diff options
Diffstat (limited to '20032-8.txt')
| -rw-r--r-- | 20032-8.txt | 5132 |
1 files changed, 5132 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/20032-8.txt b/20032-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6c9fe5c --- /dev/null +++ b/20032-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,5132 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Report of the +Proceedings at the Twenty-First Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Report of the Proceedings at the Twenty-First Annual Meeting + Cedar Rapids, Iowa, September 17, 18, and 19, 1930 + +Author: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: December 5, 2006 [EBook #20032] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, J. Henkin, Janet +Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + + + NORTHERN + NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION + INCORPORATED + + REPORT + _OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE_ + Twenty-first Annual Meeting + + [Illustration] + + CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. + + SEPTEMBER 17, 18, 19, 1930 + + + + + NORTHERN + NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION + _INCORPORATED_ + + REPORT + OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE + Twenty-first Annual Meeting + + CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA. + + _SEPTEMBER 17, 18, 19, 1930_ + + + + + CONTENTS + + + Officers, Directors and Committees 3 + + State Vice-Presidents 4 + + List of Members 5 + + Constitution 9 + + By-Laws 11 + + Proceedings of the Twenty-First Annual Convention 13 + + Nuts and Nut Growers of the Middle West--S. W. Snyder 14 + + Address of Professor T. J. Maney 20 + + Methods in Scoring the Black Walnut--Prof. N. F. Drake 23 + + Nuts in North Dakota--Prof. A. F. Yeager 27 + + Report on the 1929 Nut Contest--Dr. W. C. Deming 28 + + New Members' Experience and Questions 31 + + Discussion on Chestnut Growing 33 + + The Paraffin Method in Transplanting Nursery Stock--Prof. J. A. + Neilson 37 + + Some Notes on the Japanese Walnut in North America--Prof. J. A. + Neilson 39 + + Thirty Years Experience in the Care of Scionwood--F. O. Harrington 46 + + Experiments and Observations in Searching for Best Seedling Nut + Trees--J. F. Wilkinson 51 + + More Nuts--Less Meat--Dr. J. H. Kellogg 57 + + Induced Immunity to Chestnut Blight--Dr. G. A. Zimmerman 68 + + Plant Patent Act--Thomas P. Littlepage 73 + + Banquet 77 + + President's Address 81 + + Report of the Secretary 87 + + Business Session 89 + + Treasurer's Report 91 + + Harvesting and Marketing the Native Nut Crop of the North--C. A. + Reed 92 + + Beechnuts--Willard G. Bixby 100 + + The 1929 Contest--Willard G. Bixby 104 + + Attendance Record 117 + + + + +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + +_President_ J. A. NEILSON, HORT. DEPT. M. S. C., EAST LANSING, +MICH. + +_Vice-President_ C. F. WALKER, 2851 E OVERLOOK ROAD, CLEVELAND +HEIGHTS, OHIO + +_Secretary_ W. G. BIXBY, 32 GRAND AVE., BALDWIN, N. Y. + +_Treasurer_ KARL W. GREENE, RIDGE ROAD, N. W., WASHINGTON, D. +C. + + +_DIRECTORS_ + +J. A. NEILSON, C. F. WALKER, DR. W. C. DEMING, K. W. GREENE, W. G. +BIXBY, S. W. SNYDER + + +_COMMITTEES_ + +_Auditing_--Z. H. ELLIS, L. H. MITCHELL + +_Executive_--J. A. NEILSON, C. F. WALKER, A. S. COLBY, K. W. GREENE, +W. G. BIXBY, S. W. SNYDER + +_Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + +_Press and Publication_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, R. T. OLCOTT, W. C. +DEMING, K. W. GREENE, Z. H. ELLIS, A. S. COLBY + +_Membership_--F. H. FREY, R. T. OLCOTT, J. W. HERSHEY, Z. H. ELLIS, +K. W. GREENE, F. O. HARRINGTON + +_Program_--W. C. DEMING, A. S. COLBY, S. W. SNYDER, C. A. REED, C. +F. WALKER, R. T. OLCOTT + +_Hybrids and Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD +SPENCE, J. A. NEILSON, S. W. SNYDER, R. T. MORRIS + +_Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. BIXBY, J. A. +NEILSON + +_Survey_--C. F. WALKER, W. G. BIXBY, F. H. FREY + + +_DEAN OF THE ASSOCIATION_ + +DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, OF NEW YORK AND CONNECTICUT + + +_FIELD SECRETARY_ + +ZENAS H. ELLIS, FAIR HAVEN, VERMONT + + + + + STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + California Will J. Thorpe 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco + + Canada J. U. Gellatly West Bank, P. O. Gellatly, B. C. + + China P. W. Wang Sec'y Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Sechuan + Road, Shanghai + + Connecticut Dr. W. C. Deming 983 Main St., Hartford, Conn. + + Dist. of Columbia Karl W. Greene Ridge Road, N. W., Washington + + England Howard Spence The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + Illinois Prof. A. S. Colby University of Illinois, Urbana + + Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport + + Iowa S. W. Snyder Center Point + + Kansas W. P. Orth Route 2, Box 20, Mount Hope + + Maryland T. P. Littlepage Bowie + + Massachusetts James H. Bowditch 903 Tremont Building, Boston + + Michigan Harry Burgardt Union City Michigan + + Minnesota Carl Weschcke 98 South Wabasha St., St. Paul + + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + + Nebraska William Caha Wahoo + + New Jersey Miss M. V. Landman Cranbury, R. F. D. No. 2 + + New York Prof. L. H. MacDaniels Cornell University, Ithaca + + Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + + Oregon Stanley C. Walters Mount Hood + + Pennsylvania John Rick 438 Penn Square, Reading + + Rhode Island Phillip Allen 178 Dorrance St., Providence + + Vermont Zenas H. Ellis Fair Haven + + Virginia Dr. J. Russell Smith Round Hill + + Washington D. H. Berg Nooksack + + West Virginia Dr. J. E. Cannaday Box 693, Charleston + + + + + MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + + + ARKANSAS + + * Drake, Prof. N. F., Univ. of Arkansas, Fayetteville + + + CALIFORNIA + + Crafts, Dr. J. G., Martinez + Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero St., San Francisco + University of California, Berkeley + + + CANADA + + Gage, J. H., 107 Flatt Ave., Hamilton, Ontario + Gellatly, J. U., West Bank, B. C. + Ryerse, Arthur C., Simcoe, Ont. + Watson, Dr. W. V., 170 St. George St., Toronto + + + CHINA + + * Kinsan Arboretum, 147 N. Szechuan Road, Shanghai + + + CONNECTICUT + + Bartlett, Francis A., Stamford + Deming, Dr. W. C., 31 Owen St., Hartford + Hilliard, H. J., Sound View + * Montgomery, Robt. H., Cos Cob + * Morris, Dr. Robert T., Route 28, Box No. 95, Cos Cob + Pratt, George D., Jr., Bridgewater + Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, Stonington + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Foster, B. G., 805 G St., N. W., Washington + Greene, Karl W., Ridge Road, N. W., Washington + * Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Bldg., Washington + Mitchell, Lennard H., 2219 California St. N. W., Washington + Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington + Stiebling, Mrs. Anna E., 1458 Monroe St. N. W., Washington + Taylor, D. W., The Highlands, Washington + Von Ammon, S., Bureau of Standards, Washington + + + ENGLAND + + Spence, Howard, The Red House, Ainsdale, Southport + + ILLINOIS + + Anthony, A. B., Sterling + Armstrong, Mrs. Julian, Witchwood Lane and Moffet Rd., Lake Forest + Bontz, Mrs. George I., Route 2, Peoria + Brown, Roy W., Spring Valley + Colby, Arthur S., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana + Frey, Frank H., Room 930 Lasalle St., Station, Chicago + Gibbens, Geo. W., Route 2, Godfrey + Knox, Loy J., First Nat'l Bank, Morrison + Morton, Joy, Lisle + Meyer, Dr. R. C. J., Hillsdale + Riehl, Miss Amelia, Godfrey, Ill. + Spencer, Mrs. May R., 275 W. Decatur St., Decatur + University of Illinois, Urbana + + + INDIANA + + Betz, Frank S., (Personal) Betz Bldg., Hammond + Isakson, Walter R., Route 1, Hobart + Tichenor, P. E., 414 Merchants Bank Bldg., Evansville + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + + IOWA + + Adams, Gerald W., Route 4, Moorehead + Boyce, Daniel, Route 4, Winterset + Harrington, F. O., Williamsburg + Iowa State Horticultural Society, Des Moines + Luckenbill, Ben W., Wapello + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Snyder, S. W., Center Point + Schlagenbusch Bros., Route 3, Fort Madison + Van Meter, W. L., Adel + Williams, Hugh E., Ladora + + + KANSAS + + Orth, W. P., Route 2, Mount Hope + + + MARYLAND + + Close, C. P., College Park + Lancaster, S. S., Jr., Rock Point + Mehring, Upton F., Keymar + Porter, John H., 1199 The Terrace, Hagerstown + Purnell, J. Edgar, Salisbury + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + Allen, Edward E., Perkins Institute for the Blind, Watertown + * Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston + Brown, Daniel L., 60 State St., Boston + Bryant, Dr. Ward C., Greenfield + Hale, Richard W., 60 State St., Boston + Russell, Newton H., 12 Burnette Ave., So. Hadley Center + Wellman, Sargeant H., Windridge, Topsfield + Williams, Moses, 18 Tremont St., Boston + + MICHIGAN + + Bradley, Homer, Care Kellogg Farms, Route 1, Augusta + Burgardt, H., Route 2, Union City + Graves, Henry B., 73 Forest Ave., West, Detroit + Healy, Oliver T., Care Mich. Nut Nursery, Route 2, Union City + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., 202 Manchester St., Battle Creek + Neilson, Prof. James A., Care Mich. State College, East Lansing + Stocking Frederick N., 3456 Cadillac Ave., Detroit + + + MINNESOTA + + Andrews, Miss Frances E., 245 Clifton Ave., Minneapolis + Weschcke, Carl, 1048 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul + + + MISSOURI + + Stark Bros. Nursery, Louisiana + Windhorst, Dr. M. R., Univ. Club Bldg., St. Louis + + + NEBRASKA + + Caha, William, Wahoo + + + NEW JERSEY + + * Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City + Norton, W. J., 104 Scotland Road, South Orange + + + NEW YORK + + Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 63rd St., Brooklyn + Bixby, Mrs. Willard G., Baldwin + Bixby, Willard G., Baldwin + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Gager, Dr. C. Stuart, Care Brooklyn Botanic Gardens, Brooklyn + Garber, Hugh G., 75 Fulton St., New York + Graves, Dr. Arthur H., 1000 Washington Ave., Brooklyn + Harman-Brown, Miss Helen, Croton Falls + Hodgson, Casper W., Care World Book Co., Yonkers + Holden, Frank H., Care R. H. Macy & Co., New York + * Huntington, A. M., 1 E. 89th St., New York + Lester, Henry, 650 Main St., New Rochelle + MacDaniels, L. H., Care Cornell Univ., Ithaca + * Olcott, Ralph T., Box 124, Rochester + Pickhardt, Dr. O. C., 117 E. 80th St., New York + Schlemmer, Claire D., Islip + Solley, Dr. John B., 108 E. 66th St., New York + State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva + Steffee, John G., 317 Sixth Ave., Brooklyn + Tice, David, 55-56 Saving Bank Bldg., Lockport + Vanderbilt, George V., Greenville + * Wissman, Mrs. F. de R., 9 W. 54th St., New York + + OHIO + + Fickes, W. R., Route 7, Wooster + Gerber, E. P., Apple Creek + Park, J. B., Care Ohio State Univ., Columbus + Walker, C. F., 2851 E. Overlook Rd., Cleveland Heights + * Weber, Harry R., 123 East 6th St., Cincinnati + + + OREGON + + Walters, Stanley C., Mount Hood + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Abbott, Mrs. Laura Woodward, Route 2, Bristol + Baum, Dr. F. L., Boyertown + Deeben, Fred, Trevorton + Gable, Jos. B., Stewartstown + Gribbel, Mrs. John, Wyncote, P. O., Box 31 + Hershey, John W., Downingtown + Hostetter, C. F., Bird-in-Hand + Hostetter, L. K., Route 5, Lancaster + Kaufmann, M. M., Clarion + Leach, Will, Cornell Bldg., Scranton + Mathews, George A., Route 1, Cambridge Springs + Miller, Herbert Pinecrest Poultry Farm, Richfield + Paden, Riley W., Route 2, Enon Valley + * Rick, John, 438 Penn. Square, Reading + Sauchelli, V., 1628 Koppers Bldg., Pittsburgh + Schmidt, A. G., Nazareth + Smith, Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore + Theiss, Lewis Edwin, Muncy + Wright, Ross Pier, 235 West 1st St., Erie + * Wister, John C., Clarkson Ave. and Wister Street, Germantown + Zimmerman, Dr. G. A., 32 So. 13th St., Harrisburg + + + RHODE ISLAND + + Allen, Phillip, 178 Dorrance St., Providence + + + VERMONT + + Aldrich, A. W., Route 3, Springfield + Ellis, Zenas H., Fair Haven + + + VIRGINIA + + Stoke, H. F., 1421 Watts Ave., Roanoke + Trout, Dr. Hugh H., Care Jefferson Hospital, Roanoke + + + WASHINGTON + + Berg, D. H., Nooksack + Richardson, J. B., Lakeside + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Care General Hospital, Charleston + Hartzell, B. F., Shepherdstown + +* Life Member + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I + +_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION, INCORPORATED. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing +plants, their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary +and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; +and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the +two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the +treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from +each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the +association, who shall be appointed by the president. + + +ARTICLE V + +_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +following year. + + +ARTICLE VI + +_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + + +ARTICLE VII + +_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but +must include two of the four elected officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment +having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the +proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member +thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I + +_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, on +survey, and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make +recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of +any member. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Fees._ Annual members shall pay five dollars annually, to include one +year's subscription to the American Nut Journal, or three dollars and +fifty cents not including subscription to the Nut Journal. Contributing +members shall pay ten dollars annually, this membership including a +year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. Life members shall make +one payment of fifty dollars, and shall be exempt from further dues. +Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. + +There shall be an annual, non-voting, membership, with privilege of the +annual report, for all County Agents, Agricultural College and +Experiment Station Officials and Employes, State Foresters, U. S. +Department of Agriculture Officials, Editors of Agricultural +Periodicals, College and High School Students, Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts +or Camp Fire Girls and similar organizations, on payment of one dollar +as annual dues. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first +day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding +that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present at any annual meeting. + + +ARTICLE V + +Members shall be sent a notification of annual dues at the time they are +due, and if not paid within two months, they shall be sent a _second +notice_, telling them that they are not in good standing on account of +non-payment of dues, and are not entitled to receive the annual report. + +At the end of thirty days from the sending of the second notice, _a +third notice_ shall be sent notifying such members that unless dues are +paid within ten days from receipt of this notice, their names will be +dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues. + + + + +REPORT OF THE PROCEEDINGS + +of the + +TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL CONVENTION + +of the + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +(Incorporated) + +September 17, 18 and 19, 1930 + +CEDAR RAPIDS, IOWA + + +The first session convened at 10 o'clock at the Hotel Montrose, +President Neilson in the chair. + +THE PRESIDENT: We have a long and varied program to present, +and inasmuch as we have only one day for the discussions it will be +necessary to make the best use of our time. First we will read letters +and telegrams from members who are not able to come. + +THE SECRETARY: This letter is from Dr. Morris. + +"I was counting on getting out to the Nut Growers' Association meeting +this year and having the pleasure of seeing all of my old friends once +more and getting the inspiration that fills the air at our meetings. I +find it absolutely necessary, however, to cut off all distractions until +I can get two books finished. Work upon them has been delayed and the +line of thought changed so often that it becomes a duty to confine +myself to literary work, but I hope to be with you during our next +twenty meetings." + +This telegram is from Mr. Bixby. + +"Have mailed Mr. Snyder abstract of report on nut contest and paper on +beechnuts. Regret I cannot be at convention. Crop of nuts here is better +than ever before. Best wishes for success of convention. Willard G. +Bixby." + +THE PRESIDENT: I am going to name two committees. The +resolutions committee: Mr. Weber, Mr. Frey, Dr. Deming. The nominating +committee: Mr. Frey, Mr. Snyder, Dr. Smith, Dr. Zimmerman, Mr. Hershey. +Professor Herrick, Secretary of the Iowa State Horticultural Society, +would like to make a few remarks. + +PROF. HERRICK: I want to extend to you greetings from the Iowa +State Horticultural Society. Mr. Snyder knows that at our state fair we +had a wonderful exhibit of edible nuts. It has just closed. We had six +tables of good length, 16 feet, well filled, in fact crowded. We never +in the history of the society have provided enough room for the edible +nuts. We hope this year at the Midwest Horticultural Exhibit at +Shenandoah it may be possible for you to send your exhibits. There will +be $7,000 in cash premiums. Every one of you will receive an official +premium list the first of next week. We have in Southern Iowa a great +deal of land well adapted for this industry, and I assure you that the +Iowa Horticultural Society is very much interested in the spreading of +the gospel. + +THE PRESIDENT: We appreciate the invitation that Professor +Herrick has given us. One of the inspiring factors in my interest in nut +culture came to me some years ago when I came to the Iowa State College +to take graduate work. I went to Des Moines with Professor Maney to see +the exhibit staged by Mr. Snyder. Our first paper this morning is by Mr. +Snyder, "Nuts and Nut Growers of the Middle West." + +MR. SNYDER: I will confine my remarks to the newer things that +you haven't heard of. I will first note a shagbark hickory that stands +in my own neighborhood, an outstanding variety we call Hand. This is +very much like the Vest in shape and size and cracking quality. +According to my tests, this variety cracks out 50% meat, and since it is +a local variety and I know it is hardy and fruitful, I am placing it +ahead of the Vest for the Middle West. It is certainly equal to it in +every way and hardy and fruitful. While the Vest hasn't yet matured nuts +I am rather doubtful whether it will prove of any value here. + +There is one nut that I have been drawing attention to in the past few +years, called Hagen, that I have frequently said was the best nut +growing in Iowa. I have found one we call the Elliott that appears to be +just as good, so nearly like it that it is hard to separate them when +they are mixed up. The Elliott stands near Oxford, a little south of +here. + +The best cracker I have found in Iowa is one called Sande. This stands +in Story County, about 20 miles north of Ames. I found this on the +tables at our state fair and the superintendent of the nut exhibit +called my attention to it in particular. Said it had been appearing +there for a couple of years back, and that he thought it was very well +worth our attention. I took up correspondence with the parties who were +bringing it to the fair and they agreed to give me such information as I +wanted about it, so I drove up there. When I got there I found they +didn't own the tree. They had been stealing the nuts, putting them on +exhibit and getting the premiums. They wouldn't take me to the tree +because they didn't own it. They did tell me who owned it and I went to +see him. I told him the circumstances. He just got red-headed at once. +The idea of someone stealing the nuts and getting the premiums! We got +right into it. The up-shot of it was I got some scions and some nuts. +Just a lick of the hammer and two halves drop out, don't have to pick +them out, just roll out. It is an excellent nut. It was a rather young +tree and very fruitful. Very good quality with a little thicker shell +than other varieties. + +We have another one, the Ward. This is another 50% cracker, very +excellent flavor. While it appears to be a small nut, after you have +cracked it the meats look almost as large it has such a very thin shell. +As you might say almost all meat. + +DR. DEMING: What do you mean by 50% cracker? + +MR. SNYDER: The shells and the meats when separated and weighed +just balance each other. + +I have looked up another one. At present I haven't any authority for +naming this variety. I am just calling it Independence because of the +community in which it is found. I will take this up with the parties +that own the tree and get authority for naming it if they will consent. +This is just a temporary name for a very excellent variety. It is owned +by a party named Geisel. They have a well-known nut that has been taking +premiums in our midwest. This is another in the same grove that is just +as good as the Geisel. It is a very good nut, very fine flavor, good +cracker and more than ordinary size. + +We have another one that stands in sight of my home, that is called +DeWees. This is a large tree that possibly is somewhat over a hundred +years old, and its common crop is about five bushels of hulled nuts. It +is a free cracker, excellent quality and very prominent in the locality +in which the tree stands. + +There is another one that appeared in the midwest exhibition here in +Cedar Rapids a few years ago, called the Lynch. It was brought out by +the Boys and Girls Club and received a good deal of publicity at that +time on that account. It is a thin-shelled nut and very good cracker but +not of the highest eating quality. I hunted up the tree and got some +scions from it and distributed them. I didn't use any of them myself, +didn't think it good enough, the eating quality not good enough to suit +me. It is an excellent variety however. + +DR. SMITH: Something like the Ben Davis? + +MR. SNYDER: Yes. + +DR. COLBY: The Ben Davis makes the profit though, Dr. Smith. + +MR. SNYDER: We have found another one that came out at the +Cedar Rapids exposition. I am calling it the Cline. I have no authority +to call it that. The tree stands here in Cedar Rapids. I haven't had +time to see it since two years ago when it was brought to my attention. +If I am any judge of quality this is the finest hickory nut I have ever +found. Its eating quality is just ahead of anything I know of in the +hickory line, and it's of fair size, a little above medium and a good +cracker and a long keeper. I have frequently tested them. I only got a +handful to start with. I have tested these time after time to see how +long it was going to keep. The last time I tested it was this last +spring and it was in excellent condition. There are a good many of our +hickory nuts that turn rancid in six months. But a nut that keeps two +years, and I don't know but what they are good yet, is going to be a +very big item in hickory nut culture. + +DR. DRAKE: Have you kept these eighteen months in good order? + +MR. SNYDER: Yes. + +MR. HERSHEY: Would soil conditions have anything to do with it? + +MR. SNYDER: Possibly but I don't think so. The Fairbanks, for +instance, from different soils; I can see no difference in their +keeping. + +MR. HERSHEY: I know that is true of grapes that are grown in +different sections. + +MR. SNYDER: I can see no difference in the Fairbanks. In a few +weeks' time it loses its edible qualities. I wouldn't care for it after +it is a few weeks old. After it is thoroughly cured and dried, I don't +think the Fairbanks fit to eat. + +MEMBER: How about the Stratford? + +MR. SNYDER: The original Stratford was cut for fire wood in +1926. Just before it was cut it bore a heavy crop of nuts. Yesterday I +cracked one. I was right hungry and needed something to eat. I could eat +them yet. It is a great keeper. I know it was four years old or over. + +MEMBER: How does it crack? + +MR. SNYDER: It is a good cracker and very thin shelled. The +Stratford is, I think, a hybrid of the shagbark and bitternut. It is +very evident that it is a hybrid by the appearance of the nuts. But it +doesn't have that property of the Fairbanks of spoiling as it dries. The +two nuts are very different in that. You will find a great range of +quality in these hybrids. + +I believe that puts me through the list of hickories of which I have +made a list. I have a number of others under observation that may in the +future be of importance. + +I have several black walnuts that have made their appearance since our +contest was completed. We now have one called the Finney. This stands in +Marshall County right beside the Northwestern Railroad track. I sent +this to Professor Drake of Arkansas for testing and he reported it was a +little better than Thomas, so I think we have a variety there that is +worth taking care of. I received the sample of nuts through a friend, I +believe it was three years ago. I didn't see anything particularly +attractive in the outside appearance of the nuts, so threw them aside +and didn't test them until some months later. I passed it up at that +time as not being better than the Thomas, anyway, and some months later +I cracked another one of them. I went on that way for the last year +until this last fall. I had quite a quantity of them and every time I +came across them I would sample them. Finally I sent some of them to +Professor Drake, with the results that I have mentioned. So now I have +concluded that it is a very worthwhile variety and I have begun +propagating them. + +DR. DRAKE: Did you call it by another name before? + +MR. SNYDER: Well, I believe I called it Brenton. + +DR. DRAKE: That is the name I remember. + +MR. SNYDER: From the extreme north line of our state, a place +called Cresco, I received samples of a walnut. This I considered on its +first appearance as being a worthwhile variety and I took it up with the +party who sent it to me and we agreed to call it Cresco. It is a very +thin-shelled walnut, above medium size, excellent eating quality, and +coming from so far north, and ripening and being of such excellent +quality, I thought it was worth looking after and we began propagating +it under that name. + +We have another one that made its appearance in the Cedar Rapids +exposition, that has been named Safely. This is of the Ohio type of +walnut and I believe will prove to be just as good, possibly better. The +first samples received of this were ripened under unfavorable conditions +and were not fully up to their best. I think this will be worth looking +after, although I have not yet made an effort to propagate it or get +scions. It is owned by a cousin of mine so I could get them. + +The best thing I have found in the state of Iowa I have authority to +call Burrows. This is the finest cracking black walnut I have ever +found. Just a crack of the hammer--four quarters. You don't have to pick +them out. It stands near the county line of Marshall County, near a +little town called Gillman. + +THE PRESIDENT: Have you specimens of all of these? + +MR. SNYDER: Yes, specimens on the tables. I believe this puts +me through the list of nuts as far as anything new is concerned. I am +quite an enthusiast about the black walnut. There is a double purpose in +the black walnut here in Iowa because our saw mill men tell me, and we +have the largest manufacturing walnut mills here in Iowa, they tell me +the Iowa grown walnut is the most valuable black walnut and they will +pay the best price for it. This alone makes it valuable to plant black +walnuts here in Iowa. Another thing, they are easily and quickly grown. +Our millers tell us that anyone who cuts down a walnut tree ought to be +compelled to plant two. If we all followed this rule the supply would +never be exhausted. We know the demand will not be. + +MR. HERSHEY: Couldn't we pass a law here, as they have in +Germany, that every man has to plant thirty trees before he can get +married? + +THE PRESIDENT: Have you found a first class butternut? + +MR. SNYDER: None, except those that have been listed for a +couple of years. The Buckley is the best in the state. Sherwood is next. +Those two are the best. + +THE PRESIDENT: In Michigan we are interested in getting a good +butternut. + +MR. SNYDER: By the way, we have on the table a hybrid. This +hybrid is a cross between the sieboldiana and the American butternut. We +call it the Helmick hybrid. We have propagated it for our own use at +home. We have it under restrictions. I have six seedlings that I have +produced from seed of this Helmick hybrid that are crossed with the +Stabler black walnut. In these seedlings are wrapped up three distinct +species, the Stabler (Juglans nigra), Japanese heartnut (Juglans +sieboldiana cordiformis) and the American butternut (Juglans cinerea). I +know this is the result because when the Helmick hybrid bloomed its +cluster containing eighteen nutlets would have perished for want of +pollen to fertilize them because it had produced no staminate blossoms +of its own. There being nothing on the place with ripe catkins shedding +pollen, I was watching them very closely for fear there would nothing +else bloom in time to fertilize the nutlets, and the first thing to +offer ripe pollen that could be used was the Stabler walnut, from which +I gathered a handful of catkins and carried to the Helmick hybrid and +dusted pollen over the cluster of nutlets and succeeded in saving six +out of the cluster of eighteen. These matured into full grown nuts which +were saved and each of them grew into a nice young seedling. I know +beyond question that these seedlings represent the three distinct +species mentioned because there was nothing furnishing pollen with which +to fertilize them except the Stabler walnut. + +THE PRESIDENT: The work that Mr. Snyder and Dr. Drake and Dr. +Deming are doing in locating good varieties of nuts is certainly very +valuable. If we had the whole country hunting for good nut trees we +could tell what the country is producing. We have a great many valuable +varieties throughout the United States and Canada. + +Our next speaker is Professor T. J. Maney of the Iowa Agricultural +College at Ames. I am very much pleased that the experiment stations in +some of the states are actively interested in the propagating of nut +trees. New York, Iowa and Ohio are doing work along this line and no +doubt other experiment stations are interested. In quite a number of +them there is a great lack of interest, and perhaps I should say of +knowledge, about nut culture in general. + +PROF. MANEY: During the past six or seven years, during our +regular annual short course, we have been having a week for a nut short +course and we have been very fortunate in having Mr. Harrington and Mr. +Snyder there. That work has already resulted in the establishment of a +nut project that will continue to grow during the coming year. + +You recall that Mr. Neilson revived the subject of paraffin. I notice +that he always wound up with a plea that someone invent an apparatus to +apply the paraffin. What I have here is an answer to the plea. This +apparatus consists of a two and one-half inch pipe with a spray nozzle +attached. The idea is to put into the tube hot paraffin and apply +pressure here, and then with a plumber's blowtorch keep the paraffin +heated. The handle is covered with asbestos. I didn't spend much time in +working this up but I think it works fairly well. There is one +difficulty in perfecting your apparatus to apply hot paraffin, and that +is the fact that when it comes out it immediately congeals into a sort +of snow. You just can't atomize hot paraffin. The only way is through +air pressure. I used this on some dahlia roots quite successfully. This +did the work very well in that case and I think for applying it to rose +roots and plants of that kind it may work quite successfully. Another +thing I thought might be of interest to you is some work in grafting by +the use of paraffin. Last year I was interested in grafting some apples. +On July 12th I made some regular cleft grafts, using the green wood as +the scion after removing the leaves. + +DR. SMITH: Wood of that year or previous? + +PROF. MANEY: That year. The entire graft was covered with +paraffin. This picture was taken on September 5th, a period of 55 days +later, and during that time growth was 25 inches. I am sure it can be +worked very successfully with different fruit trees. It is especially +valuable in replacing dead grafts. These grafts went through the very +severe winter very successfully. I am sure I appreciate this opportunity +to appear on the program, and I hope to continue with the work at Ames +and perhaps appear at future dates. + +MR. WEBER: May I ask how hot it got that summer? + +PROF. MANEY: Oh, the temperature was up to 100, 103 and 104. + +MR. WEBER: What kind of paraffin did you use? + +PROF. MANEY: Just ordinary paraffin. + +MR. WEBER: Did you notice any bad results? + +PROF. MANEY: No, apparently no ill effects. + +MR. WEBER: Paraffin has a tendency when it gets extremely hot +to run down and kill the graft. + +DR. SMITH: What would be the effect of putting in some beeswax? + +PROF. MANEY: I think that would be all right. + +MR. WEBER: Paraffin this summer killed two nut grafts for me. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Are you sure it was the paraffin? I have finally +come to the conclusion that when the sun gets hot enough to melt the wax +it will kill the graft anyway. + +MR. WEBER: I noticed the heat did not kill another one that I +did not use the paraffin on. Previous years it simply scorched the tree. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: The heavy coating of wax protects a little from +the heat, I thought. + +MR. HARRINGTON: In very hot weather I put heavy paper around +the graft and a handful of dirt. That protects it from the sun. + +MR. WEBER: I have tried that. + +THE PRESIDENT: I am very much interested in seeing Professor +Maney's spraying apparatus. We also tried to spray and got something +like snow. We also found that the wax congealed in the nozzle. Last +spring I almost blew my head off. I am now experimenting with a material +which acts as an emulsifying agent on waxes and resin. I have developed +a formula, paraffin 5 pounds and Pick Up Gum one pound. I dissolve the +emulsifying agent and heat the wax. This solution can be sprayed on +trees without difficulty when it is warm. When it gets cool, however, we +have to heat it again. I hope to have some definite reports to make as +to the feasibility of this later on, and possibly on conifers as well. +We have been up a tree when it came to spraying wax and we have been at +a disadvantage in transplanting conifers. Regarding the comments as to +paraffin wax melting, I do have a little difficulty on the south side +and sloping to the northeast. The sun's rays would be rather direct. I +think the suggestion Mr. Weber made was very good. Two-thirds paraffin +and one-third beeswax. Possibly we would have to increase the beeswax +where trees are growing on a southern slope. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I found the hottest place 2 inches above the +soil. I shade grafts with a piece of shingle. + +THE PRESIDENT: The principle in grafting trees is to regulate +the moisture and the temperature factors. As a means of regulating the +moisture I use German peat around the graft. + +MR. HERSHEY: Have any of you had experience in grafting on the +north side of the stock? I found that quite a good scheme, so that the +heat doesn't kill the grafts. We grafted on the 15th of June this year. + +THE PRESIDENT: Professor Drake has done a good deal of work in +locating good varieties of black walnuts in the southwest and I am sure +he will be glad to tell you what he has found. Let me repeat what I said +about Mr. Snyder's work, that the most valuable work that is being done +is the discovering of new varieties of nuts. + +PROF. DRAKE: I shall talk about the methods I use in scoring +the black walnut in Arkansas. Color of kernel. The way I have determined +that is to first make a measuring scale. Get walnuts whose kernels show +different color. The lightest I call number one. It is quite easy to +divide them into five different groups. I feel that this grading can be +pretty well done, except possibly for the flavor, all the way through. +Applying this method to different nuts, here is the result that I have +obtained with the best ones: + +I find the Stabler to rank first, with total grade points of 71.66. For +making the test with the Stabler I have had Stabler nuts from a number +of different places, Snyder, Reed, University of Missouri and nuts I +have grown myself. + +The next two will be a surprise to you and I feel quite sure that after +further tests they may grade differently. The next highest is the Ogden. +I believe it was found in Kentucky in 1926 or 1927. Score of 70.90. The +Ogden nuts that I tested were thoroughly dry and gave an excellent +cracking quality, and I expect the test would go down a little bit had +they not been dried so long. I am sure, however, the Ogden is an +excellent cracker. I don't know just how the flavor of the Ogden will +be. I have some feeling that the flavor will not be as good as some. + +The third is the Adams. This one comes from West Park in the northern +part of Iowa. It is one that runs very high in kernel per cent. This +gives a total score of 70.87. + +While I think of it, there is one point about the method that I use for +scoring that is better, I think, than some other methods that have been +used, that it gives credit for even a part of a per cent. You will +notice that I run these out to the third point. + +I can't say about the Adams color. That nut also had been thoroughly +dried and I think the cracking quality shows better than it ordinarily +would. I think that is a variety that we should keep in mind and +especially that it should be used for crossing because of high +percentage of kernel. + +The fourth comes from Arkansas, that I have called the "Walker." Scored +70. I suppose we can't claim it entirely from Arkansas, although it was +planted there about 50 years ago. The owner moved there from Illinois. +There are five or six trees, two of them with excellent nuts. The +chances are that the score of this would be lowered somewhat if it were +more thoroughly tested. Last year when I tested I only got four. He told +me that was almost the most complete failure he had ever known for that +tree. Of those four only two were good. One of them I tested before it +was thoroughly dry and I felt that I couldn't test it properly. The +other nut I tested was larger. It weighed about 36 grams. I am sure that +size will be cut down when we can get the nuts from a normal crop. This +year the tree has a good crop and it can be tested more thoroughly. + +The next on the list is the Burrows. I think I only had two nuts for +testing this variety. So this score may be somewhat altered. I always +try to test at least ten nuts, and another year if I can get a sample I +will test them again. The score was 69.79. + +Following that is another one of Mr. Snyder's, the Finney, from Iowa. +That scored 68.82. After that comes our old standard variety, the Ohio, +68.30. Thomas 67.93. Following the Thomas is a variety, the Bohanan, +with a score of 66.89. After that the Asbury, 66.65; and the Iowa +variety from Iowa that John Rohwer sent me, 66.36. The Iowa is a little +bit better cracker than the Rohwer. Not quite as high percentage of +kernel. Slightly larger nut I believe. The Iowa nut is a little rougher +on the outside than the Rohwer. Following the Iowa is the Edgewood from +Arkansas. This is another of those trees, the parent tree coming from +Illinois, score 66. Ten Eyck, score 65.75. Knapke, score 63.73. Very +good producer. Following that is the Arkansas variety from my home with +a score of 63.11. The next variety comes from British Columbia, the +Attick, 62.02. As I have said, of some of these I have not had +sufficient nuts, and some of them are more thoroughly dry than others. I +am sure there will be some shifting in place. However, for the better +walnuts that I have and the ones I have plenty to test with I feel that +there will be little change from where I have placed them. I have made +another grouping. For large size the Walker scores the highest with +36.20 points. Now as to cracking quality, the Throp 100%, Ogden 94.43%. + +MEMBER: What did you crack them with? + +PROF. DRAKE: With a hammer. + +DR. COLBY: Do you use any fertilizer in your orchard? + +PROF. DRAKE: I have some. At first I didn't but afterwards I +used some barn yard manure and some nitrate. Of late years I put some +bone meal around the roots when I plant them. + +THE PRESIDENT: Any further discussion of this interesting +paper? + +DR. DEMING: Do you use the hammer in cracking entirely? + +PROF. DRAKE: Yes, sir. + +DR. DEMING: Why do you not use the mechanical cracker? Do you +not think the commercial value of the black walnut is best tested by +using a mechanical cracker? It will never be cracked with a hammer. + +PROF. DRAKE: That point is well taken. In the first place I +didn't have a commercial cracker but plenty of hammers. Another thing, +the commercial crackers are being developed. Unless we all try them out +in the same way there would be no value in it. I thought it would be +more accurate to use a hammer. + +THE PRESIDENT: Professor A. F. Yeager is unable to be with us. +Therefore, Dr. Colby will read his paper. + + + + +NUTS IN NORTH DAKOTA + +_By Prof. A. F. Yeager_ + + +The growing of nuts in North Dakota has hardly been considered as a +possibility even by the average amateur up to the present time. +Nevertheless, evidence is gradually accumulating that some varieties of +nuts can be grown as an addition to the home orchard in nearly all parts +of the state. + +We have no native nut plants except the hazel and our native hazel +seldom produces nuts in any quantity in the wild state, hence the +possibility of growing them for profit undoubtedly lies some distance in +the future. + +Nut bearing plants which have been introduced with success are the +butternut and the black walnut. Trees of these two species are to be +found in small numbers at various points in the state and have in +practically every case been grown from nuts planted where the trees are +now standing. In the past many failures have been reported with trees +grown from nuts sent up from the South. Such trees as are now standing +are the hardy remnants of considerable numbers of seedlings started, +most of which have fallen by the wayside because of the rigors of our +climate. Black walnut trees raised from seed produced on trees which +have reached fruiting age in North Dakota seem to possess the necessary +hardiness. As to whether the named varieties of walnuts would be a +success in this territory remains a question. Their culture has not been +attempted. + +Butternuts are naturally a more northerly species than black walnuts but +have not been so widely planted in North Dakota. Nevertheless there is a +sprinkling of bearing butternut trees in some of the pioneer groves. +Seed from these was planted at the experiment station in the fall of +1920. The seedlings prospered and some of them bore nuts in 1925, one +tree producing 114 nuts that year. Since then there has been a crop each +year and the trees have been making a growth of a foot or more per +year. This would seem to indicate that the butternut has possibilities, +at least as a producer of nuts for home consumption. + +Both the black walnut and butternut are subject to damage by late spring +frosts which kill off the opening blossoms. While it is not likely that +North Dakota will be a commercial nut growing state, we can look forward +with confidence to the time when a group of nut trees will be included +in the grove which will surround each North Dakota home. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: Butternuts and walnuts grow in Manitoba. I know +of 47 trees. + +MEMBER: Mr. Gall reports that heartnuts have endured the winter +in northwestern Manitoba. The black walnut has grown quite well in Swift +Current. That part of Canada is much colder. + +THE PRESIDENT: Our next paper is a report on the nut contest. +Mr. Bixby had planned to be here, but was unable to come. Has Dr. Deming +anything to offer? + +DR. DEMING: I have no very definite report to make on the nut +contest, because it wasn't finished until about two weeks ago and I +haven't had time to work on the results. The important part of the +report is the result of Mr. Bixby's scientific calculations on the +properties of the nuts, and this will be published in the report. The +contest this year cannot rank in extent and value with the contest of +1926. One reason for that is that the nut crop last fall seems to have +been everywhere very deficient, and in fact many contestants sent in +nuts from the year before. The second reason is that we didn't get good +advertising. I don't know exactly why we didn't. At first I didn't think +we were going to get any nuts at all. But belated notices in the Fruit +Grower, and especially in the Farm Journal, finally waked up a lot of +contestants. Possibly a third reason why the contest was not as +successful as in 1926 was that there were so many kinds of nuts for +which prizes were offered. I think that is rather confusing. I think we +had better do as in 1926 and offer a prize for a single nut each year, +rather than prizes for all the nuts each year. Take one nut one year +and another nut the next year, and so on, and then begin over again. At +the same time I think we ought to have a standing prize for nuts of each +species, that is for any better than those we already have. We have such +a prize for the hickory, the Bowditch. At different times other members +have offered prizes for other species. I would be glad to offer another +standing prize of $25 for some other nut in addition to Mr. Bowditch's +for the hickory. Three hundred eighty-eight people sent in nuts. That +was many fewer than in 1926. 138 people wrote letters but never sent any +nuts. There were 243 different black walnut specimens this year and 1229 +in 1926. We had some very valuable black walnuts. Some fully equal to, +if not better than, those we already have. Very few came from the South. +More came from the northern states. Wisconsin, Minnesota and Michigan +were well represented. We got 94 different specimens of butternuts. Some +of these were very good. Most of them were from the North, Vermont and +Wisconsin leading. We got 134 specimens of shagbark hickory, 40 +shellbarks and 10 others, perhaps hybrids or other species. There was +one California black walnut and only 4 beechnuts, very small indeed. Not +worthy of propagation at all. There were a few odd nuts. Only 40 +chestnuts were sent. I think that was because we did not get our +publicity out soon enough. The chestnut crop matures earlier and in many +instances the crops were out of the way. Of these chestnuts, 20 were +Japanese. When you first tasted them they tasted like potato but later +developed a large amount of sweetness. There were 20 American chestnuts. +Dr. Zimmerman would call them small because his standards for the +American chestnut are larger than my New England ideas. When the +chestnuts first came in they were quite green. In a few days they +hardened. If I dried them a little and then put them in boxes they began +to mold and soon would be a mass of mold. It always seemed to begin at +the butt end and would gradually spread over the whole nut and then get +inside and spoil it. I washed some in boric acid, others in +formaldehyde, and that hardened them. Then I tried packing them in +pulverized sugar and in salt. That extracted all the water so that in a +few hours you could pour out half a glass of water. I packed them in +peat moss and sand and treated them in various ways, and finally packed +them in fresh hardwood sawdust. In this they kept in good condition. + +DR. SMITH: Did you try sphagnum moss? + +DR. DEMING: No. Another writer says an excellent thing is +ground limestone. + +THE PRESIDENT: Did you get any Japanese walnuts? + +DR. DEMING: We got only three, of no merit. + +MEMBER: The value of the nut tree is going to be determined by +its vigor and its bearing qualities. If it doesn't produce any nuts it +isn't going to be any good. Mr. Bixby and Dr. Deming have allowed +nothing for the bearing qualities. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I am wondering whether it might be possible in +some way to get these different factors together and judge the nuts from +all angles. + +DR. DEMING: That, I think, is absolutely necessary. That is, to +combine these two scales of judging, the tree characteristics and those +of the nuts. Ultimately we have got to allow a large factor for +adaptation and productiveness. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: A nut may crack well at one time and not so well +later on. The moisture of the nuts is a factor. + +DR. DEMING: I don't agree with Dr. Smith that we should not use +the mechanical cracker. + +DR. SMITH: We also want the hammer. We must crack them in the +most favorable way. + +DR. DEMING: I think the hammer is of very little value. I think +we should crack them all with a mechanical cracker. If you crack with a +mechanical cracker, the two plungers come together by compression, which +crushes the ends in and makes the sides burst out, thereby releasing the +kernel. + +MR. HERSHEY: With the mechanical cracker the shells burst away +from the kernel. + +MR. FREY: My experience is that the mechanical cracker +outclasses the hammer. The walls of the nut shatter outwards and save +the kernel, whereas with a hammer you mash the nut. I can't see the +value of the contest in 1929 when the scion wood for those nuts can't be +secured until 1931. There is too much delay. I think if we would +establish a permanent award for a better nut of any variety that is sent +in we will make better progress. One nut that I know was put in the +contest last year. The tree was cut down before they could even write +for the scion wood. + +MEMBER: I got a shipment of chestnuts at one time. I took a +ten-gallon milk can and put two inches of sawdust in it. I originally +had 50 pounds of nuts but sold some of them. I had 8 or 10 pounds left. +I sealed them up tight, put the lid on, and a year from the next April I +opened the can. The ones on the bottom had started to grow, they had +tops of 4 or 5 inches long and they had a network of roots. But on top +of those the nuts were in perfect condition. I shipped some of them to +Washington. I planted some of them. Perhaps 9 out of 10 were in perfect +condition and they grew. + +DR. SMITH: I would like to suggest another method of keeping +chestnuts. Pack them in sphagnum moss, put them in cold storage and +freeze them solid. + +MR. HERSHEY: Mr. Bixby digs a trench, plants the nuts in it, +covers them with leaves and then with an inch or two of soil. + +THE PRESIDENT: One of the officers of the Bureau of Plant +Industry, traveling in Asia, took some seeds and dipped them in paraffin +wax. I know it is an excellent method of keeping dahlia roots. + +We have another item on our program, "New Members' Experience and +Questions." Possibly we have some new members here who have had +experiences and would like to tell us of them. + +MEMBER: My first experience was with Mr. Snyder at Ames. I saw +on the program a nut lecture, so I went. For the past two years I have +been attending the short course and heard Mr. Snyder lecture. A year ago +this spring I got some scions from Mr. Snyder. Four scions out of 7 +grew. It was the first time I had ever done any grafting at all. I used +paraffin for grafting. + +THE PRESIDENT: You got very good results indeed. This year I +made a miserable failure. I believe I only got about 12% to grow. I hope +you always have the same good luck. + +DR. SMITH: If he wants to keep his record he better not do any +more grafting. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Pretty near everybody this year reports a +miserable failure. There must be some reason. + +DR. SMITH: It may be the drought. + +PROF. DRAKE: I only got three to grow. We had enough rain in +the spring. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: My opinion is that last winter was hard on wood. +There was an early freeze in the central states. My observation is that +the wood was injured through the winter. I think any scion wood was not +very good. + +PROF. DRAKE: In our part of the country the temperature ran +from 24 to 26 below zero. + +MR. HERSHEY: If you notice in making the graft little pin +points of black on the scions, you can almost bet on a failure. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Some of the worst looking scions at times grow +the best. You put them on and they all grow. Another time you have +beautiful scions and they all die. + +MR. HARRINGTON: There is injury you can't see with the naked +eye. The wood was unripened when our winter set in. We had a very severe +winter in our section here. My practice has been to store my scion wood +in November. + +MR. FREY: The cold weather in January wouldn't affect that. I +am inclined to think the scion wood injury was done before winter set +in. + +MEMBER: When is the best time to gather scion wood? Mr. +Harrington says in the fall. I have been getting mine in February. Is it +better to cut the wood when entirely dormant, or would it grow better +if cut when the sap starts in the spring? + +MR. HARRINGTON: I want my scions cut early. + +DR. SMITH: How early can you cut them? + +MR. HARRINGTON: When the scars from the leaves have dried up +thoroughly. I have known them even in December to be still sappy. They +didn't grow well that year. I often cut them the last week in November. + +MR. HERSHEY: I would advise Dr. Smith not to cut too early in +the fall. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: From my papaws I cut scions in the fall. + +THE PRESIDENT: From the comments made here this morning I have +an opinion that the question certainly needs looking into. We could cut +our scions earlier. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I wouldn't cut them at that time if I didn't +have to. + +MR. HERSHEY: I think that is a good admission. Another thing, +if you paraffin your scions you need cat's paws to hang on to them. Dr. +Morris said last year, "Melt your paraffin off with hot water." We tried +it, got paraffin all over ourselves and cooked the wood. So then we +scraped the paraffin off. + +DR. DEMING: Dr. Neilson has said if there are any new members +we would like to hear from them. If there are no new members there +should be some. Our secretary sits at the table, ready and anxious to +receive the dues and names of new members. I have always felt that we +never treat new members with sufficient deference. I think we should ask +them to talk about their experiences, to tell us what they have done, to +tell us what they would like to do, to ask us questions, and that we +should make them feel more at home. + +THE PRESIDENT: That is very much to the point. + +DR. DEMING: Why isn't the chestnut more appreciated in this +country? Why aren't the farmers acquainted with the possibilities of +growing chestnuts here in the middle west? Yesterday Dr. Zimmerman and I +were at Mr. Harrington's and there we saw chestnut trees that would make +your heart warm to look at. Why can't the people of the middle west, +where the chestnut is not native, be awakened to the great possibilities +of growing the chestnut commercially? It is easy to grow. It bears +early, and abundantly. What can we do to make it better known? I would +like to ask Dr. Zimmerman. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Chestnut growers say "We can't keep them." +Several years ago I got a hundred pounds of chestnuts down in Illinois. +I sold them out to friends of mine. In a few weeks those chestnuts were +dry enough to use for roller bearings. That is the reason they don't +like the chestnut. I think that hurts the chestnut business more than +anything else. + +MR. HERSHEY: I would like to ask why insist on introducing the +chestnut when we have the black walnut? I would just as soon eat bran as +a chestnut. Now the black walnut you can keep for two years. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: In the last few years I have been in intimate +contact with chestnuts. I don't see why the people here don't take them +up. If you don't do it the people on the west coast are going to plant +chestnuts and ship them to the eastern market. You people can raise +chestnuts. The eastern markets are full of chestnuts from Europe. What +we need is chestnuts like the Riehl's. The large European chestnuts are +of poor flavor. Take the varieties you can grow around here and send +them to the East and you will get 50 cents a pound for them. Authorities +tell us the trees will die off. I tell you you will all die off after a +while. You aren't going to quit working because you are going to die +off. Within three years you will have trees that will bear. You may get +from twelve to fifteen crops off of them before they die. So far as the +food quality of the chestnut is concerned it is not a balanced diet, +mostly sugar, but it is a splendid food. The difficulty is in keeping it +soft. But it is not a difficult thing. Cold storage will keep the +chestnut in splendid shape for eating purposes. I would plant chestnuts +and plant them now. Sooner or later, if they die off, we in the East +will be prepared to replace them, but for the present you will have the +whole field east of the Rocky Mountains. I do not know of another +opportunity as great as the chestnut. I just wish I could take 20 acres +of this land with me back to my rocky Pennsylvania farm. + +DR. COLBY: In Illinois the chestnut is not native and people +don't realize that it can be grown. Some of the speakers have mentioned +the Riehls. I want to mention the Endicott place. Mr. Endicott tells me +that it is increasingly difficult to supply the demand for his +chestnuts. He sells his nuts sometimes a year in advance. Developing of +cleaning machinery and sorting machinery is going on apace. Mr. Endicott +is interested in a sorting machine such as we use for apples. It is true +we are going to get the blight out here sooner or later. Meantime we are +going to try to anticipate it by securing hybrids which are resistant +and of good quality at the same time. + +MR. SNYDER: I would like to say a word as to planting chestnuts +here in Iowa, and especially here north. What has been said is true of +the southern part of the state. We may grow varieties there that it +would not do to plant in the northern part of the state. I think I can +show you tomorrow if you visit my place that I have had considerable +experience in planting chestnuts just as an experiment. The first +planting mostly has gone out because of our climatic conditions. We have +severe winters. We must be careful what varieties we plant and what +stocks they are worked on when we do plant them. A few years ago a +nurseryman wrote me he would like to go out of business and he had +chestnut seedlings for sale. I bought his seedlings. I lost them all the +next winter. Why? Because of their mixed parentage, European and +Japanese. They were not hardy, that was all there was to it. If the +nurserymen here and farther north will be careful in the selection of +the varieties they use, we can grow them. There are two factors, the +stocks you graft on and the varieties you want to grow. + +MR. FREY: In my old home place there are native chestnuts over +60 years old. + +MR. SNYDER: If we had time I could take you to visit a grove of +chestnut trees, planted by one of the oldtimers, possibly seventy years +ago. I haven't been able to learn where the seed came from, evidently +from some northeastern country. That is where I get my seeds. Any trees +that I have grown from seedlings are dependable trees. + +MR. HERRICK: One point should be carried in mind. While we +think of Des Moines as located in central Iowa, as far as temperature is +concerned it is really southern Iowa. The weather at Ames, which is 30 +miles north of Des Moines, is far more severe. At Des Moines we can +raise Grimes Golden apples. At Ames it is almost impossible. I think +that the reason more people are not planting more of these good +varieties of walnuts and other species is that they cannot get the +trees. And then they are very high priced. Mr. Snyder says that it takes +a long time to propagate these trees. People don't like to pay $5.00 or +$6.00 for a tree and then maybe not have it grow. As I understand, Mr. +Snyder is about the only nurseryman in the state that furnishes nut +trees, I mean new varieties. + +MR. BOYCE: Would it be a good plan to plant black walnuts and +grow the seedlings right where you want your orchard? + +MR. SNYDER: I think that is a very good plan. + +DR. COLBY: An excellent way if you can get a man to do the +grafting. + +MR. BOYCE: What would be a reasonable price for grafting? + +DR. COLBY: Mr. Wilkinson has done considerable of that kind of +work. + +PROF. DRAKE: I have been more successful in budding. + +MR. HERSHEY: We can't in Pennsylvania. In the winter the buds +kill off. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Hershey's experience is like mine, about +$7.00 a graft. I will say that if I give grafting demonstrations, as I +have in Michigan, I always tell my audience a little story. Once upon a +time there was a wild west show. An old Indian chief on the outside +proclaimed the merits of the show. He always finished by saying, "And +now, ladies and gentlemen, if you go into this show I positively will +not give you your money back." I generally tell my audience I +positively will not guarantee anything. If none of the scions grow they +can't come back and say, "I told you so." + +DR. DEMING: I would like to have our president talk about +methods of making the transplanting of nursery grafted trees safer for +the purchaser. Dr. Neilson has had a good deal of experience in setting +out nursery stock. + +THE PRESIDENT: Quite naturally in the progress of time we gain +some knowledge by experience. Sometimes that experience is very costly. +We remember it more clearly. During the past year I made a few +observations on transplanting nut trees. Some of you who were at Ontario +in 1928 and New York last year, heard me speak of doing it by means of +paraffin coating which has been successful in quite a wide area of this +country and in Canada. The difficulty was that during very hot weather +the wax melted and ran down and did some injury on the south side of the +tree. I did notice that if you inclined the tree to the southwest just a +little there was very little injury, whereas if they leaned to the +northeast there was injury. I would suggest this, that if you are +planting on southern slopes and happen to be in localities where there +are very high temperatures, you use 1-3 beeswax and 2-3 paraffin. +Beeswax has been proven to be quite safe over wounds and trees in +general. This treatment has been used over a very wide area, in 18 +states and 5 Canadian Provinces. We have information at hand on 130,000 +roses, 15,000 pecans, 2,000 apples. We have had very few complaints from +the people who have used this treatment. Because of that, I firmly +believe that the principle of applying a protective coating to the upper +part of the tree and branches is correct. I have made another +observation in protecting roots against devitalizing. Certain kinds of +trees, hickory, walnut, are very susceptible to injury to the roots. I +tried paraffin on the cut roots and got very good healing. I found that +wherever I packed moist peat around the roots there was very good +response. Last spring I took about 100 seedling black walnuts and put +half in good loamy soil, the other half in moist peat. I got very good +results from those packed in peat. In the loam in 7 weeks not one scion +had grown. I took those pots and took out the dirt. I later planted them +in a cold frame in peat and practically every one of those walnut trees +grew. I believe that the peat had some beneficial effect. + +MR. FREY: From the time the nut tree is dug until it is planted +the nursery should pack it so it will keep moist. The purchaser should +not let the wind or sun strike it. I had some trees sent from Texas to +Oklahoma. The fellow who did the work heeled them in improperly. Every +tree died. Keeping the roots moist is half the problem. + +THE PRESIDENT: Very important indeed. Mr. Gellatly shipped +heartnut trees to Augusta. These trees were packed in moss and +paraffined. They arrived in excellent condition. The trip took six weeks +and they travelled 3,000 miles. + +DR. SMITH: What season? + +THE PRESIDENT: About the first of April, and arrived about the +middle of May. + +DR. DEMING: Could you make an artificial ball in which the +roots of a plant could be packed? Say peat moss, which is light, and +send that to the customer and tell him to plant it just as it is. + +THE PRESIDENT: I think possibly that can be done. The Wedge +Nursery of Albert Lea, Minnesota, have a method of packing roses in +sphagnum moss. They soak this material very thoroughly, embed the roots +in it, and outside this material they apply some water-proof covering. + + + + +AFTERNOON SESSION, SEPTEMBER 17TH, 1930 + + +THE PRESIDENT: At our last meeting in New York, Dr. Deming +suggested that it might be well worth while to make a study of the +Japanese walnut. His suggestion appealed to me, for I have been +interested in the occurrence and distribution of this species. I have +not had an opportunity to travel very widely on this continent, so I +have had to depend partly on the observation of other people. I sent out +a questionnaire to members of our association and horticultural +experiment stations throughout the United States and got a good +response. + + + + +SOME NOTES ON THE JAPANESE WALNUT IN NORTH AMERICA + +_Dr. J. A. Neilson, Michigan_ + + +The Japanese walnut, Juglans sieboldiana, and its varietal form +cordiformis, were said to have been introduced into America from Japan +about 1870 by a nurseryman at San Jose, California. From this and other +subsequent introductions a considerable number have been grown and +distributed in the United States and Canada. + +A recent inquiry by the writer brought forth some interesting data +relative to the occurrence and distribution of this species in North +America. This inquiry shows that it has been widely distributed and is +reported in the following states: Arkansas, Arizona, Alabama, +Connecticut, California, Delaware, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, +Massachusetts, Missouri, Minnesota, Maryland, Maine, Mississippi, +Michigan, New Jersey, New York, New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, +Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, +Washington, and Wisconsin. No reports were received from South Carolina, +Louisiana, Montana, North Carolina, North and South Dakota, Idaho, +Georgia, Colorado, Kansas, Texas, and Wyoming, and negative reports were +received from Florida, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma, and Tennessee. + +In none of these states is the Japanese walnut abundant in the same +degree as other kinds of nut trees, but in some states it was reported +more frequently than in others. It occurs more abundantly in +Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, New Jersey and Delaware than in +other states. + +In Canada it has been reported from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, +New Brunswick, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, Alberta and British Columbia. +In Ontario it is found occasionally from Windsor to the Quebec boundary +and from Lake Erie to North Bay. There are several fine large trees in +southern Ontario, some of which are worthy of propagation. Many of the +trees in Ontario and other eastern provinces grew from nuts distributed +by the writer several years ago. For five years in succession the writer +bought the crop from a large heartnut tree near Jordan Station, Ontario, +and distributed the nuts all over Canada to those who were interested. +More than twelve thousand nuts were thus distributed and I know from +observation and reports that seedling trees are now growing from the +Atlantic to the Pacific. I am going to tax your credulity to the utmost +and tell you that one of my correspondents reports heartnut trees +growing in the Peace River area of northern Alberta. I have no recent +report from my friend but I know that the trees came through two winters +in that far northland. + +Possibly in the days to come a superior seedling or a hybrid may be +found in these numerous seedlings which will be worth propagating. Some +of these trees have already borne nuts and many have made very good +growth. + +The Japanese walnut has also been reported from New Zealand and several +states in Australia, England, France, Germany and other European +countries. + + +_Climatic Adaptation_ + +From the foregoing it can be seen that this species of walnut has been +widely distributed and is now growing in countries with a wide +temperature range. Reports are on hand which show that the trees have +endured temperatures of 40 below zero F. to 110° above zero. From this +it need not be assumed that all Japanese walnut trees will stand great +extremes of heat and cold, for experience shows that they will not. It +does show, however, that some individuals at least have marked hardiness +to cold and heat and have endured temperatures much greater than the +English walnut. The best results in growth and fruitfulness have been +obtained in those regions of moderate rainfall where the apple and +sweet cherry grow successfully. + + +_Soil Requirements_ + +The Japanese walnut seems to thrive on many soil types ranging from a +heavy clay to a light sand, but does best on what is popularly known as +a well drained fertile sandy loam with a friable clay subsoil. It will +not do well on strongly acid soils and those who have planted trees on +such soils should apply lime in liberal quantities. Poorly drained soils +or very light soils deficient in humus are also not suitable. + + +_Tree and Nut Characteristics_ + +The Japanese walnut has several characteristics which make it desirable +as an ornamental and as a nut-bearing tree. It grows rapidly, has large +numerous luxuriant leaves which give it a tropical effect, and usually +has a symmetrical outline. It bears early, sometimes in the second year +from the graft, yields heavily and is often reported to yield regularly. + +A heartnut tree owned by Mr. Sylvestor Kratz of Jordan Station, Ontario, +produced nearly seven bushels of husked nuts one season and Mr. J. W. +Hershey reports a yield of ten bushels of heartnuts from a tree near +Olney, Pennsylvania. He also reports a cash return of $50.00 from one +tree grown by Mr. Killen of Felton, Delaware. These were heartnuts and +sold for 50 to 75 cents a pound. Mr. J. V. Gellatly, Westbank, B. C., +obtained a yield of ten bushels of unhusked nuts from a heartnut tree of +medium size. The yields from the common type, J. sieboldiana, have also +been heavy, but since no figures are available no definite statements +can be made. + +In the Japanese walnut as in other species of nuts there is marked +variation in nut characteristics, such as size, thickness of shell, +cracking quality, extraction quality and flavor of kernel. Heartnuts +have been found ranging from 1/2 in. to 1-3/4 in. in length. The largest +heartnut I have ever seen came from Gellatly Brothers of Westbank, B. C. +This nut was 1-3/4 in. long by 1-1/4 in. wide and was fully 1 in. thick. +I also located a fine Sieboldiana type which is said to be the largest +found up to date. (See specimens in jars). + +Some of these good kinds possess excellent cracking and extraction +quality. Mr. John Hershey of Downingtown, Pa., reports several good +easy-cracking strains not yet introduced and Mr. Gellatly has one called +O. K. that can easily be cracked with a hand nut cracker. I have also +found one that I believe is a hybrid and which has excellent cracking +and extraction quality. These specimens came from a seedling heartnut +grown by Mr. Claude Mitchell, Scotland, Ontario. The nuts are longer +than any heartnut found so far. The kernels in many cases fall out whole +or in halves. This strain received the O. K. of Prof. Reed and Dr. +Deming and as you know when a nut gets by either of those gentlemen it +has to possess some merit. The good result produced by nature without +any assistance from man suggests the possibility of getting even better +results from parents of superior characters. I believe the Japanese +walnut offers interesting possibilities in breeding with the butternut +and possibly the black and English walnut. Definite plant breeding work +should be done with these species as well as with all other species of +nuts. + +The Japanese walnuts generally grow fast but usually do not attain a +large size. In most cases the trees rarely grow more than 35 feet tall +with a spread of 30 to 50 feet, but occasionally specimens attain much +larger size. The writer saw a heartnut tree on Mr. Kratz's farm near +Jordan Station, Ontario, which had a trunk diameter of 2 ft., a height +of 35 ft., and a spread of 64 ft. Near St. Thomas, Ontario, there is a +large sieboldiana tree which is 75 ft. across the top and is about 45 +ft. tall. Mr. Ricks reports a huge tree near Olney, Pennsylvania, that +is 80 ft. across the top and 60 ft. tall and Dr. Deming reports a tree +with a spread of 100 ft. + + +_Varieties_ + +Through the efforts of the Northern Nut Growers Association members +several good varieties have been found and propagated. These varieties +have been widely distributed but have not been extensively planted. The +results are variable as might be expected, but generally the reports are +satisfactory. In the eastern states the following varieties seem to do +reasonably well: Faust, Bates, Ritchie and Stranger. In British +Columbia, Messrs. J. U. and David Gellatly have located several very +good strains such as Gellatly, O. K., Calendar, Walters and Rosefield. +These newer varieties from the West have several good characters and are +worthy of a wider trial in the East. + + +_Diseases and Insect Pests_ + +In common with most other forms of plant life the trees are susceptible +to some insects and diseases. + +Reports of injury by the walnut weevil, Conotrachelus juglandis, and +also by codling moth larvae have been received. In some cases the +foliage is attacked by rust fungi and some injury is also done by leaf +spot. Prof. Reed reports witches broom attacking some trees in the South +and one case of this disease was observed by the writer in Ontario on a +Siebold-butternut hybrid. Notwithstanding these defects it is believed +that the Japanese walnut is less attacked by disease and insects than +most other species of nut trees. + + +_Opinion of Observers_ + +The opinion of a group of people on the merits or defects of a tree +species or project is worthy of consideration. In order to get an +expression of opinion as to the merits of the Japanese walnut the +following question was asked: Do you consider the better strains of +Japanese walnut worthy of more extended planting? The answers to this +inquiry were numerous and varied. The great majority were in favor of +increased plantings but a few were somewhat dubious. Nearly every one +agreed that the species possessed marked beauty and was worthy of more +extended planting as an ornamental. Some gave preference to the nuts +over the black and English but the majority thought the quality was not +quite up to the standard of these two species. Some observers reported +favorably on the heartnut for culinary purposes and as an ingredient of +ice cream and candy. With these latter comments I have had personal +experience and can heartily agree. + + +_Summary_ + +From the evidence furnished by correspondents and from personal +observation the good qualities of the Japanese walnut may be summed up +as follows: + +Rapid growth, marked beauty of form and foliage, early bearing, +productiveness, and more than average hardiness to winter cold. The nuts +from superior trees are easier to crack than the butternut, hickory and +black walnut, but not so easy as the pecan and Persian walnut. These +superior varieties yield nuts with a mild flavor which appeals to the +taste of many people, but others think the flavor is not quite +pronounced enough. + +This species crosses readily with the butternut and offers interesting +possibilities for the plant breeder. + +The trees appear to be somewhat less susceptible to insects and diseases +than other walnuts, but this may not always hold good. + +The defects of the Japanese walnut most frequently mentioned are lack of +flavor and pollination deficiencies. Some trees produce staminate +flowers too early for proper pollination and thus do not yield a crop +unless another good pollinator grows nearby. + +Susceptibility to sun-scald and to San Jose scale are some other +weaknesses. Many of the trees commonly grown are undesirable because of +small size of nuts, poor cracking quality and too mild a flavor. + +A careful consideration of the good and bad characters of Japanese +walnuts suggests the following program before the culture of this +species can be placed on a sound basis. + +1. A systematic and thorough search of the United States and Canada for +productive trees yielding nuts of large size, of good cracking and +extraction quality and pleasing flavor. + +2. The propagation and wide dissemination of these superior strains to +members of the Northern Nut Growers Association and particularly to +experiment stations where there seems to be a striking lack of +information on this and other species of nuts. + +3. Systematic improvement by means of hybridization with the butternut +and other suitable species. + +A program such as this would yield information of great value and would +probably establish the culture of this species on a sounder basis than +it now is. Until this has been done the logical course to follow is to +plant the best varieties in limited numbers in areas where the black +walnut thrives and even in areas too cold for the black walnut. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: I have been connected with experiment stations +and colleges for the past number of years but I was quite surprised to +find such a general lack of knowledge of nut trees, and especially of +this species. The members of the experiment stations who are here do not +need to feel badly. My remarks wouldn't apply to them. + +MEMBER: Any varieties of this that bloom late? + +THE PRESIDENT: Yes, Mr. Gellatly of West Bank, British +Columbia, has a variety that blooms rather late. J. U. Gellatly and his +brother David have the best collection of Japanese walnuts in Canada, of +heartnuts especially. + +Professor Reed was to give us a paper on harvesting and marketing. We +have just heard that his paper will be here tomorrow. The next paper is +by Mr. F. O. Harrington. + + + + +THIRTY YEARS' EXPERIENCE IN THE CARE OF SCIONWOOD + +_F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg, Iowa_ + + +Prof. Colby wrote me some months ago asking if I would not write a paper +for this meeting on "Fifty Years' Experience in Nut Growing." I answered +that I had not been particularly interested in nut culture until within +a few years, and that I believed I could be of more use to our members +by telling them something of the care of scionwood. + +I am going to tell you of my method used for thirty years constantly +with only slight changes from the beginning. Any man who has had any +experience knows that it is important that scionwood should be carefully +kept, that it should not be kept in air so dry that the bark would +shrivel to any appreciable extent, or, on the other hand, a still worse +condition, where it is so damp that the bark will loosen and the buds +start. + +It is difficult enough in nut tree grafting to obtain reasonably fair +success with the scions in perfect condition, where used in late spring, +and it is something of a heart breaking proposition to try it with poor +scionwood. To the nurseryman, with his winter grafting of fruit trees, +the keeping of the scionwood long enough for his purpose in the cold of +the winter season is no problem at all. It can be stacked in a pile in +any cool cellar (not too wet) and covered over with leaves and blankets, +or what not, and it is all O. K. for that period. It is a far different +matter to hold small amounts of wood absolutely dormant through the +changing conditions from winter to summer, and perhaps as greatly +changed conditions of moisture through several months. And how shall +this best be accomplished? + +Ice house conditions are not, I think, generally very satisfactory. The +right cold storage facilities might be satisfactory, but not readily +accessible to most of us. I used to use boxes in the cellar, with +careful packing with forest leaves and somewhat careful attention to +moisture conditions, with penalties for lax attention always enforced. + +I know one nurseryman who, beside the regular nursery fruit tree +grafting scion wood, kept many scions of nut trees. He had a deep +outdoor cellar, or cave, which was always cool and not too dry. In this, +in large boxes of sawdust, he kept his scions for spring use. Just how +much attention as regards moisture conditions he had to give this I do +not know, but through his knowledge and experience with it I think his +scions were usually in good condition. + +Now I will quote to you on the care of scions from J. F. Jones' paper on +"The Propagation of Nut Trees" in the 1927 Report of the Annual Meeting +of the Northern Nut Growers Association, page 104: + + "It is not in the selection of scions that the beginner usually + fails to make his grafting a success, but in handling the scions. + Scions for grafting need not to be put in cold storage. In fact + cold storage at the usual temperatures seems to be injurious to + scions. Cool storage, that is temperature maintained below the + freezing point, is O. K., but in my experience this is not + necessary. We store them in a cellar with a ground floor. This is + damp and cool and the cases the scions are stored in are without + bottoms and set on the damp cellar floor. The cases are lined with + tar paper or light roofing, both the sides and the lid. The latter + is hinged for ease of getting out scions as needed. No packing is + used around the scions and they draw enough moisture from the damp + ground below to hold them plump and in good condition. Good scions + stored in this way can be kept for weeks, or even months if need + be, in excellent condition. Nut scions for grafting are soon + spoiled if packed too damp, even if kept at temperatures + considerably below that required to cause the sap to flow in trees + outside." + +Again I quote from Dr. W. C. Deming (1925 Report, page 48), "Top Working +Hickory Trees for the Beginner": + + "Scions packed away for any length of time are apt to go wrong, + either by drying too much, by being too moist and starting to grow, + or by heating, molding or rotting. A simple way to keep them is to + dig a hole about three feet deep in the ground outdoors in a dry + and sheltered place where water can never reach them, as under the + back porch. Have the scions in convenient lengths of one to two + feet. Wrap them in a bundle, or bundles, in a light tar paper, + which helps to prevent mold. Leave the ends open for ventilation. + Lay the bundles in the bottom of the hole and cover the top of the + hole with an old carpet, or several newspapers. This description + gives a general idea of the conditions under which scions should be + kept. A man may vary it according to his own conditions, bearing in + mind the principles. It is of vital importance to the success of + grafting that the scions should be in good condition. The usual + mistakes are in keeping them too wet and too much wrapped up. They + should be examined frequently to see that they are keeping well." + +I have brought to your attention what have been considered the very best +methods of keeping scionwood dormant and in best possible condition, and +all agree that this is of vital importance for successful grafting. I +will now call your attention to a better method than any of these, +equally simple and inexpensive, and so much better in its action that +scions may be kept by it two and three years in about the same condition +as when severed from the parent tree; and to prove this statement I have +here with me for your examination scionwood of several kinds of nut and +fruit trees that have been kept in the Harrington graft box one year and +two years. At the present time I have no older wood in my graft box, for +the simple reason that in the summer of 1928 the cover of the box, which +had been in several years, rotted so that the top caved in, leaving it +open to too much air, thus in time spoiling what wood was in it; and +before putting in new wood in November I had to dig out the old box and +replace with a new one. For wood will rot in time in the ground. I have +had, at different times in the past, scionwood in my box three years +old, much of it seemingly still good. I have not used any of it for +grafting at three years, but I have with good success the second year +old from cutting. I started experimentally with this method and box +thirty years ago and there has not been a year since in which I have not +used it, so you may readily understand that it is not an untried theory +I am giving you. A much valued member of our society, J. F. Jones of +Lancaster, Pa., now deceased, wrote me at one time, "You undoubtedly +have the best method of keeping scionwood known at the present day," and +Prof. Close, head of the Pomology Department of Agriculture, Washington, +D. C., made the same statement to me. + +My own box is located in an evergreen grove on dry land, but a shady +position to the north of a building might answer fairly well. Until the +last eight years my box was for a long period, under and between two +large butternut trees growing out in the open, except at the northward. +In my opinion it is highly desirable to cut and store all scionwood +before severe temperatures of the winter occur, preferably between +Thanksgiving and Christmas because very severe freezing is liable to +produce some little injury to the cambium layer, at least in some years, +and if that injury be even very slight it will usually spell failure +when used. + +The graft box, as I am using it, is about thirty inches long by eighteen +inches deep and fifteen inches wide. It has a solid cover but has a six +inch square hand hole through on top in front, covered by a loose board +lying flat and about ten inches square and butting back against a cross +bar nailed across the box two inches back of the doorway opening. No +bottom in the box but it has three cross bars nailed across inside to +hold all scionwood up two inches from the earth floor. Any scion that +touches the earth floor will either begin to grow or begin to rot. The +box is entirely buried two to three inches under the ground except over +the trap door. The spot must be perfectly drained. Over the box a space +about six feet wide by seven feet long is insulated from temperature +changes with straw packing to height, in center, of three feet and +protected from rain by a wood roof of boards, shingles, or prepared +roofing resembling, a little, the old wedge tent. To get into the box +burrow in under by pulling out the straw in front, but not too large a +tunnel, and far enough back to get at the trap door cover where it can +be slipped off and scions put in, the door replaced and all the straw +crowded back into place. Thereafter it is easy to slip the straw out and +back to get at the box. In any case the packing is always carefully +replaced, as the insulation of the earth near the box is of first +importance. + + +_Graft Box Air Conditions_ + +The small amount of moisture coming into the box from sides and earth +bottom, in ordinary conditions, seems to be very exactly balanced by the +very small amount of dry air that finds ingress to the box from outside +through the straw packing and the trap door, although after very long +wet spells, at whatever season of the year, it has been my practice to +bring all the scions out into the open air and allow both the scions +and the interior of box to dry out for as long as seems needful. The +reverse condition, that of too little moisture, I have never had to take +notice of. Occasionally a little white mold in box and on scions may +require a little open air treatment. No other condition seems to require +any special care. I do not know how much larger a box than I have used +would give equal satisfaction, for I have not demonstrated that feature, +but obviously there must be at some point a limiting factor between the +desired casualty of moisture and its opposite in the box. I am inclined +to think that a box of double that capacity could safely be used, but +advise that, where large amounts of scionwood are needed, more than one +box be used until a test has been made with less valuable wood to find +the size limit. + + * * * * * + +DR. SMITH: You speak of airing the scions. How long do you do +that? + +MR. HARRINGTON: It depends on the conditions that require the +airing. For instance a thaw in the winter, or a rainy spell. Again in +the summer a long rainy spell. In these cases I open up the box, maybe +leave it a couple of hours. + +DR. SMITH: That kills the mold, two hours' exposure? You never +sterilize the inside in any way? + +MR. HARRINGTON: I never have. It might be a good idea. The mold +doesn't seem to affect the scions. + + + + +EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS IN SEARCHING FOR BEST SEEDLING NUT TREES + +_J. F. Wilkinson, Indiana_ + + +Searching for the best seedling began long before the coming of the +white man to America, by Indians and animals and the birds which store +nuts for their winter food. This search has always been continued +through the nut growing territory by the crows, squirrels and other +birds and animals. + +Go to a pecan grove early in the fall when pecans are ripening and there +is no better evidence that a tree is an early ripener and produces a +thin shelled nut than to see a bunch of crows feeding from it. + +The children living near a pecan grove in early fall will go where crows +and birds are feeding to gather nuts that are dropped by them, and +later, when all trees have ripened their nuts, these children have their +favorite trees to gather from. I have seen the little ones around +Enterprise, of before school age, that would have a preference and could +select from a basket of pecans the ones from their favorite tree. It is +surprising how good their judgment is. + +The hunter also watches this in the early hunting season, going to the +earlier ripening hickory and walnut trees, for it is there he will find +the squirrels feeding. + +My own experience in gathering pecans dates back to my first school +days, for there were scores of pecans trees near the school building, +and as soon as I was large enough to climb a tree I spent many days each +fall gathering nuts and soon had a fair knowledge of all trees for a +radius of several miles around. + +The first trees of the now named varieties, the Indiana and Busseron, +were located and brought to notice by the late Mason J. Niblack. + +In the summer of 1910 my life-long friend, Mr. T. P. Littlepage, while +on a vacation, was camping on the Ohio river near my home and was then +very much interested in superior seedling nut trees. It was at that +time, in a talk with him, that I became interested in the propagation of +nut trees. + +At this time he took me with him to locate the "Warrick" tree which +stands on Pigeon Creek in Warrick County, Indiana. The next day he, R. +L. McCoy and myself went to the Greenriver grove where the Major and +Greenriver trees were located. These are now being propagated and are +considered outstanding varieties. Also a trip was made to Posey County, +Indiana, where the Hoosier tree was located. This variety was soon +dropped. + +From that time on R. L. McCoy and myself kept up a constant search until +he left Indiana in 1918. Since then I have done a lot of work along this +line myself. + +This work is carried on by arranging with nut buyers and gatherers in +the nut growing localities to be on the watch for any unusually good nut +and to send in a sample, with the name of the owner of the tree, or the +party gathering the nuts, so the tree may be located later. Hundreds of +samples have been received, the most of which were eliminated on +examination of the nut itself. In the case of any that seem promising a +trip is made to the tree for further information. Each fall I receive +word of trees producing a superior quality nut and in most cases from +the description given, whether it be by letter or a personal talk with +the informer, one would believe that a really worthy tree had been +found. But generally on investigation it proves to be only just above a +good average tree. + +A variety to be worthy of propagation must pass a rigid test. First, the +nut must be of desirable size, thin shell, plump kernel, good flavor and +good cracking quality, and last but not least the tree must be a good +and regular bearer. + +Accurate records on the bearing of these trees are very hard to obtain +as they often grow in isolated places and their product is known to all +in that neighborhood, and at least a part of the crop is often taken by +some one who makes no report on the amount, so the best information to +be had on this is often incorrect. When a promising tree is located the +surest way is to visit it each fall for several years just before +gathering time and see the crop on the tree. + +In almost every instance the size of a nut is exaggerated by the owner +or informer unintentionally. They are honest but their imagination gets +the better of their judgment. Then their knowledge is often limited to +their own trees and those of their neighbors, and the nut they prize may +be the best they know of, but when compared with nuts from a greater +territory is found to be of only fair size. + +The usual way one will describe the size of a pecan is to say it is as +large as his thumb and about two thirds the length of his forefinger, +and so thin shelled that two of them can easily be cracked in the hand +with only a light pressure. + +I usually carry some sample nuts of the named varieties on these trips +for comparison and it is seldom that the owner or informer of a tree +believes any of these to be larger than those produced by his favorite +tree until a comparison is made, and then he will often declare they are +not as large this season as usual. + +This brings to mind many incidents which are very clear in my memory, +one especially, when Mr. McCoy and myself had heard of the Kentucky +pecan tree which is opposite Grandview, Ind. We went to Grandview to get +first hand information on this tree from one who had gathered the nuts +from it and while talking to the party he was trying to tell us how +large the nut was. I first took a Busseron pecan from my pocket and he +said it was much larger than that. I then resorted to some large +southern ones none of which he thought were as large as his favorite. At +last I produced a McAllister. After some hesitation he admitted it was +larger than the Kentucky. At this Mr. McCoy gave a hearty laugh and told +him his imagination had the better of his judgment. Almost every one who +owns any number of nut trees has one that is better than the rest, and +naturally he prizes this one highly and wishes it propagated. I have +traveled many hundreds of miles going to trees on reports of others, +only to be disappointed. Where the tree is found to be promising and no +bearing record is obtainable, then an annual trip for several years is +necessary to determine the bearing record. These trips require time, +expense and labor for very often a part of the trip has to be made on +foot. + +Several years ago Claude Luckado, a professional pecan gatherer of +Rockport, spent several weeks one fall in a large pecan grove on the +Wabash river and brought back several samples of very promising pecans, +one especially that I considered very worthy of further consideration. I +reported this one to Mr. C. A. Reed, and a year or two later, when on a +trip through this section in the fall, he suggested a trip to this tree. +I arranged with Mr. Luckado to go with us to show us this tree, which is +about seventy miles from Rockport. We left there on the first traction +car for Mt. Vernon, Ind. From there we went in a Ford touring car +without any top and only one rear fender and drove over nine miles of +the worst roads I ever motored over to the Wabash river where we hired a +motor driven mussel boat to take us four miles down the river. The +remaining three miles we made on foot, reaching this grove about ten a. +m., and searched until late in the afternoon without locating the tree. +This day and trip I am sure Mr. C. A. Reed well remembers. + +Two years later when roads and weather were more favorable, Mr. Luckado +and myself left Rockport one morning at four a. m. and drove all the way +to the grove, arriving there early in the morning and searching until +late in the afternoon and again without results. But when one takes into +consideration that this tree is standing somewhere near the center of an +unbroken forest of hundreds of acres in which it has been estimated +there are near 20,000 bearing-size pecan trees, it is some task to +locate a certain tree, though the search for this tree will be made +again. + +It is very often that two or more trips are necessary to locate a tree +and about nine times out of ten when the tree is found it is not +considered worthy of propagation. Many amusing incidents and not a few +hardships are remembered in these past experiences. During the past +three years I have made four trips into southwestern Missouri and +southeast Kansas where there are thousands of native pecan trees +growing. Some trees in this section have been brought to notice which +seem promising. I now have several promising new varieties under test +and observation. + +The search for new and better varieties must be kept up, for no doubt +there are yet unknown as good and possibly better trees than we have yet +located. + + * * * * * + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Have you ever known anything about the Marmaton, +owned by J. E. Tipke at Rockwell, Missouri? + +MR. WILKINSON: I have a sample of it. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Mr. Tipke sent that to me. He told me it wasn't +as good as others but he said it never missed a crop. + +THE PRESIDENT: For the benefit of those who have not been down +to Mr. Wilkinson's I would like to say you will find it very worth while +to go there. In 1925 Mr. Wilkinson invited me to go with him through +southern Indiana, to see some of the large pecan trees he had there. +When I got there I really had to take two looks to see the top of some +of those trees. I found one tree that I would have to make three spans, +in this manner, to get around. One tree is said to be 125 feet tall and +16-1/2 feet around. After visiting that section and seeing the very many +interesting trees I concluded that Mr. Wilkinson really hadn't told all +that was to be told. Mr. Wilkinson is a very modest person. When he +tells you a certain thing you can make up your mind he is not +exaggerating in the least. + +MR. WILKINSON: Many times in determining the crop we have to +climb the tree. For instance, the Major is 65 feet to the first limb. It +is very often necessary to climb the tree to make an estimate of the +crop. + +THE PRESIDENT: Wasn't there one tree there with a spread of 125 +feet? + +MR. WILKINSON: This was in Greenview. That was the largest +pecan tree known in Indiana, 70 feet to the first limb, just a straight +column. The spread of the top was 140 to 150 feet. The wind blew the +tree down. + +MR. HERSHEY: That tree according to Mr. Wilkinson never missed +a crop. While I was there they took me to a tree that had 600 pounds one +year. It was on a cheap piece of land that was bought for $425.00. The +year we were there it produced 250 pounds, a light crop. Another lady +told us of a family that bought a piece of land that had about 50 pecans +scattered over it. That kept them in ample supply of money and they +didn't have to do much more to make a living. + +THE PRESIDENT: The next is a report by Dr. J. H. Kellogg. Mr. +Kellogg is not able to be with us and Dr. Colby will now read it. + + + + +MORE NUTS--LESS MEAT + +_Dr. J. H. Kellogg, Michigan_ + + +The oft reiterated appeals to the American public to "Eat more meat to +save the livestock industry" and exploitation of a so-called "all-meat +diet experiment" by Stefansson and Anderson, justify the presentation of +the special claims of other foodstuffs, so that those who desire to +regulate their eating in accordance with their bodily needs, rather than +to meet the exigencies of business, even to aid a declining industry, +may have a fair opportunity to judge comparative merits and draw sound +conclusions based upon scientific facts, rather than misleading +statements or the biased dictates of custom. + +If the American people are really suffering for lack of meat the efforts +of the Meat Board of Chicago should be regarded as a noble philanthropic +effort to correct a national fault and to avert the dire consequences of +the physical collapse which must necessarily result from a deficiency +diet. But if it is not true that the average American eats less +beefsteaks, chops, sausage, etc., than he needs, but as a matter of fact +is actually suffering notable injury because of the great consumption of +flesh foods of all sorts, then this persistent appeal to the American +stomach to render economic service as well as to do its work of +digestion, is not only a most extraordinary business anomaly but a grave +menace to the health and welfare of the American people. + +The discussion of this question is germane to the objects of this +convention, since nuts are the vegetable analogues of meats, and hence +we cannot reasonably ask nor expect that more nuts will be eaten +simultaneously with an increased consumption of meat. And so I shall +undertake to give in this paper some of the reasons why we may properly +urge the people of this country to eat more nuts and less meat. + +Nut meats are the real and original meat. Says Prof. Henry C. Sherman, +of Columbia University in his admirable textbook, "Food Products": + + "To speak of nuts as 'meat substitute' is natural under the present + conditions and reflects the prominence which has been given to meat + and the casual way in which nuts have been regarded for some + generations. Looking at the matter in evolutionary perspective, it + might be more logical to speak of meats as 'nut substitute' + instead." + +Evidently Professor Sherman believes, as do many other eminent +scientists, that nuts were a staple in the diet of primitive man. +Professor Elliot, of Oxford University, in his work, "Prehistoric Man," +calls attention to the fact that in the early ages of his long career, +man was not a flesh eater; and the famous Professor Ami, editor of the +Ethnological History of North America, and other paleontologists, hold +that man began the use of meat only after the glacial period had +destroyed the great forests of nut trees on which he had formerly +feasted. + +This, however, likewise agrees with Holy Writ. We read in Genesis 1:29: +"And God said, behold I have given you every herb yielding seed, which +is upon the face of all the earth, and every tree, in the which is the +fruit of a tree yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat." So the real +meat grew on trees and herbs. Beefsteak and chops are poor substitutes +for the real meat, which still constitutes the food of the human race, +for with the exception of the Anglo-Saxon race and a few savage tribes, +meat forms no substantial part of the human diet. The teeming millions +of India and China, which constitute nearly half of the whole human +race, eat practically no meat. The thronging millions of Central Africa +thrive on corn, nuts, bananas, peanuts, manioc, sweet potatoes and +melons. The same is true at the present time of the natives of Mexico, +Central and South America, who find in maize, beans, potatoes and +various tropical fruits ample and satisfying sustenance. + +The average American consumes 165 pounds of meat a year; the Japanese, +four pounds; the people of South China less--practically none at all. +Taking the human race as a whole, meat fills only a very insignificant +place in the world's bill of fare. Bread is the staff of life, and nuts, +the real meat, are gradually recovering their old prestige. It is only +in comparatively recent years that meat has entered so largely into the +bill of fare of civilized nations. Major J. B. Paget, a writer in the +_English Review_, calls attention to the fact that there has been in +England a deterioration in stature and otherwise since the Peninsular +War, the reason for which he thinks "is not difficult to discover. We +are the same race with the same climate and the same water. The only +difference is our diet." + +According to Wellington's Quartermaster General's Report, the rations of +the men who fought the Peninsular War under the Iron Duke, was one pound +of wheat per day and a quarter of a pound of goat's flesh. But they had +to catch the goats who ran wild in the mountains and so they seldom got +that part of their ration. + +According to General Sir William Butler these soldiers were "splendid +men with figures and faces like Greek gods." And he adds with regret, +"Such men have passed away." + +Major Paget tells us that the Spaniards were greatly impressed by the +fine teeth of these English soldiers and especially of their wives who +accompanied them. Of their diet the Major says: + +"These men before they enlisted were nearly all agricultural laborers +who were brought up on a hard, wholemeal bread, garden produce, and +apparently very little meat, as the consumption of meat was then _three +pounds per head per annum_." + +It is to be remembered also that nuts form a substantial part of the +diet of that large and interesting family of vertebrates, the primates, +represented by the gorilla, the chimpanzee, the orang-utan and the +gibbon, animals that do not eat meat, and that man is also a primate. No +authority has ever offered any reason why man's diet should differ from +that of other primates. + +Man is not naturally a flesh-eater. Infants usually evince a dislike for +flesh when it is first given them. + +Adults who use flesh foods are attracted by their flavors rather than by +the nutritive elements which they supply. As a matter of fact, more and +better food material is supplied by plant foods and at a far less cost. + +Meats are notably deficient in vitamins, while nuts are rich in vitamin +B, some, as the hazel nut, containing one-fifth as much as dry yeast. +The precious vitamin A, found in only very meager amounts in meats, is +found in the almond, the pine nut, coconuts and peanuts. + +The minerals, too, are found in better proportions and in larger amounts +in nuts than in meats. + +The deficiencies in essential elements in a lean meat diet are so +pronounced that when Chalmers Watson fed rats on meat they became +deformed and sterile, their mammary and other sex glands degenerated and +in three generations they ran out completely. Watson attributes the +steady and very pronounced lowering of the birth-rate in Great Britain +to the increased consumption of meat in that country, which has risen in +a little more than a century from 3 pounds to more than 100 pounds per +capita, while the birth-rate has fallen until it closely approximates +the mortality rate. The same thing has happened in the older sections of +this country, especially the New England states. + +According to Newburgh, of the University of Michigan, the large +consumption of meat in this country may be responsible for the high +death rate from Bright's disease, which is mounting higher every year. +And the same is true of diseases of the heart and blood vessels, which +now claim more lives annually than any other cause. He finds that when +rabbits are fed meat meal mixed with flour in bread, they soon become +diseased through changes in the bloodvessels and die of old age before +they are a year old. + +Hindhede, of Copenhagen, a physiologist of world-wide renown, and food +commissioner for Denmark, in a notable paper read before the Race +Betterment Conference at Battle Creek, January, 1928, remarked as +follows: + + "One notices the terrible death toll in America due to Bright's + disease. I can no longer doubt that the high meat diet ruins the + kidneys, especially in view of Dr. Newburgh's experiments, proving + as they do that we may, with mathematical certainty, produce + Bright's disease even in rats by placing them on a high meat diet. + + "I feared that you might doubt my statistics, and might consider me + merely another 'crank,' so I placed my figures before Dr. + Sundwall, Professor of Hygiene of the University of Michigan, and + asked him to check their correctness. Dr. Sundwall and Dr. Newburgh + recalculated the data, and authorized the publication." + +Hindhede found the number of deaths per 100,000 from six +causes--alcoholism, apoplexy, disorders of digestion, cirrhosis or +hardening of the liver, nephritis (Bright's disease), and diabetes--to +be in this country 255 and in Denmark on a low meat diet, 112. He +calculates that the adoption in this country of the Danish diet, which +would eliminate more than half our meats, would save the lives of not +less than 200,000 of our citizens annually. And yet there are vested +interests which continually clamor for the increased consumption of +meats. Fortunately the American people are becoming enlightened on the +subject of diet and are using less meat and more green vegetables, with +less bread and cereal breakfast foods and more milk and potatoes. + +Nutrition researches are daily teaching us new lessons in dietetics, +some of which are of commanding importance. One of the most significant +of these is the necessity for taking account of the nature of the ash +left by a foodstuff in the body. There are basic or alkali-ash foods and +acid-ash foods. Foods of the latter class when freely used cause +acidosis. Meats are high up in the list of acid-ash foods. It is for +this reason that such animals as the lion and flesh-eating men have +little endurance. The American team made a poor showing at the last +International Olympic meet, in the writer's opinion because of their +excessive meat-eating. According to Roosevelt, a vegetarian horse, with +a heavy man on his back (Teddy), was able to run down a lion in a mile +and a half. + +Thousands of short-winded, asthmatic people who are tired all the time +and take cold at every change of the wind and think they are overworked +because they find it so hard to work, are victims of acidosis from a +heavy meat diet. If such persons will eliminate meat from their diet and +add a pint of milk or buttermilk, they will experience an immediate +physical uplift which, in some cases, will seem almost incredible. + +Meat contains poisons, the natural wastes of the body. By its use, the +labor of the kidneys is more than doubled. + +Besides, fresh meats are always swarming with bacteria, and not the +harmless sort that are found in buttermilk but the pernicious germs +which have their headquarters in the colons of animals. Meats always +become infected with these filthy colon germs in the process of +slaughtering and the longer it is kept the more numerous the colon germs +become, for they multiply amazingly fast, and this is the reason the +meat becomes more tender when "hung" for a long time. + +I was consulted not long ago by the manager of a large popular hotel who +wanted suggestions about feeding his guests. I recommended special care +in the selection of meats and the choosing of that which had been most +recently killed. + +"Oh!" said the manager, "my chef is on to that. He is very particular. +You know our hotel meat usually has a beard of green mold on it an inch +long. My chef is very careful. He never allows the beard to be more than +a quarter of an inch long." + +Another hotel manager told me they often had to cut away nearly half of +the meat because it was so green and rotten. + +This is not pleasant information but it is simply commonplace, every-day +fact. Sausage, hamburger steak and "game" with a high flavor, are little +if any better than carrion, and the poisons which such foods introduce +into the body must all be detoxicated by the liver and eliminated by the +kidneys, and thus they are worn out prematurely by overwork. + +"As sweet as a nut," is an old bon mot which hides no such repulsive +picture. The nut, inside its germ-proof shell, is solid nutriment of the +purest sort, the very quintessence of nutrient value, sunlight in cold +storage. The nut represents food energy in its most delectable and +concentrated form. + +From an economic standpoint, the nut leaves flesh foods so far behind +that they are almost out of sight. + +Experiments to determine the digestibility and nutritive value of nuts +were conducted several years ago by the eminent Professor Jaffa of the +University of California. His researches conducted over many months, +using human volunteers as subjects, showed that nuts were well digested +and created no intestinal disturbances. Later experiments confirmed and +extended the observations of Professor Jaffa. These experiments, +conducted by Professor Cajori of Yale University in the Yale laboratory +and in the laboratory of the Battle Creek Sanitarium, have finally +definitely settled the question. + +Says Professor Cajori, with reference to his results: "A few years ago a +rather extensive series of digestion experiments were inaugurated at +Yale University in an effort to settle the question of the +indigestibility of nuts and also to test out some of the commercial nut +products to find what effect roasting, boiling, and other processes that +nuts are subjected to had on their digestibility. Through the courtesy +of Dr. Kellogg of Battle Creek, it was possible to follow up these +experiments with a series at Battle Creek. It is of the result of these +tests that I wish to speak." + + * * * * * + +"Our digestion experiments show the following results: For protein +digestion of nuts--almond 89%, pecan 84%, pine nut 89%, English walnut +83%, Brazil nut 88%, and coconut 88%." + +"How, then, explain the undoubted discomfort that many people experience +after eating nuts? I believe the explanation rests on the fact that our +common American way of eating nuts is not the rational way. We would not +consider topping off a heavy meal with eggs, meat, or cereals, or eating +these in large quantities between meals without realizing that we were +exposing ourselves to possible digestive discomfort. No more, then, can +we expect to eat nuts, which are even more concentrated or "heavy" than +meats or eggs, merely as an adjunct, without occasional discomfort. +Unpleasant results from so eating does not condemn the nut as +indigestible; rather it condemns our mode of using that nut. Further, we +must recognize that a nut is a hard compact substance, and that unless +completely masticated is not readily penetrated by the digestive juices +of the alimentary canal. This was very well brought out in our +experiments with dogs. The dog bolts his food and where there were large +fragments of the nuts in the food they appear unchanged in the feces, +while if the nut was ground fine before feeding it was readily digested. +Comparisons of nut butters and nut pastes with the whole nut also +brought out this point. The completely comminuted nut butters showed +consistently higher degrees of digestion than the whole nut." + +Nuts should be used as a food staple, a major element in the bill of +fare, rather than as a dessert, and special care must be taken as to +thorough mastication, which is almost equally true of apples, bananas +and numerous other fruits which possess a firm flesh. + +To overcome the objection that some people are unable to masticate nuts +properly on account of defective teeth, and to insure the proper +assimilation even if not properly chewed, the writer some forty years +ago conceived the idea of converting the nuts by crushing and grinding +into a paste, in other words, chewing the nuts by machinery. The peanut +was first utilized in this way and rapidly won its way to public favor. +Now, many scores of carloads of that nut are eaten under the name of +"peanut butter." + +Almonds were next used, and were found to make a delicious nut paste, or +butter, which by the addition of water and a little salt, became a most +delicious cream. In the form of almond cream or milk nothing could be +conceived in the way of nourishment which the body can more easily +appropriate and more fully utilize. + +As regards the necessity for eating meat, this question was definitely +settled by the Inter-allied Scientific Food Commission which met during +the war, without doubt the most authoritative body on the subject of +food and nutrition that was ever brought together. + +The question of a minimum meat ration was discussed by the Commission, +and it was decided to be unnecessary to fix a minimum meat ration, +since, in the words of the commissioners in their report, "no absolute +physiological need exists for meat, since the proteins of meat can be +replaced by other proteins, such as those contained in milk, cheese and +eggs, as well as those of vegetable origin." + +Quite in line with this official action was an editorial in the _Journal +of the American Medical Association_, which states that "man's health +and strength are not dependent on the assumed superior virtues of animal +flesh as a dietary constituent." + +A supreme advantage of nuts over meats is that they are absolutely free +from any possible taint of disease. Those delectable foods, the walnut, +the pecan, the hickory nut and the almond, are never the vehicle for +parasites or other infections. Nuts are not subject to tuberculosis or +any other disease which may be communicated to human beings. + +Speaking of his childhood diet, Professor Stephen Mizwa says: "We had +chicken, too, but I rarely tasted one unless I was sick and the chicken +was sick." The voluntary eating of sick animals may be less common in +this country than in Poland, but the eating of the flesh of diseased +animals may nevertheless be much more extensive. + +Within the year 1918 there were slaughtered in the United States a +hundred million beeves, sheep, pigs and goats, one whole beast for every +man, woman and child in the United States. Of this vast multitude of +animals the Federal inspectors examined nearly two-thirds (60,000,000) +and found one and a half per cent so badly diseased that the whole or +part of the carcass was condemned. In other words, nearly a million +(900,000) carcasses were found seriously diseased. But there were +40,000,000 other beasts killed and eaten which were not inspected; and +they were without doubt much more badly diseased, a fact which was in +many cases, most likely, the reason why no inspection was made. Allowing +that three per cent of these were diseased, which is a low estimate, the +total number of diseased animals found in the 100,000,000 slaughtered +was not less than 2,000,000, or one in fifty of the total number. And +most of these were eaten by human beings either wholly or in part. + +If we should abandon meat eating in favor of nuts we would not have to +worry about what our victuals died of. + +By the substitution of nuts for meats all dangers associated with flesh +eating may be avoided; hence their use should be encouraged in every +practical way. National and state legislators should make liberal +appropriations for the study of the soil and climatic conditions best +suited to nut culture, and otherwise encourage this infant but most +important industry. + + * * * * * + +MR. BRICKER: Have any of you come in contact with a black +walnut, seemingly deformed, in which there is only one lobe in the +shell? + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Deming, what is your observation of the +Stabler with one lobe? + +DR. DEMING: 50% are one lobe. + +MR. HERSHEY: Mr. Bixby found, I think, 60%. We don't know why +there should be nuts with one lobe. + +DR. SMITH: In my observation of the Stabler, the percentage of +one lobe nuts is very small, not more than 5%. + +MR. BRICKER: Also there is a large black walnut at Atalissa, +with a very thin shell. I have seen some of them, however, that were not +very well filled last year. + +THE PRESIDENT: Is that a little town in Iowa? + +MR. BRICKER: Yes. Below Iowa City, east of West Liberty. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Wilkinson has something interesting to tell +us about the discovery of a black walnut valued for its lumber. + +MR. WILKINSON: Possibly Professor Smith knows more about that +than I do. The first I knew of it Mr. Lamb wrote that he had found an +unusual figured walnut. He had already sent scions to Dr. Morris and Mr. +Bixby, and Dr. Morris suggested he send me some. When the log came Mr. +Lamb found it unusually highly figured. He traced it to where it was +loaded. They went to the fields and chopped into the tops until they +found the tree by the figure of the wood. It had been cut two months and +the wood was entirely dry. Mr. Bixby sent me two very tiny grafts. The +tree sawed out something over 60,000 feet of veneer that sold from 16 to +18 cents per square foot; quite a large tree. It sawed out five logs and +the stump sawed out 500 feet. Several thousand dollars for the tree. I +saw several pieces of the tree last year. The most beautiful thing I +ever saw. Most highly figured log that ever came into the mill at +Chicago. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Prof. Lake sent me scions named the Lion. + +DR. DEMING: The figure is not in the scion wood. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: The scion wood I put on was quite curly. + +DR. SMITH: Does the curly character show in the sap wood or the +heart? + +THE PRESIDENT: You have to go away from home to know what is +going on there. It is the first I have known about that very interesting +tree. I would like to get some trees of that curly type. Mr. W. K. +Kellogg is very much interested in having us propagate that type. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Mr. Link told me Mr. Linton had some. + +MR. HARRINGTON: It seems to me very strange that the stump +didn't sprout. + +MR. WILKINSON: The stump was used. + +DR. DEMING: There must have been roots. + +THE PRESIDENT: Sometimes it is difficult to get them to grow. + +MR. WEBER: Three miles northwest of Blufftown there is a +natural hybrid between the white and chinquapin oaks. There are some +samples out on the table. We picked up some of the nuts and found them +edible. No trace of any bitterness whatever. You come out of Blufftown +on No. 30. About a half mile above the town you turn to the left and go +about a mile or more. It is at the intersection of the Erie Quarry road. +It has a wire fence around it. + +DR. SMITH: How do you know it is a hybrid? + +MR. WEBER: From Richard Leber. It was discovered by a man by +the name of Williamson, and he suggested that the state acquire the land +in order to preserve the tree. + +DR. SMITH: It will be another source of carbo-hydrate food. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Zimmerman is a specialist on chestnut +blight, and particularly on inducing immunity. + + + + +INDUCED IMMUNITY TO CHESTNUT BLIGHT + +_Dr. G. A. Zimmerman, Piketown, Pa._ + + +Several years ago I started out to get rid of the chestnut blight. On +several occasions before this notable body I told of the successes and +failures I had encountered, still believing that I was on the right road +and insisting that an antigen would be absorbed in sufficient amount to +stimulate immunity. Science has since vindicated that assertion and men +are now injecting all sorts of chemicals, and even dyes to stain the +grain of the wood. + +I have been very cautious in the past and perhaps should be more so now, +in view of the fact that only a comparatively few years have elapsed +since I began my work on plants. Still, after having used vaccines on +human beings and animals for twenty-one years, and observing that plant +life reacts to an antigen in a similar manner, I am at least entitled to +the same conclusions. This gives me an opportunity of knowing years in +advance just what to expect. + +While my work is still going on as an experiment I have no hesitancy in +saying that I can and have put as much active immunity to the blight +into the chestnut in five years as nature has been able to place in +perhaps four or five thousand years by her usual method. However it is +only fair to state that such results cannot be accomplished by mere +oratory. Injections must be made and the antigen must go into the +plants, not in single doses, if you please, but by the thousands. + +In recent years there has been considerable discussion relative to the +chestnut coming back. This simply means further delay. The chestnut will +come back but not before from 25 to 150 years yet. There are few roots +that will stand mutilation for that period, and the few plants that do +survive will have taken the shrub form like the chinquapin, and the nuts +will likely be as insignificant. I have plants from a tree that holds as +much immunity in the natural way as any I know, being rated at 2X, and +these plants have inherited an immunity equal to the parent, no more and +no less. I have, however, a lot of seedlings from Paragon and Champion +trees rated at from 6X to 7X. These seedlings may confidently be +expected to perform as their parents and produce many plants of equal +resistance. + +I shall not discuss the antigen or its method of administration. That +has been covered rather carefully in former papers. I do want to say a +word, however, about root stock. In a blight region it is preferable to +have chestnuts on their own roots. The nearest to own-rooted plants is a +graft on their own seedlings. The Chinese and Japanese chestnut in my +hands has made a very poor root stock for the American chestnut or its +hybrids. The European chestnut is only fair, with the chinquapin +somewhat better, but having the disadvantage of being troublesome to get +from the seed. The American chestnut, or its American hybrids, is by far +the best, providing we can get one with immunity. I think the Rochester +will shortly fill this need. + +The chestnut oak has made a rather interesting stock for a few +varieties, notably a Chinese and 20 No. 3, a native American chestnut +sent to me from Bloomsburg, Pa. I now have a few of these double grafted +with other varieties. + +I might say that I am no longer interested in any chestnut, no matter +how resistant it may be, unless the nut is of large size and fine +quality, because I can immunize a plant bearing a good size, fine +quality chestnut much easier and in a shorter time than one can be +developed through hybridization from an inferior nut. I am usually, like +most folks, looking for the path of least resistance. + +My work has been a good deal divided during the past few years because, +while I started out with the chestnut alone, now I am carrying a dozen +other fruits, nuts and berries. + +In closing let me state that my principle of induced immunity is sound +and the procedure feasible and practical. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: About the result of grafting the chestnut on a +species of oak. How long have these scions been growing? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: About three years. + +MR. HERSHEY: How long? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: This is not the oak that I had reference to +when you were up there. These are about three years old. I think they +grow a little better than on the chestnut. Many of them died. I have +another scheme now; that is grafting the scions as high as I can. Get +them united and then bend them over and get them to root. Some are doing +nicely, others have died. + +DR. SMITH. I think you complimented us by thinking we could +follow you. Do you intend to vaccinate the chestnut and make it immune +and then expect it to transmit that immunity in its seed? Have you +checked up in the second generation? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I haven't had time yet. + +DR. SMITH: Thus far you have established immunity in the living +tree? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Yes, and I have a bunch of seedlings now from +nuts from immunized trees that I planted last spring. I have 200 of +those. I expect them to inherit immunization from their parents. + +DR. SMITH: We vaccinate each generation of youngsters. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I was speaking of the experiments with guinea +pigs. + +DR. SMITH: Isn't smallpox vaccination against your theory? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I don't think so. They are doing it with other +things. I found a human being giving the reaction for typhoid for +seventeen years after he had been immunized. + +DR. SMITH: Have you any evidence for or against the decline of +immunity in the tree? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I think it will decline. + +DR. SMITH: Then we have got to keep on immunizing like +spraying. I didn't mean necessarily annually. I mean perhaps it is not a +permanent achievement. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I imagine that the tree will be sufficiently +attacked by blight to keep the immunity up. It is wise to have it +attacked once in a while. + +MR. HERSHEY: Isn't this only carried on until you get natural +resistance? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I know that it will be a long time before I can +have chestnut trees to produce like Mr. Harrington's. But I am going +ahead. I can't wait 17 years. All I need is some time and I will produce +chestnuts of the finest varieties, as Mr. Harrington has. + +DR. SMITH: How long will it take? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: They will hold their immunity as well as the +Chinese. The ones I have are worth planting right now. I have trees that +are standing up better than any Chinese chestnuts are. It takes a long +time before the immunizing principle is so disseminated that every part +of the tree will have an equal resistance. I can easily see that by +cutting off a scion and grafting it I may get hold of one that has not +had its immunization distributed as it should be. + +DR. SMITH: A fairly ignorant man can take machinery and spray +an orchard. Can he do the same with immunizing? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: No sir, he can not. + +DR. SMITH: Perhaps I should not have used the word ignorant. A +farm hand can spray and make a pretty good crop of apples. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: No, he can't do it. It hasn't been easy. I have +run into all kinds of obstacles. As soon as I injure the stock a little +bit the blight takes it. As soon as I can raise them on their own roots +it will be all right. That will come. + +DR. SMITH: Have you seen chestnut grafts root as the apple +does? + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: Yes, right below the surface. A couple of them +were that long. They will send out roots. Then I have noticed on some, +that at the place where I grafted the callus got quite large. It got too +dry and died off. I have never rooted American chestnut cuttings. I have +rooted some Chinese chestnuts. + +THE PRESIDENT: Some of the Chinese chestnuts root quite readily +from those small shoots that come up from the ground. I conducted a +little experiment in trying to propagate the Chinese chestnuts by +cuttings. I made 144 cuttings. They all dutifully and beautifully died. +I don't mean to say that the Chinese chestnut cannot be rooted by +cuttings. + +DR. ZIMMERMAN: I noticed one chestnut that was toppling over +and the leaves were withering. The rats had taken it off just below the +ground. I couldn't find a root anywhere, but it was callused. I cut it +back and planted it again. It must have roots now for it is still green. +Otherwise it wouldn't live this long. + +THE PRESIDENT: Your experiments are of very great interest. If +you are successful you will deserve the gratitude of this and future +generations. + +MR. HARRINGTON: Do you remember when we were down at the Riehl +nursery that we ran into a chestnut that produces 7 to 9 in a burr? + +THE PRESIDENT: I remember one tree that had a great many nuts. + +MR. HARRINGTON: I had one with 7 nuts and they said there were +some with 9. Was that the one named Gibbons? + +DR. COLBY: That has three nuts to the burr. + +DR. DEMING: Dr. Colby, there have been two instances of blight +infection in Illinois. Could you tell us how the eradication was done? + +DR. COLBY: In each case the tree was burned and the disease +entirely eradicated by fire on the spot. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Colby has a paper from Mr. Littlepage on the +plant patent law. + + + + +"PLANT PATENT ACT" + +_By Thomas P. Littlepage, District of Columbia Bar, Washington, D. C._ + + +The plant patent act is an effort by Congress, as stated in the +Committee reports on this bill, "to afford agriculture, so far as +practicable, the same opportunity to participate in the benefits of the +patent system as has been given industry, and thus assist in placing +agriculture on a basis of economic equality with industry." The act is +rather short and is set forth below: + + +[PUBLIC--NO. 245--71ST CONGRESS] + +[S. 4015] + +An Act To provide for plant patents. + +_Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United +States of America in Congress assembled._ That sections 4884 and 4886 of +the Revised Statutes, as amended. (U. S. C., title 35, secs. 40 and 31), +are amended to read as follows: + +"SEC. 4884. Every patent shall contain a short title or +description of the invention or discovery, correctly indicating its +nature and design, and a grant to the patentee, his heirs or assigns, +for the term of seventeen years, of the exclusive right to make, use, +and vend the invention or discovery (including in the case of a plant +patent the exclusive right to asexually reproduce the plant) throughout +the United States and the Territories thereof, referring to the +specification for the particulars thereof. A copy of the specification +and drawings shall be annexed to the patent and be a part thereof. + +"SEC. 4886. Any person who has invented or discovered any new +and useful art, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any +new and useful improvements thereof, or who has invented or discovered +and asexually reproduced any distinct and new variety of plant, other +than a tuber-propagated plant, not known or used by others in this +country, before his invention or discovery thereof, and not patented or +described in any printed publication in this or any foreign country, +before his invention or discovery thereof, or more than two years prior +to his application, and not in public use or on sale in this country for +more than two years prior to his application, unless the same is proved +to have been abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees required by law, +and other due proceeding had, obtain a patent therefor." + +SEC. 2, Section 4888 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (U. S. +C., title 35, sec. 33), is amended by adding at the end thereof the +following sentence: "No plant patent shall be declared invalid on the +ground of noncompliance with this section if the description is made as +complete as is reasonably possible." + +SEC. 3. The first sentence of section 4892 of the Revised +Statutes, as amended (U. S. C., title 35, sec. 35), is amended to read +as follows: + +"SEC. 4892. The applicant shall make oath that he does verily +believe himself to be the original and first inventor or discoverer of +the art, machine, manufacture, composition, or improvement, or of the +variety of plant, for which he solicits a patent; that he does not know +and does not believe that the same was ever before known or used; and +shall state of what country he is a citizen." + +SEC. 4. The President may by Executive order direct the +Secretary of Agriculture (1) to furnish the Commissioner of Patents such +available information of the Department of Agriculture, or (2) to +conduct through the appropriate bureau or division of the department +such research upon special problems, or (3) to detail to the +Commissioner of Patents such officers and employees of the department, +as the commissioner may request for the purposes of carrying this Act +into effect. + +SEC. 5. Notwithstanding the foregoing provisions of this Act, +no variety of plant which has been introduced to the public prior to the +approval of this Act shall be subject to patent. + +SEC. 6. If any provision of this Act is declared +unconstitutional or the application thereof to any person or +circumstance is held invalid, the validity of the remainder of the Act +and the application thereof to other persons or circumstances shall not +be affected thereby. + +Approved, May 23, 1930. + + * * * * * + +It is admitted by all who understand anything about horticulture that +this act is intended to meet a long-felt want. The world owes much to +many hard working scientists who have developed many valuable plants, +both ornamental and edible, and up to the date of this act such producer +had no way of reaping any very material financial benefit from his +labors. The man who might invent some new and useful gadget for an +automobile or other machinery was protected under the patent law, if he +availed himself of it, but the man who developed a beautiful flower, a +fine apple or a fine nut was wholly without protection. + +The term "asexually" as used in the act, is generally understood by +horticulturists to mean any method of producing a plant except from +seed. It will be observed, in referring again to the act, that the man +who discovers some new plant and propagates it by any of the methods +covered by the term "asexually" can have such plant patented under the +terms of this law, but the patent law is one that is always construed +strictly and obviously the application for patent would have to be made +in the name of the man who actually discovered the plant. Of course, +after securing such patent, he could assign it the same as any other +patent is assigned, but the question would constantly arise in this +connection as to who actually was the first discoverer. Most of the +sporadic fine plants, especially fruit and nut bearing trees, were +matters of neighborhood knowledge many years before they actually +attracted the attention of some one who recognized their full value and +knew how to propagate them, and the question would arise immediately as +to who was the real discoverer. Undoubtedly the man who tramped +constantly around in the neighborhood of a fine nut or fruit tree and +actually saw the tree but did not recognize its value, is like the man +the poet describes when he said: + + "A primrose by the river's brim, + A primrose only was to him, + And nothing more." + +This man could not be said to be a discoverer under the terms of this +law; but on the other hand the plowman who might be plodding his weary +way homeward and see a fruit or nut tree bearing something unusual and +who would recognize its unusual and distinct differences would be the +real discoverer, but unless he could prove the fact that he had called +it to the attention of others in some manner he would have difficulty in +complying with the patent law and making a proper showing of originality +as required by that law. But he would also, in addition to being the +discoverer, have to asexually reproduce it and this he might not be able +to do on account of his lack of knowledge of propagating methods. + +The language of the law presents some very interesting problems to those +of us who have tramped the fields and valleys in search of nut trees +producing better nuts than those already propagated, and it incidently +brings into the patent practice a brand new requirement. The ablest +patent lawyer in America might not know the difference between a bud and +a graft, a layer or cross-pollination. I have frequently had some very +able lawyers who visited my farm and had their attention called to a +pecan tree grafted onto a hickory, ask what kind of nuts it would bear. +Of course when they ask such questions as that I promptly change the +subject and begin to talk about the weather or something else; I +certainly do not try to educate them in the fundamentals of tree +propagation. It will also require specialists in the patent office who +likewise know something of horticulture and reproduction methods of +plants. + +It will also be noted that the law excludes tuber-propagated plants. The +Committee report states that: + + "The bill excepts from the right to a patent the invention or + discovery of a distinct and new variety of a tuber-propagated + plant. The term "tuber" is used in its narrow horticultural sense + as meaning a short, thickened portion of an underground branch. It + does not cover, for instance, bulbs, corms, stolons, and rhizomes. + Substantially, the only plants covered by the term + "tuber-propagated" would be the Irish potato and the Jerusalem + artichoke. This exception is made because this group alone, among + asexually reproduced plants, is propagated by the same part of the + plant that is sold as food." + +It will be noted that there is quite a spread, however, between the +exact language of the law and the Committee report, for example: under +the law it would appear that a dahlia might be excluded, and it also +raises the question, under the language of the law, as to many of the +root plants, such as peonies and others. Obviously, Congress did not +intend to exclude plants such as the dahlia, peony and others, as +evidenced from the excerpt in the Committee report above quoted, and +whether the matter of the production of a new dahlia by +cross-pollination and tested out through the growth of the bulbs, can be +made to harmonize with the language of the law is the question. The +Committee report says that tubers mean only "Irish potatoes and +Jerusalem artichokes." It always occurred to me that the sweet-potato +is also a tuber, but the Committee report apparently attempts to exclude +it. + +There are any number of interesting questions that occur to those of us +who are fortunate enough to have some knowledge of the law as well as a +few fundamental principles of horticulture, but in spite of whatever +weakness the law may or may not have, it is undoubtedly a step in the +right direction, and meets a long-felt want. + +The Secretary of Agriculture said in his letter to the Committee: + + "The proposed legislation would appear to be desirable and to lend + far-reaching encouragement to agriculture and benefit to the + general public." + +Thomas A. Edison, who is also quoted in the Committee report, said: + + "Nothing that Congress could do to help farming would be of greater + value and permanence than to give to the plant breeder the same + status as the mechanical and chemical inventors now have through + the patent law. There are but few plant breeders. This (the bill) + will, I feel sure, give us many Burbanks." + +It is certainly to be hoped that many of those interested in northern +nut culture, as well as in fruits and ornamentals, will avail themselves +of the privileges of this bill to give us something better. We are not +satisfied with our varieties today and should not be. The greatest +problem in nut culture, as well as fruit and ornamentals, is the +question of variety. It will also be the most important question a +hundred years from now, but the man who produces these better varieties +should do so with the knowledge that under this law the fruits of his +labor will be protected and he will at least have the same opportunity +to receive remuneration therefrom as the inventor of a gadget. + + * * * * * + +DR. COLBY: I have talked with a number of men interested in the +law. While they agree that it is a step in the right direction they feel +that it will be a rather difficult thing to administer it. Plants differ +from other objects or things or "gadgets" and considerable experience +will be necessary on the part of the administration before the law will +be made workable. + + * * * * * + +A banquet was held at the Hotel Montrose on the evening of September 17 +at which about forty members and guests were present. The menu follows, +and it will be noted that nuts were featured: + + Canape, Montrose + (Dates stuffed with Nuts) + Iced Celery + Mixed Nuts + Queen Olives + Soup, Rothschild + (Garnished with Chestnuts) + Roast Young Capon Stuffed, Hickory Nut Dressing, Jelly + Au Gratin Potatoes + Puree of Chestnuts, Baked + Frozen Fruit & Nut Salad, Cream Nut Dressing + Wafers + Hot Parkerhouse Rolls + Black Walnut Ice Cream + Nut Layer Cake + Coffee + +After the banquet the President spoke as follows: + +Once upon a time I read a poem, which unfortunately I do not have here +but in effect it was this: In our progress through life a great deal of +injury is wrought by not showing our appreciation of people while they +are with us. Let us give them our flowers now. We do want now to say a +few things about the founder of our organization. In my history of this +association Dr. Deming was the person who first proposed an association +of this kind. I believe this was about 21 or 22 years ago, perhaps +longer than that. At any rate the association has been going for some +time and it was brought into existence through the thought of Dr. +Deming. We should be very glad to hear from Dr. Deming. + +DR. DEMING: Thank you. It is very gratifying indeed but I wish +you hadn't. It is very difficult to express gratitude properly. I cannot +make a speech like our friend Dr. Smith here, who I hope will make one. +I can't tell a good story like our President. In fact, I feel like that +man who said, "How happy is the moron, he does not give a damn. I wish I +were a moron. My God! perhaps I am." + +David Fairchild says that it takes the energies, the fortunes and the +lives of pioneers, the best people of our country, to build up a new +plant industry. I congratulate you all in being included in that class +of pioneers, the best people of this country. But we haven't yet built +up the great nut industry that we would like to build. + +I might tell you how the idea of the nut growers association arose. In +1907 I got a little farm of forty acres in Connecticut. In 1908 I read +an article by Dr. Morris, "Nut Culture as a Side Line for Physicians." I +immediately wrote the doctor and he said in fifteen years I could have +an income of $100.00 an acre from nuts alone. That seemed to me exactly +what I wanted, $4,000 a year and live very comfortably. So I bought all +the nut trees I could find. I bought nut trees from every nursery in +this country that offered them in the North. I got pecans from the +South. I sent to California and got filberts and English walnuts. I sent +to Europe for English walnut seeds. I bought twenty acres of chestnut +sprout land and grafted the sprouts. Just as the chestnuts were +beginning to bear the blight came along. That ended them. The English +walnuts I set around in fence corners and they grew a little smaller +every year and, finally disappeared. That was the end of the English +walnuts. At that time I couldn't graft hickories. With great labor I +collected hickory scions and sent them to nurseries in the South and had +them grafted. They arrived in the North after the ground had frozen. I +told the hired man to heel them in. He heeled them in but left the top +of the roots out. In the spring they were all dead. By that time my +dander was up a little. I thought there must be other men who were +having the same trouble. If we could have a little organization we could +tell each other our troubles and perhaps work them out together. I wrote +Dr. Morris, John Craig, Professor Close, Mr. Hales, and one or two +others, and we met together in the Botanical Museum in Bronx Park and +organized the Northern Nut Growers Association. That is all I had to do +with it. Whether we will ever come to the place where they will have +bands out and ticker tape flying, when we come to town--that is the +thing I used to dream about a little when we first started. But I don't +think we are destined to burst wide the gates of fame yet. We may after +we have achieved our objects. As Dr. Fairchild has said, all our money, +lives and energies must be devoted to them. We then may achieve +post-mortem fame. + +I want to say one thing, however, before I stop. We can't advocate the +planting of nut trees if there are no nut trees to be had. Therefore, I +think the Northern Nut Growers Association should do all that is +possible to encourage the nursery men who are propagating nut trees. We +should consider the propagating nursery men as a vital and essential +part of the work we are trying to do. + +THE PRESIDENT: Dr. Deming made some reference to stories. Once +in a while a story does flit across my mental horizon. I want to tell +you how the word "nut" may have a very humorous interpretation. Once +upon a time in Michigan a man died. After he died the local minister +went around to console the widow. When he came of course the lady was +grieving. This clergyman was a very young man and he attempted to +console her thus: "Now, my dear Mrs. Smith; that which you see is just +the husk, the nut has gone to heaven." Another time I addressed the +Women's Canadian Club. I was invited to address this group on nut +culture and the President in introducing me told a story about a +minister too. In this case the minister got up in his pulpit and made an +announcement: "My dear friends, my sermon is on liars. I am glad to see +so many present." This lady said, "Of course, Mr. Neilson cannot say 'I +am going to talk today on nuts, I am glad to see so many present'." I +would like to give you an outline of the progress made during the past +year. In writing this I had to inject into it a great deal of my own +activities. I simply couldn't get out of it. I ask you to overlook the +frequent references of a personal nature. + + + + +PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS + +_Prof. J. A. Neilson, East Lansing, Mich._ + + +This is our twenty-first meeting and the first one to be held in the +state of Iowa where tall corn grows, where good nuts thrive and good +people live. We are glad to come to the midwest and meet some of its +people, and see what our friends the Snyder Brothers and others are +doing to extend the culture of nut trees in Iowa and other midwest +states. + +In looking over the records of the past year we find the usual +experiences common to the lot of man. We find loss and gain, sorrow and +joy. Our sense of loss and sorrow is heightened when we think of the +passing of our good friend and efficient secretary Mr. Henry D. Spencer +of Decatur, Ill. His sudden death was a shock to us all and we feel that +his passing is a distinct loss not only to our association but to his +city and state. It is also a loss to us as individuals in the severance +of those helpful friendships which do so much to cheer us on our way and +make life worth while. + +In association matters, Mr. Spencer was most active and efficient. He +was zealous, original and energetic, and did a lot to create interest in +nut culture in his state and other midwest areas. Of him, as of others +who have labored faithfully for an ideal and passed to their reward, may +it be truly said, "The just die in their turn, but falling as the +flowers, they leave on earth their fruit that outlives them." + +While we have lost a capable secretary and good friend we have been +fortunate in securing the services of Dr. A. S. Colby as a successor to +Mr. Spencer. The news of Mr. Spencer's passing came just before your +president left Lansing to address the Illinois State Horticulture +Society on nut culture. In casting about for a new secretary, it +occurred to me that Dr. Colby was the logical man for the position. +While at Urbana where the Horticultural Society met I broached the +matter to Dr. Colby. At first he was unwilling but after some discussion +he finally consented to take the position provided the university +authorities at Urbana would agree to his taking on new duties. Dr. +Blair, head of the Horticultural Department at Urbana, was then +approached on the matter and graciously consented to allow Dr. Colby to +assume the secretaryship for the balance of the year. Dr. Colby has +fulfilled his position in a very capable manner and I am sure the other +executives and members are grateful to Dr. Colby and Dr. Blair for their +cordial cooperation and help in our time of need. + +As president I am also deeply grateful to our good and faithful friend +Dr. W. C. Deming for taking over the duties of secretary while Dr. Colby +was in England attending the World's Horticultural Congress in London, +and enjoying a well deserved holiday. I trust Dr. Colby has returned to +his duties with renewed zeal and increased knowledge and I hope he will +be able to share some of that knowledge with those of us who were not +fortunate enough to attend that great congress of horticulturists. + +At our last meeting our late Secretary, Mr. Spencer, outlined the worthy +scheme of staging a nut exhibit at the Chicago Garden and Flower Show, +held in the stadium at Chicago. Considerable work was done by Mr. +Spencer before he died, and afterward by Dr. Colby when he took over the +secretaryship. Your president was able to assist Dr. Colby in various +ways, such as staging the exhibit, in helping financially, and in +personally attending the exhibit for five days. This exhibit of nuts was +made up of entries from Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, Michigan, Ontario +and British Columbia. It attracted a great deal of attention and I am +sure was the means of creating interest and disseminating a lot of +useful information on nut culture. We were ably assisted in this project +by Mr. J. W. Wilkinson of Rockport, Indiana, and Mr. Frank Frey of the +Rock Island Railway, Chicago. Both of these gentlemen contributed +valuable exhibits and gave generously of their time during the progress +of the exhibition. Our past president, Mr. Snyder, also sent very useful +exhibits. + +In the carrying out of his duties as Specialist in Nut Culture for the +Michigan State College, your President feels that some progress has been +made since April, 1929. During that period arrangements have been +definitely made, or are about to be made, by that princely public +benefactor, Mr. W. K. Kellogg, which will set aside several hundred +acres for nut culture. About thirty acres of this area have already been +planted to seedlings and grafted walnuts, chestnuts, hickories, +heartnuts, hazels, and filberts. These trees have done as well as could +be expected under the hot, dry weather of these past two summers. +Arrangements are actively under way for planting 55 acres next spring +and a much larger area in the following spring. We expect to assemble a +first class collection of the best hardy varieties of native and +introduced nut trees and hope as the years roll on that definite +progress will be made. + +In September 1929, a nut contest was drawn up and announced to the +public of Michigan and adjoining states. This contest created a great +deal of interest and many entries were received. Cash prizes of $50.00 +each were offered for walnuts and hickories and awards of merit were +given for other species. There were 451 plates composed as follows: +black walnuts 313, English walnuts 11, butternuts 7, heartnuts 7, +Japanese walnuts 13, hybrid walnuts 4, hickories 85, chestnuts 10, +hazels 1. + +These entries were used in staging what is said to be the largest +exhibit of nuts ever displayed in the northern United States. From these +numerous entries several selections of value were made. From these +selections, six black walnuts, two heartnuts, three hickories and four +chestnuts were chosen for propagation. Some of these have been +propagated and plans are made to propagate a greater number next year. + +The writer spent one week in Ontario during March for the purpose of +introducing scionwood and trees of promising varieties of English +walnuts, heartnuts and hybrid walnuts. Thirty trees of the Carpathian +strain of the Persian walnut were introduced and all are now alive on +our grounds at Lansing. These Carpathian walnuts have endured several +winters at Toronto and Montreal and so far have not shown any winter +injury. If further trials show that this strain is hardy it will be a +decided improvement over any other Persian strain in the northern states +or Canada. + +Good varieties of heartnuts and filberts were brought in from British +Columbia and are now growing nicely at the Kellogg Farm. + +Grafting demonstrations were given at nine different places throughout +the state during the month of May. These demonstrations were attended by +fair sized audiences and much interest was shown in the operation. + +In addition to the address before the Illinois Horticultural Society, +your president gave an address on nut culture to the Michigan State +Horticultural Society at Grand Rapids in December last, and also had on +display a large collection of Michigan nuts. The address on nut culture +and the display of nuts created considerable interest. He was also +invited to address the Iowa State Horticultural Society on nut culture +and the Iowa State Nurserymen's Association on the paraffin treatment of +nursery stock, but could not do so because of a previous engagement. +Arrangements have been made however to give these addresses at the +meeting of the above associations at Shenandoah, Iowa, in November next. + +The ancient parable of the sower who went forth to sow and who scattered +seed on stony ground, by the wayside and on good soil, had a successful +manifestation in the president's experience this last year. In March, +1929, I gave an address on nut culture to a small but influential +audience in St. Thomas, Ontario. This meeting was due to the enterprise +of Dr. C. C. Lumley, the capable secretary of the Chamber of Commerce in +St. Thomas and one of our valued members. At this meeting I displayed a +collection of Canadian grown nuts and suggested the use of nut trees for +roadside and ornamental planting as well as for other purposes. These +suggestions fell on rich soil, figuratively speaking, and bore fruit in +an astonishing manner. In a short time an Elgin County Nut Tree Growers' +Association was organized and a definite plan of operations outlined. +One of the projects consisted in planting the Kings Highway, No. 3 in +Elgin county, with walnut trees. With the cooperation of horticultural +societies, service clubs, schools, etc., over 7000 nut trees were +planted in one day last spring, and besides that more than 4000 other +nut trees were planted on the home grounds of the people in this county. +The encouraging feature of this project was the statement by Dr. Lumley +that your president was the inspiration of all this planting. Without a +sympathetic and energetic audience I could not possibly have done much +by myself, and I am sure Dr. Lumley and his associates deserve great +credit for their vision and energy. May their numbers be multiplied and +their shadow never grow less. "And some seed fell on rich soil and +brought forth a hundred fold." + +You will very likely be pleased to learn that your president is +interested in an advisory capacity in a project having for its object +the gift of a good nut tree to every member of the Women's Institute of +Ontario. This organization is composed almost entirely of rural women +and is one of the most active and helpful societies in the country. The +institute gave me hearty support in my efforts to promote the culture of +nut trees in Ontario, and on several occasions passed resolutions asking +the government to adequately support my work. There are over 40,000 +women in this organization and it will take time and money to accomplish +the objective, but no worthwhile movement ever progressed without a +vision and a plan. + +In conclusion I would like to read a beautiful little selection entitled +"Save the Trees in Portugal." In reading this I am going to ask you to +transpose the title to "Save the Trees in the Mid-West," and to think in +terms of nut trees. + + +SAVE THE TREES IN PORTUGAL + +Travellers in Portugal report that in many places where timber trees are +to be found, in woods, parks and gardens, one sees the following +inscription headed, "To the Wayfarer": + +"Ye who pass by and would raise your hand against me, hearken ere you +harm me. + +"I am the heat of your hearth on the cold winter night, the friendly +shade screening you from the summer sun, and my fruits are refreshing +draughts, quenching your thirst as you journey on. + +"I am the beam that holds your house, the board of your table, the bed on +which you lie, and the timber that builds your boat. + +"I am the handle of your hoe, the door of your homestead, the wood of +your cradle, and the shell of your coffin. + +"I am the bread of kindness and the flower of beauty. + +"Ye who pass by, listen to my prayer; harm me not." + +A practical application of this beautiful message would add to the +beauty and productive capacity of this country and would give pleasure +and profit to its people. + +Dr. J. Russell Smith was here called upon and gave entertaining and +amusing accounts of his early struggles with nut culture and of some of +his travels in foreign lands. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: I would just like to add to what I have said +that the Rev. Paul Krath of the United Church of Canada is now about to +leave for a five year absence in central Europe. He tells me he would +like to sell the balance of those hardy Carpathian walnuts. I have faith +in them. I think they are worth the price he asks for them for an +experimental purpose alone. + +DR. SMITH: Do you know where the seed was procured? + +THE PRESIDENT: On the high slopes of the Carpathian mountains. +The winter temperatures go down rather low. In fact lower than in +Toronto. + +MR. HERSHEY: Juglan regia? + +THE PRESIDENT: Yes. In early September the buds were quite +matured, wood was ripened up and favorable for enduring the winter +temperatures of Toronto. I have an impression that it gets 15 to 18 +below zero. The trees have come through the winter at Montreal where +they have even lower temperatures. + +MEMBER: How would we get them in? Get a permit from Washington? + +THE PRESIDENT: It can be done. + +DR. SMITH: An application for the lot can be made. + +The President then asked for the report of the Secretary. + + + + +REPORT OF THE SECRETARY + + +The year 1929-30 has been one of growing interest on the part of the +public, laying the foundation for a more rapidly increasing membership +and wider influence on the part of the association. + +Following the untimely death of Secretary H. D. Spencer, of Decatur, +Illinois, we were asked by your president, Professor Neilson, to carry +on the work of the office for the remainder of the year, in view of our +previous experience. This we were glad to do because of our interest in +the work. The great loss of the association in the death of Mr. Spencer +should be here recorded. Mr. Spencer was keenly interested in nut +growing in the North. He believed in its future and because of his +retirement from active professional work could give his attention to the +many details connected with the development of our program. His loss is +keenly felt among the membership. + +Your secretary has attempted to make the public, only more or less awake +to the possibilities of our work so far, more nut culture minded. The +burden of correspondence has become increasingly heavy. Hundreds of +inquiries have been received, many from those mildly curious, but a +large share from people anxious to learn of the possibilities of +northern nut culture both for pleasure and profit. We have noted an +increasing interest among those able to take up our new enterprise and +have done what we could to make it an intelligent interest through +radio, newspaper, and magazine publicity, speaking engagements at +horticultural society and farmers' institute meetings and classroom +instruction. The enthusiastic support of officials of these and similar +organizations should be noted here. Space has been freely offered for +use in fruit growing magazines and state horticultural society +publications to supplement the columns of our official organ to spread +the information regarding our activities, thus reaching a wider circle +of potential members. We are glad to report some membership gains the +past season. + +In these activities we are handicapped by lack of funds. We have been +particularly fortunate these past few months in having the co-operation +of the University of Illinois in that your secretary has been able to +handle hundreds of letters through the Department of Horticulture +channels free of cost to the association except for the stationery and +postage. + +One outstanding event of the season in the line of publicity sponsored +by the association was the exhibit at the Central States Garden and +Flower Show held in the Chicago Stadium April 5-13, 1930. Preliminary +arrangements had been made by Mr. Spencer with the manager, Mr. John +Servas, insuring us free space. Mr. Servas cooperated with us to the +fullest extent and the appreciation of the association was expressed to +him by your secretary at the close of the show. We spent considerable +time both in the preliminary arrangements and on the ground, being in +attendance throughout the week except when President Neilson, Mr. +Wilkinson, and Mr. Frey were in charge. To these gentlemen, as well as +to Dr. Robert T. Morris, Dr. J. R. Smith, and Mr. S. W. Snyder, who with +President Neilson contributed the $30.00 necessary for rental of the +glass show case, and to many of our members in the Middle West who sent +samples of nuts, we owe a debt of gratitude. Our exhibit also included +books and magazines on nut culture, nut-cracking machinery, grafting +tools and waxes, and other material of interest to the prospective +grower, all contributed by members or others interested in our work. The +exhibit attracted much interest as a part of the magnificent show. We +were busy from morning until night answering questions, most of them +intelligent, and made many friends among a group of people whose +intelligence level is high. Two hundred people asked for further +information relative to some particular subject and a mimeographed sheet +was prepared in the secretary's office after our return which went out +to them. + +We have had the cooperation of the Illinois State Department of +Agriculture more than ever this past year, as evidenced by their support +of our exhibit at Chicago, through providing funds for the preparation +of a case of nut varieties suitable for planting in Illinois and, +secondly, through the cooperation of the State Forestry Department. An +immense tract of land has been acquired for reforestation in southern +Illinois and money was available this past spring for the purchase of +nut trees for planting there. Your secretary has been working with R. B. +Miller, of the state department, in the selection and planting of the +better named varieties of nuts. Additional plantings will be made there +and it is believed that a fine beginning has been made toward the +establishment of a nut arboretum in that section. + +There are many new things of interest developing in our field and those +relating to it which need further study as a means of developing our +usefulness. + +The plant patent law, new methods of propagation, the variety question, +the disease factor, new methods of harvesting, grading and marketing, to +mention a few problems, are bringing about a new era in northern nut +growing and need our combined efforts in their solution. We believe that +the time is fast approaching for the appointment of a paid secretary who +can devote more time to the development of our work. We will leave to +you the working out of the details. + +Dr. Colby supplemented his report with a talk about his trip to Europe +during the summer where he went primarily to attend the World +Horticultural conference in London. After some further informal +discussion the meeting adjourned. + + +FIELD TRIPS + +The second day, September 18, 1930, was given over to a visit to the +Snyder Fruit and Nut Orchards at Center Point in the morning, where the +group inspected the varieties being grown with great interest, an +excellent lunch at noon under the trees, prepared and served by the +Snyder brothers and Miss Snyder, their sister, and an afternoon spent in +the Snyder nursery where the various nut trees which can be grown in +Iowa were observed. + + +BUSINESS SESSION AT SNYDER FARM + +Meeting called to order by President Neilson. A vote of thanks was +extended to Miss Snyder and the Snyder brothers for their hospitality. +S. W. Snyder responded briefly. + +The meeting place for next year was then discussed. Invitations were +extended from Rochester, New York, Downingtown, Pennsylvania, Geneva, +New York, and other places. It was finally voted to meet in Geneva, New +York, in September 1931 during the week of the annual meeting of the +New York Fruit Testing Association. The selection of the date was left +in the hands of the executive committee. + +The report of the nominating committee was then called for. The +association re-elected Professor J. A. Neilson as president, C. F. +Walker as vice-president, and Karl Green as treasurer for the ensuing +year. Professor A. S. Colby was unable to continue as secretary and that +office was held open. The president and board of directors were +instructed to appoint a new secretary.[A] + +The financial status of the association was next discussed at length. It +was voted that a letter be prepared and sent to the membership asking +for contributions. + +The report of the nut survey was then briefly presented by C. F. Walker, +chairman of the committee, as a progress report. He stated that 1600 nut +trees of various varieties had been recorded and data concerning tree +performance and adaptation were being collected. + +Frank H. Frey reported that he did not feel it advisable at this time to +affiliate with the American Fruit & Vegetable Shippers' Association +because of the expense to be incurred. + +The secretary extended greetings of Mr. Ellis of Vermont whom he met at +the meetings of the International Horticultural Congress in England last +summer, and of Mr. Howard Spence of England to the association. It was a +pleasure to report that Mr. Spence had been instrumental in having +experimental work with nuts initiated in England. + +The third day was devoted to a tour of the country round about +Burlington where Mr. Snyder and Mr. John Witte showed us many of the +most valuable parent trees found in that section. Some of these trees +included the Witte and Elmer pecans, the two varieties recommended by +Mr. Snyder for planting in that section; the Hill and Iowa shellbark +hickories, the two best so far found in Iowa; the Burlington, Tama +Queen, and Eureka hickories, the Oberman and Campbell pecans, and the +Swartz black walnut. + +[Footnote A: NOTE: Mr. W. G. Bixby was appointed and accepted the +office.] + + + + +TREASURER'S REPORT + +RECEIPTS + + Balance, Sept. 1st, 1929: + In bank in Washington, D. C. $194.41 + Litchfield Savings Society 15.94 + _______ $ 210.35 + 84 paid in advance memberships @ $3.50 294.00 + 9 back memberships @ $3.00 27.00 + Sub. to American Nut Journal 100.50 + Contributions and sale of Annual Reports 70.92 + Loan, Merchants Bank and Trust Co., Washington, D. C. 325.00 + _________ + Total to be accounted for $1,027.77 + + +DISBURSEMENTS + + American Nut Journal, subscriptions $ 101.75 + Hotel Pennsylvania, N. Y., rent for projector 30.00 + Reporting New York meeting 122.18 + Mimeographing 11.45 + Stenographer, Secretary's office 42.85 + Printing, Secretary's office 51.38 + Expenses, Secretary's office 24.78 + Printing, Treasurer's office, two years 98.00 + Printing Annual Report 428.88 + H. D. Spencer, expenses to New York meeting 122.48 + Stamps 3.00 + Expressage 3.75 + Exchange, Canadian check .15 + Curtailment on loan 50.00 + Interest on loan 10.40 + _________ + Total expenses $1,101.05 + Deficit 73.28 + Balance due on loan 275.00 + +NOTE--Although the expenses exceeded the receipts, no actual overdraft +occurred because certain bills were not paid until funds from the next +year came in. However, both overdraft and loan have been taken care of +through contributions made during November and December, 1930. + + Respectfully submitted, + KARL W. GREENE, + Treasurer. + + + + +HARVESTING AND MARKETING THE NATIVE NUT CROPS OF THE NORTH + +_By C. A. Reed, Associate Pomologist, U. S. Department of Agriculture_ + + +The native nut crops in the northern portion of the country, east of the +Rocky Mountains, offer a possible source of considerable income, if +gathered while in prime condition and properly prepared for market. +Thousands of bushels of highly edible nuts annually go to waste in that +portion of the country covered by the great Mississippi Valley, the +Appalachian region and the Middle Atlantic seaboard. These are chiefly +black walnuts, hickory nuts, and butternuts, although it is probable +that several hundred tons of beechnuts which annually go ungathered +should be included. These last are too small for human consumption in +this country, under the existing relations between human labor and the +quality of available food. Nevertheless, there are ways by which they +can be put to profitable use. + +The kernels of black walnuts and butternuts are in great demand. The +potential supply of the former is usually abundant but the small number +of butternut trees in the country automatically makes the possible +supply of nuts of that kind very limited. The kernels of both these, +walnuts and butternuts, and also of the best northern hickories, +particularly the shagbarks and shellbarks, are highly palatable and +nutritious. In these respects they compare favorably with any other +kinds of nuts on the market. These northern species are singularly free +from an impregnation of tannin in the pellicles which leaves a bitter +after taste so familiar with certain of their chief competitors in the +nut market. + +Black walnut kernels in particular appear to be firmly entrenched in the +markets of this country. They are in keen demand with many classes of +manufacturers. This demand is on the increase with no apparent +possibility of foreign competition, as the eastern black walnut, +_Juglans nigra_, the finest of the American blacks, is grown nowhere +outside of the United States except in certain districts of a narrow +adjoining fringe of neighboring Canada. + +The present year may be one of the best likely to occur soon in which to +harvest and prepare these nuts for the market or home consumption on the +farm. The drought has undoubtedly reduced the crop as a whole, although +at this writing the yield appears considerably greater than that of +1929. At harvest time it will probably be found that many of the nuts +are below normal size and that the kernels are imperfectly developed. +The quantity of the finished product which it would be possible to place +on the market would therefore appear likely to be small. + +On its face, with a light crop of poor grade in prospect, it may be +difficult to understand why this should be a propitious year to +inaugurate a systematic harvesting and marketing campaign. However, in +explanation of this, _first_, there are no carry-overs from last year. +So short was the crop of 1929 that manufacturers found the supply +exhausted before the end of last January. Many sent out urgent appeals +hoping to find some source of supply. They offered the inviting price of +65 cents a pound for good grade kernels, f. o. b. the farmers' shipping +point. Yet it was all in vain as the kernels were not forthcoming. + +_Second_, as a result of the recent extreme drought and the consequent +shortage of some of the more staple crops, there will likely be +considerable slack time on many farms. Where this is the case and there +are nut crops in the field it will likely be found in many cases that +they may be gathered and sold to good financial advantage, assuming that +right methods are employed in harvesting and preparing for market. + +_Third_, where there are nuts in quantity too limited to justify +gathering and preparing for market, they should still be gathered and as +carefully prepared as though for the market and used on the home table. +They will be found to be most excellent and pleasing food. + +To obtain the highest prices for black walnuts or butternuts, certain +fundamentals should be kept in mind. + +1. They should be sold only in the shelled condition. + +2. The kernels must be delivered early. + +3. They should present an attractive appearance. + +4. They should be in thoroughly sanitary condition. + +The explanation as to why they should be sold in the shelled condition +is simple. The weight of shell is too great to justify shipment in that +condition. In the shell, walnuts and butternuts seldom bring more than +$1.50 or $2.00 per bushel and the demand is exceedingly limited, +especially after the earliest part of the season. Again, the shells are +of no value except for fuel. Fuel of this kind by freight or express is +exceedingly costly. Again, the nuts must be cracked somewhere and the +kernels removed before they can be used, and farm labor is much cheaper +than that of the city. Regardless of where the labor is from, the cost +of cracking the nuts and picking out the kernels, or "shelling" as the +operation is called in the trade, is charged back to the farmer. The +shelling of these nuts is something in which the whole family on the +farm can join. + +Delivery should be early as it is then that prices are best. The use of +shelled nuts is practically an all-year affair, yet, just as soon as the +supply begins to bulk up in the hands of the wholesalers, prices +promptly go lower. + +The condition in which black walnut kernels reach the market is +ordinarily very poor. Little attention appears to be paid to the matter +of sanitation, and practically no thought is given to their appearance. +As a rule, shipment is made in burlap bags of double thickness. Little +thought is ever paid to separating the kernels according to shade of +color and it is rare that the kernels are properly cured after being +removed from the shells. Oil and moisture given off by the kernels are +taken up by the burlap bags, and by the time delivery is made to the +wholesaler, the kernels are in no sense attractive and are often +unsanitary. Fortunately, the kernels are carefully gone over by +employees of the wholesaler by whom all spoiled pieces are removed and, +in the process of manufacture, the kernels are usually so heated as to +dispel any danger from ill effects due to the unsanitary condition. + +The successive steps essential to harvesting and preparing for market +may be grouped as follows: + +1. Harvest the nuts as soon as mature. + +2. Remove the hulls promptly. + +3. Cure the nuts somewhat. + +4. Crack the shells and remove the kernels very soon. + +5. In cracking, the kernels should be separated into five +grades--Lights, darks, intermediates as to color, small pieces and +crumbs. + +6. Before packing for shipment the kernels must be artificially cured +until they no longer feel moist to the hand when it is run through the +container. + +7. Barrels or boxes of wood, or strawboard lined with water-proof paper, +should be used in packing for shipment. These should not be closed until +immediately before shipment. + +8. As soon as received by the buyer the containers should be opened and +the kernels spread out in clean bins where they may receive frequent +inspection. + + +_Harvesting_ + +The nuts should be picked from the ground within three or four days from +the time they fall. If possible the limbs should be jarred so as to +shake the nuts from the tree. Good nuts will usually be found to mature +within a very few days and may readily be shaken down. + +At this time the hulls will be perfectly sound and not objectionable, in +so far as staining the hands is concerned. But if the hulls be broken +open the juice which they emit will leave a lasting stain on the hands +or garments. But the hulls need not be broken to any great extent. + + +_Hulling_ + +The ordinary corn sheller on the farm is undoubtedly the most +practicable instrument for removing the hulls, generally available at +this time. If the hulls are still green enough to be firm, the nuts may +be placed in the machine by hand. Otherwise, some arrangement may be +worked out by which the nuts may automatically be fed into the machine. +After hulling by this method the nuts should be put into a tub or tank +of water and thoroughly washed with a broom or stiff brush. When the +nuts are hulled promptly and well washed it will be discovered that the +natural color of walnuts is light or whitish and not black. The dark +color is wholly due to stain from the green hulls. This stain, by the +way, loses its effectiveness as soon as the hulls turn dark. Stains from +nut hulls which have lost all trace of green color, so that the hulls +are black, are readily washed from the hands. + +After the nuts have come from the sheller they may be handled by shovels +or by forks with tines close together. They should then be cured for a +few days. For this purpose they should never be placed in piles or deep +layers. Preferably they should be spread out in trays with bottoms of +wire mesh or narrow cleats so as to be open. These should be put where +there will be a free circulation of air all about. Where trays are not +available the nuts may be spread on a barn floor and the doors left open +during the day. If the weather is bright they may be spread on boards +laid on the ground directly in the sun, although it is probable that +they should be given partial shade during extremely hot days. + +Various methods of hulling other than by the corn sheller are in use. +Some involve merely stepping on the nuts with a forward movement of the +foot, just as the hulls are softening. This is not particularly +satisfactory as the nuts must still be picked out of the mashed hulls by +hand. Besides leaving a very persistent stain on the hands this method +is unsatisfactory for two reasons; it is not at all rapid and very far +from perfect in the degree to which it removes the hulls. + +Other methods involve the use of automobile wheels. Sometimes machines +are driven over the nuts as they are thinly spread on the ground. Again +a wheel is jacked up and set in motion in a tub of water in which the +nuts have been placed. Both methods have their advocates. The writer has +had experience with the former only, yet he can conceive of little to +commend either method. + +Still another method is that of pounding off the hulls by hand. Of all +common methods this has the fewest conceivable advantages. It is slow, +thoroughly inefficient, and extremely objectionable from the standpoint +of the stain. + +What is perhaps far the most satisfactory method of any yet used for +removing the hulls, from every standpoint except that of expense, is one +evolved by the Department of Agriculture in 1926. It consists merely of +running the nuts through large-sized vegetable paring machines. These +machines consist of metal containers, circular in form and having a +capacity of approximately 1-1/2 bushels. The inner walls are lined with +hard abrasive surfaces. A bushel of nuts is placed inside, the lid +closed, a stream of water turned into the container, and the machine set +in operation. By means of gears attached to the bottom of the container +which is separate from the walls, plated and perforated, the bottom +spins around several hundred times per minute. The nuts are made to beat +violently against the rough walls with the result that, in from 2-1/2 to +5 minutes, depending upon the firmness of the hulls, the nuts are ready +to be taken out. They are then perfectly hulled, thoroughly washed and +light or whitish in color. + +With a few days of drying, the nuts should be ready for cracking. + + +_Cracking_ + +As soon as fit for cracking, and before becoming so dry that the kernels +break badly, the nuts should be shelled. The hammer and a solid block of +wood, or a piece of metal with a shallow cupped depression in which to +place the nuts while held for hitting, is the most common outfit in use. +Various handpower machines are appearing on the market, and already +designers are at work attempting to devise power machines. The former +have been in use for several years. The latter are mostly quite new and +untried. About all that can be said regarding such machines is that they +are much needed and that it is not improbable that there will soon be +several makes of efficient machines in the field. + + +_Grading the Kernels_ + +As soon as the shells have been cracked, the kernels should be +extracted. All large pieces, including chiefly quarters and whatever +halves there are, should be separated into three shades: lights, darks +and intermediates, as previously mentioned. All sound, small pieces, +regardless of shade, should be put into a fourth grade and all unsound +kernels and particles too small to separate from minute particles of +shell, should be put into a fifth grade and fed to poultry in moderate +quantity at one time. + +Unless given artificial heat before packing for shipment, the kernels +are fairly certain to become moldy and even to cake together in a solid +mass while in transit. To do this they should be placed in trays or pans +and put above or back of a kitchen stove where they will not get hot +enough to be injured. The hand should be run through the kernels not +infrequently so as to detect any excessive heat and also to determine by +experience the proper degree of dryness. + +After being kept warm and being frequently stirred until the kernels +seem properly dry they may be removed and allowed to become cool. They +should then be re-examined with the hand so as to determine the apparent +dryness. If they feel at all moist, they should be returned to the +drying position and the operation repeated. The writer has had no +personal experience in this matter and so cannot give precise +directions. However, the farm wife can probably work out a very +satisfactory system in her kitchen. + + +_Packing and Shipping_ + +Although previously discussed, the importance of clean, sanitary and +attractive containers for shipment can scarcely be overstressed. Without +such precaution no one need hope to work up a permanent business, for, +regardless of how secure he may feel with the trade he will eventually +find his customers turning to others who are willing to go to this +trouble. + +When the time comes for shipping the boxes may be closed up and +delivered promptly to the transporting agency. The containers should +again be opened as soon as the destination is reached and an examination +made as to the moisture condition of the kernels. + + +_Handling Other Nuts_ + +So far as harvesting and hulling hickory nuts is concerned, the matter +is not at all complicated. Good nuts drop with the first sharp frost. +Those with good kernels inside become automatically separated from the +hulls. Those which do not easily become separated from the hulls should +be discarded as they are rarely of any value and should not become mixed +with the good nuts. With a moderate amount of curing these nuts should +be ready for market. They usually bring better prices in the shell than +do walnuts; but on the other hand they are in less demand after being +shelled. Perhaps this is because the trade has not been built up but it +is a recognized fact that black walnut kernels are practically in a +class by themselves among the nuts of the world, in the extent to which +they retain an agreeable flavor in cooking. Hickory nut kernels should +be given a much greater place than they now occupy in the cooking and +baking for the farm table. A few finely chopped kernels mixed with +breads, cakes, or cereals will be found highly acceptable to most +palates. + +Butternuts are generally too scarce to justify much attention. They +could probably be hulled by vegetable paring machines quite as +efficiently as are walnuts but, so far as known to the writer, this has +not been tried. + +Beechnuts make excellent food for poultry and certain kinds of +livestock. To convert the crop into cash is largely a matter of using +the land under the trees for the right sort of grazing. In European +countries beechnuts are highly valued as a source of salad oil. Mr. +Bixby of this association is taking steps to procure trees bearing as +large sized nuts as possible with a view to subsequent breeding. So far +as known to the writer beechnuts in this country are not gathered in +quantity. + + + + +BEECHNUTS + +_By Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y._ + + +Although the association has now been in existence 20 years there has so +far been little progress, we might almost say no progress, made in +getting an improved beechnut. + +All have agreed that the flavor of the beechnut was excellent, that it +had a shell so thin that it could be opened with a pocket knife, that it +was an oily nut and would keep, like the thin shelled hickories, +walnuts, etc., and not a starchy one, which would dry out like chestnuts +and acorns, that it would grow and bear well in northern sections where +the best nuts we have do not grow well, but also that it was so small as +to practically nullify the above mentioned excellent qualities. If we +ever get a beechnut the size of a chestnut we shall have a most needed +addition to our nut bearing trees, but there has been so little hope of +finding such that no one has paid much attention to the beech. As a +matter of fact not within the last ten years have there been any prizes +offered for beechnuts except those provided by the writer at his own +expense, neither have there been at any time during the writer's +recollection any varieties suggested excepting one or two by Omer R. +Abraham, Martinsville, Ind., which nobody has growing, so far as known +to the writer. + +It was thought that there might be a large fruited species of beech +growing in some part of the world as is the case with the chestnut, +walnut, hickory and hazel, and that it would only be necessary to import +it to get what was needed, or at least to make a good start in getting +what was needed. Rehder in his wonderfully helpful "Manual of Cultivated +Trees and Shrubs" gives seven species of beech, one in America, Fagus +grandiflora, one in Europe, F. sylvatica, two in Japan, F. sieboldii and +F. japonica, two in China, F. longipetiolata and F. engleriana and one +in Asia Minor, F. orientalis. These are growing in the Arnold Arboretum +and leaves, buds and fruits are to be seen in the herbarium there. A day +spent there, however, half in the arboretum and half in the herbarium, +convinced the writer that there is at present no large fruited species +of beech known to botanists. There is an incompletely known species of +Chinese beech, F. lucida, whose fruit is not in the Arnold Arboretum. +While it is of course possible that there may yet be a large fruited +species somewhere in the world, still the relatively slight differences +in the leaf, bud and fruit of the seven species already known makes this +seem improbable and leads us to conclude that the genus "Fagus" is the +most uniform in the species that make it up of any genus of nut bearing +trees. This seemingly reduces us to the necessity of seeking variation +in species already known. + +Fagus sylvatica has been by all odds longest in cultivation and many +varieties are known. Rehder lists 17 principal varieties with many other +sub varieties. These have leaves varying in color, purple, copper color, +pinkish, yellow and whitish spotted with green, beside the usual green, +also in shapes of leaves, some very narrow almost linear, some very +small and deeply toothed, others large and roundish up to 3 in. broad +and 5 in. long. The varieties vary in bark from the smooth bark typical +of the beech to bark like that of the oak. They also vary in habit of +growth, being mostly erect but some pendulous and some dwarf with +twisted contorted branches. But no one seems to have ever heard of a +large fruited beech. + +It is inconceivable however, that a tree can vary in every particular +except in the fruit and it is believed that it only requires sufficient +searching to find large fruited varieties. There are difficulties, +however, in the way of finding unusual beeches which do not occur with +walnuts, chestnuts and hickories, which are trees where the nuts have +such merit that they are usually spared even if in the middle of a +cultivated field, while the beech is usually a forest tree. A nut +contest brings hundreds and thousands of walnuts and hickories but only +very few beechnuts. Correspondence with the forestry departments of +every state having such departments generally evinced interest in the +search for a large fruited beech, but those replying universally +disclaimed any knowledge of such. + +While it is believed that there are such in America, perhaps as many or +more than in Europe, and efforts should be made here to find such, there +are many reasons for believing that a search in Europe will be more +immediately productive of results than will the search here. The beech +is much more esteemed in Europe than here and has been extensively +planted in forests that for centuries have been operated for constant +production of timber. It is believed that the contents of those forests +are as a class better known to their keepers, at least the beeches there +are better known than in the forests in the United States. The number of +propagated ornamental varieties noted in the second paragraph gives +evidence of this. The history of one or two of these varieties will make +this clearer. + +Three beeches with red or copper colored leaves as far back as 1680 were +recorded as growing in a wood near Zurich, Switzerland. Most of the +purple beeches now growing are believed to have been derived from a +single tree discovered in the last century in a forest in Thuringia in +Germany. There may be or may have been many such in America but they +would not have appeared valuable to the woodmen who probably would be +the only ones who would see them and then the leaves would not have been +visible in the winter when trees are most frequently cut. That the +Deming purple black walnut is in existence is due solely to the +observation and action of Dr. Deming who gathered scions and got them +growing before the original tree had been cut for the purpose of getting +space for improving a road. That this tree could be seen from the road +was how it came to the attention of Dr. Deming. Had it been in the midst +of a large forest it might have been cut in winter for timber without +the cutter knowing it was unusual. + +That we have such a wealth of varieties of the beech valuable as +ornamental trees and none valuable for the large nuts they bear, +certainly suggests that the tree varies in every way except in the size +of the nuts it bears, but this is not believed to be so. The growing of +ornamental trees is an old industry. There are hundreds of nurserymen +today growing ornamentals and only few in comparison growing nut trees. +It is not so many years ago that there were none growing nut trees. A +beech with purple leaves appeared valuable 100 years ago and was +disseminated by nurserymen while one with nuts 10 times normal size +would probably not have been propagated for there would not have been +sale for it. It would have only been known locally as unusual and +probably the tree would have been cut for timber when it reached the +proper size. + +The search for a large fruited beech is not going to be easy but it is +believed that persistent work will eventually triumph, much as the 1929 +contest brought more shellbark hickories of value to the attention of +the association than all previous contests put together. The shellbark +is a tree the best varieties of which it is difficult to learn about. +Unlike the shagbark hickory it is not generally found growing near +buildings or in fields or pastures. Its natural habitat is the bottom +lands of the Mississippi River and its tributaries, lands that are +overflowed part of the year. There will have to be a campaign, perhaps +for several years, till people begin to look for large fruited beeches; +then will come a harvest of them. + +The relatively few beeches that have come in to the contests suggests +that methods used heretofore should be somewhat modified in beechnut +search. Probably a campaign of education among foresters might be more +productive of results than among farmers, at least it should supplement +it. The search for improved beechnuts evidently has more different kinds +of difficulties than the search for any other nut and considerable +thought on the matter leads me to suggest that a committee be appointed +to study the nut and to seek large fruited specimens especially to look +into methods for getting them and report to the association a year +hence, said committee to finance itself. + +This suggestion is made because it is believed that efforts made in +Europe to find a large fruited beech will be more immediately productive +of results than in America for the reasons noted above. Even if the +committee consists of but one man correspondence abroad would be better +carried on in the name of a committee of the association than in the +name of an individual and it is believed would be more productive of +results. + + + + +THE 1929 CONTEST + +_By Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, New York_ + + +This has at last been finished. It is a memorable achievement in many +ways. It has taken much longer to award the prizes than at any previous +contest, which is a matter of deep regret to me. But, if we except the +shagbark hickories and the beechnuts, the value of the nuts is so far +ahead of those received in any other contest as to make the results of +all previous contests commonplace in comparison. + +The highest award for black walnuts in the 1926 contest was for the +Stambaugh 63 points, which recalculated using the present constants +would be 62 points, while all the 10 prize winners in the 1929 contest +were awarded more points than 62, the nut taking the tenth prize being +awarded two points more or 64 and the nut taking first prize being +awarded 19 points more or 81, the difference being largely in generally +superior cracking quality of the 1929 nuts. + +The highest awards for butternuts, in print and readily referred to, are +in the 1919 report where the butternut taking first prize was awarded 67 +points, which after recalculation with present constants would be 65 +points, and there were nine prizes awarded this year where the score was +higher than 65. + +The shagbark hickories were disappointing, none equalling several of the +best ones reported in the 1919 contest. This is laid to the general poor +quality of the shagbark hickory nuts in 1929. One observing contestant +sent in nuts from the 1928 crop, as well as nuts of the 1929 crop, to +show us how much better they were normally than were those of the 1929 +crop, and as a matter of fact the 1928 nuts sent in by him tested out +several points higher than those of the 1929 crop. On the other hand, +other hickories, Carya laciniosa and Carya ovalis, which never before +were awarded prizes in a nut contest, this year came up into the winning +class and we had some large laciniosas of real merit this year, a matter +which is likely to be of great importance, as it is noted in +considerable detail later on. + +The chestnuts were few in number, yet some very good nuts were received, +and as most were from trees which had been growing in sections where the +blight has been present for many years, it is believed that they will be +of value in getting a blight resistant chestnut of horticultural merit. +This work now is really under way. + +The beechnuts received were but 4 in number and were pretty good +although too small to be of horticultural value. Considerable is noted +later on the likelihood of getting larger beechnuts and a way is +suggested to get them. + +Under the headings black walnuts, hickories, chestnuts, butternuts and +beechnuts will be found an abstract of the awards of prizes awarded +each. It is believed that this will be all that there will be time to +present to the convention. The results of each test in detail will be +typed out for printing in the report for it is believed these are of +permanent value. Results of tests on many of the well known nut +varieties will also be given. Some of these appeared in the 1919 report +but owing to the change in the constants necessitated by the discovery +of new and better nuts these figures are somewhat out of date. Some of +these also appeared in the 1927 report but there are serious +typographical errors there and it is believed that it will be of value +to have results of the tests on nuts of the 1929 contest appear in the +1930 report, in connection with tests on well known varieties. + +The prizes to be awarded are as follows: + + Black Walnuts--10 Prizes--Amount $100.00 + Hickories--25 Prizes--Amount $120.00 + Butternuts--12 Prizes--Amount $106.00 + Chestnuts--11 Prizes--Amount $103.00 + Beechnuts--4 Prizes--Amount $ 21.00 + ________ + + Total $451.00 + +That there are more than ten prizes, when there were prizes offered but +for ten, is due to our custom, when two or more nuts receive the same +score and win a prize, to provide an additional prize of equal amount +for each one. + +There have yet to be awarded prizes for those chestnuts of the 1929 +contest which show high resistance after being inoculated with blight +spores. This cannot be done for two years at least for scions must be +gotten growing and have reached a diameter of 3/8" to 1/2" before this +can be properly done. + +The writer intended, when the contest reached the stage just now reached +to endeavor to get a meeting of those members best qualified to pass on +characteristic "quality and flavor of kernel" of those nuts put down by +him as prize winners. This is the only characteristic where personal +opinion has not been replaced by the precise methods, but time did not +permit. + +The delay in completing the 1929 contest has been very unsatisfactory. +It has been caused by a combination of circumstances which it is not +believed will occur again. Instead of a contest limited to one nut, as +the 1926 contest was, we had here, as well, butternuts and hickories in +large numbers, the hickories in particular being more numerous than the +black walnuts, and the nuts came in very late, all of which largely +increased the nuts to be gone over and delayed Dr. Deming in the +preliminary examination. The nuts did not reach me till the last of +April, a time when spring work outside was pressing. It takes a person +of some experience before even the weighing methods in force for +measuring quantitatively nut characteristics can be properly done and +while some work was done on the contest practically every day from April +24th on, only about an hour a day could be put on it, and it went so +slowly that after about a month, I set about hiring someone who should +devote his or her time to it. It took about six weeks before someone was +obtained and properly trained, which brought us into July, since which +time the work went on well but the number of nuts was large and I had to +personally pass on the final award, which must be carefully done and +necessarily a good deal of time was taken, far more than anticipated. + +The experience of this year's contest has shown me how to better handle +another if it falls to my lot to do so. I would get Dr. Deming to send +in the nuts, which after the preliminary examination, he thought worthy +of carefully testing, instead of waiting till the preliminary +examination of all received had been completed. This would get them +here in the winter when work is light for the man I have here, who is +thoroughly trained for making these tests. Those rejected at first by +Dr. Deming he could go over again later, as is his custom, and possibly +pick out some good ones which did not show up well when first received. + + + + + +BLACK WALNUTS + + +The black walnuts sent into the 1926 contest were the best that had been +seen up to that time, yet those received in the 1929 contest are so far +ahead of those as to make us wonder if we shall again find a contest +where the black walnuts received equal those received in 1929. + +Most remarkable was the case of Mrs. E. W. Freel of Pleasantville, Iowa, +who sent in black walnuts from four different trees, each one of which +took a prize, No. 1 the first, No. 2 the second, No. 3 the eighth, and +No. 4 the tenth, the first time in the history of the nut contests that +anything approaching this record has occurred. This is also the first +contest where a nut of any other black walnut species than Juglans nigra +has come anywhere near the prize winners. + +The score card used in the 1929 contest was the same as that used in the +1926 contest but with the constants recalculated as required because of +nuts received in the meantime which made this necessary. + +The prizes awarded are noted below: + + Name and Address Species Score Prize Amount + Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Nut. No. 1 nigra 81 1 $ 50.00 + Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Nut No. 2 nigra 74 2 15.00 + Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys, N. C. nigra 73 3 10.00 + Annie M. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa. nigra 72 4 5.00 + John Rohwer, Grundy Center, Ia., The Iowa nigra 71 5 5.00 + Mrs. Irwin Haag, New Castle, Ind. nigra 70 6 3.00 + Dane Learn, % Harley Learn, Aylmer, Ont., + R. R. No. 6 nigra 69 7 3.00 + Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Nut No. 3 nigra 68 8 3.00 + A. F. Weltner, Point Marion, Pa., R. F. D. 1 nigra 67 9 3.00 + Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Nut No. 4 nigra 64 10 3.00 + _______ + $100.00 + +There are some 32 other black walnuts worthy of honorable mention which +were awarded from 55 points to 63 and which it is believed are worthy +of experimental propagation. One of these is from A. E. Grobe, Chico, +Cal., species, hindsii, total award 61 points, which is the only +California black walnut of value sent in to the contests up to this +time. + +Nut notable for size were received from: + +Mrs. R. F. Frye, Carthage, N. C., R. No. 1, Box 22, Wt, 38.0g, nigra, +score 57. + +C. T. Baker, Grandview, Ind., Wt. 31.8g, nigra, score 57. + +A. P. Stockman, Lecompte, La., Wt. 36.7g, nigra, score 56. + +Nuts notable for cracking quality were received from: + +Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., CQC 100%, CQA 67.3%, total 38 +points, nigra, 81 points total. + +Mrs. J. A. Stillman, Mackeys, N. C., CQC 100%, CQA 65.3%, total 38 +points, nigra, 81 points total. + +J. U. Gellatly, Gellatly, B. C., Cold Stream No. 14, CQC 100%, CQA +40.0%, total 33 points, nigra, 55 points total. + +Annie W. Wetzel, New Berlin, Pa., CQC 100%, CQA 37.8%, total 32 points, +nigra, 72 points total. + +A. F. Weltner, Point Marion, Pa., R. F. No. 1, CQC 100%, CQA 38.0%, +total 32 points, nigra, 67 points total. + +Mrs. A. Sim, Rodney, Ont., CQC 100%, CQA 39.3%, total 32 points, nigra, +55 points total. + +Nut notable for high percentage of kernel: + +Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Wis., 32.8% 12 points, species nigra, total +award 49 points. + +Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Nut. No. 1, 31.6% 11 points, +species nigra, total award 81 points. + +Attractive color of kernel: + +While a number were awarded four points out of a possible 5, none of the +black walnuts sent in were especially notable in this respect. + + + + +HICKORIES + + +This is the first lot of hickories that has come in for a contest +conducted by the Association in a number of years. The last contest, +that of 1926, was for black walnuts only. It is true that at the meeting +of the judges who passed on the black walnuts entered in the 1926 +contest there were a number of fine hickories shown which had been +received in the contest conducted by the Philadelphia Society for the +Promotion of Agriculture, but so far as the writer is aware we have to +go back to 1919 to reach the last contest at which prizes were awarded +for hickories. + +The 1926 contest marked a notable change in the method of awarding +prizes. As noted at some length under black walnuts, that score card was +made simpler, by the judges who passed on the nuts received in the 1926 +contest, by awarding points previously given for characteristics that +seemed of less importance to others, so the hickory score card was +carefully gone over to see if a similar change could not be made to +advantage. + +As it is believed that hickory nuts will be sold in the shell, as are +pecans, it was not possible to do this to the same extent as with black +walnuts. However, the characteristic "form," which is difficult if not +almost impossible to estimate with any kind of precision, it was thought +for the present at least might be disregarded. Husking quality is +important but it was impossible to properly award points for this +characteristic in a nut contest, because the nuts are husked before +being sent in. The points allowed for excellence in these qualities were +added to others, which gave 10 points to Cracking Quality Absolute +instead of 5, and 25 points to Quality and Flavor of Kernel instead of +20. + +It has been generally considered that a nut which is awarded 55 points, +even though it took no prize, was worthy of experimental propagation. +There were 40 hickories in the 1929 contest which were awarded 55 points +or more. Of those actually awarded prizes for a combination of good +qualities, twenty-one in number, thirteen were thought to be shagbarks, +or it might be more exact to state that we had not sufficient evidence +to think them to be otherwise, although some are suspected not to be +pure Carya ovata, four were thought to be Carya Dunbarii (Carya ovata x +laciniosa), two were thought to be Carya ovalis, and two Carya +laciniosa. In this contest the shagbarks showed up poorly, 68 being the +highest score awarded, when from the number of entries one would have +expected the highest to have been awarded 71 points or over. On the +other hand this is the first contest where a prize has been awarded to a +shellbark, Carya laciniosa. Among hickories awarded 54 points or over +were five shellbarks, two of them large ones, one weighing 24.3g, 20 per +lb. and one weighing 27.6g, 17 per lb. + +The importance of this will be realized when we consider that, in the +1929 contest, out of 21 prize winning nuts four prizes were awarded to +nuts believed to be Carya Dunbarii (Carya ovata x laciniosa) and there +were two or three others that may prove to be. While natural hickory +hybrids are not particularly rare yet they are far from common. At one +time, while on the levees north of Burlington, Iowa, the number of pecan +x shellbark hybrids seen impressed the writer, yet a careful count +showed these hybrids to be only about 1 hybrid in 100 pure pecans. +Considerable experience in making or attempting to make hickory hybrids +leads the writer to believe that the proportion of hickory hybrids will +be much less than this. If, however, we assume it to be 1 in 100 and the +fact that among this years meritorious nuts hybrids are 4 out of 21 or 1 +out of 5, we would calculate that the chances of getting meritorious +nuts out of hybrids is about 20 times as great as out of pure species. +We really have not sufficient data at present to attempt to make such +calculations yet the glimpse they give us of the promise of wonderful +results from the systematic production of hybrid varieties between +selected parents is most alluring. + +The number of prizes awarded to Carya Dunbarii (Carya ovata x laciniosa) +shows a line of work of particular promise. We have plenty of good +shagbarks, Carya ovata, and now that he have really good shellbarks, +Carya laciniosa, of large size, fair cracking quality and good flavor +which we never had before, we have selected material for the production +of shagbark x shellbark hybrids, a class which has produced the Weiker +hickory, four of the 1929 contest prize hickories and some other +hickories of merit which have come to the attention of the writer during +the past two or three years. As we have a number of good northern +pecans we have also selected material for the production of pecan x +shellbark hybrids, a class which has produced the McAllister pecan. If +the 1929 contest does nothing more than to bring to light these fine +shellbarks it is worth all it cost. + +The contest also has shown some mockernuts of large size and better +quality than ordinary but still not good enough to be in a class with +the shellbarks noted above. The number of years that we have been +testing hickories without getting good shellbarks leads us to hope that +we will eventually get good mockernuts. + +The prize winning hickories are noted below: + + Name and Address Species Points Prize Amount + + Mrs. C. Lake, New Haven, Ind. ovata 68 1 $25.00 + Ferdinand Huber, Cochrane, Wis. ovata 67 2 15.00 + John D. Bontrager, Middlebury, Ind. ovata 65 3 10.00 + John Roddy, Napoleon, Ohio Dunbarii ? 64 4 5.00 + Steve Green, Battle Creek, Mich. ovalis ? 63 5 5.00 + [A]Mrs. Hamill Goheen, Pennsylvania + Furnace, Pa. Dunbarii ? 62 6 3.00 + Menno Zurcher Nut No. 1, Apple Creek, Ohio ovata 62 6 3.00 + Edgar Fluhr, Kiel, Wis. ovata 61 7 3.00 + [A]Elmer T. Sande, Story City, Ia. Dunbarii ? 61 7 3.00 + N. E. Comings, Amherst, Mass. ovata 60 8 3.00 + Edward Renggenberg, Madison, Wis. ovata 60 8 3.00 + C. D. Wright, Nut No. 1, Sumner, Mo. laciniosa 60 8 3.00 + Mrs. John Brooks, Ottumwa, Ia. ovata 59 9 3.00 + Arlie W. Froman, Bacon, Ind. ovata 59 9 3.00 + [A]Mrs. C. E. Hagen, GuttenBerg, Clay + Co., Ia. Dunbarii ? 59 9 3.00 + L. S. Huff, White Pigeon, Mich. ovalis ? 59 9 3.00 + J. K. Seaver, Harvard, Ill. ovata 59 9 3.00 + Joseph Sobelewski, Norwich, Conn. ovata 59 9 3.00 + Caleb Sprunger, Berne, Ind. laciniosa 59 9 3.00 + Grace Peschke, Ripon, Wis. ovata 58 10 3.00 + John Muriel Thomas, Henryville, Ind. ovata 58 10 3.00 + + [A] Means that these varieties were known to the Association before + the 1929 contest. + +There are nearly as many others which came within two or three points of +being prize winners and which it is believed should be propagated +experimentally. These will be noted on the complete report. There are +also the following which are notable for unusual excellence in one +characteristic and which it is believed should be propagated +experimentally and are here given honorable mention. + + George S. Homan, Easton, Mo., laciniosa large, Wt. 24.3g, 56 H. M. 3.00 + Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Ia., Shellbark, No. 1, laciniosa + large, Wt. 27.6g, 54 H. M. 3.00 + W. P. Ritchey, Marietta, Tex., alba large, Wt. 25.7g, 44 H. M. 3.00 + J. Droska, Pierce City, Mo., alba large, Wt. 23.7g, 39 H. M. 3.00 + _______ + + $120.00 + + + + +BUTTERNUTS + + +The last contest where prizes were offered for butternuts was that of +1919 and no nuts of value were entered. The 1929 contest has a number of +unusually good ones. + +The score card for butternuts was revised for this contest on the basis +of the one adopted for the black walnut in the 1926 contest and the +constants recalculated. + +The prizes awarded are noted below: + + L. K. Irvine, Menominee, Wis. cinerea 83 1 $ 50.00 + H. J. Thill, Bloomer, Wis., Box 109 cinerea 78 2 15.00 + C. F. Hostetter, Bird-In-Hand, Pa. cinerea 75 3 10.00 + John F. Kenworthy, Rockton, Wis. cinerea 74 4 5.00 + F. E. Devan, Rock Creek, Ohio cinerea 73 5 5.00 + E. J. Lingle, Pittsfield, Pa. cinerea 70 6 3.00 + John Hergert, St. Peter, Minn., Nut No. 1 cinerea 69 7 3.00 + Evert E. Van Der Poppen, Hamilton, Mich. cinerea 66 8 3.00 + Mrs. A. B. Simonson, Mondove, Wis. cinerea 66 8 3.00 + Mrs. E. Sherman, Montague City, Mass. cinerea 64 9 3.00 + W. A. Creitz, Cambridge City, Ind. Bixbyi ? 64 9 3.00 + Mrs. Abbie C. Bliss, Bradford, Vt. Nut No. 1 cinerea 61 10 3.00 + +At first it might be thought that but one species of nuts would be sent +in as butternuts, and this was true up to 15 or 20 years ago. The chance +hybrids of the Japan walnut and the butternut, named Juglans Bixbyi by +Prof. C. S. Sargent of the Arnold Arboretum, resemble the butternut so +much that as time grows on it is increasingly probable that these will +be sent in as butternuts. One came in to the 1919 contest and it is +thought that the Creitz of this contest may possibly be such. + + + + +CHESTNUTS + + +The chestnuts received were relatively few in number but most of them +were from sections where the blight had been present many years. Those +that were from sections where this condition did not prevail were not +allowed to enter. There were a few American chestnuts, some very good +ones, from sections where the blight had not destroyed the native +chestnut but these were not entered. As it happened all entered were of +Japanese or Chinese species, which was somewhat of a disappointment to +those who hope that a blight resistant American chestnut will yet be +found. It certainly looks so far as if varieties of chestnuts for the +blight area, of horticultural value, would be Japanese, Castanea +crenata, or Chinese, Castanea mollissima. + +The chestnuts were judged early and scions sent for in order to get a +start on the second part of the chestnut problem, that of testing the +resistance of these seemingly resistant varieties to the chestnut +blight. The scions received were disappointing in quality and +disappointing in the extent to which they were gotten started this year. +The writer set scions on Chinese (mollissima) stock, Mr. Hershey set +them on American (dentata) stock and the U. S. Dept. of Agriculture set +them on Japanese (crenata) stock, but owing to the poor scions only part +of them are growing. The writer got eight varieties out of twelve to +start but it is questionable how they will do, for mollissima stock is +thought to be good only for mollissima varieties and the varieties were +all crenata, and so, while a start has been made on the problem of +getting blight resistant chestnuts of horticultural value it is only a +start and much work remains to be done. + +The prizes awarded were as follows: + + Name and Address Species Points Prize Amount + + Frank B. Austin, Milford, Del. crenata 70 1 $50.00 + C. Warren Swayne, West Grove, Pa. crenata 66 2 15.00 + Charles V. Stein, Manheim, Pa., + R. F. D. No. 1, Nut No. 1 crenata 61 3 10.00 + Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Conn. Mollissima 61 [A] ----- + Charles V. Stein, Manheim, Pa., + R. F. D. No. 1, Nut No. 2 crenata 59 4 5.00 + Helen W. Smith, Linden Lodge, Stamford, Conn. crenata 54 5 5.00 + May Cline, Route 2, Belvidere Rd., + Phillipsburg, N. J., Nut No. 2 crenata 53 6 3.00 + May Cline, Route 2, Belvidere Rd., + Phillipsburg, N. J., Nut No. 1 crenata 51 7 3.00 + Howard A. Folk, Brielle, N. J. crenata 51 7 3.00 + W. Russell Parker, Box No. 2, Little + Silver, N. J. crenata 47 8 3.00 + Ralph P. Atkinson, Setauket, N. Y. crenata 46 9 3.00 + Victor Page, Elmsford, N. Y. crenata 41 10 3.00 + Frank Atler, Edison, Pa. crenata 40 11 3.00 + + [A] Not entered in contest. + + + + +BEECHNUTS + + +Never before, so far as the writer is aware, has there been a score card +proposed for beechnuts, but the need of one is apparent and the +following is suggested till a better one is found. It is not doubted +that one will appear, for our present score cards for hickories, +walnuts, etc., are the result of changes made as nuts received in the +contests have shown such to be advisable, and work on the beechnut is 10 +years or so behind that on other nuts. + +Size is the most important characteristic in the beechnut, for all are +thin shelled and practically all are well flavored. If we had a beechnut +the size of a chestnut we should have a most valuable addition to our +nuts. The points awarded for size have therefore been on the basis that +eventually we would get a beechnut the size of a chestnut, although we +are very far from that now. Forty points are allowed for size and it is +figured that eventually we will get a beechnut 4 grams in weight which +is the weight of a medium size chestnut. The constants used in figuring +the number to be awarded for other characteristics require little +comment for they are figured on the basis of existing nuts as constants +have hitherto been calculated. The suggested score card is as follows: + + Weight 40 points + Color of shell 5 points + Percent of kernel 15 points + Ease of removing pellicle 15 points + Quality and flavor of kernel 25 points + Total 100 points + +The details and methods used in judging beechnuts this year, also the +calculations of the constants and the details of the awards, will be +typed for the report. + +The prizes awarded were as follows: + + Mrs. John M. Pepaw, Johnson, Vt. grandiflora 40 1 $10.00 + Mrs. George Marshey, Johnson Vt. grandiflora 39 2 5.00 + James Radle, Harbor Springs, Mich. grandiflora 38 3 3.00 + Anthony Andreson, Burke, N. Y. grandiflora 35 4 3.00 + Fagus sylvatica sylvatica 44 [A] ----- + Fagus sylvatica purpurea sylvatica 41 [A] ----- + ______ + $21.00 + [A] Not entered in the contest + +It is not believed that nuts of Fagus sylvatica (European beech) will +test out better, generally, than nuts of Fagus grandiflora (American +beech) but the beechnuts were not tested till late, and the European +beechnuts had been kept in a refrigerator, while the American beechnuts +had not, which very likely may have been the cause for better retaining +both the flavor and pellicle-removing quality, which made these nuts +receive more points for these characteristics and so be awarded more +points than the first four. + +The meager results in getting beechnuts large enough to be of +horticultural value in this contest, as well as in previous contests, +and the failures of considerable effort on the part of the writer +independently to locate large beechnuts, have caused him to put much +thought on the matter and to have come to the conclusion that the search +should be conducted in Europe as well as here, for the following +reasons: + +The beech in Europe is much more esteemed as a valuable tree than here, +largely because of its value for fuel. + +It has for many years, if not for centuries, been a tree that has been +largely planted in those forests, state and private, which have been +managed on the basis of sustained production, and it is not doubted that +the men in charge are more familiar with the beech trees in the forests +under their jurisdiction than is the case in America. + +The European beech has shown the most amazing variation in color, size +and shape of leaves, color of bark, and habits of growth, which have +been perpetuated by grafting as ornamental varieties, and it seems +likely that there are equal variations in the nuts which only remain to +be discovered. + +In short, while there may be no more large fruited beeches in Europe +than here, it is believed that the chances of finding them are better. + + + + +ATTENDANCE RECORD + + + James A. Neilson, East Lansing, Michigan. + C. F. Walker, Cleveland Heights, Ohio. + Mr. and Mrs. John W. Hershey, Downingtown, Pennsylvania. + Mr. and Mrs. Harry R. Weber, Cincinnati, Ohio. + Dr. and Mrs. G. A. Zimmerman, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. + Mr. and Mrs. M. A. Yant, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + Mr. and Mrs. Newton H. Russell, Hadley Center, Massachusetts. + Mr. and Mrs. E. W. Freel, Pleasantville, Iowa. + Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Crissman, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Bingham, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + Mr. and Mrs. F. O. Harrington, Williamsburg, Iowa. + Frank H. Frey, Chicago, Illinois. + R. S. Herrick, Des Moines, Iowa. + Arthur Huston, Cropsey, Illinois. + Dr. W. C. Deming, Hartford, Connecticut. + J. K. Hershey, Ronk, Pennsylvania. + Hugh E. Williams, Ladora, Iowa. + C. W. Bricker, Ladora, Iowa. + Millard Harrington, Williamsburg, Iowa. + Dr. J. Russell Smith, Swarthmore, Pennsylvania. + Daniel Boyce, Winterset, Iowa. + T. J. Maney, Ames, Iowa. + J. F. Wilkinson, Rockport, Indiana. + Snyder Brothers, Center Point, Iowa. + Dr. R. J. Meyers, Moline, Illinois. + Rev. L. D. Stubbs, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + Vance McCray, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + Ray Anderson, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + A. B. Anthony, Sterling, Illinois. + George F. Stoltenberg, Moline, Illinois. + John H. Witte, Murlington, Iowa. + W. L. Van Meter, Adel, Iowa. + Miss Elva Becker, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. + N. F. Drake, Fayetteville, Arkansas. + Prof. A. S. Colby, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Report of the +Proceedings at the Twenty-First Annual Meeting, by Northern Nut Growers Association + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS REPORT *** + +***** This file should be named 20032-8.txt or 20032-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/2/0/0/3/20032/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, J. Henkin, Janet +Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions +will be renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no +one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation +(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without +permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, +set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to +copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to +protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. Project +Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and may not be used if you +charge for the eBooks, unless you receive specific permission. If you +do not charge anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the +rules is very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose +such as creation of derivative works, reports, performances and +research. They may be modified and printed and given away--you may do +practically ANYTHING with public domain eBooks. Redistribution is +subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +*** START: FULL LICENSE *** + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE +PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK + +To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work +(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project +Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project +Gutenberg-tm License (available with this file or online at +http://gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic works + +1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to +and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property +(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all +the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy +all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your possession. +If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound by the +terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the person or +entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + +1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be +used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who +agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few +things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works +even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See +paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this agreement +and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. See paragraph 1.E below. + +1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" +or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an +individual work is in the public domain in the United States and you are +located in the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from +copying, distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative +works based on the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg +are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support the Project +Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting free access to electronic works by +freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm works in compliance with the terms of +this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with +the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this agreement by +keeping this work in the same format with its attached full Project +Gutenberg-tm License when you share it without charge with others. + +1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern +what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in +a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check +the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement +before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or +creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project +Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no representations concerning +the copyright status of any work in any country outside the United +States. + +1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + +1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate +access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear prominently +whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work on which the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project +Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, +copied or distributed: + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + +1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is derived +from the public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is +posted with permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied +and distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees +or charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work +with the phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the +work, you must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 +through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the +Project Gutenberg-tm trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or +1.E.9. + +1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted +with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution +must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional +terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked +to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works posted with the +permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + +1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this +work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. + +1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this +electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without +prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with +active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project +Gutenberg-tm License. + +1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, +compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any +word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version +posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site (www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other +form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg-tm +License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + +1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, +performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works +unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + +1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing +access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works provided +that + +- You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method + you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is + owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he + has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments + must be paid within 60 days following each date on which you + prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your periodic tax + returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked as such and + sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the + address specified in Section 4, "Information about donations to + the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation." + +- You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm + License. You must require such a user to return or + destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium + and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of + Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +- You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of any + money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days + of receipt of the work. + +- You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. + +1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg-tm +electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set +forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from +both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael +Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark. Contact the +Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. + +1.F. + +1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable +effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread +public domain works in creating the Project Gutenberg-tm +collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may contain +"Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate or +corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other intellectual +property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other medium, a +computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be read by +your equipment. + +1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right +of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project +Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project +Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all +liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal +fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT +LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE +PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE +TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE +LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR +INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH +DAMAGE. + +1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a +defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can +receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a +written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you +received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with +your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with +the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a +refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity +providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to +receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy +is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further +opportunities to fix the problem. + +1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth +in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + +1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied +warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. +If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the +law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be +interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by +the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any +provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions. + +1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the +trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone +providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in accordance +with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, +promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works, +harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, +that arise directly or indirectly from any of the following which you do +or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg-tm +work, (b) alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any +Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any Defect you cause. + + +Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm + +Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of +electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers +including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists +because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from +people in all walks of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the +assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's +goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will +remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure +and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future generations. +To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation +and how your efforts and donations can help, see Sections 3 and 4 +and the Foundation web page at http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the +state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal +Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification +number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://pglaf.org/fundraising. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent +permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. S. +Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at +809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact +information can be found at the Foundation's web site and official +page at http://pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + +Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation + +Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide +spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of +increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be +freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest +array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations +($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt +status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United +States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a +considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up +with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations +where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To +SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any +particular state visit http://pglaf.org + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we +have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition +against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who +approach us with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make +any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from +outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation +methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other +ways including checks, online payments and credit card +donations. To donate, please visit: http://pglaf.org/donate + + +Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic +works. + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg-tm +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared +with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project +Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. +unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily +keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + http://www.gutenberg.org + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, +including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary +Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to +subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + +*** END: FULL LICENSE *** + |