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Bulletin No. 5 + </title> + <style type="text/css"> +/*<![CDATA[ XML blockout */ +<!-- + P { margin-top: .5em; + text-align: justify; + margin-bottom: .5em; + text-indent: 1em; + } + H1 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + H5,H6 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + H2 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* centered and coloured */ + } + H3 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* centered and coloured */ + } + H4 { + text-align: center; font-family: garamond, serif; /* all headings centered */ + } + HR { width: 33%; + margin-top: 1em; + margin-bottom: 1em; + } + BODY{margin-left: 15%; + margin-right: 15%; + } + a {text-decoration: none} /* no lines under links */ + + .cen {text-align: center; text-indent: 0em;} /* centering paragraphs */ + .noin {text-indent: 0em;} /* no indenting */ + .block {margin-left: 15%; margin-right: 15%;} /* block indent */ + .img {text-align: center; padding: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;} /* centering images */ + .tr {margin-left: 25%; margin-right: 25%; margin-top: 5%; margin-bottom: 5%; padding: 1em; background-color: #f6f2f2; color: black; border: dotted black 1px;} /* transcriber's notes */ + + .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ + /* visibility: hidden; */ + position: absolute; right: 2%; + font-size: 75%; + color: silver; + background-color: inherit; + text-align: right; + text-indent: 0em; + font-style: normal; + font-weight: normal; + font-variant: normal;} /* page numbers */ + // --> + /* XML end ]]>*/ + </style> + </head> +<body> + + +<pre> + +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Address by Honorable Franklin K. Lane, +Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Address by Honorable Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence + Highway Transport Commitee, Council of National Defence, Bulletin 5 + +Author: US Government + +Release Date: November 11, 2006 [EBook #19759] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS BY FRANKLIN K. LANE *** + + + + +Produced by Jason Isbell, Bruce Albrecht, Jeannie Howse +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + +<h4>BULLETIN No. 5</h4> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<h3>ADDRESS</h3> + +<h4>BY</h4> + +<h1 style="margin-bottom: -1px;">HONORABLE FRANKLIN K. LANE</h1> + +<h4 style="margin-top: -1px;">SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR</h4> + +<h4>AT</h4> + +<h3>CONFERENCE OF REGIONAL CHAIRMEN OF<br /> +THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE<br /> +COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE</h3> + +<h3>WASHINGTON, D.C.<br /> +SEPTEMBER 17, 1918</h3> + + +<div class="img"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep001.jpg" alt="US logo" /> +</div> + + +<h5>RESOLUTION PASSED BY THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE</h5> + +<div class="block"> +<p class="noin"><i>"The Council of National Defense approves the widest possible +use of the motor truck as a transportation agency, and requests +the State Councils of Defense and other State authorities to +take all necessary steps to facilitate such means of +transportation, removing any regulations that tend to restrict +and discourage such use."</i></p> +</div> + +<br /> + +<h5>WASHINGTON<br /> +GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE<br /> +1919</h5> + +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="img"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[2]</a></span> +<a href="images/imagep002.jpg"> +<img border="0" src="images/imagep002.jpg" width="100%" alt="MAP SHOWING REGIONAL AREAS" /></a> +</div> + +<br /> + +<p><i>Recognizing the national value of our highways in relation to, and +properly coordinated with, other existing transportation mediums, and +more particularly the necessity for their immediate development that +they might carry their share of the war burden, the Highways Transport +Committee was appointed by, and forms a part of, the Council of +National Defense.</i></p> + +<p><i>The object of the committee is to increase and render more effective +all transportation over the highways as one of the means of +strengthening the Nation's transportation system and relieving the +railroads of part of the heavy short-haul freight traffic burden.</i></p> + +<p><i>National policies are directed from the headquarters of the national +committee in Washington to the highways transport committees of the +several State Councils of Defense. These State organizations, which by +proper subdivisions reach down through the counties to the +communities, are grouped together into 11 regional areas, as shown by +the map used above. The State committees of the different areas are +assisted by and are under the direct supervision of the 11 regional +chairmen of the Highways Transport Committee, Council of National +Defense.</i></p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[3]</a></span> + +<h3>COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE.</h3> + +<h4>HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE.</h4> + +<h5>WASHINGTON, D.C.</h5> + +<hr style="width: 5%;" /> + +<h3>ADDRESS BY HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR,<br /> + BEFORE THE CONFERENCE OF REGIONAL CHAIRMEN OF<br /> + THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE,<br /> + SEPTEMBER 17, 1918.</h3> + +<br /> + +<p>I did not come to-day with the idea of bringing you anything new. On +the contrary, I have come here to get the inspiration which +association with those from the outside gives. There is no hope for +this place unless we can keep in contact with the remainder of the +United States. In isolation we think in a vacuum, and it is only when +we know what you are thinking of on the outside that we get the +impulse which leads to construction. I think I can say out of my +knowledge of 12 years of administrative work in this city, that we +have to look abroad, go up on the tops of the hills and see the great +valleys of our country, before we know really what our policies should +be. When we live alone or live in isolation and try to deal with +things abstractly or theoretically we make mistakes.</p> + +<p>The problem that you deal with is one that I have never had any +contact with, but I know this from my knowledge of history; that you +can judge the civilization of a nation, of a people, of a continent, +or of any part of a nation, by the character of its highways. If you +will think over that proposition you will realize that what I have +said is true, that those parts of this Nation are most backward, where +people live most alone, where they develop those diseases of the mind +which come from living alone, where they develop supreme discontent +with what is done at Washington or what is done in their own State +legislatures, where they are unhappy and discontented, and movements +that make against the welfare of our country arise, are those parts +where there are poor highways and consequently a lack of communication +between the people.</p> + +<p>Our eyes are all turned at this time to the other side of the water. I +suppose that there has never been a month in the history of the United +States when so many people were so anxious to see the morning paper or +the evening paper as during the past month. There never has been a +time when we have been so thrilled to the very core of our beings. +Achievements that those boys over there have made are things that will +live in our memories.</p> + +<p>And why has it been possible for France to carry on for four years a +successful war against the greatest military power that the world has +ever seen? Because France had the benefit of the engineering <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[4]</a></span>skill +and of the foresight of two men who are 1,800 years apart—Napoleon +and Caesar. Those men built the roads of France. Without those roads, +conceived and built originally by Caesar for the conquest of the Gauls +and for the conquest of the Teutons, without the roads built by +Napoleon to stand off the enemies of France and to make aggressions to +the eastward, Paris would have fallen at least two years ago. So that +you gentlemen who are engaged in the business of developing the +highways of the country and putting them to greater use may properly +conceive of yourselves as engaged in a very farsighted, important bit +of statemanship, work that does not have its only concern as to the +farmer of this country or the helping of freight movement during this +winter alone, but may have consequences that will extend throughout +the centuries. Take the instance of Verdun. Verdun would have fallen +unquestionably if it had not been for the roads that Napoleon +constructed and that France has maintained; for all the credit is not +to go to the man who conceived and the man who constructed. This is +one thing where we have been short always. One thing that the people +of the United States do not realize. It is not sufficient to pay +$25,000 a mile for a concrete foundation, but you must put aside 10 +cents out of every dollar for the maintenance of these roads or your +money has gone to waste and your conception is idle. And you gentlemen +know, if you continue, as I hope you will, after the war, you will +have not merely a function in the securing of the building of good +roads, but will have a very great function in the maintaining of these +roads as actual arteries in the system of transportation of the +country. You remember that at Verdun the railroad was cut off, and +Verdun was supported by the fact that she had trucks which could go 40 +feet apart all night long over the great highway that had been built +from Paris to the east.</p> + +<p>Now I saw my first national service in connection with the Interstate +Commerce Commission and I was much impressed by the theory that the +railroad men had, which was a very natural theory, arising out of +their own experience and out of the fact that there was a new force in +the world with which they were playing. Their conception was that the +highway was a mere means of getting from the farm to the railroad; +that the waterway was a mere means of carrying off the surplus waters +from the hills to the oceans. The statement has often been made to me +that there would never be an occasion when it would be necessary or +possible to put into competition with the railroads the waterways of +this country; that it would cost more to use those waterways or to use +highways than it would to do the same transportation work by railroad. +And they had obtained figures to show that under conditions of +unlimited competition the Illinois Central, for instance, paralleling +the Mississippi River, could do business at a cheaper rate than it +could be transported by water, considering the cost of bringing it to +the water station and unloading it at the other end. Now, as Mr. +Chapin has said, a larger conception has come into the American +mind—the conception of the utilization of all our resources. While +the railroad has a great burden cast upon it; while it is the strong +right arm in this work, still we must remember that the strong right +arm must have fingers, and that there should be in a complete physical +system a good left arm.</p> + +<p>The highways that you are interested in are more than interesting to +me for another reason.</p> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[5]</a></span>I have thought of the men who will come back after the war. Every +nation has had a problem to deal with the returning soldier. If you +read Ferraro's history of Rome, you will find that one of the chief +reasons why the republic of Rome went out of existence and the empire +of Rome came into existence was because of the returned soldiers. They +looked to their general to take care of them on their return, and +their general found that the way to take care of them was to give +them, as they said in those days, "bread and circuses," and so they +reached over into Egypt, got the great wheat supply of that country, +and provided the great circuses that are historical for the amusement +of those people.</p> + +<p>The Emperor of Germany 10 years ago was asked why he was unwilling to +agree to a demobilization of his forces or to a reduction of his army +and he said because it would demoralize the industries of Germany. +They could not reabsorb so many men without reducing wages and +throwing upon the country so many unemployed that it would make +against the welfare of the land. We will have that problem to deal +with.</p> + +<p>The firm, strong position taken by the President in his note published +yesterday indicates that he is ready to fight this thing out to a +finish and that he will show to those on the other side that America +has a determination to win, and that it is not a determination that +fades quickly. If the Emperor of Germany has ever had a good look at a +photograph of Woodrow Wilson, he has seen a prolongation of a chin +that must have confirmed him in the belief that America does not take +up a fight unless it puts it through; and we are to reach a military +determination by whipping them until they say they have had enough.</p> + +<p>Now, when this thing is over, our men will begin to come back into the +United States. But not all at once. We won't have three or four +million men to deal with in a single month. We will have them slowly +returning to us through a year or a year and a half. As those men come +filtering in through our ports we ought to be able to meet every man +at every port with the statement that he does not have to lie idle one +single day. We ought to be able to say to the man, "Here is something +that you can do at once. If your old position is not vacant, if you +can not go home to the old place and take up the work that you were +in, then the Government of the United States, in its wisdom, has +provided something which you can do at wages upon which you can live +well."</p> + +<p>And what should that be? The greatest problem that any country has, to +my mind, is its own self-support. We have come to be independent in +our resources, to be strong, and be respected. So long as we are +industrially dependent, agriculturally dependent, somebody has a lever +that he can use in a time of crisis, as against this nation. Long +years ago we were the greatest of all agricultural people, and Thomas +Jefferson wanted us to remain in that position. He thought that the +safety and security of the United States lay in the fact that we would +live on farms. When De Toquevile came over here in 1830 he said the +reason democracy was a success in this country was because we were all +practically living on farms, living on what we raised ourselves, and +standing equally.</p> + +<p>To-day the tendency is away from the farm toward the city, toward +industrial life, toward aggregations of people, away from <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[6]</a></span>the small +town to the larger town, and from the larger town to the metropolis. +People are being drawn from the farms, so that one-half of the arable +land this side of the Mississippi is unused to-day; so that between +here and New Orleans there are 40,000,000 acres of land privately +owned and unused; so that in the great Northwest, Minnesota, Oregon, +Washington, etc., there are 100,000,000 acres of cut-over lands that +are practically unused; and we have a new nation practically in the +undrained lands of our rivers and our bays and inlets, lands that are +as rich as any that lie out of doors, as rich as the valley of the +Nile or of the Euphrates. In the far western country, there are at +least 15,000,000 acres of land that we can put under water. Under +water, that land produces more than one crop a year, and that an +exceptionally rich crop.</p> + +<p>We have been extending ourselves because of war in a great many +different directions. The Government has taken to itself unprecedented +and unthought-of powers because of the necessities of our condition. I +say that to meet the problem of the returned soldier we ought to take +advantage of this opportunity to do the work now that must eventually +be done and reclaim these arid lands of the West. Turn the waters of +the Colorado over the desert of Arizona, store those waters in the +Grand River and in the Green River, and let them flow down at the +right times on that desert so as to raise cotton and cantaloupes and +alfalfa. Then come east and take the stumps from these cut-over lands. +Do it not as a private enterprise, because that is a slow, slow +process. Men are discouraged and disheartened when they look at the +problem of pulling an Oregon fir stump out of the ground. It really +requires large capital. Then come farther east and take these lands +that are swamp, that need draining, and build ditches and dikes and +put these lands into the service of America. This is what I call the +making of the nation.</p> + +<p>That land should tie up with all other land. Means of communication +should be a part of that general scheme. We should have as good roads +between the little farms in Mississippi or in South Carolina or in +Northern Minnesota as we have in Maryland or in California. There is a +work—the work that I have in mind, and for which Congress has made a +small and tentative appropriation—the work of surveying this country +and seeing how many of this Nation's land resources have not been +mobilized and how best they can be used for providing homes for these +men who come back, as well as adding to the wealth of the world. There +is a work that ties up directly with your work, because I want to have +small communities in which men have small acreages of land, not to +speculate with but to cultivate; and these acreages are to center in +small communities where men can talk together and profit by their own +mistakes and their own successes and where those small communities +will be tied up with all neighboring communities, so that there will +be easy access between all parts of the country. Good roads and a +rural express must be had. If you can help the Government in building +good roads for little money or show how a rural express can be most +profitably developed, you will be helping in the making of a new +America.</p> + +<p>And I can conceive of a United States that will be as rich per acre as +France; in which the people will be divided into small communities, +industrial communities as well as agricultural; for every one <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[7]</a></span>of +these little places ought to have its own creamery, its own cannery. +The farmer is the poorest man in the world to develop any kind of +cooperative scheme. He needs assistance and is always hampered by the +lack of capital. But now is our chance to see what can be done; to +show it in the building of ideal communities, communities that have +good houses, that have good sanitation, that are on good land where +there is somebody who can direct them as to what should be planted and +what should be avoided, communities which may be connected up with the +world by highways, by developing rivers, and by railroads.</p> + +<p>Now, I think if there is one great fault that industrially we have +been guilty of in the United States, it has been the effort to develop +quantity at the expense of quality. We have been a wholesale Nation. +We have had a continent that was rich beyond any precedent. We did not +know what any acre of our land might produce. A man might go on it out +in Oregon and think it was a fir land, think it was good for nothing +but timber, and find first that it was the richest kind of dairying +land, and find next that it contained a gold mine or a chrome mine. We +have never known, and we do not know yet, what the riches of the +United States are, and we won't know until we have put study and +thought and money into the problem of making this country what it can +be by the application of thought, energy and investment.</p> + +<p>The United States is not going to be after the war as it has been. +That is a thing that you sober men of business are already thinking +about. We are never going to return to the idea that was. The man that +comes back from this war will be treated by us with distinguished +consideration, because he has taken a risk that we have not taken; +that we have not had the opportunity to take, I am sorry to say. But +that man is going to insist upon larger opportunity for himself, and +the largest opportunity that he wants is an opportunity to make +himself independent, and he is going to have a conception of a social +America that we have not had. This war is a leveling force. When we +adopted the draft, under the leadership of that man over there +(Senator Chamberlain), we did a thing that was of the deepest and most +far-reaching consequence. We did a thing that put the millionaire's +boy and the lawyer's boy and the Cabinet official's boy alongside of +the bootblack and the farmer and the street-car driver. It was the +most essentially democratic thing that this country has ever done, and +the spirit of the draft is going to continue after this war. Those +boys are always going to look upon each other as brothers in arms, +sympathetic toward each other.</p> + +<p>Yesterday Mrs. Lane established a little hospital for convalescent +soldiers, and as she was gathering up the 10 men she was taking into +the hospital, one of the men from out West said: "Won't you take my +chum? We left Colorado and went out to California together and took up +a piece of land. When the war came on we went into the war together, +and we fought together in France, and when we were making the charge +together I saw him fall, struck by a bullet. I ran to pick him up and +I got mine." Now, those two fellows are going to be tied together for +life, and that is the relationship that will exist between all those +men.</p> + +<p>We men who are in politics to-day have seen our day. They are going to +take charge of the politics of the United States. They are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[8]</a></span>going to +take charge of the social problems. They are going to insist upon +industrial as well as social equality. We know that this does not +necessarily mean that the Nation must be run by them because they were +soldiers, not unless they have the quality that gives them foresight +and good sense. But now we should prepare for them. We must realize +that these men are all comrades, that they are going to work together, +and we ought to spread this feeling throughout the entire country. The +fighting men themselves ought to get the feeling that we who have been +left behind are also in the service of the country, trying to do +something large for the making of this Nation along real lines.</p> + +<p>You know that there is a big man and a little man in each one of us; +and the little man had his day. He was the selfish, egotistic, narrow, +money-making fellow. Just as soon as this country went into the war +the big man came out. The big man inside of us was challenged and he +arose at once and responded. And so we found railroad presidents, and +bankers, the automobile men, and the business men of the country +coming down to Washington and saying we want our opportunity to help. +It was not selfish; it was noble. And that spirit if carried out will +make this country a new land in which these boys who come back will +find they have been cared for; that helpfulness has come to take the +place of indifference and cooperation to supplement individual +initiative.</p> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> + +<div class="tr"> +<p class="cen" style="font-weight: bold;">Transcriber's Note:</p> +<p class="noin">Typographical errors corrected in text:</p> +Page 5: solider replaced with soldier<br /> +</div> + +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<br /> +<hr /> +<br /> + + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Address by Honorable Franklin K. Lane, +Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS BY FRANKLIN K. 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Lane, +Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Address by Honorable Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence + Highway Transport Commitee, Council of National Defence, Bulletin 5 + +Author: US Government + +Release Date: November 11, 2006 [EBook #19759] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS BY FRANKLIN K. LANE *** + + + + +Produced by Jason Isbell, Bruce Albrecht, Jeannie Howse +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + + + + BULLETIN No. 5 + + + ADDRESS + + BY + HONORABLE FRANKLIN K. LANE + SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR + + AT + + CONFERENCE OF REGIONAL CHAIRMEN OF + THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE + COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE + + WASHINGTON, D.C. + SEPTEMBER 17, 1918 + + + [Illustration] + + + RESOLUTION PASSED BY THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE + + "_The Council of National Defense approves the widest possible + use of the motor truck as a transportation agency, and requests + the State Councils of Defense and other State authorities to + take all necessary steps to facilitate such means of + transportation, removing any regulations that tend to restrict + and discourage such use._" + + + WASHINGTON + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + 1919 + + + [Illustration: MAP SHOWING REGIONAL AREAS + Highways Transport Committee + Council of National Defense] + + +_Recognizing the national value of our highways in relation to, and +properly coordinated with, other existing transportation mediums, and +more particularly the necessity for their immediate development that +they might carry their share of the war burden, the Highways Transport +Committee was appointed by, and forms a part of, the Council of +National Defense._ + +_The object of the committee is to increase and render more effective +all transportation over the highways as one of the means of +strengthening the Nation's transportation system and relieving the +railroads of part of the heavy short-haul freight traffic burden._ + +_National policies are directed from the headquarters of the national +committee in Washington to the highways transport committees of the +several State Councils of Defense. These State organizations, which by +proper subdivisions reach down through the counties to the +communities, are grouped together into 11 regional areas, as shown by +the map used above. The State committees of the different areas are +assisted by and are under the direct supervision of the 11 regional +chairmen of the Highways Transport Committee, Council of National +Defense._ + + + + + COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE. + + HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE. + + WASHINGTON, D.C. + + + ADDRESS BY HON. FRANKLIN K. LANE, SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR, + BEFORE THE CONFERENCE OF REGIONAL CHAIRMEN OF + THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE, + SEPTEMBER 17, 1918. + + +I did not come to-day with the idea of bringing you anything new. On +the contrary, I have come here to get the inspiration which +association with those from the outside gives. There is no hope for +this place unless we can keep in contact with the remainder of the +United States. In isolation we think in a vacuum, and it is only when +we know what you are thinking of on the outside that we get the +impulse which leads to construction. I think I can say out of my +knowledge of 12 years of administrative work in this city, that we +have to look abroad, go up on the tops of the hills and see the great +valleys of our country, before we know really what our policies should +be. When we live alone or live in isolation and try to deal with +things abstractly or theoretically we make mistakes. + +The problem that you deal with is one that I have never had any +contact with, but I know this from my knowledge of history; that you +can judge the civilization of a nation, of a people, of a continent, +or of any part of a nation, by the character of its highways. If you +will think over that proposition you will realize that what I have +said is true, that those parts of this Nation are most backward, where +people live most alone, where they develop those diseases of the mind +which come from living alone, where they develop supreme discontent +with what is done at Washington or what is done in their own State +legislatures, where they are unhappy and discontented, and movements +that make against the welfare of our country arise, are those parts +where there are poor highways and consequently a lack of communication +between the people. + +Our eyes are all turned at this time to the other side of the water. I +suppose that there has never been a month in the history of the United +States when so many people were so anxious to see the morning paper or +the evening paper as during the past month. There never has been a +time when we have been so thrilled to the very core of our beings. +Achievements that those boys over there have made are things that will +live in our memories. + +And why has it been possible for France to carry on for four years a +successful war against the greatest military power that the world has +ever seen? Because France had the benefit of the engineering skill +and of the foresight of two men who are 1,800 years apart--Napoleon +and Caesar. Those men built the roads of France. Without those roads, +conceived and built originally by Caesar for the conquest of the Gauls +and for the conquest of the Teutons, without the roads built by +Napoleon to stand off the enemies of France and to make aggressions to +the eastward, Paris would have fallen at least two years ago. So that +you gentlemen who are engaged in the business of developing the +highways of the country and putting them to greater use may properly +conceive of yourselves as engaged in a very farsighted, important bit +of statemanship, work that does not have its only concern as to the +farmer of this country or the helping of freight movement during this +winter alone, but may have consequences that will extend throughout +the centuries. Take the instance of Verdun. Verdun would have fallen +unquestionably if it had not been for the roads that Napoleon +constructed and that France has maintained; for all the credit is not +to go to the man who conceived and the man who constructed. This is +one thing where we have been short always. One thing that the people +of the United States do not realize. It is not sufficient to pay +$25,000 a mile for a concrete foundation, but you must put aside 10 +cents out of every dollar for the maintenance of these roads or your +money has gone to waste and your conception is idle. And you gentlemen +know, if you continue, as I hope you will, after the war, you will +have not merely a function in the securing of the building of good +roads, but will have a very great function in the maintaining of these +roads as actual arteries in the system of transportation of the +country. You remember that at Verdun the railroad was cut off, and +Verdun was supported by the fact that she had trucks which could go 40 +feet apart all night long over the great highway that had been built +from Paris to the east. + +Now I saw my first national service in connection with the Interstate +Commerce Commission and I was much impressed by the theory that the +railroad men had, which was a very natural theory, arising out of +their own experience and out of the fact that there was a new force in +the world with which they were playing. Their conception was that the +highway was a mere means of getting from the farm to the railroad; +that the waterway was a mere means of carrying off the surplus waters +from the hills to the oceans. The statement has often been made to me +that there would never be an occasion when it would be necessary or +possible to put into competition with the railroads the waterways of +this country; that it would cost more to use those waterways or to use +highways than it would to do the same transportation work by railroad. +And they had obtained figures to show that under conditions of +unlimited competition the Illinois Central, for instance, paralleling +the Mississippi River, could do business at a cheaper rate than it +could be transported by water, considering the cost of bringing it to +the water station and unloading it at the other end. Now, as Mr. +Chapin has said, a larger conception has come into the American +mind--the conception of the utilization of all our resources. While +the railroad has a great burden cast upon it; while it is the strong +right arm in this work, still we must remember that the strong right +arm must have fingers, and that there should be in a complete physical +system a good left arm. + +The highways that you are interested in are more than interesting to +me for another reason. + +I have thought of the men who will come back after the war. Every +nation has had a problem to deal with the returning soldier. If you +read Ferraro's history of Rome, you will find that one of the chief +reasons why the republic of Rome went out of existence and the empire +of Rome came into existence was because of the returned soldiers. They +looked to their general to take care of them on their return, and +their general found that the way to take care of them was to give +them, as they said in those days, "bread and circuses," and so they +reached over into Egypt, got the great wheat supply of that country, +and provided the great circuses that are historical for the amusement +of those people. + +The Emperor of Germany 10 years ago was asked why he was unwilling to +agree to a demobilization of his forces or to a reduction of his army +and he said because it would demoralize the industries of Germany. +They could not reabsorb so many men without reducing wages and +throwing upon the country so many unemployed that it would make +against the welfare of the land. We will have that problem to deal +with. + +The firm, strong position taken by the President in his note published +yesterday indicates that he is ready to fight this thing out to a +finish and that he will show to those on the other side that America +has a determination to win, and that it is not a determination that +fades quickly. If the Emperor of Germany has ever had a good look at a +photograph of Woodrow Wilson, he has seen a prolongation of a chin +that must have confirmed him in the belief that America does not take +up a fight unless it puts it through; and we are to reach a military +determination by whipping them until they say they have had enough. + +Now, when this thing is over, our men will begin to come back into the +United States. But not all at once. We won't have three or four +million men to deal with in a single month. We will have them slowly +returning to us through a year or a year and a half. As those men come +filtering in through our ports we ought to be able to meet every man +at every port with the statement that he does not have to lie idle one +single day. We ought to be able to say to the man, "Here is something +that you can do at once. If your old position is not vacant, if you +can not go home to the old place and take up the work that you were +in, then the Government of the United States, in its wisdom, has +provided something which you can do at wages upon which you can live +well." + +And what should that be? The greatest problem that any country has, to +my mind, is its own self-support. We have come to be independent in +our resources, to be strong, and be respected. So long as we are +industrially dependent, agriculturally dependent, somebody has a lever +that he can use in a time of crisis, as against this nation. Long +years ago we were the greatest of all agricultural people, and Thomas +Jefferson wanted us to remain in that position. He thought that the +safety and security of the United States lay in the fact that we would +live on farms. When De Toquevile came over here in 1830 he said the +reason democracy was a success in this country was because we were all +practically living on farms, living on what we raised ourselves, and +standing equally. + +To-day the tendency is away from the farm toward the city, toward +industrial life, toward aggregations of people, away from the small +town to the larger town, and from the larger town to the metropolis. +People are being drawn from the farms, so that one-half of the arable +land this side of the Mississippi is unused to-day; so that between +here and New Orleans there are 40,000,000 acres of land privately +owned and unused; so that in the great Northwest, Minnesota, Oregon, +Washington, etc., there are 100,000,000 acres of cut-over lands that +are practically unused; and we have a new nation practically in the +undrained lands of our rivers and our bays and inlets, lands that are +as rich as any that lie out of doors, as rich as the valley of the +Nile or of the Euphrates. In the far western country, there are at +least 15,000,000 acres of land that we can put under water. Under +water, that land produces more than one crop a year, and that an +exceptionally rich crop. + +We have been extending ourselves because of war in a great many +different directions. The Government has taken to itself unprecedented +and unthought-of powers because of the necessities of our condition. I +say that to meet the problem of the returned soldier we ought to take +advantage of this opportunity to do the work now that must eventually +be done and reclaim these arid lands of the West. Turn the waters of +the Colorado over the desert of Arizona, store those waters in the +Grand River and in the Green River, and let them flow down at the +right times on that desert so as to raise cotton and cantaloupes and +alfalfa. Then come east and take the stumps from these cut-over lands. +Do it not as a private enterprise, because that is a slow, slow +process. Men are discouraged and disheartened when they look at the +problem of pulling an Oregon fir stump out of the ground. It really +requires large capital. Then come farther east and take these lands +that are swamp, that need draining, and build ditches and dikes and +put these lands into the service of America. This is what I call the +making of the nation. + +That land should tie up with all other land. Means of communication +should be a part of that general scheme. We should have as good roads +between the little farms in Mississippi or in South Carolina or in +Northern Minnesota as we have in Maryland or in California. There is a +work--the work that I have in mind, and for which Congress has made a +small and tentative appropriation--the work of surveying this country +and seeing how many of this Nation's land resources have not been +mobilized and how best they can be used for providing homes for these +men who come back, as well as adding to the wealth of the world. There +is a work that ties up directly with your work, because I want to have +small communities in which men have small acreages of land, not to +speculate with but to cultivate; and these acreages are to center in +small communities where men can talk together and profit by their own +mistakes and their own successes and where those small communities +will be tied up with all neighboring communities, so that there will +be easy access between all parts of the country. Good roads and a +rural express must be had. If you can help the Government in building +good roads for little money or show how a rural express can be most +profitably developed, you will be helping in the making of a new +America. + +And I can conceive of a United States that will be as rich per acre as +France; in which the people will be divided into small communities, +industrial communities as well as agricultural; for every one of +these little places ought to have its own creamery, its own cannery. +The farmer is the poorest man in the world to develop any kind of +cooperative scheme. He needs assistance and is always hampered by the +lack of capital. But now is our chance to see what can be done; to +show it in the building of ideal communities, communities that have +good houses, that have good sanitation, that are on good land where +there is somebody who can direct them as to what should be planted and +what should be avoided, communities which may be connected up with the +world by highways, by developing rivers, and by railroads. + +Now, I think if there is one great fault that industrially we have +been guilty of in the United States, it has been the effort to develop +quantity at the expense of quality. We have been a wholesale Nation. +We have had a continent that was rich beyond any precedent. We did not +know what any acre of our land might produce. A man might go on it out +in Oregon and think it was a fir land, think it was good for nothing +but timber, and find first that it was the richest kind of dairying +land, and find next that it contained a gold mine or a chrome mine. We +have never known, and we do not know yet, what the riches of the +United States are, and we won't know until we have put study and +thought and money into the problem of making this country what it can +be by the application of thought, energy and investment. + +The United States is not going to be after the war as it has been. +That is a thing that you sober men of business are already thinking +about. We are never going to return to the idea that was. The man that +comes back from this war will be treated by us with distinguished +consideration, because he has taken a risk that we have not taken; +that we have not had the opportunity to take, I am sorry to say. But +that man is going to insist upon larger opportunity for himself, and +the largest opportunity that he wants is an opportunity to make +himself independent, and he is going to have a conception of a social +America that we have not had. This war is a leveling force. When we +adopted the draft, under the leadership of that man over there +(Senator Chamberlain), we did a thing that was of the deepest and most +far-reaching consequence. We did a thing that put the millionaire's +boy and the lawyer's boy and the Cabinet official's boy alongside of +the bootblack and the farmer and the street-car driver. It was the +most essentially democratic thing that this country has ever done, and +the spirit of the draft is going to continue after this war. Those +boys are always going to look upon each other as brothers in arms, +sympathetic toward each other. + +Yesterday Mrs. Lane established a little hospital for convalescent +soldiers, and as she was gathering up the 10 men she was taking into +the hospital, one of the men from out West said: "Won't you take my +chum? We left Colorado and went out to California together and took up +a piece of land. When the war came on we went into the war together, +and we fought together in France, and when we were making the charge +together I saw him fall, struck by a bullet. I ran to pick him up and +I got mine." Now, those two fellows are going to be tied together for +life, and that is the relationship that will exist between all those +men. + +We men who are in politics to-day have seen our day. They are going to +take charge of the politics of the United States. They are going to +take charge of the social problems. They are going to insist upon +industrial as well as social equality. We know that this does not +necessarily mean that the Nation must be run by them because they were +soldiers, not unless they have the quality that gives them foresight +and good sense. But now we should prepare for them. We must realize +that these men are all comrades, that they are going to work together, +and we ought to spread this feeling throughout the entire country. The +fighting men themselves ought to get the feeling that we who have been +left behind are also in the service of the country, trying to do +something large for the making of this Nation along real lines. + +You know that there is a big man and a little man in each one of us; +and the little man had his day. He was the selfish, egotistic, narrow, +money-making fellow. Just as soon as this country went into the war +the big man came out. The big man inside of us was challenged and he +arose at once and responded. And so we found railroad presidents, and +bankers, the automobile men, and the business men of the country +coming down to Washington and saying we want our opportunity to help. +It was not selfish; it was noble. And that spirit if carried out will +make this country a new land in which these boys who come back will +find they have been cared for; that helpfulness has come to take the +place of indifference and cooperation to supplement individual +initiative. + + + * * * * * + + +--------------------------------------------------------+ + | Transcriber's Note: | + | | + | Typographical error corrected in text: | + | Page 5: solider replaced with soldier | + | | + +--------------------------------------------------------+ + + * * * * * + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Address by Honorable Franklin K. Lane, +Secretary of the Interior at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS BY FRANKLIN K. 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