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diff --git a/19758.txt b/19758.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f24e749 --- /dev/null +++ b/19758.txt @@ -0,0 +1,762 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Address by Honorable William C. Redfield, +Secretary of Commerce at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Address by Honorable William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence + Highway Transport Commitee, Council of National Defence, Bulletin 4 + +Author: US Government + +Release Date: November 11, 2006 [EBook #19758] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS WILLIAM C. REDFIELD *** + + + + +Produced by Jason Isbell, Bruce Albrecht, Jeannie Howse +and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at +http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + + * * * * * + + + + + OCTOBER 15, 1918 + + BULLETIN NO. 4 + + + ADDRESS BY + HONORABLE WILLIAM C. REDFIELD + SECRETARY OF COMMERCE + + AT CONFERENCE OF REGIONAL CHAIRMEN + OF THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE + COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE + WASHINGTON, D.C. + SEPTEMBER 19, 1918 + + + [Illustration] + + + RESOLUTION PASSED BY THE COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE + + "_The Council of National Defense approves the widest possible + use of the motor truck as a transportation agency, and requests + the State Councils of Defense and other State authorities to + take all necessary steps to facilitate such means of + transportation, removing any regulations that tend to restrict + and discourage such use._" + + + WASHINGTON + GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE + 1918 + + +[Illustration: MAP SHOWING REGIONAL AREAS Highways Transport Committee +Council of National Defense] + + +_Recognizing the national value of our highways in relation to, and +properly coordinated with, other existing transportation mediums, and +more particularly the necessity for their immediate development that +they might carry their share of the war burden, the Highways Transport +Committee was appointed by, and forms a part of, the Council of +National Defense._ + +_The object of the committee is to increase and render more effective +all transportation over the highways as one of the means of +strengthening the Nation's transportation system and relieving the +railroads of part of the heavy short-haul freight traffic burden._ + +_National policies are directed from the headquarters of the national +committee in Washington to the highways transport committees of the +several State Councils of Defense. These State organizations, which by +proper subdivisions reach down through the counties to the +communities, are grouped together into 11 regional areas, as shown by +the map used above. The State committees of the different areas are +assisted by and are under the direct supervision of the 11 regional +chairmen of the Highways Transport Committee, Council of National +Defense._ + + + + + COUNCIL OF NATIONAL DEFENSE. + HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE. + WASHINGTON, D.C. + + ADDRESS BY HON. WILLIAM C. REDFIELD, SECRETARY OF COMMERCE, + BEFORE THE REGIONAL CHAIRMEN OF THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT + COMMITTEE, THURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 1918. + + +MR. CHAPIN AND GENTLEMEN: It would be a truism to say that I have +always been interested in transportation. It has always been a subject +of keen interest to me, I presume, because I was born with it. By the +fortune of birth I came to live in a region where transportation has +been through every one of its stages in this country. If you go back +into the history of the Colonies, you will find the two first lines of +through transportation in America were east and west--the St. Lawrence +River and the Lakes--while for over a century the one great central +north and south line was the Hudson River, Lake George, and Lake +Champlain. In that entire length from the St. Lawrence to New York +Harbor there was but about 13 miles that could not be traveled by +water with such boats as they used. You will recall that great +historic events of our early history centered about this +transportation line. Burgoyne's surrender, Arnold's treason, the great +contests of the French wars, Macdonough's victory on Lake Champlain +were all associated with this water route. Such names as Montcalm, +Schuyler, and Champlain are linked to it. Historically, it is true +both for war and peace that transportation has been formative and +controlling in our national life. One of the early evidences of the +growth of transportation in this country, and therefore of our +national progress, was the act of connecting the Great Lakes by the +Erie Canal with the Hudson River. + +The largest number of railroad tracks paralleling any navigable stream +follows to-day the line of the Hudson. There are six much of the +way--four tracks on one side and two on the other. I am going to make +that historical line of water and rail transportation the basis for a +little study with you, to see what the normal development of +transportation is, and whether, as I believe, the particular form that +concerns you is a natural outgrowth of all that has gone before. If it +is so it is here to stay. If in the process of transportation +evolution we have reached the normal use of the highway, together with +the waterway and the railway, then you are doing a constructive work +for your country. But if that work is not normal, if you are trying to +impose upon the body politic something strange and artificial, then +your work will, and ought to, fail. + +The transportation system of the United States is not a unity. It can +not be run on what we may call unitarian lines. It is a trinity, and +has to be run on trinitarian lines. You must link up railways and +waterways and highways to get a perfect transportation system for this +country. If there were no railroads we would have little +transportation. If there were no waterways there would be insufficient +transportation. If we had an abundance of railways and waterways and +lacked the use of highways, we should have imperfect transportation. +We should fail to bring it to every man's door, and it must be brought +to every man's door to be perfect. + +The early transportation in the Hudson River Valley was by sloop. The +history of the river is full of the traditions from the old sloop +days, when it was sometimes five and sometimes nine days from New York +to Albany by water. The river was just as navigable then as it is now; +the difference lies in the tool that was used. Now in that use of the +fit tool for the route lies the whole truth in transportation, and yet +so far as I know the full bearing of the application of the tool to +the job is almost new to our discussions of the several phases of +transportation. In due time comes Robert Fulton and the _Clermont_ +begins to flap flap her weary 36 hours from New York to Albany. A new +tool but the same route. In time she passed into a more modern type. +The steamboat developed, and came the canal with its mule power. How +strange it seems in these days to think of mule power ever having been +considered. Yet I have in my possession a letter to the constructing +engineer of the Erie Railroad urging that it should be operated by +horses between New York and Buffalo and giving 10 very excellent +reasons why horses were far better than steam locomotives could be. It +took a lot of argument to keep the horses off the Erie Railroad. + +Came the steam locomotive. Now the rail was not new any more than the +river was new. The railroad or tramway in England is far back, earlier +than the railroad in America. There were tracks laid many years before +anybody thought of a locomotive engine. The invention lies not in the +railway but in the tool put upon it. Again the principle of the tool +to the job. Also a new principle that the way, whether it was waterway +or railway or highway must adapt itself also to the most effective +kind of tool that could be put upon it. You could apply it but +partially to the river. When canals came along later, it became +apparent that you must not only have the best tool for your waterway, +but must suit the latter also to the tool. We understand this about +railways; we have not been so clear about it as to waterways and +highways. + +It is within two years that the governor of a great State has +suggested to me that the use of large motor trucks be forbidden +because they destroyed highways. I ask you if you will warrant the +removal of locomotive engines because they are made 100 tons heavier +and would break the light rail made 40 years ago? The problem is a +duplex one. The best tool must be had for the job and the opportunity +must be provided for the tool to do its work. + +So the railway came along and since the mechanical engine fitted so +perfectly into the American temperament and the national needs, the +railway and the tool for the railway developed together side by side. +Still with the coming of the railroad we thought of transportation as +a unity. Highways did not amount to very much. Men went by horseback +often, because they had to, not always because they wanted to. And +after the railroad came, the waterway was all but destroyed, because +we thought of transportation as a unity of railroads. Up to a very few +years ago all of us who are not far-seeing would have thought of +public transportation as meaning essentially the railroads. Yet so +rapidly in the last five years has the law of transportation been +developed that it is a little bit difficult for us to keep up with the +rush of this movement. + +There came into the world a new tool--the internal-combustion +engine--destined to work almost as great a change in the human life as +the steam engine in its time, making possible a tool for the waterway +that the waterway had never had before, making it possible to use for +the highway what the highway had never had before, making necessary +the alteration of the highway to suit the new tool built for it. It +has never been true until now; it has just now become true that the +waterway and highway have been, as regards the tools for their use, on +a technical and scientific level with the railway. The Government is +just putting in operation this month the first great barges for the +Mississippi River intended to carry ore south and coal north, made +possible because of the internal-combustion engine. The tool has come, +the internal-combustion engine is altering the face of the marine +world. So that we do not really need but over 6 feet of water in the +northern Mississippi to carry 1,800 tons of ore in one boat. We look +upon the development of the New York State barge canal with a +certainty of its profitable use for the Nation, for with a 12-foot +draft we know we can carry 2,500 tons in any vessel constructed for +the purpose, driven by internal-combustion engines. The tool for the +job and the way made ready for the tool. + +I go into my shop to put up a hammer. What is the essential feature of +my hammer's operation? The foundation. It may be the most powerful +hammer made, but unless given a sufficient sub-structure it can only +be destructive. So for the waterway, so for the highway. You may have +the most perfect equipment for their use but the instrument must work +in a proper environment. So the waterway, then, the last few years--in +fact, very recently--has come rapidly into its own. It is within 18 +months, gentlemen, that I stood upon the first load of ore going south +on the Mississippi River and saw it enter the port of St. Louis. It +was only yesterday that I sent to the Senate my formal report urging +Government ownership and operation of all the northern coastal canals +from North Carolina to New England, with the certainty that adequate +and efficient vessels could be provided for their use. + +Now, these three ways of transporting developed to their full are not +hostile to each other. In the days of our ignorance we thought they +were. In other times the railroad bought canals to suppress them. But +we have learned a larger outlook now and the congestion so recently as +a year ago taught us that there are certain kinds of goods, certain +types of transportation, that the railways of this country can not +afford to do. Certain great items of bulk freight they must always +carry. We should starve for steel if we had to depend upon our +railroads to bring the ores from Minnesota to Pittsburgh, and the +Northwest would be in a hard case if we had always to send coal to +them by rail from the region of the East. We are learning that there +is a differentiation in transportation. So these two enemies of the +past are likely to operate as friends to-day. It is not a strange +thing that the internal waterways of the country are at this time +being operated by the Railroad Administration. It means an advance in +thought. + +I told the Director General of Railways that two-thirds of the job was +fairly well in hand, but that he had left out one-third, and that I +thought he would not get his unity complete until he made it a trinity +by taking in the highways. I told him that the highways as a +transportation system and their development both as to roads and as to +means of using the roads were quite as essential to the country as the +other two. In reply he suggested that it was a larger job than he +himself could undertake, with the railroads and the waterways on his +hands, and asked me if I would not do it. To my regret I was obliged +to refuse. The law does not give me authority. I should have been glad +if I could have had more of a part in it, because, given your +perfected railroad--and I speak as a friend of the railroad and a +friend of the waterway, which I think is also coming into its own--I +am convinced that neither will reach its normal place as a servant of +the people unless linked up with motor-truck routes. + +There is a steamboat line running from New Haven to New York. At New +Haven lines of motor trucks radiate out in several directions. From +this radius around New Haven for many miles in three directions the +motor trucks come down in the evening to the boat. The boat leaves a +little before midnight and arrives in New York in the morning, when +the freight is transferred and goes out on the early trains for the +West. It is a good system of interlocking service such as we have got +to have. + +My conception of the future of the New York Barge Canal and the canal +across New Jersey and the Chesapeake and Ohio and all the waterways is +that the companies operating on them shall pick up and deliver at +every important terminal point by lines which shall radiate out by +motor trucks from 50 to 100 miles, and they shall take from these +places goods thus brought to their station. So that if when, for +example, they were delivering goods from Kentucky to Illinois, it +might start from a farm or from an inland village by motor truck and +go to the nearest waterway station, there to be picked up by a vessel +and to be carried down the Kentucky and Ohio to a point sufficiently +near in Illinois to where it was to go, there to be picked up by motor +trucks which would carry it to its destination, and it should be +billed through by one bill of lading. That would definitely establish +that the vehicles and highways are not accidental or incidental but an +essential factor. That, it seems to me, is what we are coming to +before very long. I imagine we will come to it almost before we think +of it. + +From that are a number of inferences. The public authorities have got +to be sufficiently educated to make a good thing possible. They have +got to learn, as many a farmer has to learn, that the most costly +thing in the world is a bad road; that as compared with seal-skin furs +and platinum mud is far more costly an item; and that there is no such +evidence of a muddy state of mind in a community as a muddy state of +highways in the community. They go together--mental and physical mud. + +Now, let us see whether our idea is false or true in its application. +The Hudson River has by it six tracks of railroad. The fleet of +vessels upon the Hudson River was never as great, never so new or well +equipped as to-day. The vessel with the largest passenger capacity, or +at least second largest (6,000 persons), is in operation on that +river. The freight carried on the river amounts to over 8,000,000 tons +a year by water. I put a factory at Troy because I could get by water +express service at freight rates, loading machines on the boat in the +evening and have them delivered in New York the next morning, while to +ship the same material by railroad to New York would require three to +five days by freight. + +Directly back from the river bank on either side are two of our fine +highways. Neither the railroad nor the river meet all the needs of the +men living on those roads. You might build the railroads up until they +are 10 tracks wide, but you do not fully help the farmer 10 miles away +to get his produce to market. And you might fill the river with +steamers, and he may be still isolated. There must come something to +his farm which transports his produce easily and systematically and in +harmony with other methods in duplex action going and coming. So our +friend the farmer must have the rural express or its equivalent, which +comes to his door, which in the morning connects him up with all the +round earth and brings him what he wants of the earth's products back +to his door that night. + +I can not think of that except as a matter of common sense. It is a +thing which has got to be, and in a very few years, at least, will be +as accepted as such things as the rising of the sun and the setting of +the sun. It will be considered normal. You will even find, if you have +not already found, farms offered for sale on the basis of having a +rural express coming and going on one side of it--perhaps on two sides +of it as we get into it more thoroughly. The whole rural +postal-delivery system was the promise and pledge of the rural +express. What we do when we send the motor truck through the rural +centers is to push the rural free-delivery and the parcel-post service +just one step forward. I have had motor trucks put on the Pribilof +Islands, in the Behring Sea. They are building the roads to run on +before they can run on them. And there, 250 miles north of the +Aleutian Islands, we can make motor trucks pay for themselves in a +single year by the force they add in effective transportation. We have +a seal rookery 13 or 14 miles from the village of St. Paul Island. We +have not been able to kill seals there, because we could not get skins +down to the village. Now a couple of motor trucks bring them down +without the least difficulty, and in order to get the road there they +carried down materials to build the road. So in the same way we have a +great many fishery stations isolated. You can not put fish hatcheries +in towns. We get them as far off as practicable. The problem is to get +sufficient water and isolation, and so those stations are rather +difficult to reach. In those places to-day we have put motor trucks. +Here with these important stations 6, 8, 9, and 10 miles and sometimes +more away, it was perfectly obvious that the best, simplest, and +quickest means of access was necessary and for several years now we +have been putting little Ford trucks in there, if you can call them +trucks, and I presume some of you anyway still do. They have changed +the effectiveness of the whole thing. + +That is all very simple. I imagine that one great difficulty in this +world is that the simple things are sometimes very hard to bring +about. It is true in a certain sense that if we bring to a man +something that is difficult and complex it catches the mind by its +very complexity and strangeness. But if we come to him and say that +mud is one of his worst enemies it seems hard to him that it could be +as bad as it really is, as he is sort of friendly toward the mud. So +many are familiar with the automobile--not as familiar, I believe, as +they are going to be--that it seems hard to think it can work as +revolutionary a change in their life as it is going to do. But I am +perfectly certain that there abide these three elements of +transportation--railway, water way, and highway--that they are one, +and that none of them will reach its full value to the community +without the other, and that each is the friend of the other. + + + + * * * * * + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Address by Honorable William C. +Redfield, Secretary of Commerce at Conference of Regional Chairmen of the Highway Transport Committee Council of National Defence, by US Government + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ADDRESS WILLIAM C. 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