shed a tear.
+
+
+
+
+
+AN OLD MAID'S FIRST LOVE.
+
+
+                    From Chamber's Edinburgh Journal.
+
+
+I went once to the south of France for my health; and being recommended to
+choose the neighborhood of Avignon, took my place, I scarcely know why, in
+the diligence all the way from Paris. By this proceeding I missed the
+steam-voyage down the Rhone, but fell in with some very pleasant people,
+about whom I am going to speak. I travelled in the _interieur_, and from
+Lyon had no one for companion but a fussy little lady, of a certain age,
+who had a large basket, a parrot in a cage, a little lapdog, a bandbox, a
+huge blue umbrella, which she could never succeed in stowing any where,
+and a moth-eaten muff. In my valetudinarian state I was not pleased with
+this inroad--especially as the little lady had a thin, pinched-up face, and
+obstinately looked out of the window, while she popped about the
+_interieur_ as if she had just taken lodgings and was putting them in
+order, throwing me every now and then some gracious apology in a not
+unpleasant voice. "Mince as you please, madam," thought I; "you are a
+bore." I am sorry to add that I was very unaccommodating, gave no
+assistance in the stowing away of the umbrella, and when Fanfreluche came
+and placed his silken paws upon my knees, pushed him away very rudely. The
+little old maid--it was evident this was her quality--apologized for her dog
+as she had done for herself, and went on arranging her furniture--an
+operation not completed before we got to St. Saphorin.
+
+For some hours a perfect silence was preserved, although my companion
+several times gave a short dry cough, as if about to make an observation.
+At length, the digestion of a hurried dinner being probably completed, I
+felt all of a sudden quite bland and sociable, and began to be mightily
+ashamed of myself. "Decidedly," thought I, "I must give this poor woman
+the benefit of my conversation." So I spoke, very likely with that
+self-satisfied air assumed sometimes by men accustomed to be well
+received. To my great vexation the old maid had by this time taken
+offence, and answered in a very stiff and reserved manner. Now the whole
+absurdity of my conduct was evident to me, and I determined to make
+amends. Being naturally of a diplomatic turn, I kept quiet for awhile, and
+then began to make advances to Fanfreluche. The poor animal bore no
+malice, and I won his heart by stroking his long ears. Then I gave a piece
+of sugar to the parrot; and having thus effected a practicable breach,
+took the citadel by storm by pointing out a more commodious way of
+arranging the great blue umbrella.
+
+We were capital friends thenceforward; and I soon knew the history of
+Mlle. Nathalie Bernard by heart. A mightily uninteresting history it was
+to all but herself; so I shall not repeat it: suffice to say, that she had
+lived long on her little income, as she called it, at Lyon, and was now on
+her way to Avignon, where a very important object called her. This was no
+other than to save her niece Marie from a distasteful marriage, which her
+parents, very good people, but dazzled by the wealth of the unamiable
+suitor, wished to bring about.
+
+"And have you," said I, "any reasonable hope of succeeding in your
+mission?"
+
+"_Parbleu!_" replied the old maid, "I have composed a little speech on
+ill-assorted unions, which I am sure will melt the hearts of my sister and
+my brother-in-law; and if that does not succeed--why, I will make love to
+the _futur_ myself, and whisper in his ear that a comfortable little
+income available at once, and a willing old maid, are better than a
+cross-grained damsel with expectations only. You see I am resolved to make
+any sacrifice to effect my object."
+
+I laughed at the old maid's disinterestedness, which was perhaps greater
+than at first appeared. At least she assured me that she had refused
+several respectable offers, simply because she liked the independence of a
+single life; and that if she had remained single to that age, it was a
+sign that marriage had nothing attractive for her in itself. We discussed
+the point learnedly as the diligence rolled; and what with the original
+turn of my companion's mind, the sportive disposition of Fanfreluche, and
+the occasional disjointed soliloquies of Coco, the parrot, our time passed
+very pleasantly. When night came Mlle. Nathalie ensconced herself in the
+corner behind her parcels and animals, and endeavored to sleep; but the
+jolting of the diligence, and her own lively imagination, wakened her
+every five minutes; and I had each time to give her a solemn assurance, on
+my word of honor as a gentleman, that there was no particular danger of
+our being upset into the Rhone.
+
+We were ascending a steep hill next day; both had got out to walk. I have
+omitted to note that it was autumn. Trees and fields were touched by the
+golden fingers of the season. The prospect was wide, but I forget the
+precise locality. On the opposite side of the Rhone, which rolled its
+rapid current in a deepening valley to our right, rose a range of hills,
+covered with fields that sloped wonderfully, and sometimes gave place to
+precipices or wood-lined declivities. Here and there the ruins of some old
+castle--reminiscences of feudal times--rose amid lofty crags, and traced
+their jagged outline against the deep blue sky of Provence. Nathalie
+became almost sentimental as she gazed around on this beautiful scene.
+
+We had climbed about half of the hill: the diligence was a little way
+behind: the five horses were stamping and striking fire from the pavement
+as they struggled up with the ponderous vehicle: the other passengers had
+lingered in the rear with the conductor, who had pointed out a little
+_auberge_ among some trees. We here saw a man preceding us upon the road
+carrying a little bundle at the end of a stick over his shoulder: he
+seemed to advance painfully. Our attention was attracted--I scarcely knew
+why. He paused a moment--then went on with an uncertain step--paused again,
+staggered forward, and fell on his face just as we came up. Mlle.
+Nathalie, with a presence of mind that surprised me, had her
+smelling-bottle out in an instant, and was soon engaged in restoring the
+unfortunate traveller to consciousness. I assisted as well as I was able,
+and trust that my good-will may atone for my awkardness. Nathalie did
+every thing; and, just as the diligence reached us, was gazing with
+delight on the languid opening of a pair of as fine eyes as I have ever
+seen, and supporting in her lap a head covered with beautiful curls. Even
+at that moment, as I afterwards remembered, she looked upon the young man
+as a thing over which she had acquired a right of property. "He is going
+our way," said she: "let us lift him into the diligence."
+
+"A beggarly Parisian; yo, yo!" quoth the postilion as he passed, clacking
+his long whip.
+
+"Who will answer for his fare?" inquired the conductor.
+
+"I will," replied Nathalie, taking the words out of my mouth.
+
+In a few minutes the young man, who looked bewildered and could not speak,
+was safely stowed among Nathalie's other parcels; and the crest of the
+hill being gained, we began rolling rapidly down a steep descent. The
+little old maid, though in a perfect ecstasy of delight--the incident
+evidently appeared to her quite an adventure--behaved with remarkable
+prudence. While I was puzzling my head to guess by what disease this poor
+young man had been attacked, she was getting ready the remedies that
+appeared to her the most appropriate, in the shape of some excellent cakes
+and a bottle of good wine, which she fished out of her huge basket. Her
+_protege_, made tame by hunger, allowed himself to be treated like a
+child. First she gave him a very small sip of Burgundy, then a diminutive
+fragment of cake; and then another sip and another piece of cake--insisting
+on his eating very slowly. Being perfectly useless, I looked quietly on,
+and smiled to see the suhmissiveness with which this fine, handsome fellow
+allowed himself to be fed by the fussy old maid, and how he kept his eyes
+fixed upon her with an expression of wondering admiration.
+
+Before we arrived at Avignon we knew the history of the young man. He was
+an artist, who had spent several years studying in Paris, without friends,
+without resources, except a miserable pittance which his mother, a poor
+peasant woman living in a village not far from Aix, had managed to send
+him. At first he had been upheld by hope; and although he knew that his
+mother not only denied herself necessaries, but borrowed money to support
+him, he was consoled by the idea that the time would come when, by the
+efforts of his genius, he would be able to repay every thing with the
+accumulated interest which affection alone would calculate. But his
+expenses necessarily increased, and no receipts came to meet them. He was
+compelled to apply to his mother for further assistance. The answer was
+one word--"impossible." Then he endeavored calmly to examine his position,
+came to the conclusion that for several years more he must be a burden to
+his mother if he obstinately pursued his career, and that she must be
+utterly ruined to insure his success. So he gave up his art, sold every
+thing he had to pay part of his debts, and set out on foot to return to
+big village and become a peasant, as his father had been before him. The
+little money he had taken with him was gone by the time he reached Lyon.
+He had passed through that city without stopping, and for more than two
+days, almost for two nights, had incessantly pursued his journey, without
+rest and without food, until he had reached the spot where, exhausted with
+fatigue and hunger, he had fallen, perhaps to perish had we not been there
+to assist him.
+
+Nathalie listened with eager attention to this narrative, told with a
+frankness which our sympathy excited. Now and then she gave a convulsive
+start, or checked a hysterical sob, and at last fairly burst into tears. I
+was interested as well as she, but retained more calmness to observe how
+moral beauty almost vainly straggled to appear through the insignificant
+features of this admirable woman. Her little eyes, reddened with weeping;
+her pinched-up nose, blooming at the point; her thin lips, probably
+accustomed to sarcasm; her cheeks, with a leaded citron hue; her hair that
+forked up in unmanageable curls--all combined to obscure the exquisite
+expression of respect and sympathy, perhaps already of love, sparkling
+from her kindled soul, that could just be made out by an attentive eye. At
+length, however, she became for a moment perfectly beautiful, as, when the
+young painter had finished his story, with an expression that showed how
+bitterly he regretted his abandoned art, she took both his hands in hers,
+and exclaimed: "No, _mon enfant_, you shall not be thus disappointed. Your
+genius"--she already took it for granted he had genius--"shall have an
+opportunity for development. Your mother cannot do what is necessary--she
+has played her part. I will be a--second mother to you, in return f"r the
+little affection you can bestow on me without ingratitude to her to whom
+you owe your life."
+
+"My life has to be paid for twice," said he, kissing her hand. Nathalie
+could not help looking round proudly to me. It was so flattering to
+receive the gallant attentions of so handsome a young man, that I think
+she tried to forget how she had bought them.
+
+In the exuberance of her hospitality, the little old maid invited both
+Claude Richer and myself to spend some time in the large farmhouse of her
+brother-in-law. I declined, with a promise to be a frequent visitor; but
+Claude, who was rather commanded than asked, could do nothing but accept.
+I left them at the diligence office, and saw them walk away, the little
+Nathalie affecting to support her feeble companion. For the honor of human
+nature let me add, that the conductor said nothing about the fare. "It
+would have been indelicate," he said to me, "to remind Mlle. Nathalie of
+her promise in the young man's presence. I know her well; and she will pay
+me at a future time. At any rate I must show that there is a heart under
+this waistcoat." So saying, the conductor thumped his breast with simple
+admiration of his own humanity, and went away, after recommending me to
+the Cafe de Paris--indeed and excellent house.
+
+I shall say nothing of a variety of little incidents that occurred to me
+at Avignon, nor about my studies on the history of the popes who resided
+there. I must reserve myself entirely for the development of Nathalie's
+romance, which I could not follow step by step, but the chief features of
+which I was enabled to catch during a series of visits I paid to the
+farmhouse. Nathalie herself was very communicative to me at first, and
+scarcely deigned to conceal her sentiments. By degrees, however, as the
+catastrophe approached, she became more and more reserved; and I had to
+learn from others, or to guess the part she played.
+
+The farmhouse was situated on the other side of the river, in a small
+plain, fertile and well wooded. Old Cossu, the owner, was a fine jolly
+fellow, but evidently a little sharp in money matters. I was surprised at
+first that he received the visit of Claude favorably; but when it came out
+that a good part of his capital belonged to Nathalie, every circumstance
+of deference to her was explained. Mere Cossu was not a very remarkable
+personage; unless it be remarkable that she entertained the most profound
+veneration for her husband, quoted his commonest sayings as witticisms,
+and was ready to laugh herself into convulsions if he sneezed louder than
+usual. Marie was a charming little person; perhaps a little too demure in
+her manners, considering her wicked black eyes. She was soon very friendly
+with Claude and me, but seemed to prefer passing her time in whispered
+conversations with Nathalie. I was let into the secret that their
+conversation turned principally on the means of getting rid of the
+husband-elect--a great lubberly fellow, who lived some leagues off, and
+whose red face shone over the garden-gate, in company with a huge nosegay,
+regularly every Sunday morning. In spite of the complying temper of old
+Cossu in other respects when Nathalie gave her advice, he seemed
+obstinately bent on choosing his own son-in-law. Parents are oftener
+correct than romancers will allow, in their negative opinions on this
+delicate subject, but I cannot say as much for them when they undertake to
+be affirmative.
+
+I soon observed that Nathalie was not so entirely devoted to the
+accomplishment of the object for which she had undertaken her journey as
+she had promised; and, above all, that she spoke no more of the
+disinterested sacrifice of herself as a substitute for Marie. I
+maliciously alluded to this subject in one of our private confabulations,
+and Nathalie, instead of being offended, frankly answered that she could
+not make big Paul Boneau happy and assist Claude in his studies at the
+same time. "I have now," she said, "an occupation for the rest of my
+life--namely, to develop this genius, of which France will one day be
+proud; and I shall devote myself to it unremittingly."
+
+"Come, Nathalie," replied I, taking her arm in mine as we crossed the
+poplar-meadow, "have you no hope of a reward?"
+
+"I understand," quoth she frankly; "and I will not play at cross-purposes
+with you. If this young man really loves his art, and his art alone, as he
+pretends, could he do better than reward me--as you call it--for my
+assistance? The word has a cruel signification, but you did not mean it
+unkindly."
+
+I looked at her wan, sallow countenance, that had begun for some days to
+wear an expression of painful anxiety. At that moment I saw over a
+hedge--but she could not--Claude and Marie walking in a neighboring field,
+and pausing now and then to bend their heads very close together in
+admiration of some very common flower. "Poor old maid," thought I, "you
+will have no reward save the consciousness of your own pure intentions."
+
+The minute development of this drama without dramatic scenes would perhaps
+be more instructive than any elaborate analysis of human passions in
+general; but it would require a volume, and I can only here give a mere
+summary. Nathalie, in whom alone I felt particularly interested, soon
+found that, she had deceived herself as to the nature of her sentiments
+for Claude--that instead of regarding him with almost maternal solicitude,
+she loved him with an intensity that is the peculiar characteristic of
+passions awakened late in life, when the common consolation is
+inadmissible--"after all, I may find better." This was her last, her only
+chance of a happiness, which she had declared to me she had never dreamed
+of, but which in reality she had only declined because it did not present
+itself to her under all the conditions required by her refined and
+sensitive mind. Claude, who was an excellent fellow, but incapable of
+comprehending her or sacrificing himself, never swerved from grateful
+deference to her; but I could observe, that as the state of her feelings
+became more apparent, he took greater care to mark the character of his
+sentiments for her, and to insist with some affectation on the depth of
+his filial affection. Nathalie's eyes were often red with tears--a fact
+which Claude did not choose perhaps to notice, for fear of an explanation.
+Marie, on the contrary, became more blooming every day, while her eloquent
+eyes were still more assiduously bent upon the ground. It was evident to
+me that she and Claude understood one another perfectly well.
+
+At length the same thing became evident to Nathalie. How the revelation
+was made to her I do not know; but sudden it must have been, for I met her
+one day in the poplar-field, walking hurriedly along with an extraordinary
+expression of despair in her countenance. I know not why, but the thought
+at once occurred to me that the Rhone ran rapid and deep not far off, and
+I threw myself across her path. She started like a guilty thing, but did
+not resist when I took her hand and led her back slowly towards the
+farmhouse. We had nearly reached it in silence when she suddenly stopped,
+and bursting into tears turned away into a by-lane where was a little
+bench under an elm. Here she sat down and sobbed for a long time, while I
+stood by. At length she raised her head and asked me: "Do morality and
+religion require self-sacrifice even to the end--even to making half a life
+a desert, even to heart-breaking, even unto death?"
+
+"It scarcely belongs to a selfish mortal to counsel such virtue," I
+replied; "but it is because it is exercised here and there, now and then,
+once in a hundred years, that man can claim some affinity with the divine
+nature."
+
+A smile of ineffable sweetness played about the poor old girl's lips. She
+wiped her eyes, and began talking of the changing aspect of the season,
+and how the trees day by day more rapidly shed their leaves, and how the
+Rhone had swelled within its ample bed, and of various topics apparently
+unconnected with her frame of mind, but all indicating that she felt the
+winter was coming--a long and dreary winter for her. At this moment
+Fanfreluche, which had missed her, came down the lane, barking with fierce
+joy; and she took the poor little beast in her arms, and exhaled the last
+bitter feeling that tormented her in these words: "Thou at least lovest
+me--because I have fed thee!" In her humility she seemed now to believe
+that her only claim to love was her charity; and that even this claim was
+not recognized except by a dog!
+
+I was not admitted to the secret of the family conclave that took place,
+but learned simply that Nathalie pleaded with feverish energy the love
+that had grown up between Marie and Claude as an insuperable bar to the
+proposed marriage between Paul Boneau and her niece. Matters were arranged
+by means of large sacrifices on the part of the heroic maid. Paul's face
+ceased to beam over the garden-gate on a Sunday morning; and by degrees
+the news got abroad that Marie was betrothed to the young artist. One day
+a decent old woman in _sabots_ came to the farmhouse: it was Claude's
+mother, who had walked from Aix to see him. It was arranged that Claude
+should pursue his studies a year longer, and then marry. Whether any
+explanation took place I do not know; but I observed that the young man
+sometimes looked with the same expression of wondering admiration I had
+observed in the diligence at the little Nathalie--more citron-hued than
+ever. At length she unhooked the cage of Coco, the parrot, took
+Faufreluche under one arm and her blue umbrella under the other, and went
+away in company with the whole family, myself included, every one carrying
+a parcel or a basket to the diligence office. What a party that was! Every
+one was in tears except Nathalie. She bore up manfully, if I may use the
+word; laughed, and actually joked; but just as I handed Coco in, her
+factitious courage yielded, and she burst into an agony of grief. With
+officious zeal I kept at the window until the diligence gave a lurch and
+started; and then turning round I looked at Claude and Marie, who were
+already mingling their eyes in selfish forgetfulness of their
+benefactress, and said solemnly: "There goes the best woman ever created
+for this unworthy earth." The artist, who, for an ordinary man, did not
+lack sentiment, took my hand and said: "Sir, I will quarrel with any man
+who says less of that angel than you have done."
+
+The marriage was brought about in less time than had been agreed upon.
+Nathalie of course did not come; but she sent some presents and a pleasant
+letter of congratulation, in which she called herself "an inveterate old
+maid." About a year afterwards I passed through Lyon and saw her. She was
+still very yellow, and more than ever attentive to Fanfreluche and Coco. I
+even thought she devoted herself too much to the service of these two
+troublesome pets, to say nothing of a huge cat which she had added to her
+menagerie, as a kind of hieroglyphic of her condition. "How fare the
+married couple?" cried she, tossing up her cork-screw curls. "Still cooing
+and billing?"
+
+"Mademoiselle," said I, "they are getting on pretty well. Claude, finding
+the historic pencil not lucrative, has taken to portrait-painting; and
+being no longer an enthusiastic artist, talks even of adopting the more
+expeditious method of the Daguerreotype. In the meantime, half the
+tradesmen of Avignon, to say nothing of Aix, have bespoken caricatures of
+themselves by his hand. Marie makes a tolerable wife, but has a terrible
+will of her own, and is feared as well as loved."
+
+Nathalie tried to laugh; but the memory of her old illusions coming over
+her, she leaned down towards the cat she was nursing, and sparkling tears
+fell upon its glossy fur.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADEMOISELLE DE CAMARGO.
+
+
+From advance sheets of a capital book entitled "Men and Women of the XIXth
+           Century, by Argene Houssaye," in press by Redfield.
+
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo almost came into the world dancing. It is related
+that Gritry, when he was scarcely four years of age, had an idea of
+musical tunes. Mademoiselle de Camargo danced at a much earlier age. She
+was still in arms when the combined airs of a violin and a hautboy caught
+her ear. She jumped about full of life, and during the whole time that the
+music was playing, she danced, there is no other word for it, keeping time
+with great delight. It must be stated that she was of Spanish origin. She
+was born at Brussels, the 15th of April, 1710, of a noble family, that had
+supplied several cardinals to the sacred college, and is of considerable
+distinction in Spanish history, both ecclesiastical and national. Her name
+was Marianne. Her mother had danced, but with the ladies of the court, for
+her own pleasure, and not for that of others. Her father, Ferdinand de
+Cupis de Camargo, was a frank Spanish noble, that is to say he was poor;
+he lived at Brussels, upon the crumbs of the table of the Prince de Ligne,
+without counting the debts he made. His family, which was quite numerous,
+was brought up by the grace of God; the father frequented the tavern,
+trusting to the truth that there is a God that rules over children!
+
+Marianne was so pretty that the Princess de Ligne used to call her her
+fairy daughter. Light as a bird, she used to spring into the elms, and
+jump from branch to branch. No fawn in its morning gayety had more
+capricious and easy movements; no deer wounded by the huntsman ever sprang
+with more force and grace. When she was ten years old, the Princess de
+Ligne thought that this pretty wonder belonged of right to Paris, the city
+of wonders, Paris, where the opera was then displaying its thousand and
+thousand enchantments. It was decided that Mademoiselle de Camargo should
+be a dancing-girl at the opera. Her father objected strenuously:
+"Dancing-girl! the daughter of a gentleman, a grandee of Spain!"--"Goddess
+of dance, if you please," said the Princess of Ligne, in order to quiet
+him. He resigned himself to taking a journey to Paris in the prince's
+carriage. He arrived in the style of a lord at the house of Mademoiselle
+Prevost, whom the poets of the day celebrated under the name of
+Terpsichore. She consented to give lessons to Marianne de Camargo. Three
+months after his departure, M. de Camargo returned to Brussels, with the
+air of a conqueror. Mademoiselle de Prevost had predicted that his
+daughter would be his glory and his fortune.
+
+After having danced at a fete given by the Prince de Ligne, Marianne de
+Camargo made her first appearance at the Brussels theatre, where she
+reigned for three years as first _danseuse_. Her true theatre was not
+there; in spite of her triumph at Brussels, her imagination always carried
+her to Paris; notwithstanding when she quitted Brussels she went to Rouen.
+Finally, after a long residence in that city, she was permitted to make
+her first appearance at the opera. It was on the 5th of May, 1726, for the
+famous day of her debut has not been forgotten, that she appeared with all
+the brilliancy of sixteen upon the first stage in the world. Mademoiselle
+Prevost, already jealous, from a presentiment perhaps, had advised her to
+make her first appearance in the _Characters of the Dance_, a step almost
+impossible, which the most celebrated dancers hardly had dared to attemp,
+at the height even of their reputation. Mademoiselle de Camargo, who
+danced like a fairy, surpassed all her predecessors; her triumph was so
+brilliant that on the next day all the fashions took their name after her:
+hair _a la Camargo_, dresses _a la Camargo_, sleeves _a la Camargo_. All
+the ladies of the court imitated her grace; there were not a few that
+would have liked to have copied her face!
+
+I have not told all yet: Mademoiselle de Camargo was made by love and for
+love. She was beautiful and pretty at the same time. There could be
+nothing so sweet and impassioned as her dark eyes, nothing so enchanting
+as her sweet smile! Lancret, Pater, J. B. Vanloo, all the painters that
+were then celebrated, tried to portray her charming face.
+
+On the second night of Mademoiselle de Camargo's appearance on the stage,
+there were twenty duels and quarrels without end at the door of the opera;
+every one wanted to get in. Mademoiselle Prevost, alarmed at such a
+triumph, intrigued with such success that Mademoiselle de Camargo was soon
+forced to fall back to the position of a mere _figurante_. She and her
+admirers had reason to be indignant. She was obliged to resign herself to
+dancing unobserved with the company. But she was not long in avenging
+herself with effect. One day, while she was dancing with a group of
+demons, Demoulins, called the devil, did not make his appearance to dance
+his solo, when the musicians had struck up, expecting his entrance. A
+sudden inspiration seizes Mademoiselle de Camargo; she leaves the other
+_figurantes_, she springs forward to the middle of the stage, and
+improvises Demoulins's _pas de seul_, but with more effect and capricious
+variety. Applause re-echoed throughout the theatre. Mademoiselle de
+Prevost swore that she would ruin her youthful rival; but it was too late.
+Terpsichore was dethroned. Mademoiselle de Camargo was crowned on that day
+queen of the opera, absolute queen, whose power was unlimited! She was the
+first who dared to make the discovery that her petticoats were too long.
+Here I will let Grimm have his say: "This useful invention, which puts the
+amateur in the way of forming an intelligent judgment of the legs of a
+dancing-girl, was thought at that time to be the cause of a dangerous
+schism. The Jansenists of the pit exclaimed heresy, scandal; and were
+opposed to the shortened petticoats. The Molinists, on the contrary, held
+that this innovation was in character with the spirit of the primitive
+church, which was opposed to the sight of pirouettes and pigeon-wings,
+embarrassed by the length of a petticoat. The Sorbonne of the opera had
+for a long time great trouble in establishing the wholesome doctrine on
+this point of discipline, which so much divided the faithful."
+
+Monsieur Ferdinand de Camargo grew old with a severe anxiety about the
+virtue and the salary of his daughter: he only preserved the salary.
+Intoxicated with her triumph, Mademoiselle de Camargo listened too
+willingly to all the lords of the court that frequented the company of the
+actresses behind the scenes; it would have been necessary for the king to
+appoint an historiographer, in order to record all the passions of this
+_danseuse_. There was a time when all the world was in love with her.
+Every one swore by Camargo; every one sang of Camargo; every one dreamed
+about Camargo. The madrigals of Voltaire and of the gallant poets of that
+gallant era are not forgotten.
+
+However, the glory of Mademoiselle de Camargo was extinguished by degrees.
+Like fashion that had patronized her, she passed away by degrees, never to
+return. When she insisted upon retiring, although she was only forty years
+of age, no one thought of preventing her: she was hardly regretted. There
+was no inquiry made as to whither she had gone; she was only spoken of at
+rare intervals, and then she was only alluded to as a memory of the past.
+She had become something of a devotee, and very charitable. She knew by
+name all the poor in her neighborhood. She occasionally was visited by
+some of the notabilities of a past day, forgotten like herself.
+
+In the _Amusements of the Heart and Mind_, a collection designed, as is
+well known, to form the mind and the heart, Mademoiselle de Camargo is
+charged with having had a thousand and more lovers! Without giving the lie
+to this accusation, can I not prove it false by relating, in all its
+simplicity, a fact which proves a profound passion on her part? A pretty
+woman may dance at the opera, smile upon numberless admirers, live
+carelessly from day to day, in the noisy excitement of the world; still,
+there will be some blessed hours, when the heart, though often laid waste,
+will flourish again all of a sudden. Love is like the sky, which looks
+blue, even when reflected in the stream formed by the storm. It is thus
+that love is occasionally found pure in a troubled heart. But, moreover,
+this serious passion of Mademoiselle de Camargo was experienced by her in
+all the freshness of her youth.
+
+One morning, Grimm, Pont-de-Veyle, Duclos, Helvetius, presented themselves
+in a gay mood, at the humble residence of the celebrated dancer. She was
+then living in an old house in the Rue Saint-Thomas-du-Louvre. An aged
+serving-woman opened the door.--"We wish to see Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, who had great difficulty in keeping his countenance. The
+old woman led them into a parlor that was furnished with peculiar and
+grotesque-looking furniture. The wainscoting was covered with pastels
+representing Mademoiselle de Camargo in all her grace, and in her
+different characters. But the parlor was not adorned by her portraits
+only; there was a _Christ on_ _the Mount of Olives_, a _Magdalen at the
+Tomb_, a _Veiled Virgin_, a _Venus_, the _Three Graces_, some _Cupids_,
+half concealed beneath some rosaries and sacred relics, and _Madonnas_,
+covered with trophies from the opera!
+
+The goddess of the place did not keep them a long time waiting; a door
+opened, half-a-dozen dogs of every variety of breed sprang into the
+parlor: it must be said, to the praise of Mademoiselle de Camargo, that
+these were not lap-dogs. She appeared behind them, carrying in her arms
+(looking like a fur muff) an Angora cat of fine growth. As she had not
+followed the fashion for ten years or more, she appeared to have come from
+the other world.--"You see, gentlemen," pointing to her dogs, "all the
+court I have at present, but in truth those courtiers there are well worth
+all others. Here, Marquis! down, Duke! lie down, Chevalier! Do not be
+offended, gentlemen, that I receive you in such company; but how was I to
+know?..."--Grimm first spoke.--"You will excuse, mademoiselle, this
+unannounced visit when you know the important object of it."--"I am as
+curious as if I were only twenty years old," said Mademoiselle de Camargo;
+"but, alas! when I was twenty, it was the heart that was curious; but now,
+in the winter of life, I am no longer troubled on that score."--"The heart
+never grows old," said Helvetius, bowing.--"That is a heresy, sir: those
+only dare to advance such maxims who have never been in love. It is love
+that never grows old, for it dies in childhood. But the heart--"--"You see,
+madame, that your heart is still young; what you have just said proves
+that you are still full of fire and inspiration."--"Yes, yes," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo, "you are perhaps right; but when the hair is gray
+and the wrinkles are deep, the heart is a lost treasure; a coin that is no
+longer current."--While saying this, she lifted up Marquis by his two paws,
+and kissed him on the head: Marquis was a fine setter-dog, with a
+beautiful spotted skin.--"They, at least, will love me to the last. But it
+seems to me we are talking nonsense; have we nothing better to talk about?
+Come, gentlemen, I am all attention!"
+
+The visitors looked at each other with some embarrassment; they seemed to
+be asking of each other who was to speak first. Pont-de-Veyle collected
+his thoughts, and spoke as follows: "Mademoiselle, we have been
+breakfasting together; we had a gay time of it, like men of spirit.
+Instead of bringing before us, as the Egyptians in olden times, mummies,
+in order to remind us that time is the most precious of all things, we
+called up all those gay phantoms which enchanted our youth: need I say
+that you were not the least charming of them? who did not love you? who
+did not desire to live with you one hour, even at the expense of a wound?
+Happiness never costs too much--" Mademoiselle Camargo interrupted the
+speaker: "O gentlemen, do not, I beg, blind me with the memory of the
+past; do not awaken a buried passion! Let me die in peace! See, the tears
+are in my eyes!"--The visitors, affected, looked with a certain degree of
+emotion at the poor old lady who had loved so much. "It is strange," said
+Helvetius to his neighbor, "we came here to laugh, but we are travelling
+quite another road; however, I must say, nothing could be more ludicrous
+than such a caricature, if it were not of a woman." "Proceed, sir," said
+Mademoiselle de Camargo to Pont-de-Veyle. "To tell you the truth, madame,
+the worst fellow in the company, or rather he who had drank the most,
+declared that he was, of all your lovers, the one you most loved. 'The
+mere talk of a man who has had too much wine,' said one of us. But our
+impertinent emptied his glass, and backed his statement. The discussion
+became very lively. We talked, we drank, and we talked. When the last
+bottle was empty, and the dispute was likely to end in a duel, and we
+talked without knowing, probably, what we said, the most sober of the
+company proposed to go and ask you yourself which of your lovers you loved
+the most. Is it the Count de Melun? is it the Duke de Richelieu? is it the
+Marquis de Croismare? the Baron de Viomesnil? the Viscount de Jumilhac? is
+it Monsieur de Beaumont, or Monsieur d'Aubigny? is it a poet? is it a
+soldier? is it an abbe?" "Pshaw! pshaw!" said Mademoiselle de Camargo,
+smiling; "you had better refer to the _Court Calendar_!" "What we want to
+know is not the names of those who have loved you, but, I repeat, the name
+of him whom you loved the most." "You are fools," said Mademoiselle de
+Camargo, with an air of sadness and a voice that showed emotion; "I will
+not answer you. Let us leave our extinct passions in their tombs, in
+peace. Why unbury all those charming follies which have had their day?"
+"Come," says Grimm to Duclos, "do not let us grow sentimental; that would
+be too absurd. Mademoiselle de Camargo," said he, playing with the dogs at
+the same time, "which was the epoch of short petticoats? for that is one
+of the points of our philosophical dispute."
+
+The aged _danseuse_ did not answer. Taking Pont-de-Veyle by the hand, all
+of a sudden, she said in rising: "Monsieur, follow me." He obeyed with
+some surprise. She conducted him to her bedchamber; it was like a basket
+of odds and ends; it looked like a linendraper's shop in confusion; it was
+all disorder; it was quite evident that the dogs were at home there.
+Mademoiselle de Camargo went to a little rosewood chest of drawers,
+covered with specimens of Saxony porcelain, more or less chipped and
+broken. She opened a little ebony box, exposing its contents to the eyes
+of Pont-de-Veyle. "Do you see?" said she, with a sigh. Pont-de-Veyle saw a
+torn letter, the dry bouquet of half a century, the kind of flowers of
+which it was composed could hardly be recognized. "Well?" asked
+Pont-de-Veyle. "Well, do you understand?" "Not at all." "Look at that
+portrait." She pointed with her finger to a wretched portrait in oils,
+covered with dust and spider's web. "I begin to understand." "Yes," said
+she, "that is his portrait. As for myself, I never look at it. The one
+here," striking her breast, "is more like. A portrait is a good thing for
+those who have no time for memory."
+
+Pont-de-Veyle looked in turn with much interest at the letter, the faded
+bouquet, and the wretched portrait. "Have you ever met this person?"
+"Never." "Let us return, then." "No; I beg let me hear the story." "Is it
+not enough to have seen his portrait? You can now settle your dispute with
+a word, since you know whether he whom I loved the most resembles your
+friend who had taken so much wine." "He does not resemble him the least in
+the world." "Well, that is all: I forgive your visit. Farewell! When you
+breakfast with your friends, you can take up my defence somewhat. You can
+tell those libertines without pity, that I have saved myself by my heart,
+if we can be saved that way.... Yes, yes; it is my plank of safety, in the
+wreck!"
+
+Saying these words, Mademoiselle de Camargo approached the door of the
+saloon. Pont-de-Veyle followed her, carrying the ebony-box. "Gentlemen,"
+said he, to his merry friends, "our drunken toper was a coxcomb; I have
+seen the portrait of the best beloved of the goddess of this mansion; now,
+you must join your prayers to mine, to prevail upon Mademoiselle de
+Camargo to relate to us the romance of her heart; I only know the preface,
+which is melancholy and interesting; I have seen a letter, a bouquet, and
+a portrait." "I will not tell you a word," muttered she; "women are
+charged with not being able to keep a secret; there is, however, more than
+one that they never tell. A love-secret is a rose which embalms our
+hearts; if it is told, the rose loses its perfume. I who address you,"
+said Mademoiselle de Camargo, in brightening up, "I have only kept my love
+in all its freshness by keeping it all to myself. There were only La
+Carton and that old rogue Fontenelle who ever got hold of my secret.
+Fontenelle was in the habit of dining frequently with me; one day, finding
+me in tears, he was so surprised, he who never wept himself, from
+philosophy, doubtless, that he tormented me for more than an hour for a
+solution of the enigma. He was almost like a woman; he drew from me, by
+his cat-like worrying, the history of my love. Would you believe it? I
+hoped to touch his heart, but it was like speaking to the deaf. After
+having listened to the end without saying a word, he muttered with his
+little weak voice, '_It is pretty!_' La Carton, however, wept with me. It
+is worth being a poet and a philosopher in order not to understand such
+histories."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo was silent; a deep silence followed, and every
+look was upon her. "Speak, speak! we are all attention," said Helvetius,
+"we are more worthy of hearing your story than the old philosopher, who
+loved no one but himself." "After all," she replied, carried away by the
+delight of her remembrance, "it will be spending a happy hour; I speak of
+myself, and as for happy or unhappy hours, not many more are to pass
+during my life, for I feel that I am passing away. But I do not know how
+to begin; a fire flashes before my eyes; I cannot see, I am so overcome.
+To begin: I was twenty.... But I shall never have the courage to read my
+history aloud before so many people." "Fancy, Mademoiselle de Camargo,"
+said Helvetius, "that you are reading a romance." "Well, then," said she,
+"I will begin without ceremony."
+
+"I was twenty years old. You are all aware, for the adventure caused a
+great deal of scandal, you all know how the Count de Melun carried me off
+one morning along with my sister Sophy. This little mad-cap, who had a
+great deal of imagination, having discovered me reading a letter of the
+count's, in which he spoke of his design, she swore upon her thirteen
+years that he must carry her off too. I was far from conceding any such
+claim. It was always taken for granted that children know nothing; but at
+the opera, and in love, there are no children. The Count de Melun, by
+means of a bribe, had gained over the chambermaid. I was very culpable; I
+knew all, and had not informed my father. But my father wearied me
+somewhat; he preached in the desert; that is to say he preached to me
+about virtue. He was always talking to me about our noble descent, of our
+cousin, who was a cardinal, of our uncle, who was a grand inquisitor of
+the Inquisition. Vanity of vanities! all was vanity with him, while with
+me all was love. I did not trouble myself about being of an illustrious
+family; I was handsome, I was worshipped, and, what was still better, I
+was young.
+
+"In the middle of the night I heard my door open; it was the Count de
+Melun. I was not asleep, I was expecting him. It is not every woman who
+would like it that is run away with. I was going to be run away with.
+
+"Love is not only charming in itself, it is so also from its romance. A
+passion without adventure is like a mistress without caprice. I was seated
+upon my bed. 'Is it you, Jacqueline?' I said, affecting fright. 'It is I,'
+said the count, falling upon his knees. 'You, sir! Your letter was not a
+joke then?' 'My horses are at hand; there is no time to lose; leave this
+sad prison: my hotel, my fortune, my heart, all are at your service.' At
+that moment a light appeared at the door. 'My father!' I cried, with
+affright, as I concealed myself behind the bed curtains. 'All is lost,'
+muttered the count. It was Sophy. I recognized her light step. She
+approached with the light in her hand, and in silence, toward the count.
+'My sister,' said she, with some degree of excitement, but without losing
+her presence of mind, 'here I am, all ready.' I did not understand; I
+looked at her with surprise; she was all dressed, from head to foot. 'What
+are you saying? You are mad.' 'Not by any means; I want to be run away
+with, like yourself.' The Count de Melun could not help laughing.
+'Mademoiselle,' he said to her, 'you forget your dolls and toys. 'Sir,'
+replied she, with dignity, 'I am thirteen years old. It was not yesterday
+that I made my _debut_ at the opera; I take a part on the stage in the
+ravishment of Psyche.' 'Good,' says the count, 'we will carry you off
+too.' 'It is as well,' whispered the count in my ear; 'this is the only
+way of getting rid of her.'
+
+"I was very much put out by this contretemps, which gave a new
+complication to our adventure. My father might forgive my being carried
+off, but Sophy! I tried to dissuade her from her mad enterprise. I offered
+her my ornaments; she would not listen to reason. She declared, that if
+she was not carried off with me she would inform against us, and thus
+prevent the adventure. 'Do not oppose her.' said the count; 'with such a
+tendency she will be sure to be carried off sooner or later.'--'Well, let
+us depart together,' The chambermaid, who had approached with the
+stealthy, quiet step of a cat, told us to hurry, for she was afraid that
+the noise of the horses, that were pawing the ground near by, would awaken
+Monsieur de Camargo. We were off; the carriage drove us to the count's
+hotel, rue de la Culture-Saint-Gervais. Sophy laughed and sung. In the
+morning I wrote to the manager of the opera, that by the advice of my
+physician it was impossible for me to appear for three weeks. To tell you
+the truth, gentlemen, in a week's time I went myself to inform the manager
+that I would dance that evening. This, you perceive, is not very
+flattering to the Count de Melun; but there are so few men in this world
+who are sufficiently interesting for a week together. I loved the count,
+doubtless, but I wanted to breathe a little without him. I desired the
+excitement of the theatre. I opened my window, constantly, as if I would
+fly out of it.
+
+"As soon as I appeared at the opera my father followed my track, and
+discovered the retreat of his daughters. One evening behind the scenes, he
+went straight to the count and insulted him. The count answered him, with
+great deference, that he would avoid the chance of taking the life of a
+gallant gentleman who had given birth to such a daughter as I was. My
+father did his best to prove and establish his sixteen quarterings, the
+count was not willing to fight him. It was about that time that my father
+presented his famous petition to the Cardinal de Fleury: 'Your petitioner
+would state to the Lord Cardinal, that the Count de Melun, having carried
+off his two daughters in the night, between the 10th and 11th of the month
+of May, 1728, holds them imprisoned in his hotel, rue de la
+Culture-Saint-Gervais. Your petitioner having to do with a person of rank,
+is obliged to have recourse to his majesty's ministers; he hopes, through
+the goodness of the king, justice will be done him, and that the Count de
+Melun will be commanded to espouse the elder daughter of your petitioner,
+and endow the younger.'
+
+"A father could not have done better. The Cardinal de Fleury amused
+himself a good deal with the petition, and recommended me, one day that we
+were supping together, for full penance, to make over to my father my
+salary at the opera. But I find I am not getting on with my story. But
+what would you have? The beginning is always where we dwell with the
+greatest pleasure. I had been living in the count's hotel a year; Sophy
+had returned to my father's house, where she did not remain long; but it
+is not her history that I am relating. One morning a cousin of the count
+arrived at the hotel in a great bustle; he was about spending a season in
+Paris, in all the wildness of youth. He took us by surprise at breakfast;
+he took his seat at table, without ceremony, on the invitation of the
+count.
+
+"In the beginning he did not strike my fancy; I thought him somewhat of a
+braggadocio. He cultivated his mustachios with, great care (the finest
+mustachios in the world), and spoke quite often enough of his prowess in
+battle. Some visitor interrupting us, the count went into his library, and
+left us together, _tete-a-tete_. Monsieur de Marteille's voice, until then
+proud and haughty in its tone, softened a little. He had at first looked
+at me with the eye of a soldier; he now looked at me with the eye of a
+pupil.--'Excuse, madame,' said he, with some emotion, 'my rude soldier-like
+bearing; I know nothing of fine manners; I have never passed through the
+school of gallantry. Do not be offended at any thing I may say.'--'Why,
+sir,' said I, smiling, 'you do not say any thing at all.'--'Ah, if I knew
+how to speak! but, in truth, I would feel more at home before a whole army
+than I do before your beautiful eyes. The count is very happy in having
+such a beautiful enemy to contend with.'--While speaking thus, he looked at
+me with a supplicating tenderness which contrasted singularly with his
+look of the hero. I do not know what my eyes answered him. The count then
+came in, and the conversation took another turn.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille accepted the earnest invitation of his cousin to
+stay at his hotel. He went out; I did not see him again till evening. He
+did not know who I was; the count called me Marianne, and,
+unintentionally, perhaps, he had not spoken a word to his cousin about the
+opera, or my grace and skill as a dancer. At supper, Monsieur de Marteille
+had no longer the same frank gayety of the morning; a slight uneasiness
+passed like a cloud over his brow; more than once I caught his melancholy
+glance.--'Cheer up your cousin,' I said to the count.--'I know what he
+wants,' answered Monsieur de Melun; 'I will take him to-morrow to the
+opera. You will see that in that God-forsaken place he will find his
+good-humor again.'--I felt jealous, without asking myself why.
+
+"Next day the _Triumph of Bacchus_ was played. I appeared as Ariadne, all
+covered with vine-leaves and flowers. I never danced so badly. I had
+recognized Monsieur de Marteille among the gentlemen of the court. He
+looked at me with a serious air. I had hoped to have had an opportunity to
+speak with him before the end of the ballet, but he had already gone. I
+was offended at his abrupt departure.--'How!' said I to myself, 'he sees me
+dance, and this is the way he makes me his compliments.'--Next morning, he
+breakfasted with us; he did not say a word about the evening; finally, not
+being able to resist my impatience, 'Well, Monsieur de Marteille,' said I
+to him, somewhat harshly, 'you left early last night; it was hardly polite
+of you.'--'Ah! when you were to dance no more!' said he, with a sigh. This
+was the first time that I was ever spoken to thus. Fearing that he had
+said too much, and in order to divert Monsieur de Melun, who observed him
+with a look of surprise, he began to speak of a little singer of no great
+moment, who had a voice of some freshness.
+
+"In the afternoon, the count detained at home for some reason or other,
+begged his cousin to accompany me in a ride to the woods. He was to join
+us on horseback. The idea of this ride made my heart beat violently. It
+was the first time that I had listened with pleasure to the beatings of my
+heart.
+
+"We started on a fine summer's day. Every thing was like a holyday: the
+sky, the houses, the trees, the horses, and the people. A veil had fallen
+from my eyes. For some minutes we remained in the deepest silence; not
+knowing what to do, I amused myself by making a diamond that I wore
+glisten in the rays of the sun that entered the carriage. Monsieur de
+Marteille caught hold of my hand. We both said not a word the whole time.
+I tried to disengage my hand; he held it the harder. I blushed; he turned
+pale. A jolt of the carriage occurred very opportunely to relieve us from
+our embarrassment; the jolt had lifted me from my seat; it made me fall
+upon his bosom.--'Monsieur,' said I, starting. 'Ah, madame, if you knew how
+I love you!'--He said this with a tenderness beyond expression; it was love
+itself that spoke! I had no longer the strength to get angry. He took my
+hand again and devoured it with kisses. He did not say another word; I
+tried to speak, but did not know what to say myself. From time to time our
+looks met each other; it was then that we were eloquent. Such eternal
+pledges, such promises of happiness!
+
+"Notwithstanding, we arrived at the woods. All of a sudden, as if seized
+with a new idea, he put his head out of the window, and said something to
+the coachman. I understood, by the answer of La Violette, the coachman,
+that he was not willing to obey; but Monsieur de Marteille having alluded
+to a caning and fifty pistoles, the coachman made no further objections. I
+did not understand very well what he was about. After an hour's rapid
+travelling, as I was looking with some anxiety as to where we were, he
+tried to divert me by telling me some episodes of his life. Although I did
+not listen very intelligently to what he said, I heard enough to find out
+that I was the first woman he had ever loved. They all say so, but he told
+the truth, for he spoke with his eyes and his heart. I soon found out that
+we were no longer on our right road; but observe how far the feebleness of
+a woman in love will go: I hadn't the courage to ask him why he had
+changed our route. We crossed the Seine in a boat, between Sevres and St.
+Cloud; we regained the woods, and after an hour's ride through them, we
+reached an iron park-gate, at the extremity of the village of Velaisy.
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille had counted without his host. He expected not to
+have found a soul in his brother's chateau, but, since the evening before,
+his brother had returned from a journey to the coast of France. Seeing
+that the chateau was inhabited, Monsieur de Marteille begged me to wait a
+little in the carriage. As soon as he had gone, the coachman came to the
+door.--'Well, madame, we breathe at last! my opinion is that we should make
+our escape. Depend upon the word of La Violette, we shall be in less than
+two hours at the hotel.'--'La Violette,' said I, 'open the door.'--I ran a
+great risk. La Violette obeyed.--'Now,' said I to him, when I had alighted
+upon the ground, 'you may go!'--He looked at me with the eye of an old
+philosopher, mounted his box, and snapped his whip; but he had hardly
+started, when he thought it better to return.--'I will not return without
+madame, for if I return alone, I shall be sure of a good heating, and of
+being discharged.'--'Indeed, La Violette! as you please.' At that moment I
+saw the count returning.--'It is all for the best,' he cried out, in the
+distance; 'my brother has only two days to spend in Paris: he has stopped
+here to give his orders; he wishes, at all hazards, to see Camargo dance!
+I told him that she was to appear this evening. He will leave in a moment.
+You must wait in the park till he is gone. I will return to him, for I
+must take my leave of him, and wish him a pleasant journey.
+
+"An hour afterward we were installed in the chateau. La Violette remained,
+at our order, with his carriage and horses. In the evening there was great
+excitement at the opera. It was solemnly announced to the public that
+Mademoiselle de Camargo had been carried off! The Count de Melun surprised
+at not finding us in the woods, had gone to the theatre. He was hissed; he
+swore revenge. He sought every where; he found neither his horses, nor his
+carriage, nor his mistress. For three months the opera was in mourning!
+Thirty bailiffs were on my track; but we made so little noise in our
+little chateau, hid away in the woods, that we were never discovered."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo became pale; she was silent, and looked at her
+listeners as if she would say by her looks that had been lighted up at
+that celestial flame which had passed over her life: "Oh, how we loved
+each other during those three months!"
+
+She continued as follows: "That season has filled a greater space in my
+life than all the rest of my days. When I think of the past, it is there
+where my thoughts travel at once. How relate to you the particulars of our
+happiness? When destiny protects us, happiness is composed of a thousand
+charming nothings that the hearts of others cannot understand. During
+those three months I was entirely happy; I wished to live for ever in this
+charming retreat for him that I loved a thousand times more than myself. I
+wished to abandon the opera, that opera that the Count de Melun could not
+make me forget for a week!
+
+"Monsieur de Marteille possessed all the attraction of a real passion; he
+loved me with a charming simplicity; he put in play, without designing it,
+all the seductions of love. What tender words! what impassioned looks!
+what enticing conversation! Each day was a holyday, each hour a rapture. I
+had no time to think of the morrow.
+
+"Our days were spent in walks, in the shade of the woods, in the thousand
+windings of the park. In the evening I played the harpsichord, and I sang.
+It often occurred that I danced, danced for him. In the middle of a dance
+that would have excited a furor at the opera, I fell at his feet,
+completely overcome; he raised me up, pressed me to his heart and forgave
+me for having danced. I always hear his beautiful voice, which was like
+music, but such music as I dream of, and not such as Rameau has
+composed... But now I am speaking without knowing what I say."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo turned toward Pont-de-Veyle. "Monsieur," said she,
+"open that box or rather hand it to me." She took the box, opened it, and
+took the bouquet from it. "But above all, gentlemen, I must explain to you
+why I have preserved this bouquet." While saying this she attempted to
+smell the vanished odor of the bouquet.
+
+"One morning," she resumed, "Monsieur de Marteille awoke me
+early--'Farewell!' he said, pale and trembling.--'What are you saying?'
+cried I with affright.--'Alas,' replied he, embracing me, I did not wish to
+tell you before, but for a fortnight I have had orders to leave.
+Hostilities are to be resumed in the Low Countries; I have no longer a
+single hour either for you or for me; I have over forty leagues to travel
+to-day.'--'Oh, my God, what will become of me?' said I weeping. 'I will
+follow you.'--'But, my dear Marianne, I shall return.'--'You will return in
+an age! Go, cruel one, I shall be dead when you return.'
+
+"An hour was spent in taking leave and in tears; he was obliged to go; he
+went.
+
+"I returned to weep in that retreat, that was so delightful the evening
+before. Two days after his departure, he wrote me a very tender letter, in
+which he told me that on the next day, he would have the consolation of
+engaging in battle. 'I hope,' added he, 'that the campaign will not be a
+long one; some days of hard fighting, and then I return to your feet.'
+What more shall I tell you? He wrote me once again."
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo unfolded slowly the torn letter. "Here is the
+second letter:--
+
+
+                                                               Oct 17.
+
+    "'No, I shall not return, my dear, I am going to die, but without
+    fear, without reproach. Oh! if you were here, Marianne! What
+    madness! in a hospital where, all of us, all, be we what we may,
+    are disfigured with wounds, and dying! What an idea to dash ahead
+    in the fight, when I only thought of seeing you again. As soon as
+    I was wounded, I asked the surgeon if I should live long enough to
+    reach Paris: "You have but an hour," he answered me pitilessly...
+    They brought me here with the others. In a word, we should learn
+    to resign ourselves to what comes from Heaven. I die content with
+    having loved you; console yourself; return to the opera. I am not
+    jealous of those who shall succeed me, for will they love you as I
+    have done? Farewell, Marianne, death approaches, and death never
+    waits; I thank it for having left me sufficient time to bid you
+    farewell. Now, it will be I who will wait for you.
+
+    "'Farewell, farewell, I press you to my heart, which ceases to
+    beat.'"
+
+
+After having wiped her eyes, Mademoiselle de Camargo continued as follows:
+"Shall I describe to you all my sorrows, all my tears, all my anguish!
+Alas! as he had said, I returned to the opera. I did not forget Monsieur
+de Marteille, in the tempest of my folly. Others have loved me. I have
+loved no one but Monsieur de Marteille; his memory has beamed upon my life
+like a blessing from heaven. When I reappeared at the opera, I was seen
+attending mass; I was laughed at for my devotion. They did not understand,
+philosophers as they were, that I prayed to God, in consequence of those
+words of Monsieur de Martielle: 'Now it will be I who will wait for you.'
+
+"When I left the chateau, I plucked a bouquet in the park, thinking that I
+was plucking the flowers that had bloomed for him; I brought away this
+bouquet, along with the portrait that you see there. I had vowed, in
+leaving our dear retreat, to go every year, at the same season, to gather
+a bouquet in the park. Will you believe it? I never went there again!"
+
+Mademoiselle de Camargo thus finished her history. "Well, my dear
+philosopher," said Helvetius to Duclos, in descending the steps, "you have
+just read a book that is somewhat curious."--"A bad book," answered Duclos,
+"but such books are always interesting."
+
+In April, 1770, the news spread that Mademoiselle de Camargo had just died
+a good catholic. "This created a great surprise," says a journal of the
+day, "in the republic of letters, for she was supposed to have been dead
+twenty years." Her last admirer and her last friend, to whom she had
+bequeathed her dogs and her cats, had caused her body to be interred with
+a magnificence unexampled at the opera. "All the world," says Grimm,
+"admired that white pall, the symbol of chastity, that all unmarried
+persons are entitled to in their funeral ceremony."
+
+
+
+
+
+MY NOVEL:
+
+
+                    OR, VARIETIES IN ENGLISH LIFE.(7)
+
+
+BY PISISTRATUS CAXTON.
+
+
+
+
+BOOK IX.--INITIAL CHAPTER.
+
+
+Now that I am fairly in the heart of my story, these preliminary chapters
+must shrink into comparatively small dimensions, and not encroach upon the
+space required by the various personages whose acquaintance I have picked
+up here and there, and who are now all crowding upon me like poor
+relations to whom one has unadvisedly given a general invitation, and who
+descend upon one simultaneously about Christmas time. Where they are to be
+stowed, and what is to become of them all, heaven knows; in the meanwhile,
+the reader will have already observed that the Caxton family themselves
+are turned out of their own rooms, sent a-packing, in order to make way
+for the new comers.
+
+And now that I refer to that respected family, I shall take occasion
+(dropping all metaphor) to intimate a doubt, whether, should these papers
+be collected and republished, I shall not wholly recast the Initial
+Chapters in which the Caxtons have been permitted to reappear. They assure
+me, themselves, that they feel a bashful apprehension lest they may be
+accused of having thrust irrelevant noses into affairs which by no means
+belong to them--an impertinence which, being a peculiarly shy race, they
+have carefully shunned in the previous course of their innocent and
+segregated existence. Indeed, there is some cause for that alarm, seeing
+that not long since, in a journal professing to be critical, this _My
+Novel, or Varieties in English Life_, was misnomed and insulted as "a
+Continuation of _The Caxtons_," with which biographical work it has no
+more to do (save in the aforesaid introductions to previous Books in the
+present diversified and compendious narrative) than I with Hecuba, or
+Hecuba with me. Reserving the doubt herein suggested for maturer
+deliberation, I proceed with my new Initial Chapter. And I shall stint the
+matter therein contained to a brief comment upon PUBLIC LIFE.
+
+Were you ever in public life, my dear reader? I don't mean by that
+question, to ask whether you were ever Lord Chancellor, Prime Minister,
+Leader of the Opposition, or even a member of the House of Commons. An
+author hopes to find readers far beyond that very egregious but very
+limited segment of the Great Circle. Were you ever a busy man in your
+vestry, active in a municipal corporation, one of a committee for
+furthering the interests of an enlightened candidate for your native
+burgh, town, or shire?--in a word, did you ever resign your private
+comforts as men in order to share the public troubles of mankind? If ever
+you have so far departed from the Lucretian philosophy, just look back--was
+it life at all that you lived?--were you an individual distinct existence--a
+passenger in the railway?--or were you merely an indistinct portion of that
+common flame which heated the boiler and generated the steam that set off
+the monster train?--very hot, very active, very useful, no doubt; but all
+your identity fused in flame, and all your forces vanishing in gas.
+
+And you think the people in the railway carriages care for you?--do you
+think that the gentleman in the worsted wrapper is saying to his neighbor
+with the striped rug on his comfortable knees, "How grateful we ought to
+be for that fiery particle which is crackling and hissing under the
+boiler! It helps us on the fraction of an inch from Vauxhall to Putney?"
+Not a bit of it. Ten to one but he is saying--"Not sixteen miles an hour!
+What the deuce is the matter with the stoker?"
+
+Look at our friend Audley Egerton. You have just had a glimpse of the real
+being that struggles under the huge copper;--you have heard the hollow
+sound of the rich man's coffers under the tap of Baron Levy's friendly
+knuckle--heard the strong man's heart give out its dull warning sound to
+the scientific ear of Dr. F vanishes the separate existence, lost again in
+the flame that heats the boiler, and the smoke that curls into air from
+the grimy furnace.
+
+Look to it, O Public Man, whoever thou art, and whatsoever thy degree--see
+if thou canst not compound matters, so as to keep a little nook apart for
+thy private life; that is, for _thyself_! Let the great Popkins Question
+not absorb wholly the individual soul of thee, as Smith or Johnson. Don't
+so entirely consume thyself under that insatiable boiler, that when thy
+poor little monad rushes out from the sooty furnace, and arrives at the
+stars, thou mayest find no vocation for thee there, and feel as if thou
+hadst nothing to do amidst the still splendors of the Infinite. I don't
+deny to thee the uses of "Public Life;" I grant that it is much to have
+helped to carry that great Popkins Question; but Private Life, my friend,
+is the life of thy Private soul; and there may be matters concerned with
+that which, on consideration, thou mayest allow, cannot be wholly mixed up
+with the great Popkins Question--and were not finally settled when thou
+didst exclaim--"I have not lived in vain--the Popkins Question is carried at
+last!" O immortal soul, for one quarter of an hour _per diem_--de-Popkinise
+thine immortality!
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER II.
+
+
+It had not been without much persuasion on the part of Jackeymo, that
+Riccabocca had consented to settle himself in the house which Randal had
+recommended to him. Not that the exile conceived any suspicion of the
+young man beyond that which he might have shared with Jackeymo, viz., that
+Randal's interest in the father was increased by a very natural and
+excusable admiration of the daughter. But the Italian had the pride common
+to misfortune,--he did not like to be indebted to others, and he shrank
+from the pity of those to whom it was known that he had held a higher
+station in his own land. These scruples gave way to the strength of his
+affection for his daughter and his dread of his foe. Good men, however
+able and brave, who have suffered from the wicked, are apt to form
+exaggerated notions of the power that has prevailed against them. Jackeymo
+had conceived a superstitious terror of Peschiera, and Riccabocca, though
+by no means addicted to superstition, still had a certain creep of the
+flesh whenever he thought of his foe.
+
+But Riccabocca--than whom no man was more physically brave, and no man, in
+some respects, more morally timid--feared the Count less as a foe than as a
+gallant. He remembered his kinsman's surpassing beauty--the power he had
+obtained over women. He knew him versed in every art that corrupts, and
+void of all the conscience that deters. And Riccabocca had unhappily
+nursed himself into so poor an estimate of the female character, that even
+the pure and lofty nature of Violante did not seem to him a sufficient
+safeguard against the craft and determination of a practised and
+remorseless intriguer. But of all the precautions he could take, none
+appeared more likely to conduce to safety, than his establishing a
+friendly communication with one who professed to be able to get at all the
+Count's plans and movements, and who could apprise Riccabocca at once
+should his retreat be discovered. "Forewarned is forearmed," said he to
+himself, in one of the proverbs common to all nations. However, as with
+his usual sagacity he came to reflect upon the alarming intelligence
+conveyed to him by Randal, viz., that the Count sought his daughter's
+hand, he divined that there was some strong personal interest under such
+ambition; and what could be that interest save the probability of
+Riccabocca's ultimate admission to the Imperial grace, and the Count's
+desire to assure himself of the heritage to an estate that he might be
+permitted to retain no more? Riccabocca was not indeed aware of the
+condition (not according to usual customs in Austria) on which the Count
+held the forfeited domains. He knew not that they had been granted merely
+on pleasure; but he was too well aware of Peschiera's nature to suppose
+that he would woo a bride without a dower, or be moved by remorse in any
+overture of reconciliation. He felt assured, too--and this increased all
+his fears--that Peschiera would never venture to seek an interview himself;
+all the Count's designs on Violante would be dark, secret, and
+clandestine. He was perplexed and tormented by the doubt, whether or not
+to express openly to Violante his apprehensions of the nature of the
+danger to be apprehended. He had told her vaguely that it was for her sake
+that he desired secrecy and concealment. But that might mean any thing:
+what danger to himself would not menace her? Yet to say more was so
+contrary to a man of his Italian notions and Machiavellian maxims! To say
+to a young girl, "There is a man come over to England on purpose to woo
+and win you. For heaven's sake take care of him; he is diabolically
+handsome; he never fails where he sets his heart." "Cospetto!" cried the
+doctor aloud, as these admonitions shaped themselves to speech in the
+camera-obscura of his brain; "such a warning would have undone a Cornelia
+while she was yet an innocent spinster." No, he resolved to say nothing to
+Violante of the Count's intention, only to keep guard, and make himself
+and Jackeymo all eyes and all ears.
+
+The house Randal had selected pleased Riccabocca at first glance. It stood
+alone, upon a little eminence; its upper windows commanded the high road.
+It had been a school, and was surrounded by high walls, which contained a
+garden and lawn sufficiently large for exercise. The garden doors were
+thick, fortified by strong bolts, and had a little wicket lattice, shut
+and opened at pleasure, from which Jackeymo could inspect all visitors
+before he permitted them to enter.
+
+An old female servant from the neighborhood was cautiously hired;
+Riccabocca renounced his Italian name, and abjured his origin. He spoke
+English sufficiently well to think he could pass as an Englishman. He
+called himself Mr. Richmouth (a liberal translation of Riccabocca). He
+bought a blunderbuss, two pair of pistols, and a huge house-dog. Thus
+provided for, he allowed Jackeymo to write a line to Randal and
+communicate his arrival.
+
+Randal lost no time in calling. With his usual adaptability and his powers
+of dissimulation, he contrived easily to please Mrs. Riccabocca, and to
+increase the good opinion the exile was disposed to form of him. He
+engaged Violante in conversation on Italy and its poets. He promised to
+buy her books. He began, though more distantly than he could have
+desired--for her sweet stateliness awed him in spite of himself--the
+preliminaries of courtship. He established himself at once as a familiar
+guest, riding down daily in the dusk of evening, after the toils of
+office, and retiring at night. In four or five days he thought he had made
+great progress with all. Riccabocca watched him narrowly, and grew
+absorbed in thought after every visit. At length one night, when he and
+Mrs. Riccabocca were alone in the drawing-room, Violante having retired to
+rest, he thus spoke as he filled his pipe:--
+
+"Happy is the man who has no children! Thrice happy he who has no girls."
+
+"My dear Alphonso!" said the wife, looking up from the wristband to which
+she was attaching a neat mother-o'-pearl button. She said no more; it was
+the sharpest rebuke she was in the custom of administering to her
+husband's cynical and odious observations. Riccabocca lighted his pipe
+with a thread paper, gave three great puffs, and resumed:
+
+"One blunderbuss, four pistols, and a house-dog called Pompey, who would
+have made mince-meat of Julius Caesar!"
+
+"He certainly eats a great deal, does Pompey!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+simply. "But if he relieves your mind!"
+
+"He does not relieve it in the least, ma'am," groaned Riccabocca; "and
+that is the point I was coming to. This is a most harassing life, and a
+most undignified life. And I who have only asked from Heaven dignity and
+repose! But, if Violante were once married, I should want neither
+blunderbuss, pistol, nor Pompey. And it is that which would relieve my
+mind, _cara mia_;--Pompey only relieves my larder!"
+
+Now Riccabocca had been more communicative to Jemima than he had been to
+Violante. Having once trusted her with one secret, he had every motive to
+trust her with another; and he had accordingly spoken out his fears of the
+Count di Peschiera. Therefore she answered, laying down the work, and
+taking her husband's hand tenderly--
+
+"Indeed, my love, since you dread so much (though I own that I must think
+unreasonably) this wicked, dangerous man, it would be the happiest thing
+in the world to see dear Violante well married; because, you see, if she
+is married to one person, she cannot be married to another; and all fear
+of this Count, as you say, would be at an end."
+
+"You cannot express yourself better. It is a great comfort to unbosom
+one's self to a wife, after all!" quoth Riccabocca.
+
+"But," said the wife, after a grateful kiss--"but where and how can we find
+a husband suitable to the rank of your daughter?"
+
+"There--there--there," cried Riccabocca, pushing back his chair to the
+farther end of the room--"that comes of unbosoming one's self! Out flies
+one's secret; it is opening the lid of Pandora's box; one is betrayed,
+ruined, undone!"
+
+"Why, there's not a soul that can hear us!" said Mrs. Riccabocca,
+soothingly.
+
+"That's chance, ma'am! If you once contract the habit of blabbing out a
+secret when nobody's by, how on earth can you resist it when you have the
+pleasurable excitement of telling it to all the world? Vanity,
+vanity--woman's vanity! Woman never could withstand rank--never!" The Doctor
+went on railing for a quarter of an hour, and was very reluctantly
+appeased by Mrs. Riccabocca's repeated and tearful assurances that she
+would never even whisper to herself that her husband had ever held any
+other rank than that of Doctor.--Riccabocca, with a dubious shake of the
+head, renewed--
+
+"I have done with all pomp and pretension. Besides, the young man is a
+born gentleman; he seems in good circumstances; he has energy and latent
+ambition; he is akin to L'Estrange's intimate friend; he seems attached to
+Violante. I don't think it probable that we could do better. Nay, if
+Peschiera fears that I shall be restored to my country, and I learn the
+wherefore, and the ground to take, through this young man--why, gratitude
+is the first virtue of the noble!"
+
+"You speak, then, of Mr. Leslie?"
+
+"To be sure--of whom else?"
+
+Mrs. Riccabocca leaned her cheek on her hand thoughtfully. "Now you have
+told me _that_, I will observe him with different eyes."
+
+"_Anima mia_, I don't see how the difference of your eyes will alter the
+object they look upon!" grumbled Riccabocca, shaking the ashes out of his
+pipe.
+
+"The object alters when we see it in a different point of view!" replied
+Jemima, modestly. "This thread does very well when I look at it in order
+to sew on a button, but I should say it would never do to tie up Pompey in
+his kennel."
+
+"Reasoning by illustration, upon my soul!" ejaculated Riccabocca, amazed.
+
+"And," continued Jemima, "when I am to regard one who is to constitute the
+happiness of that dear child, and for life, can I regard him as I would
+the pleasant guest of an evening? Ah, trust me, Alphonso--I don't pretend
+to be wise like you--but, when a woman considers what a man is likely to
+prove to woman--his sincerity--his honor--his heart--oh, trust me, she is
+wiser than the wisest man!"
+
+Riccabocca continued to gaze on Jemima with unaffected admiration and
+surprise. And, certainly, to use his phrase, since he had unbosomed
+himself to his better half--since he had confided in her, consulted with
+her, her sense had seemed to quicken--her whole mind to expand.
+
+"My dear," said the sage, "I vow and declare that Machiavelli was a fool
+to you. And I have been as dull as the chair I sit upon, to deny myself so
+many years the comfort and counsel of such a--but _corpo di Baccho!_ forget
+all about rank; and so now to bed."
+
+"One must not holloa till one's out of the wood," muttered the ungrateful,
+suspicious villain, as he lighted the chamber candle.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER III.
+
+
+Riccabocca could not confine himself to the precincts within the walls to
+which he condemned Violante. Resuming his spectacles, and wrapped in his
+cloak, he occasionally sallied forth upon a kind of outwatch or
+reconnoitring expedition--restricting himself, however, to the immediate
+neighborhood, and never going quite out of sight of his house. His
+favorite walk was to the summit of a hillock overgrown with stunted
+bushwood. Here he would seat himself musingly, often till the hoofs of
+Randal's horse rang on the winding road, as the sun set, over fading
+herbage, red and vaporous, in autumnal skies. Just below the hillock, and
+not two hundred yards from his own house, was the only other habitation in
+view--a charming, thoroughly English cottage, though somewhat imitated from
+the Swiss--with gable ends, thatched roof, and pretty projecting casements,
+opening through creepers and climbing roses. From his height he commanded
+the gardens of this cottage, and his eye of artist was pleased, from the
+first sight, with the beauty which some exquisite taste had given to the
+ground. Even in that cheerless season of the year, the garden wore a
+summer smile; the evergreens were so bright and various, and the few
+flowers, still left, so hardy and so healthful. Facing the south, a
+colonnade, or covered gallery, of rustic woodwork had been formed, and
+creeping plants, lately set, were already beginning to clothe its columns.
+Opposite to this colonnade there was a fountain which reminded Riccabocca
+of his own at the deserted Casino. It was indeed singularly like it: the
+same circular shape, the same girdle of flowers around it. But the jet
+from it varied every day--fantastic and multiform, like the sports of a
+Naiad--sometimes shooting up like a tree, sometimes shaped as a
+convolvulus, sometimes tossing from its silver spray a flower of
+vermilion, or a fruit of gold--as if at play with its toy like a happy
+child. And near the fountain was a large aviary, large enough to inclose a
+tree. The Italian could just catch a gleam of rich color from the wings of
+the birds, as they glanced to and fro within the network, and could hear
+their songs, contrasting the silence of the free populace of air, whom the
+coming winter had already stilled.
+
+Riccabocca's eye, so alive to all aspects of beauty, luxuriated in the
+view of this garden. Its pleasantness had a charm that stole him from his
+anxious fear and melancholy memories.
+
+He never saw but two forms within the demesnes, and he could not
+distinguish their features. One was a woman, who seemed to him of staid
+manner and homely appearance: she was seen but rarely. The other a man,
+often pacing to and fro the colonnade, with frequent pauses before the
+playful fountain, or the birds that sang louder as he approached. This
+latter form would then disappear within a room, the glass door of which
+was at the extreme end of the colonnade; and if the door were left open,
+Riccabocca could catch a glimpse of the figure bending over a table
+covered with books.
+
+Always, however, before the sun set, the man would step forth more
+briskly, and occupy himself with the garden, often working at it with good
+heart, as if at a task of delight; and then, too, the woman would come
+out, and stand by as if talking to her companion. Riccabocca's curiosity
+grew aroused. He bade Jemima inquire of the old maid-servant who lived at
+the cottage, and heard that its owner was a Mr. Oran--a quiet gentleman,
+and fond of his book.
+
+While Riccabocca thus amused himself, Randal had not been prevented,
+either by his official cares or his schemes on Violante's heart and
+fortune, from furthering the project that was to unite Frank Hazeldean and
+Beatrice di Negra. Indeed, as to the first, a ray of hope was sufficient
+to fire the ardent and unsuspecting lover. And Randal's artful
+misrepresentation of Mrs. Hazeldean's conversation with him, removed all
+fear of parental displeasure from a mind always too disposed to give
+itself up to the temptation of the moment. Beatrice, though her feelings
+for Frank were not those of love, became more and more influenced by
+Randal's arguments and representations, the more especially as her brother
+grew morose, and even menacing, as days slipt on, and she could give no
+clue to the retreat of those whom he sought for. Her debts, too, were
+really urgent. As Randal's profound knowledge of human infirmity had
+shrewdly conjectured, the scruples of honor and pride, that had made her
+declare she would not bring to a husband her own incumbrances, began to
+yield to the pressure of necessity. She listened already, with but faint
+objections, when Randal urged her not to wait for the uncertain discovery
+that was to secure her dowry, but by a private marriage with Frank escape
+at once into freedom and security. While, though he had first held out to
+young Hazeldean the inducement of Beatrice's dowry as reason of
+self-justification in the eyes of the Squire, it was still easier to drop
+that inducement, which had always rather damped than fired the high spirit
+and generous heart of the poor Guardsman. And Randal could conscientiously
+say, that when he had asked the Squire if he expected fortune with Frank's
+bride, the Squire had replied, "I don't care." Thus encouraged by his
+friend and his own heart, and the softening manner of a woman who might
+have charmed many a colder, and fooled many a wiser man, Frank rapidly
+yielded to the snares held out for his perdition. And though as yet he
+honestly shrank from proposing to Beatrice or himself a marriage without
+the consent, and even the knowledge, of his parents, yet Randal was quite
+content to leave a nature, however good, so thoroughly impulsive and
+undisciplined, to the influences of the first strong passion it had ever
+known. Meanwhile, it was easy to dissuade Frank from even giving a hint to
+the folks at home. "For," said the wily and able traitor, "though we may
+be sure of Mrs. Hazeldean's consent, and her power over your father, when
+the step is once taken, yet we cannot count for certain on the Squire--he
+is so choleric and hasty. He might hurry to town--see Madame di Negra,
+blurt out some compassionate, rude expressions which would wake her
+resentment, and cause her instant rejection. And it might be too late if
+he repented afterwards--as he would be sure to do."
+
+Meanwhile Randal Leslie gave a dinner at the Clarendon Hotel (an
+extravagance most contrary to his habits), and invited Frank, Mr.
+Borrowell, and Baron Levy.
+
+But this house-spider, which glided with so much ease after its flies,
+through webs so numerous and mazy, had yet to amuse Madame di Negra with
+assurances that the fugitives sought for would sooner or later be
+discovered. Though Randal baffled and eluded her suspicion that he was
+already acquainted with the exiles, ("the persons he had thought of were,"
+he said, "quite different from her description;" and he even presented to
+her an old singing-master, and a sallow-faced daughter, as the Italians
+who had caused his mistake), it was necessary for Beatrice to prove the
+sincerity of the aid she had promised to her brother, and to introduce
+Randal to the Count. It was no less desirable to Randal to know, and even
+win the confidence of this man--his rival.
+
+The two met at Madame di Negra's house. There is something very strange,
+and almost mesmerical, in the _rapport_ between two evil natures. Bring
+two honest men together, and it is ten to one if they recognize each other
+as honest; differences in temper, manner, even politics, may make each
+misjudge the other. But bring together two men, unprincipled and
+perverted--men who, if born in a cellar, would have been food for the hulks
+or gallows--and they recognize each other by instant sympathy. The eyes of
+Franzini, Count of Peschiera, and Randal Leslie no sooner met, than a
+gleam of intelligence shot from both. They talked on indifferent
+subjects--weather, gossip, politics--what not. They bowed and they smiled;
+but, all the while, each was watching, plumbing the other's heart; each
+measuring his strength with his companion; each inly saying, "This is a
+very remarkable rascal; am I a match for him?" It was at dinner they met;
+and, following the English fashion, Madame di Negra left them alone with
+their wine.
+
+Then, for the first time, Count di Peschiera cautiously and adroitly made
+a covered push towards the object of the meeting.
+
+"You have never been abroad, my dear sir? You must contrive to visit me at
+Vienna. I grant the splendor of your London world; but, honestly speaking,
+it wants the freedom of ours--a freedom which unites gayety with polish.
+For as your society is mixed, there are pretension and effort with those
+who have no right to be in it, and artificial condescension and chilling
+arrogance with those who have to keep their inferiors at a certain
+distance. With us, all being of fixed rank and acknowledged birth,
+familiarity is at once established." "Hence," added the Count, with his
+French lively smile--"hence there is no place like Vienna for a young
+man--no place like Vienna for _bonnes fortunes_."
+
+"Those make the paradise of the idle," replied Randal, "but the purgatory
+of the busy. I confess frankly to you, my dear Count, that I have as
+little of the leisure which becomes the aspirer to _bonnes fortunes_ as I
+have the personal graces which obtain them without an effort;" and he
+inclined his head as in compliment.
+
+"So," thought the Count, "woman is not his weak side. What is?"
+
+"_Morbleu!_ my dear Mr. Leslie--had I thought as you do some years since, I
+had saved myself from many a trouble. After all, Ambition is the best
+mistress to woo; for with her there is always the hope, and never the
+possession."
+
+"Ambition, Count," replied Randal, still guarding himself in dry
+sententiousness, "is the luxury of the rich, and the necessity of the
+poor."
+
+"Aha," thought the Count, "it comes, as I anticipated from the first--comes
+to the bribe." He passed the wine to Randal, filling his own glass, and
+draining it carelessly: "_Sur mon ame, mon cher_," said the Count, "luxury
+is ever pleasanter than necessity; and I am resolved at least to give
+ambition a trial--_je vais me refugier dans le sein du bonheur
+domestique_--a married life and a settled home. _Peste!_ If it were not for
+ambition, one would die of ennui. Apropos, my dear sir, I have to thank
+you for promising my sister your aid in finding a near and dear kinsman of
+mine, who has taken refuge in your country, and hides himself even from
+me."
+
+"I should be most happy to assist in your search. As yet, however, I have
+only to regret that all my good wishes are fruitless. I should have
+thought, however, that a man of such rank had been easily found, even
+through the medium of your own ambassador."
+
+"Our own ambassador is no very warm friend of mine; and the rank would be
+no clue, for it is clear that my kinsman has never assumed it since he
+quitted his country."
+
+"He quitted it, I understand, not exactly from choice," said Randal,
+smiling. "Pardon my freedom and curiosity, but will you explain to me a
+little more than I learn from English rumor (which never accurately
+reports upon foreign matters still more notorious), how a person who had
+so much to lose, and so little to win, by revolution, could put himself
+into the same crazy boat with a crew of hare-brained adventurers and
+visionary professors?
+
+"Professors!" repeated the Count; "I think you have hit on the very answer
+to your question; not but what men of high birth were as mad as the
+_canaille_. I am the more willing to gratify your curiosity, since it will
+perhaps serve to guide your kind search in my favor. You must know, then,
+that my kinsman was not born the heir to the rank he obtained. He was but
+a distant relation to the head of the house which he afterwards
+represented. Brought up in an Italian university, he was distinguished for
+his learning and his eccentricities. There, too, I suppose, brooding over
+old wives' tales about freedom, and so forth, he contracted his
+_carbonaro_, chimerical notions for the independence of Italy. Suddenly,
+by three deaths, he was elevated, while yet young, to a station and honors
+which might have satisfied any man in his senses. _Que diable!_ what could
+the independence of Italy do for _him_! He and I were cousins; we had
+played together as boys; but our lives had been separated till his
+succession to rank brought us necessarily together. We became exceedingly
+intimate. And you may judge how I loved him," said the Count, averting his
+eyes slightly from Randal's quiet, watchful gaze, "when I add, that I
+forgave him for enjoying a heritage that, but for him, had been mine."
+
+"Ah, you were next heir?"
+
+"And it is a hard trial to be very near a great fortune, and yet just miss
+it."
+
+"True," cried Randal, almost impetuously. The Count now raised his eyes,
+and again the two men looked into each other's souls.
+
+"Harder still, perhaps," resumed the Count, after a short pause--"harder
+still might it have been to some men to forgive the rival as well as the
+heir."
+
+"Rival! How?"
+
+"A lady, who had been destined by her parents to myself, though we had
+never, I own, been formally betrothed, became the wife of my kinsman."
+
+"Did he know of your pretensions?"
+
+"I do him the justice to say he did not. He saw and fell in love with the
+young lady I speak of. Her parents were dazzled. Her father sent for me.
+He apologized--he explained; he set before me, mildly enough, certain
+youthful imprudences or errors of my own, as an excuse for his change of
+mind; and he asked me not only to resign all hope of his daughter, but to
+conceal from her new suitor that I had ever ventured to hope."
+
+"And you consented?"
+
+"I consented."
+
+"That was generous. You must indeed have been much attached to your
+kinsman. As a lover I cannot comprehend it; perhaps, my dear Count, you
+may enable me to understand it better--as a man of the world."
+
+"Well," said the Count, with his most _roue_ air, "I suppose we _are_ both
+men of the world?"
+
+"_Both!_ certainly," replied Randal, just in the tone which Peachum might
+have used in courting the confidence of Lockit.
+
+"As a man of the world, then, I own," said the Count, playing with the
+rings on his fingers, "that if I could not marry the lady myself (and that
+seemed to me clear), it was very natural that I should wish to see her
+married to my wealthy kinsman."
+
+"Very natural; it might bring your wealthy kinsman and yourself still
+closer together."
+
+"This is really a very clever fellow!" thought the Count, but he made no
+direct reply.
+
+"_Enfin_, to cut short a long story, my cousin afterwards got entangled in
+attempts, the failure of which is historically known. His projects were
+detected--himself denounced. He fled, and the Emperor, in sequestrating his
+estates, was pleased, with rare and singular clemency, to permit me, as
+his nearest kinsman, to enjoy the revenues of half those estates during
+the royal pleasure; nor was the other half formally confiscated. It was no
+doubt his Majesty's desire not to extinguish a great Italian name; and if
+my cousin and his child died in exile, why, of that name, I, a loyal
+subject of Austria--I, Franzini, Count di Peschiera, would become the
+representative. Such, in a similar case, has been sometimes the Russian
+policy towards Polish insurgents."
+
+"I comprehend perfectly; and I can also conceive that you, in profiting so
+largely, though so justly, by the fall of your kinsman, may have been
+exposed to much unpopularity--even to painful suspicion."
+
+"_Entre nous, mon cher_, I care not a stiver for popularity; and as to
+suspicion, who is he that can escape from the calumny of the envious? But,
+unquestionably, it would be most desirable to unite the divided members of
+our house; and this union I can now effect, by the consent of the Emperor
+to my marriage with my kinsman's daughter. You see, therefore, why I have
+so great an interest in this research?"
+
+"By the marriage articles you could no doubt secure the retention of the
+half you hold; and if you survive your kinsman, you would enjoy the whole.
+A most desirable marriage; and, if made, I suppose that would suffice to
+obtain your cousin's amnesty and grace?"
+
+"You say it."
+
+"But even without such marriage, since the Emperor's clemency has been
+extended to so many of the proscribed, it is perhaps probable that your
+cousin might be restored?"
+
+"It once seemed to me possible," said the Count, reluctantly; "but since I
+have been in England, I think not. The recent revolution in France, the
+democratic spirit rising in Europe, tend to throw back the cause of a
+proscribed rebel. England swarms with revolutionists; my cousin's
+residence in this country is in itself suspicious. The suspicion is
+increased by his strange seclusion. There are many Italians here who would
+aver that they had met with him, and that he was still engaged in
+revolutionary projects."
+
+"Aver--untruly."
+
+"_Ma foi_--it comes to the same thing; _les absens ont toujours tort_. I
+speak to a man of the world. No; without some such guarantee for his
+faith, as his daughter's marriage with myself would give, his recall is
+improbable. By the heaven above us, it shall be _impossible_!" The Count
+rose as he said this--rose as if the mask of simulation had fairly fallen
+from the visage of crime--rose tall and towering, a very image of masculine
+power and strength, beside the slight bended form and sickly face of the
+intellectual schemer. Randal was startled; but, rising also, he said
+carelessly--
+
+"What if this guarantee can no longer be given?--what if, in despair of
+return, and in resignation to his altered fortunes, your cousin has
+already married his daughter to some English suitor?"
+
+"Ah, that would indeed be, next to my own marriage with her, the most
+fortunate thing that could happen to myself."
+
+"How? I don't understand!"
+
+"Why, if my cousin has so abjured his birthright, and forsworn his rank--if
+this heritage, which is so dangerous from its grandeur, pass, in case of
+his pardon, to some obscure Englishman--a foreigner--a native of a country
+that has no ties with ours--a country that is the very refuge of levellers
+and Carbonari--_mort dema vie_--do you think that such would not annihilate
+all chance of my cousin's restoration, and be an excuse even to the eyes
+of Italy for formally conferring the sequestered estates on an Italian?
+No; unless, indeed, the girl were to marry an Englishman of such name and
+birth and connection as would in themselves be a guarantee, (and how in
+poverty is this likely?) I should go back to Vienna with a light heart, if
+I could say, 'My kinswoman is an Englishman's wife--shall her children be
+the heirs to a house so renowned for its lineage, and so formidable for
+its wealth?' _Parbleu!_ if my cousin were but an adventurer, or merely a
+professor, he had been pardoned long ago. The great enjoy the honor not to
+be pardoned easily."
+
+Randal fell into deep but brief thought. The Count observed him, not face
+to face, but by the reflection of an opposite mirror. "This man knows
+something; this man is deliberating; this man can help me," thought the
+Count.
+
+But Randal said nothing to confirm these hypotheses. Recovering from his
+abstraction, he expressed courteously his satisfaction at the Count's
+prospects, either way. "And since, after all," he added, "you mean so well
+to your cousin, it occurs to me that you might discover him by a very
+simple English process."
+
+"How?"
+
+"Advertise that, if he will come to some place appointed, he will hear of
+something to his advantage."
+
+The Count shook his head. "He would suspect me, and not come."
+
+"But he was intimate with you. He joined an insurrection;--you were more
+prudent. You did not injure him, though you may have benefited yourself.
+Why should he shun you?"
+
+"The conspirators forgive none who do not conspire; besides, to speak
+frankly, he thought I injured him."
+
+"Could you not conciliate him through his wife--whom--you resigned to him?"
+
+"She is dead--died before he left the country."
+
+"Oh, that is unlucky! Still I think an advertisement might do good. Allow
+me to reflect on that subject. Shall we now join Madame la Marquise?"
+
+On re-entering the drawing-room, the gentlemen found Beatrice in full
+dress, seated by the fire, and reading so intently that she did not remark
+them enter.
+
+"What so interests you, _ma soeur_?-the last novel by Balzac, no doubt?"
+
+Beatrice started, and, looking up, showed eyes that were full of tears.
+"Oh, no! no picture of miserable, vicious Parisian life. This is
+beautiful; there is _soul_ here."
+
+Randal took up the book which the Marchesa laid down; it was the same that
+had charmed the circle at Hazeldean--charmed the innocent and
+fresh-hearted--charmed now the wearied and tempted votaress of the world.
+
+"Hum," murmured Randal; "the Parson, was right. This is power--a sort of a
+power."
+
+"How I should like to know the author! Who can he be--can you guess?"
+
+"Not I. Some old pedant in spectacles."
+
+"I think not--I am sure not. Here beats a heart I have ever sighed to find,
+and never found."
+
+"Oh, _naive enfant_!" cried the Count; "_comme son imagination s'egare en
+reves enchantes_. And to think that, while you talk like an Arcadian, you
+are dressed like a princess."
+
+"Ah, I forgot--the Austrian ambassador's. I shall not go to-night. This
+book unfits me for the artificial world."
+
+"Just as you will, my sister. I shall go. I dislike the man, and he me;
+but ceremonies before men!"
+
+"You are going to the Austrian Embassy?" said Randal. "I too shall be
+there. We shall meet." And he took his leave.
+
+"I like your young friend prodigiously," said the Count, yawning. "I am
+sure that he knows of the lost birds, and will stand to them like a
+pointer, if I can but make it his interest to do so. We shall see."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER IV.
+
+
+Randal arrived at the ambassador's before the Count, and contrived to mix
+with the young noblemen attached to the embassy, and to whom he was known.
+Standing among these was a young Austrian, on his travels, of very high
+birth, and with an air of noble grace that suited the ideal of the old
+German chivalry. Randal was presented to him, and, after some talk on
+general topics, observed, "By the way, Prince, there is now in London a
+countryman of yours, with whom you are doubtless familiarly acquainted--the
+Count di Peschiera."
+
+"He is no countryman of mine. He is an Italian. I know him but by sight
+and by name," said the Prince, stiffly.
+
+"He is of very ancient birth, I believe."
+
+"Unquestionably. His ancestors were gentlemen."
+
+"And very rich."
+
+"Indeed! I have understood the contrary. He enjoys, it is true, a large
+revenue."
+
+A young _attache_, less discreet than the Prince, here observed, "Oh,
+Peschiera!--Poor fellow, he is too fond of play to be rich."
+
+"And there is some chance that the kinsman whose revenue he holds, may
+obtain his pardon, and re-enter into possession of his fortunes--so I hear,
+at least," said Randal, artfully.
+
+"I shall be glad if it be true," said the Prince with decision; "and I
+speak the common sentiment at Vienna. That kinsman had a noble spirit, and
+was, I believe, equally duped and betrayed. Pardon me, sir; but we
+Austrians are not so bad as we are painted. Have you ever met in England
+the kinsman you speak of?"
+
+"Never, though he is supposed to reside here; and the Count tells me that
+he has a daughter."
+
+"The Count--ha! I heard something of a scheme--a wager of that--that
+Count's--a daughter. Poor girl! I hope she will escape his pursuit; for, no
+doubt, he pursues her."
+
+"Possibly she may already have married an Englishman."
+
+"I trust not," said the Prince, seriously; "that might at present be a
+serious obstacle to her father's return."
+
+"You think so?"
+
+"There can be no doubt of it," interposed the _attache_ with a grand and
+positive air; "unless, indeed, the Englishman were of a rank equal to her
+own."
+
+Here there was a slight, well-bred murmur and buzz at the doors; for the
+Count di Peschiera himself was announced; and as he entered, his presence
+was so striking, and his beauty so dazzling, that whatever there might be
+to the prejudice of his character, it seemed instantly effaced or
+forgotten in that irresistible admiration which it is the prerogative of
+personal attributes alone to create.
+
+The Prince, with a slight curve of his lip at the groups that collected
+round the Count, turned to Randal and said, "Can you tell me if a
+distinguished countryman of yours is in England--Lord L'Estrange?"
+
+"No, Prince--he is not. You know him?"
+
+"Well."
+
+"He is acquainted with the Count's kinsman; and perhaps from him you have
+learned to think so highly of that kinsman?"
+
+The Prince bowed, and answered as he moved away, "When a man of high honor
+vouches for another, he commands the belief of all."
+
+"Certainly," soliloquized Randal, "I must not be precipitate. I was very
+nearly falling into a terrible trap. If I were to marry the girl, and
+only, by so doing, settle away her inheritance on Peschiera!--How hard it
+is to be sufficiently cautious in this world!"
+
+While thus meditating, a member of Parliament tapped him on the shoulder.
+
+"Melancholy, Leslie! I lay a wager I guess your thoughts."
+
+"Guess," answered Randal.
+
+"You were thinking of the place you are so soon to lose."
+
+"Soon to lose!"
+
+"Why, if ministers go out, you could hardly keep it, I suppose."
+
+This ominous and horrid member of Parliament, Squire Hazeldean's favorite
+county member, Sir John, was one of those legislators especially odious to
+officials--an independent "large-acred" member, who would no more take
+office himself than he would cut down the oaks in his park, and who had no
+bowels of human feeling for those who had opposite tastes and less
+magnificent means.
+
+"Hem!" said Randal, rather surlily. "In the first place, Sir John,
+ministers are not going out."
+
+"Oh yes, they will go. You know I vote with them generally, and would
+willingly keep them in; but they are men of honor and spirit; and if they
+can't carry their measures, they must resign; otherwise, by Jove, I would
+turn round and vote them out myself!"
+
+"I have no doubt you would, Sir John; you are quite capable of it; that
+rests with you and your constituents. But even if ministers did go out, I
+am but a poor subaltern in a public office. I am no minister--why should I
+go out too?"
+
+"Why? Hang it, Leslie, you are laughing at me. A young fellow like you
+could never be mean enough to stay in, under the very men who drove out
+your friend Egerton!"
+
+"It is not usual for those in the public offices to retire with every
+change of Government."
+
+"Certainly not; but always those who are the relations of a retiring
+minister--always those who have been regarded as politicians, and who mean
+to enter Parliament, as of course you will do at the next election. But
+you know that as well as I do--you who are so decided a politician--the
+writer of that admirable pamphlet! I should not like to tell my friend
+Hazeldean, who has a sincere interest in you, that you ever doubted on a
+question of honor as plain as your A, B, C."
+
+"Indeed, Sir John," said Randal, recovering his suavity, while he inly
+breathed a dire anathema on his county member, "I am so new to these
+things, that what you say never struck me before. No doubt you must be
+right; at all events, I cannot have a better guide and adviser than Mr.
+Egerton himself."
+
+"No, certainly--perfect gentleman, Egerton! I wish we could make it up with
+him and Hazeldean."
+
+_Randal_, (sighing)--"Ah, I wish we could!"
+
+_Sir John._--"And some chance of it now; for the time is coming when all
+true men of the old school must stick together."
+
+_Randal._--"Wisely, and admirably said, my dear Sir John. But, pardon me, I
+must pay my respects to the ambassador."
+
+Randal escaped, and, passing on, saw the ambassador himself in the next
+room, conferring in a corner with Audley Egerton. The ambassador seemed
+very grave--Egerton calm and impenetrable, as usual. Presently the Count
+passed by, and the ambassador bowed to him very stiffly. As Randal, some
+time later, was searching for his cloak below, Audley Egerton unexpectedly
+joined him. "Ah, Leslie," said the minister, with more kindness than
+usual, "if you don't think the night air too cold for you, let us walk
+home together. I have sent away the carriage."
+
+This condescension in his patron was so singular that it quite startled
+Randal, and gave him a presentiment of some evil. When they were in the
+street, Egerton, after a pause, began--"My dear Mr. Leslie, it was my hope
+and belief that I had provided for you at least a competence; and that I
+might open to you, later, a career yet more brilliant. Hush! I don't doubt
+your gratitude; let me proceed. There is a possible chance, after certain
+decisions that the Government have come to, that we may be beaten in the
+House of Commons, and of course resign. I tell you this beforehand, for I
+wish you to have time to consider what, in that case, would be your best
+course. My power of serving you would then probably be over. It would, no
+doubt (seeing our close connection, and my views with regard to your
+future being so well known)--be expected that you should give up the place
+you hold, and follow my fortunes for good or ill. But as I have no
+personal enemies with the opposite party--and as I have sufficient position
+in the world to uphold and sanction your choice, whatever it may be, if
+you think it more prudent to retain your place, tell me so openly, and I
+think I can contrive that you may do it without loss of character and
+credit. In that case confine your ambition merely to rising gradually in
+your office, without mixing in politics. If, on the other hand, you should
+prefer to take your chance of my return to office, and so resign your own;
+and, furthermore, should commit yourself to a policy that may then be not
+only in opposition, but unpopular; I will do my best to introduce you into
+parliamentary life. I cannot say that I advise the latter."
+
+Randal felt as a man feels after a severe fall--he was literally stunned.
+At length he faltered out--"Can you think, sir, that I should ever desert
+your fortunes--your party--your cause?"
+
+"My dear Leslie," replied the minister, "you are too young to have
+committed yourself to any men or to any party, except, indeed, in that
+unlucky pamphlet. This must not be an affair of sentiment, but of sense
+and reflection. Let us say no more on the point now; but, by considering
+the _pros_ and _cons_, you can better judge what to do, should the time
+for option suddenly arrive."
+
+"But I hope that time may not come."
+
+"I hope so too, and most sincerely," said the minister, with deliberate
+and genuine emphasis.
+
+"What could be so bad for the country?" ejaculated Randal. "It does not
+seem to me possible in the nature of things, that you and your party
+should ever go out."
+
+"And when we are once out, there will be plenty of wiseacres to say it is
+out of the nature of things that we should ever come in again. Here we are
+at the door."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER V.
+
+
+Randal passed a sleepless night; but, indeed, he was one of those persons
+who neither need, nor are accustomed to much sleep. However, towards
+morning, when dreams are said to be prophetic, he fell into a most
+delightful slumber--a slumber peopled by visions fitted to lure on, through
+labyrinths of law, predestined chancellors, or wreck upon the rocks of
+glory the inebriate souls of youthful ensigns--dreams from which Rood Hall
+emerged crowned with the towers of Belvoir or Raby, and looking over
+subject lands and manors wrested from the nefarious usurpation of
+Thornhills and Hazeldeans--dreams in which Audley Egerton's gold and
+power--rooms in Downing Street, and saloons in Grosvenor Square--had passed
+away to the smiling dreamer, as the empire of Chaldaea passed to Darius the
+Median. Why visions so belying the gloomy and anxious thoughts that
+preceded them should visit the pillow of Randal Leslie, surpasses my
+philosophy to conjecture. He yielded, however, passively to their spell,
+and was startled to hear the clock strike eleven as he descended the
+stairs to breakfast. He was vexed at the lateness of the hour, for he had
+meant to have taken advantage of the unwonted softness of Egerton, and
+drawn therefrom some promises or proffers to cheer the prospects which the
+minister had so chillingly expanded before him the preceding night. And it
+was only at breakfast that he usually found the opportunity of private
+conference with his busy patron. But Audley Egerton would be sure to have
+sallied forth--and so he had--only Randal was surprised to hear that he had
+gone out in his carriage, instead of on foot, as was his habit. Randal
+soon despatched his solitary meal, and with a new and sudden affection for
+his office, thitherward bent his way. As he passed through Piccadilly, he
+heard behind a voice that had lately become familiar to him, and turning
+round, saw Baron Levy walking side by side, though not arm-in-arm, with a
+gentleman almost as smart as himself, but with a jauntier step and a
+brisker air--a step that, like Diomed's, as described by Shakspeare--
+
+  "Rises on the toe--that spirit of his
+  In aspiration lifts him from the earth."
+
+Indeed, one may judge of the spirits and disposition of a man by his
+ordinary gait and mien in walking. He who habitually pursues abstract
+thought, looks down on the ground. He who is accustomed to sudden
+impulses, or is trying to seize upon some necessary recollection, looks up
+with a kind of jerk. He who is a steady, cautious, merely practical man,
+walks on deliberately, his eyes straight before him; and even in his most
+musing moods observes things around sufficiently to avoid a porter's knot
+or a butcher's tray.--But the man with strong ganglions--of pushing lively
+temperament, who, though practical, is yet speculative--the man who is
+emulous and active, and ever trying to rise in life--sanguine, alert,
+bold--walks with a spring--looks rather above the heads of his
+fellow-passengers--but with a quick, easy turn of his own, which is lightly
+set on his shoulders; his mouth is a little open--his eye is bright, rather
+restless, but penetrative--his port has something of defiance--his form is
+erect, but without stiffness. Such was the appearance of the Baron's
+companion. And as Randal turned round at Levy's voice, the Baron said to
+his companion, "A young man in the first circles--you should book him for
+your fair lady's parties. How d'ye do, Mr. Leslie? Let me introduce you to
+Mr. Richard Avenel." Then, as he hooked his arm into Randal's, he
+whispered, "Man of first-rate talent--monstrously rich--has two or three
+parliamentary seats in his pocket--wife gives parties--her foible."
+
+"Proud to make your acquaintance, sir," said Mr. Avenel, lifting his hat.
+"Fine day."
+
+"Rather cold, too," said Leslie, who, like all thin persons with weak
+digestion, was chilly by temperament; besides, he had enough on his mind
+to chill his body.
+
+"So much the healthier,--braces the nerves," said Mr. Avenel; "but you
+young fellows relax the system by hot rooms and late hours. Fond of
+dancing, of course, sir?" Then, without waiting for Randal's negative, Mr.
+Richard continued rapidly, "Mrs. Avenel has a _soiree dansante_ on
+Thursday--shall be very happy to see you in Eaton Square. Stop, I have a
+card;" and he drew out a dozen large invitation cards, from which he
+selected one and presented it to Randal.--The Baron pressed that young
+gentleman's arm, and Randal replied courteously that it would give him
+great pleasure to be introduced to Mrs. Avenel. Then, as he was not
+desirous to be seen under the wing of Baron Levy, like a pigeon under that
+of a hawk, he gently extricated himself, and, pleading great haste, walked
+quickly on towards his office.
+
+"That young man will make a figure some day," said the Baron. "I don't
+know any one of his age with so few prejudices. He is a connection by
+marriage to Audley Egerton, who"--
+
+"Audley Egerton!" exclaimed Mr. Avenel; "d ungrateful fellow?"
+
+"Why, what do you know of him?"
+
+"He owed his first seat in Parliament to the votes of two near relations
+of mine, and when I called upon him some time ago, in his office, he
+absolutely ordered me out of the room. Hang his impertinence; if ever I
+can pay him off, I guess I shan't fail for want of good will!"
+
+"Ordered you out of the room? That's not like Egerton, who is civil, if
+formal--at least, to most men. You must have offended him in his weak
+point."
+
+"A man whom the public pays so handsomely should have no weak point. What
+is Egerton's?"
+
+"Oh, he values himself on being a thorough gentleman--a man of the nicest
+honor," said Levy with a sneer. "You must have ruffled his plumes there.
+How was it?"
+
+"I forget now," answered Mr. Avenel, who was far too well versed in the
+London scale of human dignities since his marriage, not to look back with
+a blush at his desire of knighthood. "No use bothering our heads now about
+the plumes of an arrogant popinjay. To return to the subject we were
+discussing. You must be sure to let me have this money next week."
+
+"Rely upon it."
+
+"And you'll not let my bills get into the market; keep them under lock and
+key."
+
+"So we agreed."
+
+"It is but a temporary difficulty--royal mourning, such nonsense--panic in
+trade, lest these precious ministers go out. I shall soon float over the
+troubled waters."
+
+"By the help of a paper boat," said the Baron, laughing; and the two
+gentlemen shook hands and parted.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VI.
+
+
+Meanwhile Audley Egerton's carriage had deposited him at the door of Lord
+Lansmere's house, at Knightsbridge. He asked for the Countess, and was
+shown into the drawing-room, which was deserted. Egerton was paler than
+usual; and, as the door opened, he wiped the unwonted moisture from his
+forehead, and there was a quiver in his firm lip. The Countess, too, on
+entering, showed an emotion almost equally unusual to her self-control.
+She pressed Audley's hand in silence, and seating herself by his side,
+seemed to collect her thoughts. At length she said: "It is rarely indeed
+that we meet, Mr. Egerton, in spite of your intimacy with Lansmere and
+Harley. I go so little into your world, and you will not voluntarily come
+to me."
+
+"Madam," replied Egerton, "I might evade your kind reproach by stating
+that my hours are not at my disposal; but I answer you with plain truth--it
+must be painful to both of us to meet."
+
+The Countess colored and sighed, but did not dispute the assertion. Audley
+resumed. "And therefore, I presume, that on sending for me, you have
+something of moment to communicate."
+
+"It relates to Harley," said the Countess, as if in apology; "and I would
+take your advice."
+
+"To Harley! speak on, I beseech you."
+
+"My son has probably told you that he has educated and reared a young
+girl, with the intention to make her Lady L'Estrange, and hereafter
+Countess of Lansmere."
+
+"Harley has no secrets from me," said Egerton, mournfully.
+
+"This young lady has arrived in England--is here--in this house."
+
+"And Harley too?"
+
+"No, she came over with Lady N her daughters. Harley was to follow
+shortly, and I expect him daily. Here is his letter. Observe, he has never
+yet communicated his intentions to this young person, now intrusted to my
+care--never spoken to her as the lover."
+
+Egerton took the letter and read it rapidly, though with attention.
+
+"True," said he, as he returned the letter: "and before he does so, he
+wishes you to see Miss Digby and to judge of her yourself--wishes to know
+if you will approve and sanction his choice."
+
+"It is on this that I would consult you--a girl without rank;--the father,
+it is true, a gentleman, though almost equivocally one,--but the mother, I
+know not what. And Harley for whom I hoped an alliance with the first
+houses in England!" The Countess pressed her hands convulsively together.
+
+_Egerton._--"He is no more a boy. His talents have been wasted--his life a
+wanderer's. He presents to you a chance of re-settling his mind, of
+re-arousing his native powers, of a home besides your own. Lady Lansmere,
+you cannot hesitate!"
+
+_Lady Lansmere._--"I do, I do! After all that I have hoped, after all that
+I did to prevent"--
+
+_Egerton_ (interrupting her).--"You owe him now an atonement: that is in
+your power--it is not in mine."
+
+The Countess again pressed Audley's hand, and the tears gushed from her
+eyes. "It shall be so. I consent--I consent. I will silence, I will crush
+back this proud heart. Alas! it wellnigh broke his own! I am glad you
+speak thus. I like to think he owes my consent to you. In that there is
+atonement for both--both."
+
+"You are too generous, madam," said Egerton, evidently moved, though
+still, as ever, striving to repress emotion. "And may I see the young
+lady? This conference pains me; you see even my strong nerves quiver; and
+at this time I have much to go through--need of all my strength and
+firmness."
+
+"I hear, indeed, that the government will probably retire. But it is with
+honor: it will be soon called back by the voice of the nation."
+
+"Let me see the future wife of Harley L'Estrange," said Egerton, without
+heed of this consolatory exclamation.
+
+The Countess rose and left the room. In a few minutes she returned with
+Helen Digby. Helen was wondrously improved from the pale, delicate child,
+with the soft smile and intelligent eyes, who had sat by the side of
+Leonard in his garret. She was about the middle height, still slight but
+beautifully formed; that exquisite roundness of proportion, which conveys
+so well the idea of woman, in its undulating pliant grace--formed to
+embellish life, and soften away its rude angles--formed to embellish, not
+to protect. Her face might not have satisfied the critical eye of an
+artist--it was not without defects in regularity; but its expression was
+eminently gentle and prepossessing; and there were few who would not have
+exclaimed, "What a lovely countenance!" The mildness of her brow was
+touched with melancholy--her childhood had left its traces on her youth.
+Her step was slow, and her manner shy, subdued, and timid. Audley gazed on
+her with earnestness as she approached him; and then coming forward, took
+her hand and kissed it. "I am your guardian's constant friend," said he;
+and he drew her gently to a seat beside him, in the recess of a window.
+With a quick glance of his eye towards the Countess, he seemed to imply
+the wish to converse with Helen somewhat apart. So the Countess
+interpreted the glance; and though she remained in the room, she seated
+herself at a distance, and bent over a book.
+
+It was touching to see how the austere man of business lent himself to
+draw forth the mind of this quiet, shrinking girl; and if you had
+listened, you would have comprehended how he came to possess such social
+influence, and how well, some time or other in the course of his life, he
+had learned to adapt himself to women. He spoke first of Harley
+L'Estrange--spoke with tact and delicacy. Helen at first answered by
+monosyllables, and then, by degrees, with grateful and open affection.
+Audley's brow grew shaded. He then spoke of Italy; and though no man had
+less of the poet in his nature, yet, with the dexterity of one long versed
+in the world, and who has been accustomed to extract evidences from
+characters most opposed to his own, he suggested such topics as might
+serve to arouse poetry in others. Helen's replies betrayed a cultivated
+taste, and a charming womanly mind; but they betrayed also one accustomed
+to take its colorings from another's--to appreciate, admire, revere the
+Lofty and the Beautiful, but humbly and meekly. There was no vivid
+enthusiasm, no remark of striking originality, no flash of the
+self-kindling, creative faculty. Lastly, Egerton turned to England--to the
+critical nature of the times--to the claims which the country possessed
+upon all who had the ability to serve and guide its troubled destinies. He
+enlarged warmly on Harley's natural talents, and rejoiced that he had
+returned to England, perhaps to commence some great career. Helen looked
+surprised, but her face caught no correspondent glow from Audley's
+eloquence. He rose, and an expression of disappointment passed over his
+grave, handsome features, and as quickly vanished.
+
+"Adieu! my dear Miss Digby; I fear I have wearied you, especially with my
+politics. Adieu, Lady Lansmere; no doubt I shall see Harley as soon as he
+returns."
+
+Then he hastened from the room, gained his carriage, and ordered the
+coachman to drive to Downing-street. He drew down the blinds, and leant
+back. A certain languor became visible in his face, and once or twice he
+mechanically put his hand to his heart.
+
+"She is good, amiable, docile--will make an excellent wife, no doubt," said
+he, murmuringly. "But does she love Harley as he has dreamed of love? No!
+Has she the power and energy to arouse his faculties, and restore to the
+world the Harley of old? No! Meant by heaven to be the shadow of another's
+sun--not herself the sun--this child is not the one who can atone for the
+Past and illume the Future."
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VII.
+
+
+That evening Harley L'Estrange arrived at his father's house. The few
+years that had passed since we saw him last, had made no perceptible
+change in his appearance. He still preserved his elastic youthfulness of
+form, and singular variety and play of countenance. He seemed unaffectedly
+rejoiced to greet his parents, and had something of the gayety and the
+tenderness of a boy returned from school. His manner to Helen bespoke the
+chivalry that pervaded all the complexities and curves of his character.
+It was affectionate but respectful. Hers to him, subdued--but innocently
+sweet and gently cordial. Harley was the chief talker. The aspect of the
+times was so critical, that he could not avoid questions on politics; and,
+indeed, he showed an interest in them which he had never evinced before.
+Lord Lansmere was delighted.
+
+"Why, Harley, you love your country, after all?"
+
+"The moment she seems in danger--yes!" replied the Patrician; and the
+Sybarite seemed to rise into the Athenian.
+
+Then he asked with eagerness about his old friend Audley; and, his
+curiosity satisfied there, he inquired the last literary news. He had
+heard much of a book lately published. He named the one ascribed by Parson
+Dale to Professor Moss; none of his listeners had read it. Harley pished
+at this, and accused them all of indolence and stupidity in his own
+quaint, metaphorical style. Then he said--"And town gossip?"
+
+"We never hear it," said Lady Lansmere.
+
+"There is a new plough much talked of at Boodle's," said Lord Lansmere.
+
+"God speed it. But is there not a new man much talked of at White's?"
+
+"I don't belong to White's."
+
+"Nevertheless, you may have heard of him--a foreigner, a Count di
+Peschiera."
+
+"Yes," said Lord Lansmere; "he was pointed out to me in the Park--a
+handsome man for a foreigner; wears his hair properly cut; looks
+gentlemanlike and English."
+
+"Ah, ah! He is here then!" And Harley rubbed his hands.
+
+"Which road did you take? Did you pass the Simplon?"
+
+"No; I came straight from Vienna."
+
+Then, relating with lively vein his adventures by the way, he continued to
+delight Lord Lansmere by his gayety till the time came to retire to rest.
+As soon as Harley was in his own room, his mother joined him.
+
+"Well," said he, "I need not ask if you like Miss Digby? Who would not?"
+
+"Harley, my own son," said the mother, bursting into tears, "be happy your
+own way; only be happy; that is all I ask."
+
+Harley, much affected, replied gratefully and soothingly to this fond
+injunction. And then gradually leading his mother on to converse of Helen,
+asked abruptly--"And of the chance of our happiness--her happiness well as
+mine--what is your opinion? Speak frankly."
+
+"Of _her_ happiness, there can be no doubt," replied the mother proudly.
+"Of yours, how can you ask me? Have you not decided on that yourself?"
+
+"But still it cheers and encourages one in any experiment, however well
+considered, to hear the approval of another. Helen has certainly a most
+gentle temper."
+
+"I should conjecture so. But her mind--"
+
+"Is very well stored."
+
+"She speaks so little--"
+
+"Yes. I wonder why? She's surely a woman!"
+
+"Pshaw," said the Countess, smiling in spite of herself. "But tell me more
+of the process of your experiment. You took her as a child, and resolved
+to train her according to your own ideal. Was that easy?"
+
+"It seemed so. I desired to instil habits of truth--she was already by
+nature truthful as the day; a taste for nature and all things natural--that
+seemed inborn: perceptions of Art as the interpreter of Nature--those were
+more difficult to teach. I think they may come. You have heard her play
+and sing?"
+
+"No."
+
+"She will surprise you. She has less talent for drawing; still, all that
+teaching could do has been done--in a word, she is accomplished. Temper,
+heart, mind--these are all excellent." Harley stopped, and suppressed a
+sigh. "Certainly, I ought to be very happy," said he; and he began to wind
+up his watch.
+
+"Of course she must love you?" said the Countess, after a pause. "How
+could she fail?"
+
+"Love me! My dear mother, that is the very question I shall have to ask."
+
+"Ask! Love is discovered by a glance; it has no need of asking."
+
+"I have never discovered it, then, I assure you. The fact is, that before
+her childhood was passed, I removed her, as you may suppose, from my roof.
+She resided with an Italian family, near my usual abode. I visited her
+often, directed her studies, watched her improvement--"
+
+"And fell in love with her?"
+
+"Fall is such a very violent word. No; I don't remember to have had a
+fall. It was all a smooth inclined plane from the first step, until at
+last I said to myself, 'Harley L'Estrange, thy time has come. The bud has
+blossomed into flower. Take it to thy breast.' And myself replied to
+myself meekly, 'So be it.' Then I found that Lady N daughters, was coming
+to England. I asked her Ladyship to take my ward to your house. I wrote to
+you, and prayed your assent; and, that granted, I knew you would obtain my
+father's. I am here--you give me the approval I sought for. I will speak to
+Helen to-morrow. Perhaps, after all, she may reject me."
+
+"Strange, strange--you speak thus coldly, thus lightly; you so capable of
+ardent love!"
+
+"Mother," said Harley, earnestly, "be satisfied! _I_ am! Love, as of old,
+I feel, alas! too well, can visit me never more. But gentle companionship,
+tender friendship, the relief and the sunlight of woman's smile--hereafter
+the voices of children--music that, striking on the hearts of both parents,
+wakens the most lasting and the purest of all sympathies: these are my
+hope. Is the hope so mean, my fond mother?"
+
+Again the Countess wept, and her tears were not dried when she left the
+room.
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER VIII.
+
+
+Oh! Helen, fair Helen--type of the quiet, serene, unnoticed, deep-felt
+excellence of woman! Woman, less as the ideal that a poet conjures from
+the air, than as the companion of a poet on the earth! Woman who, with her
+clear sunny vision of things actual, and the exquisite fibre of her
+delicate sense, supplies the deficiencies of him whose foot stumbles on
+the soil, because his eye is too intent upon the stars! Woman, the
+provident, the comforting angel--whose pinions are folded round the heart,
+guarding there a divine spring unmarred by the winter of the world! Helen,
+soft Helen, is it indeed in thee that the wild and brilliant "lord of
+wantonness and ease" is to find the regeneration of his life--the rebaptism
+of his soul? Of what avail thy meek prudent household virtues to one whom
+Fortune screens from rough trial?--whose sorrows lie remote from thy
+ken?--whose spirit, erratic and perturbed, now rising, now falling, needs a
+vision more subtle than thine to pursue, and a strength that can sustain
+the reason, when it droops, on the wings of enthusiasm and passion?
+
+And thou thyself, O nature, shrinking and humble, that needest to be
+courted forth from the shelter, and developed under the calm and genial
+atmosphere of holy, happy love--can such affection as Harley L'Estrange may
+proffer suffice to thee? Will not the blossoms, yet folded in the petal,
+wither away beneath the shade that may protect them from the storm, and
+yet shut them from the sun? Thou who, where thou givest love, seekest,
+though meekly, for love in return; --to be the soul's sweet necessity, the
+life's household partner to him who receives all thy faith and
+devotion--canst thou influence the sources of joy and of sorrow in the
+heart that does not heave at thy name? Hast thou the charm and the force
+of the moon, that the tides of that wayward sea shall ebb and flow at thy
+will? Yet who shall say--who conjecture how near two hearts may become,
+when no guilt lies between them, and time brings the ties all its own?
+Rarest of all things on earth is the union in which both, by their
+contrasts, make harmonious their blending; each supplying the defects of
+the helpmate, and completing, by fusion, one strong human soul! Happiness
+enough, where even Peace does but seldom preside, when each can bring to
+the altar, if not, the flame, still the incense. Where man's thoughts are
+all noble and generous, woman's feelings all gentle and pure, love may
+follow, if it does not precede;--and if not,--if the roses be missed from
+the garland, one may sigh for the rose, but one is safe from the thorn.
+
+The morning was mild, yet somewhat overcast by tho mists which announce
+coming winter in London, and Helen walked musingly beneath the trees that
+surrounded the garden of Lord Lansmere's house. Many leaves were yet left
+on the boughs; but they were sere and withered. And the birds chirped at
+times; but their note was mournful and complaining. All within this house,
+until Harley's arrival, had been strange and saddening to Helen's timid
+and subdued spirits. Lady Lansmere had received her kindly, but with a
+certain restraint; and the loftiness of manner, common to the Countess
+with all but Harley, had awed and chilled the diffident orphan. Lady
+Lansmere's very interest in Harley's choice--her attempts to draw Helen out
+of her reserve--her watchful eyes whenever Helen shyly spoke, or shyly
+moved, frightened the poor child, and made her unjust to herself.
+
+The very servants, though staid, grave, and respectful, as suited a
+dignified, old-fashioned household, painfully contrasted the bright
+welcoming smiles and free talk of Italian domestics. Her recollections of
+the happy warm Continental manner, which so sets the bashful at their
+ease, made the stately and cold precision of all around her doubly awful
+and dispiriting. Lord Lansmere himself, who did not as yet know the views
+of Harley, and little dreamed that he was to anticipate a daughter-in-law
+in the ward whom he understood Harley, in a freak of generous romance had
+adopted, was familiar and courteous, as became a host. But he looked upon
+Helen as a mere child, and naturally left her to the Countess. The dim
+sense of her equivocal position--of her comparative humbleness of birth and
+fortunes, oppressed and pained her; and even her gratitude to Harley was
+made burthensome by a sentiment of helplessness. The grateful long to
+requite. And what could she ever do for him?
+
+Thus musing, she wandered alone through the curving walks; and this sort
+of mock country landscape--London loud, and even visible, beyond the high
+gloomy walls, and no escape from the windows of the square formal
+house--seemed a type of the prison bounds of Rank to one whose soul yearns
+for simple loving Nature.
+
+Helen's reverie was interrupted by Nero's joyous bark. He had caught sight
+of her, and came bounding up, and thrust his large head into her hand. As
+she stooped to caress the dog, happy at his honest greeting, and tears
+that had been long gathering to the lids fell silently on his face, (for I
+know nothing that more moves us to tears than the hearty kindness of a
+dog, when something in human beings has pained or chilled us,) she heard
+behind the musical voice of Harley. Hastily she dried or repressed her
+tears, as her guardian came up, and drew her arm within his own.
+
+"I had so little of your conversation last evening, my dear ward, that I
+may well monopolize you now, even to the privation of Nero. And so you are
+once more in your native land?"
+
+Helen sighed softly.
+
+"May I not hope that you return under fairer auspices than those which
+your childhood knew?"
+
+Helen turned her eyes with ingenuous thankfulness to her guardian, and the
+memory of all she owed to him rushed upon her heart. Harley renewed, and
+with earnest though melancholy sweetness--"Helen, your eyes thank me; but
+hear me before your words do. I deserve no thanks. I am about to make to
+you a strange confession of egotism and selfishness."
+
+"You!--oh, impossible!"
+
+"Judge yourself, and then decide which of us shall have cause to be
+grateful. Helen, when I was scarcely your age--a boy in years, but more,
+methinks, a man at heart, with man's strong energies and sublime
+aspirings, than I have ever since been--I loved, and deeply--" He paused a
+moment in evident struggle. Helen listened in mute surprise, but his
+emotion awakened her own; her tender woman's heart yearned to console.
+Unconsciously her arm rested on his less lightly. "Deeply, and for sorrow.
+It is a long tale, that may be told hereafter. The worldly would call my
+love a madness. I did not reason on it then--I cannot reason on it now.
+Enough; death smote suddenly, terribly, and to me mysteriously, her whom I
+loved. The love lived on. Fortunately, perhaps, for me, I had quick
+distraction, not to grief, but to its inert indulgence. I was a soldier; I
+joined our armies. Men called me brave. Flattery! I was a coward before
+the thought of life. I sought death: like sleep, it does not come at our
+call. Peace ensued. As when the winds fall the sails droop--so when
+excitement ceased, all seemed to me flat and objectless. Heavy, heavy was
+my heart. Perhaps grief had been less obstinate, but that I feared I had
+cause for self-reproach. Since then I have been a wanderer--a self-made
+exile. My boyhood had been ambitious--all ambition ceased. Flames, when
+they reach the core of the heart, spread, and leave all in ashes. Let me
+be brief: I did not mean thus weakly to complain--I to whom heaven has
+given so many blessings! I felt, as it were, separated from the common
+objects and joys of men. I grew startled to see how, year by year, wayward
+humors possessed me. I resolved again to attach myself to some living
+heart--it was my sole chance to rekindle my own. But the one I had loved
+remained as my type of woman, and she was different from all I saw.
+Therefore I said to myself, 'I will rear from childhood some young fresh
+life, to grow up into my ideal.' As this thought began to haunt me, I
+chanced to discover you. Struck with the romance of your early life,
+touched by your courage, charmed by your affectionate nature, I said to
+myself, 'Here is what I seek.' Helen, in assuming the guardianship of your
+life, in all the culture which I have sought to bestow on your docile
+childhood, I repeat, that I have been but the egotist. And now, when you
+have reached that age, when it becomes me to speak, and you to listen--now,
+when you are under the sacred roof of my own mother--now I ask you, can you
+accept this heart, such as wasted years, and griefs too fondly nursed,
+have left it? Can you be, at least, my comforter? Can you aid me to regard
+life as a duty, and recover those aspirations which once soared from the
+paltry and miserable confines of our frivolous daily being? Helen, here I
+ask you, can you be all this, and under the name of--Wife?"
+
+It would be in vain to describe the rapid, varying, indefinable emotions
+that passed through the inexperienced heart of the youthful listener as
+Harley thus spoke. He so moved all the springs of amaze, compassion,
+tender respect, sympathy, childlike gratitude, that when he paused and
+gently took her hand, she remained bewildered, speechless, overpowered.
+Harley smiled as he gazed upon her blushing, downcast, expressive face. He
+conjectured at once that the idea of such proposals had never crossed her
+mind; that she had never contemplated him in the character of a wooer;
+never even sounded her heart as to the nature of such feelings as his
+image had aroused.
+
+"My Helen," he resumed, with a calm pathos of voice, "there is some
+disparity of years between us, and perhaps I may not hope henceforth for
+that love which youth gives to the young. Permit me simply to ask, what
+you will frankly answer--Can you have seen in our quiet life abroad, or
+under the roof of our Italian friends, any one you prefer to me?"
+
+"No, indeed, no!" murmured Helen. "How could I!--who is like you?" Then,
+with a sudden effort--for her innate truthfulness took alarm, and her very
+affection for Harley, childlike and reverent, made her tremble lest she
+should deceive him--she drew a little aside, and spoke thus: "Oh, my dear
+guardian, noblest of all human beings, at least in my eyes, forgive,
+forgive me if I seem ungrateful, hesitating; but I cannot, cannot think of
+myself as worthy of you. I never so lifted my eyes. Your rank, your
+position--"
+
+"Why should they be eternally my curse? Forget them and go on."
+
+"It is not only they," said Helen, almost sobbing, "though they are much;
+but I your type, your ideal!--I!--impossible! Oh, how can I ever be any
+thing even of use, of aid, of comfort to one like you!"
+
+"You can, Helen--you can," cried Harley, charmed by such ingenuous modesty.
+"May I not keep this hand?"
+
+And Helen left her hand in Harley's, and turned away her face, fairly
+weeping. A stately step passed under the wintry trees.
+
+"My mother," said Harley L'Estrange, looking up, "I present to you my
+future wife."
+
+
+
+
+
+REMINISCENCES OF PRINTERS, AUTHORS, AND BOOKSELLERS IN NEW-YORK.(8)
+
+
+BY JOHN W. FRANCIS, M.D., LL. D.
+
+When the great defender of the Constitution delivered the oration at
+Bunker Hill, he pointed to the just completed monument and exclaimed,
+"There stands the Orator of the Day." In humble imitation of that
+significant act, I also, in attempting to illustrate the interests and the
+meaning of this occasion, would point you, gentlemen, to the fact of your
+presence here to-night--to the union at one banquet of printers, editors,
+publishers, authors, and professional men--as the best evidence of the
+importance and attractiveness of the occasion. The art of printing, among
+other inestimable blessings, has fused together the most productive
+elements of society; it has established a vital relation between intellect
+and mechanics, between labor and thought. I see before me in this assembly
+those who have achieved enduring literary fame, and those who are the
+present guides of public opinion. I see them side by side with the men who
+have just put their thoughts and sentiments into a bodily form and
+disseminated them on the wings of the press. The association is not only
+appropriate, but it is honorable to his memory who united in his life the
+humblest manual toil and the loftiest flights of genius; who both set up
+types and drew the lightning from heaven, and combined in his own person
+the practical printer and the scientific philosopher.
+
+By your courtesy, gentlemen, I have been invited to say a few words
+appropriate to the New York-Typographical Society. It is with unfeigned
+reluctance that I assume the task. In this presence I behold so many
+better qualified for the undertaking than myself, that I am apprehensive I
+shall be able neither to do justice to my theme nor satisfy the
+expectations which you in your clemency have anticipated. True it is, that
+in my early life I was connected with your fraternity by more immediate
+ties than at present exist. Circumstances have modified my career, but I
+should prove recreant to the best feelings of my heart, turn ingrate to
+the pleasantest associations of memory, and forget the most efficient
+causes which have favored my journey thus far to mellow years, were I
+unmindful of the gratifications I enjoyed while a fellow laborer in your
+noble pursuits. The press is the representative of the intellectual man on
+earth; it is the expositor of his cogitative powers; the promulgator of
+his most recondite labors; the strong arm of his support in the defence
+and maintenance of his inherent rights as a member of the social compact;
+the vindicator of his claims to the exalted station of one stamped in the
+express image of God; it is the charter of freedom to ameliorated man in
+the glorious strife of social organization, in the pursuits of life,
+liberty, and happiness. Hence I have ever cherished the deepest regard for
+those who have appropriated their time and talents to this vast engine of
+civilization. I have ever looked upon the vocation as holding the
+integrity of our highest privileges on earth; freedom of inquiry, freedom
+of utterance, and the vast behests of civil communion, with the kindred of
+every nation, and the tongues of every speech.
+
+When I was a boy of ten years of age, I became acquainted with the
+biography of Franklin. I had purchased at auction a Glasgow edition of his
+Life and Essays. I had read _Robinson Crusoe_, _George Barnwell_, _The
+House That Jack Built_, _AEsop's Fables_, the duodecimo edition of Morse's
+_Geography_, and other common publications of the times. No work that I
+have perused, from that juvenile period of my existence up to the present
+day, has ever yielded the peculiar gratification which Franklin's memoirs
+gave me, and my admiration and reverence for our illustrious sage have
+through all subsequent inquiry into his actions and services, increased in
+intensity, in proportion as I have contemplated his wondrous character and
+his unparalleled achievements. I think I owe something to my mother for
+this happy appreciation of our Franklin. She was by birth a Philadelphian,
+and for years, during her residence in Arch street, was favored with
+opportunities of again and again beholding Dr. Franklin pass her door, in
+company with Dr. Rush and Thomas Paine. "There," the children of the
+neighborhood would cry out, "goes Poor Richard, Common Sense, and the
+Doctor." It is recorded that Franklin furnished many thoughts in the
+famous pamphlet of _Common Sense_, while Paine wrote it, and Rush gave the
+title. There is something in the hereditary transmission of the moral and
+of the physical qualities; yet I have thought that the benevolent schemes
+of Rush, the intrepid patriotism of Paine, and the honest maxims of
+Franklin--the topics of daily converse in that day--had some influence in
+strengthening the principles which my mother inculcated in her children.
+
+You have told me, gentlemen, that you would be gratified with some
+reminiscences touching New-York--social, literary, personal--of men and
+books--all having a bearing, more or less immediate, either on the progress
+of human development, or the character of our metropolitan city. I know
+not how to satisfy either you or myself. To do justice to the subject
+would require a different opportunity from the one here enjoyed, and
+leisure such as I cannot now command.
+
+The locality upon which we are assembled to-night has its associations. We
+meet this evening on the memorable spot in our city's early topography
+denominated the Bayard Farm--a property once in the possession of the
+affluent Bayards, of him who was companion in his strife with Governor
+Leisler, and whose death for high treason was the issue of that protracted
+contest. That he fell a martyr to freedom, our friend Charles F. Hoffman
+has ably demonstrated. Within a few doors of this place, on Broadway, very
+many years after, but within my recollection, lived that arch negotiator
+in public counsels, Talleyrand, the famous ambassador of France to the
+United States. He published a small tractate on America, once much read,
+and it was he who affirmed that the greatest sight he had ever beheld in
+this country, was the illustrious Hamilton, with his pile of books under
+his arms, proceeding to the court-room in the old City Hall, in order to
+obtain a livelihood, by expounding the law, and vindicating the rights of
+his clients.
+
+Here too is the spot where, some short while after, the antics of the
+Osage tribe of Indians were displayed for the admiration of the belles and
+beaux of New-York, and on that occasion my old colleague, Dr. Mitchill,
+gave translations into English of their songs and war-whoop sounds, for
+the increased gratification of the literary public of that day, when
+Indian literature stood not so high as in these times of Congressional
+appropriation, and of Henry Schoolcraft, the faithful and patriotic
+expositor of the red-man's excellences. I think I am safe in saying, also,
+that near these grounds occurred the execution of Young, a play-actor,
+convicted of murder--a remarkable event in New-York annals, owing to
+peculiar circumstances which marked his imprisonment in our old jail, now
+converted into the Hall of Records. There were, about the period to which
+I now refer, other occurrences of singular influence in those days.
+
+Crowther and Levi Weeks were both confined in this debased prison because
+of high crimes, and many were incarcerated for debt. There was,
+nevertheless, an atmosphere of some intellect immolated within its cells;
+and for the first, and I believe the only time in this country, a
+newspaper was issued for some months' duration from its walls, entitled
+_The Prisoner of Hope_. The Wilberforce impulse of that crisis had much to
+do with the movement; and no abolition paper of even later dates plead
+more earnestly in behalf of enslaved humanity, by graphic illustrations
+and literary talent, than did _The Prisoner of Hope_. At that day, many
+newspapers had their specific motto, and that of _The Prisoner of Hope_
+was in these words:
+
+  Soft, smiling Hope--thou anchor of the mind;
+  The only comfort that the wretched find;
+  All look to thee when sorrow wrings the heart,
+  To heal, by future prospect, present smart.
+
+Naturalists tell us that this eligible site was once characterized by the
+graceful foliage of the pride of the American forests, the lofty
+plane-tree, the _platanus occidentalis_. It must further increase our
+interest in the spot, to be assured that through its shades strolled our
+Franklin, in company with that lover of rural scenery, the botanist
+Kalm--an occurrence not unlike the interesting one of the excursions of
+Linnaeus with Hans Sloane, in the Royal Gardens, near London. Here, too,
+the wild pigeon was taken in great abundance; while in the Common (now
+Park) those primitive inhabitants of the city, the Beekman family, with
+the old doctor at their head, shot deer and other game in their field
+sports. But enough at present of the locality where this anniversary is
+held.
+
+The history of the American periodical press, if given with any thing like
+fidelity and minuteness, would occupy several hours; it is a noble
+specimen of our triumphs as a free people, and of our determination so to
+remain; it has demonstrated the progress of knowledge, and the intrepidity
+of New-Yorkers, as much as any one series of facts or occurrences we could
+summon for illustration. Everybody within this hall is aware that William
+Bradford was the first in time of the newspaper publishers of New-York.
+His gazette made its earliest appearance in October, 1725, four years
+after James, the brother of Benjamin Franklin, began the _New England
+Courant_--this being seventeen years after the commencement of the _Boston
+News Letter_, the first regular newspaper commenced in North America. I
+advert to this circumstance because we possess the completed file of that
+earliest of the journals of our land now in existence. The copy in the
+library of the Massachusetts Historical Society was presented that
+institution by the famous antiquary, Dr. Eliot; that in our own Historical
+Society is the file which was preserved by Professor McKean, of Harvard
+University, who bequeathed it to the Rev. T. Alden, from whom I purchased
+it and deposited it where it now remains.
+
+From Franklin's representations, Bradford was a sorry individual, of low
+cunning, and sinister; yet I must not deal harshly with him. His, I
+believe, was the first printing press set up in New-York: he published the
+laws, and other state papers, and he was the grandfather of Bradford,
+afterwards Attorney-General of the United States; and as from his loins
+proceeded Thomas Bradford, the adventurous and patriotic publisher of
+Rees's _Cyclopaedia_--the most enterprising of the craft, and our greatest
+patron of engravers--I desire to hold him in grateful memory. Our second
+newspaper was the _New-York Weekly Journal_, commenced about three years
+after Bradford's. John Peter Zenger, its proprietor, was a German by
+birth, a palatine, and something of a scholar; a man of enlarged
+liberality, patriotic, and an advocate of popular rights. He attacked the
+measures of the provincial Governor and Council, was subjected to a
+prosecution by the officers of the crown, and was brought to trial in
+1735, when Andrew Hamilton, the Recorder of Philadelphia, came to this
+city and successfully defended him. I have before stated that the late
+illustrious Governor Morris considered the decision of that case in behalf
+of the press as the dawn of that liberty which subsequently revolutionized
+America. To the ladies now present, the lovers of sweet sounds, it may not
+be uninteresting to know that the first piano forte (harpsichord) imported
+into America, arrived in this city for the musical gratification of the
+family of the noble Zenger.
+
+But I can say at this time little concerning newspapers. Our worthy
+associate in good works, Edwin Williams, has lately issued a memoir of
+much value on the subject, to which I must refer you. I regret that his
+catalogue of early journals is somewhat defective. As he justly observes,
+our Historical Society is wonderfully rich in these interesting documents.
+Our most precious treasures in that way are, unquestionably, the Rivington
+_Royal Gazette_, the old _New-York Daily Advertiser_, containing debates
+on the State Constitution, the _American Citizen and Republican Watch
+Tower_, the _New-York Evening Post_, and the _Commercial Advertiser_,
+through a long series, the _New-York American_, the _Independent
+Reflector_, containing the patriotic Essays on Toleration, by William
+Livingston, of New Jersey, and the _Time-Piece of New-York_, replete with
+invective against the Washington Administration--whose editor, Philip
+Freneau, verbally assured me that its most vituperative features were from
+suggestions of Jefferson, during the crisis in our public affairs provoked
+by Citizen Genet. But I must hasten to other topics.
+
+Among the most conspicuous editors and publishers of gazettes whom I have
+personally known was Noah Webster, now so famous for his Dictionary. At
+the time I knew him, some forty years ago, he was in person somewhat above
+the ordinary height, slender, with gray eyes, and a keen aspect;
+remarkable for neatness in dress, and characterized by an erect walk, a
+broad hat, and a long cue, much after the manner of Albert Gallatin, as
+depicted in the engraving in Callender's _Prospect Before Us_. If with
+philologists he is deemed a man of merit, it may with equal justice be
+said that he is to be recognized by medical men as an author of
+importance, for his _History of Pestilence_.
+
+Next I may note William Coleman, usually called in earlier days, by his
+antagonist Cheetham, Field-Marshal Coleman. Mr. Bryant, the able editor of
+the _Post_, in his biography of the first fifty years of that prominent
+gazette, has well described him. He was a sensitive man, of great tenacity
+of opinion, which he cherished by intercourse with many of the leading
+patriots and politicians who were among us some thirty years ago. He
+almost leaned on the arm of the inflexible Timothy Pickering, and had, in
+his younger days, held communion with Hamilton, John Wells and Rufus King.
+I shall never forget how the death of the immortal Hamilton subdued his
+feeling. When Gouverneur Morris delivered his felicitous eulogy from the
+portals of old Trinity Church, over the dead body of the noble martyr,
+with grief in every countenance, and anguish in every heart, Coleman's
+acuteness of feeling paralyzed every movement of his frame, and drowned
+every faculty of his mind. While on this topic, the decease of Hamilton, I
+may state an anecdote, the import of which can be readily understood. It
+was not long prior to the time of his death that the new and authentic
+edition of _The Federalist_ was published by George F. Hopkins. Hopkins
+told me of the delicacy with which Hamilton listened to his proposition to
+print a new edition of these papers. "They are demanded by the spirit of
+the times and the desire of the people," said Hopkins. "Do you really
+think, Mr. Hopkins, that those fugitive essays will be read, if
+reprinted?" asked Hamilton; "well, give me a few days to consider," said
+he. "Will this not be a good opportunity, Gen. Hamilton," rejoined
+Hopkins, "to revise them, and, if so, to make, perhaps, alterations, if
+necessary, in some parts?" "No, sir, if reprinted, they must stand exactly
+as at first, not a word of alteration. A comma may be inserted or left
+out, but the work must undergo no change whatever."
+
+A few days had elapsed when, on the next interview, General Hamilton
+agreed to the reprint, with the express condition that he himself must
+inspect the revised proofs. Not a word was ever altered. "You think
+something of the papers?" says Hamilton to the printer. "Mr. Hopkins, let
+them be issued. Heretofore, sir, I have given the people common milk;
+hereafter, shortly, sir, I shall give them strong meat." What the Union
+lost by that fatal duel, the Deity only knows.
+
+Coleman was a writer of grammatical excellence, though occasionally sadly
+at fault in force of diction. Under the influence of some perverse
+conceits, he would labor for months to establish a theoretical doctrine,
+or to elucidate a useless proposition. It was hardly in the power of
+mortals ever to alter his opinions when once formed. That yellow fever was
+as contagious as small-pox; that skull-cap (the _scutellaria_) was a
+specific for hydrophobia; that Napoleon wanted the requisites of a
+military chieftain, were among the crotchets of his brain. The everlasting
+tractates which he put forth on these and other subjects, would in the
+present day of editorial prowess scarcely be tolerated in a chronicle
+depending on public patronage. Coleman had read extensively on medical
+topics, and was the principal writer of that able and elaborate Criticism
+of Miller's Report on the Yellow Fever in New-York, addressed to Governor
+Lewis, and printed in the second volume of the _American Medical and
+Philosophical Register_.
+
+Coleman would underrate the best public services, if rendered by a
+political opponent. Chancellor Livingston found no quarters with him for
+his instrumentality in the Louisiana purchase. He would ride a hobby to
+death. During the many years in which I read the _Post_, I can summon to
+recollection no contributions on any subject, made to that paper, that
+ever awakened one half the attention which was enlisted by the felicitous
+productions of our poet Halleck, and the lamented Dr. Drake, under the
+names of Croaker, and Croaker & Co.
+
+For numerous years I have well known Charles Holt, once editor of the
+_Bee_, during John Adams's administration, and afterwards of the New-York
+_Columbian_, during Dewitt Clinton's gubernatorial career. I am unable to
+tell you whether he is still among the living. I would estimate his age,
+if so, as approaching ninety years. He was a lump of benevolence, and a
+strenuous advocate of the great internal improvement policy of New-York.
+He comes forcibly to my mind this evening, because in 1798 he wrote a
+history of the yellow fever in New London, and every now and then I find
+him quoted in medical books as Dr. Holt, just as his predecessor, who
+wrote on the yellow fever in Philadelphia, of 1793, stands in bold relief
+as Dr. Matthew Carey.
+
+Nathaniel Carter is vividly impressed on my recollection; he had very
+considerable literary taste; was many years editor of the New-York
+_Statesman_; and after his visit to Europe, published his _Letters_ on his
+tour, in two large volumes. His merit was only equalled by his modesty. He
+was strongly devoted to Dewitt Clinton and the Erie Canal; with becoming
+tenacity he cherished much regard for his eastern brethren, and was the
+first I think who introduced his personal friend, our constitutional
+expositor, Daniel Webster, to the Bread and Cheese Lunch, founded by J.
+Fenimore Cooper, at which sometimes met, in familiar discussions, such
+minds as those of Chief Justice Jones, Peter A. Jay, Henry Storrs,
+Professor Renwick, John Anthon, Charles King, John Duer, and others of
+like intellectual calibre. Carter was of a feeble frame, struggling with
+pulmonary annoyance, from which he died early. He was little initiated in
+the trickery of political controversy. His heart was filled with the
+kindliest feelings of which nature is susceptible.
+
+My acquaintance with the late Colonel Stone, so long connected with the
+_Commercial Advertiser_, commenced while he was the efficient editor of
+the _Albany Daily Advertiser_. His devotion to the best interests of the
+state and country; his extensive knowledge of American history; his
+patriotic feeling evinced on all occasions in behalf of our injured
+Aborigines; his biographies of Red Jacket and Brandt; his great political
+consistency during so many years--all commend him to our kindest and most
+grateful recollections. That he was cut off at a comparatively early age,
+was the result of his severe and unremitting literary toils. With a
+touching patience, he endured an agonizing illness, nor did he cease his
+useful labors till exhausted nature forbade further efforts.
+
+About the time of the death of Colonel Stone, New-York lost a valuable
+promoter of its substantial interests by the demise of John Pintard. His
+career is still fresh in the memories of those who cherish the actions of
+the benevolent and humane. He was a native of this city (born in 1759),
+where he passed the greater part of his life, and died in 1844, in his
+eighty-sixth year. He was connected with the newspaper press in the
+earlier times of the _Daily Advertiser_. Pintard was well acquainted with
+nearly all the distinguished public characters at the period of the
+adoption of our constitution. Possessed of sound attainments by his
+Princeton College education, the ardor of his patriotism displayed itself
+by his uniting with a body of his college companions, in a military
+movement, in the revolutionary contest. He afterwards returned for a while
+to his _alma mater_, with the approbation of President Witherspoon. He was
+next appointed a sub-commissioner for American prisoners in New-York, and
+had frequent intercourse with the notorious Cunningham, the keeper of the
+Provost; visited the Sugar House, occupied by the unfortunate prisoners of
+war, in Crown street (now Liberty street); the Dutch Church in Nassau
+street, the Scotch Church in Little Queen street (now Cedar street), and
+also the Friends' Meeting House in Queen street (now Pearl street), near
+Cherry street, all tilled with the wretched victims of tyranny. He
+interceded in their behalf with the German General Heister, and with Henry
+Clinton, the British commander. He became acquainted with Knyphausen,
+William Smith the historian of New-York, Lord Howe, and others, and he has
+described, as an eye-witness, the scenes occurring at Washington's
+inauguration, in 1789. He was an advocate of the Federal policy of that
+day, and was a member of our State Legislature when it held its sessions
+in this city. Time forbids my detailing the objects to which he directed
+his attention during a long career of usefulness. Several of our important
+municipal regulations still in force were suggested by him. He was an
+earnest champion and successful advocate for the incorporation of the Bank
+of New-York. He was one of the founders of the Tammany Society, in those
+days made up of gentlemen of all political parties, and the express object
+of which was to preserve the history and habits of our red brethren. He
+urged the plan of a Registry of Mortality in this city, and was appointed
+the first City Inspector. The New-York Historical Society must look upon
+him as its chief founder. Some of its most precious treasures are fruits
+of his munificence. He was among the most strenuous, with Bishop Hobart,
+in establishing and increasing the library of the Protestant Episcopal
+Seminary, and was not deficient of contributions towards it. He was active
+with Elias Boudinot in projecting the American Bible Society. The first
+Bank of Savings mainly originated with him. He revived the Chamber of
+Commerce after its long repose. He convened the first assemblage of our
+citizens at the Park; for the purpose of obtaining a public expression of
+opinion in favor of the Canal policy for connecting the Erie and the
+Hudson, and this at a period when the spirit of party strife had widely
+scattered doubts and ridicule on the contemplated movement. In the war of
+1812, when paper money in small bills largely became our currency, Mr.
+Pintard was the person who caused those well-known mottoes, "Mind your own
+business," "Never despair," "Economy is wealth," and others of a like
+import, chiefly drawn from Franklin, to surround the designations of the
+value of the money. He had, I believe, done a like service in our
+revolutionary times. He carried the measure of having the British names of
+our streets changed to the modern ones they are now known by. I have
+noticed these few circumstances concerning him, because I wish it to be
+impressed on your memories that the editors and proprietors of public
+journals are often zealous in good measures not necessarily connected with
+their immediate vocation. Pintard enjoyed an intimacy with booksellers and
+authors. He and Freneau, a native also of this city, and his contemporary,
+had often been in close communion, as patriots of the revolution. This
+essential difference, however, obtained between them. Pintard was a
+federalist; Freneau an antifederalist. Old Rivington had often a hard time
+with them. The sordid tory could neither endure the conservative
+republican principles of Pintard, nor the relentless bitterness of the
+sarcasm of Freneau. I shall only add that he was a student of many books,
+and an observer of men in every walk of life. He was of grave thought, yet
+often facetious in conversation. During forty years of medical practice, I
+have rarely fell in with one richer in table-talk, or better supplied with
+topics in life and letters. In his death, he manifested the strength of
+his religious faith, and resigned his spirit with a benignant composure.
+But I am forbidden to enlarge on the many excellences and services of the
+public-spirited John Pintard.
+
+Were we to dwell upon the excellence of a gazette according to its merits,
+I should have much to say of the _Morning Chronicle_, a paper established
+in this city in the year 1802. The leading editor was Dr. Peter Irving, a
+gentleman of refined address, scholastic attainments, and elegant
+erudition. It exhibited great power in its editorial capacity, and was the
+vehicle of much literary matter from the abundance and ability of its
+correspondence. If I do not greatly err, in this paper Washington Irving
+first appeared as an author, by his series of dramatic criticisms, over
+the signature of Jonathan Oldstyle. The only poetic writer of whose
+effusions I now retain any recollection was Miss Smith, the sister of the
+late Thomas E. Smith. Her pieces were known by the signature of Clara; and
+in bringing together the effusions of the early female poets, Dr.
+Griswold, in his praiseworthy zeal in behalf of American literature, might
+well have increased in value his interesting collection by specimens of
+the productions of Miss Smith.
+
+The omission, in these reminiscences, of some notice of John Lang, would
+be so quickly discovered, that I am necessarily compelled to dwell for a
+moment on the character and services of one who, for a long succession of
+years, filled a notable place in our newspaper annals. Lang was of Scotch
+descent, but the place of his birth, I believe, was New-York. For some
+forty or more years, Lang's _Gazette_ was recognized as the leading
+mercantile advertiser, and the patronage which it received from the
+business world was such as doubtless secured ample returns to its
+proprietor. The distinction of the paper was unquestionably its attention
+to the shipping interests of this commercial emporium. As a journal of
+either political or miscellaneous matter it was sadly deficient. Lang
+adhered to his "arrivals" as the prominent object of consideration, and
+the mightiest changes of revolutions, in actions or opinions, found but a
+stinted record in his widely-diffused journal. Rarely, indeed, did our
+acknowledged politicians or essayists seek its columns for the
+promulgation of their ideas, and its editorial displays were generally
+tormentingly feeble. Nevertheless, it was in this gazette, then under the
+control of Lang and McLean, that General Hamilton first gave to the public
+his numbers of _The Federalist_. There is often to be found in one daily
+issue of the _Post_, the _Courier and Enquirer_, the _Journal of
+Commerce_, the _Herald_, the _Tribune_, or the _Times_ of these days, more
+thought, nice disquisition, and real knowledge which awakens the
+contemplation of the statesman and politician, than the _New-York Gazette_
+contained during a twelvemonth; and yet it flourished. The traits of
+Lang's character were unwavering devotion to his pursuits; no one could
+excel him in the kindness of his demeanor; unconscious of the penury of
+his intellectual powers, he at times, unwittingly became the pliant agent
+of designing individuals, and from the blunders into which he was led, his
+baptismal name, John, seemed easily converted into that of Solomon, by
+which specification much of his correspondence was maintained. He bore the
+pleasantry with grateful composure.
+
+With a characteristic anecdote I must dismiss the name of Lang. The
+discussions of a point in chronology, which occurred on the commencement
+of the present century, awakened some attention with mathematicians and
+astronomers abroad, and among many with us. The learned and pious Dr.
+Kunze, after much investigation, addressed a communication on the vexed
+question to Mr. Lang. He had adverted to the Gregorian style in his
+letter, and had mentioned Pope Gregory. The faithful _Gazette_ printed the
+article Tom Gregory: the venerable Doctor hastened to his friend, and
+remonstrated on the injury he had done him, and requested the _erratum_ to
+specify, instead of Tom Gregory, Pope Gregory XIII. Again an alteration
+was made, and the _Gazette_ requested its readers, for Tom Gregory to read
+Pope Tom Gregory XIII. Only one more attempt at correction was made, when
+the compositor had its typography so changed that it read Tom Gregory, the
+Pope. The learned divine, with a heavy heart, in a final interview with
+the erudite editor, begged him to make no further improvements, as he
+dreaded the loss of all the reputation his years of devotion to the
+subject had secured to him. This Dr. Kunze was long a prominent minister
+of the German Lutheran Church of this city. He was the preceptor in
+Philadelphia of Henry Stuber, author of the continuation of the life of
+our Socrates, Dr. Franklin: a work executed with much ability. He was a
+physician, and a most delectable character. Many years ago, I was so
+fortunate as to procure some materials for a biography of him, and Dr.
+Sparks has courteously given them a place in his invaluable edition of Dr.
+Franklin's works. Justice to the departed Lang demands that I should add
+that he was a gentleman of the old school, of great moral excellence, and
+as a husband and a father most exemplary; deeply devoted to the interests
+of this city, and evincing a philanthropic spirit on every becoming
+occasion. He died at an advanced age; but his career was shortened by the
+great fire, in this city, in 1835. That vast destruction in his beloved
+New-York was an oppressive weight upon his heart.
+
+Major Noah has so recently departed from among us, and the expectation
+that his active life will soon find a biographer is so general, that it
+seems unnecessary on the present occasion to speak at any length
+concerning him. I knew him well some thirty-five years. In religion a Jew,
+he was tolerant of all creeds, with equal amenity; his natural parts were
+of a remarkable order; few excelled him in industry, none in temperance
+and sobriety. He wrote for many journals, and established several. By his
+_Travels in Africa_ he became known as an author. His work on the
+_Abolition of Imprisonment for Debt_ was widely read. He was lively in
+converse, and a most social companion. His literary compositions, though
+not always pure in style, often showed a nice sense of the ludicrous and a
+love of humor. He abounded in anecdote. Mr. Matthews, from his personal
+knowledge, has not overdrawn the character of Noah. He possessed the organ
+of benevolence on a large scale. It is to be regretted that by his
+political vacillations his talents finally lost all influence in public
+councils and affairs.
+
+We are susceptible of the pleasures and the pains of memory. A retrospect
+will confirm this declaration on many occasions. It is so in our
+contemplations of a newspaper; and in no instance have I been more
+sensible of this than when considering the origin, the career, and the
+termination of the _New-York American_. Its prominent projector was
+Johnson Verplanck, a native of this city, of a conspicuous family, whose
+mental qualities were of a robust order, and whose classical attainments
+entitled him to distinction. With the countenance and assistance of
+enlightened associates, he soon acquired for the _American_ a reputation
+for eminent talents, great independence in opinion, and the most perfect
+freedom in scrutinizing public acts, and in literary and artistic
+criticism. Mr. Verplanck was one of the writers of the _Buck Tail Bards_,
+a satirical poem, of Hudibrastic flavor. He died in 1829. The _American_
+fell then into other hands, and for a long succession of years was
+editorially sustained by one who had often previously enriched its columns
+with his lucubrations. I allude to Charles King, now President of Columbia
+College. It was soon demonstrated to the satisfaction of its patrons,
+that, although under a new government, and its supplies derived from
+another source, its nutrition was not less wholesome and productive. For
+many years it claimed the admiration of the conservators of constitutional
+right and of critical taste. It was conducted with a manly boldness. Its
+tone gave dignity to political disquisition, though its manner was
+sometimes dreaded by objects of its animadversion: if its censures were
+occasionally severe, its approbation was the more highly appreciated: it
+was a record of historical value; nor can I comprehend why, in this age of
+universal reading in journalism, its career was closed. Its many volumes
+must hereafter be ranked with the once famous _National Gazette_ of Robert
+Walsh, and the _National Intelligencer_ of Gales & Seaton. Its
+distinguished editor, satisfied that for so long a period he had performed
+his part in the promotion of sound principles, with singleness of purpose,
+in behalf of the city, the state and the nation, may have sought that
+relief from mental care which is often secured by change of occupation.
+When I cast a thought over the hours I have spent in reading the
+_American_, I feel as Whitfield has expressed himself on a different
+occasion, "I am glad, but I am sorry;" glad that I have had so long the
+pleasure of being informed by its perusal; sorry that the opportunity no
+longer exists.
+
+In closing this short list of editors, I feel justified in deviating for a
+moment in my chronology by a word or two on the character and death of one
+whom I have ever considered the ablest writer we have had in our public
+journals. He has been already incidentally mentioned. I allude to James
+Cheetham. He succeeded as editor of Greenleaf's paper, calling it the
+_American Citizen_. Cheetham was an English radical; had left Manchester
+for this country, and was by trade a hatter. His personal appearance was
+impressive; tall, athletic, with a martial bearing in his walk, a forehead
+of great breadth and dimensions, and penetrating gray eyes, he seemed
+authoritative wherever he might be. He arrived in this country at a period
+of perplexing excitement in the times of Adams's administration and
+Jefferson's entrance into the presidency. He found many to countenance his
+radicalism, as Tennis Wortman, James Dennison, Charles Christian and
+others--men whom we might call liberals, both in religion and in politics.
+Accidental circumstances made me well acquainted with him, so early as the
+summer of 1803. He was then universally known as the champion of
+Jefferson, of Governor George Clinton, and of De Witt Clinton. He was a
+most unflinching partisan writer, and with earnestness asserted the
+advantages arising from the possession of Louisiana, countenanced Blind
+Palmer, the lecturer on Deism, and congratulated the public on the return
+to America of Thomas Paine. He ever remained an active advocate of old
+George Clinton, but his friendship was suddenly turned into hatred of
+Paine, and his life of that once prominent but wretched individual
+demonstrates the rancor of his temper. The murderous death of Hamilton, I
+think, had a strong influence on him. No sooner had he breathed his last
+than Cheetham extolled him as the greatest of patriots. Many speak of
+Cheetham as at times holding the pen of Junius--a judgment sustained by
+some of his political assaults and essays. He possessed a magnificent
+library, was a great reader, and studied Burke and Shakspeare more than
+any other authors. I know nothing against his moral character. His death,
+however, was most remarkable: he had removed with his family to a country
+residence, some three miles from the city, in the summer of 1809. A few
+days afterwards he exposed himself to malaria, by walking without a hat,
+through the fields, under a burning September sun. He was struck with a
+complication of ills--fever, congestion of the brain, and great cerebral
+distress. The malignancy of his case soon foretold to his physician, Dr.
+Hosack, the uncertainty of his recovery. Being at that time a student of
+medicine, I was requested to watch him; on the second day of his sickness,
+his fever raging higher, he betrayed a disturbed intellect. On the night
+of the third day raving mania set in. Incoherently he called his family
+around him, and addressed his sons as to their peculiar avocations for
+life, giving advice to one ever to be temperate in all things, and to
+another urging the importance of knowledge. After midnight he became much
+worse, and was ungovernable. With herculean strength he now raised himself
+from his pillow; with eyes of meteoric fierceness, he grasped his bed
+covering, and in a most vehement but rapid articulation, exclaimed to his
+sons, "Boys! study Bolingbroke for style, and Locke for sentiment." He
+spoke no more. In a moment life had departed. His funeral was a solemn
+mourning of his political friends.
+
+Paine has been referred too. I have often seen him at the different places
+of his residence in this city, now in Partition-street, now in
+Broome-street, &c. His localities were not always the most agreeable. In
+Partition-street, near the market, a portion of his tenement was occupied
+for the display of wild beasts. Paine generally sat, taking an airing, at
+the lower front windows, the gazed-at of all passers by. Jarvis, the
+painter, was often his visitor, and was fortunate enough to secure that
+inimitable plaster cast of his head and features, which at his request, I
+deposited with the New-York Historical Society. While at that work, Jarvis
+exclaimed, "I shall secure him to a nicety, if I am so fortunate as to get
+plaster enough for his carbuncled nose." Jarvis thought this bust of Paine
+his most successful undertaking as a sculptor.
+
+I shall trespass some moments by giving a few reminiscences concerning
+booksellers and publishers. There are many of this professional order,
+whose character and influence might justly demand a detailed account.
+Spence himself would find among them anecdotes worthy consideration in the
+world of letters. I must, however, write within circumscribed limits. The
+first in my immediate recollection is Everet Duyckinck. He was a
+middle-aged man, when I, a boy, was occasionally at his store, an ample
+and old-fashioned building, at the corner of Pearl-street and Old Slip. He
+was grave in his demeanor, and somewhat taciturn; of great simplicity in
+dress; accommodating and courteous. He must have been rich in literary
+recollections. He for a long while occupied his excellent stand for
+business, and was quite extensively engaged as a publisher and seller. He
+was a sort of Mr. Newbury, so precious to juvenile memories in the olden
+times. He largely dealt with that order of books, for elementary
+instruction, which were popular abroad, just about the close of our
+revolutionary war and at the adoption of our Constitution--Old Dyche, and
+his pupil Dilworth, and Perry, and Sheridan. As education and literature
+advanced, he brought forward, by reprints, Johnson and Chesterfield, and
+Vicissimus Knox, and a host of others. His store was the nucleus of the
+Connecticut teachers and intellectual products, and Barlow and Webster,
+and Morse and Riggs, found in him a patron of their works in poetry and
+their school books. Bunyan, Young, Watts, Doddridge and Baxter, must have
+been issued by his enterprise in innumerable thousands throughout the old
+thirteen States; and the _English Primer_, now improved into the _American
+Primer_, with its captivating emendations, as
+
+  The royal oak, it was the tree
+  That saved his Royal Majesty;
+
+changed to the more simple couplet--
+
+  Oak's not as good
+  As hickory wood;
+
+and the lines--
+
+  Whales in the sea
+  God's voice obey;
+
+now modified without loss of its poetic fire--
+
+  By Washington,
+  Great deeds were done--
+
+led captivity captive, and had an unlimited circulation, for the better
+diffusion of knowledge and patriotism throughout the land. As our city
+grew apace, and both instructors and their functions enlarged, he engaged
+in the Latin classics. Having a little Latin about me, it became my duty
+to set up at the printing office of Lewis Nicholls, Duyckinck's reprint of
+_De Bello Gallico_. The edition was edited by a Mr. Rudd. He was the first
+editor I ever saw; I looked on him with school-boy admiration when I took
+him the proofs. What alterations or improvements he made in the text of
+Oudendorp, I never ascertained. This, however, must have been among the
+beginnings of that American practice, still prevailing among us, of having
+in reprints of even the most important works from abroad, for better
+circulation, the name of some one as editor, inserted on the title-page.
+Mr. Duyckinck was gifted with great business talents, and estimated as a
+man of punctuality and of rigid integrity in fiscal matters. He was the
+first who had the entire Bible, in duodecimo, preserved--set up in
+forms--the better to supply, at all times, his patrons. This was before
+stereotype plates were adopted. He gave to the Harpers the first job of
+printing they executed--whether Tom Thumb or Wesley's Primitive Physic, I
+do not know. The acorn has become the pride of the forest--the Cliff-street
+tree, whose roots and branches now ramify all the land. Duyckinck
+faithfully carried out the proverbs of Franklin, and the sayings of Noah
+Webster's _Prompter_. He was by birth and action a genuine Knickerbocker.
+
+There was, about forty years ago, an individual somewhat remarkable in
+several respects, whose bookstore was in Maiden Lane--William Barlas. He
+was by birth a Scotchman, and was brought up to the ministry; but from
+causes which I never learned, he relinquished that vocation in his native
+land, and assumed that of a bookseller in this city. He was reputed to be
+a ripe scholar. He dealt almost exclusively in the classics, and for
+numerous years imported the editions--_in usum Delphini_, for the students
+in our schools and colleges. Hardly a graduate among us, of the olden
+time, can have forgotten him--Irving, Verplanck, John Anthon, and Paulding,
+can doubtless tell much of him. When, on a large scale, was commenced in
+Philadelphia, reprints of the Latin and Greek writers, poor Mr. Barlas's
+functions were nearly annihilated. I mention him here from his relation to
+the advancement of learning in my juvenile days. His opinion on the
+various editions was deemed conclusive; and he controlled the judgment as
+well as the pocket of the purchaser. He was long in epistolary
+correspondence with "the friend of Cowper," as some call him--old John
+Newton of London; and I have often wondered that no enterprise has yet
+brought forward, in a new edition of the writings of Newton, their
+correspondence. It is not for me to dwell on the contrast, so striking,
+between the present period and that to which I have just adverted, when
+even professors of Colleges were controlled in their opinions of books by
+the dicta of a bookseller. Such was the fact some forty or fifty years
+ago. What would be the reply of our Professor Anthon, of Columbia College,
+to a bookseller who assumed such authority? of him whose love and devotion
+to the philosophy of the classics has led him already in so many works to
+spread before the cogitative scholars, of both worlds, the deepest
+researches of antiquarian disquisition and philological lore, evincing
+that America is not tardy in a just appreciation of the excellencies of
+those treasures which enriched a Bentley, a Horseley, a Porson, and a
+Parr.
+
+Those of our literary connoisseurs who cast a retrospective glance over
+days long past, may awaken into memory that delicately constructed and
+pensive-looking man, of Pearl-street, recognized by the name of Charles
+Smith. I believe he was a New-Yorker. Pulmonary suffering was his physical
+infirmity--his relief, tobacco, the fumes of which aver surrounded him like
+a halo. He abounded in the gloom and glory of the American Revolution, and
+published, with portraits, numerous diagrams of the campaigns of the war
+in the _Military Repository_, a work of great fidelity, in which it is
+thought he was aided by Baron Steuben and General Gates. As a
+bibliopolist, little need be said of him. But the curious in knowledge
+will not overlook him as the first who popularly made known to the English
+reader the names of Kotzebue and Schiller. Several of the novels and plays
+of these German authors were done into English by him; and, with William
+Dunlap, both as a translator and as a theatrical manager, _The Stranger_
+and other plays were presented to the cultivators of the drama in New-York
+long before their appearance in London, or the publication of Thompson's
+_German Theatre_. It is a circumstance worthy of notice, that the Rev. Mr.
+Will, then of this city, added to the stock of our literary treasures, by
+other translations into the English, such as the _Constant Lovers, &c._,
+of Kotzebue, before, I believe, any recognized English version appeared
+abroad. But I must leave this subject for the fuller investigation of the
+learned Dr. Schmidt professor of German, in Columbia College.
+
+David Longworth's name is a good deal blended with the progress of
+American literature during years gone by. He was by birth a New Jerseyman;
+and the publication of his _City Directory_, for some thirty or more
+years, gave him sufficient notoriety; while his Shaksperean Gallery
+introduced him to many of the cultivators of the fine arts, at a period,
+when Trumbull and Jarvis were our prominent painters. Longworth had been
+brought up as a printer, at a daily press, but he seems early to have got
+a taste for copper-plate engraving, accurate printing, and elegant
+binding. With determined energy he issued an edition of Telemachus, which,
+for beauty of typography and paper, was looked upon, by the lovers of
+choice books, as a rich specimen of our art. His _Belles-Lettres
+Repository_ no less evinced his taste in the _elegantiae literarum_. He
+was, nevertheless, a man of many strange notions. It is well known that
+about the commencement of the eighteenth century, in our English books,
+printed in the mother country, the substantive words were almost always
+begun with a capital; the like practice obtained in many newspapers; but
+Longworth, not content with the partial change which time had brought
+about, of sinking these prominent and advantageous upper case type, waged
+a war of extermination against almost every capital in the case, and this
+curious deformity is found in many of his publications, as _british
+america_, and _london docks_. Even in poetry, of the first word, he
+tolerated only small letters at the beginning of the lines. His practice,
+however, found no imitators, though 'tis said that it first began in
+Paris. His bookstore, at a central situation by the Park, with works of
+taste classically displayed, afforded an admirable lounge for the
+litterateurs of that day. Here, when Hodgkinson, and Hallam, and Cooper,
+and Cooke were at the zenith of their histrionic career in the Park
+Theatre, adjacent, might be seen a group of poets and prose writers, who,
+in their generation, added to the original off-spring of the American
+press--Brockden Brown, Dunlap, Verplanck, Paulding Fessenden, Richard
+Alsop, Peter Irving, and the now universally famed Washington Irving.
+
+I must note a circumstance of some import on the state of letters among us
+about those times. Longworth had secured from abroad a copy of the first
+edition, in quarto, of Scott's _Lay of the Last Minstrel_, and determined
+to reprint it; yet, not satisfied with his own judgment, he convened a
+meeting of his literary friends to settle the matter. The committee, after
+solemn deliberation, suggested his venturing to reproduce only the
+introductions to the cantos, as an experiment, in order to ascertain the
+public taste. Would I speak in terms too strong if I affirmed that since
+that committee sat, millions of copies of the numerous volumes of Sir
+Walter Scott have been bought by the reading world in America. My circle
+of literary acquaintance was a good deal enlarged by the coteries I now
+and then found at Longworth's, as he was not backward in seizing
+opportunities of issuing new works, when from their nature they might
+excite the appetite of the curious. No publication of his so effectually
+secured this end, as the _Salmagundi_, in 1807, sent forth in bi-weekly
+numbers by young Irving and his friend Paulding. When we are apprised that
+some few of our middle-aged citizens, who sustained the stroke of that
+literary scimetar so long ago, still survive among us, I think we may
+argue from strong data for the salubrity of our climate. At Longworth's, I
+first saw the youngest dramatic genius of the time, Howard Payne, then
+about fourteen years old, and who, a short while after, appeared as young
+Norval on the boards of the theatre. He was editor of the _Thespian
+Mirror_.
+
+Originally of Ireland, Hugh Gaine, upon his emigration to this country
+during our colonial dependence, set up in this city in 1753 his Royal
+Gazette, the _New-York Mercury_. His fame as well as his patriotism is
+embalmed in the irony of Freneau. It is only as a bookseller that I knew
+him, in Hanover Square. He was then at a very advanced age. His savings
+rendered him in due time independent in pecuniary matters. We may safely
+infer that he was not surpassed in industry, and that he was ever awake to
+the main chance, when we are assured that at the commencement of his
+journal, he collected his own news, set up his types, worked off his
+papers, folded his sheets, and personally distributed them to his
+subscribers. Franklin had done pretty nearly the same things before.
+Gaine, who in his after-life was an object of a good deal of curiosity to
+the citizens of the republic, enjoyed the consideration due to an honest
+man, and many kindly feelings.
+
+Many as were his merits, and great as was his enterprise, Isaac Collins
+was most widely known, the latter part of his long career, by his editions
+of the works on grammar, and other school books, by the prolific Lindley
+Murray. As in the case of Franklin, his earliest effort of magnitude was
+the printing Sewell's _History of the Quakers_. The neatness and accuracy
+of his printing were familiarly remarked among readers; and these
+excellencies he displayed in his quarto Bible, the first of that form
+which was printed in this country in 1790. Collins was a native of
+Delaware. He projected a weekly paper, the _New Jersey Gazette_, which he
+published at Burlington during the Revolution, and, some time after, upon
+strenuous Whig principles. He had authority, like Franklin, for the
+emission of paper money for the State Government. He removed to this city
+in 1796, and a few years after this time I knew him. As his career was,
+many portions of it, like Franklin's, I had the greater admiration of him.
+He died in 1817. That he enjoyed the acquaintance of Franklin, of
+Rittenhouse and Rush, of Livingston of New Jersey, and others of the
+truest patriots in the great struggles of the country, may be inferred
+from his profession, his public station, his integrity, and his general
+character. In the society of Friends he was prominent, and, like Thomas
+Eddy and Robert Bowne, he was occupied with hospitals, and ever zealous in
+good works. He did vast service to the city as a printer, and as such he
+is here introduced.
+
+The oldest inhabitants of our city may well recollect the bookstore of the
+Swords, Thomas and James. Some sixty years ago they began operations in
+Pearl-street. They commenced when New-York was little more than a village
+in population, and when literary projects were almost unknown. They
+deserve ample notice as most efficient pioneers, in their day, as printers
+and booksellers, and through a long career they held a high rank; they
+were assiduous and economical almost to a fault: their integrity was never
+doubted; their word was as good as their bond. They printed good works in
+more acceptations of the phrase than one. They did a great service to our
+scientific enterprise, in issuing the _Medical Repository_, the earliest
+journal of that kind, in the country. A literary periodical, of many years
+duration, was also printed by them, called the _New-York Magazine_. It was
+remarkable for the contributions of a society, self-named the Drone.
+Brockden Brown, William Dunlap, Anthony Bleucker, Josiah Ogden Hoffman,
+and James Kent (afterwards the great Chancellor), were among the writers.
+William Johnson, the well-known Reporter, who died recently, was the last
+survivor of this club. Their store for a number of years was a rendezvous
+for professional men of different callings--divines, physicians, lawyers,
+with a sprinkling of the professed authors of those times, as Clifton,
+Low, Davis, &c. Its theological feature was its strongest; and the
+interest of episcopacy were here descanted on with the unction of
+godliness, by such men as Seabury of Connecticut, and Moore of New-York,
+with good old Dr. Bowden, and Dr. Hawks, my friends Drs. Berrian and
+McVicker of Columbia College, and the energetic Bishop Hobart, the busiest
+and most stirring man I ever knew. The Messrs. Swords were largely
+occupied in printing works on divinity, and were confessed the printers of
+sound orthodoxy long before "the novelties which disturb our peace" had
+invoked polemical controversy.
+
+I should do injustice to my feelings were I in this rapid sketch to
+overlook the late James Eastburn, the founder of the first reading-room on
+a becoming scale, in this country, and the publisher of the American
+edition of the Edinburgh and London Quarterly Reviews. He was a gentleman
+deserving of much estimation, of bland manners, and enthusiastic in his
+calling. He was curious in antiquarian literature and a great importer of
+the older authors. Many are the libraries enriched by his perseverance.
+Consumption wasted his generous frame, and he died at a comparatively
+early age, to the deep regret of the scholar and the philanthropist.
+
+I should like, before I close this portion of these reminiscences, to
+awaken recollections of one or two other estimable individuals with whom I
+was long acquainted--George F. Hopkins and Jonathan Seymour. Hopkins merits
+a biography; he justly boasted that his edition of Robertson's Charles V.
+was the most accurately printed work of the time. He was fastidious almost
+to a fault in typographical neatness. He printed only works of positive
+merit. His enterprise led him, now fifty years ago, to urge the craft to
+render themselves independent of imported types, by establishing
+type-foundries in the country. There were few indeed among us who knew
+practically much about the founts of Caslon, the Coryphaeus of
+letter-founders. The Scotch hard-faced letter was then extensively in use.
+Hopkins induced the immigration to this country of the famous Binney and
+Ronaldson, whose great skill in the art was soon recognized, and from that
+era up to the present day competent judges affirm that our Bruce, White,
+Conner, and others, have accomplished all that is requisite in the
+type-founding business. Of Jonathan Seymour, it is enough to say, that at
+one period of his life he was more largely engaged than any of his rivals
+in printing from manuscripts--so well known and appreciated was his
+devotion to his calling, and the accuracy of its results. In his death,
+the art lost one who had given it elevation, and society a man possessed
+of the qualities of industry, temperance, honesty, and Christian
+philanthropy in the fullest measure.
+
+Within a few days has departed from among us, at the age of eighty years,
+a supporter of the press who long contributed to the diffusion of
+wholesome knowledge. I allude to Thomas Kirk. I shall terminate these
+notices by a striking occurrence, which involved him in great loss. He had
+determined, about the year 1801, to give the Christian community an octavo
+edition, in large type, of the _Book of Common Prayer_, the first of that
+size from an American press. To secure the utmost accuracy, he engaged,
+for a pecuniary consideration, the Rev. John Ireland, of Brooklyn, to
+revise the proofs. When the sheets were worked off, it was ascertained
+that the copy was an exact reprint, save in one particular. The critical
+acumen of Ireland had discovered, in the Apostles' Creed, a "tautological
+error," in the words, "from thence he shall come." The word "from" was
+superfluous, ungrammatical, and inelegant, according to Ireland, and,
+accordingly, it was not in Kirk's edition. Upon the sale of a few copies
+the omission was remarked; the fact became known to the bishop of the
+church; the book was pronounced defective, and the ecclesiastical
+authorities prohibited its circulation. The whole edition fell a dead
+weight upon the hands of the well-meaning publisher. I had this anecdote
+from Mr. Kirk himself, years ago, and he repeated it to me not long prior
+to his death, in last November.
+
+This allusion to Kirk brings to my mind the notorious John Williams,
+better known as Anthony Pasquin, under which name he was doomed to
+everlasting infamy by Gifford, in his satire of the _Baviad and Maeviad_,
+in judgments afterwards confirmed in a celebrated trial for libel in which
+the famous Erskine delivered one of his best forensic speeches. Williams
+was the associate in London of a small but ambitious set of mutual
+admirers in literature, of whom Mr. Merry and his future wife were the
+"Della Crusca" and "Rosa Matilda," and all three of these worthies came to
+New-York about the year 1798. I have an impression that Kirk came at the
+same time. The character of Williams was infamous, and a large share of
+his infamy consisted in his ministering to, if not creating, the passion
+for personal scandal, and setting the example of black-mail collections,
+in newspapers. In the report of the great case of Williams vs. Faulder, it
+is said of his paper, called _The World_, that "In this were given the
+earliest specimens of those unqualified and audacious attacks on all
+private character which the town first smiled at for their quaintness,
+then tolerated for their absurdity--and will have to lament to the last
+hour of British liberty." After he came to this country he associated
+himself with the enemies of Hamilton, and published a satire called _The
+Hamiltoniad_, edited a magazine entitled _The Columbian_, and was a
+pioneer in that species of journalism which still subsists here upon the
+most scandalous invasions of private life and reputation. He was doubly
+detestable, in that he was the corruptor and worst specimen of the
+editorial calling in Europe and in America. I remember frequently seeing
+Williams, in the latter part of his life, in his shabby pepper-and-salt
+dress, in the obscure parts of the city. I believe he died during the
+first prevalence of the cholera in Brooklyn. Fancy may depict his
+expression as illustrating Otway's lines, "as if all hell were in his
+eyes, and he in hell." It must not be supposed that I in any degree
+associate the fame of the worthy Kirk with that of this literary vagabond.
+
+To a suggestion that I might refer to the late William Cobbett, as
+associated with the periodical press of this country, I may say that I see
+in it no impropriety. Unquestionably a minute record would include his
+_Porcupine Gazette_ and his _Weekly Register_; the one an offspring of his
+juvenile life, the other of his ripened years. I had some personal
+acquaintance with him at the time of his last residence in New-York.
+Hazlitt has, in his attractive manner, described him to the life. He was
+deemed the best talker of his day, and his forcible pen has given us
+indubitable proofs of his powers in literary composition. It was not
+unusual with him to make a visit to the printing office at an early
+morning hour, take his seat at the desk, and after some half dozen lines
+were written, to throw off MSS. with a rapidity that engaged eleven
+compositors at once in setting up. Thus a whole sheet of the _Register_
+might be completed ere he desisted from his undertaking. I think that in
+quickness he surpassed even the lamented William Leggett, of the _Evening
+Post_. The circumstance is certainly interesting in a psychological point
+of view; and yet may not be deemed more curious than the fact that
+Priestley made his reply to Lind, quite a voluminous pamphlet, in
+twenty-four hours, or that Hodgkinson, the actor, was able to peruse
+crosswise, the entire five columns of a newspaper, and within two hours
+recite it thus by memory. I visited Cobbett, when his residence was within
+a couple of miles of this city, in company with a few professional
+gentlemen. It was in October, and a delightful day. He heard our approach,
+and came to the door without our knocking. "Walk in, gentlemen--am I to
+consider this as a visit to me?--walk in and be seated on these benches,
+for I have no chairs--you may be fatigued--will you have a bowl of milk? I
+live upon milk and Indian corn--I never drink spirit or wine, and yet I am
+a tolerable example of English health." And, indeed, he was a most ample
+specimen of the genuine John Bull. His nearly oval face, and florid
+countenance, with strong gray piercing eyes and head thickly covered with
+white hair, closely trimmed; his huge frame, of some two hundred and
+seventy pounds weight, corresponding abdominal development, and
+well-proportioned limbs, all demonstrated, with anatomical accuracy, the
+truth of his observation. His superior intellect seemed roused in all its
+functions. The United States, England, the reform measures, the union of
+church and state, and its absurdity, were only a few of the subjects of
+his caustic remark. "I have just performed a duty, gentlemen, which has
+been too long delayed; you have neglected the remains of Thomas Paine; I
+have done myself the honor to disinter his bones; I have removed them from
+New Rochelle; I have dug them up; they are now on their way to England;
+when I return, I shall cause them to speak the Common Sense of the great
+man; I shall gather together the people of Liverpool and Manchester in one
+assembly with those of London, and those bones will effect the reformation
+of England in Church and State." After some two or three hours we took our
+leave, with unlimited admiration of his brave utterance and his colloquial
+talents.
+
+With such a hastily written and imperfect sketch of the newspaper
+periodical press, of printers, editors, booksellers, and authors, I must
+close this portion of my present reminiscences. I have depended on a
+memory somewhat tenacious as my authority, in most instances, having no
+leisure at command for reference. A volume might be written of pertinent
+details. Nevertheless, enough has been said to illustrate, in part, the
+advancement of one species of knowledge in this metropolis. Did we
+institute a comparative view of the past and present condition of the
+press, we might be better enabled to announce the existing condition of
+our city as a Literary Emporium, That it is in accordance with the spirit
+of the age, seems demonstrable. Abroad, in England, in 1701, when the
+stamp duty was levied upon every number of a periodical paper consisting
+of a sheet, the whole quantity of printed paper was estimated at twenty
+thousand reams annually. Nearly at this period (1704), when the Boston
+_News Letter_ made its appearance in the American colonies, some two or
+three hundred copies weekly may have been its circulation. What is the
+quantity of paper demanded by the present British periodical press, I am
+unable to state. In this month of January, 1852, it is calculated that
+there are about three thousand different newspapers and other periodicals
+printed in this country, the entire issues of which approach the yearly
+aggregate of four hundred and twenty-three millions of numbers.
+
+When Franklin was a printer it was a hard task to work off over a thousand
+sheets on both sides in a day, by the hand press. Since his time we have
+had the Clymer, the Napier, the Ramage, the Adams, and now Hoe's Lightning
+press. By this last-named achievement in the arts, so honorable to a son
+of New-York, and so stupendous in its results to the world at large,
+twenty thousand papers may be printed in one hour.
+
+If we advert to the instructive fact, of the enormous circulation of many
+of the journals of New-York, as the _Herald_, the _Sun_, the _Tribune_,
+the _Times_, the _Express_, the _Mirror_, and others issued daily; if we
+calculate the copies of the _Observer_, the _Home Journal_, the _Christian
+Advocate_, and others of the weekly press; the circulation of the monthly
+and other periodicals; if we look at the Methodist Book Concern, the Tract
+Society, the American Bible Society, the publications of the Appletons, of
+Putnam, and of the enterprising booksellers of this city generally, what
+bounds can we set to the offspring of the typographic art? The _Herald_
+and the _Tribune_ in their distinct circulation, consume an aggregate of
+fifty thousand reams per year. The Harpers, who have thrown John
+Baskerville, and other eminent typographers of Europe in the shade by the
+magnitude of their operations, use one hundred reams of paper daily, at
+six dollars per ream, and make about ten volumes a minute or six thousand
+a day. On a former occasion I stated to you the agency which Franklin had
+in bringing forward stereotype plates, as projected by Dr. Colden, in this
+city, in 1779, and the fact that the art was communicated to Didot in
+Paris, by Franklin himself. I well remember the anxious John Watts, when
+he showed me his first undertaking in this branch of labor in New-York,
+just forty years ago. It was a copy of the Larger Catechism, the one I now
+hold in my hand. Notwithstanding the doubts of many, he felt confident of
+its ultimate success, yet suffered by hope deferred. What is now the state
+of the business in the matter of stereotyping? The Harpers alone--a single
+firm--have within their vaults plates for more than two thousand volumes.
+
+Need I dwell on the improved appliances in the great art, which enrich the
+present day, or on the influences now at work on the intellectual man?
+Justly has it been stated, that the press of a single office in this city
+issues more matter than the industry of the world, with all its scribes
+and illuminators, in an entire year, previous the time of Faust. Let us,
+then, reverence the press, as our Franklin did. Let us cherish its
+freedom, as the triumph of our fathers, if we love the name of patriot.
+Let us teach our children to acknowledge it the palladium of our altars
+and our firesides. Let us recognize it as the Great Instructor, knocking
+at every door, and rendering every hovel, as well as every palace, a
+school-house.
+
+Nor is it solely on the score of quantity, that we are to contemplate the
+measures now in force for the disciplining of intellect, and the rearing
+the moral edifice of the nation. I have already remarked on the superior
+ability of the press of our days in comparison with that of the period
+through which some of us have lived. The same energy which has swelled its
+dimensions, has increased the excellence of its material. Libraries so
+abound, knowledge is so diffused, that individuals qualified by scholastic
+powers, can be called in requisition for the duties of every department a
+successful journal demands. There is moreover a happier recognition of
+intellectual merit; reward is higher and more certain; and there exists
+throughout the community a noble estimation of productive intellect.
+Instead of a scattered recruit here and there in the ranks of literature,
+we have armies at command, of well-disciplined men; and the belief is not
+altogether idle that, in due season, of these armies there will be
+legions. Lovesick tales and Della Cruscan poetry, have yielded to stately
+essays on the business of life, in philosophy and in criticism, while the
+native muse has often stronger claims to our homage than the verses Dr.
+Johnson has embalmed, and that have made the fame of ancient bards. We no
+longer gaze at the author as a drone in the hive of industry.
+
+Our youth are taught that a true man may be found among the luxurious and
+refined as well in the humble avocations of life. Ambitious of a national
+literature, we honor those who have laid its foundations, in the persons
+of an Irving, a Prescott, and a Bancroft, a Longfellow, and a Hawthorne.
+We gratefully remember our historical obligations to Sparks. We feel the
+dignity of the scholar when we summon to our aid the classical Everett.
+Mourning with no feigned sorrow the demise of that true son of our soil,
+the lamented Cooper, we rejoice that a Bryant and a Halleck, a Verplanck
+and a Paulding, are still left with us. Warm in our feelings, and made
+happier by the relations of intercourse, we extend the cordial hand to
+Tuckerman, our classical essayist and poet; to Willis, for his felicitous
+comments on passing events; to Griswold, for his admirable works in
+criticism and biography; to Dr. Mayo, for his _Kaloolah_; to Stoddard, for
+his exquisite poems; to the generous Bethune, the orator and bard; to
+Morris, for his _Melodies_; to Kimball, for his _St. Leger Papers_; to
+Clark, for his _Knickerbocker_; to Melville, for _Typee_; to Ik. Marvell,
+for his _Reveries_; to Ripley, for his fine reviews; to Bigelow, for his
+book on _Jamaica_; to Bayard Taylor, for his _Views A-Foot_; to Greeley,
+for his _Crystal Palace_ labors; and to Duyckinck, the son of our old
+friend, the bookseller, for his _Literary World_. In the name of the
+Republic, we give our heartiest thanks to our intimate friend, the learned
+Dr. Cogswell, as we look at the spacious walls of the Astor Library.
+
+The very great length to which I have unconsciously extended these
+reminiscences, forbids me from dwelling, as my heart and your wishes
+dictate, upon the most glorious name in American Printing, the immortal
+Franklin's. His character and deeds, however, are familiar to you all; and
+the language of eulogy is needless in regard to one whose fame increases
+with time, and whose transcendent merits, the constant development of that
+element he brought under human dominion render daily more evident and
+memorable. It is related, gentlemen, that when the statues of the Roman
+Emperors were carried in a triumphal procession, one was omitted, and the
+name of that one was shouted with more zeal than all the others inspired.
+So I know it to be with us to-night. The memory of Franklin is too ripe in
+our hearts to require words; it is a spell that sheds eternal glory on the
+typographical art; it is the best encouragement of youthful energy; it is
+revealed in every telegraphic despatch; it hallows the name of our country
+to the civilized world.
+
+
+
+
+
+NOCTES AMICAE.
+
+
+Of tipsy drollery, a correspondent of the _Evening Post_ (Mr. Bryant
+himself, we have no doubt), writes: "It is esteemed a mark of a vulgar
+mind, to divert one's self at the expense of a drunken man; yet we allow
+ourselves to be amused with representations of drunkenness on the stage
+and in comic narratives. Nobody is ashamed to laugh at Cassio in the play
+of Othello, when he has put an enemy into his mouth to steal away his
+brains. The personation which the elder Wallack used to give us some years
+ago, of Dick Dashall, very drunk, but very gentlemanly, was one of the
+most irresistibly comic things ever known. I have a mind to give you a
+translation of a German ballad on a tipsy man, which has been set to
+music, and is often sung in Germany; it is rather droll in the original,
+and perhaps it has not lost all of its humor in being _overset_, as they
+call it, into English. Here it is:"
+
+                         OUT OF THE TAVERN, ETC.
+
+  Out of the tavern I've just stepped to-night
+  Street! you are caught in a very bad plight.
+  Right hand and left hand are both out of place;
+  Street, you are drunk, 'tis a very clear case.
+
+  Moon, 'tis a very queer figure you cut;
+  One eye is staring while t'other is shut.
+  Tipsy, I see; and you're greatly to blame;
+  Old as you are 'tis a terrible shame.
+
+  Then the street lamps, what a scandalous sight!
+  None of them soberly standing upright.
+  Rocking and staggering; why, on my word,
+  Each of the lamps is drunk as a lord.
+
+  All is confusion; now isn't it odd?
+  I am the only thing sober abroad.
+  Sure it were rash with this crew to remain,
+  Better go into the tavern again.
+
+This is parodied or stolen by the clever author of the _Bon Gaultier
+Ballads_, in one of his best pieces.
+
+
+
+
+
+The famous Quaker _Anthony Benezet_, was accustomed to feed the rats in
+the area before his house in Philadelphia. An old friend who found him so
+engaged, expressed some surprise that he so kindly treated such pernicious
+vermin, saying, "They should rather be killed and out of the way." "Nay,"
+said good Anthony, "I will not treat them so; thou wouldst make them
+thieves by maltreating and starving them, but I make them honest by
+feeding them, for being so fed, they never prey upon any goods of mine."
+This singular fact is very characteristic. When feeding rats, the
+benevolent philosopher used to stand in the area, and they would gather
+round his feet like chickens. One of the family once hung a collar about
+one of them, which was seen for years after, feeding in the group.
+
+
+
+
+
+DES CARTES fought at the siege of Rochelle, and after a variety of
+adventures, established himself in Holland, where he composed most of his
+works. These abound in singular theories and curious speculations, and
+their spirit of independence aroused the same spirit wherever they were
+read. Scholars and theologians vied with each other in battling the new
+opinions. The followers of Aristotle and the followers of Locke arrayed
+themselves against him. His novelties even drew the attention of women
+from their fashions. "The ladies of quality here, of late," says a writer
+from Paris, in 1642, "addict themselves to the study of philosophy, as the
+men; the ladies esteeming their education defective, if they cannot
+confute Aristotle and his disciples. The pen has almost supplanted the
+exercise of the needle; and ladies' closets, formerly the shops of female
+baubles, toys, and vanities, are now turned to libraries and sanctuaries
+of learned works. There is a new star risen in the French horizon, whose
+influence excites the nobler females to this pursuit of human science. It
+is the renowned Monsieur Des Cartes, whose lustre far outshines the aged
+winking tapers of Peripatetic Philosophy, and has eclipsed the stagyrite,
+with all the ancient lights of Greece and Rome. 'Tis this matchless soul
+has drawn so many of the fairer sex to the schools. And they are more
+proud of the title--Cartesian--and of the capacity to defend his principles,
+than of their noble birth and blood."
+
+
+
+
+
+We find in _The Courts of Europe at the Close of the last Century_, by
+Henry Swinburne, the following illustration of American manners:
+
+"An English officer, Colonel A in a stage to New-York, and was extremely
+annoyed by a free and enlightened citizen's perpetually spitting across
+him, out of the window. He bore it patiently for some time, till at last
+he ventured to remonstrate, when the other said, 'Why, colonel, I estimate
+you're a-poking fun at me--that I do. Now, I'm not a-going to chaw my own
+bilge-water, not for no man. Besides, you need not look so thundering
+ugly. Why, I've _practised_ all my life, and could squirt through the eye
+of a needle without touching the steel, let alone such a great saliva-box
+as that there window.' Colonel A at last his anger got up, and he spat
+bang in his companion's face, exclaiming, 'I beg you a thousand pardons,
+squire, but I've not practised as much as you have. No doubt, by the time
+we reach New-York, I shall be as great a dabster as you are.' The other
+rubbed his eye, and remained _bouche close_."
+
+In support of the hydropathic practice, and in illustration of the effect
+of cold, we cite an anecdote MIGNET tells of the celebrated French
+physician Broussais:
+
+
+    "Seized with a violent fever at Nimeguen, Broussais was attended
+    by two of his friends, who each prescribed opposite remedies.
+    Embarrassed by such contradictory opinions, he resolved to follow
+    neither. Believing himself to be seriously in danger, he jumped
+    out of bed in the midst of this raging fever, and almost naked sat
+    down to his escrutoire to arrange his papers. It was in the month
+    of January; the streets were covered with snow. While thus
+    settling his affairs the fever abated, a sensation of freshness
+    and comfort diffused itself throughout his frame. Amazed at this
+    result, Broussais, like a bold theorist as he was, converted his
+    casual forgetfulness into an experience. He boldly _threw open the
+    window_, and for some time inspired the cold winter air that blew
+    in upon him. Finding himself greatly benefited, he concluded that
+    cool drink would be as refreshing to his stomach as cold air had
+    been to his body. He deluged his stomach with cold lemonade, and
+    in less than forty-eight hours he was well again!"
+
+
+
+
+
+The following amusing anecdote is told in a work recently published in
+London of Tom Cooke, the actor and musician:
+
+
+    "At a trial in the Court of King's Bench, June, 1833, betwixt
+    certain publishing tweedledums and tweedledees, as to the alleged
+    piracy of an arrangement of the 'Old English Gentleman,'--an old
+    English air, by the bye--Cooke was subpoenaed as a witness. On his
+    cross-examination by Sir James Scarlet, afterwards Lord Abinger,
+    for the opposite side, that learned counsel rather flippantly
+    questioned him thus: 'Now, sir, you say that the two melodies are
+    the same, but different; now what do you mean by that, sir?' To
+    this Tom promptly answered, 'I said that the notes in the two
+    copies were alike, but with a different accent, the one being in
+    common time, the other in sixth-eight time; and, consequently, the
+    position of the accented notes was different.' Sir James--'What is
+    musical accent?' Cooke--'My terms are a guinea a lesson, sir.' (A
+    loud laugh.) Sir James (rather ruffled)--'Never mind your terms
+    here. I ask you what is musical accent. Can you see it?'
+    Cooke--'No.' Sir James--'Can you feel it?' Cooke--'A musician can.'
+    (Great laughter.) Sir James (very angry)--'Now, pray sir, don't
+    beat about the bush, but explain to his lordship and the jury, who
+    are supposed to know nothing about music, the meaning of what you
+    call accent.' Cooke--'Accent in music, is a certain stress laid
+    upon a particular note, in the same manner as you would lay a
+    stress upon any given word for the purpose of being better
+    understood. Thus, if I were to say, 'You are an _ass_--it rests on
+    ass; but if I were to say, '_You_ are an ass--it rests on you, Sir
+    James.' Reiterated shouts of laughter by the whole court, in which
+    the bench itself joined, followed this repartee. Silence having
+    been at length obtained, the Judge, with much seeming gravity,
+    accosted the chop-fallen counsel thus: Lord Denman--'Are you
+    satisfied, Sir James?' Sir James (deep red as he naturally was, to
+    use poor Jack Reeve's own words, had become scarlet in more than
+    name), in a great huff, said, 'The witness may go down!'"
+
+
+
+
+
+A Portuguese paper gives some statistics which could only be obtained
+under the spy and secret police system. There are said to be in Portugal
+872,634 married couples, of which the present condition is very nearly as
+follows:--"Women who have left their husbands for their lovers, 1,262.
+Husbands who have left their wives for other women, 2,361. Couples who
+have agreed to live separately, 33,120. Couples who live in open warfare,
+under the same roof, 13,263. Couples who cordially hate each other, but
+dissemble their aversion under the appearance of love, 162,320. Couples
+who live in a state of tranquil indifference, 510,132. Couples who are
+thought by their acquaintances to be happy, but are not themselves
+convinced of their own felicity, 1,102. Couples that are happy as compared
+with those that are confessedly unhappy, 131. Couples indisputably happy
+in each other, 0. Total, 872,634."
+
+
+
+
+
+The first duel in New England, was fought with sword and dagger, between
+two servants. Neither of them was killed, but both were wounded. For this
+disgraceful offence, they were formally tried before the whole company
+(the first settlers), and sentenced to have their "heads and feet tied
+together, and so to be twenty-four hours, without meat or drink." Their
+bravery all exploded in a little while, and they plead piteously to be
+released, which was finally done by the Governor on their promising better
+behavior. "Such was the origin," says Dr. Morse, "and such, I may almost
+venture to say, was the termination of the odious practice of duelling in
+New England, for there have been very few fought there since."
+
+
+
+
+
+We are told by Ariosto of a warrior who was so happily gifted that when
+his arms, his legs, or even his head, happened to be chopped off in
+battle, he could jump down from his horse and replace the dissevered
+member. Many modern humbugs are of this description; they are real polipi;
+chop them into a thousand pieces, and each piece will start up as brisk
+and as lively as ever. Metaphysical humbugs are the most difficult kind to
+deal with. Contending with them is like wrestling with spectres; there is
+not substance enough to catch hold of.
+
+
+
+
+
+Lately, at a sitting of the Norwegian legislature at Christiana, a
+petition was presented from the world-known fiddler, Ole Bull, in which he
+solicited the creation of a national theatre in that town, to receive a
+subvention from the government, and to which a dramatic school was to be
+attached. The Assembly voted that the petition should be taken into
+consideration, and appointed a committee to draw up a report on it. M.
+Bull has already founded, at his own cost, a theatre in his native town,
+Bergen. M. Bull visits this country now in search only of pleasure.
+
+
+
+
+
+AUTHORS AND BOOKS
+
+
+GUTZKOW'S _Ritter vom Geiste_ (Knights of the Spirit) is at last finished,
+the ninth volume having made its appearance. It has faults of detail, and
+there are deficiencies in spots, but as a whole it is praised as eminently
+successful, and truly a new work. The idea in some respects recalls the
+Wilhelm Meister of Goethe, and the Nathan the Wise of Lessing, but the
+execution has more force and a larger and more imperious movement than
+either. The Knights of the Spirit are a body of men who are combined in an
+order to which they give that name, and this book is their history and
+that of the order. At the same time there is nothing mystical,
+supernatural, or merely fantastic about it, though its spirit is
+humanitary and even socialistic. The scene is in modern times, but though
+the names of the heroes are German, and the circumstances in which they
+are placed German, the author has succeeded in producing a truly
+cosmopolitan romance. The nine volumes are sold in Germany for about $8
+00.
+
+
+
+
+
+HENRY TAYLOR, the author of Philip Van Artevelde, is the subject of an
+article in the _Grenzboten_. The writer takes him, as the acknowledged
+first living dramatic poet of England, to be the best illustration of the
+nature and characteristics of the English drama. This drama is said to be
+more remarkable for sharply-outlined and detailed characters, than for the
+invention of exciting and consistent action. The characters in all their
+peculiarities are first created, and situations are made and arranged for
+them afterward. The evil of this is, that the whole thus becomes
+fragmentary, and the particulars outweigh and obscure the general spirit
+and intention of the piece. Even Shakspeare, with his gigantic genius, was
+not free from this defect. His Merry Wives of Windsor, for instance, is
+rich in comic situations and figures, but they are arbitrarily put
+together, and every scene has the character of an episode; the action does
+not go forward in a true and consistent course. Now-a-days the evil is
+worse, because it is the fashion to substitute reflection for natural
+feeling. Taylor is like those portrait painters who paint the features so
+carefully as to destroy the general character of the face. His men and
+women are not alive and genuine. Still their language is grave and noble,
+their thoughts comprehensive, often striking, and their emotions, though
+artificial, are elaborated with great insight and knowledge of the world.
+Compared with the wretched creations of the French romanticists, they are
+worthy of all praise. The critic then proceeds to analyze Isaac Comnenus,
+Philip Van Atevelde, and Fair Edwin, setting forth with great fairness the
+excellencies and faults of each.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new contribution to an obscure but most interesting part of European
+history is _Deutschland in der Revolutions periode von_ 1522-26, (Germany,
+in the Revolutionary Period from 1522 to 26,) by JOSEPH EDMUND JOeRG. The
+author has had access to a great mass of original and hitherto unused
+materials, especially diplomatic correspondence and other documents in the
+Bavarian archives. His view of the subject is very different from that
+taken by ZIMMERMANN, in his _Peasants' War_, or by any other writer. He
+mocks at the idea that this revolution grew out of the evils and
+oppressions suffered by the people, and finds its most powerful impulse in
+the passion for innovation that sprung up along with the revival of
+classical studies in the middle ages.
+
+
+
+
+
+The antique fashion of presenting poetic works to the public, is revived
+in Germany with great success. Professor GRIEPENKERL of Brunswick, whose
+tragedy of Robespierre made a great sensation a year or more since, is now
+reading his new play of the Girondists to large audiences in the principal
+cities. He has already been heard at Brunswick, Leipzig, Dresden, and
+Bremen, and proposes to visit other places on the same errand. The play,
+which is a tragedy of course, is much admired, though it is not thought to
+be adapted to the stage. The Girondists were not men of action, but
+orators and thinkers. The final scene in the play is the famous banquet
+before they were taken to execution. Charlotte Corday is among the
+characters; the women are said not to be drawn as truly and powerfully as
+the men.
+
+
+
+
+
+CARLYLE'S Life of Stirling is criticised in the _Grenzboten_, which calls
+Carlyle the strangest of all philosophers. This book is said, however, to
+be, on the whole, clearer and more intelligible than most of his former
+productions. Still, like most works of the new romantic school in England,
+of which Carlyle is the chief, it aims rather to give expression to the
+ideas and abilities of the author, than to do justice to its subject. But
+it is in Warren's _Lily and the Bee_, that the school appears in full
+bloom. This is said to consist mostly of exclamation points, and is
+written in a sort of lapidary style, that deals in riddles, pathos without
+object, sentimentality with irony, world-pain, and allusions to all the
+kingdoms of heaven and earth, without any explanation as to what relation
+these allusions bear to each other, and with a Titanic pessimism as its
+predominating tone, which first rouses itself up to take all by storm, and
+finishes by being soothed into happy intoxication by the odors of a lily.
+This is better treatment than _The Lily and the Bee_ gets at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+In the second volume of _Shakspeare as Protestant, Politician,
+Psychologist and Poet_, by DR. ED. VEHSE--spoken of as being "even more
+uninteresting than the first," we find the two following extraordinary
+ideas. Firstly, that Shakspeare followed a theory of physical
+_temperaments_ in his characters--that Hamlet was a representative of the
+melancholy or nervous, Othello of the choleric, Romeo of the sanguine, and
+Falstaff of the phlegmatic. Secondly, that in Falstaff, Shakspeare
+parodied--himself! Or to give his own words, "We may suppose that
+Shakspeare's physical constitution inclined to corpulence, and inspired in
+him the disposition to the life of a _bon vivant_. His intimacy with the
+Earl of Southampton may have favored this disposition, since they led for
+a long time a dissipated tavern-life, and were rivals in love matters!"
+The work is principally made up of extracts from Shakspeare's plays, to
+every which extract we find appended "How admirable,"--"Excellent," and
+similar aids to those who are not familiar with the English bard.
+
+
+
+
+
+We commend to the attention of philologists Das _Gothische Runenalphabet_,
+(or The Gothic Runic Alphabet,) recently published by HERTZ of Berlin.
+"Before Wulfila, the Goths had an alphabet of twenty-five letters, formed
+according to the same principles, and bearing nearly the same names as the
+_Runes_ of the Anglo-Saxons and Northmen, and probably arranged in the
+same order of succession. _Wulfila_ adopted the Grecian alphabet, which
+through his modification was received by the Goths to the old twenty-five
+letters." This is the theory propounded in the work, which is not wanting,
+as we learn, in instructive information. In connection with this we may
+notice a book which has been deemed worthy of a modern English
+republication in elegant style, the often referred to _Scriptural Poems_
+of CAEDMON, in Anglo-Saxon, an edition of which, by R. W. BOUTERWEK, with
+an Anglo-Saxon Glossary, has recently been published by Baedeher of
+Elberfeldt.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Preussische Zeitung_ states that M. HANKE, a learned Bohemian, is
+publishing, in Prague, a _fac-simile_ of the Gospels on which the Kings of
+France have always been sworn at their coronation at Rheims. The
+manuscript volume is in the Slavonian language, and has been preserved at
+Rheims ever since the twelfth century, but it has only been lately
+discovered in what language it was written.
+
+
+
+
+
+The eleventh volume of the _Monumenta Germaniae Historica_ inde ab anno
+Christi 500 usque ad annum 1500 auspiciis societ, aperiendis fontibus
+serum German medii aevi edid, G. H. PERTZ, has just made its appearance.
+This work is regarded as a stupendous effort of erudition and historical
+acumen, even in Germany.
+
+DR. HAGBERG, a professor at the University of Upsal, has just published at
+Stockholm a version of the complete works of Shakspeare, the first ever
+made in the Swedish language. It is in twelve thick octavo volumes. The
+Shaksperian Society of London having received a presentation copy of this
+translation, has returned a vote of thanks to Dr. Hagberg, accompanied by
+forty volumes of the Society's publications, all relating to the great
+dramatist and the state of dramatic art in his time.
+
+
+
+
+
+DUNLOP'S _History of Fiction_ has been translated into German by Professor
+Liebrecht of Liege, and enlarged so as to be much more complete than the
+original. The version bears the title of _Geschichte der Prosadichtung
+oder, Geschichte der Romane, Novellen und Maehrchen_ (History of Prose
+Poetry, or History of Romances, Novels and Traditional Tales). It gives a
+complete account of the most prominent fictions from the Greek romances
+down to the present day, and is quite as valuable for those who like to
+take their novels condensed, as for those who make a historical study of
+literature.
+
+
+
+
+
+HOLTEI, the German poet, has published a four-volume novel, called _Die
+Vagabunden_ (The Vagabonds). It is a curious and successful book. It
+treats of the various classes that get their living by amusing others, not
+merely of theatrical and musical artists, but of circus-riders,
+ventriloquists, jugglers, rope-dancers, puppet-showmen, &c. Indeed, actors
+and musicians are only introduced casually, while the lower classes, if we
+may so call them, of wandering artists, make up the book; and they make it
+up not in the form of caricatures or exaggerations, but as genuine living
+characters, with the faults and virtues that really belong to men of their
+respective professions The story is a good one, and is varied with all
+sorts of strange adventures.
+
+
+
+
+
+In poetry we observe the attractive title of _The AEolian Harp of the
+World's Poetry_, a collection of poems of all countries and ages,
+"dedicated to German ladies and maidens," by FERD. SCHMIDT. Also by the
+same collector, a Household Treasury of the most beautiful Ballads,
+Romances, and Poetic Legends of all Times and Nations; by BRUNO LINDNER,
+_Four Tales_, and from the Countess AGNES SCHWERIN, a new edition of _What
+I heard from the bird_. Were we confident that the Countess were
+intimately familiar with English poetry, we should feel half inclined to
+accuse her of having taken this title from
+
+  "High diddle ding, I heard a bird sing."
+
+G. PUSLITZ has "thrown forth," as Bacchus threw the wreath of Ariadne, a
+"garland of Stories," entitled _What the Forest Tells_. Whether, like the
+wreath alluded to, it will reach the stars, we must leave our readers or
+his to decide.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Science, we observe the publication of a piece of eccentric nonsense
+such as emanates at the present day only from a weak brother in Germany,
+or occasionally from a would-be _original_ in New England. The work to
+which we refer is the _Natur und Geist_ (or _Nature and Spirit_) of DR.
+JOHANN RIOHERS. In the second volume he attempts to utterly overwhelm,
+confound, and destroy Newton's Theory of Attraction, by such an argument
+as the following. "Let any man jump from a height, in descending he feels
+no _attraction_ to the Earth. How hasty and absurd therefore is it to
+attribute the movement in question to such an attraction."
+
+
+
+
+
+A new collection of German Domestic Legends (_Haus Maehrchen_) has been
+published at Leipzig, by J.W. WOLF, a distinguished German philologist.
+His Legends closely resemble those collected by Grimm, and, like them, are
+curious and instructive. He obtained them, one from a Gipsey, others from
+peasants in the mountain districts, and others from some companies of
+Hessian soldiers. He remarks that many such ancient legends are yet
+floating about among the German people, and that they ought to be
+collected before they are lost.
+
+
+
+
+
+ZEND AVESTA, or On the things of Heaven and the World beyond the Grave, is
+the title of a new book in three volumes just published at Leipzig, in
+German, of course, by GUSTAV THEODOR FECHNOR. The author attempts to prove
+the possibility, if not the certainty, of a future life of the individual
+after death. His demonstrations are drawn from the analogies of the
+natural world. He exhibits a wide acquaintance with nature and with
+literature, but is not thought to have made any positive additions to
+psychological science.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those who are conversant with the curiosities of the Middle Ages, and have
+read the entertaining history of "_Ye Nigromancer Virgilius_," in which
+the Mantuan bard lives no longer in the magic of song, but that of literal
+sorcery, will peruse with pleasure the _Virgil's Fortleben im
+Mittelalter_, or The Life of Virgil continued in the Middle Ages, by G.
+RAPPERT. Of all the wild romantic legends which the romantic time brought
+forth, none surpass in singularity and interest this singular narration.
+
+
+
+
+
+TEMPERANCE TALES are produced in Germany as well as elsewhere. JEREMIAS
+GOTTHELF is the best author who there cultivates this style of
+composition. His _Duersli, the Brandy drinker_, has just passed through a
+fourth edition, and _How five Maidens miserably perished in Brandy_, to a
+second. Gotthelf has the talent of combining great dramatic interest and
+artistic freshness of narration, with a moral purpose. Hence the
+popularity of these little books.
+
+
+
+
+
+NIEHL'S _Burgerliche Gesellschaft_ (Civil Society) is greatly praised by
+critics, as the most valuable work lately published in Germany, or indeed
+in Europe, upon the State of Society and the causes operating to change
+it. Especially good are its pictures of the different classes in Germany,
+such as the nobility, the peasantry, the industrious middle class, and the
+proletaries. These pictures are said to have the minuteness and fidelity
+of daguerreotypes. The chapter on the "proletaries of intellectual labor,"
+gives any thing but a flattering account of the literary classes on the
+continent. Those classes are held up as in a great measure perverted,
+empty, and dangerous. Niehl divides Society in Germany into four great
+classes, namely: the peasantry, the aristocracy, the _bourgeoisie_ or
+middle class, and the proletariat, or mere laborers for wages. The last he
+regards as the decaying and corrupting class, a sort of scum in hot
+effervesence. This is, however, one of the classes that produce social
+movement; the other is the middle class; the conservative or stationary
+classes are the peasantry and aristocracy. The learned professions he
+reckons among the middle class. He makes no distinction between the
+proletaries who live by the soil, and those who live by working in
+connection with manufactures and mechanical trades.
+
+
+
+
+
+Another contribution to Goethean literature is the Correspondence between
+the great Poet and his intimate friend Knebel, which has just appeared in
+Germany in two volumes. The letters extend from 1774 to 1832, and contain
+the free expression of Goethe's opinions on a great variety of important
+subjects, as well as many interesting particulars in his personal history,
+hitherto unknown.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. WETZSTEIN, Prussian Consul at Damascus, has returned to Europe,
+bringing a valuable collection of Arabic, Turkish and Persian manuscripts,
+which he expects to sell to the Royal Library at Berlin. Of especial value
+is a history of Persia during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, which
+casts light on several portions of Persian history that have hitherto been
+obscure.
+
+
+
+
+
+LONGFELLOW'S _Evangeline_ has been translated into German and published at
+Hamburg. The name of the translator is not given. The critics find that
+the poem has a very marked resemblance to Goethe's Herman and Dorothea.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. MAYO'S _Berber_ has been translated into the German by Mr. L. Dubois,
+and published at Leipzig.
+
+
+
+
+
+A new and splendid edition of the _Pilgrim's Progress_ has been published
+at Leipzig, in German. It is curious to see the good old book discussed by
+the critics as if it were a new production.
+
+
+
+
+
+German Historical Literature has lately been enriched by numerous valuable
+works. Among these we notice WENCK'S _Fraenkische Reich_ (Frankish Empire),
+which treats that subject, from A.D. 843 to 861, with instructive
+thoroughness and philosophical insight; two essays by FICKER, the one on
+Reinhald von Dassel, the Chancellor of Ferdinand I., and the other on the
+attempt of Henry VI. to render the German empire hereditary; ARNTHEN'S
+_History of Carinthia_; RINK'S _Tirol_; PALAZKY'S _History of Bohemia_;
+MINUTOLI'S _History of the Elector Frederic I._; RIEDEL'S _Ten years of
+the History of the Ancestors of the Royal House of Prussia_; the _History
+of Schleswig Holstein_, by GEORGE WAITZ; RUCKERT'S _Annals of German
+History_; G. PHILIP'S _Outlines of the History of the German Empire and
+German Law_; GENGLER'S _History of German Law_; the _Coins of the German
+Emperors and Kings in the Middle Ages_, a large work by CAPPE; the _Celts
+and Ancient Helvetians_, by J. B. BROZI; and the _Campaigns of the
+Bavarians_ from 1643 to 1645, by J. HELLMANN; MAYR'S _Mann von Rinn_ (Man
+of Rinn) deserves special mention. The man of Rinn is Joseph Speckbacher,
+the hero of the war of 1809 in the Tyrol. His deeds, and those of his
+countrymen, are here narrated in a style as attractive as the facts are
+authentic.
+
+
+
+
+
+In all the States of the German Confederation there are 2,651 booksellers,
+400 of whom deal only in their own publications, 2,200 sell books, but do
+not publish, and 451 keep general assortments of books, and publish also.
+At Berlin there are 129 booksellers, at Leipzic, 145, at Vienna, 52, at
+Stuttgard, 50, and at Frankfort, 36. A hundred years ago there were only
+31 at Leipzic and 6 at Berlin, and at two fairs held at Leipzic in 1750,
+only 350 German booksellers' establishments were represented. No one is
+allowed in Germany to become a bookseller without a license from the
+government, and in Prussia the applicant has to pass a special
+examination.
+
+
+
+
+
+Those desirous of acquiring languages by wholesale, may try a recent work
+by Captain J. NEPOMUK SZOeLLOeZY, with which the scholar can learn,
+according to the Ollendorffian system, French, German, English, Italian,
+Russian, Spanish, Hungarian, Wallachian and Turkish. Phrases and
+vocabularies of all the languages are appended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A second edition of ADOLF STAHR'S _Preussische Revolution_, has appeared
+in Germany, revised by the author and dedicated to Macaulay. No recent
+book in Germany has been more successful than this.
+
+
+
+
+
+MAX SCHLESINGER'S _Wanderings through London_ are announced at Berlin; the
+first volume is already published. One of the chapters treats of
+"Linkoln's-In-Fields."
+
+
+
+
+
+We learn from the last number of the _Journal Asiatique_, that M. WOePCKE,
+a mathematician who devotes himself to Arabic studies, has discovered in
+some Arabic manuscripts two works purporting to be by Euclid, which have
+not been preserved in the Greek original, nor are any where referred to as
+his by ancient mathematical writers. One is a treatise on the lever, and
+the other on the division of planimetric figures. The authenticity of the
+two is thought to be perfectly established by collateral evidence.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Hungarian author. Baron Eoetvoes, has just published a work called
+_Ueber den Einfluss der Neuen Ideen auf den Staat_ (On the influence of
+new ideas upon the State). He argues that the students of social and
+political science should confine themselves strictly to the method
+received in the natural sciences, and employed there with such success;
+first establish what are the genuine experimental phenomena, and then by
+induction settle the law which produces and governs them.
+
+
+
+
+
+We expect a treat from MORITZ WAGNER'S _Reise nach Persien und dem Lande
+der Kurden_ (Journey to Persia and Kurdistan) the first volume of which is
+advertised in our last files of German papers. Wagner is one of the best
+of travellers, and we shall look for the book itself with some impatience.
+The second volume is announced as to appear in three weeks after the
+first.
+
+
+
+
+
+The second part of the third volume of HUMBOLDT'S _Kosmos_, has just
+appeared at Stuttgart. It treats of the heavenly nebulae, suns, planets,
+comets, aurora borealis, zodiacal light, meteors, and meteoric stones.
+This completes the uranological part of the description of the physical
+universe. Humboldt has already begun his fourth volume, and expects to
+finish it before June next.
+
+
+
+
+
+KOSSUTH is speculated on by a German bookseller, who advertises a work
+giving a complete account of his sayings and doings since the capitulation
+at Vilagos, including his flight to Turkey and his residence there, the
+negotiations for his release, his journey from Kutahia to England, and his
+tarry there up to sailing for America, with a portrait.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE REV. HENRY T. CHEEVER'S _Life in the Sandwich Islands_ (noticed by us
+lately in the _International_), is reprinted in London, by Bentley, and
+translated in German for a publisher at Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+SILVIO PELLICO, so famous for his works, his imprisonments and sufferings,
+is passing the winter in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+The complete works of CLEMENS BRENTANO, have been brought out at
+Frankfort, in seven volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Two books of travels in Scandinavia have just appeared in Germany. One is
+the _Bilder aus dem Norden_ (Pictures of the North), by Professor OSCAR
+SCHMIDT of Jena; and the other _Haegringar_, or a Journey through Sweden,
+Lapland, Norway, and Denmark, in 1850, by a young author. Professor
+Schmidt amply repays the reader, which is more than can always be said of
+the author of _Haegringar_. Both works are, however, especially worthy the
+attention of those who wish to study the natural history and ethnography
+of the countries in question.
+
+
+
+
+
+MADAME VON WEBER, widow of the composer, who has for some years resided at
+Vienna, has applied to the Emperor of Austria for permission to dispose of
+the three original MSS. scores of her husband's operas, _Der Freischuetz,
+Eutryanthe_, and _Oberon_. These were in the Royal Library at Vienna; and
+she purposes offering them to the three sovereigns of Saxony, Prussia, and
+England,--in which respective countries they were originally produced. The
+Emperor has caused the MSS. to be delivered to her.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR NUYTZ, whose work on canon law was recently condemned by the
+Holy See, has resumed his lectures at Turin. The lecture-room was crowded,
+and the learned professor was received with loud applause. He adverted to
+the hostility of the clergy, and to the Papal censures of his work, which
+censures he declared to be in direct opposition to the rights of the civil
+power. He expressed his thanks to the ministry for having refused to
+deprive him of his chair.
+
+
+
+
+
+A valuable contribution to Italian history is _Die Carafa von Maddaloni,
+Neapel unter Spanische Herrschaft_ (Naples under Spanish Domination), just
+published in Germany, by ALFRED VON REUMONT, a member of the Prussian
+Legation at Florence, who, more than almost any other man, has made a
+study of the history of that part of Italy, and who in this work has had
+access to a great mass of new documents. He writes as a monarchist, but
+his facts may be relied on. The work is in two volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+Every body remembers the noise made in New-York some fifteen years since
+by the revelations of MARIA MONK. We notice a translation of her famous
+disclosures advertised, with all sorts of trumpet blowing, in our German
+papers.
+
+
+
+
+
+An edition of the complete works of KEPLER is preparing in Germany, under
+the supervision of Prof. FRISCH, of Stuttgart. The manuscripts of the
+great astronomer, preserved at St. Petersburg, have been examined for the
+purpose, with rich results. It is also proposed to erect a monument to
+Kepler at Stuttgart.
+
+
+
+
+
+Sixteen German books were prohibited in Russia in August last; among them
+were FONTAINE'S _Poems_, GOeRRE'S _Christian Mysticism_, KUTZ'S _Manual of
+Sacred History_, SCHMIDT'S _Death of Lord Byron_, KINKEL'S _Truth without
+Poetry_, and STRAUSS'S _Life Questions_. Of eleven other works, a few
+pages from each were prohibited; among these was the German version of
+Lieutenant LYNCH'S _United States Expedition to the Jordan and the Dead
+Sea_. These works are allowed to enter Russia after having the
+objectionable pages cut out.
+
+
+
+
+
+The science of landscape gardening is enriched by a new work of value just
+published at Leipzig, by RUDOLPH LIEBECK, the director of the public
+garden in that city. It is called _Die bildenden Garten Kunst in seinen
+Modernen Formen_ (The Modern Constructive Art of Gardening). It has twenty
+colored plates.
+
+
+
+
+
+COTTA, of Stuttgart, is preparing to publish a splendid illustrated
+edition of Goethe's _Faust_. The designs are to be by an artist well known
+in Germany, Engelbert Seibertz. The work is to be published in numbers.
+
+
+
+
+
+The historical remains and letters of George Spalatin have been published
+at Weimar. They are a valuable addition to the history of the Reformation.
+
+
+
+
+
+It is remarkable that the only oriental nation whose literature has much
+resemblance to ours, and has a direct practical value for us, is the
+Chinese. For instance, the works of this people upon agriculture abound in
+practical information, which may be made immediately useful in Europe and
+America. We noticed, some time since, the treatise on the raising and care
+of silk worms, translated and published at Paris, by M. STANISLAS JULIEN,
+which was so warmly welcomed in France as a timely addition to what was
+there known upon the subject. It seems that this work was but a small
+portion of an extensive Cyclopedia of Agriculture in use in China, where
+the science of tilling the soil has in many respects been developed to an
+astonishing degree of perfection. This cyclopedia, M. Hervey, a French
+scholar, whose knowledge of the Eastern languages is accompanied by an
+equally profound love of farming, has undertaken to translate entire. This
+is a difficult and tedious enterprise, especially on account of the mass
+of botanical and technical expressions which occur in the work, and of
+which the dictionaries furnish no explanation. Meanwhile M. Hervey has
+published some of the results of his studies in a work called
+_Investigations on Agriculture and Gardening among the Chinese_. He
+mentions several varieties of fruits, vegetables, and trees, which might
+advantageously be introduced into France and Algiers; he also analyzes the
+Cyclopedia, and shows what are the difficulties in translating it.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable contribution to our knowledge of China, is M. BIOT's recent
+translation of the book called _Tscheu-li_. It seems that in the twelfth
+century before Christ, the second dynasty that had ruled the country, that
+of _Thang_, fell by its own vices, and the empire passed into the hands of
+Wu-wang, the head of the princely family of _Tscheu-li_. Wu-wang was a
+great soldier and statesman; he confided to his brother Tscheu-Kong, a man
+evidently of extraordinary political genius, the moral and administrative
+reformation of the empire. He first laid the foundation of a reform in
+moral ideas by an addition to the Y-King or sacred book, which the Chinese
+revere and incessantly study, but which still remains an unintelligible
+mystery for Europeans. Of his administrative reforms a complete record is
+preserved in the _Tscheu-li_, and nothing could be easier to understand.
+
+When the Tscheus thus came into power, they found in existence a powerful
+feudal aristocracy, from which they themselves proceeded, and which they
+must tolerate. Accordingly, they recognized within the imperial dominions
+sixty-three federal jurisdictions, which were hereditary, but whose rulers
+were obliged to administer according to the laws and methods of the
+empire. Having made this concession, they abolished all other hereditary
+offices, and established instead, a vast system of centralization, such as
+the world has never seen equalled elsewhere. The administration, according
+to the _Tscheu-li_, is divided among six ministries, which were also
+divided into sections, and the executive functions descend regularly and
+systematically to the lowest official, and include the entire movement of
+society. The emperor and the feudal princes are restrained by formalities
+and usage, as well as by the expression of disapprobation; and the
+officials of every grade by their hierarchical dependency, and by a system
+of incessant oversight; and finally, the people by proscription, and the
+education, industrial, as well as mental and moral, which the State
+dispenses to them. The sole idea in which this astonishing system rests,
+is that of the State, whose office is to care for all that can contribute
+to the public good, and which regulates the action of every individual
+with a view to this end. In his organization, Tscheu-Kong excelled every
+thing that the most centralized governments of Europe have devised.
+
+The Tscheu family remained in power for five centuries, and was finally
+broken down by the feudal element they had preserved. But so deep was the
+impress of Tscheu-Kong upon the nation, that after centuries of
+revolutions and civil war, it returned to his institutions and principles,
+and it is by them and in a great degree in their exact forms, that China
+is now governed.
+
+In form the _Tscheu-li_ is like an imperial almanac of our own times. It
+is, however, much more complete, because Tscheu-Kong gives in it a mass of
+detailed instructions, in order to make the officials aware of their
+duties and the precise limits of their authority. Thus the work affords a
+quite exact picture of the social condition of China at that time. There
+is no other monument of antiquity with which it can be compared, except
+the _Manus_, the Indian book of law. The difference is, that in China the
+intellectual activity was altogether political, and the public
+organization altogether imperial and political; while in India the mental
+activity was metaphysical, and the public organization altogether
+municipal.
+
+The translation of the _Tscheu_ was not published till after M. Biot's
+decease; it was brought out by his father, with the assistance of M.
+Stanislas Julien.
+
+
+
+
+
+The library of the famous Cardinal Mezzofanti is about to be sold, and the
+catalogue is already printed--in Italian, of course. It is one of the most
+extensive and valuable collection of works in various languages ever made,
+and it is to be hoped that it may not be disposed of at the sale, but pass
+all together into some public library--that of some university would be
+most appropriate. To indicate the contents of the catalogue, we give the
+titles of the different parts: Books in Albanian or Epirotic, Arabic,
+Armenian, American (Indian dialects of Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru,
+United States), Bohemian, Chaldaic, Chinese (Cochin-Chinese, Trin-Chinese,
+Japanese), Danish (Swedish, Norwegian, Icelandic, Laplandic), Hebrew
+(Antique, Rabbinic, Samaritan), Egyptian, or Coptic-Egyptian and Coptic,
+Arabic, Etrusean, Phoenician, Flemish, French (Breton-French,
+Lorraine-French, Provencal), Gothic and Visi-Gothic, and Greek and
+Greek-Latin, Modern Greek, Georgian or Iberian, Cretian or Rhetian,
+Illyrian, Indo-oriental (Angolese, Burmese or Avian, Hindostanee, Malabar,
+Malayan, Sanscrit), English (Arctic, Breton or Celtic, Scotch-Celtic,
+Scotch, Irish, Welch), Italian (Fineban dialect, Maltese, Milanese,
+Sardinian, Sicilian), Kurdistanee or Kurdic, Latin, Maronite and Syriac
+Maronite, Oceanic (Australian), Dutch, Persian, Polish, Portuguese
+(various dialects), Slavonian (Carniolan, Serbian, Ruthenian,
+Slavo-Wallachian), Syriac, Spanish (Catalan, Biscayan), Russian, Turkish,
+Hungarian, Gipsey.
+
+
+
+
+
+The French historian MICHELET, deprived of his professorship in the
+College of France, is devoting himself more than ever to literature. His
+last work, of which an authorized translation has just appeared in London,
+is _The Martyrs of Russia_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MICHEL NICOLAS, one of the ablest among the French theologico-ethical
+writers, has published a translation of the _Considerations on the Nature
+and Historical Developments of Christian Philosophy_, by Dr. RITTER, of
+the University of Gottingen.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. SCHONENBERGER, a music-publisher at Paris, has purchased from the heirs
+of Paganini the copyright of his works, and is now publishing them, under
+the editorial supervision of M. ACHILLE PAGANINI, the son of the great
+violinist. The edition will comprise every thing that he left behind in
+writing. Hector Berlioz speaks with enthusiasm in the _Journal des Debats_
+of the two grand concertos which have just appeared, one of them
+containing the marvellous rondo of the _campanella_. Berlioz speaks in
+high praise of Paganini's genius as a composer. A volume would be
+required, he says, to indicate the new effects, the ingenious methods, the
+grand and noble forms which he discovered, and even the orchestral
+combinations, which before him were not suspected. In spite of the rapid
+progress which, thanks to Paganini, the violin is making at the present
+day in respect of mechanical execution, his compositions are yet beyond
+the skill of most violinists, and in reading them it is hardly possible to
+conceive how their author was able to execute them. Unfortunately he was
+not able to transmit to his successors the vital spark which animated and
+rendered _human_ those astonishing prodigies of mechanism.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. PHILARETE CHASLES, one of the literary critics of the _Journal des
+Debats_, has published, at Paris, a book called _Etudes sur la Litterateur
+et les Maeurs des Anglo-Americanis_, which abounds in those curious
+blunders that some French authors seem to be destined to when they write
+upon topics connected with foreign countries. For instance, he makes the
+pilgrims of Plymouth to have been the founders of Philadelphia, New-York,
+and Boston. Buffalo he sets down opposite to Montreal, speaks of the
+puritans of Pennsylvania as near neighbors of Nova Scotia, and extends
+Arkansas to the Rocky Mountains. At New-York his regret is that a railroad
+has destroyed the beauty of Hoboken, and at New Orleans he laments that
+marriages between whites and Creoles are interdicted. Of Cooper, Irving,
+Bryant, Audubon, and Longfellow, he speaks in terms of just praise, but
+Willis is not mentioned. Bancroft and Hildreth are mentioned as
+historians, Prescott is spoken of briefly in connection with his Ferdinand
+and Isabella, while his other works are not alluded to. To Herman
+Melville, M. Chasles devotes fifty pages, while Mr. Ticknor has not even
+the honor of a mention. The author of this work is very far from doing
+justice either to American literature or to himself.
+
+
+
+
+
+Five of the nine intended volumes of LAFUENTE'S _General History of Spain_
+from the remotest times to the present day, have appeared in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Paris a new edition is announced of the best French versions of
+FENIMORE COOPER'S works--six or eight illustrated volumes.
+
+
+
+
+
+M. GUIZOT is about to publish a new volume at Paris, with the title of
+_Shakspeare et son Temps_ (Shakspeare and his Times). It is to be composed
+of his Life of Shakspeare, and the articles that he has written at various
+times upon different plays. The only novelty in it is a notice on Hamlet
+which was prepared expressly for this publication. He regards both Macbeth
+and Othello as better dramas than Hamlet, but thinks the last contains
+more brilliant examples of Shakspeare's sublimest beauties and grossest
+faults. "Nowhere," says Guizot, "has he unveiled with more originality,
+depth and dramatic effect, the inmost state of a great soul: but nowhere
+has he more abandoned himself to the caprices, terrible or burlesque, of
+his imagination, and to that abundant intemperance of a mind pressed to
+get out its ideas without choosing among them, and bent on rendering them
+striking by a strong, ingenious, and unexpected mode of expression,
+without any regard to their truth and natural form." The French critic
+also thinks that on the stage the effect of Hamlet is irresistible.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Capital work on Paris has just been published at Berlin, from the pen of
+FRIEDRICH SZARVADY, a Hungarian, who has resided for several years in
+Paris. The titles of the chapters are:--Paris in Paris; Strangers in Paris;
+Parisian Women; Street Eloquence; the Temple of Jerusalem (the Bourse);
+Salons and Conversation; Dancing, Song, and Flowers; the Ball at the Grand
+Opera; Artist Life; the Press; the Feuilleton; History on a Public Square;
+Lamartine, Cavaignac, Thiers; Louis Bonaparte. Szarvady observes sharply,
+and writes with as much grace and _esprit_ as a Frenchman. Nothing can be
+more taking than his pages. They deserve a translation from the German
+into English.
+
+
+
+
+
+VILLERGAS, the Spanish historian, who in one of his recent works drew a
+parallel between Espartero and Narvaez which excited great attention at
+Madrid and in other parts of Spain, has just been condemned by the court
+which has charge of the offences of the press, to a fine of twenty
+thousand reals, or twenty-five hundred dollars, for the sin against public
+order and private character contained in that parallel.
+
+
+
+
+
+An interesting and valuable series of articles reviewing historically the
+systems of land tenure which have prevailed in different countries, is
+appearing in the _Journal des Debats_ from the pen of M. HENRY TRIANON.
+The systems of India and China have already been examined.
+
+
+
+
+
+The termagant wife of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton has just published _The
+School for Husbands_, a novel founded on the life and times of Moliere.
+Probably her own husband is shot at in all the chapters.
+
+
+
+
+
+The books on modern French history would already fill an Alexandrian
+library, and every month produces new ones. M. LEONARD GALLOIS, a
+well-known historical writer, announces a _History of the Revolution of
+February, 1848_, in _five_ large octavos, with forty-one portraits. M.
+BARANTE's _History of the Convention_ will consist of six octavos, of
+which three are published, and the last is accompanied by it biographical
+sketch of each of the seven hundred and fifty members. The period embraced
+in this work is from 1792 to 1795, inclusive. There is a new _History of
+the City of Lyons_, in three octavos, by the city librarian.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Letters and unpublished Essays of Count_ JOSEPH DE MAISTRE have been
+brought out at Paris, in two volumes octavo. The letters show the
+celebrated author in a new and pleasing light; a tone of genial unreserve
+prevails in many of them, which those who have become familiar with his
+brilliant, dogmatic, and paradoxical intellect, in his more elaborate
+writings, would hardly suppose him capable of. No writer, of this century
+at least, has more powerfully set forth the doctrines of the Roman
+Catholic Church than he.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Political Situation of Cuba_, a volume published in Paris, by Don
+ANTONIO SACO, is commended in the _Revue des Deux Mondes_. Don Antonio was
+one of the most distinguished intelligences and liberals of the precious
+island: he argues against independence, or annexation to the American
+Union: he suggests various arrangements by which Spain could safely
+establish political freedom in Cuba, and he thinks administrative and
+judicial reforms to counteract the worst ills of her present situation,
+might be accomplished.
+
+
+
+
+
+A New edition of SHARON TURNER's _History of the Anglo-Saxons_ has just
+appeared in London, with important additions and revision. The first
+edition of Turner's History was published in London more than fifty years
+ago. At the time when the first volume appeared, the subject of
+Anglo-Saxon antiquities had been nearly forgotten by the British public,
+although the most venerated laws, customs, and institutions of the nation
+originated before the Norman conquest. The Anglo-Saxon manuscripts lay
+unexamined in archives, and the important information they contained had
+never been made a part of general history. Mr. Turner undertook a careful
+and patient investigation of all the documents belonging to the period
+preserved in the kingdom, and the result of his labors was the work in
+question, which at once gave rise to an almost universal passion for the
+records and remains of the Anglo-Saxon people, and called forth general
+applause from the best minds of England. A good edition of his History was
+published several years ago by Carey and Hart of Philadelphia, but it is
+now, we believe, out of print.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Rev. JOHN HOWARD HINTON, author of a well-known History of the United
+States, has published, in London, a volume under the title of _The Test of
+Experience_, in which he has presented a masterly argument for the
+voluntary principle in matters of religion. The "test of experience" is in
+this, as in all other things, the best of tests, and the religious
+institutions of the United States can well bear its application. One of
+the most noticeable results of the non-interference of the State is
+pointed out in the following passage:
+
+
+    "To travellers in the United States, no fact has been more
+    immediately or more powerfully striking than the total absence of
+    religious rivalry. Amidst such a multitude of sects, an inhabitant
+    of the old world naturally, and almost instinctively looks for one
+    that sets up exclusive pretensions and possesses an actual
+    predominance. But he finds nothing of the kind. Neither
+    presbyterianism, or prelacy, nor any other form of
+    ecclesiasticism, makes the slightest effort to lift its head above
+    its fellow. And with the resignation of exclusive pretensions, the
+    entire ecclesiastical strife has ceased, and the din of angry war
+    has been hushed; and here, at length, the voluntary principle is
+    able to exhibit itself in its true colors, as a lover of peace and
+    the author of concord. It is busied no longer with the arguing of
+    disputed claims, but throws its whole energy into free and
+    combined operations for the extension of Christianity. The general
+    religious energy embodies itself in a thousand forms; but while
+    there is before the church a vast field to which the activities of
+    all are scarcely equal, there is, also, 'a fair field and no
+    favor,'--a field in which all have the same advantages, and in
+    which each is sure to find rewards proportionate to its wisdom and
+    its zeal. This inestimable benefit of religious peace is clearly
+    due to the voluntary principle."
+
+
+
+
+
+JUNIUS, since the publication of his Letters, never figured more
+conspicuously than during the last month. The _Paris Revue des Deux
+Mondes_ has a very long article on the great secret by M. Charles Remusat,
+a member of the Institute, well known in historical criticism. He arrays
+skilfully the facts and reasonings which British inquirers have adduced in
+favor of Sir Philip Francis, and the other most probable author, Lord
+George Sackville. He seems to incline to the latter, but does not decide.
+He pronounces that, on the whole, Junius was not "a great publicist." His
+powers and influence are investigated and explained by M. de Remusat with
+acuteness and comprehensive survey. Lord Mahon, in his new volumes, says,
+"From the proofs adduced by others, and on a clear conviction of my own, I
+affirm that the author of Junius was no other than Sir Philip Francis." We
+think not. The London _Athenaeum_, last year, we thought, settled this
+point. It is understood that the editor of the _Grenville Papers_, now on
+the eve of publication, in London, is in favor of Lord Temple as a
+claimant for the authorship of Junius. The January number of the
+_Quarterly Review_ contains an article on the subject.
+
+
+
+
+
+The _Natural History of the Human Species_, by Lieutenant-Colonel CHARLES
+HAMILTON SMITH, is the title of a duodecimo volume from the press of Gould
+& Lincoln of Boston. An American editor (Dr. Kneeland) has added an
+introductory survey of recent literature on the subject. The whole
+performance is feeble. The author and his editor endeavor to make out
+something like the infidel theory of Professor AGASSIZ, which, a year or
+two ago, attracted sufficient attention to induce an investigation and an
+intelligent judgment, in several quarters, as to the real claims of that
+person to the distinctions in science which his advertising managers claim
+for him. We have not space now for any critical investigation of the work,
+and therefore merely warn that portion of our readers who feel any
+interest in ethnological studies, of its utter worthlessness.
+
+
+
+
+
+An Englishman, Mr. FRANCIS BONYNGE, recently from the East Indies, has
+come to this country at the instance of our minister in London, for the
+purpose of bringing before us the subject of introducing some twenty of
+the most valuable agricultural staples of the East, among which are the
+tea, coffee, and indigo plants, into the United States. He gives his
+reasons for believing that tea and indigo would become articles of export
+from this country to an amount greater than the whole of our present
+exports. He says that tea, for which we now pay from sixty-five to one
+hundred cents per lb. may be produced for from two to five cents, free
+from the noxious adulterations of the tea we import. He has published a
+small volume under the title of _The Future Wealth of America_, in which
+his opinions are fully explained and illustrated.
+
+
+
+
+
+The first volume of a work on _Christian Iconography_, by M. DIDRON, of
+Paris, opens to the curious reader a new source of intellectual enjoyment,
+both in the department of ancient religious art, and in the archaeology of
+the early paintings of the Catholic Church. The rich, profuse, and quaint
+plates of the original work are used in a translation ably made by E.J.
+Millington, published in London by Bohn, and in New-York by Bangs.
+
+
+
+
+
+SIR FRANCIS BOND HEAD, so well known in this country as one of the former
+governors of Canada, and as an author of remarkable versatility and
+cleverness, has published an agreeable but superficial book on Paris--the
+Paris of January, 1852--under the quaint title of _A Bundle of French
+Sticks_; and Mr. Putnam has reprinted it in his new library.
+
+
+
+
+
+A remarkable book published in Louisville, Kentucky, in 1847, by J. D.
+NOURSE, under the title of _Remarks on the Past, and its Legacies to
+American Society_, has just been reprinted in London, with an introduction
+by D. T. COULTON.
+
+
+
+
+
+The following works, all of which have promising titles, will soon be
+published by J. S. REDFIELD: _Men of the Times in 1852_, comprising
+biographical sketches of all the celebrated men of the present day;
+_Characters in the Gospels_, by Rev. E. H. Chapin; _Tales and Traditions
+of Hungary_, by Theresa Pulzky; _The Comedy of Love_, and the _History of
+the Eighteenth Century_, by Arsene Houssaye; Aytoun's _Lays of the
+Scottish Cavaliers_; _The Cavaliers of England_, and _The Knights of the
+Olden Time, or the Chivalry of England, France and Spain_, by Henry W.
+Herbert; _Lectures and Miscellanies_, by Henry James; and _Isa: a
+Pilgrimage_, by Caroline Chesebro.
+
+
+
+
+
+_The Westminster Review_ says of ALICE CAREY, whose _Clovernook_ we
+noticed favorably in the last _International_, that "no American woman can
+be compared to her for genius;" the Paris _Debats_ refers to her as a poet
+of the rank of Mrs. ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING in England; the literary
+critic of _The Tribune_ (the learned and accomplished RIPLEY whose
+judgment in such a matter is beyond appeal) prefers her _Clovernook_ to
+Miss MITFORD'S _Our Village_, or Professor WILSON'S _Lights and Shadows of
+Scottish Life_.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. DANIEL S. CURTISS has availed himself well of large opportunities for
+personal observation, in his volume just published under the title of
+_Western Portraiture, and Emigrant's Guide_, a description of Wisconsin,
+Illinois, and Iowa, with remarks on Minnesota and other territories. It is
+the most judicious and valuable book of the kind we have seen.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR FREUND, the Philologist, is in London, engaged in constructing a
+German-English and English-German dictionary upon his new system; and
+Professor SMITH, the learned editor of the Dictionary of Greek and Roman
+Antiquities, announces a dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, the
+articles to be written by the principal contributors to his previous
+works.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE CHRISTMAS BOOKS of the present season in England have not been very
+remarkable. Mr. DICKENS, in an extra number of his Household Words,
+printed _What Christmas is to Everybody_; and we have from WILKIE COLLINS,
+_A New Christmas Story_; by the author of "The Ogilvies," _Alice Learmont,
+a Fairy Tale of Love_; by the author of "The Maiden Aunt," a pleasant
+little book entitled _The Use of Sunshine_.
+
+
+
+
+
+Under the title of _Excerpta de P. Ovidii Nastonis_, Blanchard & Lea of
+Philadelphia have published a series of selections from a poet whose
+works, for obvious reasons, are not read entire in the schools. The
+extracts present some of the most beautiful parts of this graceful and
+versatile poet.
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FINE ARTS
+
+
+The American Art Unions have not been successful in the last year, unless
+an exception may be made in regard to that of New England, at Boston. The
+American, at New-York, deferred indefinitely its annual distribution of
+pictures, on account of the small number of its subscriptions; and the
+Pennsylvanian, at Philadelphia, by a recent fire in that city has lost its
+admirably-engraved plates of Huntington's pictures from the _Pilgrim's
+Progress_, the last of which was just completed and placed in the hands of
+the printer. It will make no distribution.
+
+
+
+
+
+A Sicilian artist, residing at Naples, has amused himself, and probably
+pleased his sovereign, by composing a life-sized group, representing
+Religion supporting King Ferdinand, and guarded by an angel, who places
+his foot on an evil spirit. On the other side of this group is a child
+bearing the scales of justice. "How much," writes a correspondent of the
+_Athenaeum_, "the artist is to get for this plaster blasphemy, I know not;
+but a more impudent caricature (at the present moment) it would be
+difficult to imagine." Another artist has, however, beaten the Sicilian
+sculptor quite out. A small bronze group represents Religion triumphing
+over Impiety and Anarchy. Impiety is represented by a female figure, under
+whose arm are two books inscribed Voltaire and Luther! Anarchy has taken
+off her mask, and let fall two scrolls, on which are written _Communismo_
+and _Constituto_.
+
+
+
+
+
+PROFESSOR ZAHN, who has been engaged during a period of more than twenty
+years in examining the ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has exhibited at
+Berlin a collection of casts unique in their kind. These are 8,000 in
+number; and comprise all the remarkable sculptures of the above places,
+besides those found at Stabiae, and those of the vast collection of the
+Museo Borbonico and other museums of the Two Sicilies. The casts from the
+Museo Borbonico are the first ever made,--the King of Naples having
+accorded the privilege of taking these copies to M. Zahn alone, in royal
+recompense for the Professor's great work on Pompeii and Herculaneum.
+
+
+
+
+
+A book which all students of art should possess, is DR. KUGLER'S
+_Geschichte der Kunst_ (History of Art), with the Illustrations
+(_Bilderatlos_) which accompany it, and which are now being published at
+Stuttgart. The ancient and modern schools of Art--Painting, Sculpture, and
+Architecture--are here represented in outlines of their most celebrated and
+characteristic works. Eleven numbers of these Illustrations have appeared,
+and the whole work will be completed in the course of the coming year.
+
+
+
+
+
+In our musical world there have been several noticable facts in the last
+month. The opera company, perhaps from the utter incapacity of its
+director, has been divided, and the best portion of it has been singing at
+Niblo's Theatre. Jenny Lind's farewell series of concerts was prevented by
+intelligence of the death of the great singer's mother, in Sweden.
+Catherine Hayes has been successful in several concerts at Tripler Hall,
+and Mrs. Bostwick, whom the best critics of the city regard as superior to
+any singer who has appeared among us, except Jenny Lind, has given a
+second series of her subscription concerts, which were extremely well
+attended.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of the _Athenaeum_, writing from Egypt, urges that a few
+young artists should be sent out with orders to copy all the hieroglyphics
+on the most important temples, as well as the numerous tablets and
+fragments which are daily brought to light. "A work pursued with such
+materials--all theories and arbitrary classification being excluded--would
+ever remain as a lasting monument, and would reflect great credit on the
+Government which should order its execution." Less than one-half of the
+money required for the removal of the Obelisk would amply cover all
+expenses.
+
+
+
+
+
+A correspondent of _Kuhne's Europa_ writes from Dresden that a number of
+humorous drawings, sketched by the pencil of Schiller, and accompanied by
+descriptions in his own hand, have been found in the possession of a
+Swabian family, with whom the great poet became acquainted during his
+residence at Loschwitz.
+
+
+
+
+
+In Berlin, M. von Prinz, a pupil of Kiss, the sculptor, is erecting a
+group which he calls _The Lion-killer_ in imitation of the _Amazon_. Kiss
+himself is engaged on a set of groups from a fox-hunt, Rauch has almost
+completed a bust of Humboldt, and statues of General Gneisenau and of
+_Hope_.
+
+
+
+
+
+A colossal statue of the Emperor Napoleon, thirty feet high, is to be
+placed on the top of the Triumphal Arch, at the end of the Champs Elysees,
+in Paris.
+
+
+
+
+
+KAULBACH has undertaken to draw a set of sketches for an illustrated
+edition of Shakspeare, which will shortly be published by Nicolai, At
+Berlin.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. GREENOUGH, is now in New-York, awaiting the arrival of his splendid
+group for the Capitol, from Italy. He will soon be engaged on his statue
+of his friend the late Mr. Cooper, to be erected in this city.
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE MONTH
+
+
+The extraordinary abilities of Kossuth as orator, hid attractive personal
+qualities, and grandeur of his propositions, continue to occupy the
+generous regard of the people of the United States, but the impression
+which obtained at one time that the national government would in any
+manner or degree enter into his plans for confining a future contest for
+the liberty of Hungary exclusively to the two parties most immediately
+interested, appears to have been very generally given up. This country
+will continue to encourage and aid oppressed peoples by showing how wisely
+and efficiently its servants can attend to her own affairs. At the same
+time it is not to be doubted that citizens in their private capacity may
+and will do much for the illustrious exile who pleads among us for the
+means of opposing the oppressors of his nation. Kossuth has been
+entertained at public banquets since he left New-York by the authorities
+of Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Annapolis, and Harrisburg; he has
+been received by the President of the United States, the two houses of
+Congress, and the legislatures of Maryland and Pennsylvania; and on the
+7th of January he dined with the representatives, senators, and other
+persons connected with the government, at Washington, and Daniel Webster,
+Lewis Cass, William H. Seward, and Stephen A. Douglass, made speeches on
+the occasion expressive of their personal respect and sympathy, and their
+anxiety as individuals to see Hungary independent. Mr. Cass indeed went so
+far as entirely to endorse the doctrine of Kossuth respecting intervention
+to insure non-intervention. Kossuth is now in the state of Ohio, and he
+probably will remain in this country long enough--since the French
+revolution has at least deferred any great and united movement of the
+European democracy--to visit all the principal cities of the valley of the
+Mississippi.
+
+But little important business has yet been accomplished in Congress,
+though numerous bills have been introduced, as is usual in the early weeks
+of the session. On the morning of the 24th of December, a portion of the
+capitol, occupied by the national library, was destroyed by fire, with
+nearly sixty thousand printed volumes, and many MSS., maps, medals,
+portraits, sculptures, and other works of art.
+
+The legislature of several of the states are now in session. Those of
+Ohio, Michigan, Mississippi, Wisconsin and California, met on the 5th of
+January; those of New-York, Pennsylvania and Delaware, on the 7th; those
+of Maryland and Massachusetts, on the 7th; that of Indiana, on the 8th;
+those of Virginia and Illinois, on the 12th; that of New Jersey, on the
+13th; that of Maine, on the 14th, and that of Louisiana, on the 19th. No
+great national questions have been prominently before the state
+legislatures, except that of our foreign relations, with special reference
+to Hungary, upon which the assemblies in the several states appear to be
+less conservative than Congress. The most important subject of local
+administration, is that of the suppression of the sales of intoxicating
+liquors. The law of Maine, enacted last year, will probably be sustained
+in that state; in Massachusetts a petition with more than one hundred
+thousand signatures, has been offered in the legislature for such a law,
+and similar efforts are being made in New-York and other States.
+
+In Mexico there is a continuance of the imbecility of the government and
+the agitations of factions. Rumors, constantly varying, in regard to the
+conduct and prospects of Caravajal, leave us in doubt whether any thing of
+real importance will grow out of his attempts at revolution in the
+northern provinces. The administration appears to have acted with
+decision, but probably with impotence so far as the final result is
+concerned, in regard to the Tehuantepee railroad contract.
+
+South America presents the usual series of disturbances, with some facts
+which indicate a prospect of repose; but all such prospects in the Spanish
+states of this continent are apt to be deceptive. The birthday of Bolivar
+was celebrated at Caracas on the 28th of October with great public
+festivities. Treaties between Brazil and Uruguay were formed for alliance,
+military aid, commerce and navigation, and the mutual surrender of
+criminals, on the 12th of October. We learn from Buenos Ayres that,
+through November, Rosas was making great preparations to meet Urquiza. He
+had established a corps of observation in the direction of Entre Rios to
+look out for an invasion. A considerable emigration was taking place from
+Buenos Ayres to Montevideo, mostly of previous residents of the latter
+city.
+
+In Great Britain the most important recent event is the retirement of Lord
+Palmerston from the cabinet, in which he held the place of Secretary of
+State for Foreign Affairs. This occurred on the 22d of December. The
+causes of Lord Palmerston's retirement are a subject of much
+unsatisfactory speculation, and the fact is generally regretted by the
+friends of political liberty in Europe. His successor is Lord Granville, a
+nobleman of manly and liberal character, heretofore connected with the
+government. It is apprehended that the popular feeling may induce the
+recall of Lord Palmerston to be the head of a new Ministry. Great Britain
+has now no envoy resident in the United States, but it is not improbable
+that Sir Henry Bulwer will return to this country for the final settlement
+of affairs connected with Central America. It is understood officially
+that the attack of a British man-of-war on the United States steamer
+Prometheus, at Greytown, was entirely unauthorized.
+
+The Admiralty have determined not to send another expedition in search of
+Sir John Franklin, by way of Behring's Straits. The Plover is to be
+communicated with each year by a man-of-war--the Amphitrite is the next.
+The proposed overland expedition of Lieut. Pym has been abandoned.
+
+The English war at the Cape of Good Hope continues with little change,
+though a few important successes by the English are reported. The war
+appears to be condemned by a large and respectable portion of the journals
+and the people at home. In its character and details it continues to
+resemble our own contest with the Indians in Florida.
+
+The month of December, 1851, witnessed, in FRANCE, the successful
+accomplishment of a _coup d'etat_ not less daring than any that marked the
+earlier annals of that country. It is asserted that the personal security
+of the President was menaced with imminent danger, when, on the evening of
+the 1st of December, he came to the resolution to strike the first blow.
+The measures he immediately took were, to issue an appeal to the people
+denouncing the conduct of the Assembly, and declaring it dissolved; a
+proclamation to the army, telling them that "to-day, at this solemn
+moment, I wish the voice of the army to be heard;" and a decree "in the
+name of the French people," of which the articles were--"1. The National
+Assembly is dissolved; 2. Universal Suffrage is re-established--the law of
+the 31st May is abrogated; 3. The French people is convoked in its
+elective colleges from the 14th of December to the 21st of December
+following; 4. The state of siege is decreed through the first military
+division; 5. The Council of State is dissolved; 6. The Minister of the
+Interior is charged with the execution of the present decree." The appeal
+to the people contained these further propositions; "Persuaded that the
+instability of power, that the preponderance of a single Assembly, are the
+permanent causes of trouble and discord. I submit to your suffrages the
+fundamental basis of a constitution which the Assemblies will develop
+hereafter--1. A responsible chief named for ten years; 2. The Ministers
+dependent on the executive alone; 3. A Council of State formed of the most
+distinguished men, preparing the law, and maintaining the discussion
+before the legislative corps; 4. A legislative corps, discussing and
+voting the laws, named by universal suffrage, without the _scrutin de
+liste_ which falsifies the election; 6. A second Assembly formed of all
+the illustrious persons of the nation--a preponderating power, guardian of
+the fundamental pact and of public liberty." At an early hour, on the 2d,
+these manifestoes were found covering the walls of Paris, and at the same
+time the principal thoroughfares were filled with troops of the line.
+
+The President had taken precautions that the National Guard should not be
+called out. The Generals Changarnier, Cavaignac, Bedeau, Lamoriciere,
+Leflo, Colonel Charras, MM. Baze, Thiers. Brun, the Commissary of Police
+of the Assembly, and others of the leading heads of parties, were arrested
+before they had risen for the day. Many members of the Assembly gathered
+at the house of M. Daru, one of their Vice-Presidents and, having him at
+their head, proceeded to their ordinary place of meeting, but found access
+effectually barred by the Chasseurs de Vincennes, a corpse recently
+returned from Algeria. These men forcibly withstood the entrance of the
+members, some of whom were slightly wounded. Returning with M. Daru, they
+were invited by General Lauriston to the Marie of the 10th arrondissement,
+where they formed a sitting, presided over by two of their
+Vice-Presidents, M. Vitel and M. Benuist d'Azy (M. Daru having meanwhile
+been arrested), and proceeded to frame a decree to the following effect:
+"Louis Napoleon Bonaparte is deprived of his functions as President of the
+Republic, and the citizens are commanded to refuse him obedience; the
+executive power passes in full right to the National Assembly; the judges
+of the High Court of Justice are required to meet immediately, on pain of
+dismissal, to proceed to judgment against the President and his
+accomplices. It is enjoined on all functionaries and depositaries of
+authority that they obey the requisition made in the name of the Assembly,
+under penalty of forfeiture and the punishment prescribed for high
+treason." While this decree was being signed, another was unanimously
+passed, naming General Oudinot commander of the forces, and M. Tamisier
+chief of the staff. These decrees had scarcely been signed by all present,
+when a company of soldiers entered, and required them to disperse. The
+Assembly refused to do so, when, after some parley, two commissaries de
+police were brought, the presidents were arrested, and the whole body of
+members present, 230 in number, were marched across the city to the
+barracks of the Quai d'Orsay. The next day they were distributed to the
+prisons of Mount Valerien, Mazas, and Vincennes; and the generals
+Cavaignac, Lamoriciere, Bedeau, and Changarnier, were sent to Ham. During
+the day the population viewed the soldiers in the streets merely as a
+spectacle, and no violent excitement occurred. At ten o'clock on Wednesday
+morning some members of the Mountain appeared in the Rue d'Antoine, and
+raised the cry _Aux armes!_ The party they collected immediately began to
+erect a barricade at the corner of the Rue St. Marguerite. Troops were
+quickly at the spot, when the barricade was carried, and the
+representative Baudin was killed. Some other barricades were raised in the
+afternoon, but as quickly destroyed. General Magnan, the
+Commander-in-chief of the army of Paris, seeing the day was passed in
+insignificant skirmishes, now determined to withdraw his small posts, to
+allow the discontented to gather to a head. On the morning of the 4th it
+was reported that the insurrection had its focus in the Quartiers St.
+Antoine, St. Denis, and St. Martin, and that several barricades were in
+progress. The General deferred his attack until two o'clock, when the
+various brigades of troops acted in concert. The barricades were attacked
+in the first instance by artillery, and then carried at the point of the
+bayonet. There were none which offered very serious resistance, and the
+whole contest was over about five o'clock. In the evening, however, fresh
+barricades were raised in the Rues Montmartre and Montorgueil, and others
+in the Rues Pagevin and des Fosses Montmartre, which were successfully
+attacked in the night by the officers in command of those quarters. On the
+5th the last remains of street-fighting were effectually quelled. The loss
+to the military in these operations was twenty-five men killed, of whom
+one was Lieut-Col. Loubeau, of the line, and 184 wounded, of whom
+seventeen were officers. The number of insurgents killed is unknown, but
+they are estimated it from two to three thousand, including,
+unfortunately, many indifferent persons, who were accidentally passing
+along the boulevards when the soldiery suddenly opened their sweeping
+fire. The insurgents taken with arms in their hands were carried to the
+Champ de Mars, and there shot by judgment of court martial. Most of the
+political prisoners arrested were discharged after a few days, some of the
+more formidable only being longer detained.
+
+By a decree of the President dated the 2d December, the French people were
+convoked in their respective districts for the 14th of the month to accept
+or reject the following _plebiscite_: "The French people wills the
+maintenance of the authority of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, and delegates to
+him the powers necessary to frame a Constitution on the bases proposed in
+his proclamation of the 2d December." On that day the voting consequently
+commenced by universal suffrage; and the President has been re-elected for
+ten years by a majority greatly exceeding that of his contest with
+Cavaignac. In Paris, of 394,049 registered voters 197,091 have voted in
+the affirmative; 95,511, in the negative; and 96,819 abstained from
+voting. The majority for Louis Napoleon being 191,500. In the provinces he
+has had a majority of eight to one. The inauguration of the usurper took
+place in the church of Notre Dame on the 3d of January, and the new order
+of things has been recognized by all the courts of Europe.
+
+On the 25th of November a French squadron appeared before Salee, to claim
+satisfaction for an act of piracy committed by the inhabitants of that
+town. The Caid asked for six days to take the orders of the Emperor of
+Morocco; and the Caid of Rabat sent a similar evasive reply. The next day
+the French bombarded the place for seven hours, the fire being returned by
+both forts of Rabat and Salee. The Admiral, however, confined his
+chastisement to the latter, which he thoroughly performed, and fired the
+town in several places. The French fleet arrived at Tangier on the morning
+of the 29th, when the Consul-General for Morocco and several officers of
+the squadron landed, and had an interview with the Bashaw of the province,
+which ended in a satisfactory arrangement, to the great relief of the
+people of Tangier, who were in consternation at the prospect of sharing
+the fate of their neighbors.
+
+From Austria we learn the partial amelioration in private business of the
+financial difficulties. The Emperor published, on the 1st of January,
+decrees, that whereas the provisions of the constitution were cancelled by
+the imperial edict of August 20, 1851, the last principles of political
+right conceded by the constitution are now disavowed. There now exists no
+political right in the empire. The Austrian government continues to watch
+with the keenest anxiety the proceedings of the exiled Italians and
+Hungarians, and by very stringent arrangements in regard to the press, and
+the interdiction of most foreign journals, keeps the "dangerous classes"
+in ignorance of the sympathy with which they are regarded from abroad.
+
+The Queen of Spain, by a spontaneous act of her royal clemency, granted a
+pardon to all such prisoners, made in the last expedition against the Isle
+of Cuba, as are citizens of the United States, whether they be already in
+Spain, undergoing the punishments they have incurred, or whether they be
+still in Cuba. The queen on the 20th of December gave birth to a princess,
+who is heir to the throne.
+
+From China there are reports that the Emperor has been compelled to resign
+in favor of the revolutionary general, whose triumphant march through many
+revolted provinces has, from time to time, been noticed in the last half
+year. The statement, however, does not appear to be credited by some of
+the best informed London journals.
+
+The Queen of Madagascar is bent on exterminating Christianity in her
+dominions, and has long mercilessly persecuted those who prefer the "new
+religion." In the last outburst of this protracted persecution, four
+persons were burnt alive; fourteen precipitated from a high rock and
+crushed to death; a hundred and seventeen persons condemned to work in
+chains as long as they live; twenty persons cruelly flogged with rods,
+besides 1,748 other persons mulcted in heavy penalties, reduced into
+slavery, and compelled to buy themselves back, or deprived of their wives
+and families. Persons of rank have been degraded, and sent as forced
+laborers to carry stone for twelve months together to build houses; and,
+in an endless variety of other ways have the maddened passions of one
+wicked woman been permitted now for years past to plunge a great country
+in ruin.
+
+There has been a serious Mussulman riot at Bombay, occasioned by the
+Parsee editor of an illustrated newspaper, in each number of which is
+given a life and portrait of some remarkable historical character, having
+published--in the series (next to one of Benjamin Franklin)--a life and
+portrait of Mahomet. Both are said to have been unexceptionable according
+to European ideas, but the whole Mussulman population (145,000 in number)
+considered their faith insulted and outraged by the publication, holding
+it sacrilege and idolatry to imagine and print any likeness whatever of so
+sacred a personage.
+
+The Wahabees, who inhabit the interior and highland portion of Arabia,
+have pillaged the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, destroying the mosques,
+sacking the cities, and carrying off numbers of women and children into
+the desert. It is supposed to be in revenge for the punishment inflicted
+on them thirty years ago, when they had conquered the same cities.
+
+The Turkish government has introduced the culture of cotton in the
+vicinity of Damascus, with seed procured from the United States. It is
+successful.
+
+
+
+
+
+SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES AND PROCEEDINGS OF LEARNED SOCIETIES.
+
+
+In London, among the scientific questions of a practical kind much
+discussed, is that of a patent process for contracting the fibres of
+calico, and of obtaining on calico thus prepared colors of much
+brilliancy. It is regarded by chemists as likely to lead to valuable
+results. In the British Association, it was described as the discovery
+that a solution of cold but caustic soda acts peculiarly on cotton fibre,
+immediately causing it to contract; and although the soda can be readily
+washed out, yet the fibre has undergone a change. Thus, taking a coarse
+cotton fabric, and acting upon it by the proper solution of caustic soda,
+this could be made much finer in appearance; and if the finest calico made
+in England--known as one hundred and eighty picks to the web--be thus acted
+on, it immediately appears as fine as two hundred and sixty picks.
+Stockings of open weaving assume a much finer texture by the condensation
+process; but the effect of the alteration is most strikingly shown by
+colors: the tint of pink cotton velvet becomes deepened to an intense
+degree; and printed calicoes, especially with colors hitherto applied with
+little satisfaction--such as lilac--come out with strength and brilliancy,
+besides producing fabrics finer than could be possibly woven by hand. The
+strength, too, is increased by this process; for a string of calico which
+breaks with a weight of thirteen ounces when not soaked, will bear twenty
+ounces when half condensed by the caustic soda.
+
+
+
+
+
+At a recent meeting of the Paris _Academy of Sciences_, M. YVART read an
+important practical Memoir on the production of Wool, in the Merino race.
+He teaches that the only means of obtaining fine wool--taking into account
+the weight of the sheep's body,--is the employment of races of small size.
+When the skin is very delicate, it secretes less of wool than when it is
+otherwise;--the fineness of the wool is proportioned to that of the skin.
+Those countries in which the winter is long or cold, or where the sheep
+remains in the fold the greater part of the year, and does not lie on
+ploughed lands, are especially suited to the production of the finest and
+most elastic wools, those chiefly sought after for manufacture of cloth.
+
+
+
+
+
+Experiments on the application of electro-magnetism as a motive power,
+have been made with some striking results in Paris, as well as in this
+country. M. Dumont, in a paper on the subject submitted to the _Female
+Academy_, states, "that if in the production of great power the
+electro-magnetic force is inferior to that of steam, it becomes equal to
+it, and perhaps superior in the production of small power, which may be
+subdivided, varied, and introduced into employments or trades requiring
+but little capital, and where the absolute value of the mechanical power
+is less essential than the facility of producing instantaneously and at
+pleasure the power itself. In this point of view electro-magnetic power
+comes to complete, not to supersede, that of steam."
+
+
+
+
+
+In the papers of the celebrated Lalande, recently presented to the Paris
+_Academy of Sciences_, by M. Arago, there is a note to the effect that so
+far back as the 25th of October, 1800, he and Burckhardt were of opinion,
+from calculations, that there must be a planet beyond Uranus, and they
+occupied themselves for some time in trying to discover its precise
+position. This is a very curious fact for astronomers.
+
+
+
+
+
+RECENT DEATHS.
+
+
+JOEL R. POINSETT, LL.D., long distinguished in society and in affairs,
+died at his residence in Statesburg, South Carolina, on the 12th of
+December. The first American ancestor of Mr. Poinsett came to this country
+from Soubisi, near Rochelle, in France, soon after the revocation of the
+edict of Nantz. His father was a physician, and served in the Revolution
+under Count Pulaski. He himself was born at Charleston on the second of
+March, 1779, and, after having passed some time at the school of the Rev.
+Timothy Dwight (afterward President of Yale College), at Greenfield,
+Connecticut, he was sent, at the close of the Revolution, to England, to
+complete his studies, and for the advantages of foreign travel. Returning
+in 1800, when he was twenty-one years of age, he commenced the study of
+law in the office of Mr. Desaussure, afterwards Chancellor of South
+Carolina, Before his admission to the bar, he again embarked for Europe,
+extending his travels to Switzerland, Bavaria, Austria, and the northern
+countries of the continent. At St. Petersburg he became acquainted with
+the Emperor Alexander, soon after his accession, and was received by him
+with marked partiality, and often questioned respecting the peculiar
+institutions of this country. On one occasion, after he had been
+expatiating at large on the advantages of America, the Czar exclaimed,
+"Were I not an emperor, I would be a republican." Declining the offer of a
+place in the service of the Emperor, he commenced a tour into the East,
+travelling through Persia and Armenia, and, returning to Europe, resided
+for some time in its principal capitals. On the breaking out of
+difficulties between the United States and Great Britain, in 1808, he
+returned to his own country, and applied to Mr. Madison for a commission
+in the army. Owing to some objections by the Secretary of War, he did not
+obtain the commission, but was sent by the President to South America, to
+ascertain the result of the revolutions which had recently occurred in
+that quarter. While in Chili, he heard of the declaration of war between
+England and America. Embarking in the frigate Essex, to return to this
+country, with a view to enter the army, he was made a prisoner on the
+surrender of that vessel to the British by Commodore Porter. The British
+Commander refused to allow his return home with the rest of the prisoners,
+regarding him as a dangerous enemy of England, and he therefore determined
+to cross the continent to the Atlantic. He passed the Andes in the month
+of April, when they were covered with snow, and, after great difficulties,
+reached Buenos Ayres. He succeeded, in a Portuguese vessel, in reaching
+Madeira, where, on his arrival, he learned that a treaty of peace had been
+concluded. Soon after he reached South Carolina, he was elected to the
+Legislature of that State, in which he devoted himself chiefly to the
+establishment of a system of internal improvements. In 1821 he was elected
+to Congress, from the Charleston District, and was twice re-elected to
+that body. In 1822, he was sent to Mexico, by President Monroe, to obtain
+information with regard to the government under Iturbide. He performed
+this mission with signal success. Foreseeing the speedy downfall of the
+imperial administration, he gave his advice against all connection with
+it, on the part of this country. He had scarcely returned home, when
+Iturbide abdicated the throne. Soon after the election of Mr. Adams, which
+he had strongly opposed, Mr. Poinsett was again appointed Minister to
+Mexico, whore he remained until the summer of 1829. His important services
+in this period are amply detailed in a memoir of his political life, in
+the first volume of the _Democratic Review_, and were warmly approved in
+the first annual message of President Jackson. On returning to the United
+States, he devoted himself to the pursuits of private life, in South
+Carolina. When the States Rights controversy broke out, he again engaged
+in political affairs, and became a prominent advocate of the principles of
+the Union party, as opposed to Nullification. In 1836, he was nominated by
+his friends as a candidate for the State Senate, and was elected with but
+little opposition. On the formation of Mr. Van Buren's cabinet, Mr.
+Poinsett accepted the office of Secretary of War. On the election of Gen.
+Harrison he retired to his home in South Carolina, where he devoted
+himself to those literary pursuits which formed the pleasure of his life;
+and thence he issued, only two years ago, those stirring appeals against
+secession, which were among the most powerful influences for the
+preservation of the endangered peace of the Union at that period. Mr.
+Poinsett received the degree of Doctor of Laws from Columbia College in
+this city, and he was a member of many learned societies in this country,
+and in Europe. Besides his _Notes on Mexico_, written soon after his last
+return from that country, he published several addresses, was a large
+contributor to the _Southern Quarterly Review_ and other periodicals, and
+furnished some important papers to the Paris Geographical Society, and
+other learned associations abroad and at home.
+
+
+
+
+
+MOSES STUART, D.D., of the Theological Seminary at Andover, died at his
+residence in that town on the 4th of January, in the seventy-second year
+of his age. He was born in Wilton, Conn., March 16, 1780; was graduated at
+Yale College in 1799; and was a tutor in that institution from 1802 to
+1804. After having studied the profession of the law, he turned his
+attention to theology, and in 1806 was ordained pastor of the Central
+Congregational church in New Haven. He was called to the Professorship of
+Sacred Literature in Andover Theological Seminary in 1810, and continued
+for nearly forty years to discharge its important duties. Professor Stuart
+was a man of great natural abilities, honorable principles, and a strong
+will; for a long period he occupied the first place among cultivators of
+sacred learning in this country; and though younger men, with larger
+opportunities, have recently attained to greater eminence, no one in the
+same field has ever exercised a more important and advantageous influence.
+His first considerable work was a _Hebrew Grammar_, published in 1823. It
+scarcely deserves comparison with the more celebrated performance of
+Gesenius, of which Professor Stuart himself gave to the public a
+translation, more than twenty years after the publication of his own work;
+but for some time after its original appearance it was the best Hebrew
+Grammar in the English language. In 1825 he was associated with Professor
+Robinson in the production of a _Greek Grammar of the New Testament_; in
+1827 he published his _Commentary on the Epistle to the Hebrews_; in 1829
+his _Hebrew Chrestomathy_, and in 1830 his _Course of Hebrew Study_. His
+Commentary on the Hebrews, was received as an accession to the body of
+permanent theological literature. It was spoken of in England as "the most
+valuable philological aid" that had been published "for the critical study
+of that important, and in many respects difficult book;" and the late Dr.
+Pye Smith, one of the first biblical, theological, and classical scholars
+in Great Britain, stated, that he felt it to be his duty to describe it as
+"the most important present to the cause of sound biblical interpretation
+that had ever been made in the English language." In Germany also it
+secured for Professor Stuart the highest consideration; and it continues
+in all countries to be regarded as one of the noblest examples of
+philological theology and exegetical criticism. In 1832 Professor Stuart
+published another great work of a similar character: his _Commentary on
+the Epistle to the Romans_. It was distinguished for a profoundness of
+research, for an intensity and minuteness of philological labor, and a
+singleness of purpose to arrive at the meaning of the apostle, without
+regard to any preconceived or partisan opinions, which obtained for it a
+regard as an authority equal to that awarded to its predecessor. In 1845
+he published a _Commentary on the Apocalypse_; a profoundly learned and
+critical work, in which the interpretation of this difficult book varies
+much from that which has been most generally received. In the same year he
+also gave to the church a _Critical History and Defence of the Old
+Testament Canon_. His devotion to biblical criticism continued to the
+close of his life, and we believe, his last use of the pen was in the
+correction of the concluding sheets of a volume of Commentaries.
+
+In his later years Professor Stuart entered into political controversies,
+and was particularly distinguished for his defence of the policy of Mr.
+Webster, in a pamphlet entitled _Conscience and the Constitution_. He also
+ventured very injudiciously into the field of classical criticism, in an
+edition of _Cicero_, which was sharply reviewed by Professor Kingsley of
+Yale College; and he lost reputation in his more legitimate sphere by a
+controversy with Professor Conant, of Madison University, growing out of
+his translation of the _Hebrew Grammar of Gesenius_. It is not to be
+denied that in measuring his strength against that of these accomplished
+scholars, he was signally unfortunate.
+
+In his personal character he was simple, sincere, enthusiastic, brave, and
+religious. He was well entitled to the great respect in which he was held
+by the church. He had been ordained for high services, and he had
+accomplished them. Every duty of which he was capable was finished, and he
+could have added nothing to his good reputation if his years had been
+prolonged.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM GRIMSHAW, born in Ireland in 1781, but nearly all his life a
+resident of this country, where he was for many years well known as a
+writer, died near Philadelphia on the 8th of January. Besides editing and
+rewriting a considerable portion of Baine's _History of the Wars growing
+out of the French Revolution_, he was the author of Histories of Great
+Britain, France, and several other countries, which for a long time were
+very generally used as text-books in schools, and he also wrote _The
+American Chesterfield_, _The Ladies' Lexicon_, and numerous smaller
+volumes, which were creditable to his abilities. His reading was
+extensive, and his knowledge of events during his lifetime, particularly
+in British affairs, was minute and accurate. His mind lost none of its
+vigor with the approach of age, and in his fine countenance, and imposing
+figure, there were no appearances of decay. His love of reading continued
+to the last, and within a year he frequently employed his pen on such
+subjects as he took an especial interest in.
+
+
+
+
+
+NICHOLAS GRAN DE DIEU SOULT, Marshal General of France, Duke of Dalmatia,
+&c., died on the 26th of December, at his chateau of Soult Berg, near the
+place where he was born. We have given in another part of this magazine an
+estimate of his character. The Paris _Pays_ furnishes us a brief abstract
+of his history. He was born at St. Amand (Tarn), March 29, 1769. His
+father, who was a notary, seeing that he had no taste for his own
+profession, allowed him to enter the army. The future Marshal of France
+entered the Royal Regiment of Infantry in 1785, where he was soon remarked
+by his aptitude for the functions of instructor. He was made
+non-commissioned officer in 1790, and then passed rapidly through the
+intermediate grades, until he reached that of Adjutant-General of the
+Staff, when General Lefebvre attached him to his own service with the
+grade of Chief of Brigade. In that quality he went through the campaigns
+of 1794 and 1795 with the army of the Moselle, and owed to his talents, as
+well as to his republican principles, a rapid promotion. Successively
+raised to the rank of General of Brigade, and then to that of General of
+Division, he took part in all the campaigns of Germany until 1799, when he
+followed Massena into Switzerland, and thence to Genoa, where he was
+wounded and taken prisoner. Set at liberty after the battle of Marengo,
+and raised to the command of Piedmont, he returned to France at the peace
+of Amiens, and was named one of the four Colonels of the Guard of the
+Consuls. When the Empire was proclaimed, in 1804, he was nominated Marshal
+of France, and during the campaign which terminated in Austerlitz, held
+the command of the fourth corps of the grand army. After the conquest of
+Prussia and the battle of Eylau, Marshal Soult solicited and obtained the
+command of the second corps of the army of Spain, with which he overran
+Galicia and the Austrians, and passed into Portugal, where he fought the
+memorable battle of Oporto. Forced to abandon that city, when delivered up
+by treason to the English, he effected into Galicia a bold and perilous
+retreat, which did the greatest honor to his energy and presence of mind.
+Being named Commander-in-Chief of the army of Spain, he marched to the
+succor of Madrid, menaced by the Anglo-Spanish army, and his movement was
+crowned with full success. He continued in this command until March, 1813,
+when he was appointed in Saxony to the command-in-chief of the Imperial
+Guard. The disasters of Vittoria decided Napoleon to again confer on
+Marshal Soult the command of the French troops in Spain. The point then
+was to defend the menaced frontier of France. Forced to fall back on
+Toulouse, he there terminated by a brilliant engagement, due to most able
+strategic arrangements, the fatal campaign of 1814. On the announcement of
+the event at Paris he signed a suspension of arms, and adhered to the
+reestablishment of Louis XVIII., who presented him with the Cross of St.
+Louis, and called him to the command of the 13th military division, and
+then to the Ministry of War (Dec. 3, 1814). On March 8th, learning the
+landing from Elba, he published the order of the day which is so well
+known, and in which Napoleon is treated more than severely. On March 11th
+he resigned his portfolio as Minister of War, and declared for the
+Emperor, who, passing over the famous proclamation, raised him to the
+dignity of Peer of France and Major General of the Army. After Waterloo,
+where he fought most energetically, the Marshal took refuge at Malzieu
+(Lozere) with General Brun de Villeret, his former aid-de-camp. Being set
+down on the list of the proscribed, he withdrew to Dusseldorf on the banks
+of the Rhine, until 1819, when a Royal ordinance allowed him to return to
+France. He then went to live with his family at St. Amand, his native
+place, and on his reiterated representations his marshal's baton, which
+had been withdrawn from him, was restored. Charles X. treated Marshal
+Soult with favor, creating him knight of his orders, and afterward making
+him Peer of France. After the revolution of July, 1830, the declaration of
+the Chamber of Deputies of August 9th excluded him from that rank, but he
+was restored to it four days later by a special nomination of Louis
+Philippe, who soon after appointed him Minister of War. We shall not
+follow Marshal Soult through the acts of his administrative career. He
+always showed himself devoted to the constitutive principles of the
+Government of July. He was twice named President of the Council of King
+Louis Philippe, who elevated him to the dignity of Marshal General, of
+which Turenne had been the last possessor. Since the revolution of
+February, Marshal Soult has lived on his estate, in the midst of his
+family, and almost forgotten in our present political agitations.
+
+
+
+
+
+KARL FRIEDERICH RUNGENHAGEN, late Royal Director of Music at Berlin, was
+born in that city on September 27, 1778. His father was a merchant. In
+1801 he became member of the Singing Academy, and studied under Zetter. In
+1814 he wrote the songs for a melo-drama, which was not successful. In
+1815 he became director of the Singing Academy, with Zetter; most of his
+religious music was composed after this time. In 1825 he was appointed to
+the post of Royal Music Director, and in 1833, after Zetter's death, he
+became sole conductor of the Singing Academy. His influence has been
+considerable upon the culture of music in Germany. Carl Maria Von Weber
+was his friend, and Lortzing was one of his pupils. He died at Berlin on
+the 22d of last December.
+
+
+
+
+
+The journals of Moscow announce the death of the Armenian Archbishop,
+MICHAEL SALLANTIAN, the most distinguished writer of Armenia at the
+present day. He was born at Constantinople in 1782, and educated at the
+Armenian monastery at Venice. He died at the age of sixty-nine at Moscow,
+where he had been professor of theology and literature for sixteen years
+before his elevation to the Archbishopric.
+
+
+
+
+
+DR. GRAEFE, one of the most eminent veterans of European philology, died
+suddenly at St Petersburg on November 30th. He was born at Chemnitz, in
+Saxony, in July, 1780, but went to Russia in 1810, to assume the
+professorship of Greek at the Academy of St. Petersburg.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Russian General, Kiel, has died in Paris. He was employed by the
+Emperor Nicholas in directing works of art in the Russian empire.
+
+
+
+
+
+HERR MEINHOLD, author of the _Amber Witch_, died in Germany in December.
+
+
+
+
+
+J. W. M. TURNER, the greatest of English artists, and the hero of Mr.
+Ruskin's brilliant book entitled _The Modern Painters_, died in London on
+the 20th of December, at the age of 77. He had always a reluctance to have
+his portrait taken, but the engraving accompanying this article--from a
+sketch made without his knowledge--is said, by the _Illustrated London
+News_ to be remarkably like him. It is understood that by his will he has
+left a million dollars (L200,000) for the purpose of founding an
+institution for the relief of of decayed artists, and has given it also
+the chief part of his pictures, to adorn the building which is to be
+occupied by it. The _Times_ says, "although it would be out of place to
+revive the discussions occasioned by the peculiarities of Mr. Turner's
+style in his later years, he has left behind him sufficient proofs of the
+variety and fertility of his genius to establish an undoubted claim to a
+prominent rank among the painters of England. His life had been extended
+to the verge of human existence; for although he was fond of throwing a
+mystery over his precise age, we believe that he was born in Maiden-lane,
+Covent-garden, in the year 1775, and was, consequently, in his 76th or
+77th year. Of humble origin (he was the son of a barber), he enjoyed the
+advantages of an accurate rather than a liberal education. His first
+studies, some of which are still in existence, were in architectural
+design; and few of those who have been astonished or enchanted by the
+profusion and caprice of form and color in his mature pictures, would have
+guessed the minute and scientific precision with which he had cultivated
+the arts of linear drawing and perspective. His early manhood was spent
+partly on the coast, where he imbibed his inexhaustible attachment for
+marine scenery and his acquaintance with the wild and varied aspect of the
+ocean. Somewhat later he repaired to Oxford, where he contributed for
+several years the drawing to the _University Almanac_. But his genius was
+rapidly breaking through all obstacles, and even the repugnance of public
+opinion; for before he had completed his 30th year he was on the high road
+to fame. As early as 1790 he exhibited his first work, a water-colored
+drawing of the entrance to Lambeth, at the exhibition of the Academy, and
+in 1793 his first oil painting. In November, 1799, he was elected an
+associate, and in February, 1802, he attained the rank of a Royal
+Academician. We shall not here attempt to trace the vast series of his
+paintings from his earlier productions, such as the "Wreck," in Lord
+Yarborough's collection, the "Italian Landscape," in the same gallery, the
+_pendant_ to Lord Ellesmere's "Vanderwelde," or Mr. Munro's "Venus and
+Adonis," in the Titianesque manner, to the more obscure, original, and, as
+some think, unapproachable productions of his later years, such as the
+"Rome," the "Venice," the "Golden Bough," the "Temeraire," and the
+"Tusculum." But while these great works proceeded rapidly from his
+palette, his powers of design were no less actively engaged in the
+exquisite water-colored drawings that have formed the basis of the modern
+school of "illustration." The "Liber studiorum" had been commenced in
+1807, in imitation of Claude's "Liber veritatis," and was etched, if we
+are not mistaken, by Turner's own hand. The title-page was engraved and
+altered half-a-dozen times, from his singular and even nervous attention
+to the most trifling details. But this volume was only the precursor of an
+immense series of drawings and sketches, embracing the topography of this
+country in the "River Scenery" and the "Southern Coast"--the scenery of the
+Alps, of Italy, and great part of Europe--and the ideal creations of our
+greatest poets, from Milton to Scott and Rogers, all imbued with the
+brilliancy of a genius which seemed to address itself more peculiarly to
+the world at large when it adopted the popular form of engraving. These
+drawings are now widely diffused in England, and form the basis of several
+important collections, such as those of Petworth, of Mr. Windus, Mr.
+Fawkes, and Mr. Munro. So great is the value of them that 120 guineas have
+not unfrequently been paid for a small sketch in water-colors; and a
+sketch-book, containing chalk-drawings of one of Turner's river tours on
+the continent, has lately fetched the enormous sum of 600 guineas. The
+prices of his more finished oil paintings have ranged in the last few
+years from 700 to 1,200 or 1,400 guineas. All his works may now be said to
+have acquired triple or quadruple the value originally paid for them. Mr.
+Turner undoubtedly realized a very large fortune, and great curiosity will
+be felt to ascertain the posthumous use he has made of it. His personal
+habits were peculiar, and even penurious, but in all that related to his
+art he was generous to munificence; and we are not without hope that his
+last intentions were for the benefit of the nation, and the preservation
+of his own fame. He was never married, he was not known to have any
+relations, and his wants were limited to the strictest simplicity. The
+only ornaments of his house in Queen Anne-street were the pictures by his
+own hand, which he had constantly refused to part with at any price, among
+which the "Rise and Fall of Carthage" and the "Crossing the Brook," rank
+among the choicest specimens of his finest manner.
+
+"Mr. Turner seldom took much part in society, and only displayed in the
+closest intimacy the shrewdness of his observation and the playfulness of
+his wit. Every where he kept back much of what was in him, and while the
+keenest intelligence, mingled with a strong tinge of satire, animated his
+brisk countenance, it seemed to amuse him to be but half understood. His
+nearest social ties were those formed in the Royal Academy, of which he
+was by far the oldest member, and to whose interests he was most warmly
+attached. He filled at one time the chair of Professor of Perspective, but
+without conspicuous success, and that science has since been taught in the
+Academy by means better suited to promote it than a course of lectures. In
+the composition and execution of his works, Mr. Turner was jealously
+sensitive of all interference or supervision. He loved to deal in the
+secrets and mysteries of his art, and many of his peculiar effects are
+produced by means which it would not be easy to discover or to imitate.
+
+"We hope that the Society of Arts or the British Gallery will take an
+early opportunity of commemorating the genius of this great artist, and of
+reminding the public of the prodigious range of his pencil, by forming a
+general exhibition of his principal works, if, indeed, they are not
+permanently gathered in a nobler repository. Such an exhibition will serve
+far better than any observations of ours to demonstrate that it is not by
+those deviations from established rules which arrest the most superficial
+criticism that Mr. Turner's fame or merit are to be estimated. For nearly
+sixty years Mr. Turner contributed largely to the arts of this country. He
+lived long enough to see his greatest productions rise to uncontested
+supremacy, however imperfectly they were understood when they first
+appeared in the earlier years of this century; and, though in his later
+works and in advanced age, force and precision of execution have not
+accompanied his vivacity of conception, public opinion has gradually and
+steadily advanced to a more just appreciation of his power. He is the
+Shelley of English painting--the poet and the painter both alike veiling
+their own creations in the dazzling splendor of the imagery with which
+they are surrounded, mastering every mode of expression, combining
+scientific labor with an air of negligent profusion, and producing in the
+end works in which color and language are but the vestments of poetry. Of
+such minds it may be said in the words of Alastor:
+
+    "Nature's most secret steps
+  He, like her shadow, has pursued, where'er
+  The red volcano overcanopies
+  Its fields of snow and pinnacles of ice
+  With burning smoke; or where the starry domes
+  Of diamond and of gold expand above
+  Numberless and immeasurable halls,
+  Frequent with crystal column and clear shrines
+  Of pearl, and thrones radiant with chrysolite.
+  Nor had that scene of ampler majesty
+  Than gems or gold--the varying roof of heaven
+  And the green earth--lost in his heart its claims
+  To love and wonder...."
+
+                 [Illustration: THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER]
+
+                         THE LATE J. W. M. TURNER
+
+
+BASIL MONTAGU, an eminent philosophical and legal writer, was the
+illegitimate son of the well-known statesman, John fourth Earl of
+Sandwich, many years First Lord of the Admiralty, by the unfortunate Miss
+Margaret Reay, who was assassinated, in 1779, by her affianced lover, the
+Rev. Mr. Hackman. The tragic affair, which excited immense interest at the
+time, and which gave rise to various romantic stories, is to be found in
+most series of judicial investigations, and especially in a collection of
+celebrated trials recently published. It appears that Margaret Reay was
+the daughter of a stay-maker in Covent-garden, and served her
+apprenticeship to a mantuamaker. Having attracted the attention of Lord
+Sandwich, he treated her from that period until her assassination, with
+the greatest tenderness and affection. He introduced to her a young ensign
+of the 68th Regiment, then in command of a recruiting party at Huntingdon,
+in the neighborhood of the mansion of the Montagues. Mr. Hackman from the
+first moment was desperately in love with her, and his passion increased
+with the daily opportunities afforded by invitations he received to Lord
+Sandwich's table. With the object of continuing his attentions, and the
+hope of ultimately engaging her affections, he quitted the army, and,
+taking orders, obtained the living of Wiverton, in Norfolk. That Miss Reay
+had given him some encouragement, is proved by the tenor of their
+correspondence; but prudential motives induced her afterwards to refuse
+the offer of his hand, and to intimate a necessity for discontinuing his
+visits. Stung by this unexpected termination of his long-cherished
+expectations, Hackman's mind became unsettled; on the 7th of April, 1779,
+he was occupied all the morning in reading Blair's _Sermons_; but in the
+evening, as he was walking towards the Admiralty, he saw Miss Reay pass in
+her coach, accompanied by Signora Galli. He followed, and discovered that
+she alighted at Covent-garden Theatre, where she went to witness _Love in
+a Village_. He returned to his lodgings, armed himself with a brace of
+pistols, went back to the theatre, and when the performance was over, as
+Miss Reay was stepping into her coach, he took a pistol in each hand, one
+of which he discharged at her, and killed her on the spot, and the other
+at himself, but it did not take effect. He then beat his head with the
+butt of the pistol, to destroy himself, but was, after a struggle, secured
+and carried before Sir John Fielding, who committed him to Bridewell, and
+he was shortly after tried at the Old Bailey, before the celebrated
+Justice Blackstone, found guilty, and hanged at Tyburn on the 19th of the
+month.
+
+Basil Montagu was born in 1770, and received his education at the Charter
+House. He was called to the English bar by the Society of Gray's Inn, the
+19th of May, 1798, and soon obtained considerable practice as a
+conveyancer. It was, however, by his legal authorship and reporting that
+he became particularly distinguished in the profession. His various works
+and reports on the subject, principally of the Law of Bankruptcy, were of
+high estimation and lasting utility. In 1801, he produced his _Summary of
+the Law of Set Off_, with an Appendix of Cases, argued and determined in
+the Courts of Law and Equity, in one volume, octavo; in 1804-5, in four
+volumes, _A Digest of the Bankrupt Laws_, with a Collection of the
+Statutes and of the Cases, which reached three editions, and brought him
+into immediate notice and considerable practice; and, some time afterward,
+he printed a pamphlet on Bankrupts' Certificates. His fame in this branch
+of forensic learning procured him the appointment of a Commissioner of
+Bankruptcy. Mr. Montagu wrote also on philosophical subjects. Among his
+productions of this tendency were _Thoughts of Divines and Philosophers;
+Selections from Taylor, Hooker, Bishop Hall, and Bacon_. He edited an
+edition of Lord Bacon's works, in seventeen volumes. Another bent which
+his mind took, placed him by the side of Romilly and Mackintosh in the
+cause of Humanity. He had in his nature an abhorrence of depriving any
+living thing of life, and with regard to his own diet he totally abstained
+from animal food. This led him to bestow his active attention towards
+putting a stop to capital punishment. In 1809 he published _Opinions of
+Different Authors on the Punishment of Death_. The work was so well
+received, that he added a a second and third volume to it. In 1811, when
+the important question occupied Parliament, he edited _The Debates on a
+Bill for Abolishing the Punishment of Death for Stealing in a Dwelling
+House_. In 1815 he reprinted a tract originally published in 1801, called
+_Hanging not Punishment enough for Murderers_. Mr. Basil Montagu, who had
+some years ago been made a Queen's counsel, died at Boulogne on the 27th
+of November, in the eighty-second year of his age.
+
+
+
+
+
+REAR-ADMIRAL HENRY GAGE MORRIS, entered the navy at the early age of
+twelve, and served as midshipman throughout the French and American wars.
+He was promoted to the rank of lieutenant, April 2, 1793. He was engaged
+at the capture of the French frigate _Sybille_, in 1783, and at the attack
+on Martinique, in 1793. He was promoted to post rank August 12, 1812, and
+was made rear-admiral in 1847. He died at Beverley, 24th ult. aged
+eighty-two. Admiral Morris was younger brother of the late Captain Amherst
+Morris, being second son of Colonel Roger Morris, a member of the
+Governor's Council at New-York, by Mary, daughter of Frederick Phillipse,
+of this city. This family of Morris is one of great antiquity, deriving
+its descent from Elystan Glodrydd, a famed chieftain of Wales in the
+eleventh century.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. SAPIO the once celebrated tenor singer, was born in London, in 1792.
+In his early life he was page to Queen Caroline, consort of George IV. He
+made his first appearance on the metropolitan stage at Drury Lane, the 1st
+December, 1824, as the _Seraskier_, in the "Siege of Belgrade," and he
+soon attained and long preserved a high vocal reputation. He died in
+obscurity, in London, about the end of November.
+
+
+
+
+
+One of the most distinguished chiefs of the war of Greek independence,
+General JATRAKO, is just dead at Athens. He was one of the primates of
+Marna; his family, as his name indicates, have for many generations back
+been famous for their hereditary medical talents, and the tradition exists
+among them that a branch of their family formerly passed from Sparta to
+Italy, translated their name into Medici, and gave rise to the celebrated
+family of that name.
+
+
+
+
+
+PRIESSNITZ, the celebrated founder of hydropathy, died at Graefenberg on
+the 26th of November, at the age of fifty-two. In the morning of that day
+Priessnitz was up and stirring at an early hour, but complained of the
+cold, and had wood brought in to make a large fire. His friends had for
+some time believed him to be suffering from dropsy of the chest, and at
+their earnest entreaty he consented to take a little medicine, exclaiming
+all the while, "It's of no use!" He would see no physician, but remained
+to the last true to his profession. About four o'clock in the afternoon of
+the 26th he asked to be carried to bed, and upon being laid down he
+expired! In early life he received serious injury in the chest from an
+accident, and he used to say himself that his constitution was bad; that
+nothing but his own mode of life and his own "cure" would have sustained
+him. It is not known what attempts will be made to carry on the
+establishment at Graefenberg, which was in full activity at the moment of
+his death. The most probable conjecture is, that his eldest daughter and
+her husband (a Hungarian of property) will carry it on, with the aid of
+some physician who has studied Priessnitz's method. This may succeed to a
+certain extent, for the place and neighborhood are admirably adapted for
+taking the water-cure, and the _prestige_ of Priessnitz's name, as well as
+the tradition of his practice, will long survive him: but the attraction
+which brought patients, not only from the neighboring cities, but from the
+remotest parts of the world, is gone. It is not exactly known what amount
+of property Priessnitz left, but it is supposed to be nearly L100,000.
+When it is considered how small, compared to that given to other
+physicians, was the remuneration he received from his patients, and that
+thirty years ago, Priessnitz was a poor peasant, this fortune gives some
+measure of his immense success.
+
+
+
+
+
+GEORGE DUNBAR, the distinguished Professor of Greek Literature in the
+University of Edinburgh, died on the 6th of December, at his residence in
+that city. The natural decay attending even an otherwise green old age has
+been for some years aggravated by a virulent internal malady, which at the
+commencement of the present season compelled him to relinquish his
+academic duties. He was born at the village of Caldingham, in
+Berwickshire, in 1774. In early life he labored as a gardener, but an
+accidental lameness, which lasted throughout his subsequent life,
+incapacitated him from active bodily employment. His attention was then
+devoted to literature. He soon became a scholar, and in truth a ripe and
+good one. Going to Edinburgh, he readily obtained, on proof of his
+acquirements, a tutorship in the family of Lord Provost Fettes. Having
+been shortly after selected as assistant to Professor Dalziel, he was
+appointed, on that professor's death, to the Greek chair in the Edinburgh
+University, in 1805. The duties of this responsible position he discharged
+most zealously and ably. The published works of Professor Dunbar are well
+known. The _Collectanea Minora_, the _Collectanea Majora_, and the _Greek
+Grammar_, have all had great reputation. His chief production--massive in
+every sense--the main object of his life of learned toil, was his Greek
+Lexicon, which was given to the world with his name in 1840.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. HENRY LUTTRELL, one of the ornaments of a society of what may be
+termed conversational wits, died on the 19th of December, at the advanced
+age of eighty-six. He was the friend and companion, _hand impari passu_,
+of Jeckyll, Mackintosh, Jeffrey, Alvanley, Sydney Smith, and others of
+that brilliant school, and of which the Misses Berry, Rogers, Moore, and
+but a few others, are still left. A correspondent of the _Times_ says: "He
+charmed especially by the playfulness and elegance of his wit, the
+appropriateness and felicity of illustration, the shrewdness of his
+remarks, and the epigrammatic point of his conversation. Liveliness of
+fancy was tempered in him with good breeding and great kindness of
+disposition; and one of the wittiest men of his day, he could amuse and
+delight by the keenness of playful yet pungent sallies, without wounding
+the feelings of any one by the indulgence of bitterness and ill-nature."
+
+
+
+
+
+English journals notice with expressions of regret the death in
+Philadelphia of R. C. TAYLOR, on the 26th of October, aged sixty-two. Mr.
+Taylor emigrated in the year 1830, being previously well known as a Fellow
+both of the Antiquarian and of the Geological Societies. He had published
+a work of great care and research while resident in his native county,
+Norfolk, _Index Monasticus for East Anglia_; and had made some useful
+explorations into the fossil remains on the coast of Norfolk. In America
+he wrote for various philosophical societies, and published, in 1848, his
+work on the Statistics of Coal, by which alone he was much known to the
+public of this country.
+
+
+
+
+
+The Royal University of Berlin has lost by death since Christmas, MM.
+Lachmann, Stuhr, Jacobi, Erman, and Dr. CHARLES THEODORE FRANZ, who died
+at Breslaw early in January, at the untimely age of forty-five. For eleven
+years Dr. Franz occupied the chair of Classical Philology in the
+University of Berlin. He is the author of a variety of works: in the first
+rank of which stand his Criticisms on the Greek Tragic Poets, and his
+several collections of Greek and Latin inscriptions before unpublished.
+The London Morning Chronicle remarks that the continent never before lost
+so many great scholars in one year as in 1851.
+
+
+
+
+
+WILLIAM JACOB, F.R.S., a profound writer on science and agriculture, was
+born in 1762. His work, _An Inquiry into the Precious Metals_, has been
+held in high estimation. His other principal productions were
+_Considerations on the Price of Corn_; _Tracts on Corn-Laws_; and a _View
+of Agriculture in Germany_. Mr. Jacob, who was formerly Comptroller of
+Corn Returns in the Board of Trade, died on the 17th of December, at his
+residence in London, aged eighty-eight.
+
+
+
+
+
+MR. PAUL BARRAS, died in Paris from wounds received in the contests
+between the people and the military, on the second day of the usurpation
+of Louis Napoleon. M. Barras resided in New-York about twenty years, and
+was engaged here as a teacher of his native language, and as a
+correspondent of one of the Parisian journals. He was an amiable man, of
+considerable talents, and enthusiastic in his attachment to Republicanism.
+He wrote several articles on American subjects in the _Revue de Paris_.
+
+
+
+
+
+LADIES' FASHIONS FOR FEBRUARY.
+
+
+                              [Illustration]
+
+In matters of fashion there have been very few changes since our last
+publication. We are in the midst of the gay season, but its modes, until
+disturbed by the approach of spring, were fixed before the holidays, and
+for the most part have already been reported. The Paris journals, we may
+remark, however, dwell much on the unusual ascendency of black, in furs,
+velvets, cloths, and other heavy stuffs, for walking and carriage dresses,
+and on the greater demand than in recent winters for every species of
+embroidery.
+
+In the first of the above figures, representing a promenade costume, we
+have a high dress of rich silk; the skirt has plaided tucks woven in the
+material; it is long, and very full. Manteau of velvet, very richly
+embroidered; a broad black lace is set on round the shoulders in the style
+of a cape, and the cloak is embroidered above it. Capote of white silk, of
+a very elegant form, with deep bavolet or curtain; a droop of small
+feathers on the left side.
+
+The second figure, or visiting costume, of heavy silk, with four flounces,
+and corresponding waistcoat. The waistcoat now takes the first place in a
+lady's toilette, and may be considered a triumph of luxury and elegance,
+reviving every description of embroidery, and forcing the jewellers to be
+constantly bringing out some novelty in buttons, &c. It is made very
+simple or very richly ornamented: for instance, those of the most simple
+description are made either of black velvet, embroidered with braid, and
+fastened with black jet buttons, or of cachemire; and a pretty style, of
+straw color, embroidered in the same colored silk, and closed with fancy
+silk bell buttons, whilst a few may be seen in white, quilted and
+embroidered with oak leaves and rose-buds. The rich style of waistcoat
+being covered with embroideries, and being closed up the front with
+buttons of brilliants. As a general rule, the waistcoat is made high up
+the throat, round which is a fall of lace, or opens _en coeur_, having a
+_fichu a plastron_ of embroidery, worn under. The waistcoat has also two
+pockets.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+FOOTNOTES
+
+
+    1 The large outer porch of Cowley's house had chambers above it and
+      beneath the window in front a tablet was affixed, upon which was
+      inscribed the epitaph "upon the living author" which Cowley had
+      written for himself, whilst living in retirement here, commencing
+
+        "Hic, O Viator, sub lare parvulo,
+        Couleius hic est conditus hic jacet."
+
+      It is represented in its original condition in the two views we have
+      engraved.
+
+    2 Some additional rooms have been added to the house by the same
+      occupant, who has, however, religiously preserved all the old rooms,
+      which still exhibit the "fittings" that existed in Cowley's time.
+      The bed-chambers are wainscotted with oaken panels. The staircase is
+      a very solid structure, with ornamental balusters, leading toward
+      the small study in which the poet wrote,--a little back room, about
+      five feet wide, looking upon the garden. It may be distinguished in
+      our back view of the house, by a figure placed at the window. Cowley
+      ended his life in this house at the early age of forty-nine.
+
+    3 Brayley, in his History of Surrey, states that Cowley accompanied by
+      his friend Dean Spratt, having been to see a "friend," did not set
+      out for his walk home until it was too late, and had drunk so deep,
+      that they both lay out in the fields all night; this gave Cowley the
+      fever that carried him off. Brayley's authority for this slander
+      (which is not borne out by the poet's previous course of life), is
+      "Spence's Anecdotes."
+
+    4 Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Associate Justice of the Supreme
+      Court of the United States, and Dane professor of law at Harvard
+      University. Edited by his son, William W. Story. Two vols. Boston:
+      Little & Brown, 1851.
+
+    5 As an example of the gravity and formality with which proceedings in
+      matters of this nature were conducted, even as late as the end of
+      the sixteenth century, take the subjoined palinode or recantation of
+      a Flemish ecclesiastic, who had been guilty of the offence of
+      doubting the evection, or bodily transport through the air, of
+      witches and wizards. The original may be found in Delrio, at the end
+      of the Appendix, in his 5th book:--
+
+      "I Cornelius Loseus Gallidius, born in the town of Gouda, in
+      Holland, now, by the command of the renowned and illustrious Lord
+      Nuncio Apostolic, the Lord Octavius Bishop of Tricaruis, arrested
+      and detained in the Imperial Monastery of St. Maximin, near Treves,
+      on account of certain tracts 'On True and False Witchcraft,' rashly
+      and presumptuously by me written, published, and sent to be printed
+      at Cologne, without the perusal or permission of the superiors of
+      this place: whereas I am informed for certain that in the aforesaid
+      books, and also in certain of letters on the same subject, sent
+      clandestinely to the clergy and senate of Treves, and others, for
+      the purpose of impeding the course of justice against witches and
+      magicians, there are contained many articles which are not only
+      erroneous and scandalous, but also suspected of heresy, and savoring
+      of sedition: I therefore hereby revoke, condemn, reject, and
+      repudiate, as if they had never been said or asserted by me, the
+      said articles, as seditious and temerarious, contrary to the common
+      judgment of learned theologians, to the decision and bulls of the
+      supreme Pontiffs, and to the practice, and statutes, and laws of the
+      magistrates and judges, as well as of this Archdiocese of Treves, as
+      of the other provinces and principalities, in the order in which the
+      same are hereunto annexed.
+
+      "1. _Imprimis._ I revoke, condemn, reject, and hold as disproved,
+      what both in words and writing I have often and to many persons
+      pertinaciously asserted; and what I would have had taken as the head
+      and chief ornament of my disputations, to wit, that what is written
+      touching the corporeal evection or translation from place to place
+      of witches and magicians, is to be held as a vain superstition and
+      figment, as well because that opinion savors of heretical pravity,
+      as because it partakes of sedition, and so also savors of the crimes
+      of _lese majeste_. 2. In the second place, I revoke what I have
+      pertinaciously, but without solid reasons, alleged against the
+      magistracy, in letters secretly sent to several, that is to say,
+      that the course of procedure against witches is erroneous and
+      fantastical: asserting, moreover, that those witches were compelled
+      by the severity of torture to confess acts that they had never done;
+      that innocent blood was shed by a cruel judicature; and that by a
+      new alchemy gold and silver were extracted from human blood. 3.
+      Thereby, and by the like assertions, partly diffused by private oral
+      communications among the vulgar, partly by various letters addressed
+      to both branches of the magistracy, imputing to superiors and judges
+      the exercise of tyranny towards the subjects. 4 And consequently,
+      inasmuch as the most reverend and illustrious Archbishop and Prince
+      Elector of Treves not only permits witches and magicians to be
+      subjected to deserved punishment in his diocese, but has also
+      ordained laws regulating the mode and cost of the procedure against
+      witches, thereby with inconsiderate temerity tacitly insinuating the
+      charge of tyranny against the said Elector of Treves. 5. _Item._ I
+      revoke and condemn these following conclusions, to wit, that there
+      are no such beings as sorcerers, who renounce God and worship the
+      Devil, who bring on tempests, and do the work of Satan and such
+      like, but that all these things are dreams. 6. Moreover that magic
+      is not to be called sorcery, nor its practisers to be deemed
+      sorcerers, and that that that place of Exod. xxii, ('Ye shall not
+      suffer sorcerers to live') is to be understood of those who slay
+      with material poison, naturally administered. 7. That no contract
+      exists or can exist between man and the demon. 8. That demons do not
+      assume bodies. 9. That the life of Hilary, written by St. Jerome, is
+      not authentic. 10. That the demon cannot carnally know mankind. 11.
+      That neither demons nor witches can excite tempests, rain, hail,
+      &c., and that what is alleged in that behalf is mere dreams. 12.
+      That spirits and forms can be seen by mankind separate from matter.
+      13. That it is rash to assert that whatever demons can do magicians
+      can also by the help of demons. 14. That the assertion that the
+      superior demon can expel the inferior is erroneous and derogatory to
+      Christ.--Luke xi. 15. That the Popes in the bulls do not allege that
+      magicians and sorcerers perpetrate such acts as above mentioned.
+
+      "All these and the like, my assertions, with my many calumnies,
+      falsehoods, and sycophancies, petulantly, indecorously, and
+      mendaciously expressed against the magistracy, as well secular as
+      ecclesiastical, wherewith my writings on witchcraft abound, I hereby
+      expressly and deliberately condemn, recant, and reject, earnestly
+      beseeching pardon of God and my superiors, and faithfully promising
+      that henceforth I will not, either by word of mouth or by writing,
+      by myself or others, in any place where I shall happen to be, teach,
+      promulgate, or assert the same or any of them. If I shall do to the
+      contrary, I subject myself thenceforth and henceforth to the pains
+      of the law against relapsed heretics, recusants, seditious
+      misdemeanants, and convicts of _lese majeste_, to the pains of
+      libellous sycophants publicly convicted, and also to those enacted
+      against perjurers. I submit myself also to arbitrary correction at
+      the pleasure of the Archbishop of Treves, and of the other
+      magistrates under whom I shall happen to live, and who may be
+      certified of my relapse or violated undertaking, that they may
+      punish me according to my deserts, in name, fame, goods, and body.
+      In testimony of all which I have, with my proper hand, subscribed
+      this my recantation of the aforesaid articles, in presence of the
+      notary and witnesses."
+
+      "(Signed,)   Cornelius Loseus Gallidius."
+
+      "Attestation.--These presents were done in the Imperial Monastery of
+      Saint Maximin Without, near Treves, in the abbatial chamber, there
+      being then present the Venerable and Excellent Lord Peter Binsfeldt,
+      Bishop of Azof, Vicar-General of the Most Reverend Lord Archbishop
+      of Treves, our Most Gracious Lord in matters spiritual; Reiner,
+      Abbot of the said monastery; Bartholomew Bodegem, Reader of either
+      Law in the Ecclesiastical Court of Treves; George Helffenster,
+      Doctor of Sacred Theology, Dean of the Collegiate Church of St.
+      Simon, in the city of Treves; and John Golmann, Doctor of Laws,
+      Canon of the said Church, and Seal-Bearer of the Court of Treves,
+      &c.; in the year of our Lord 1592, Treves style, on Monday, the 15th
+      day of the month of March, in presence of me, the Notary
+      underwritten, and of Nicholas Dolent, and Daniel Major, the
+      Amanuensis and Secretary respectively of the Reverend Lord Abbot,
+      trustworthy witnesses specially called and required hereto.
+
+      "Subscribed, Adam Tecton, Notary.
+
+      "Compared with the original and found to agree, by me, the
+      under-written Secretary of the town of Antwerp.
+
+                                                              S. Kieffel."
+
+    6 Lockhart's Spanish Ballads.
+
+    7 Continued from page 109.
+
+    8 We are indebted to Dr. Francis for a revised copy, with additions,
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