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| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:05:30 -0700 |
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| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:05:30 -0700 |
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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19807-h.zip b/19807-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e7eaf7 --- /dev/null +++ b/19807-h.zip diff --git a/19807-h/19807-h.htm b/19807-h/19807-h.htm new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3e5e19b --- /dev/null +++ b/19807-h/19807-h.htm @@ -0,0 +1,5661 @@ +<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"> +<html> +<head> +<title>Chippeway Language</title> +<meta http-equiv = "Content-Type" content = "text/html; +charset=US-ASCII"> + +<style type = "text/css"> + +body {margin-left: 10%; margin-right: 10%;} + +div.titlepage, div.grammar, div.spelling +{margin-top: 4em; margin-bottom: 4em;} + +hr {width: 80%; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +hr.tiny {width: 20%;} +hr.micro {width: 10%; margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em;} + +div.contents a, div.mynote a {text-decoration: none;} + +em {font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; color: #999; +background-color: inherit;} + +h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 {text-align: center; font-style: normal; +font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: .5em; +margin-bottom: .5em;} + +h1 {font-size: 250%;} +h2 {font-size: 200%;} +h3 {font-size: 150%;} +h4 {font-size: 120%; font-variant: small-caps;} +h5 {font-size: 100%;} +h6 {font-size: 85%;} + +div.titlepage h1 {margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em;} +div.titlepage h2 {margin-top: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 1.25em;} +div.titlepage .two {font-size: 200%; margin-top: 1.25em;} +div.titlepage .three {font-size: 150%; margin-top: 1.67em;} +div.titlepage .four {font-size: 120%; margin-top: 2em;} +div.titlepage .five {font-size: 100%; margin-top: 2.5em;} +div.titlepage .six {font-size: 85%; margin-top: 3em;} + +div.spelling h5 {font-style: italic;} + +div.grammar h4 {margin-top: .75em; margin-bottom: .25em;} +h4.chapter {margin-top: 4em;} +div.grammar h5 {font-size: 80%; margin-top: 1em;} +div.grammar h5.list {font-size: 100%; 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padding: .2em 1em .2em 0;} +th em {font-style: normal; color: inherit; background-color: inherit;} + +td {vertical-align: top; text-align: left; padding: .1em 1em .1em 0em;} + +td.number {text-align: right;} +td.case {font-style: italic; text-align: right;} +td.middle {vertical-align: middle;} + +/* conditional */ + +table.inline {margin: 0;} +table.inline td {padding: .2em 0 0 0; line-height: 1.2em;} +table.inline td.bracket {vertical-align: middle; padding-left: .5em; +padding-right: .75em;} + +table p {margin-top: 0em; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; +line-height: normal;} +table.paradigm p {margin-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} + +table.paradigm, table.numbers {margin-top: .5em; margin-bottom: .5em; +margin-left: 2em;} +table.paradigm td {line-height: 1.2em;} +table.numbers td.number {vertical-align: bottom;} + +table.columns {border: hidden;} +table.columns td {border-left: 1px solid; padding-right: 1em; +padding-left: 1em;} + +div.endnote table {margin-left: 1em; font-size: 92%;} +div.endnote td {padding: .1em .5em;} +div.endnote th {text-align: left; font-style: normal; +border-bottom: 1px solid black;} + +span.invisible {visibility: hidden;} + + +/* text formatting */ + +span.firstword {font-variant: small-caps;} +.extended {letter-spacing: 0.25em;} + + +/* correction popup */ + +ins.correction {text-decoration: none; border-bottom: thin dotted red;} + +a.pagenum {position: absolute; right: 4%; font-size: 85%; +font-weight: normal; text-align: right; text-indent: 0em; color: #666; +background-color: inherit;} +div.spelling a.pagenum {font-style: normal;} +div.grammar a.pagenum {font-style: italic;} + +/* Transcriber's Note */ + +.mynote {background-color: #DDE; color: #000; padding: .5em 1em 1em; +margin: 1em 5%; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%;} + +div.endnote, div.contents {padding: .5em 1em 1em; +font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 95%; border: 3px ridge #A9F;} + +div.contents {font-size: 90%; width: 28em; margin-top: 2em; +margin-bottom: 2em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} +div.contents p {margin-left: 2em; text-indent: -2em; margin-top: .2em;} + +</style> +</head> + +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages, by +John Summerfield + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages + To Which is Added a Vocabulary of some of the Most Common Words + +Author: John Summerfield + +Release Date: November 14, 2006 [EBook #19807] +Last Updated: July 22, 2010 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, C. J. Lippert, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions +(www.canadiana.org)) + +</pre> + + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p>This is an updated version of an e-text originally produced in +November 2006; see end of text for notes.</p> + +<p>The e-text consists of two separately published books:</p> + +<p class = "inset"> +<i>Spellings for the Schools in the Chipeway Language</i><br> +<i>Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language</i></p> + +<p>In the first book (Spellings...), the hyphen - is used to separate +syllables. In the second book (Grammar...) the hyphen seems to +represent the glottal stop.</p> + +<p>In the word lists of the first book, the first entry in each column +was sometimes— but not consistently— capitalized. This +capitalization has been retained, whether or not the e-text layout +replicates the original.</p> + +<p>A few punctuation marks in the paradigms and vocabulary lists have +been supplied or regularized. Other errors and anomalies are noted with +mouse-hover <ins class = "correction" title = "like this">popups</ins>. +Bracketed text is in the original.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#spelling_book">Spelling</a><br> +<a href = "#grammar_book">Grammar</a><br> +<a href = "#endnotes">Notes on Updated Text</a></p> + +</div> + + +<div class = "contents"> +<h5><b>Contents</b> (added by transcriber)</h5> + +<p><b><a href = "#spelling_book">Spellings for the Schools</a></b></p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p><a href = "#spelling">Spellings</a></p> +<p><a href = "#prayers">Prayers</a></p> +</div> + +<p><b><a href = "#grammar_book">Sketch of Grammar</a></b></p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p><a href = "#nouns">Nouns, Pronouns</a></p> +<p><a href = "#adjectives">Adjectives</a> (including Numbers)</p> +<p><a href = "#verbs">Verbs</a></p> +<div class = "inset"> +<p><a href = "#to_love">Conjugation of "to love"</a> (active)</p> +<p><a href = "#to_be">Conjugation of "to be"</a></p> +<p><a href = "#to_be_loved">Conjugation of "to be loved"</a> +(passive)</p> +</div> +<p><a href = "#partic">Participles, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, +Interjections</a></p> +<p><a href = "#fable">A Fable</a></p> +<p><a href = "#formation">Formation of Words</a></p> +<p><a href = "#vocab">Vocabulary</a></p> +</div> + +</div> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h1 class = "three"><a name = "spelling_book" id = "spelling_book"> +<b>SPELLINGS</b></a></h1> + +<h1 class = "six">FOR THE</h1> + +<h1 class = "extended"><b>SCHOOLS</b></h1> + +<h2 class = "six">IN THE</h2> + +<h2 class = "three"><i>CHIPEWAY LANGUAGE.</i></h2> + +<p> </p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline0.png" width = "54" height = "7" +alt = "----"></p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class = "title"> +Ah-ne-she-nah-<ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'pa'">pay</ins>, Oo-te-ke-too-we-nun; +<ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'Ka'">Kah</ins>-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah e-kewh, +Ka-nah-wah-pahn-tah-gigk Mah-ze-nah-e-kun.</p> + +<p> </p> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline0.png" width = "54" height = "7" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h6>YORK, U. CANADA:</h6> + +<h6>Printed for the Canada Conference Missionary Society.</h6> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h5>1828</h5> + +</div> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/alphabet.png" width = "305" height = "516" +alt = "chart showing letters A-Z, a-z, numerals 1-0, punctuation" +title = "A-Z, a-z, 1-0, punctuation"> +</p> + +<div class = "spelling"> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page3s" id = "page3s">3</a> +<h4 class = "chapter"> +<a name = "spelling" id = "spelling">SPELLINGS.</a></h4> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline0.png" width = "54" height = "7" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of one Syllable.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Kah<br> +nah<br> +sah<br> +wah<br> +keene<br> +neene<br> +weene<br> +meene<br> +owh<br> +howh<br> +ewh +</td> +<td> +Neeje<br> +keeje<br> +weeje<br> +moose<br> +koose<br> +noose<br> +meezhe<br> +peezhe<br> +neezhe<br> +weezhe<br> +moozhe +</td> +<td> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'Squach'">Squahch</ins><br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'shwas'">shwahs</ins><br> +quaich<br> +paske<br> +kaugk<br> +mongk<br> +shongk<br> +jeese<br> +aahe<br> +tdush +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of two Syllables accented on the second.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah keh<br> +ah keeng<br> +ah kik<br> +ah mik<br> +ahn doohm<br> +ah nungk<br> +ah owh<br> +ah pa<br> +ah pweh<br> +ah sin<br> +ah tick +</td> +<td> +ah toon<br> +e mah<br> +e kewh<br> +e newh<br> +e qua<br> +I yahdt<br> +kah yawsk<br> +ke tahn<br> +ke quis<br> +ke nwazhe<br> +mah quah +</td> +<td> +me nick<br> +me quom<br> +me zeh<br> +me squeh<br> +me tigk<br> +nah maih<br> +ne gigk<br> +ne peh<br> +ne peeng<br> +ne sing +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page4s" id = "page4s">4</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of two Syllables, accented on the second.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ne sweh<br> +oo chawzhe<br> +oo kaudt<br> +oo kowh<br> +oo kun<br> +oo mah<br> +oo nick +</td> +<td> +oo ninje<br> +oon taus<br> +oo pin<br> +oo saum<br> +Oo zidt<br> +oo skonzhe<br> +oo taih +</td> +<td> +qui yuck<br> +shing quawk<br> +shing koub<br> +shing kaugk<br> +tah zheh<br> +te pigk<br> +wah zhusk +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & +2nd.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah zheh<br> +a shkum<br> +a sance<br> +a squach<br> +a tah<br> +a yaudt<br> +a zheh<br> +che mon<br> +che pywh<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'ka'">kah</ins> che<br> +ka kate<br> +ka gooh<br> +ke kah +</td> +<td> +ke kooh<br> +ke zhick<br> +ke zis<br> +ki ya<br> +koo koosh<br> +mah che<br> +mah kuk<br> +mah mick<br> +mah noo<br> +mahn tdah<br> +ma quah<br> +me chim<br> +me kun +</td> +<td> +me kaunce<br> +me nance<br> +me quaich<br> +me quon<br> +me tdush<br> +me owh<br> +me zhusk<br> +nah nindt<br> +na kowh<br> +na yaub<br> +ne win<br> +ning kah +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page5s" id = "page5s">5</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three syllables accented on the 1st & +2nd.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +noo sa<br> +noo tdin<br> +noo tding<br> +noong koom<br> +oo jee<br> +pah mah<br> +pa kah<br> +pe toon +</td> +<td> +poo neh<br> +se peh<br> +sah keh<br> +sau kie<br> +she shebe<br> +tain ta<br> +wa nain +</td> +<td> +wa quain<br> +wau poose<br> +we kah<br> +we nin<br> +we yause<br> +we pidt<br> +ween sah +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and +third.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah je chaugk<br> +ah kah mingk<br> +ah neen teh<br> +ah ne moosh<br> +ah ne peesh<br> +ah noo kee<br> +ah pa kish<br> +ah quing koos<br> +ah she kun<br> +ah wah kahn<br> +ah wa seeh<br> +ah yah pa +</td> +<td> +ah zhoo gun<br> +a me quahn<br> +a yah chick<br> +a yah yun<br> +a zhah yun<br> +ka yah peh<br> +mah ke sin<br> +mah ne toonce<br> +mah ne toosh<br> +mah ske moodt<br> +me ke seh<br> +me sah owh +</td> +<td> +nah kah mooh<br> +ne zhe kaih<br> +oo me meh<br> +oo nah kun<br> +oo ne shkaudt<br> +oo que son<br> +oon tah shahn<br> +oo ske zhick<br> +oo se tongk<br> +pe je nuck<br> +shah wain tung<br> +shah wa nim +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page6s" id = "page6s">6</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and<br> +half accent on the third.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +E nah shka<br> +e qua sance<br> +e shkoo ta<br> +ke na pigk<br> +ke noo zhai +</td> +<td> +mah noo min<br> +me quain tun<br> +me sah poose<br> +me she min<br> +me she kaih +</td> +<td> +me she nuck<br> +me tig koonce<br> +mun tah min<br> +nah ma koos<br> +nah ma pin +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three Syllables accented on the first and +third.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Pah ke tin<br> +wau be gun +</td> +<td> +wau bah maudt<br> +wau be min +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three syllables accented on the last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah nah quodt<br> +e we te<br> +ing koo che<br> +ing koo twaus<br> +ish pe ming<br> +ka ah koo<br> +kah kah keh<br> +kah nah ka<br> +kah ke nick<br> +kah ke nah +</td> +<td> +kah shah kance<br> +kah sah meh<br> +kah moo keede<br> +kah we kah<br> +ka ka keh<br> +ka koo weene<br> +ka ke quait<br> +ke me wun<br> +ke nah wah<br> +ke ke che +</td> +<td> +ke she kudt<br> +ke she kuck<br> +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'koo'">ko</ins> se non<br> +me nah wah<br> +me ne zis<br> +me ze saih<br> +moo koo mon<br> +mun ne too<br> +mun ne toogk<br> +nah koo shah +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page7s" id = "page7s">7</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of three syllables accented on the last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +nah too way<br> +neen ah windt<br> +ne se tum<br> +ning ke che<br> +noo se non<br> +nowh ah quay<br> +oo che pway<br> +oo ke mah<br> +oo me squeem<br> +pah pah say<br> +pe me zeh +</td> +<td> +pe na sheeh<br> +pe pah kim<br> +pe she keh<br> +sah ke maih<br> +sah ke toodt<br> +se wah quahn<br> +shah kah nosh<br> +shong qua sheh<br> +shoo ne yah<br> +tah be schooch<br> +tah que shin +</td> +<td> +ta pain tungk<br> +ta pwa tungk<br> +tain ta seh<br> +wah ne toodt<br> +wah wah noon<br> +wa koo nain<br> +wa wa neh<br> +weje e shin<br> +wig ke waum<br> +we nah wah<br> +we wah quahn +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of four syllables, accented on the second and +fourth.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah chit ah mooh<br> +ah kuck koo jeesh<br> +ah sun ah kooh<br> +ah wah se seh<br> +e nah pe yook<br> +ke pah e kun<br> +ke pim oo say<br> +ke tah e kun +</td> +<td> +me squah ta seh<br> +ne pwah kah win<br> +ne wah pah tahn<br> +oo ka yah wis<br> +oo mah kah keh<br> +oo mong ke zheh<br> +oo tah pe nick<br> +oo tah pe nun +</td> +<td> +oo ta e min<br> +oo que se mon<br> +oo wig ke waum<br> +pah ske se gun<br> +she kah kah winzhe<br> +ta pwa tah wick<br> +wah oo na seh +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page8s" id = "page8s">8</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of four syllables accented on the <ins class = +"correction" title = "original text unchanged">sixth</ins>.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah quah tah sheeh<br> +ah se ke nauk<br> +ah zhah wah maig<br> +ain tah che yungk<br> +ke zhe tah yook<br> +maun nah ta nis +</td> +<td> +na pwah kah chick<br> +pah kah ah quaih<br> +too too shah boo<br> +waug ke koo mon<br> +wah wah ska sheh +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of five syllables, a full accent on the last,<br> +and half accent on the second.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ah kin tah soo win<br> +ah nah me ah win<br> +ah ne she nah pay<br> +ah quah ne pe sahn<br> +ah sin ne se kah<br> +ke moo te schke win<br> +ke nah we schke win<br> +mah ze nah e kun<br> +me ne te we nun<br> +me skoo te se min<br> +me tig quah ke zin<br> +mon nain e te win<br> +ne kah ne se took +</td> +<td> +neeng ke te mah kis<br> +ne skah te se win<br> +nin tah wa mah took<br> +ne te ke koo took<br> +oo kah ke qua win<br> +oo zhe pe e kun<br> +pah kun te se win<br> +pah pah ke wah yahn<br> +shah wa ne te win<br> +sah ke e te win<br> +ween tah mah we shin<br> +we too kah we shin +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page9s" id = "page9s">9</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Words of five syllables, accented on the first, the +third and last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Pa zhe go kah zhee<br> +peen tah kah ta waun<br> +oo ke mah we win +</td> +<td> +oo te ke too win<br> +she pe koo pah tick<br> +wah ne squa se win +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h5>Accented on the two first and last.</h5> + +<p align = "center"> +Too toosh pim me tay +</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h5>Words of six syllables accented on the third and +last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Kah ke pah te se win<br> +kah ke qua we ne neh<br> +kah nah wah pa me shin<br> +kah nah wa ne me shin +</td> +<td> +mah noo min e ka zheeh<br> +mah kah ta e ne neh<br> +e she wa pe se win<br> +ta pwa yain tah moo win +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline0.png" width = "54" height = "7" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Accented on the second and last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +Ke too ke mah me non<br> +kah ke pah te se win<br> +na nahn tah we e waidt +</td> +<td> +oo mah ze nah e kun<br> +wah wah pe <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'koo noo jhee'">ko noo jeeh</ins> +</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page10s" id = "page10s">10</a> + +<p class = "illustration"> +<img src = "images/decline_double.png" width = "40" height = "6" +alt = "----"></p> + +<h5>Accented on the third and two last.</h5> + +<table class = "columns" summary = "word list"> +<tr> +<td> +ka ke noo ah mah kaidt<br> +mah che ah ye e wish +</td> +<td> +ah koo koo pe nah gun<br> +ah wah che wun nah gun +</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h5>Accented on the 4th and last.</h5> + +<p align = "center"> +Ahn e me tah koo zin. +</p> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page11s" id = "page11s">11</a> +<h4 class = "chapter"><a name = "prayers" id = "prayers"> +THE LORD'S PRAYER.</a></h4> + +<h5>Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Oo-que-son +Oo-tah-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'ne'">nu</ins>-me-tah-koo-se-win.</h5> + +<p><span class = "firstword">Neeng-ke-che</span> noo-se-non, Ish-pe-ming +a-yah-yun. Ka-che-mun-ne-too-we-ne-kah-soo-yun. +Ke-ke-che-ke-too-ke-mah-we-win pe-tah-we-she-nom. A-na-ne-me-wong-kane +oo-mah-ke-zhe ah-keeng ne-kah-e-she-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'we'">wa</ins>-pe-se-min; tah-pe-schooch +a-she-wa-buk e-we-ty Ish-pe-ming. Me-she-she-nom ka-ne-tah-soo +ke-she-kuk me-chim pe-mah-te-se-win. Ki-ya pa-kah-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom +che-sah-ke-che-wa-pe-nah-mah-we-yong mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish, +nah-<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'sab'">sahb</ins>-e-koo +a-she shah-wa-ne-mong-ke-twah oo-kooh kah-pah-tah-e-yah-me-ke-chik, +ki-ya keen e-she-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom. Ka-goo we-kah ing-koo-chee +ah-ne-e-she-we-she-she-kah-kane che-nah-ne-sah-ne-se-yong; mah-noo +sah-koo kah-ke-nah shah-koo-te-nah-mah-we-she-nom mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish. +Keen-mah-ween ke te-pain-tahn ke-che-oo-ke-mah-we-win, ki-ya euh +ke-che-e-she-wa-pe-se-win, ki-ya euh ah-nah-me-ah-win +ka-che-me-nwa-tah-quok, kah-ke-nik ki-ya kah-ke-nik.—Amen.</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h4>GRACE BEFORE MEAT.</h4> + +<p class = "center">Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, che-pwah-we-se-ningk.</p> + +<p>O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun, +Shah-wain-tah-mah-we-she-nom mahn-tdah me-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'chim pe'">chim-pe</ins>-mah-te-se-win, +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page12s" id = "page12s">12</a> +kah-pah-ke-<ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'te- nah'">te-nah</ins>-mah-we-yongk; me-tdush +ka-oon-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'je mah'">je-mah</ins>-skah-we-se-yongk +che-ah-noo-ke-tah-koo yun; me-owh Jesus Christ a-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'pa'">spa</ins>-ne-moo-yongk. Amen.</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h4>GRACE AFTER MEAT.</h4> + +<p class = "center">Ah-noo-shoo-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'tah -mah--ka'">tah-mah-ka</ins>-win, +<ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'kah--e'">kah-e</ins>-squah, +we-se-ningk.</p> + +<p>O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too, neeng-keche Noo-se-non, me-quaich wa-wa-neh +kah-we-se-ne-yongk noo-koom, ki-ya ain-tah-soo-ke-she-kuck +shah-wain-ne-me-yongk; me-sah-owh Jesus Christ kah-ke-nigk +ka-ah-pa-ne-<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'moo yongk'">moo-yongk</ins>. Amen.</p> + +</div> + +<!-- end div spelling --> + +<div class = "titlepage"> + +<h1 class = "three"> +<a name = "grammar_book" id = "grammar_book">SKETCH</a></h1> + +<h1 class = "six">OF</h1> + +<h1 class = "two extended"><b>GRAMMAR</b></h1> + +<h2 class = "six">OF THE</h2> + +<h2 class = "three extended">CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE,</h2> + +<h3 class = "six">TO WHICH IS ADDED</h3> + +<h3 class = "four extended"><b>A VOCABULARY</b></h3> + +<h3 class = "five"><b>Of some of the most common Words.</b></h3> + +<p> </p> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h6>BY JOHN SUMMERFIELD,<br> +alias,<br> +SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH.</h6> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<h5><b>Cazenovia:</b></h5> + +<h6>PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON.</h6> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h6>1834.</h6> + +</div> + + +<div class = "grammar"> + +<h4 class = "chapter">ADVERTISEMENT.</h4> + +<p>The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours, +while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter. +As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to +reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be +otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in +some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my +present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the +request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and +expense.</p> + +<p class = "right">J. SUMMERFIELD.</p> + +<p>Cazenovia, April 10, 1834.</p> + + + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page3g" id = "page3g">3</a> +<h4 class = "chapter">SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c.</h4> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<p>The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz. A, +a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n; O, +o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X, +are not used.</p> + +<p>There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely, +the <i>article</i>, the <i>noun</i>, the <i>pronoun</i>, the +<i>adjective</i>, the <i>verb</i>, the <i>participle</i>, the +<i>adverb</i>, the <i>preposition</i>, the <i>conjunction</i>, and the +<i>interjection</i>.</p> + + +<h4>OF THE ARTICLE.</h4> + +<p>There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and +neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n.</p> + + +<h4><a name = "nouns" id = "nouns">OF NOUNS.</a></h4> + +<p>A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man; +Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree.</p> + +<p>Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper.</p> + +<p>Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts +containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh, +man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird.</p> + +<p>Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles, +Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the +same as in English.]</p> + +<p>To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case.</p> + +<h5>GENDER.</h5> + +<p>Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex.</p> + +<p>Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the +neuter.</p> + +<p>The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man.</p> + +<p>The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as, +Nahbak, a she bear, &c.</p> + +<p>The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a +hat.</p> + +<h5>NUMBER.</h5> + +<p>Number is the distinction of objects as one or more.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page4g" id = "page4g">4</a> +<p>Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural.</p> + +<p>The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a +book.</p> + +<p>The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, +books.</p> + +<h5>CASE.</h5> + +<p>Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the +objective.</p> + +<p>The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.; +as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays.</p> + +<p>The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, +and always ends with the letter <i>o</i>; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my +father's house.</p> + +<p>The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation; +as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles.</p> + +<p>Nouns may be declined in the following manner:</p> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td></td> +<th><em>Singular.</em></th> +<th><em>Plural.</em></th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Nom. Case,</td> +<td>Eneneh, man.</td> +<td>Enenewug, men.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Poss. Case,</td> +<td>Eneneho, man's.</td> +<td>Enenewugo, men's.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Obj. Case,</td> +<td>Eneneh, man.</td> +<td>Enenewug, men.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h4>OF PRONOUNS.</h4> + +<p>A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the +same word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is +happy.</p> + +<h5>PERSONAL PRONOUNS.</h5> + +<p>There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, +he; with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, +they.</p> + +<p>Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case.</p> + +<p>The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz.</p> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td> +Neen, I, is the first person,<br> +Keen, thou, is the second person,<br> +Ween, he, is the third person,</td> +<td class = "middle"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle" colspan = "2"> +Singular.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td colspan = "2"> +Nenahwind, we, is the first person,<br> +Kenahwah, you, is the second person,<br> +Wenahwah, they, is the third person,</td> +<td class = "middle"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle"> +Plural.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p><i>Number.</i>—Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the +plural.</p> + +<p><a class = "pagenum" name = "page5g" id = "page5g">5</a> +<i>Case.</i>—Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the +possessive, and the objective.</p> + +<p>Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same +form.</p> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td>First person.</td> +<th>Singular.</th> +<th>Plural.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Nom.</td> +<td>Neen, I.</td> +<td>Nenahwind, we.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Poss.</td> +<td>Neen, mine.</td> +<td>Nenahwind, ours.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Obj.</td> +<td>Neen, me.</td> +<td>Nenahwind, us.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><a name = "adjectives" id = "adjectives">OF +ADJECTIVES.</a></h4> + +<p>An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as, +quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man.</p> + +<p>Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have +any regular comparison.</p> + +<p>The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives:</p> + +<table class = "numbers" summary = "list of numbers"> +<tr> +<td>Pazhick,</td> +<td class = "number">1</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Neezhe,</td> +<td class = "number">2</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nesweh,</td> +<td class = "number">3</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Newin,</td> +<td class = "number">4</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nahnun,</td> +<td class = "number">5</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ingoodwahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">6</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Neswahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">7</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">8</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shongsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">9</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Metahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">10</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Metahsweh ahshepazhick,</p></td> +<td class = "number">11</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahsheneezhe,</td> +<td class = "number">12</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahshenesweh,</td> +<td class = "number">13</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahshenewin,</td> +<td class = "number">14</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahshenahnun,</td> +<td class = "number">15</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahsheingoodwahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">16</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahsheneswahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">17</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahsheswahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">18</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Metahsweh</span> ahsheshongsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">19</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nestahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">20</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nestahnah ahshepa<ins class = "correction" title = +"spelling as in original: expected form is '-zhick'">chick</ins>,</td> +<td class = "number">21</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahsheneezhe,</td> +<td class = "number">22</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahshenesweh,</td> +<td class = "number">23</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahshenewin,</td> +<td class = "number">24</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahshenahnun,</td> +<td class = "number">25</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nestahnah ahsheingoodwahsweh,</p></td> +<td class = "number">26</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahsheneswahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">27</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahsheshahsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">28</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><span class = "invisible">Nestahnah</span> ahsheshongsweh,</td> +<td class = "number">29</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nesemetahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">30</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nemedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">40</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nahnemedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">50</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ingoodwahsemedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">60</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Neswahsemedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">70</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Swahsemedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">80</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shonggahswehmedahnah,</td> +<td class = "number">90</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ingoodwak,</td> +<td class = "number">100</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nezhwak,</td> +<td class = "number">200</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Neswak,</td> +<td class = "number">300</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Newak,</td> +<td class = "number">400</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nahnwak,</td> +<td class = "number">500</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Ingoodwahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">600</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nezhahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">700</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shawhswak,</td> +<td class = "number">800</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shongahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">900</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Medahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">1000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Neezhemedahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">2000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Medahswehdahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">10,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nestahnahdahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">20,000</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nemedahnahdahswak,</td> +<td class = "number">40,000</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page6g" id = "page6g">6</a> +<h4><a name = "verbs" id = "verbs">OF VERBS.</a></h4> + +<p>A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, +Nedahyah, I am; Nedebahkoonewa, I rule; Nedebahkoonegoo, +I am ruled.</p> + +<p>Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and neuter.</p> + +<p>A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent +and an <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'abject'">object</ins> acted upon; as, Nezhahgeah James, +I love James.</p> + +<p>A Verb Passive expresses passion or a suffering or the receiving of +an action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is +acted upon; as, Chezhahwane­ding, to be loved; +John ooje­zhahwanemah neen, John is loved by me.</p> + +<p>A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a +state of being; as, Nenebah, I sleep; Nenahmahdub, I sit.</p> + +<p>Verbs have number, person, mood and tense.</p> + +<h5>NUMBER AND PERSON.</h5> + +<p>Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural.</p> + +<p>There are three persons in each number; as,</p> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td>Pers.</td> +<th>Singular.</th> +<th>Plural.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">1.</td> +<td><p>Nezhahwanega, I love.</p></td> +<td><p>Nezhahwane­gamin, we love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">2.</td> +<td><p>Kezhahwanega, thou lovest.</p></td> +<td><p>Kezhahwane­gaim, you love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "number">3.</td> +<td><p>Zhawanega, he loves.</p></td> +<td><p>Zhahwanegawug, they love.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>MOOD.</h5> + +<p>The moods are five, Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Potential, +and the Infinitive.</p> + +<p>The Indicative declares or affirms positively, or it asks a question; +as, Zhahwanega, he loves; Zhahwaneganah? Does he love?</p> + +<p>The Subjunctive expresses action or passion in a doubtful manner; as, +Kespin zhahwane­gaid, if he loves.</p> + +<p>The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, and entreating; as, +Mahjahn keen, depart thou; Noodahmooyook, do thou listen.</p> + +<p>The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will; as, +Tahgemewan kahnahbuge, it may rain; Kegahwesenemin kiya kahmenequamin, +we shall eat and drink.</p> + +<p>The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of the verb; as, +Cheezechegang, to do; Chegegedoong, to speak.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page7g" id = "page7g">7</a> +<h5>TENSE.</h5> + +<p>Verbs have six tenses, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the +pluperfect, the first and second future tenses.</p> + +<p>The present tense represents a present action as taking place at the +time in which it is mentioned; as, Nebop, I laugh; Newob, +I see; Nedenadum, I think.</p> + +<p>The imperfect tense denotes past action or event however distant, +finished, but without defining the exact time of its completion; as, +Oodanongezahbahneeg ahpe naquaskahwod, they were travelling to the town +when he met them.</p> + +<p>The perfect tense refers not only to what is past but also conveys an +allusion to the present time; as, Ahzheh negegezhetoon nemahzhenahegun, +I have finished my letter.</p> + +<p>The pluperfect tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also +as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; as, +Ahzehnegegezhetonahbun letter chebwabedahgweshing, I had finished my +letter before he arrived.</p> + +<p>The first future tense represents the action as yet to come, either +with or without respect to the precise time when; as, Owh kezis +tahbemookahum wahbung, the sun will rise to-morrow.</p> + +<p>The second future tense represents a future action that will be +accomplished before another future action; as, Negahwesenenahbun +nahwahquaig, I shall have dined at twelve o'clock.</p> + +<p>A Verb is conjugated in the following manner:</p> + +<h4><a name = "to_love" id = "to_love"> +TO LOVE.—indicative mood.</a></h4> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Present Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>1. Nezhahwanega,</td> +<td>I love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. Kezhahwanega,</td> +<td>Thou lovest.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Zhahwanega,</td> +<td>He loves.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>1. Nezhahwane­gamin,</td> +<td>We love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. Kezhahwane­gaim,</td> +<td>Ye or you love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Zhahwanegawug,</td> +<td>They love.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>1. Nege­zhahwanega,</td> +<td>I loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. Kege­zhahwanega,</td> +<td>Thou lovedst.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Kezhahwanega,</td> +<td>He loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case"> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page8g" id = "page8g">8</a> +Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Nege­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>We loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kege­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td>Ye or you loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Kezhawanegawug,</td> +<td>They loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Ahzehnege­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>I have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Ahzehkege­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>Thou hast loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Ahzehke­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>He has loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Ahzehnege­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>We have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Ahzehkege­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td><p>Ye or you have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Ahzehke­zhahwane­gawug,</p></td> +<td>They have loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Ahzehnege­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td>I had loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Ahzehkege­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td>Thou hadst loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Ahzehke­zhahwane­gabun,</p></td> +<td>He had loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Ahzehnegezhawanegaminahbun,</p></td> +<td>We had loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Ahzehkege­zhahwane­gamwahbun,</p></td> +<td>You had loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Ahzehke­zhahwane­gabahneeg,</p></td> +<td>They had loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">First Future.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>1. Negah­zhahwanega,</td> +<td><p>I shall or will love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. Kegah­zhahwanega,</td> +<td><p>Thou shalt or wilt love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Tahzhahwanega,</td> +<td><p>He shall or will love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Negah­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td><p>We shall or will love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kegah­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td><p>You shall or will love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahzhahwane­gawug,</p></td> +<td><p>They shall or will love.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Second Future.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Negah­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td>I shall have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kegah­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou wilt have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahzhahwane­gabun,</p></td> +<td>He will have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Negah­zhahwane­gaminahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>We shall have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kegah­zhahwane­gamwahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>You will have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahzhahwane­gabahneeg,</p></td> +<td><p>They will have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>IMPERATIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Tahgahneenega­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>Let me love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Zhahwanegain, or<br> +Kezhahwane­ganah,</p></td> +<td><p>Love thou, or do thou love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgahween tahzhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>Let him love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case"> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page9g" id = "page9g">9</a> +Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Tahgahnenahwind gahzhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>Let us love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Zhahwanegayook, or Kezhahwane­gaimnah,</p></td> +<td><p>Love ye or you, or do you love.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwane­gawug,</p></td> +<td>Let them love.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>POTENTIAL MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>1. Nedah­zhahwanega,</td> +<td>I may love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>2. Kedah­zhahwanega,</td> +<td>Thou mayest love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Tahzhahwanega,</td> +<td>He may love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedah­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>We may love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedah­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td>You may love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahzhahwane­gawug.</p></td> +<td>They may love.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahge­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>I might love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahge­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>Thou mightest love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>3. Tahge­zhahwanega,</td> +<td>He might love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahge­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>We might love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahge­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td>You might love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahge­zhahwane­gawug,</p></td> +<td>They might love.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahgewe­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>I may have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahgewe­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mayst have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgewe­zhahwanega,</p></td> +<td>He may have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahgewe­zhahwane­gamin,</p></td> +<td>We may have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahgewe­zhahwane­gaim,</p></td> +<td>You may have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgewe­zhahwane­gawug,</p></td> +<td><p>They may have loved.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahgewe­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td>I might have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahgewe­zhahwane­ganahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mightest have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgewe­zhahwane­gabun,</p></td> +<td><p>He might have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>1. Nedahgewe­zhahwane­gaminahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>We might have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>2. Kedahgewe­zhahwane­gamwahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>You might have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>3. Tahgewe­zhahwane­gabahneeg,</p></td> +<td><p>They might have loved.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page10g" id = "page10g">10</a> +<h5>SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­gayaun,</p></td> +<td>If I love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­gayun,</p></td> +<td>If thou lovest.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwahnegaid,</p></td> +<td>If he loves.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­gayong,</p></td> +<td>If we love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­gayaig,</p></td> +<td>If you love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­gawod,</p></td> +<td>If they love.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>INFINITIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Pres.</td> +<td>Chezhahwane­gang, To love.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perf.</td> +<td>Chege­zhahwane­gang, To have loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Fut.</td> +<td>Ahyegwahwe­zhahwane­gang, To be about to love.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>PARTICIPLES.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Present,</td> +<td>Zhahwaneding,</td> +<td>Loving.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perfect,</td> +<td>Zhahwanemind,</td> +<td>Loved.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h4><a name = "to_be" id = "to_be"> +Conjugation of the Verb TO BE.</a></h4> + +<h5>INDICATIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Nedahyah,</td> +<td>I am.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kedahyah,</td> +<td>Thou art.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyah,</td> +<td>He is.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Nedahyahmin,</td> +<td>We are.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kedahyaum,</td> +<td>Ye or you are.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyahwug,</td> +<td>They are.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Nedahyahnahbun,</td> +<td>I was.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kedahyahnahbun,</td> +<td>Thou wast.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyahbun,</td> +<td>He was.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Nedahyahmenahbun,</td> +<td>We were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kedahyahmwahbun,</td> +<td>You were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyahbahneeg,</td> +<td>They were.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Negeahyahnahbun,</td> +<td>I have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kegeahyahnahbun,</td> +<td>Thou hast been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Keahyahbun,</td> +<td>He has been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Negeahyahmin,</td> +<td>We have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page11g" id = "page11g">11</a> +</td> +<td>Kegeahyaum,</td> +<td>You have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Keahyahwug,</td> +<td>They have been.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>Nedahgeweahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td>I had been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kedahgeweahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td>Thou hadst been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Keweahyahbun,</td> +<td>He had been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Nedahgeweahyahmin,</td> +<td>We had been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kedahgeweahyaum,</td> +<td>You had been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Keahyahbahneeg,</td> +<td>They had been.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">First Future Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Negahahyah,</td> +<td>I shall be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kegahahyah,</td> +<td>Thou wilt be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahahyah,</td> +<td>He will be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Negahahyahmin,</td> +<td>We shall be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kegahahyaum,</td> +<td>You will be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahahyahwug,</td> +<td>They will be.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Second Future Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Negahgeahyahnahbun,</td> +<td>I shall have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kegahgeahyahnahbun,</td> +<td><p>Thou wilt have been.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahgeahyahbun,</td> +<td>He will have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>Negahgeahyahmenahbun,</p></td> +<td>We shall have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kegahgeahyahmwahbun,</p></td> +<td>You will have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahgeahyahbahneeg,</td> +<td><p>They will have been.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>IMPERATIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Tahgahnenegahahyah,</td> +<td>Let me be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyaun kegeahyahun,</td> +<td><p>Be thou or do thou be.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahgahweendahahyah,</td> +<td>Let him be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td colspan = "2">Tahgahnenahwindnegahahyahmin, Let us be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Ahyahyook,</td> +<td><p>Be ye or you or do you be.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahgahdahahyahwug,</td> +<td>Let them be.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>POTENTIAL MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-nedahahyah,</p></td> +<td>I may be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-kedahahyah,</p></td> +<td>Thou mayst be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Koonemah-dahahyah,</td> +<td>He may be.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-nedahahyahmin,</p></td> +<td>We may be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page12g" id = "page12g">12</a> +</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-kedahahyaum,</p></td> +<td>You may be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-dahahyahwug,</p></td> +<td>They may be.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-nedahgeahyah,</p></td> +<td>I might be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-kedahgeahyah,</p></td> +<td>Thou mightest be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-tahgeahyah,</p></td> +<td>He might be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-nedahgeahyahmin,</p></td> +<td>We might be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-kedahgeahyaum,</p></td> +<td>You might be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-tahgeahyahwug,</p></td> +<td>They might be.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah-nedahgeahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td>I may have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-kedahgeahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mayst have been.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah-tahgeahyahbun,</p></td> +<td>He may have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah nedahgeahyahminnahbun,</p></td> +<td>We may have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah kedahgeahyahmwahbun,</p></td> +<td>You may have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah tahgeahyahbahneeg,</p></td> +<td>They may have been.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah nedahgeweahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td>I might have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah kedahgeweahyahnahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mightest have been.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah tahgeweahyahbun,</p></td> +<td>He might have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Koonemah nedahgeweahgahmenanbun,</p></td> +<td>We might have been.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah kedahgeweahyahmwahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>You might have been.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Koonemah tahgeweahyahbahneeg,</p></td> +<td><p>They might have been.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td>Kespin ahyahyaun,</td> +<td>If I be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyahyun,</td> +<td>If thou be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyaud,</td> +<td>If he be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td>Kespin ahyahyong,</td> +<td>If we be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyahyaig,</td> +<td>If you be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyahwaud,</td> +<td>If they be.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Sing.</td> +<td><p>Kespin ahyahyahbaun,</p></td> +<td>If I were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page13g" id = "page13g">13</a> +</td> +<td>Kespin ahyahyahbun,</td> +<td>If thou wert.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyahpun,</td> +<td>If he were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plur.</td> +<td><p>Kespin ahyahyongebun,</p></td> +<td>If we were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin ahyahyaigoobun,</p></td> +<td>If you were.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kespin ahyahwahpun,</td> +<td>If they were.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>INFINITIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Present.</td> +<td>Cheahyong, To be.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perfect.</td> +<td>Chegeahyong, To have been.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>PARTICIPLES.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Pres.</td> +<td>Ahyong, Being.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perf.</td> +<td>Ahyod, Been.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h4><a name = "to_be_loved" id = "to_be_loved"> +Conjugation of the Passive Verb TO BE LOVED.</a></h4> + +<h5>INDICATIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td>Nezhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td>I am loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kezhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td>Thou art loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Zhahwanemah,</td> +<td>He is loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td>Nezhahwane­megoomin,</td> +<td>We are loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kezhahwane­megoom,</td> +<td>You are loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Zhahwanemahwug,</td> +<td>They are loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Nezhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td>I was loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kezhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td>Thou wast loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Zhahwanemahbun,</td> +<td>He was loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Nezhahwane­megoomenahbun,</p></td> +<td>We were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kezhahwane­megoomwahbun,</p></td> +<td>You were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Zhahwanemahbahneeg,</td> +<td>They were loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td>Nege­zhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td>I have been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page14g" id = "page14g">14</a> +</td> +<td>Kege­zhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td><p>Thou hast been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kezhahwanemah,</td> +<td>He has been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Nege­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td>We have been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kege­zhahwane­megoom,</td> +<td><p>You have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kezhahwane­mahwug,</td> +<td><p>They have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Nege­zhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td>I had been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kege­zhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou hadst been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kezhahwane­mahbun,</td> +<td>He had been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Nege­zhahwane­megoomenahbun,</p></td> +<td>We had been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kege­zhahwane­megoomwahbun,</p></td> +<td>You had been loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kezhahwane­mahbahneeg,</p></td> +<td><p>They had been loved.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">First Future.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td>Negah­zhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td>I shall be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Kegah­zhahwane­megoo,</td> +<td>Thou wilt be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tazhahwanemah,</td> +<td>He will be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Negah­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td>We shall be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kegah­zhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td>You will be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahzhahwane­mahwug,</td> +<td>They will be loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Second Future.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Negahge­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>I shall have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kegahge­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou wilt have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td>Tahge­zhahwanemah,</td> +<td><p>He will have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Negahge­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td><p>We shall have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kegahge­zhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td><p>You will have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Tahge­zhahwane­mahwug,</p></td> +<td><p>They will have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>IMPERATIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<th>Singular.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgahnenegah zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td>Let me be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page15g" id = "page15g">15</a> +<p>Tahgahkegah zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>Be thou loved or<br> +do thou be loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgahween tahzhahwanemah,</p></td> +<td>Let him be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Plural.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgahnenahwind negah­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td>Let us be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgahkenahwah kahzhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td><p>Be you loved or do you be loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwane­mahwug,</p></td> +<td>Let them be loved.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>POTENTIAL MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<th>Singular.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahkoonemah­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td>I may be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahkoonemah­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mayest be loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahkoonemah­zhahwanemah,</p></td> +<td>He may be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Plural.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahkoonemah­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td>We may be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahkoonemah­zhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td>You may be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahkoonemah­zhahwane­mahwug,</p></td> +<td>They may be loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Singular.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemah­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td>I might be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemah­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mightest be loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemah­zhahwanemah,</p></td> +<td>He might be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Plural.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemah­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td>We might be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemah­zhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td>You might be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemah­zhahwane­mahwug,</p></td> +<td><p>They might be loved.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Perfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Singular.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>I may have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoo,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mayest have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemahke­zhahwanemah,</p></td> +<td><p>He may have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Plural.</th> +<td> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page16g" id = "page16g">16</a> +</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoomin,</p></td> +<td><p>We may have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoom,</p></td> +<td><p>You may have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­mahwug,</p></td> +<td><p>They may have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Pluperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Singular.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>I might have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoonahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>Thou mightest have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­mahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>He might have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<th>Plural.</th> +<td></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Nedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoomenahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>We might have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Kedahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­megoomwahbun,</p></td> +<td><p>You might have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td><p>Tahgekoonemahke­zhahwane­mahbahneeg,</p></td> +<td><p>They might have been loved.</p></td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<caption>Present Tense.</caption> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyaun,</p></td> +<td>If I be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyun,</p></td> +<td>If thou be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­mind,</p></td> +<td>If he be loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class = "case">Plural.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyong,</p></td> +<td>If we be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyaig,</p></td> +<td>If you be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­mindwah,</p></td> +<td>If they be loved.</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<th colspan = "3">Imperfect Tense.</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Singular.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyahbaun,</p></td> +<td>If I were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyahbun,</p></td> +<td>If thou wert loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­mindebun,</p></td> +<td>If he were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case"> +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page17g" id = "page17g">17</a> +Plural.</td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyonggebun,</p></td> +<td>If we were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­megooyaiggoobun,</p></td> +<td>If you were loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td></td> +<td><p>Kespin zhahwane­mindwahbun,</p></td> +<td>If they were loved.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>INFINITIVE MOOD.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Present.</td> +<td>Chezhahwane­megoong, To be loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perfect.</td> +<td>Chege­zhahwane­megoong, To have been loved.</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>PARTICIPLES.</h5> + +<table class = "paradigm" summary = "conjugation or declension"> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Present.</td> +<td>Zhahwanemegoong,</td> +<td>Being loved.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class = "case">Perfect.</td> +<td>Zhahwanemind,</td> +<td>Loved.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<h4><a name = "partic" id = "partic">OF +PARTICIPLES.</a></h4> + +<p>A Participle is a word derived from a Verb, and has the nature of a +verb and also of an adjective.</p> + +<p>Verbs have two participles, the present and the perfect.</p> + +<p>The present participle denotes action or being continued, but not +finished. It generally ends in <i>ing</i>, <i>eng</i>, or <i>g</i>; as, +Tebahkooneding, Ruling, &c.</p> + +<p>The perfect participle denotes action or being, finished. This can +also be distinguished by its ending in <i>ed</i> or <i>d</i>; as Pahpid, +laughed; Shoshomequanid, smiled.</p> + + +<h4>OF ADVERBS.</h4> + +<p>An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, &c.; as, +Kagate quahnoj eneneh, a truly good man.</p> + +<h5 class = "list">List of Adverbs:</h5> + +<p>1. Ingooding, once; neshing, twice; nesing, thrice.</p> + +<p>2. Netum, first; Esquache, lastly.</p> + +<p>3. Omah, here; ahnedeh, where; negoojee, somewhere; kahweenegoojee, +nowhere; ishpeming nahkayah, upward; nesahye-ee nahkayah, downward; +esquayong nahkayah, backward; negaun nahkayah, forward, &c.</p> + +<p>4. Noogoom, now; chekezheguk, to-day; mawezhah, long ago; +pejenahgooh, yesterday; noomahyah, lately; wahbung, to-morrow; bahmah, +by and by; kahmahsheh, not yet; kahyahsekah, instantly; waweeb, +immediately.</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page18g" id = "page18g">18</a> +<p>5. Pahgee, little; ahneenmenik, how much.</p> + +<p>6. Koonemah, perhaps; mekahweh, perchance.</p> + +<p>7. Kagate, verily; aahe, yes, &c.</p> + +<p>8. Kah, no; kahweengahnahga, not at all.</p> + +<p>9. Ahneen, how; ahneeshnah, why; ahnahpe, when.</p> + +<p>10. Nahwuj, more; kagahkoo, most.</p> + + +<h4>OF PREPOSITIONS.</h4> + +<p>Prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to show the +relation between them; as, Cazenove angkeojemahjahkezhodt York, he went +from Cazenovia to York.</p> + +<h5 class = "list">List of Prepositions:</h5> + +<p>Pahzhejahye-ee, over; ahnahmahye-ee, under; shepahye-ee, through; +ishpeming, above; nesahye-ee, below; keoonjee, from; peoonjee, from; +ahwashema, beyond; chegahye-ee, near; negaun, before; Ishquayong, +behind; wahsah, off; oogejahye-ee, on or upon; magwaahye-ee, among; +ahzheh, after; ahpahgahjeahye-ee, against; ahgahmahye-ee, across; +kewetahye-ee, around; nahwahye-ee, amidst; enahkayah, toward, +&c.</p> + + +<h4>OF CONJUNCTIONS.</h4> + +<p>A Conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, so as out of two +to make one.</p> + +<p>Conjunctions are of two sorts, the Copulative and the +Disjunctive.</p> + +<p>The following are some of the Conjunctions:</p> + +<p><i>Cop.</i> Kiya, and; Kespin, if; Owh, that; nahyanze, both; +dushween, then; ahpe, since; mesah, therefore; ahnesh, wherefore.</p> + +<p><i>Dis.</i> Atah, but; ahzheh, as; dush, than; koone, though; +mahmesahwahwah, unless; kespuge, except; pooch, yet.</p> + + +<h4>OF INTERJECTIONS.</h4> + +<p>An Interjection is a word used to express the sudden emotions of the +speaker; as, Tahwah! pemahdezewin +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page19g" id = "page19g">19</a> +nelojegootoge! Alas! I fear for life! O neboowin! +Ahneshekewesahgandahmoowin? O death! Where is thy sting?</p> + +<h5 class = "list">List of Interjections:</h5> + +<p><i>Earnestness</i> or <i>Grief</i>; O! ah! tahwah, alas!</p> + +<p><i>Joy</i>; Yahhahne! yahhahne! &c.</p> + +<p><i>Wonder</i>; Mahmahkahdahkahmig, strange! hahe, hah!</p> + +<p><i>Aversion</i>; Saih! ahwas, away!</p> + +<p><i>Attention</i>; Nah, hark! Nahbin, behold!</p> + +<p><i>Surprise</i> or <i>Fear</i>; Ingee! Tauneyohne! yohe!</p> + +<p><i>Laughter</i>; Ha! ha! ha!</p> + +<p><i>Requesting silence</i>; Easta, hist! pezahnahbin, silence!</p> + +<p><i>Calling</i>; ahneene, halloo!</p> + +<p><i>Salutation</i>; Mequaich, welcome!</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<h5><a name = "fable" id = "fable">A FABLE—[Translated from the +English.]</a></h5> + +<h4>OWH WAHGOOSH KIYA EWH MASK.</h4> + +<p class = "mynote"> +The second page of the "Fable" is imperfectly reproduced, so the last +letter on each printed line is conjectural. They are shown here in +<em>lighter type</em>.</p> + +<p>Kegahweendahmoonin kache dahkooahyod ahdesookaun, kecheoneshesheh +dushweengooh.</p> + +<p>Wahgoosh ingooding keezhahgoobun haberdashero dahdahwawegahmig. Emah +metahskahkahmig ahyahtanegoobun kache gwahnahjewong mask, keoonje +ozhechegahdagoobun ahwegah cheahyood mamahjenood ahpe herongh azhe +obahkahmegezhejin. Ewh mask egewh mawezhah, meowh ahpe owh ahdesookaun +tebaindahgowk, ahgwahnahung kahkenah ewh ostegwan dahgooh helmiting, +kiya kahwekah mamahjenood ezheoobahkahmegezhese ayahsenenegoon. +Mahmahdah wechegawenebun, owhdush ezhechegang kahweendush kedahwahbahdah +zhenon ewh odangowh owh wabahkahmegezid, kiya koonemah +anahnookewenegwain nahchebahpid or mahwid, ewh mask ahpun ewh nahsob +azhenahgowk.</p> + +<p>Owh wahgoosh kahgezheyaindum, wahjapezeh. Oge quakenon ewh mask +menahwah kiya menahwah. Oge gahnahwahbahdaun emah ahgwahjeeye-ee, kiya +gahnahwahbahdaun emah peenjahye-ee.</p> + +<p>Ewh ahgwahjeeye-ee keche shooshoo ahyahgoobun +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page20g" id = "page20g">20</a> +kiya kegezhechegahdagoobun! Ewh peenjahye-ee weba<em>h</em>goobun. +Kagate onesheshin oostegwan ayaug omah, ekedoo owh wahgoosh; kagate +mejenahwa yahdahkahmi<em>g</em> kahwenaindib ahyahsenoog!</p> + +<p>Nahnind quahnoj quewesansug ahyahwug kiya equasansug kemahzheh +ekoogenedwah oowh enaindahmoowo<em>d</em> kahween kagoo ohbahbah +mahndahsenahwah, ewh ata<em>h</em> oobeshegadahgoosewenewah, +ahgoonwatahtesuwod kagoo chekekadahmoowod medush azhe quakeskahwod +<ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'enahka-/yah' at line break">enahkahkayah</ins> +wahwazheowening. Koonemah eneneh odah ahtoo<em>d</em> ewh onindj emah +ostegwahning onowh pazhik kiya tahekedooh kahekedood owh wahgoosh +kagate sahquahno<em>j</em> owh oostegwan omah ayog kagate sah mejenah +wayahdahkahmig ahyah senoog ewh wenaindib.</p> + +<hr class = "micro"> + +<p>Eneneh tahezhah ishpeming, ahyahnzig menoo bemahdezewin, ahyahnzig +kechetwahwezewin, ahyahnzig ogemahwewin, ahyahnzig kekenooahmahdewin, +ahyahwahsig wejekewayun; kah dushween tahezhahsee ewhety ishpeming +ahyahwahsig Christ.</p> + +<p>A man may go to heaven without health, without wealth, without honor, +without learning, without friends; but he can never go to heaven without +Christ.</p> + + + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page21g" id = "page21g">21</a> +<h4><a name = "formation" id = "formation"> +OF THE FORMATION OF WORDS.</a></h4> + +<p>It is difficult with us to speak the words themselves.—The +words <i>odoon</i>, <i>onik</i>, <i>okod</i>, <i>ozid</i>, <i>okun</i>, +do not mean respectively, <i>mouth</i>, <i>arm</i>, <i>leg</i>, +<i>foot</i>, <i>bone</i>; but <i>his mouth</i>, <i>his arm</i>, <i>his +leg</i>, <i>his foot</i>, <i>his bone</i>. By leaving out the letter +<i>o</i> we have the words <i>mouth</i>, <i>arm</i>, <i>&c.</i> +themselves: thus, <i>doon</i>, <i>nik</i>, <i>kod</i>, <i>zid</i>, +<i>kun</i>. The former is the usual way of speaking, the latter is +correct.</p> + +<p>By the following illustration it will be better understood how words +are formed:</p> + +<table summary = "word formation"> +<tr> +<td></td><td></td> +<th>my</th> +<th>thy <em>or</em> your</th> +<th>his</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nindj,</td> +<td><i>a hand</i>,</td> +<td>nenindj,</td> +<td>kenindj,</td> +<td>onindj,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Nik,</td> +<td><i>an arm</i>,</td> +<td>nenik,</td> +<td>kenik,</td> +<td>onik,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Doon,</td> +<td><i>a mouth</i>,</td> +<td>nedoon</td> +<td>kedoon,</td> +<td>odoon,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bid,</td> +<td><i>a tooth</i>,</td> +<td>nebid,</td> +<td>kebid,</td> +<td>owebid,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Daih,</td> +<td><i>a heart</i>,</td> +<td>nedaih,</td> +<td>kedaih,</td> +<td>odaih,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kown,</td> +<td><i>a liver</i>,</td> +<td>nekown,</td> +<td>kekown,</td> +<td>okown,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kun,</td> +<td><i>a bone</i>,</td> +<td>nekun,</td> +<td>kekun,</td> +<td>okun,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Skunze,</td> +<td><i>a nail</i>,</td> +<td>neskunze,</td> +<td>keskunze,</td> +<td>oskunze,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Kod,</td> +<td><i>a leg</i>,</td> +<td>nekod,</td> +<td>kekod,</td> +<td>okod,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bowm,</td> +<td><i>a thigh</i>,</td> +<td>nebowm,</td> +<td>kebowm,</td> +<td>obowm,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Dis,</td> +<td><i>a navel</i>,</td> +<td>nedis,</td> +<td>kedis,</td> +<td>odis,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Pun,</td> +<td><i>a light</i>,</td> +<td>nepun,</td> +<td>kepun,</td> +<td>opun,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Zid,</td> +<td><i>a foot</i>,</td> +<td>nezid,</td> +<td>kezid,</td> +<td>ozid,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Yos,</td> +<td><i>flesh</i>,</td> +<td>neyos,</td> +<td>keyos,</td> +<td>oweyos,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Yowh,</td> +<td><i>a body</i>,</td> +<td>neyowh,</td> +<td>keyowh,</td> +<td>oweyowh,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Oose,</td> +<td><i>father</i>,</td> +<td>noose,</td> +<td>koose,</td> +<td>osun,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Gah,</td> +<td><i>mother</i>,</td> +<td>negah,</td> +<td>kegah,</td> +<td>ogeen,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Siyahn,</td> +<td><i>brother</i>,</td> +<td>nesiyahn,</td> +<td>kesiyahn,</td> +<td>osiyayun,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Shema,</td> +<td><i>sister</i>,</td> +<td>neshema,</td> +<td>keshema,</td> +<td>oshemayun,</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Tahwug,</td> +<td><i>an ear</i>,</td> +<td>netahwug,</td> +<td>ketahwug,</td> +<td>otahwug.</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<a name = "page22g" id = "page22g"> </a> + + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page23g" id = "page23g">23</a> + +<h3><a name = "vocab" id = "vocab"><b>VOCABULARY.</b></a></h3> + +<hr class = "tiny"> + +<div class = "mynote"> +<p>Alphabetization is as in the original.</p> + +<p class = "center"> +<a href = "#vocab_a"> A </a> +<a href = "#vocab_b"> B </a> +<a href = "#vocab_c"> C </a> +<a href = "#vocab_d"> D </a> +<a href = "#vocab_e"> E </a> +<a href = "#vocab_h"> H </a> +<a href = "#vocab_i"> I </a> +<a href = "#vocab_k"> K </a> +<a href = "#vocab_m"> M </a> +<a href = "#vocab_n"> N </a><br> +<a href = "#vocab_o"> O </a> +<a href = "#vocab_p"> P </a> +<a href = "#vocab_q"> Q </a> +<a href = "#vocab_s"> S </a> +<a href = "#vocab_t"> T </a> +<a href = "#vocab_u"> U </a> +<a href = "#vocab_w"> W </a> +<a href = "#vocab_z"> Z </a></p> +</div> + + +<div class = "vocab"> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_a" id = "vocab_a" href = "#vocab">A.</a></p> + +<p>Aahe, adv. yes</p> + +<p>Ahbenoojhee, n. a child</p> + +<p>Ahbewin, n. a room</p> + +<p>Ahnind, adj. some</p> + +<p>Ahpe, adv. then, when</p> + +<p>Ahkeh, n. the earth</p> + +<p>Ahkeeng, in the earth</p> + +<p>Ahzheh, adv. after</p> + +<p>Ahneendeh, adv. where?</p> + +<p>Ahyahyun, v. art thou</p> + +<p>Ahweyah, n. a certain one</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "paired words"> +<tr> +<td>Ahnung, sing.,<br> +Ahnungoog, plu.</td> +<td class = "bracket"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle">n. a star</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Ahyah, v. he is, was</p> + +<p>Ahneen, adv. how?</p> + +<p>Ahwon, n. fog, dew, mist</p> + +<p>Ahsin, n. a stone</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'Ahnewh'">Ahnweh</ins>, +n. a bullet</p> + +<p>Ahnahquod, n. a cloud</p> + +<p>Ahnookewin, n. a work</p> + +<p>Ahnemeke, n. thunder</p> + +<p>Ahkoozewin, n. sickness</p> + +<p>Ahpahbewin, n. a saddle, or a thing to sit on</p> + +<p>Ahpwahgun, n. a pipe</p> + +<p>Ahnahpe, adv. when</p> + +<p>Ahgwahnahung, pt. covered</p> + +<p>Ahgwahjeeng, outdoors</p> + +<p>Ahpequashemoon, n. pillow</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "paired words"> +<tr> +<td>Ahkookoobenahgun<br> +Ahwahjewahnahgun</td> +<td class = "bracket"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle">n. a basket, the latter signifies a vessel to carry +or gather with</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Ahnahmeahwin, n. religion</p> + +<p>Aindahnahbid, v. sitteth</p> + +<p>Aindahyaun, n. my house or home</p> + +<p>Aiskum, adv. more</p> + +<p>Anwahchegaid, n. a prophet</p> + +<p>Amequahn, n. a spoon</p> + +<p>Atah, conj. but</p> + +<p>Ahsamah, n. tobacco</p> + +<p>Ahnahmahkahmig, Ahnahmahkeeng, under the earth or ground</p> + +<p>Ahgahming, n. other side</p> + +<p>Ahyahmook, v. receive it, or take it</p> + +<p>Ahshum, v. feed him, or give him something to eat</p> + +<p>Ahgahwahta, n. a shadow</p> + +<p>Ahwashema, prep. beyond</p> + +<p>Ahgwewin, n. a garment</p> + +<p>Ahgookayowh, n. a bait, or something to allure animals to a snare</p> + +<p>Ahgahjewin, n. bashfulness</p> + +<p>Ahquahnebesohn, n. rainbow</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page24g" id = "page24g">24</a> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "paired words"> +<tr> +<td>Azhenekahdaig<br> +Adahming</td> +<td class = "bracket"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle">n. name of a thing or place. In asking a question +we say what is the name of that thing or place?</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Ahgwahjeeye-ee, n. outside</p> + +<p>Anahnookewenegwain, business, or it was his business</p> + +<p>Anaindahmon, n. thy will</p> + +<p>Azheahyog, v. as it is</p> + +<p>Azhegooh, v. as we</p> + +<p>Azhemahmahjenoojin, part. played or acted</p> + +<p>Ahgoonwatahdezoowod, v. they refuse</p> + +<p>Ahyahsenenegoon, when there is none or no</p> + +<p>Ainind, pt. called</p> + +<p>Ahwas, adv. away</p> + +<p>Ahsub, n. a net</p> + +<p>Ahyog, is here</p> + +<p>Ahpugn, adv. always, usually, the same</p> + +<p>Ahmooh, n. a bee</p> + +<p>Ahmik, n. a beaver</p> + +<p>Ahnim, n. a mean fellow</p> + +<p>Ahnit, n. a spear</p> + +<p>Ahnebeesh, n. a leaf</p> + +<p>Ahnwabewin, n. a rest</p> + +<p>Ahnahmeawegahmig, n. a church, meeting-house, or praying-house</p> + +<p>Ahskekoomon, n. lead</p> + +<p>Ahskahtowhe, n. a skin or hide</p> + +<p>Asquach, adv. falsely, vain</p> + +<p>Ahdesookaun, n. story, fable</p> + +<p>Ahnwahtin, not boisterous</p> + +<p>Ahwebah, n. or adj. calm</p> + +<p>Ahkahkahzha, n. coal</p> + +<p>Ahyegagah, adv. soon, directly</p> + +<p>Ahnoodezeh, adv. greedy</p> + +<p>Ahnowh, prep. though</p> + +<p>Ahtoon, put it down</p> + +<p>Ahneenmenik, adv. how much</p> + +<p>Ahneendeh, adv. where</p> + +<p>Ahneendehnahkayah, adv. which way</p> + +<p>Ahnahmahye-ee, prep. under</p> + +<p>Ahpahgahjeahye-ee, prep. against</p> + +<p>Ahyahwug, v. there are</p> + +<p>Ahgahmahye-ee, prep. across</p> + +<p>Ahneeshnah, adv. why</p> + +<p>Ahdick, n. a rein-deer</p> + +<p>Ahjedahmoo, n. a red squirrel</p> + +<p>Ahsahnahgoo, n. a black squirrel</p> + +<p>Ahgwegoos, n. a chip-monk</p> + +<p>Ahkuckoojeesh, n. a ground-hog</p> + +<p>Ahdoomahkoomasheeh, n. a monkey, which signifies louse catcher or +hunter</p> + +<p>Ahnemoosh, n. a dog</p> + +<p>Aasebun, n. a raccoon</p> + +<p>Aayabegoo, n. an ant</p> + +<p>Aayanee, n. opossum</p> + +<p>Ahzhahwahmaig, n. a salmon</p> + +<p>Ahshegun, n. rock-bass</p> + +<p>Ahgwahdahsheh, n. sun-fish</p> + +<p>Ahwahsesee, n. cat-fish</p> + +<p>Ahmahkahkee, n. a toad</p> + +<p>Ahgoonaqua, n. tree-toad</p> + +<p>Ahndaig, n. a raven</p> + +<p>Ahshahgeh, n. a crane</p> + +<p>Ahsegenak, n. a black-bird</p> + +<p>Ahjegahdashib, n. water-hen</p> + +<p>Ahsenesekab, n. gravel</p> + +<p>Ahkik, n. a kettle</p> + +<p>Ahbewh, n. a paddle</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page25g" id = "page25g">25</a> + +<p>Ahzod, n. poplar</p> + +<p>Ahneshenahbay, n. an Indian man</p> + +<p>Apahgeeshemoog, n. west</p> + +<p>Ahahwa, n. a species of duck</p> + +<p>Ahwahkaun, n. cattle</p> + +<p>Ahgahwosk, n. gypsum</p> + +<p>Ahshahwask, n. a sword</p> + +<p>Ahgwesemon, n. a pumpkin</p> + +<p>Ahgwejekinzhaegun, n. an and-iron</p> + +<p>Ahskebug, n. a green leaf</p> + +<p>Ahgahwahtaown, n. an umbrella</p> + +<p>Ahdahwaweneneh, n. a merchant</p> + +<p>Ahkahnok, n. a corn-cob</p> + +<p>Azheshahwask, n. a rifle</p> + +<p>Ahnejemin, n. pease</p> + +<p>Auskig, n. a seal</p> + +<p>Ahgookewahsegun, n. sealing-wax</p> + +<p>Ahpahgedoon, v. throw it</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_b" id = "vocab_b" href = "#vocab">B.</a></p> + +<p>Bakah, v. to stop</p> + +<p>Bahmah, adv. by and by</p> + +<p>Bazhig, adj. one</p> + +<p>Bahtay, n. smoke</p> + +<p>Bahgaun, n. a nut</p> + +<p>Bahbegwon, n. a bugle</p> + +<p>Bakahnuk, adj. the other</p> + +<p>Bahnahjetoon, v. destroy it</p> + +<p>Bahtahzewin, n. sin</p> + +<p>Bahgundahegawegahmig, n. a barn, or a house to thresh grain in</p> + +<p>Bewegahegun, n. a chip</p> + +<p>Bemahdezewin, n. life</p> + +<p>Beezhahyaun, v. if I come</p> + +<p>Bemoosain, v. to walk</p> + +<p>Bewahbik, n. iron</p> + +<p>Bedoon, v. bring it, or fetch it</p> + +<p>Benetoon, v. clean it</p> + +<p>Boodahwahgun, n. chimney, fire-place</p> + +<p>Bewuyh, n. fur</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_c" id = "vocab_c" href = "#vocab">C.</a></p> + +<p>Chegahye-ee, prep. near</p> + +<p>Cheahnwabing, v. to rest</p> + +<p>Cheshahdahegun, n. broom, sweeping instrument</p> + +<p>Chepahping, pt. laughing</p> + +<p>Chebwah, prep. before</p> + +<p>Chebuyh, n. a corpse, dead body</p> + +<p>Chemaun, n. a boat, a canoe</p> + +<p>Chemenewung, v. to yield fruit</p> + +<p>Chese, n. a turnip</p> + +<p>Chahchaum, v. to sneeze</p> + +<p>Cheahyong, v. to be</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_d" id = "vocab_d" href = "#vocab">D.</a></p> + +<p>Dush, conj. but</p> + +<p>Dushween, adv. then, there.<br> +Weendush, and he;<br> +owhdush, and the;<br> +medush, and then;<br> +egewhdush, and they</p> + +<p>Doombenon, v. to lift</p> + +<p>Doon, n. a mouth</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 'Dahdahwawegahnig'">Dahdahwawegahmig</ins>, +n. a store or shop</p> + +<p>Danguyh, n. the face</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_e" id = "vocab_e" href = "#vocab">E.</a></p> + +<p>Eneneh, n. a man</p> + +<p>Enenewug, n. men</p> + +<p>Equa, n. a woman</p> + +<p>Equawug, n. women</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page26g" id = "page26g">26</a> + +<p>Equasance, n. a girl, or little woman</p> + +<p>Emeh, adv. there (near,)—sometimes means, into, or in the</p> + +<p>Ewhety, adv. there (distant,) in that place</p> + +<p>Egewh, pro. them</p> + +<p>Enah! int. hark! see!</p> + +<p>Enewh, pro. these</p> + +<p>Ezhah, v. to go</p> + +<p>Ewh, a. the</p> + +<p>Eskooday, n. fire</p> + +<p>Esquache, adj. last</p> + +<p>Ezhahdah, v. let us go</p> + +<p>Esquahdaim, n. a door</p> + +<p>Enaindahmoowin, n. mind, thought, will</p> + +<p>Ekedoowin, n. a word</p> + +<p>Eebahdun, n. butter</p> + +<p>Enenahbik, n. a rock</p> + +<p>Enenahtig, n. a maple-tree</p> + +<p>Ezhechegaid, n. means or manner</p> + +<p>Ekedooh, v. to say, or he said</p> + +<p>Enahkayah, prep. towards</p> + +<p>Ewedehnahkayah, adv. that way</p> + +<p>Enaindahming, pt. thinking</p> + +<p>Equah, n. a louse.</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_h" id = "vocab_h" href = "#vocab">H.</a></p> + +<p>How, v. let us</p> + +<p>Hah! int. the same as Ha! in English.</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_i" id = "vocab_i" href = "#vocab">I.</a></p> + +<p>Ishpeming, n. heaven, or above</p> + +<p>Inggoojhee, adv. somewhere</p> + +<p>Ingoodwahsweh, adj. six</p> + +<p>Ishpemesahgoong, n. chamber</p> + +<p>Ingoodwak, adj. one hundred</p> + +<p>Inggooding, adv. once</p> + +<p>Inggwahekaun, n. the grave</p> + +<p>Innoozoowahgun, n. a name-sake</p> + +<p>Ingee! int. This word is used by children when they are afraid of +something that is large</p> + +<p>Inggoodoogunze, n. a cluster of fruit.</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_k" id = "vocab_k" href = "#vocab">K.</a></p> + +<p>Keshamunedoo, n. Merciful Spirit or Being</p> + +<p>Kechemunedoo, n. God, or Great Good Spirit</p> + +<p>Kecheahjechaugk, n. Great Holy Spirit</p> + +<p>Kecheogemah, n. King, or great Chief</p> + +<p>Kedemahganemeshin, have mercy on me</p> + +<p>Kegekaindaun, v. thou knowest</p> + +<p>Kechegahmeh, n. a lake</p> + +<p>Kegezhaib, n. the morning</p> + +<p>Ketegahnans, n. a garden</p> + +<p>Kedahyah, v. thou art</p> + +<p>Kedahyaum, v. you are</p> + +<p>Ke-ne-nah? Is it you?</p> + +<p>Kahween, adv. no sir, no, no</p> + +<p>Kah, adv. no</p> + +<p>Keen, pro. you, or thou</p> + +<p>Koosay, n. sing. your father</p> + +<p>Koone, n. snow</p> + +<p>Kezis, n. the sun</p> + +<p>Kiya, conj. and</p> + +<p>Kegwis, n. your son</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page27g" id = "page27g">27</a> + +<p>Kegah, n. your mother</p> + +<p>Ketegaun, n. a field</p> + +<p>Kahkenah, adj. all, whole</p> + +<p>Koosenon, n. our father</p> + +<p>Koosewah, n. pl. your father</p> + +<p>Koosemah, v. may, might</p> + +<p>Kahgequawin, n. law</p> + +<p>Kahbabeboon, all winter</p> + +<p>Kahbanebin, all summer</p> + +<p>Kahgenig, adv. forever</p> + +<p>Kahwekah, adv. never</p> + +<p>Kagooshish, n. something</p> + +<p>Kebemoosay, v. he walked</p> + +<p>Kedaun, n. your daughter</p> + +<p>Kezheguk, n. day</p> + +<p>Kezhik, n. sky</p> + +<p>Kahweenegoojee, adv. nowhere</p> + +<p>Kegedoon, v. to speak, (in the imperative mood)</p> + +<p>Ke-ekedooh, v. he said</p> + +<p>Kedenin, I tell you</p> + +<p>Keskeezhik, n. your eye</p> + +<p>Kooskoozin, v. to awake</p> + +<p>Kespin, conj. if</p> + +<p>Kesenah, adj. cold</p> + +<p>Kagooh, shall not</p> + +<p>Keche, adj. great</p> + +<p>Kechauze, n. your nose</p> + +<p>Ketegaweneneh, n. a husbandman</p> + +<p>Keskejewahyaun, n. a waist-coat</p> + +<p>Kewadenoong, n. north</p> + +<p>Kekewaown, n. a flag</p> + +<p>Kagate, adv. truly, verily</p> + +<p>Koondun, v. swallow it</p> + +<p>Kahmahsheh, adv. not yet</p> + +<p>Kahskahdin, v. to congeal, to freeze</p> + +<p>Kagooween, you shall not, or thou shall not</p> + +<p>Kagebahdezid, n. a fool</p> + +<p>Kenebood, pt. died</p> + +<p>Kategang, v. to sow or plant</p> + +<p>Keskahkezhegang, v. to reap</p> + +<p>Kahgega, adj. eternal</p> + +<p>Kazhedin, adv. immediately</p> + +<p>Keahgoonwatum, v. he denied</p> + +<table class = "inline" summary = "paired words"> +<tr> +<td>Ketezeh<br> +Kekahe</td> +<td class = "bracket"> +<img src = "images/curlybracket2.gif" width = "5" height = "95%" +alt = "}"></td> +<td class = "middle">adj. old</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<p>Kegaung, n. a virgin</p> + +<p>Kegowh, n. a fish</p> + +<p>Keskemon, n. a whet-stone</p> + +<p>Keskeboojegun, n. a saw</p> + +<p>Kechepezoon, n. a girdle, a sash, a belt</p> + +<p>Kebeshang, adj. deaf</p> + +<p>Kepahgah, adj. thick</p> + +<p>Kebesquang, adj. hoarse</p> + +<p>Kesahgehenah? Do you love me?</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = +"printed as shown: better form is 'Kkenahweskewin'">Kenahweskewin</ins>, +n. falsehood</p> + +<p>Kashahweahyah, adj. loose</p> + +<p>Kondahegwahsowin, n. thimble, an instrument used to push with in +sewing</p> + +<p>Kahyahtenewaid, n. a mid-wife</p> + +<p>Kahezhewabuk, it was so</p> + +<p>Kekenahwahjechegun, n. a sign or mark</p> + +<p>Kegedooweneneh, n. a speaker or lawyer</p> + +<p>Kahgahgewinze, n. hemlock</p> + +<p>Kahgahgeh, n. wind-pipe</p> + +<p>Kekindewin, n. a covenant</p> + +<p>Kezebegahegahnahboo, n. soap suds</p> + +<p>Kahskahkoonegun, n. corn-crib</p> + +<p>Kahskahegun, n. a scraper</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page28g" id = "page28g">28</a> + +<p>Koozhe, n. a beak</p> + +<p>Koonekahdin, n. frost, snow</p> + +<p>Kechemekun, n. a high-way</p> + +<p>Kagah, adv. mostly</p> + +<p>Kahweengagoo, n. nothing</p> + +<p>Kegahweendahmoon, I will tell you</p> + +<p>Kahgequaweneneh, n. an exhorter, or preacher</p> + +<p>Kegowhyekaweneneh, n. a fisherman</p> + +<p>Kekaindahmoowad, v. to learn, to know</p> + +<p>Kahgahnahga, do not</p> + +<p>Kemahzeh, adv. badly</p> + +<p>Kegezhechegahdagoobun, pt. completed</p> + +<p>Kahgezheyaindum, adj. sagacious</p> + +<p>Kagahgoo, adv. almost</p> + +<p>Kahyask, n. a gull</p> + +<p>Kahgahgehshee, n. a crow</p> + +<p>Kookoosh, n. a hog</p> + +<p>Kookookoo-ooh, n. an owl</p> + +<p>Kenoozha, n. a pike</p> + +<p>Kewetahye-ee, prep. around</p> + +<p>Kedahgahbezhew, n. a wild-cat</p> + +<p>Kaugk, n. a porcupine</p> + +<p>Kahgebahdezewin, n. foolishness</p> + +<p>Keskekechegun, n. a partition</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_m" id = "vocab_m" href = "#vocab">M.</a></p> + +<p>Mahnedoo, n. <ins class = "correction" +title = "text reads 's'">a</ins> spirit</p> + +<p>Mahjahn, v. march on</p> + +<p>Mahzhenahegun, n. a book, paper, &c.</p> + +<p>Mahjemunedoo, n. an evil spirit, or the devil</p> + +<p>Mahzhenenee, n. an image</p> + +<p>Mahskemoodance, n. satchel</p> + +<p>Mahkahday, n. powder, or black</p> + +<p>Megwon, n. a feather, quill</p> + +<p>Mekun, n. a road</p> + +<p>Mejim, n. food</p> + +<p>Mezhusk, n. hay, weed, grass</p> + +<p>Menesis, n. hair, of the head</p> + +<p>Mequom, n. ice</p> + +<p>Metig, n. a tree</p> + +<p>Mesheh, n. fire-wood</p> + +<p>Metigmahkuk, n. a trunk</p> + +<p>Meowh, only, the one to whose</p> + +<p>Minjemeneshin, v. hold me</p> + +<p>Metigmahkezin, n. shoe, or wooden shoe</p> + +<p>Me-ewhmenek, it is enough</p> + +<p>Mahdwayahbegahegun, n. a fiddle, or a sonorific instrument, whose +strings are <ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'cabable'">capable</ins> of vibrating</p> + +<p>Megezeh, n. an eagle</p> + +<p>Moozhuk, adv. often</p> + +<p>Mookoomon, n. a knife</p> + +<p>Moozwahgun, n. scissors</p> + +<p>Menookahmeh, n. spring, a season of the year</p> + +<p>Menahwahzeh, adj. cheerful</p> + +<p>Mequamdun, v. remember it</p> + +<p>Mezhenahwa, n. a disciple</p> + +<p>Mahkundwaweneneh, n. a robber</p> + +<p>Mahmahweh, adv. together</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = +"text reads 'Mezheshenom'">Mezheshenon</ins>, v. give us</p> + +<p>Mesquagin, n. purple</p> + +<p>Mahkahdaeneneh, n. a black man</p> + +<p>Mahkahdaequa, n. a black woman</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page29g" id = "page29g">29</a> + +<p>Mawezhah, adv. anciently, long ago</p> + +<p>Metegwob, n. a bow</p> + +<p>Moskin, n. full</p> + +<p>Mahdwawa, n. a sound</p> + +<p>Menoodahchin, adv. enough</p> + +<p>Menekaun, n. seed</p> + +<p>Menequang, v. to drink</p> + +<p>Mahskoosen, n. a marsh, a bog, a fen</p> + +<p>Mamangwah, n. a butterfly</p> + +<p>Mahskeeg, n. a swamp</p> + +<p>Mahmahjenoowin, n. miracle</p> + +<p>Mahnahtaneseweneneh, n. a shepherd</p> + +<p>Mahskahwezewin, strength</p> + +<p>Mahjetong, v. to begin</p> + +<p>Mahkuk, n. a pail, or box</p> + +<p>Mahkahkoosug, n. a barrel</p> + +<p>Megahzooweneneh, n. a soldier, a man of war, or a fighting man</p> + +<p>Mahmahkahdezing, v. to boast</p> + +<p>Megoos, n. an awl</p> + +<p>Menis, n. an island</p> + +<p>Mahwewin, v. to cry</p> + +<p>Memenik, v. be quiet</p> + +<p>Mahskekeh, n. medicine</p> + +<p>Mahnedoosh, n. an insect, a worm</p> + +<p>Mahbah, this one</p> + +<p>Mesahkoodoonahgun, n. beard, the hair that grows on the lips and +chin</p> + +<p>Mondahmin, n. corn</p> + +<p>Mechekahnok, n. a fence</p> + +<p>Metegoominzhe, n. an oak</p> + +<p>Mahskooda, n. plains, flats, or level ground</p> + +<p>Mahgeahyah, adj. big</p> + +<p>Mahgoobedoong, v. to squeeze</p> + +<p>Mayahgezid, n. a stranger</p> + +<p>Menahwah, adv. again, more and more</p> + +<p>Mamahjenoojin, v. he played</p> + +<p>Metahskahkahmig, n. the ground, or on the ground</p> + +<p>Menoomenik, adj. sufficient</p> + +<p>Mamahjenood, n. an actor</p> + +<p>Magwaahye-ee, prep. among</p> + +<p>Mahnahtanis, n. a sheep</p> + +<p>Meshebezhee, n. a lion</p> + +<p>Mahengun, n. a wolf</p> + +<p>Mesahbooze, n. a goat</p> + +<p>Mahquah, n. a bear</p> + +<p>Moaze, n. a moose</p> + +<p>Mahskoodaysay, n. a quail</p> + +<p>Mahnoomenekashee, n. a mud-hen</p> + +<p>Mezhesay, n. a turkey</p> + +<p>Mesahmaig, n. a whale</p> + +<p>Mahzhahmagoos, n. trout</p> + +<p>Mahnoomin, n. rice</p> + +<p>Mezheh, adv. everywhere</p> + +<p>Magwah, adv. while</p> + +<p>Manmooyahwahgaindahmoowin, n. thankfulness</p> + +<p>Meshejemin, n. a currant, (fruit)</p> + +<p>Mahzahn, n. a thistle</p> + +<p>Mahjegooday, n. a petticoat</p> + +<p>Menekahnekah, adv. seedy</p> + +<p>Mejenahwayahdahkahmig, n. pity</p> + +<p>Mahmahdahwechegawenebun, it was a strange custom</p> + +<p>Menesenoo, n. a hero</p> + +<p>Mesquahsin, n. brick, which signifies, red stone</p> + +<p>Mesahowh, that is</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page30g" id = "page30g">30</a> + +<p>Moosay, n. a worm</p> + +<p>Moong, n. a loon</p> + +<p>Meene, n. a kind of fruit</p> + +<p>Mahjekewis, adj. the eldest</p> + +<p>Meskoodesemin, n. a bean</p> + +<p>Mategwahkezinekaid, n. a shoe-maker</p> + +<p>Menahwenahgowd, v. look pleasant</p> + +<p>Meneweyook, v. be fruitful</p> + +<p>Megeskun, n. a hook</p> + +<p>Mezesok, n. a horse-fly</p> + +<p>Mahwahdooskahegun, n. a rake</p> + +<p>Mookoojegun, n. a plane, or drawing-knife</p> + +<p>Mahskemood, n. a bag</p> + +<p>Moonegwana, n. a meadow-lark</p> + +<p>Meshawa, n. an elk</p> + +<p>Mahskekeweneneh, n. a physician.</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_n" id = "vocab_n" href = "#vocab">N.</a></p> + +<p>Nebahgun, n. a bed, a place to sleep on</p> + +<p>Newewesin, I want to eat</p> + +<p>Nonggon, adj. light</p> + +<p>Nee, Ne, pro. I, me, my</p> + +<p>Negah, n. my mother</p> + +<p>Neezhe, adj. two</p> + +<p>Nesweh, adj. three</p> + +<p>Newin, adj. four</p> + +<p>Nahnun, adj. five</p> + +<p>Newob, v. I see</p> + +<p>Noongoom, adv. now</p> + +<p>Nahgudge, adv. little while</p> + +<p>Nedaih, n. my heart</p> + +<p>Nekod, n. my leg</p> + +<p>Noodin, n. wind</p> + +<p>Nahdin, v. go and fetch it</p> + +<p>Nezid, n. my foot</p> + +<p>Nagowh, n. sand</p> + +<p>Noodosh, adj. least</p> + +<p>Neenatah, but me, only me</p> + +<p>Nezhekaih, adj. alone</p> + +<p>Netum, adj. first</p> + +<p>Negaun, prep. before</p> + +<p>Nahpahna, n. flour</p> + +<p>Nahsahkoonun, open it</p> + +<p>Nebahkahda, I am hungry</p> + +<p>Nahbahgesug, n. a board</p> + +<p>Nahgahmoowin, n. a hymn, or a song</p> + +<p>Nahme-eding, pt. meeting</p> + +<p>Nahongahnik, n. a maid</p> + +<p>Nahwahye-ee, n. diameter</p> + +<p>Nejekewa, n. a comrade</p> + +<p>Nejee, n. a friend</p> + +<p>Nanahdahwe-ewaid, n. a saviour</p> + +<p>Nahbequon, n. a vessel, a ship</p> + +<p>Nahbequahneshee, n. a sailor, or a man that sails or attends +ships</p> + +<p>Nebewah, n. many</p> + +<p>Nahboob, n. soup</p> + +<p>Neweahyahwah, I want him</p> + +<p>Nasawin, n. breath</p> + +<p>Nedezedaahe, v. I dare</p> + +<p>Nahzequaegun, n. a curry-comb</p> + +<p>Nekebee, covered with water, or overflowed</p> + +<p>Nayob, back again</p> + +<p>Nahgowh, n. a sleeve</p> + +<p>Nedenaindum, v. I think</p> + +<p>Nahwahquay, n. the middle of the day, noon</p> + +<p>Neskahdezewin, n. anger</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page31g" id = "page31g">31</a> + +<p>Nasagwahbedaoonance, n. a pin, which <ins class = "correction" title += "text reads 'signifiies'">signifies</ins> to prick with</p> + +<p>Negekaindaun, v. I know</p> + +<p>Nebwahkahwin, n. wisdom</p> + +<p>Newahwezhandum, v. I am glad</p> + +<p>Nahmahdahbin, v. sit thou</p> + +<p>Nahmahdahbing, v. to sit</p> + +<p>Noodahgoozing, pt. roaring</p> + +<p>Nedekedoowin, my word</p> + +<p>Negetim, I am lazy</p> + +<p>Nezheka, adv. apart</p> + +<p>Nesahye-ee, adv. down</p> + +<p>Negaunnahkayah, adv. forward</p> + +<p>Nesahye-ee, prep. below</p> + +<p>Nahwahye-ee, prep. amidst</p> + +<p>Nahmaih, n. a sturgeon</p> + +<p>Nahmabin, n. mullet</p> + +<p>Nekah, n. a wild goose</p> + +<p>Nahkayah, n. a way</p> + +<p>Nebeh, n. water</p> + +<p>Nebeeng, In the water</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_o" id = "vocab_o" href = "#vocab">O.</a></p> + +<p>Ogemah, n. a chief</p> + +<p>Oojechog, n. a soul</p> + +<p>Oondaus, v. to come</p> + +<p>Omah, adv. here</p> + +<p>Owh, a. the</p> + +<p>Oowh, pro. this</p> + +<p>Oogooh, pro. those, their</p> + +<p>Oogemekaun, he found it</p> + +<p>Oogeoozhetoon, he made it</p> + +<p>Oodahpenun, take it</p> + +<p>Oonekig, n. a parent</p> + +<p>Oopegagun, n. a rib</p> + +<p>Opequoj, n. an air-bladder</p> + +<p>Oonzegun, n. a boiler, or a kettle</p> + +<p>Oodanggowh, n. his face,—<br> +[<i>for an explanation of this and several of the following words, +see</i> <a href = "#formation"><i>page</i> 21</a>]</p> + +<p>Oochauze, n. his nose</p> + +<p>Oodoon, n. his mouth</p> + +<p>Onowh, n. his cheek</p> + +<p>Ostegawn, n. his head</p> + +<p>Oskezhizk, n. his eye</p> + +<p>Omahmowh, n. eyebrow</p> + +<p>Odanegoom, n. nostril</p> + +<p>Odaih, n. heart</p> + +<p>Onik, n. arm</p> + +<p>Otahwug, n. ear</p> + +<p>Okod, n. leg</p> + +<p>Ozid, n. foot</p> + +<p>Onoogun, n. hip</p> + +<p>Onindj, n. hand</p> + +<p>Ojetud, n. tendon</p> + +<p>Oquagun, n. neck</p> + +<p>Opequon, n. back</p> + +<p>Obowm, n. thigh</p> + +<p>Okahkegun, n. breast</p> + +<p>Ozhebeenguyh, n. tear</p> + +<p>Omesud, n. paunch</p> + +<p>Odoosquahyob, n. vein</p> + +<p>Okun, n. bone</p> + +<p>Odaewaun, n. their heart</p> + +<p>Oskunze, n. nail of the finger and the hoof of a horse, or all kinds +of hoofs</p> + +<p>Odaun, n. daughter</p> + +<p>Ootanowh, n. town, city, village, however we say kecheotanowh for +great town or city, by adding nance, it means small town or village</p> + +<p>Odataig, n. gills of a fish</p> + +<p>Onejegun, n. fin of a fish</p> + +<p>Ozhegown, n. tail of a fish</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page32g" id = "page32g">32</a> + +<p>Okodahkik, n. a pot, a kettle that has legs, or a leg-kettle</p> + +<p>Oozaum, adv. too much</p> + +<p>Oogee, pro. he</p> + +<p>Opin, n. a potatoe</p> + +<p>Obewuyh, n. fur</p> + +<p>Omemee, n. a pigeon</p> + +<p>Onegwegun, n. a wing</p> + +<p>Oskenahway, n. a youth, a young man</p> + +<p>Odahbaun, n. a sled</p> + +<p>Ongwahmezin, be ye faithful</p> + +<p>Oogaah, n. pickerel</p> + +<p>Ogejebeeg, surface of the water</p> + +<p>Ozhahwahnoong, n. south</p> + +<p>Okayahwis, n. herring</p> + +<p>Oojeeg, n. a fisher</p> + +<p>Ogah, n. mother</p> + +<p>Oose, n. father</p> + +<p>Opecheh, n. a robin</p> + +<p>Onesheshid, a clever one</p> + +<p>Ookoozhe, n. a beak</p> + +<p>Oskezegookahjegun, n. spectacle</p> + +<p>Onahgooshig, n. the evening</p> + +<p>Okahquon, n. shin</p> + +<p>Ogeeozheaun, he made them</p> + +<p>Ogeeozhetoon, he made it</p> + +<p>Oskunzhekahjegun, n. a horse-shoe</p> + +<p>Oombahquahegun, n. a lever</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_p" id = "vocab_p" href = "#vocab">P.</a></p> + +<p>Pabahmahjemood, n. a messenger</p> + +<p>Poonahkunjegun, n. anchor</p> + +<p>Pookedoonze, n. a pear</p> + +<p>Pahdahkemoojeskahjegun, n. a spur</p> + +<p>Pewakoodahmahgun, n. shavings</p> + +<p>Pahketaegun, n. a hammer</p> + +<p>Pemenegun, n. a gimlet, an auger</p> + +<p>Penahquahn, n. a comb</p> + +<p>Pezhekeence, n. a calf</p> + +<p>Pesahkahmegeboojegun, n. a harrow</p> + +<p>Pequahegun, n. a hill</p> + +<p>Pabahbahgahne, n. a pancake</p> + +<p>Pazhegwahnoong, one place</p> + +<p>Panggwon, adj. dry</p> + +<p>Pahquonge, n. a stump</p> + +<p>Pahgasaun, n. a plum</p> + +<p>Pahpenadumoowin, n. happiness</p> + +<p>Pahquazhegun, n. bread</p> + +<p>Pahskezegun, n. a gun</p> + +<p>Pahquazhegunush, n. wheat</p> + +<p>Pahnezid, adj. holy</p> + +<p>Pazhegoogahzhee, n. a horse or an animal not cloven-footed</p> + +<p>Pashebeegun, n. a rule</p> + +<p>Peshegaindahgoozewin, n. glory</p> + +<p>Pepoon, n. winter</p> + +<p>Pezahneewawin, n. peace</p> + +<p>Pahzegween, v. to arise</p> + +<p>Penasewug, n. fowls</p> + +<p>Pewahbum, v. come and see him</p> + +<p>Pewahbundun, v. come and see it</p> + +<p>Pajeewe, adj. weak</p> + +<p>Pesahgeskebik, n. darkness</p> + +<p>Pesekun, put it on</p> + +<p>Peenzekahwahgun, n. a coat or loose garment</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page33g" id = "page33g">33</a> + +<p>Pahwahbekezegun, n. a stove or an iron box that is capable of being +warmed through</p> + +<p>Pahzhejeahje-ee, prep. over</p> + +<p>Peendahgun, n. a pocket or pouch</p> + +<p>Peendig, n. inside</p> + +<p>Paquahkoostegowng, block-headed</p> + +<p>Pequahquod, n. a ball or knot</p> + +<p>Poodahwain, make fire</p> + +<p>Poodahjegun, n. a musical or blowing instrument</p> + +<p>Pookedaemin, n. a mandrake</p> + +<p>Pahmetahgun, n. a servant</p> + +<p>Pahbegwah, adj. rough</p> + +<p>Pahquahskezhegun, n. a scythe</p> + +<p>Papahmebahegood, n. a rider, a name for a dragoon</p> + +<p>Pamahdezid, the living</p> + +<p>Pahsquagin, n. leather</p> + +<p>Pahbahgewahyaun, n. a shirt, calico</p> + +<p>Pengwahshahgid, adj. naked</p> + +<p>Pezindun, v. to hear, to listen</p> + +<p>Pinggweh, n. ashes</p> + +<p>Pungee, adj. little, not enough</p> + +<p>Peendegaye-ee, prep. within</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = "text reads 'Pegwih'">Pegiwh</ins>, +n. gum, wax</p> + +<p>Pemeday, n. oil, grease</p> + +<p>Pequok, n. an arrow</p> + +<p>Pooch, v. must</p> + +<p>Pahkahahquay, n. a cock,—this bird has derived its name from +its crowing; so nearly all birds</p> + +<p>Pahpahsay, n. a wood-pecker; this, from its pecking</p> + +<p>Penaih, n. a partridge</p> + +<p>Pahkaunnahkayah, adv. another way</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_q" id = "vocab_q" href = "#vocab">Q.</a></p> + +<p>Quatahmegwaindahgoozid, n. the Almighty</p> + +<p>Quewesance, n. a boy</p> + +<p>Quahnoj, adj. good</p> + +<p>Quakenun, turn it over</p> + +<p>Quesqueshin, n. a whistle</p> + +<p>Quahbahegun, n. a shovel</p> + +<p>Quahnahjewun, adj. handsome</p> + +<p>Quaich, adj. tenth</p> + +<p>Quiyuk, adv. straight, right</p> + +<p>Quaichegooh, just as</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_s" id = "vocab_s" href = "#vocab">S.</a></p> + +<p>Shahgooda-a, n. a coward</p> + +<p>Shahwanemeshin, bless me</p> + +<p>Shewetahgun, n. salt</p> + +<p>Shahwemin, n. a grape</p> + +<p>Shemahgun, n. a shield</p> + +<p>Shooneyah, n. silver, money</p> + +<p>Shenganedewin, n. hatred</p> + +<p>Sahnahgud, adj. difficult</p> + +<p>Sahkahown, n. a cane</p> + +<p>Sanahbanh, n. silk, or ribin</p> + +<p>Sasahbob, n. a rope, thread</p> + +<p>Shongahswak, adj. nine hundred</p> + +<p>Shewahbik, n. alum, or iron of an acid taste</p> + +<p>Shewon, adj. sour</p> + +<p>Shonggahsweh, adj. nine</p> + +<p>Sebeeh, n. a river</p> + +<p>Sebeeng, in the river</p> + +<p>Shegah, n. a widow</p> + +<p>Shinggwok, n. a pine tree</p> + +<p>Shahgahnosh, a white man</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page34g" id = "page34g">34</a> + +<p>Shinggoos, n. a weasel</p> + +<p>Shonggwasheh, n. a mink</p> + +<p>Shepahye-ee, prep. through</p> + +<p>Shegog, n. a skunk</p> + +<p>Shesheeb, n. a duck</p> + +<p>Sahgahquahegun, n. a nail</p> + +<p>Shegwanahbik, n. a grind-stone</p> + +<p>Shegwanahwis, n. fish-worm</p> + +<p>Shesheeb-ahkik, n. a tea-kettle; (see shesheeb and ahkik,)</p> + +<p>Sahgedoonabejegun, n. a bridle</p> + +<p>Sahgahegun, n. a screw</p> + +<p>Shegahgahwinze, n. an onion</p> + +<p>Shahboonegaunce, n. a needle, it signifies to pull or push +through</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_t" id = "vocab_t" href = "#vocab">T.</a></p> + +<p>Tahnahgwud, v. appear</p> + +<p>Tedebawe, n. the shore</p> + +<p>Tebahegezeswon, n. a watch or clock</p> + +<p>Tabanegaid, n. Lord</p> + +<p>Tabahkoonewaid, n. a judge or ruler</p> + +<p>Tebahkoonegawin, n. judgment</p> + +<p>Tabwayaindahmoowin, n. a creed</p> + +<p>Takoonewaid, n. a constable</p> + +<p>Tabwawin, n. truth</p> + +<p>Tahbeskooch, v. to equal</p> + +<p>Tahweahyah, n. space</p> + +<p>Tabwatun, v. believe thou</p> + +<p>Tebahegun, n. a measure; by adding ce, we have, cup</p> + +<p>Toodooshahboo, n. milk</p> + +<p>Tawaegun, n. a drum; (see mahdwayahbegahegun,)</p> + +<p>Tegowh, n. a wave</p> + +<p>Tebik, n. night</p> + +<p>Tahgah, v. to let</p> + +<p>Tahwah, int. alas!</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_u" id = "vocab_u" href = "#vocab">U.</a></p> + +<p>Undoom, call him</p> + +<p>Umba, come and let us go</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_w" id = "vocab_w" href = "#vocab">W.</a></p> + +<p>Wah, pro. what</p> + +<p>Wahwon, n. an egg</p> + +<p>Weyos, n. flesh, meat</p> + +<p>Webid, n. a tooth</p> + +<p>Ween, pro. him</p> + +<p>Wewon, his wife</p> + +<p>Waquain, pro. whoever</p> + +<p>Wewahquon, n. a hat</p> + +<p>Wahbegun, n. clay</p> + +<p>Wahsayah, n. light</p> + +<p>Wagoonan, what is it?</p> + +<p>Wekah, long before</p> + +<p>Wahbemin, n. an apple</p> + +<p>Weendun, tell it</p> + +<p>Wanain, who is it?</p> + +<p>Weyowh, n. a body</p> + +<p>Wahjewh, n. a mountain or hill</p> + +<p>Wahowh, pro. this</p> + +<p>Wenegun, n. marrow</p> + +<p>Wenesis, n. hair</p> + +<p>Wanankeen, who art thou?</p> + +<p>Wesabgun, adj. bitter</p> + +<p>Wagoosing, n. the son</p> + +<p>Wahbeda, v. to ripen</p> + +<p>Wenin, n. fat</p> + +<p>Wahnekaun, n. a ditch</p> + +<p>Wahbezewin, n. paleness</p> + +<p>Weenzhoob, n. gall</p> + +<a class = "pagenum" name = "page35g" id = "page35g">35</a> + +<p>Wenud, adj. dirty</p> + +<p>Wahwahbegoonojhee, n. a mouse</p> + +<p>Wahsahkoonajegun, n. a candle, or a thing that produces light</p> + +<p>Wahsachegun, n. a window</p> + +<p>Wahbahnahnug, n. the morning-star</p> + +<p>Wahsahmoowin, n. lightning</p> + +<p>Wesenewagun, n. a table, or something to eat on</p> + +<p>Wegewaum, n. a house</p> + +<p>Wetookahweshin, help me</p> + +<p>Wetoopahmeshin, eat with me</p> + +<p>Wanepuzhe, adv. freely</p> + +<p>Wahyaskud, in the beginning</p> + +<p>Weendahmahweshin, tell me</p> + +<p>Wahgedahkahmig, on land</p> + +<p>Wawaneh, thank you</p> + +<p>Wahsahgung, n. pepper, or a bitter substance</p> + +<p>Wahskoobung, adj. sweet</p> + +<p>Wekahnesun, his brother</p> + +<p>Wahwazhetaun, v. prepare thou</p> + +<p>Wahnahgak, n. bark</p> + +<p>Wahbemoojechaugown, n. a looking-glass; something used to see the +image in</p> + +<p>Weendegooh, n. a giant</p> + +<p>Weyahgahsahne, n. dust</p> + +<p>Wedookoodahdedah, let us help each other</p> + +<p>Wequajeoong, v. to struggle</p> + +<p>Wenaindib, n. brains</p> + +<p>Wahbezhasheh, n. a martin</p> + +<p>Wahwahskasheh, n. a deer</p> + +<p>Wahwahtaseh, n. a lightning-bug</p> + +<p>Wahwahyayah, adj. round</p> + +<p>Wahgoosh, n. a fox</p> + +<p>Wahnesquazewin, n. carelessness</p> + +<p>Wahgahquod, n. an axe</p> + +<p>Wahbahbik, n. tin</p> + +<p>Wahbejeskezhegwa, adj. wall-eyed</p> + +<p>Wob, v. to see</p> + +<p>Wahzeswon, n. a nest</p> + +<p>Wahbooyon, n. a blanket</p> + +<p>Wahnechega, v. to misdo</p> + +<p>Wahnewenon, v. to mislead</p> + +<p>Wahbemenahboo, n. cider</p> + +<p>Wesahgok, n. ash</p> + +<p>Wegwos, n. birch tree, and its bark</p> + +<p>Wegoobeminze, n. bass-wood</p> + +<p><ins class = "correction" title = +"printed as shown: should be 'Wahk' or 'Wauk'">Wak</ins>, n. spawn</p> + +<p class = "letterhead"> +<a name = "vocab_z" id = "vocab_z" href = "#vocab">Z.</a></p> + +<p>Zhahwanedewin, n. love</p> + +<p>Zahzahgewejegun, n. an offering</p> + +<p>Zagezewin, v. to fear</p> + +<p>Zegahundahgawin, n. baptism</p> + +<p>Zhahgemaih, n. a musketoe</p> + +<p>Zheezebahquod, n. sugar.</p> + +</div> +<!-- end div vocab --> + +</div> +<!-- end div grammar --> + +<div class = "endnote"> + +<h4><a name = "endnotes" id = "endnotes"> +Notes on Updated Text</a></h4> + +<p><i>This section comes from a reader1 who knows considerably more +Ojibwe than the transcriber (who knows none at all):</i></p> + +<h5>Orthography</h5> + +<table summary = "two orthographies compared"> +<tr> +<th abbr = "Spelling book">Forms in<br>"Chipeway<br>Spellings"</th> +<th abbr = "Fiero">Equivalent<br>in Fiero<br>orthography</th> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ah</td> +<td>a, aa, aanh</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>au, aw</td> +<td>aa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>aih</td> +<td>e, enh</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>a, ai, -ay</td> +<td>e</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>e, eh</td> +<td>i, ii</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ee, eeh</td> +<td>ii, iinh</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>i</td> +<td>i, ii, ay</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>oo</td> +<td>o, oo</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ooh</td> +<td>o, oo, oonh</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ou</td> +<td>—</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>o</td> +<td>a, aa</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>u</td> +<td>a, w</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>w-, -wh</td> +<td>w</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>y</td> +<td>y, ay</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ch, j</td> +<td>j, ch</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>ck</td> +<td>k</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>k, g, gk</td> +<td>g, k</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>m, -hm</td> +<td>m</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>n</td> +<td>n</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>-nce</td> +<td>-ns</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>p, b, -be</td> +<td>b, p</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>qu</td> +<td>gw, kw</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>s, z, -se</td> +<td>s, z</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sh, zh, -zhe</td> +<td>zh, sh</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sk, sch</td> +<td>sk, shk</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>sp</td> +<td>shp</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>squ</td> +<td>skw, shkw</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>st</td> +<td>sht</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>t, d, -dt, -te, -de, td-</td> +<td>d, t</td> +</tr> +</table> + +<h5>Author of Spelling book:</h5> + +<p>I am convinced that 'Spelling' is by Peter Jones, as he was +commissioned to put together a spelling book on June 2, 1828, and +presented the manuscript to a printer in York on June 19, 1828, for the +Methodist Indian Missionary School he ran, which Conference Missionary +Society was a Methodist society. Also, in his book <i>Life and journals +of Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by</i>, in the journal entry for the 19th, it says, +"Arrived at York in the afternoon, and commenced getting a small Indian +spelling book, which I had written, printed at Mr. McKenzie's office." +and considering "Spelling" was only 12 printed pages—3 sheets of +paper—that, I think, does qualify as "a small Indian spelling +book."</p> + +<h5>Syncope:</h5> + +<p>Several words are presented in a partial syncope form. For example, +<i>gagiina­wishkiwin</i> to mean a fib, a lie or a falsehood, in +the partial syncope form is <i>ggiina­wishkiwin</i>, and the full +syncope form is <i>ggiinwishkwin</i>. Summerfield presents this word +as <i>Kenah­weskewin, n. falsehood</i>, which seems to match the +partial syncope form of the word. However, if this partial syncope is +noted, so should the dozen or so other words shown in partial +syncope.</p> +</div> + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway +Languages, by John Summerfield + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY *** + +***** This file should be named 19807-h.htm or 19807-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/8/0/19807/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, C. J. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Languages + To Which is Added a Vocabulary of some of the Most Common Words + +Author: John Summerfield + +Release Date: November 14, 2006 [EBook #19807] +Last Updated: July 22, 2010 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY *** + + + + +Produced by Louise Hope, C. J. Lippert, David Starner and the Online +Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This +file was produced from images generously made available +by the Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproductions +(www.canadiana.org)) + + + + +[Transcriber's Note: + +This is an updated version of an e-text originally produced in November +2006; see end of text for additions and corrections. + +The e-text consists of two separately published books: + + _Spellings for the Schools in the Chipeway Language_ + _Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway Language_ + +In the first book (Spellings...), the hyphen - is used to separate +syllables. In the second book (Grammar...) the hyphen seems to +represent the glottal stop. + +In the word lists of the first book, the first entry in each column was +sometimes-- but not consistently-- capitalized. This capitalization has +been retained, whether or not the e-text layout replicates the original. + +A few punctuation marks in the paradigms and vocabulary lists have been +supplied or regularized. Other errors and anomalies are listed at the +end of the e-text. Bracketed text is in the original unless otherwise +noted.] + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + Spellings for the Schools + in the + _CHIPEWAY LANGUAGE._ + + + Ah-ne-she-nah-pay, Oo-te-ke-too-we-nun; + Kah-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah e-kewh, + Ka-nah-wah-pahn-tah-gigk Mah-ze-nah-e-kun. + + + YORK, U. CANADA: + Printed for the Canada Conference Missionary Society. + 1828 + + + + + A B C D E F G + H I J K L M N + O P Q R S T U + V W X Y Z + + a b c d e f g h i j + k l m n o p q r s + t u v w x y z & + + 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 + 9 0 , ; : . ? ! - + + + + +SPELLINGS. + +_Words of one Syllable._ + + Kah Neeje Squahch + nah keeje shwahs + sah weeje quaich + wah moose paske + keene koose kaugk + neene noose mongk + weene meezhe shongk + meene peezhe jeese + owh neezhe aahe + howh weezhe tdush + ewh moozhe + + +_Words of two Syllables accented on the second._ + + Ah keh ah toon me nick + ah keeng e mah me quom + ah kik e kewh me zeh + ah mik e newh me squeh + ahn doohm e qua me tigk + ah nungk I yahdt nah maih + ah owh kah yawsk ne gigk + ah pa ke tahn ne peh + ah pweh ke quis ne peeng + ah sin ke nwazhe ne sing + ah tick mah quah + + +_Words of two Syllables, accented on the second._ + + Ne sweh oo ninje qui yuck + oo chawzhe oon taus shing quawk + oo kaudt oo pin shing koub + oo kowh oo saum shing kaugk + oo kun Oo zidt tah zheh + oo mah oo skonzhe te pigk + oo nick oo taih wah zhusk + + +_Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._ + + Ah zheh ke kooh me kaunce + a shkum ke zhick me nance + a sance ke zis me quaich + a squach ki ya me quon + a tah koo koosh me tdush + a yaudt mah che me owh + a zheh mah kuk me zhusk + che mon mah mick nah nindt + che pywh mah noo na kowh + kah che mahn tdah na yaub + ka kate ma quah ne win + ka gooh me chim ning kah + ke kah me kun + + +_Words of three syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd._ + + noo sa poo neh wa quain + noo tdin se peh wau poose + noo tding sah keh we kah + noong koom sau kie we nin + oo jee she shebe we yause + pah mah tain ta we pidt + pa kah wa nain ween sah + pe toon + + +_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and third._ + + Ah je chaugk ah zhoo gun nah kah mooh + ah kah mingk a me quahn ne zhe kaih + ah neen teh a yah chick oo me meh + ah ne moosh a yah yun oo nah kun + ah ne peesh a zhah yun oo ne shkaudt + ah noo kee ka yah peh oo que son + ah pa kish mah ke sin oon tah shahn + ah quing koos mah ne toonce oo ske zhick + ah she kun mah ne toosh oo se tongk + ah wah kahn mah ske moodt pe je nuck + ah wa seeh me ke seh shah wain tung + ah yah pa me sah owh shah wa nim + + +_Words of three Syllables, accented on the second and half accent + on the third._ + + E nah shka mah noo min me she nuck + e qua sance me quain tun me tig koonce + e shkoo ta me sah poose mun tah min + ke na pigk me she min nah ma koos + ke noo zhai me she kaih nah ma pin + + +_Words of three Syllables accented on the first and third._ + + Pah ke tin + wau be gun + wau bah maudt + wau be min + + +_Words of three syllables accented on the last._ + + Ah nah quodt ke she kuck pe pah kim + e we te ko se non pe she keh + ing koo che me nah wah sah ke maih + ing koo twaus me ne zis sah ke toodt + ish pe ming me ze saih se wah quahn + ka ah koo moo koo mon shah kah nosh + kah kah keh mun ne too shong qua sheh + kah nah ka mun ne toogk shoo ne yah + kah ke nick nah koo shah tah be schooch + kah ke nah nah too way tah que shin + kah shah kance neen ah windt ta pain tungk + kah sah meh ne se tum ta pwa tungk + kah moo keede ning ke che tain ta seh + kah we kah noo se non wah ne toodt + ka ka keh nowh ah quay wah wah noon + ka koo weene oo che pway wa koo nain + ka ke quait oo ke mah wa wa neh + ke me wun oo me squeem weje e shin + ke nah wah pah pah say wig ke waum + ke ke che pe me zeh we nah wah + ke she kudt pe na sheeh we wah quahn + + +_Words of four syllables, accented on the second and fourth._ + + Ah chit ah mooh oo mah kah keh + ah kuck koo jeesh oo mong ke zheh + ah sun ah kooh oo tah pe nick + ah wah se seh oo tah pe nun + e nah pe yook oo ta e min + ke pah e kun oo que se mon + ke pim oo say oo wig ke waum + ke tah e kun pah ske se gun + me squah ta seh she kah kah winzhe + ne pwah kah win ta pwa tah wick + ne wah pah tahn wah oo na seh + oo ka yah wis + + +_Words of four syllables accented on the sixth._ + + Ah quah tah sheeh na pwah kah chick + ah se ke nauk pah kah ah quaih + ah zhah wah maig too too shah boo + ain tah che yungk waug ke koo mon + ke zhe tah yook wah wah ska sheh + maun nah ta nis + + +_Words of five syllables, a full accent on the last, and half accent + on the second._ + + Ah kin tah soo win neeng ke te mah kis + ah nah me ah win ne skah te se win + ah ne she nah pay nin tah wa mah took + ah quah ne pe sahn ne te ke koo took + ah sin ne se kah oo kah ke qua win + ke moo te schke win oo zhe pe e kun + ke nah we schke win pah kun te se win + mah ze nah e kun pah pah ke wah yahn + me ne te we nun shah wa ne te win + me skoo te se min sah ke e te win + me tig quah ke zin ween tah mah we shin + mon nain e te win we too kah we shin + ne kah ne se took + + +_Words of five syllables, accented on the first, the third and last._ + + Pa zhe go kah zhee + peen tah kah ta waun + oo ke mah we win + oo te ke too win + she pe koo pah tick + wah ne squa se win + + +_Accented on the two first and last._ + + Too toosh pim me tay + + +_Words of six syllables accented on the third and last._ + + Kah ke pah te se win + kah ke qua we ne neh + kah nah wah pa me shin + kah nah wa ne me shin + mah noo min e ka zheeh + mah kah ta e ne neh + e she wa pe se win + ta pwa yain tah moo win + + +_Accented on the second and last._ + + Ke too ke mah me non + kah ke pah te se win + na nahn tah we e waidt + oo mah ze nah e kun + wah wah pe ko noo jeeh + + +_Accented on the third and two last._ + + ka ke noo ah mah kaidt + mah che ah ye e wish + ah koo koo pe nah gun + ah wah che wun nah gun + + +_Accented on the 4th and last._ + + Ahn e me tah koo zin. + + +THE LORD'S PRAYER. + +_Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Oo-que-son Oo-tah-nu-me-tah-koo-se-win._ + +Neeng-ke-che noo-se-non, Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun. +Ka-che-mun-ne-too-we-ne-kah-soo-yun. Ke-ke-che-ke-too-ke-mah-we-win +pe-tah-we-she-nom. A-na-ne-me-wong-kane oo-mah-ke-zhe ah-keeng +ne-kah-e-she-wa-pe-se-min; tah-pe-schooch a-she-wa-buk e-we-ty +Ish-pe-ming. Me-she-she-nom ka-ne-tah-soo ke-she-kuk me-chim +pe-mah-te-se-win. Ki-ya pa-kah-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom +che-sah-ke-che-wa-pe-nah-mah-we-yong mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish, +nah-sahb-e-koo a-she shah-wa-ne-mong-ke-twah oo-kooh +kah-pah-tah-e-yah-me-ke-chik, ki-ya keen e-she-shah-wa-ne-me-she-nom. +Ka-goo we-kah ing-koo-chee ah-ne-e-she-we-she-she-kah-kane +che-nah-ne-sah-ne-se-yong; mah-noo sah-koo kah-ke-nah +shah-koo-te-nah-mah-we-she-nom mah-che-ah-ye-e-wish. +Keen-mah-ween ke te-pain-tahn ke-che-oo-ke-mah-we-win, +ki-ya euh ke-che-e-she-wa-pe-se-win, ki-ya euh ah-nah-me-ah-win +ka-che-me-nwa-tah-quok, kah-ke-nik ki-ya kah-ke-nik.--Amen. + + +GRACE BEFORE MEAT. + +Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, che-pwah-we-se-ningk. + +O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too Ish-pe-ming a-yah-yun, Shah-wain-tah-mah-we-she-nom +mahn-tdah me-chim-pe-mah-te-se-win, kah-pah-ke-te-nah-mah-we-yongk; +me-tdush ka-oon-je-mah-skah-we-se-yongk che-ah-noo-ke-tah-koo yun; +me-owh Jesus Christ a-spa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen. + + +GRACE AFTER MEAT. + +Ah-noo-shoo-tah-mah-ka-win, kah-e-squah, we-se-ningk. + +O Ke-sha-mun-ne-too, neeng-keche Noo-se-non, me-quaich wa-wa-neh +kah-we-se-ne-yongk noo-koom, ki-ya ain-tah-soo-ke-she-kuck +shah-wain-ne-me-yongk; me-sah-owh Jesus Christ kah-ke-nigk +ka-ah-pa-ne-moo-yongk. Amen. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + + Sketch of Grammar + of the + CHIPPEWAY LANGUAGE, + + To Which Is Added a Vocabulary + of some of the most common Words. + + By JOHN SUMMERFIELD, + alias, + SAHGAHJEWAGAHBAHWEH. + + Cazenovia: + PRESS OF J. F. FAIRCHILD & SON. + 1834. + + + + +ADVERTISEMENT. + +The following pages were written as an exercise for my leisure hours, +while attending the Oneida Conference Seminary during the past winter. +As it is the first attempt that, to my knowledge, has ever been made to +reduce the Chippeway language to any system, it cannot be expected to be +otherwise than imperfect, and perhaps may hereafter be found to be, in +some respects, erroneous. It is, however, as free from errors as my +present means have enabled me to make it. It has been printed at the +request of my friends, by a fellow student, at his own suggestion and +expense. + +J. SUMMERFIELD. + +Cazenovia, April 10, 1834. + + + + +SKETCH OF GRAMMAR, &c. + + +The Letters used in the Chippeway Language, are twenty-one, viz. +A, a; B, b; C, c; D, d; E, e; G, g; H, h; I, i; J, j; K, k; M, m; N, n; +O, o; P, p; Q, q; S, s; T, t; U, u; W, w; Y, y; Z, z. F, L, R, V, and X, +are not used. + +There are, in the Chippeway Language, ten parts of Speech, namely, +the _article_, the _noun_, the _pronoun_, the _adjective_, the _verb_, +the _participle_, the _adverb_, the _preposition_, the _conjunction_, +and the _interjection_. + + +OF THE ARTICLE. + +There is but one Article, used definitely both in the masculine and +neuter genders, viz. Owh, the, m.; Ewh, the, n. + + +OF NOUNS. + +A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing; as, Eneneh, man; +Kahdahnahqueeng, Kingston; metig, tree. + +Nouns are of two sorts, Common and Proper. + +Common Nouns stand for kinds containing many sorts, or for sorts +containing many individuals under them; as, Ahwaseeh, animal; eneneh, +man; kegownh, fish; penaseh, bird. + +Proper Nouns are the names appropriated to individuals, as, Charles, +Cazenovia, Ganges. [N.B. Proper names, with a few exceptions, are the +same as in English.] + +To Nouns belong gender, person, number, and case. + +GENDER. + +Gender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex. + +Nouns have three genders, the masculine, the feminine, and the neuter. + +The masculine gender denotes males; as, Eneneh, man. + +The feminine gender is applied to animals, fishes, and birds; as, +Nahbak, a she bear, &c. + +The neuter gender denotes things without sex; as, Wewahquon, a hat. + +NUMBER. + +Number is the distinction of objects as one or more. + +Nouns are of two numbers, the singular and the plural. + +The singular number implies but one object; as, Mahzenahegun, a book. + +The plural number implies more than one; as, Mahzhenahegahnun, books. + +CASE. + +Nouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and the +objective. + +The nominative case simply expresses the name of a thing, &c.; +as, Owh quewesanceoobahkahmegezeh, the boy plays. + +The possessive case expresses the relation of property or possession, +and always ends with the letter _o_; as, Noosayo wegewaum, my father's +house. + +The objective case expresses the object of an action or of relation; +as John owejeahn Charles, John assists Charles. + +Nouns may be declined in the following manner: + + Singular. Plural. + _Nom. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men. + _Poss. Case_, Eneneho, man's. Enenewugo, men's. + _Obj. Case_, Eneneh, man. Enenewug, men. + + +OF PRONOUNS. + +A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun, to avoid repeating the same +word; as, Pahpenatum eneneh, the man is happy; Pahpenatum, he is happy. + +PERSONAL PRONOUNS. + +There are three personal pronouns, viz. Neen, I; keen, thou; ween, he; +with their plurals, Nenahwind, we; kenahwah, ye or you; wenahwah, they. + +Personal pronouns have person, number, gender and case. + +The persons of pronouns are three in each number, viz. + + Neen, I, is the first person, } + Keen, thou, is the second person, } Singular. + Ween, he, is the third person, } + Nenahwind, we, is the first person, } + Kenahwah, you, is the second person, } Plural. + Wenahwah, they, is the third person, } + +_Number._--Pronouns have two numbers, the singular and the plural. + +_Case._--Pronouns have three cases, the nominative, the possessive, and +the objective. + +Pronouns cannot be declined. The cases of each person have the same +form. + + First person. _Singular._ _Plural._ + _Nom._ Neen, I. Nenahwind, we. + _Poss._ Neen, mine. Nenahwind, ours. + _Obj._ Neen, me. Nenahwind, us. + + +OF ADJECTIVES. + +An Adjective is a word added to a noun to express its quality; as, +quahnoj eneneh, a good man; menwawezheh eneneh, an industrious man. + +Adjectives are not varied to agree with their nouns, nor do they have +any regular comparison. + +The following is a list of Numeral Adjectives: + + Pazhick, 1 + Neezhe, 2 + Nesweh, 3 + Newin, 4 + Nahnun, 5 + Ingoodwahsweh, 6 + Neswahsweh, 7 + Shahsweh, 8 + Shongsweh, 9 + Metahsweh, 10 + Metahsweh ahshepazhick, 11 + ---- ahsheneezhe, 12 + ---- ahshenesweh, 13 + ---- ahshenewin, 14 + ---- ahshenahnun, 15 + ---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 16 + ---- ahsheneswahsweh, 17 + ---- ahsheswahsweh, 18 + ---- ahsheshongsweh, 19 + Nestahnah, 20 + Nestahnah ahshepachick, 21 + ---- ahsheneezhe, 22 + ---- ahshenesweh, 23 + ---- ahshenewin, 24 + ---- ahshenahnun, 25 + ---- ahsheingoodwahsweh, 26 + ---- ahsheneswahsweh, 27 + ---- ahsheshahsweh, 28 + ---- ahsheshongsweh, 29 + Nesemetahnah, 30 + Nemedahnah, 40 + Nahnemedahnah, 50 + Ingoodwahsemedahnah, 60 + Neswahsemedahnah, 70 + Swahsemedahnah, 80 + Shonggahswehmedahnah, 90 + Ingoodwak, 100 + Nezhwak, 200 + Neswak, 300 + Newak, 400 + Nahnwak, 500 + Ingoodwahswak, 600 + Nezhahswak, 700 + Shawhswak, 800 + Shongahswak, 900 + Medahswak, 1000 + Neezhemedahswak, 2000 + Medahswehdahswak, 10,000 + Nestahnahdahswak, 20,000 + Nemedahnahdahswak, 40,000 + + +OF VERBS. + +A Verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or to suffer; as, +Nedahyah, I am; Nedebahkoonewa, I rule; Nedebahkoonegoo, I am ruled. + +Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and neuter. + +A Verb Active expresses an action, and necessarily implies an agent +and an object acted upon; as, Nezhahgeah James, I love James. + +A Verb Passive expresses passion or a suffering or the receiving of an +action, and implies an object acted upon, and an agent by which it is +acted upon; as, Chezhahwaneding, to be loved; John oojezhahwanemah +neen, John is loved by me. + +A Verb Neuter expresses neither action nor passion, but being or a +state of being; as, Nenebah, I sleep; Nenahmahdub, I sit. + +Verbs have number, person, mood and tense. + +NUMBER AND PERSON. + +Verbs have two numbers, the singular and the plural. + +There are three persons in each number; as, + + Pers. _Singular._ _Plural._ + 1. Nezhahwanega, I love. Nezhahwanegamin, we love. + 2. Kezhahwanega, thou lovest. Kezhahwanegaim, you love. + 3. Zhawanega, he loves. Zhahwanegawug, they love. + +MOOD. + +The moods are five, Indicative, Subjunctive, Imperative, Potential, and +the Infinitive. + +The Indicative declares or affirms positively, or it asks a question; +as, Zhahwanega, he loves; Zhahwaneganah? Does he love? + +The Subjunctive expresses action or passion in a doubtful manner; +as, Kespin zhahwanegaid, if he loves. + +The Imperative is used for commanding, exhorting, and entreating; +as, Mahjahn keen, depart thou; Noodahmooyook, do thou listen. + +The Potential implies possibility, liberty, power, will; as, +Tahgemewan kahnahbuge, it may rain; Kegahwesenemin kiya kahmenequamin, +we shall eat and drink. + +The Infinitive simply expresses the signification of the verb; +as, Cheezechegang, to do; Chegegedoong, to speak. + +TENSE. + +Verbs have six tenses, the present, the imperfect, the perfect, the +pluperfect, the first and second future tenses. + +The present tense represents a present action as taking place at the +time in which it is mentioned; as, Nebop, I laugh; Newob, I see; +Nedenadum, I think. + +The imperfect tense denotes past action or event however distant, +finished, but without defining the exact time of its completion; +as, Oodanongezahbahneeg ahpe naquaskahwod, they were travelling to +the town when he met them. + +The perfect tense refers not only to what is past but also conveys +an allusion to the present time; as, Ahzheh negegezhetoon +nemahzhenahegun, I have finished my letter. + +The pluperfect tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also +as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence; +as, Ahzehnegegezhetonahbun letter chebwabedahgweshing, I had finished +my letter before he arrived. + +The first future tense represents the action as yet to come, either +with or without respect to the precise time when; as, Owh kezis +tahbemookahum wahbung, the sun will rise to-morrow. + +The second future tense represents a future action that will be +accomplished before another future action; as, Negahwesenenahbun +nahwahquaig, I shall have dined at twelve o'clock. + +A Verb is conjugated in the following manner: + +TO LOVE.--Indicative Mood. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Nezhahwanega, I love. + 2. Kezhahwanega, Thou lovest. + 3. Zhahwanega, He loves. + _Plur._ 1. Nezhahwanegamin, We love. + 2. Kezhahwanegaim, Ye or you love. + 3. Zhahwanegawug, They love. + +_Imperfect._ + + _Sing._ 1. Negezhahwanega, I loved. + 2. Kegezhahwanega, Thou lovedst. + 3. Kezhahwanega, He loved. + _Plur._ 1. Negezhahwanegamin, We loved. + 2. Kegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you loved. + 3. Kezhawanegawug, They loved. + +_Perfect._ + + _Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanega, I have loved. + 2. Ahzehkegezhahwanega, Thou hast loved. + 3. Ahzehkezhahwanega, He has loved. + _Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwanegamin, We have loved. + 2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegaim, Ye or you have loved. + 3. Ahzehkezhahwanegawug, They have loved. + +_Pluperfect._ + + _Sing._ 1. Ahzehnegezhahwaneganahbun, I had loved. + 2. Ahzehkegezhahwaneganahbun, Thou hadst loved. + 3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabun, He had loved. + _Plur._ 1. Ahzehnegezhawanegaminahbun, We had loved. + 2. Ahzehkegezhahwanegamwahbun, You had loved. + 3. Ahzehkezhahwanegabahneeg, They had loved. + +_First Future._ + + _Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwanega, I shall or will love. + 2. Kegahzhahwanega, Thou shalt or wilt love. + 3. Tahzhahwanega, He shall or will love. + _Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegamin, We shall or will love. + 2. Kegahzhahwanegaim, You shall or will love. + 3. Tahzhahwanegawug, They shall or will love. + +_Second Future._ + + _Sing._ 1. Negahzhahwaneganahbun, I shall have loved. + 2. Kegahzhahwaneganahbun, Thou wilt have loved. + 3. Tahzhahwanegabun, He will have loved. + _Plur._ 1. Negahzhahwanegaminahbun, We shall have loved. + 2. Kegahzhahwanegamwahbun, You will have loved. + 3. Tahzhahwanegabahneeg, They will have loved. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Tahgahneenegazhahwanega, Let me love. + 2. Zhahwanegain, or } Love thou, or do thou love. + Kezhahwaneganah, } + 3. Tahgahween tahzhahwanega, Let him love. + + _Plur._ 1. Tahgahnenahwind } Let us love. + gahzhahwanegamin, } + 2. Zhahwanegayook, or } Love ye or you, or + Kezhahwanegaimnah, } do you love. + 3. Tahgahwenahwah } Let them love. + tahzhahwanegawug, } + +POTENTIAL MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Nedahzhahwanega, I may love. + 2. Kedahzhahwanega, Thou mayest love. + 3. Tahzhahwanega, He may love. + _Plur._ 1. Nedahzhahwanegamin, We may love. + 2. Kedahzhahwanegaim, You may love. + 3. Tahzhahwanegawug. They may love. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanega, I might love. + 2. Kedahgezhahwanega, Thou mightest love. + 3. Tahgezhahwanega, He might love. + _Plur._ 1. Nedahgezhahwanegamin, We might love. + 2. Kedahgezhahwanegaim, You might love. + 3. Tahgezhahwanegawug, They might love. + +_Perfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanega, I may have loved. + 2. Kedahgewezhahwanega, Thou mayst have loved. + 3. Tahgewezhahwanega, He may have loved. + _Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegamin, We may have loved. + 2. Kedahgewezhahwanegaim, You may have loved. + 3. Tahgewezhahwanegawug, They may have loved. + +_Pluperfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, I might have loved. + 2. Kedahgewezhahwaneganahbun, Thou mightest have loved. + 3. Tahgewezhahwanegabun, He might have loved. + _Plur._ 1. Nedahgewezhahwanegaminahbun, We might have loved. + 2. Kedahgewezhahwanegamwahbun, You might have loved. + 3. Tahgewezhahwanegabahneeg, They might have loved. + +SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ Kespin zhahwanegayaun, If I love. + Kespin zhahwanegayun, If thou lovest. + Kespin zhahwahnegaid, If he loves. + _Plur._ Kespin zhahwanegayong, If we love. + Kespin zhahwanegayaig, If you love. + Kespin zhahwanegawod, If they love. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + + _Pres._ Chezhahwanegang, To love. + _Perf._ Chegezhahwanegang, To have loved. + _Fut._ Ahyegwahwezhahwanegang, To be about to love. + +PARTICIPLES. + + _Present,_ Zhahwaneding, Loving. + _Perfect,_ Zhahwanemind, Loved. + + +Conjugation of the Verb TO BE. + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ Nedahyah, I am. + Kedahyah, Thou art. + Ahyah, He is. + _Plur._ Nedahyahmin, We are. + Kedahyaum, Ye or you are. + Ahyahwug, They are. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ Nedahyahnahbun, I was. + Kedahyahnahbun, Thou wast. + Ahyahbun, He was. + _Plur._ Nedahyahmenahbun, We were. + Kedahyahmwahbun, You were. + Ahyahbahneeg, They were. + +_Perfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ Negeahyahnahbun, I have been. + Kegeahyahnahbun, Thou hast been. + Keahyahbun, He has been. + _Plur._ Negeahyahmin, We have been. + Kegeahyaum, You have been. + Keahyahwug, They have been. + +_Pluperfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ Nedahgeweahyahnahbun, I had been. + Kedahgeweahyahnahbun, Thou hadst been. + Keweahyahbun, He had been. + _Plur._ Nedahgeweahyahmin, We had been. + Kedahgeweahyaum, You had been. + Keahyahbahneeg, They had been. + +_First Future Tense._ + + _Sing._ Negahahyah, I shall be. + Kegahahyah, Thou wilt be. + Tahahyah, He will be. + _Plur._ Negahahyahmin, We shall be. + Kegahahyaum, You will be. + Tahahyahwug, They will be. + +_Second Future Tense._ + + _Sing._ Negahgeahyahnahbun, I shall have been. + Kegahgeahyahnahbun, Thou wilt have been. + Tahgeahyahbun, He will have been. + _Plur._ Negahgeahyahmenahbun, We shall have been. + Kegahgeahyahmwahbun, You will have been. + Tahgeahyahbahneeg, They will have been. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + _Sing._ Tahgahnenegahahyah, Let me be. + Ahyaun kegeahyahun, Be thou or do thou be. + Tahgahweendahahyah, Let him be. + _Plur._ Tahgahnenahwindnegahahyahmin, Let us be. + Ahyahyook, Be ye or you or do you be. + Tahgahdahahyahwug, Let them be. + +POTENTIAL MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Koonemah-nedahahyah, I may be. + Koonemah-kedahahyah, Thou mayst be. + Koonemah-dahahyah, He may be. + _Plural._ + Koonemah-nedahahyahmin, We may be. + Koonemah-kedahahyaum, You may be. + Koonemah-dahahyahwug, They may be. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Koonemah-nedahgeahyah, I might be. + Koonemah-kedahgeahyah, Thou mightest be. + Koonemah-tahgeahyah, He might be. + _Plural._ + Koonemah-nedahgeahyahmin, We might be. + Koonemah-kedahgeahyaum, You might be. + Koonemah-tahgeahyahwug, They might be. + +_Perfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Koonemah-nedahgeahyahnahbun, I may have been. + Koonemah-kedahgeahyahnahbun, Thou mayst have been. + Koonemah-tahgeahyahbun, He may have been. + _Plural._ + ---- nedahgeahyahminnahbun, We may have been. + ---- kedahgeahyahmwahbun, You may have been. + ---- tahgeahyahbahneeg, They may have been. + +_Pluperfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + ---- nedahgeweahyahnahbun, I might have been. + ---- kedahgeweahyahnahbun, Thou mightest have been. + ---- tahgeweahyahbun, He might have been. + _Plural._ + ---- nedahgeweahgahmenanbun, We might have been. + ---- kedahgeweahyahmwahbun, You might have been. + ---- tahgeweahyahbahneeg, They might have been. + +SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Sing._ Kespin ahyahyaun, If I be. + Kespin ahyahyun, If thou be. + Kespin ahyaud, If he be. + _Plur._ Kespin ahyahyong, If we be. + Kespin ahyahyaig, If you be. + Kespin ahyahwaud, If they be. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Sing._ Kespin ahyahyahbaun, If I were. + Kespin ahyahyahbun, If thou wert. + Kespin ahyahpun, If he were. + _Plur._ Kespin ahyahyongebun, If we were. + Kespin ahyahyaigoobun, If you were. + Kespin ahyahwahpun, If they were. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + + _Present._ Cheahyong, To be. + _Perfect._ Chegeahyong, To have been. + +PARTICIPLES. + + _Pres._ Ahyong, Being. + _Perf._ Ahyod, Been. + + +Conjugation of the Passive Verb TO BE LOVED. + +INDICATIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Nezhahwanemegoo, I am loved. + Kezhahwanemegoo, Thou art loved. + Zhahwanemah, He is loved. + _Plural._ + Nezhahwanemegoomin, We are loved. + Kezhahwanemegoom, You are loved. + Zhahwanemahwug, They are loved. + +_Imperfect._ + + _Singular._ + Nezhahwanemegoonahbun, I was loved. + Kezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou wast loved. + Zhahwanemahbun, He was loved. + _Plural._ + Nezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We were loved. + Kezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You were loved. + Zhahwanemahbahneeg, They were loved. + +_Perfect._ + + _Singular._ + Negezhahwanemegoo, I have been loved. + Kegezhahwanemegoo, Thou hast been loved. + Kezhahwanemah, He has been loved. + _Plural._ + Negezhahwanemegoomin, We have been loved. + Kegezhahwanemegoom, You have been loved. + Kezhahwanemahwug, They have been loved. + +_Pluperfect._ + + _Singular._ + Negezhahwanemegoonahbun, I had been loved. + Kegezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou hadst been loved. + Kezhahwanemahbun, He had been loved. + _Plural._ + Negezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We had been loved. + Kegezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You had been loved. + Kezhahwanemahbahneeg, They had been loved. + +_First Future._ + + _Singular._ + Negahzhahwanemegoo, I shall be loved. + Kegahzhahwanemegoo, Thou wilt be loved. + Tazhahwanemah, He will be loved. + _Plural._ + Negahzhahwanemegoomin, We shall be loved. + Kegahzhahwanemegoom, You will be loved. + Tahzhahwanemahwug, They will be loved. + +_Second Future._ + + _Singular._ + Negahgezhahwanemegoo, I shall have been loved. + Kegahgezhahwanemegoo, Thou wilt have been loved. + Tahgezhahwanemah, He will have been loved. + _Plural._ + Negahgezhahwanemegoomin, We shall have been loved. + Kegahgezhahwanemegoom, You will have been loved. + Tahgezhahwanemahwug, They will have been loved. + +IMPERATIVE MOOD. + + _Singular._ + Tahgahnenegah zhahwanemegoo, Let me be loved. + Tahgahkegah zhahwanemegoo, Be thou loved or do thou be loved. + Tahgahween tahzhahwanemah, Let him be loved. + _Plural._ + Tahgahnenahwind } Let us be loved. + negahzhahwanemegoomin, } + Tahgahkenahwah kahzhahwanemegoom, Be you loved or do you be loved. + Tahgahwenahwah tahzhahwanemahwug, Let them be loved. + +POTENTIAL MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo, I may be loved. + Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoo, Thou mayest be loved. + Tahkoonemahzhahwanemah, He may be loved. + _Plural._ + Nedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoomin, We may be loved. + Kedahkoonemahzhahwanemegoom, You may be loved. + Tahkoonemahzhahwanemahwug, They may be loved. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo, I might be loved. + Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoo, Thou mightest be loved. + Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemah, He might be loved. + _Plural._ + Nedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoomin, We might be loved. + Kedahgekoonemahzhahwanemegoom, You might be loved. + Tahgekoonemahzhahwanemahwug, They might be loved. + +_Perfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo, I may have been loved. + Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoo, Thou mayest have been loved. + Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemah, He may have been loved. + _Plural._ + Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomin, We may have been loved. + Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoom, You may have been loved. + Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahwug, They may have been loved. + +_Pluperfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun, I might have been loved. + Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoonahbun, Thou mightest have + been loved. + Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbun, He might have been loved. + _Plural._ + Nedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomenahbun, We might have been loved. + Kedahgekoonemahkezhahwanemegoomwahbun, You might have been loved. + Tahgekoonemahkezhahwanemahbahneeg, They might have been loved. + +SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. + +_Present Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Kespin zhahwanemegooyaun, If I be loved. + Kespin zhahwanemegooyun, If thou be loved. + Kespin zhahwanemind, If he be loved. + _Plural._ + Kespin zhahwanemegooyong, If we be loved. + Kespin zhahwanemegooyaig, If you be loved. + Kespin zhahwanemindwah, If they be loved. + +_Imperfect Tense._ + + _Singular._ + Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbaun, If I were loved. + Kespin zhahwanemegooyahbun, If thou wert loved. + Kespin zhahwanemindebun, If he were loved. + _Plural._ + Kespin zhahwanemegooyonggebun, If we were loved. + Kespin zhahwanemegooyaiggoobun, If you were loved. + Kespin zhahwanemindwahbun, If they were loved. + +INFINITIVE MOOD. + + _Present._ Chezhahwanemegoong, To be loved. + _Perfect._ Chegezhahwanemegoong, To have been loved. + +PARTICIPLES. + + _Present._ Zhahwanemegoong, Being loved. + _Perfect._ Zhahwanemind, Loved. + + +OF PARTICIPLES. + +A Participle is a word derived from a Verb, and has the nature of a verb +and also of an adjective. + +Verbs have two participles, the present and the perfect. + +The present participle denotes action or being continued, but not +finished. It generally ends in _ing_, _eng_, or _g_; as, Tebahkooneding, +Ruling, &c. + +The perfect participle denotes action or being, finished. This can also +be distinguished by its ending in _ed_ or _d_; as Pahpid, laughed; +Shoshomequanid, smiled. + + +OF ADVERBS. + +An Adverb is a word used to modify the sense of a verb, &c.; as, Kagate +quahnoj eneneh, a truly good man. + +List of Adverbs: + +1. Ingooding, once; neshing, twice; nesing, thrice. + +2. Netum, first; Esquache, lastly. + +3. Omah, here; ahnedeh, where; negoojee, somewhere; kahweenegoojee, +nowhere; ishpeming nahkayah, upward; nesahye-ee nahkayah, downward; +esquayong nahkayah, backward; negaun nahkayah, forward, &c. + +4. Noogoom, now; chekezheguk, to-day; mawezhah, long ago; pejenahgooh, +yesterday; noomahyah, lately; wahbung, to-morrow; bahmah, by and by; +kahmahsheh, not yet; kahyahsekah, instantly; waweeb, immediately. + +5. Pahgee, little; ahneenmenik, how much. + +6. Koonemah, perhaps; mekahweh, perchance. + +7. Kagate, verily; aahe, yes, &c. + +8. Kah, no; kahweengahnahga, not at all. + +9. Ahneen, how; ahneeshnah, why; ahnahpe, when. + +10. Nahwuj, more; kagahkoo, most. + + +OF PREPOSITIONS. + +Prepositions serve to connect words with one another and to show the +relation between them; as, Cazenove angkeojemahjahkezhodt York, he went +from Cazenovia to York. + +List of Prepositions: + +Pahzhejahye-ee, over; ahnahmahye-ee, under; shepahye-ee, through; +ishpeming, above; nesahye-ee, below; keoonjee, from; peoonjee, from; +ahwashema, beyond; chegahye-ee, near; negaun, before; Ishquayong, +behind; wahsah, off; oogejahye-ee, on or upon; magwaahye-ee, among; +ahzheh, after; ahpahgahjeahye-ee, against; ahgahmahye-ee, across; +kewetahye-ee, around; nahwahye-ee, amidst; enahkayah, toward, &c. + + +OF CONJUNCTIONS. + +A Conjunction is a word used to connect sentences, so as out of two to +make one. + +Conjunctions are of two sorts, the Copulative and the Disjunctive. + +The following are some of the Conjunctions: + +_Cop._ Kiya, and; Kespin, if; Owh, that; nahyanze, both; dushween, then; +ahpe, since; mesah, therefore; ahnesh, wherefore. + +_Dis._ Atah, but; ahzheh, as; dush, than; koone, though; mahmesahwahwah, +unless; kespuge, except; pooch, yet. + + +OF INTERJECTIONS. + +An Interjection is a word used to express the sudden emotions of the +speaker; as, Tahwah! pemahdezewin nelojegootoge! Alas! I fear for life! +O neboowin! Ahneshekewesahgandahmoowin? O death! Where is thy sting? + +List of Interjections: + + _Earnestness_ or _Grief_; O! ah! tahwah, alas! + _Joy_; Yahhahne! yahhahne! &c. + _Wonder_; Mahmahkahdahkahmig, strange! hahe, hah! + _Aversion_; Saih! ahwas, away! + _Attention_; Nah, hark! Nahbin, behold! + _Surprise_ or _Fear_; Ingee! Tauneyohne! yohe! + _Laughter_; Ha! ha! ha! + _Requesting silence_; Easta, hist! pezahnahbin, silence! + _Calling_; ahneene, halloo! + _Salutation_; Mequaich, welcome! + + + + +A FABLE--[Translated from the English.] + +OWH WAHGOOSH KIYA EWH MASK. + + +Kegahweendahmoonin kache dahkooahyod ahdesookaun, kecheoneshesheh +dushweengooh. + +Wahgoosh ingooding keezhahgoobun haberdashero dahdahwawegahmig. Emah +metahskahkahmig ahyahtanegoobun kache gwahnahjewong mask, keoonje +ozhechegahdagoobun ahwegah cheahyood mamahjenood ahpe herongh azhe +obahkahmegezhejin. Ewh mask egewh mawezhah, meowh ahpe owh ahdesookaun +tebaindahgowk, ahgwahnahung kahkenah ewh ostegwan dahgooh helmiting, +kiya kahwekah mamahjenood ezheoobahkahmegezhese ayahsenenegoon. +Mahmahdah wechegawenebun, owhdush ezhechegang kahweendush +kedahwahbahdah zhenon ewh odangowh owh wabahkahmegezid, kiya koonemah +anahnookewenegwain nahchebahpid or mahwid, ewh mask ahpun ewh nahsob +azhenahgowk. + +Owh wahgoosh kahgezheyaindum, wahjapezeh. Oge quakenon ewh mask +menahwah kiya menahwah. Oge gahnahwahbahdaun emah ahgwahjeeye-ee, +kiya gahnahwahbahdaun emah peenjahye-ee. + +Ewh ahgwahjeeye-ee keche shooshoo ahyahgoobun kiya +kegezhechegahdagoobun! Ewh peenjahye-ee webahgoobun. Kagate onesheshin +oostegwan ayaug omah, ekedoo owh wahgoosh; kagate mejenahwa yahdahkahmig +kahwenaindib ahyahsenoog! + +Nahnind quahnoj quewesansug ahyahwug kiya equasansug kemahzheh +ekoogenedwah oowh enaindahmoowod kahween kagoo ohbahbah mahndahsenahwah, +ewh atah oobeshegadahgoosewenewah, ahgoonwatahtesuwod kagoo +chekekadahmoowod medush azhe quakeskahwod enahkahkayah wahwazheowening. +Koonemah eneneh odah ahtood ewh onindj emah ostegwahning onowh pazhik +kiya tahekedooh kahekedood owh wahgoosh kagate sahquahnoj owh oostegwan +omah ayog kagate sah mejenah wayahdahkahmig ahyah senoog ewh wenaindib. + +Eneneh tahezhah ishpeming, ahyahnzig menoo bemahdezewin, ahyahnzig +kechetwahwezewin, ahyahnzig ogemahwewin, ahyahnzig kekenooahmahdewin, +ahyahwahsig wejekewayun; kah dushween tahezhahsee ewhety ishpeming +ahyahwahsig Christ. + +A man may go to heaven without health, without wealth, without honor, +without learning, without friends; but he can never go to heaven +without Christ. + + + + +OF THE FORMATION OF WORDS. + + +It is difficult with us to speak the words themselves.--The words +_odoon_, _onik_, _okod_, _ozid_, _okun_, do not mean respectively, +_mouth_, _arm_, _leg_, _foot_, _bone_; but _his mouth_, _his arm_, _his +leg_, _his foot_, _his bone_. By leaving out the letter _o_ we have the +words _mouth_, _arm_, _&c._ themselves: thus, _doon_, _nik_, _kod_, +_zid_, _kun_. The former is the usual way of speaking, the latter is +correct. + +By the following illustration it will be better understood how words are +formed: + + _my_ _thy_ or _your_ _his_ + Nindj, _a hand_, nenindj, kenindj, onindj, + Nik, _an arm_, nenik, kenik, onik, + Doon, _a mouth_, nedoon kedoon, odoon, + Bid, _a tooth_, nebid, kebid, owebid, + Daih, _a heart_, nedaih, kedaih, odaih, + Kown, _a liver_, nekown, kekown, okown, + Kun, _a bone_, nekun, kekun, okun, + Skunze, _a nail_, neskunze, keskunze, oskunze, + Kod, _a leg_, nekod, kekod, okod, + Bowm, _a thigh_, nebowm, kebowm, obowm, + Dis, _a navel_, nedis, kedis, odis, + Pun, _a light_, nepun, kepun, opun, + Zid, _a foot_, nezid, kezid, ozid, + Yos, _flesh_, neyos, keyos, oweyos, + Yowh, _a body_, neyowh, keyowh, oweyowh, + Oose, _father_, noose, koose, osun, + Gah, _mother_, negah, kegah, ogeen, + Siyahn, _brother_, nesiyahn, kesiyahn, osiyayun, + Shema, _sister_, neshema, keshema, oshemayun, + Tahwug, _an ear_, netahwug, ketahwug, otahwug. + + + + +VOCABULARY. + + [Transcriber's Note: + Alphabetization is as in the original.] + +A. + + Aahe, adv. yes + Ahbenoojhee, n. a child + Ahbewin, n. a room + Ahnind, adj. some + Ahpe, adv. then, when + Ahkeh, n. the earth + Ahkeeng, in the earth + Ahzheh, adv. after + Ahneendeh, adv. where? + Ahyahyun, v. art thou + Ahweyah, n. a certain one + Ahnung, sing. } n. a star + Ahnungoog, plu. } + Ahyah, v. he is, was + Ahneen, adv. how? + Ahwon, n. fog, dew, mist + Ahsin, n. a stone + Ahnweh, n. a bullet + Ahnahquod, n. a cloud + Ahnookewin, n. a work + Ahnemeke, n. thunder + Ahkoozewin, n. sickness + Ahpahbewin, n. a saddle, or a thing to sit on + Ahpwahgun, n. a pipe + Ahnahpe, adv. when + Ahgwahnahung, pt. covered + Ahgwahjeeng, outdoors + Ahpequashemoon, n. pillow + Ahkookoobenahgun, } n. a basket, the latter signifies a vessel + Ahwahjewahnahgun, } to carry or gather with + Ahnahmeahwin, n. religion + Aindahnahbid, v. sitteth + Aindahyaun, n. my house or home + Aiskum, adv. more + Anwahchegaid, n. a prophet + Amequahn, n. a spoon + Atah, conj. but + Ahsamah, n. tobacco + Ahnahmahkahmig, } under the earth or ground + Ahnahmahkeeng, } + Ahgahming, n. other side + Ahyahmook, v. receive it, or take it + Ahshum, v. feed him, or give him something to eat + Ahgahwahta, n. a shadow + Ahwashema, prep. beyond + Ahgwewin, n. a garment + Ahgookayowh, n. a bait, or something to allure animals to a snare + Ahgahjewin, n. bashfulness + Ahquahnebesohn, n. rainbow + Azhenekahdaig, } n. name of a thing or place. In asking a question + Adahming, } we say what is the name of that thing or place? + Ahgwahjeeye-ee, n. outside + Anahnookewenegwain, business, or it was his business + Anaindahmon, n. thy will + Azheahyog, v. as it is + Azhegooh, v. as we + Azhemahmahjenoojin, part. played or acted + Ahgoonwatahdezoowod, v. they refuse + Ahyahsenenegoon, when there is none or no + Ainind, pt. called + Ahwas, adv. away + Ahsub, n. a net + Ahyog, is here + Ahpugn, adv. always, usually, the same + Ahmooh, n. a bee + Ahmik, n. a beaver + Ahnim, n. a mean fellow + Ahnit, n. a spear + Ahnebeesh, n. a leaf + Ahnwabewin, n. a rest + Ahnahmeawegahmig, n. a church, meeting-house, or praying-house + Ahskekoomon, n. lead + Ahskahtowhe, n. a skin or hide + Asquach, adv. falsely, vain + Ahdesookaun, n. story, fable + Ahnwahtin, not boisterous + Ahwebah, n. or adj. calm + Ahkahkahzha, n. coal + Ahyegagah, adv. soon, directly + Ahnoodezeh, adv. greedy + Ahnowh, prep. though + Ahtoon, put it down + Ahneenmenik, adv. how much + Ahneendeh, adv. where + Ahneendehnahkayah, adv. which way + Ahnahmahye-ee, prep. under + Ahpahgahjeahye-ee, prep. against + Ahyahwug, v. there are + Ahgahmahye-ee, prep. across + Ahneeshnah, adv. why + Ahdick, n. a rein-deer + Ahjedahmoo, n. a red squirrel + Ahsahnahgoo, n. a black squirrel + Ahgwegoos, n. a chip-monk + Ahkuckoojeesh, n. a ground-hog + Ahdoomahkoomasheeh, n. a monkey, which signifies louse catcher + or hunter + Ahnemoosh, n. a dog + Aasebun, n. a raccoon + Aayabegoo, n. an ant + Aayanee, n. opossum + Ahzhahwahmaig, n. a salmon + Ahshegun, n. rock-bass + Ahgwahdahsheh, n. sun-fish + Ahwahsesee, n. cat-fish + Ahmahkahkee, n. a toad + Ahgoonaqua, n. tree-toad + Ahndaig, n. a raven + Ahshahgeh, n. a crane + Ahsegenak, n. a black-bird + Ahjegahdashib, n. water-hen + Ahsenesekab, n. gravel + Ahkik, n. a kettle + Ahbewh, n. a paddle + Ahzod, n. poplar + Ahneshenahbay, n. an Indian man + Apahgeeshemoog, n. west + Ahahwa, n. a species of duck + Ahwahkaun, n. cattle + Ahgahwosk, n. gypsum + Ahshahwask, n. a sword + Ahgwesemon, n. a pumpkin + Ahgwejekinzhaegun, n. an and-iron + Ahskebug, n. a green leaf + Ahgahwahtaown, n. an umbrella + Ahdahwaweneneh, n. a merchant + Ahkahnok, n. a corn-cob + Azheshahwask, n. a rifle + Ahnejemin, n. pease + Auskig, n. a seal + Ahgookewahsegun, n. sealing-wax + Ahpahgedoon, v. throw it + +B. + + Bakah, v. to stop + Bahmah, adv. by and by + Bazhig, adj. one + Bahtay, n. smoke + Bahgaun, n. a nut + Bahbegwon, n. a bugle + Bakahnuk, adj. the other + Bahnahjetoon, v. destroy it + Bahtahzewin, n. sin + Bahgundahegawegahmig, n. a barn, or a house to thresh grain in + Bewegahegun, n. a chip + Bemahdezewin, n. life + Beezhahyaun, v. if I come + Bemoosain, v. to walk + Bewahbik, n. iron + Bedoon, v. bring it, or fetch it + Benetoon, v. clean it + Boodahwahgun, n. chimney, fire-place + Bewuyh, n. fur + +C. + + Chegahye-ee, prep. near + Cheahnwabing, v. to rest + Cheshahdahegun, n. broom, sweeping instrument + Chepahping, pt. laughing + Chebwah, prep. before + Chebuyh, n. a corpse, dead body + Chemaun, n. a boat, a canoe + Chemenewung, v. to yield fruit + Chese, n. a turnip + Chahchaum, v. to sneeze + Cheahyong, v. to be + +D. + + Dush, conj. but + Dushween, adv. then, there. + Weendush, and he; + owhdush, and the; + medush, and then; + egewhdush, and they + Doombenon, v. to lift + Doon, n. a mouth + Dahdahwawegahmig, n. a store or shop + Danguyh, n. the face + +E. + + Eneneh, n. a man + Enenewug, n. men + Equa, n. a woman + Equawug, n. women + Equasance, n. a girl, or little woman + Emeh, adv. there (near,)--sometimes means, into, or in the + Ewhety, adv. there (distant,) in that place + Egewh, pro. them + Enah! int. hark! see! + Enewh, pro. these + Ezhah, v. to go + Ewh, a. the + Eskooday, n. fire + Esquache, adj. last + Ezhahdah, v. let us go + Esquahdaim, n. a door + Enaindahmoowin, n. mind, thought, will + Ekedoowin, n. a word + Eebahdun, n. butter + Enenahbik, n. a rock + Enenahtig, n. a maple-tree + Ezhechegaid, n. means or manner + Ekedooh, v. to say, or he said + Enahkayah, prep. towards + Ewedehnahkayah, adv. that way + Enaindahming, pt. thinking + Equah, n. a louse. + +H. + + How, v. let us + Hah! int. the same as Ha! in English. + +I. + + Ishpeming, n. heaven, or above + Inggoojhee, adv. somewhere + Ingoodwahsweh, adj. six + Ishpemesahgoong, n. chamber + Ingoodwak, adj. one hundred + Inggooding, adv. once + Inggwahekaun, n. the grave + Innoozoowahgun, n. a name-sake + Ingee! int. This word is used by children when they are afraid of + something that is large + Inggoodoogunze, n. a cluster of fruit. + +K. + + Keshamunedoo, n. Merciful Spirit or Being + Kechemunedoo, n. God, or Great Good Spirit + Kecheahjechaugk, n. Great Holy Spirit + Kecheogemah, n. King, or great Chief + Kedemahganemeshin, have mercy on me + Kegekaindaun, v. thou knowest + Kechegahmeh, n. a lake + Kegezhaib, n. the morning + Ketegahnans, n. a garden + Kedahyah, v. thou art + Kedahyaum, v. you are + Ke-ne-nah? Is it you? + Kahween, adv. no sir, no, no + Kah, adv. no + Keen, pro. you, or thou + Koosay, n. sing. your father + Koone, n. snow + Kezis, n. the sun + Kiya, conj. and + Kegwis, n. your son + Kegah, n. your mother + Ketegaun, n. a field + Kahkenah, adj. all, whole + Koosenon, n. our father + Koosewah, n. pl. your father + Koosemah, v. may, might + Kahgequawin, n. law + Kahbabeboon, all winter + Kahbanebin, all summer + Kahgenig, adv. forever + Kahwekah, adv. never + Kagooshish, n. something + Kebemoosay, v. he walked + Kedaun, n. your daughter + Kezheguk, n. day + Kezhik, n. sky + Kahweenegoojee, adv. nowhere + Kegedoon, v. to speak, (in the imperative mood.) + Ke-ekedooh, v. he said + Kedenin, I tell you + Keskeezhik, n. your eye + Kooskoozin, v. to awake + Kespin, conj. if + Kesenah, adj. cold + Kagooh, shall not + Keche, adj. great + Kechauze, n. your nose + Ketegaweneneh, n. a husbandman + Keskejewahyaun, n. a waist-coat + Kewadenoong, n. north + Kekewaown, n. a flag + Kagate, adv. truly, verily + Koondun, v. swallow it + Kahmahsheh, adv. not yet + Kahskahdin, v. to congeal, to freeze + Kagooween, you shall not, or thou shall not + Kagebahdezid, n. a fool + Kenebood, pt. died + Kategang, v. to sow or plant + Keskahkezhegang, v. to reap + Kahgega, adj. eternal + Kazhedin, adv. immediately + Keahgoonwatum, v. he denied + Ketezeh, } adj. old + Kekahe, } + Kegaung, n. a virgin + Kegowh, n. a fish + Keskemon, n. a whet-stone + Keskeboojegun, n. a saw + Kechepezoon, n. a girdle, a sash, a belt + Kebeshang, adj. deaf + Kepahgah, adj. thick + Kebesquang, adj. hoarse + Kesahgehenah? Do you love me? + Kenahweskewin, n. falsehood + Kashahweahyah, adj. loose + Kondahegwahsowin, n. thimble, an instrument used to push with + in sewing + Kahyahtenewaid, n. a mid-wife + Kahezhewabuk, it was so + Kekenahwahjechegun, n. a sign or mark + Kegedooweneneh, n. a speaker or lawyer + Kahgahgewinze, n. hemlock + Kahgahgeh, n. wind-pipe + Kekindewin, n. a covenant + Kezebegahegahnahboo, n. soap suds + Kahskahkoonegun, n. corn-crib + Kahskahegun, n. a scraper + Koozhe, n. a beak + Koonekahdin, n. frost, snow + Kechemekun, n. a high-way + Kagah, adv. mostly + Kahweengagoo, n. nothing + Kegahweendahmoon, I will tell you + Kahgequaweneneh, n. an exhorter, or preacher + Kegowhyekaweneneh, n. a fisherman + Kekaindahmoowad, v. to learn, to know + Kahgahnahga, do not + Kemahzeh, adv. badly + Kegezhechegahdagoobun, pt. completed + Kahgezheyaindum, adj. sagacious + Kagahgoo, adv. almost + Kahyask, n. a gull + Kahgahgehshee, n. a crow + Kookoosh, n. a hog + Kookookoo-ooh, n. an owl + Kenoozha, n. a pike + Kewetahye-ee, prep. around + Kedahgahbezhew, n. a wild-cat + Kaugk, n. a porcupine + Kahgebahdezewin, n. foolishness + Keskekechegun, n. a partition + +M. + + Mahnedoo, n. a spirit + Mahjahn, v. march on + Mahzhenahegun, n. a book, paper, &c. + Mahjemunedoo, n. an evil spirit, or the devil + Mahzhenenee, n. an image + Mahskemoodance, n. satchel + Mahkahday, n. powder, or black + Megwon, n. a feather, quill + Mekun, n. a road + Mejim, n. food + Mezhusk, n. hay, weed, grass + Menesis, n. hair, of the head + Mequom, n. ice + Metig, n. a tree + Mesheh, n. fire-wood + Metigmahkuk, n. a trunk + Meowh, only, the one to whose + Minjemeneshin, v. hold me + Metigmahkezin, n. shoe, or wooden shoe + Me-ewhmenek, it is enough + Mahdwayahbegahegun, n. a fiddle, or a sonorific instrument, whose + strings are capable of vibrating + Megezeh, n. an eagle + Moozhuk, adv. often + Mookoomon, n. a knife + Moozwahgun, n. scissors + Menookahmeh, n. spring, a season of the year + Menahwahzeh, adj. cheerful + Mequamdun, v. remember it + Mezhenahwa, n. a disciple + Mahkundwaweneneh, n. a robber + Mahmahweh, adv. together + Mezheshenon, v. give us + Mesquagin, n. purple + Mahkahdaeneneh, n. a black man + Mahkahdaequa, n. a black woman + Mawezhah, adv. anciently, long ago + Metegwob, n. a bow + Moskin, n. full + Mahdwawa, n. a sound + Menoodahchin, adv. enough + Menekaun, n. seed + Menequang, v. to drink + Mahskoosen, n. a marsh, a bog, a fen + Mamangwah, n. a butterfly + Mahskeeg, n. a swamp + Mahmahjenoowin, n. miracle + Mahnahtaneseweneneh, n. a shepherd + Mahskahwezewin, strength + Mahjetong, v. to begin + Mahkuk, n. a pail, or box + Mahkahkoosug, n. a barrel + Megahzooweneneh, n. a soldier, a man of war, or a fighting man + Mahmahkahdezing, v. to boast + Megoos, n. an awl + Menis, n. an island + Mahwewin, v. to cry + Memenik, v. be quiet + Mahskekeh, n. medicine + Mahnedoosh, n. an insect, a worm + Mahbah, this one + Mesahkoodoonahgun, n. beard, the hair that grows on the lips and chin + Mondahmin, n. corn + Mechekahnok, n. a fence + Metegoominzhe, n. an oak + Mahskooda, n. plains, flats, or level ground + Mahgeahyah, adj. big + Mahgoobedoong, v. to squeeze + Mayahgezid, n. a stranger + Menahwah, adv. again, more and more + Mamahjenoojin, v. he played + Metahskahkahmig, n. the ground, or on the ground + Menoomenik, adj. sufficient + Mamahjenood, n. an actor + Magwaahye-ee, prep. among + Mahnahtanis, n. a sheep + Meshebezhee, n. a lion + Mahengun, n. a wolf + Mesahbooze, n. a goat + Mahquah, n. a bear + Moaze, n. a moose + Mahskoodaysay, n. a quail + Mahnoomenekashee, n. a mud-hen + Mezhesay, n. a turkey + Mesahmaig, n. a whale + Mahzhahmagoos, n. trout + Mahnoomin, n. rice + Mezheh, adv. everywhere + Magwah, adv. while + Manmooyahwahgaindahmoowin, n. thankfulness + Meshejemin, n. a currant, (fruit) + Mahzahn, n. a thistle + Mahjegooday, n. a petticoat + Menekahnekah, adv. seedy + Mejenahwayahdahkahmig, n. pity + Mahmahdahwechegawenebun, it was a strange custom + Menesenoo, n. a hero + Mesquahsin, n. brick, which signifies, red stone + Mesahowh, that is + Moosay, n. a worm + Moong, n. a loon + Meene, n. a kind of fruit + Mahjekewis, adj. the eldest + Meskoodesemin, n. a bean + Mategwahkezinekaid, n. a shoe-maker + Menahwenahgowd, v. look pleasant + Meneweyook, v. be fruitful + Megeskun, n. a hook + Mezesok, n. a horse-fly + Mahwahdooskahegun, n. a rake + Mookoojegun, n. a plane, or drawing-knife + Mahskemood, n. a bag + Moonegwana, n. a meadow-lark + Meshawa, n. an elk + Mahskekeweneneh, n. a physician. + +N. + + Nebahgun, n. a bed, a place to sleep on + Newewesin, I want to eat + Nonggon, adj. light + Nee, } pro. I, me, my + Ne, } + Negah, n. my mother + Neezhe, adj. two + Nesweh, adj. three + Newin, adj. four + Nahnun, adj. five + Newob, v. I see + Noongoom, adv. now + Nahgudge, adv. little while + Nedaih, n. my heart + Nekod, n. my leg + Noodin, n. wind + Nahdin, v. go and fetch it + Nezid, n. my foot + Nagowh, n. sand + Noodosh, adj. least + Neenatah, but me, only me + Nezhekaih, adj. alone + Netum, adj. first + Negaun, prep. before + Nahpahna, n. flour + Nahsahkoonun, open it + Nebahkahda, I am hungry + Nahbahgesug, n. a board + Nahgahmoowin, n. a hymn, or a song + Nahme-eding, pt. meeting + Nahongahnik, n. a maid + Nahwahye-ee, n. diameter + Nejekewa, n. a comrade + Nejee, n. a friend + Nanahdahwe-ewaid, n. a saviour + Nahbequon, n. a vessel, a ship + Nahbequahneshee, n. a sailor, or a man that sails or attends ships + Nebewah, n. many + Nahboob, n. soup + Neweahyahwah, I want him + Nasawin, n. breath + Nedezedaahe, v. I dare + Nahzequaegun, n. a curry-comb + Nekebee, covered with water, or overflowed + Nayob, back again + Nahgowh, n. a sleeve + Nedenaindum, v. I think + Nahwahquay, n. the middle of the day, noon + Neskahdezewin, n. anger + Nasagwahbedaoonance, n. a pin, which signifies to prick with + Negekaindaun, v. I know + Nebwahkahwin, n. wisdom + Newahwezhandum, v. I am glad + Nahmahdahbin, v. sit thou + Nahmahdahbing, v. to sit + Noodahgoozing, pt. roaring + Nedekedoowin, my word + Negetim, I am lazy + Nezheka, adv. apart + Nesahye-ee, adv. down + Negaunnahkayah, adv. forward + Nesahye-ee, prep. below + Nahwahye-ee, prep. amidst + Nahmaih, n. a sturgeon + Nahmabin, n. mullet + Nekah, n. a wild goose + Nahkayah, n. a way + Nebeh, n. water + Nebeeng, In the water + +O. + + Ogemah, n. a chief + Oojechog, n. a soul + Oondaus, v. to come + Omah, adv. here + Owh, a. the + Oowh, pro. this + Oogooh, pro. those, their + Oogemekaun, he found it + Oogeoozhetoon, he made it + Oodahpenun, take it + Oonekig, n. a parent + Oopegagun, n. a rib + Opequoj, n. an air-bladder + Oonzegun, n. a boiler, or a kettle + Oodanggowh, n. his face, + --[_for an explanation of this and several of the following words, + see page 21_] + [Transcriber's Note: See section "Formation of Words," + immediately before Vocabulary list.] + Oochauze, n. his nose + Oodoon, n. his mouth + Onowh, n. his cheek + Ostegawn, n. his head + Oskezhizk, n. his eye + Omahmowh, n. eyebrow + Odanegoom, n. nostril + Odaih, n. heart + Onik, n. arm + Otahwug, n. ear + Okod, n. leg + Ozid, n. foot + Onoogun, n. hip + Onindj, n. hand + Ojetud, n. tendon + Oquagun, n. neck + Opequon, n. back + Obowm, n. thigh + Okahkegun, n. breast + Ozhebeenguyh, n. tear + Omesud, n. paunch + Odoosquahyob, n. vein + Okun, n. bone + Odaewaun, n. their heart + Oskunze, n. nail of the finger and the hoof of a horse, or all kinds + of hoofs + Odaun, n. daughter + Ootanowh, n. town, city, village, however we say kecheotanowh for + great town or city, by adding nance, it means small town or village + Odataig, n. gills of a fish + Onejegun, n. fin of a fish + Ozhegown, n. tail of a fish + Okodahkik, n. a pot, a kettle that has legs, or a leg-kettle + Oozaum, adv. too much + Oogee, pro. he + Opin, n. a potatoe + Obewuyh, n. fur + Omemee, n. a pigeon + Onegwegun, n. a wing + Oskenahway, n. a youth, a young man + Odahbaun, n. a sled + Ongwahmezin, be ye faithful + Oogaah, n. pickerel + Ogejebeeg, surface of the water + Ozhahwahnoong, n. south + Okayahwis, n. herring + Oojeeg, n. a fisher + Ogah, n. mother + Oose, n. father + Opecheh, n. a robin + Onesheshid, a clever one + Ookoozhe, n. a beak + Oskezegookahjegun, n. spectacle + Onahgooshig, n. the evening + Okahquon, n. shin + Ogeeozheaun, he made them + Ogeeozhetoon, he made it + Oskunzhekahjegun, n. a horse-shoe + Oombahquahegun, n. a lever + +P. + + Pabahmahjemood, n. a messenger + Poonahkunjegun, n. anchor + Pookedoonze, n. a pear + Pahdahkemoojeskahjegun, n. a spur + Pewakoodahmahgun, n. shavings + Pahketaegun, n. a hammer + Pemenegun, n. a gimlet, an auger + Penahquahn, n. a comb + Pezhekeence, n. a calf + Pesahkahmegeboojegun, n. a harrow + Pequahegun, n. a hill + Pabahbahgahne, n. a pancake + Pazhegwahnoong, one place + Panggwon, adj. dry + Pahquonge, n. a stump + Pahgasaun, n. a plum + Pahpenadumoowin, n. happiness + Pahquazhegun, n. bread + Pahskezegun, n. a gun + Pahquazhegunush, n. wheat + Pahnezid, adj. holy + Pazhegoogahzhee, n. a horse or an animal not cloven-footed + Pashebeegun, n. a rule + Peshegaindahgoozewin, n. glory + Pepoon, n. winter + Pezahneewawin, n. peace + Pahzegween, v. to arise + Penasewug, n. fowls + Pewahbum, v. come and see him + Pewahbundun, v. come and see it + Pajeewe, adj. weak + Pesahgeskebik, n. darkness + Pesekun, put it on + Peenzekahwahgun, n. a coat or loose garment + Pahwahbekezegun, n. a stove or an iron box that is capable of being + warmed through + Pahzhejeahje-ee, prep. over + Peendahgun, n. a pocket or pouch + Peendig, n. inside + Paquahkoostegowng, block-headed + Pequahquod, n. a ball or knot + Poodahwain, make fire + Poodahjegun, n. a musical or blowing instrument + Pookedaemin, n. a mandrake + Pahmetahgun, n. a servant + Pahbegwah, adj. rough + Pahquahskezhegun, n. a scythe + Papahmebahegood, n. a rider, a name for a dragoon + Pamahdezid, the living + Pahsquagin, n. leather + Pahbahgewahyaun, n. a shirt, calico + Pengwahshahgid, adj. naked + Pezindun, v. to hear, to listen + Pinggweh, n. ashes + Pungee, adj. little, not enough + Peendegaye-ee, prep. within + Pegiwh, n. gum, wax + Pemeday, n. oil, grease + Pequok, n. an arrow + Pooch, v. must + Pahkahahquay, n. a cock,--this bird has derived its name from its + crowing; so nearly all birds + Pahpahsay, n. a wood-pecker; this, from its pecking + Penaih, n. a partridge + Pahkaunnahkayah, adv. another way + +Q. + + Quatahmegwaindahgoozid, n. the Almighty + Quewesance, n. a boy + Quahnoj, adj. good + Quakenun, turn it over + Quesqueshin, n. a whistle + Quahbahegun, n. a shovel + Quahnahjewun, adj. handsome + Quaich, adj. tenth + Quiyuk, adv. straight, right + Quaichegooh, just as + +S. + + Shahgooda-a, n. a coward + Shahwanemeshin, bless me + Shewetahgun, n. salt + Shahwemin, n. a grape + Shemahgun, n. a shield + Shooneyah, n. silver, money + Shenganedewin, n. hatred + Sahnahgud, adj. difficult + Sahkahown, n. a cane + Sanahbanh, n. silk, or ribin + Sasahbob, n. a rope, thread + Shongahswak, adj. nine hundred + Shewahbik, n. alum, or iron of an acid taste + Shewon, adj. sour + Shonggahsweh, adj. nine + Sebeeh, n. a river + Sebeeng, in the river + Shegah, n. a widow + Shinggwok, n. a pine tree + Shahgahnosh, a white man + Shinggoos, n. a weasel + Shonggwasheh, n. a mink + Shepahye-ee, prep. through + Shegog, n. a skunk + Shesheeb, n. a duck + Sahgahquahegun, n. a nail + Shegwanahbik, n. a grind-stone + Shegwanahwis, n. fish-worm + Shesheeb-ahkik, n. a tea-kettle; (see shesheeb and ahkik,) + Sahgedoonabejegun, n. a bridle + Sahgahegun, n. a screw + Shegahgahwinze, n. an onion + Shahboonegaunce, n. a needle, it signifies to pull or push through + +T. + + Tahnahgwud, v. appear + Tedebawe, n. the shore + Tebahegezeswon, n. a watch or clock + Tabanegaid, n. Lord + Tabahkoonewaid, n. a judge or ruler + Tebahkoonegawin, n. judgment + Tabwayaindahmoowin, n. a creed + Takoonewaid, n. a constable + Tabwawin, n. truth + Tahbeskooch, v. to equal + Tahweahyah, n. space + Tabwatun, v. believe thou + Tebahegun, n. a measure; by adding ce, we have, cup + Toodooshahboo, n. milk + Tawaegun, n. a drum; (see mahdwayahbegahegun,) + Tegowh, n. a wave + Tebik, n. night + Tahgah, v. to let + Tahwah, int. alas! + +U. + + Undoom, call him + Umba, come and let us go + +W. + + Wah, pro. what + Wahwon, n. an egg + Weyos, n. flesh, meat + Webid, n. a tooth + Ween, pro. him + Wewon, his wife + Waquain, pro. whoever + Wewahquon, n. a hat + Wahbegun, n. clay + Wahsayah, n. light + Wagoonan, what is it? + Wekah, long before + Wahbemin, n. an apple + Weendun, tell it + Wanain, who is it? + Weyowh, n. a body + Wahjewh, n. a mountain or hill + Wahowh, pro. this + Wenegun, n. marrow + Wenesis, n. hair + Wanankeen, who art thou? + Wesabgun, adj. bitter + Wagoosing, n. the son + Wahbeda, v. to ripen + Wenin, n. fat + Wahnekaun, n. a ditch + Wahbezewin, n. paleness + Weenzhoob, n. gall + Wenud, adj. dirty + Wahwahbegoonojhee, n. a mouse + Wahsahkoonajegun, n. a candle, or a thing that produces light + Wahsachegun, n. a window + Wahbahnahnug, n. the morning-star + Wahsahmoowin, n. lightning + Wesenewagun, n. a table, or something to eat on + Wegewaum, n. a house + Wetookahweshin, help me + Wetoopahmeshin, eat with me + Wanepuzhe, adv. freely + Wahyaskud, in the beginning + Weendahmahweshin, tell me + Wahgedahkahmig, on land + Wawaneh, thank you + Wahsahgung, n. pepper, or a bitter substance + Wahskoobung, adj. sweet + Wekahnesun, his brother + Wahwazhetaun, v. prepare thou + Wahnahgak, n. bark + Wahbemoojechaugown, n. a looking-glass; something used to see the + image in + Weendegooh, n. a giant + Weyahgahsahne, n. dust + Wedookoodahdedah, let us help each other + Wequajeoong, v. to struggle + Wenaindib, n. brains + Wahbezhasheh, n. a martin + Wahwahskasheh, n. a deer + Wahwahtaseh, n. a lightning-bug + Wahwahyayah, adj. round + Wahgoosh, n. a fox + Wahnesquazewin, n. carelessness + Wahgahquod, n. an axe + Wahbahbik, n. tin + Wahbejeskezhegwa, adj. wall-eyed + Wob, v. to see + Wahzeswon, n. a nest + Wahbooyon, n. a blanket + Wahnechega, v. to misdo + Wahnewenon, v. to mislead + Wahbemenahboo, n. cider + Wesahgok, n. ash + Wegwos, n. birch tree, and its bark + Wegoobeminze, n. bass-wood + Wak, n. spawn + +Z. + + Zhahwanedewin, n. love + Zahzahgewejegun, n. an offering + Zagezewin, v. to fear + Zegahundahgawin, n. baptism + Zhahgemaih, n. a musketoe + Zheezebahquod, n. sugar. + + + * * * * * + * * * * + * * * * * + + +_Notes on Updated Text_ + +This section comes from a reader who knows considerably more Ojibwe +than the transcriber (who knows none at all): + +_Orthography_ + + (forms in "Chipeway Spellings" : equivalent in Fiero orthography) + + ah : a, aa, aanh + au, aw : aa + aih : e, enh + a, ai, -ay : e + e, eh : i, ii + ee, eeh : ii, iinh + i : i, ii, ay + oo : o, oo + ooh : o, oo, oonh + ou : -- + o : a, aa + u : a, w + + w-, -wh : w + y : y, ay + + ch, j : j, ch + ck : k + k, g, gk : g, k + m, -hm : m + n : n + -nce : -ns + p, b, -be : b, p + qu : gw, kw + s, z, -se : s, z + sh, zh, -zhe : zh, sh + sk, sch : sk, shk + sp : shp + squ : skw, shkw + st : sht + t, d, -dt, + -te, -de, td- : d, t + +_Author of Spelling book:_ + +I am convinced that 'Spelling' is by Peter Jones, as he was commissioned +to put together a spelling book on June 2, 1828, and presented the +manuscript to a printer in York on June 19, 1828, for the Methodist +Indian Missionary School he ran, which Conference Missionary Society +was a Methodist society. Also, in his book _Life and journals of +Kah-ke-wa-quo-na-by_, in the journal entry for the 19th, it says, +"Arrived at York in the afternoon, and commenced getting a small Indian +spelling book, which I had written, printed at Mr. McKenzie's office." +and considering "Spelling" was only 12 printed pages--3 sheets of +paper--that, I think, does qualify as "a small Indian spelling +book." + +_Syncope:_ + +Several words are presented in a partial syncope form. For example, +_gagiinawishkiwin_ to mean a fib, a lie or a falsehood, in the partial +syncope form is _ggiinawishkiwin_, and the full syncope form is +_ggiinwishkwin_. Summerfield presents this word as _Kenahweskewin, +n. falsehood_, which seems to match the partial syncope form of the +word. However, if this partial syncope is noted, so should the dozen +or so other words shown in partial syncope. + + * * * * * + * * * * + +Errors and Anomalies + +_Spelling Book_: + + [Title page] + Ah-ne-she-nah-pay, [-nah-pa] + Kah-ke-ke-noo-ah-mah-ween-twah [Ka-ke-ke-] + + [Words of one Syllable] + Squahch [Squach] + shwahs [shwas] + + [Words of two syllables accented on the 1st & 2nd] + kah che [ka che] + + [Words of three syllables accented on the last] + ko se non [koo se non] + + Words of four syllables accented on the sixth. + [_text unchanged: probably error for "on the first"_] + + [Six syllables] [Accented on the second and last] + wah wah pe ko noo jeeh [koo noo jhee] + + [Lord's Prayer] + Oo-tah-nu-me-tah-koo-se-win. [Oo-tah-ne-me-] + ne-kah-e-she-wa-pe-se-min [-we-pe-se-min] + nah-sahb-e-koo [nah-sab-e-koo] + + [Grace Before Meat] + me-chim-pe-mah-te-se-win [me-chim pe-mah-] + kah-pah-ke-te-nah-mah-we-yongk [ke-te- nah] + ka-oon-je-mah-skah-we-se-yongk [ka-oon-je mah-skah-] + Jesus Christ a-spa-ne-moo-yongk [a-pa-ne-] + + [Grace After Meat] + [_first line as printed:_ + Ah-noo-shoo-tah -mah--ka-win, kah--e-squah, we-se-ningk.] + ka-ah-pa-ne-moo-yongk [-ne-moo yongk] + + +_Grammar Book_: + + Nestahnah ahshepachick + [_spelling as in original: expected form is "-zhick"_] + necessarily implies an agent and an object acted upon + [an abject] + + [Fable] + quakeskahwod enahkahkayah wahwazheowening + [_text reads enahka-/yah at line break_] + + [Vocabulary] + Ahnweh, n. a bullet [Ahnewh] + Dahdahwawegahmig, n. a store or shop [Dahdahwawegahnig] + Kenahweskewin, n. falsehood + [_printed as shown: better form is "Kkenahweskewin"_] + Mahnedoo, n. a spirit [s spirit] + Mahdwayahbegahegun, n. a fiddle ... capable of vibrating [cabable] + Mezheshenon, v. give us [Mezheshenom] + Nasagwahbedaoonance, n. a pin, which signifies to prick with + [signifiies] + Pegiwh, n. gum, wax [Pegwih] + Wak, n. spawn + [_printed as shown: should be "Wahk" or "Wauk"_] + + +_Missing Letters:_ + +The second page of the "Fable" is imperfectly reproduced, so the end of +each printed line is conjectural. The text is shown here as printed, +with added letters in [brackets]. Line-end hyphens represent word +breaks, not glottal stops. + + kiya kegezhechegahdagoobun! Ewh peenjahye-ee weba[h-] + goobun. Kagate onesheshin oostegwan ayaug omah, eke[-] + doo owh wahgoosh; kagate mejenahwa yahdahkahmi[g] + kahwenaindib ahyahsenoog! + + Nahnind quahnoj quewesansug ahyahwug kiya equa[-] + sansug kemahzheh ekoogenedwah oowh enaindahmoowo[d] + kahween kagoo ohbahbah mahndahsenahwah, ewh ata[h] + oobeshegadahgoosewenewah, ahgoonwatahtesuwod kagoo + chekekadahmoowod medush azhe quakeskahwod enahka[hka-] + yah wahwazheowening. Koonemah eneneh odah ahtoo[d] + ewh onindj emah ostegwahning onowh pazhik kiya tahe[-] + kedooh kahekedood owh wahgoosh kagate sahquahno[j] + owh oostegwan omah ayog kagate sah mejenah wayahda[h-] + kahmig ahyah senoog ewh wenaindib. + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Sketch of Grammar of the Chippeway +Languages, by John Summerfield + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GRAMMAR OF THE CHIPPEWAY *** + +***** This file should be named 19807.txt or 19807.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/8/0/19807/ + +Produced by Louise Hope, C. J. 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