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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19728-8.txt b/19728-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f73b203 --- /dev/null +++ b/19728-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4143 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association Report of +the Proceedings at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, by Various + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Twelfth Annual Meeting + Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October 6 and 7, 1921 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: November 6, 2006 [EBook #19728] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | +| | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +REPORT + +OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE + +TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA + +OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 + +CONTENTS + + Officers and Committees of the Association 5 + + State Vice-Presidents 6 + + Members of the Association 7 + + Constitution and By-Laws 13 + + Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention 17 + + Report of the Treasurer 23 + + Nut Trees for Public Places, Dr. R. T. Morris 25 + + Roadside Planting, Prof. A. K. Chittendon 36 + + Roadside Planting Legislation in Mich., Senator Henry A. Penny 40 + + Cultivation and Culture of the European Filbert, + James S. McGlennon 54 + + Report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting, + T. P. Littlepage 59 + + Where May the Northern Pecan Be Expected to Bear, + Willard G. Bixby 63 + + Constitution and By-Laws Amended 71 + + Report of Nominating Committee, Secretary Olcott 75 + + Proceedings of The Tree Planting Ceremonies at Long's Park, + Lancaster County, Pa 77 + + A National Program for the Promotion of Nut Culture, Dean Watts 80 + + Appendix 84 + + + + + OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York + + _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES Lancaster, Pennsylvania + + _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING Danbury, Conn., R. 2 + + _Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co., + New York + + + COMMITTEES + + _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED + + _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. S. LINTON AND THE OFFICERS + + _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE + + _Membership_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, + W. O. POTTER, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES + + _Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Programe_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, W. C. DEMING, R. T. OLCOTT, + C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. BIXBY + + _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY + + + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Alabama H. M. Robertson 2026 1st Ave., Birmingham + Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + California T. C. Tucker 311 California St., San Francisco + Canada G. H. Corsan 63 Avenue Road, Toronto + China P. W. Wang, Kinsan Arboretum Chuking Kiangsu Province + Colorado C. L. Cudebec Boulder, Box 233 + Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Dist of Columbia B. G. Foster 902 G. St., Washington + England Howard Spence Eskdale Knutsford Cheshire + Georgia A. S. Perry Cuthbert + Illinois E. A. Riehl Alton + Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport + Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point + Kansas James Sharp Council Grove + Kentucky Frank M. Livengood Berea + Maine Alice D. Leavitt 79 High St., Bridgton + Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie + Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + Nebraska William Caha Wahoo + New Hampshire Henry B. Stevens Durham + Nevada C. G. Swingle Hazen + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + New York Dr. G. J. Buist 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + North Carolina Dr. Harvey P. Barrett 211 Vail Ave., Charlotte + Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati + Oklahoma Dr. C. E. Beitman Skedee + Oregon Knight Pearcy Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187 + Pennsylvania F. N. Fagan State College + South Carolina Prof. A. G. Shanklin Clemson College + Texas J. H. Burkett Clyde + Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro + Virginia John S. Parish University + Washington William Baines Okanogan + West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek + Wisconsin Dr. G. W. Patchen Manitowoc + + + + + MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION + + + April, 1, 1922 + + + ALABAMA + + Robertson, H. M., 2026 1st Ave., Birmingham + + + ARIZONA + + Heyne, Fred W., Douglas + + + ARKANSAS + + *Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Univ. of Arkansas + Dunn, D. K., Wynne + + + CALIFORNIA + + Cajori, F. A., 1220 Byron St., Palo Alto + Cress, B. E., Tehachapi + Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco + Tucker, T. C., 311 California St., San Francisco + + + CANADA + + Bell, Alex., Milliken, Ontario + Corsan, G. H., 513 Christie St., Toronto + Corcoran, William, Port Dalhousie, Box 26, Ontario + Haight, P. N., St. Thomas, Canada + + + CHINA + + Kinsan Arboretum, Chuking, Kiangsu Province, P. W. Wang Secy. + + + COLORADO + + Bennett, L. E., Cory + Butterbaugh, Dr. W. S., Engleburg, Las Animas Co. + Cudebec, C. L., Boulder, Box 233 + Hartman, Richard, Kremmling + + + CONNECTICUT + + Barrows, Paul M., Stanford, R. F. D. No. 30 + Bartlett, Francis A., Stanford + Benedict, Samuel L., 98 South Main St., So. Norwalk + Bielefield, F. J., Middleton, South Farms + Bradley, Smith T., New Haven, Grand Ave. + Craig, Joseph A., 783 Washington Ave., West Haven + Deming, Dr. W. C., Hartford, 983 Main St. + Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. No. 7 + Hilliard, H. J., South View + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 76 + Ives, E. M., Meriden, Sterling Orchards + Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford, 1822 Main St. + *Morris Dr. R. T. Cos Cob Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., Bristol, 25 Bellevue Ave. + Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 176 + Staunton, Gray, 320 Howard Ave., New Haven + White, Gerrard, North Granby + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Beatty, Wilbur M. L., 4027 Georgia Ave., Washington + Close, C. P. Prof., Pomologist Dept. of Agriculture, Wash. + Foster, B. G., Washington, 902 G. St., N. W. + *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington + **Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington + + + ENGLAND + + Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire + + + GEORGIA + + Bullard, William P., Albany + Patterson, J. M., Putney + Perry, A. S., Cuthbert + Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun Co. + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + + ILLINOIS + + Buckman, Benj., Farmingdale + Casper, O. H., Anna + Heide, John F. H., 500 Oakwood Blvd., Chicago + Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian) + Hon. W. A. Potter, Marion + Harry J. Rickelman, Weed Bldg., Effingham + Reihl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Shaw, James B., Urbana, Box 143, Univ. Sta. + Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown + Sundstrand, Mrs. G. D., 916 Garfield Ave., Rockford + Wells, Oscar, Farina + + + INDIANA + + Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport + Jackson, Francis M., 122 N. Main St., South Bend + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Redmon, Felix, Rockport, R. R. 2, Box 32 + Rowell, Mrs. George P., 219 North 5th St., Goshen + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + + IOWA + + Bricker, C. W., Ladora + Finnell, J. F. C., Hamburg + Pfeiffer, W. F., Fayette + Skromme, L. J. (Skromme Seed Company), Roland + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Snyder, S. W., Center Point + + KANSAS + + Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs + Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton + Sharpe, James, Council Grove + + + KENTUCKY + + Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. No. 2 + Livengood, Frank M., Berea + + + MAINE + + Leavitt, Mrs. Alice D., 79 High St., Brighton + + + MARYLAND + + Auchter, E. C., College Park + Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie + Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood + O'Connor, P. J., Bowie + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston + Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center + Jackson, Arthur H., 63 Fayerweather St., Cambridge + Mass. Agriculture College, Library of, Amherst + Scudder, Dr. Charles L., 209 Beacon St., Boston + + + MICHIGAN + + Beck, J. P., 25 James, Saginaw + Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac + Cross, John L., 104 Division St., Bangor + Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit + Guild, Stacy R., 562 So. 7th St., Ann Arbor + Hartig, G. F., Bridgeman, R. F. D. No. 1 + Henshall, H., 527 Harper St., Detroit + House, George W., Ford Bldg., Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., Battle Creek, 202 Manchester St. + *Linton, W. S., Saginaw, Pres. Board of Trade + Mac Nab, Dr. Alex B., Cassopolis + McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6 + Olson, A. E., Holton + Penny, Harvey A., Saginaw, 425 So. Jefferson Ave. + Smith, Edward J., 85 So. Union St., Battle Creek + + + MISSISSIPPI + + Bechtel, Theo., Ocean Springs + + + MISSOURI + + Crosby, Miss Jessie M., 4241 Harrison St., Kansas City + Hazen, Josiah J., (Neosho Nurseries Co.) Neosho + Rhodes, J. I., 224 Maple St., Neosho + Spellen, Howard P., 4505a W. Papin St., St. Louis + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + + + NEBRASKA + + Caha, William, Wahoo + Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Stevens, Henry B., N. H. College of Agriculture, Durham + + + NEVADA + + Swingle, C. G., Hazen + + + NEW JERSEY + + Brown, Jacob S., Elmer, Salem Co. + *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City + Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 + Marshall, S. L., Vineland + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Phillips, Irving S., 501 Madison St., West New York + Price, John R., 36 Ridgdale Ave., Madison + Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton + Salvage, W. K., Farmingdale + Westcoat Wilmer, 230 Knight Ave., Collingswood + + + NEW YORK + + Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn + Adams, Sidney I., 418 Powers Bldg., Rochester + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Babcock, H. J., Lockport + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I. + Borchers, H. Chas., Wenga Farm, Armonk + Brown, Ronold K., 320 Broadway, New York City + Buist, Dr. G. J., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester + Crane, Alfred J., Monroe + Coriell, A. S., 120 Broadway, New York City + Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn + Gillet, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City + Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City + Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca + Hall, L. W., Jr., 509 Cutler Bldg., Rochester (L. W. Hall Co., Inc.) + Harper, George W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City + Hodge, James, 199 Kingsbridge Road West, Kingsbridge, N. Y. C. + Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.) + Hoffman, Arthur S., 26 Church St., White Plains + Kains, M. G., Pomona + Jewett, Edmund G., 16 Elliott Place, Brooklyn + Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 15th & 4th Ave., New York City + *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of + Agriculture, Ithaca + McGlennon, J. S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester + Meyers, Charles, 316 Adelphi St., Brooklyn + Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry + Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Richardson, J. M., 2 Columbus Circle, New York City + Ritchie, John W., Yonkers, 2 A Beach Street + Ryder, Clayton, Carmel + Stephen, John W., Syracuse, New York State College of Forestry + Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City + Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Wetmore, W. J., Elmira + Whitney, Arthur C., 9 Manila St., Rochester + Whitney, Leon F., 65 Barclay St., New York City + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St., New York City + *Wisman, Mrs. F. de R. Westchester, New York City + + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Hutchings, Miss L. G., Pine Bluff + C. W. Matthews, North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.), Pomona + + + OHIO + + Burton, J. Howard, Casstown + Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville + Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6 + Jackson, A. V., 3275 Linwood Rd., Cincinnati + Ketchem, C. S., Middlefield Box 981 + Pomerene Julius, 1914 East 116th St., Cleveland + Ramsey, John, 1803 Freeman Ave., Cincinnati + Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167 + *Weber, Harry R., Cincinnati, 123 East 6th St. + Yunck, Edward G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky + + + OKLAHOMA + + Beitmen, C. E., Dr., Skedee + + + OREGON + + Marvin, Cornelia, Oregon State Library, Salem + Nelson, W. W., R. 3, Box 652, Portland + Pearcy, Knight, 210 Oregon Building, Salem + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Althouse, C. Scott, 820 North 5th St., Reading + Balthaser, James M., Wernersville, Berks Co. + Bohn, Dr. H. W., 34 No. 9th St., Reading + Bolton, Charles G., Zieglerville + Bomberger, John S., Lebanon, R. F. D. No. 1 + Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny + Clark, D. F., 147 N. 13th St., Harrisburg + Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., State College + Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata + Heffner, H., Leeper + Hess, Elam G., Manhein + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville + Irwin, Ernest C., 66 St. Nicholas Bldg., Pittsburg + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Philadelphia--Farm Journal + *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leas, F. C., Merion Station + Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia + Minick, C. G., Ridgway + Murphy, P. J., Scranton, Vice-Pres. L. & W. R. R. Co. + Myers, J. Everitt, R. D. No. 3, York Springs + Neagley, C. H., Greencastle, R. D. No. 2 + Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes Barre + *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading + Rittenhouse, Dr. J. F. S., Lorane + Robinson, W. I., Fort Loudon + Rose, William J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg "Personal" + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Russell, Dr. Andrew L., 729 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh + Shoemaker, H. C., 1739 Main St., Northampton + Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1 + Smith Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore + *Sober, C. K. Col., Lewisburg + Spencer, L. N., 216 East New St., Lancaster + Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 + Walter, R. G., Willow Grove, Doylestown Pike + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + *Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Shanklin, A. G., Prof., Clemson College + Kendall, Dr. F. D., 1317 Hampton Ave., Columbus + + + TENNESSEE + + Waite, J. W., Normandy + + + VERMONT + + Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3 + Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro + + + VIRGINIA + + Harris, D. C., Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg + Jordan, J. H., Bohannon + Parrish, John S., Charlottesville, Route No. 4 + Roper, W. N., Petersburg + + + WASHINGTON + + Baines, William, Okanogan + Turk, Richard H., Washougal + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown + Mish, A. F., Inwood + + + WISCONSIN + + Lang, Robert B., Racine, Box 103 + Patchen, Dr. G. W., Manitowoc + + * Life Member + ** Honorary Member + + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I + +_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing +plants, their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary +and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; +and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the +two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the +treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from +each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the +association, who shall be appointed by the president. + + +ARTICLE V + +_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +following year. + + +ARTICLE VI + +_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + + +ARTICLE VII + +_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but +must include two of the four elected officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment +having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the +proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member +thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I + +_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an +auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations +to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars +and twenty-five cents, including a year's subscription to the American +Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and shall be +exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first +day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding +that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present at any annual meeting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS AT THE + +TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +LANCASTER, PA. + +OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 + + +The Convention was called to order at 10 a. m. Thursday, October 6, +1921, by the President, Hon. William S. Linton, of Saginaw, Michigan, in +the convention hall of the Brunswick Hotel, Lancaster, Pa. + +THE PRESIDENT: It certainly is a pleasure and a privilege for +us to meet in the prosperous and historic Pennsylvania City of +Lancaster. I am sure that we will have a successful meeting, and I am +certain also that during the past year progress has been made in our +work which when read into the records will show that we have +accomplished material good. Without further preliminary remarks, and +with the statement that my address or report will come later during the +session, we will proceed immediately with our programme. + +I have the honor to call upon the representative of the Mayor of +Lancaster, Oliver S. Schaeffer, for the welcoming address. + +OLIVER S. SCHAEFFER, ESQ.: Mr. President, Members of the +Northern Nut Growers' Association, Friends and Guests: On behalf of the +Mayor and the people of Lancaster I extend to you their greetings and +bid you a most hearty and cordial welcome. + +We feel honored that you have selected for the second time this city for +the holding of your convention. Your esteemed president referred to +Lancaster City as an historic city, and no doubt all of you know that +Lancaster is frequently called the garden spot of the world. + +Historically Lancaster City was the capital of Pennsylvania for +thirty-three years, I think from 1779 to 1812. During the Revolutionary +War when the British troops occupied Philadelphia the Continental +Congress met here for a while in a building that formerly stood at +Center Square where you now see the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. + +I was talking to your secretary a few minutes in the hotel lobby this +morning and he told me that while some of you were in the nut business +with a majority of you it was a hobby. That is the altruistic spirit +that counts in these days when most of us look upon things in a +materialistic way. + +There was a time when I thought that most nuts came from Brazil, but I +am glad to learn that we grow the nuts we eat here in the good old U. S. +A., and some right here in Pennsylvania and in Lancaster County. + +I cannot help but think of the chestnut blight that has worked havoc +throughout our state and some other states. It has occasioned a big +material loss. Yet I think too of another side of the loss and that is +the spiritual side because our "chestnut parties" are now becoming a +past memory. It is up to men like you to retrieve that loss and to bring +back to our youth the chance of experiencing that innocent pleasure the +gathering of chestnuts. + +As I look into your faces here this morning (and while you are not +numerous you make up in quality what you lack in quantity), I cannot +help but congratulate you on showing the spirit that means progress. I +cannot help but feel also that you are optimists, and they are what we +need at the present time. + +I will not trespass upon your time any longer. I again bid you a most +warm welcome to our city and on behalf of the Mayor hand you the +symbolic key of this city to enable you to go where you please. + +THE PRESIDENT: Working with us unselfishly for the past two or +three years has been a Michigan man who has had in mind the benefit of +his locality, the State of Michigan and the United States. It was his +privilege to introduce the first bill into a state legislature that +became a law making it obligatory upon state authorities to plant useful +trees along the roadside throughout the entire state that he represented +so well in the Senate. I take pleasure in calling upon that member to +respond to the eloquent words of the Mayor's representative. I would ask +Senator Penney to reply to Mr. Schaeffer. + +HON. HARVEY A. PENNEY: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of this +Convention, and Mr. Mayor: We all appreciate this warm and hospitable +greeting. Some of us are a long way from home. Mr. Linton, and I come +from a town somewhat the size of this. We have about sixty-five thousand +people, a large and growing city with a lot of prosperous and very +wealthy men in it. We feel that in coming here we are coming to a city +something like our own. We have been very much impressed with your city +since we have been here. I am glad to see that colonial spirit, the +spirit of '76, which permeates your people here. Up in Saginaw, of +course, we do not have the same things to remind us of the past that you +have. You have your monuments and those things that call your attention +continually to it; but I am sure that our people are as patriotic as +your people. However, I think that the spirit of '76 which still +permeates the East helps to keep the whole country in line for the +patriotic upholding of our governmental institutions. + +While most of the men here are interested especially in the scientific +investigation and promotion of the nut industry, my friend Mr. Linton +and I have been more particularly interested in road-side planting. +Along with the promotion and building of good highways we fell into the +idea of beautifying those highways. At the time the people in the East +were having their trouble in the colonial days, the revolutionary days, +our town was unheard of. It was simply way back in the forest and the +wilderness and it was not until very early in this past century that +Saginaw was even thought of. Mr. Linton and I talked last night about +different things connected with the history of our country and we spoke +of De Tocqueville, the great French traveler and explorer who came to +America way back in 1831. He wished to go into the wilds of this country +and see for himself what was here. He went to Buffalo and crossed the +lakes to Detroit. Detroit was then a city of about two thousand +inhabitants. And then he had the desire to go up into the wilds where +nothing but wild animals and wild people lived; so he went up on a trail +that led to what is now Pontiac perhaps thirty or forty miles northwest +of Saginaw; that was about the end of the trail. There were one or two +settlers who lived there. He picked up a couple of Indian guides and +started through the trackless forest, sixty or seventy miles up through +the northwest to what is now Saginaw. He had his desire fully satisfied. +He was eaten up by mosquitoes and rattlesnakes in the swamps and +marshes; he could not sleep nor anything else; so he came back. That was +away back in 1831, fifty years or more after your people were fighting +and struggling for the liberty of this country. + +I wish to say in closing that we all highly appreciate the welcome that +has been extended to us on behalf of the Mayor of this fine city. + +THE PRESIDENT: Next on the program will come the report of the +secretary. + +THE SECRETARY: I regret the smallness of the secretary's +accomplishment for the past year. Except for the editing of the annual +report--which is much a matter of cutting out superfluous words--and the +effort to get speakers for this convention, he has attempted very +little. + +This is not, however, for lack of things that could and should have been +done. An energetic campaign for new members is the most obvious +desideratum. The committee to prepare and issue a bulletin on the +roadside planting of nut trees, arranged to give information for every +part of the country, has been innocuous as well as useless. Perhaps this +meeting will afford stimulus and material enough to get it to work. + +I think that few of the members realize how the inactivity of the +secretary has been more than made up for by the industry of the +treasurer. Perhaps they are reciprocally cause and consequence. Not only +has the treasurer discharged the usual duties of that office but he has +also attended to most of the correspondence and clerical work. He has +conducted the nut contests which, under his management, have developed +to formidable proportions requiring immense expenditure of time and +effort. + +These nut contests have now become so widely known as to return us a +good idea of what we may expect of the native nuts of the country. +Undoubtedly we have not yet found the best nuts that this country +produces, except perhaps in the case of the pecan. But Mr. Bixby's +labors, continuing the work begun by Dr. Morris, have reached such +results that I think he will be willing to say that we have nearly +reached the limit of natural excellence in the nuts already discovered. + +In fact it seems to me that we have reached the point where further +improvement in nuts for cultivation is to be looked for especially from +purposeful hybridizing by man. It should be another of the chief aims of +this association to induce self-perpetuating institutions to get +together the material necessary for such work. Such material already +exists in incomplete form--incomplete, that is, especially in +horticultural varieties--as in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Public +Park at Rochester. The Arnold Arboretum, through our treasurer's +efforts, has agreed to give more attention to nut growing and breeding. +The St. Louis Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, +through the efforts and generosity of Mr. Bixby and Mr. Jones, have made +special plantings of horticultural varieties, and this summer the New +York Botanical Garden was induced to set out a number of grafted and +seedling nut trees given by Mr. Jones, Mr. Bixby, Mr. W. C. Reed, the +McCoy Nut Nurseries and others. + +But unless this association can keep their interest alive it is likely +that some of these institutional plantings will be neglected, especially +as regards the highest development of their possibilities. In one +botanical garden visited this summer the casual nut tree plantings +running back thirty years have been entirely neglected and the trees are +stunted almost to extinction. I hope that our members will lose no +opportunity to visit these institutions and ask to see the nut tree +plantings. One or two such visits in a year will help to keep our wards +in the institutional mind. + +We cannot expect from these gardens, at present at least, interest in +breeding experiments. That is more properly a function of agricultural +experiment stations. These are so short manned and short funded, so +absorbed in problems offering quicker results, that it is difficult to +get them even to consider nut growing. I do not recall a single +experiment station in the country where any nut breeding experiments are +being conducted. A few manifest a little interest in planting +horticultural varieties but the only breeding experiments that I know +of, or at this moment recall, are those of Dr. Morris, Dr. Van Fleet, +Mr. Forkert and Mr. Jones. All of these experimenters have produced +results that more than indicate great possibilities. + +Therefore I think that more of the energy of this association should be +expended in influencing the self perpetuating horticultural institutions +to see the importance of nut culture. + +Attention should be called also to our treasurer's initiative, +perseverance and industry in issuing Bulletin No. 5 on Nut Culture, in +improving and reprinting our accredited list of nut nurserymen, in +visiting, photographing and describing many of our important parent nut +trees, in securing and distributing scions, in promoting experimental +topworking of native nut trees in promising localities, in developing a +varietal and experimental nut orchard which in time will be second to +none in these respects, and in many other promotions of the objects of +our association, unsparingly of his energy and his means. + +It is curious that the biggest development in nut tree planting, for +which we are responsible apparently, and practically the only +considerable development of the roadside planting of nut trees, about +which we have been talking so much, is on the other side of the earth, +in China, where Mr. Wang, one of our members, and associated with the +Kinsan Arboretum, is planting along the new model highway from Shanghai +to Hangkow, a ton of black walnuts bought in this country and shipped to +him through Mr. Bixby. + +Two public horticultural institutions in Canada have written me about +making nut plantings. + +We seem, perhaps, in this land, too busy making what we call wealth, and +armaments to protect it, too busy to give attention to the food supply +of the future race. + +To summarise, the association may feel that its purpose as originally +stated, and never changed, "The Promotion of Interest in Nut Bearing +Plants, their Products and their Culture," has been furthered +consistently though results are slow. For the future we should work, 1. +For a greater membership. 2. To stimulate interest in horticultural +institutions, especially in nut breeding. 3. To give definite +information that will encourage nut tree planting for profit by +individuals. 4. To promote roadside, memorial and public place planting +of nut trees. 5. To discover still more of our valuable native nut trees +through our prize contests. + +Mr. C. A. Reed has made a suggestion which I will lay before you and +which may be considered at a later hour. He suggests that it might be +better to have our conventions once in two years, every other one to be +held in Washington. + +This is so radical a proposal that it should have prolonged +consideration before adoption. + +The affairs of the association are not getting from the secretary the +attention they deserve and he does not foresee better attention in the +future. He wishes that some more active person could be found for the +place and would be very glad to have the association elect another +secretary. + +THE PRESIDENT: The secretary's report will be received and +filed with the proceedings. Are there any remarks in connection +therewith? + +Personally, I wish to endorse emphatically what the secretary has said +relative to Treasurer Bixby who has worked early and late and has +promoted the affairs of this association to a very great degree. His +work is along practical lines and brings results. + +The secretary finds fault with himself. No member of the association +endorses that particular phase of his paper because his work has been +good, he has had the best interests of the association at heart at all +times--that I personally know--and I sincerely hope that he may change +his mind relative to his successor. + +We will now listen to the report of Treasurer Bixby. + + NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + In account with + WILLARD G. BIXBY, TREASURER + + + RECEIPTS + +Balance on hand Oct. 1, 1921: | | | | + Special Hickory Price, $25.00; Life | | | | + Membership, $25.00; for Regular | | | | + Expenses, $25.26 | | | |$ 75.26 +From Annual members including joint | | | | + subscriptions to American Nut | | | | + Journal |$199.50|$ 423.58|$ 623.08| +Reports | 5.50| 7.50| 13.00| +Contribution for prizes | 54.00| 15.00| 69.00| +Contribution to meet expenses | | 602.50| 602.50| +Bulletin No. 5 | 12.73| 60.94| 73.67| +Cash discount on bills paid | .48| | .48| +Postage returned | | .10| .10| +Advertising in Report | | 5.00| 5.00| +Life Membership P. W. Wang | | 20.00| 20.00| +Funds Received for transmission to | | | | + other parties | | 1.00| 1.00| +Salary check returned by Secretary | | 50.00| 50.00| + |_______|_________|_________|_________ + |$272.21|$1,185.62|$1,457.83|$1,457.83 +Deficit October 1, 1921: | | | | + Balance Special Hickory prize |$ 25.00| | | + Life Membership | 45.00| | | + Deficit for regular expenses[A] | 246.07| | | 176.07 + |_______| | |_________ + Net deficit | | | | 1,709.16 + + + EXPENDITURES + +American Nut Journal, their portion | | | | + of joint subscriptions |$ 64.00|$1 99.65|$ 263.65| +1920 Convention | 85.00| | 85.00| +Printing Bulletin No. 5 | | 62.50| 62.50| +Stationery, Printing & Supplies | 50.55| 91.01| 141.56| +Postage, Express, etc. | 36.60| 75.78| 112.38| +Prizes 1919 Nut Contest | 128.00| | 128.00| +Advertising 1920 Nut Contest | 52.08| | 52.08| +Printing Report 10th Meeting | 69.09| 400.05| 469.14| +Printing Report 11th Meeting | | 341.85| 341.85| +Funds received for Transmission to | | | | + other parties | | 3.00| 3.00| +Salary Secretary | 50.00| | 50.00| + |_______|_________|_________|_________ + |$535.32|$1,173.84|$1,709.16|$1,709.16 + +Forty-seven new members have joined the Association since the last +report, making 523 since organization, of which we have 221, making 302 +who have resigned or otherwise dropped out. It will be noticed that the +number of members received last year, 47, is less than the number +reported a year ago, 66. This in the judgment of the Treasurer is +entirely due to the less amount of energy expended for a smaller +proportion of members have dropped out than a year ago. While the +gaining of members is not particularly easy it can be done and the +number gained to quite an extent is in proportion to the energy put on +it. + +The finances of the Association this year are in a more troublesome +situation than any year since the undersigned had charge. Two reports +each at double normal cost each is quite enough to cause it. An +inspection of the Treasurer's accounts have made it evident that during +no year in the history of the Association have the dues received been +equal to the cost of carrying on the Association. Each year some members +interested have contributed in addition to paying dues. During the year +past these sums have been considerable. It is believed that with only +one report a year there will be only normal difficulty in handling the +finances of the Association. The orderly conduct of the finances of the +Association makes it very desirable that normal receipts of dues take +care of normal expenditures with a little margin for contingencies. The +matter of classes of membership would seemingly help on this. The +treasurer would not recommend changing the annual membership from its +present figures, $2.00, but would suggest that this meeting consider +making a class of contributing members at $5.00 per year including the +American Nut Journal. This would give the Association double the income +from each such member that it now gets for most members accept the +combination offer of membership in the Association and subscription to +the American Nut Journal at $3.25 for both which nets the Association +$1.75 per year. + + Respectfully submitted, + Sept. 30, 1921. WILLARD G. BIXBY. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bixby is certainly a first class treasurer. +He makes a recommendation in his report. Do you desire to act upon it at +this time? I refer to his recommendation relative to a new class of +membership. It is a first class suggestion and a motion covering it +would be in order. + +THE SECRETARY: I move that a committee of three be appointed +by the president to consider the recommendation of the treasurer +relative to different classes of membership and to report at this +meeting. + +MR. A. C. POMEROY: I second the motion. + +The motion was carried. + +THE PRESIDENT: I will appoint as that committee the treasurer, +Mr. Bixby, the secretary, Dr. Deming, and Mr. R. T. Olcott. + +Mr. Reed, the chairman of the committee on road-side planting, is in +California, and unable to be with us at this session. If a report is to +come from that committee it must necessarily come from some other +member, so we will defer action on that particular report at this time. + +We also regret the absence of Dr. Morris the first president of the +association. He is unable to be with us at this meeting but he has +forwarded a paper and unless there are objections we will receive it at +this time and have it read by the secretary. + + +NUT TREES FOR PUBLIC PLACES + +DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK + +The question of the planting of nut trees along highways and in parks +and other public grounds falls into classification under two separate +and distinct heads. First, the abstract proposition of planting useful +trees upon ground which is not usefully occupied otherwise. Second, the +reaction of human nature to the different phases of the proposition. The +latter part is the larger part of the question, otherwise the work would +already have been done. + +Let us take up the smaller part of the question first. Nut trees which +are indigenous to any locality, or allied species from other countries +having similar soil and climatic conditions, will grow and thrive on +public grounds quite as well as upon private property. They will be as +beautiful and as useful upon public grounds as they are upon private +property, speaking in a large way, although disposal of their products +will go along different channels perhaps. Nut trees of various species +will be quite as beautiful and distinctly more useful than any of the +other trees that are commonly selected for planting upon public grounds. +Because of the inclusion of the economic factor the question as to +whether nut trees may well supplant the kinds of trees commonly selected +is not a debatable question. + +Let us leave this part of the subject however and take up question +number two, relating to the human nature side. A little examination into +this phase of the matter will disclose reasons why nut trees are not +already along our highways and in parks and other public grounds. The +supplying of trees on a large scale for such a purpose is commonly done +by contract with nurserymen. Nurserymen find it more profitable to raise +certain kinds of trees instead of other kinds. Nurserymen are prone to +raise kinds which are most profitable. Public officials who are making +contracts sometimes look for perquisites. These include acceptance from +nurserymen of bonuses for letting the contract. Here then we have at the +very outset of the problem two large obstacles to the purchase of nut +trees for public places. The carrying forward of any large project of +this sort means reliance upon someone with legislative resources. In my +experience legislators are commonly keen to approve of any project which +will render public service when they are fully convinced of that fact. +If not fully convinced of that fact and reserving the feeling that +private interests are being served they wait until somebody who knows +how to see the legislator has seen him. Another phase of the question +relates to the attitude of the people toward public property in a +so-called free country. People are prone to take anything that they +please from anything which is so impersonal as a country. Nut trees +planted in public places would have their crops carried off by every +passer by to such an extent that revenue for the upkeep of the trees +would be difficult to obtain. In some of the European countries this +obstacle has not been insurmountable. There are many villages in Europe +in which privately owned fields are not even fenced and fruit and nut +trees growing for the benefit of the village are left untouched by the +passer by in this older civilization. A man would no more think of +taking what belonged to the town than he would think of taking property +from the storehouse of a neighbor. In this country we have not yet +arrived at that point in civilization. The distinction between _meum_ +and _tuum_ in a free country is sometimes blurred. + +What are we to do about this whole question? That is the practical +point. Change human nature and educate the public. In towns belonging to +our system of government there is some question if the public would ever +allow nut trees to bring revenue sufficient for their upkeep and to +yield a profit for the town. On the other hand, by means of education +the public may come to desire the planting of nut trees along the +highways and in other public places to the extent that it will submit to +taxation for the purpose. The public planting of nut trees belongs to +progress. If we are to remain boastful of progress in this country the +question will gradually be developed in a practical way. + +THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the reading of Dr. Morris's +paper. Are there any remarks thereon or any discussion? + +MR. A. C. POMEROY: Some years ago there was objection raised at +Los Angeles to the use of sewage water for irrigating purposes in +raising tomatoes and other vegetables. The city then bought the property +and set out orchards of English walnuts. I understand that they are +growing and that the revenue goes to the city of Los Angeles. + +As to the road-side planting of nut trees in Europe, to which Dr. Morris +refers, the very first battle fought in the great world war when the +Belgians were resisting the Germans was along where there were thirty +miles of English walnut trees on both sides of a highway. I understood +that every tree was demolished. I think our secretary or treasurer could +find out about the Los Angeles park and the nut trees. + +As to monument trees, about twelve or fifteen years ago, at my home, I +set out a grove in our cemetery in memory of my father and it is doing +fine. It seemed quite appropriate for he took such an interest in nut +growing. + +THE SECRETARY: I would like to speak a word in defense of our +American civilization, as evidenced by something that Mr. Bixby and I +saw this summer at Lockport, New York. We observed that one of the main +highways leading from the town of Lockport to one of the principal +lakeside resorts, was unfenced, lined with fruit trees on both +sides--cherry trees which overhung the sidewalk. The sides of the road +also were planted with tomatoes and other vegetables apparently +unharmed. The trees certainly did not show any evidence of injury from +depredations. Whether the products of the trees were taken or not I do +not know but they still had fruit on them. Possibly those who live in +that neighborhood--Mr. Olcott and Mr. Pomeroy--could tell us more in +defense of American civilization as to depredations on road-side +property. + +MR. POMEROY: There are some people--what do you call them--dung +hills--in this world, and I have had a little trouble with them but not +much. They run around in automobiles and get out and take fruit. Dr. +Deming and Mr. Olcott know how close the school house is to my home. The +fact is the children walk under the nut trees when they take the cut +through the private driveway, but I have very little trouble with them. +I think the greatest object lesson was given last year, when two young +men, who were hunting pheasants, took a half bushel of nuts and were +caught at it. They did not think it amounted to anything. They came +along up to the house and the nuts were taken and put upon the drying +rack. While they were arguing an automobile stopped and the nuts were +sold. They came to nine dollars and a few cents by the pound. One of +these young men--he was in the retail tobacco business,--threw up his +hands and said, "I admit it; I would not want you to walk into my store +and grab nine or ten dollars' worth of goods; I admit this is all +wrong." + +MR. R. T. OLCOTT: I have been very much surprised in the +discussion of road-side planting, of fruit and nut trees at the +prominence given to that feature of it which deals with the public +taking the crop. That seems to me to be such a minor part of the +proposition as to be almost negligible, and while it continues to arouse +discussion I cannot see the vital importance of it. In a great many +undertakings there are drawbacks but the undertakings go right on and +when the difficulties arise they are met in turn. I think the thing for +this association, and all others in favor of road-side tree planting to +do is to go ahead with the proposition and forget the question of the +crop and what is going to be done with it. As a matter of fact farmers +are complaining continually of the depredations on their orchards +resulting from the increase of automobile parties--perfectly respectable +people going out on the road-side and helping themselves. If fine fruit +and nut trees were planted along the road-sides and the crops were being +picked, it seems to me that, under a general understanding that the +public was to let these trees alone, and that any one caught or seen +picking the crops would be reported by the one following, it would +automatically police itself. The finger of ridicule would be pointed at +a person who was so doing by somebody other than a uniformed officer, in +other words by an ordinary citizen. I speak of that because in Rochester +during the war when it was deemed necessary not to run automobiles on +Sunday it was as much as his life was worth for a man to be out with his +car on Sunday, not because of any police officer but because of the +other fellow who was staying at home. I think that the other travelers +along the road will take care of the fellow that violates the +understanding about roadside fruit and nut trees. + +THE VICE-PRESIDENT: I come from Rochester, New York, and I know +that in and around Rochester there are fruit-bearing trees planted along +the roadside. Out on the road to Honeoye Falls there are a number of +apple trees and out through the Webster section there are a number of +cherry trees. I do not know what the results have been in the garnering +of crops, but the appearance of the trees indicates that they are well +cared for and that they are producing abundant crops of fruit. In +Albany, Georgia, planted on the street side in front of the court house, +are a number of pecan trees. I have seen them loaded to capacity with +splendid seedling nuts. I understand that any one walking along the +sidewalk under the trees has the right to pick up any nuts that are on +the walk but is not permitted (at least it has been suggested that he do +not) to reach up into the trees to take the nuts. I understand that the +request has been very faithfully regarded and that it is very rare that +the nuts are picked from the trees. Just what is done with the crop of +nuts from those trees I do not know but I assume that it is harvested +and marketed and the returns made to the town. The trees indicate that +they are splendidly cared for and the citizens take a great deal of +pride in their splendid appearance. I talked with the man who planted +them, an employee of the court house, and he himself was simply +delighted that he had been responsible for such a splendid monument. And +property owners referred to in my home section, before whose premises +these cherry trees and apple trees were planted, I feel very sure would +not complain at all bitterly, if at all, about any filching that might +be indulged in. So that I think, as Mr. Olcott has suggested, that maybe +we are trying to cross the bridge before we get to it; that the thing to +do is to urge the planting of nut trees on the roadsides and to +stimulate a sense of pride in our American citizenship. + +MR. OLCOTT: We all agree that trees of this kind planted along +the sides of city streets would never be touched. I have been at Miami, +Florida, and have seen the bearing coconut trees there. No one would +think of knocking off one of those coconuts and thousands of people pass +under them. + +THE SECRETARY: I think it is very important to have brought out +this optimistic view on the question of depredations on road-side fruit +trees. I think it is only a question of time, as Mr. Olcott says, when +the public will be educated to respect such products. If they have done +it in other countries we can do it in this country. It is a question of +the people becoming accustomed to it when we have enough of such +products. When the whole country is covered with such products I think +there will be no difficulty about maintaining respect for them. You know +that sometimes after the loss of a very small amount of property there +will be very great reaction. Some people feel that because robins take a +few cherries or strawberries all robins ought to be exterminated. + +There are two other remarks in Dr. Morris's paper which should have +consideration. I refer to those bearing upon nurserymen and public +officials. + +MR. OLCOTT: If there is any question relating to nurserymen, we +are very fortunate in having one of the most prominent nurserymen in the +United States at our meeting today. I refer to Mr. John Watson, of +Princeton, New Jersey. + +THE PRESIDENT: We certainly would be glad to hear from Mr. +Watson. If I may be permitted to make a statement from the chair I agree +fully with what Mr. Olcott has had to say as to depredations. Possible +depredations in connection with the trees that may be planted along the +road-side, either fruit or nut, are hardly worthy of consideration. With +my good wife in passing through New York State recently I drove through +rows of fruit trees on either side of the roads, as did Dr. Deming and +Treasurer Bixby, and we were surprised to see that they were loaded with +apples. The fact that the trees were loaded with fruit of course proved +that the fruit had not been stolen or taken from the trees. They had not +been disturbed in any way. A number of years ago while holding the +position of postmaster in Saginaw I planted a black walnut. That walnut +has produced a fine walnut tree. I selected a nice place on the post +office grounds at a corner where two of our prominent streets meet in +the business portion of the city. Last fall for the first time that tree +bore walnuts--about a bushel and a half; and the employees of the +postoffice gathered those walnuts and sent them in a complimentary way +to me. Now that tree being in a public place, you would naturally expect +the boys to have taken the nuts from it, but they did not do it. So that +I know that that particular phase of this question as Mr. Olcott has +said is hardly worthy of consideration. Suppose now and then the boys do +get a few fallen walnuts or apples. No harm is done. Just that much more +food is produced for their benefit by this way of planting. + +I now take pleasure in calling upon Mr. Watson relative to Dr. Morris's +reference to the nursery business. + +MR. JOHN WATSON: I am afraid that Mr. Olcott's suggestion might +possibly have given you the idea that I have something to say on this +question or that I wanted to say something on it. I assure you that that +is not the case. I am not a member of your association much to my +regret. I am just visiting here trying to learn something from your +meeting (this is the first one that I have attended) rather than to try +to tell you something. + +The question is whether I have any objection to make to Dr. Morris's two +statements. I can say that they are both very reasonable. As a +nurseryman I have no objection. Of course, I cannot speak for any other +nurseryman. + +I was rather surprised upon looking at the roll of those in attendance +at this convention at the absence of nurserymen. I should think that +those who produced the things that you people are trying to interest the +country in would be the very men who would be the most interested in +being here. It seems to me that you are trying to make a market for the +goods that they are producing. I am rather surprised not to see at least +half the attendance here made up of nurserymen. + +It is entirely possible that I have not have understood those two +statements made by Dr. Morris and I may be rather careless in saying +that I do not object to them. They were, I believe, that nurserymen +prefer, naturally, to produce the things that they can produce most +easily and at least cost, and, in the second place that they produce the +things that they can sell. That is what most manufacturers do. I could +not find fault with either statement. The nurseryman as a manufacturer +or as a merchant of course produces the things that people want to buy. +He may go a certain distance in producing the things that are worth +while, that are better than other things; but in the last analysis he +must depend upon the buying public and the buying public is always going +to get from the nurseryman just exactly what it demands. + +THE SECRETARY: In regard to the presence of so few nurserymen +at our meetings I would like to say that we have long tried to interest +the nurserymen in nut growing. We always have had a few nurserymen with +us; but I think without exception they have been those who had either +previously become interested in nut growing or had become interested in +it through some other influence than that of this association. It has +been a great disappointment to us that we have never been able to +interest the nurserymen generally. Although we have at times sent +special communications to a great many nurserymen I think we have +universally failed to get any response except from those who were +already interested in nut growing. + +THE PRESIDENT: I do not think there is a movement in the +country today that will amount to as much for the nurserymen of America +as this particular movement that we have been promoting for a few years +back. I know that it is becoming universal. During my short experience +as your president I have found that inquiries have come from all over +the United States asking how they may procure these trees and especially +asking how they may procure the finest varieties. It is along that +particular line that the nurserymen certainly could extend their +business greatly; because as this movement of road-side planting goes +along the man who has a good farm, the general farmer in his business, +or any man with a small piece of ground that he can call his own, will +want to plant a good nut tree thereon of a most improved variety. Now so +many of these trees will be called for in the next few years (I do not +think I am over-optimistic in the matter at all) that it will be +impossible to supply the demand. So I am sure that any man who is +regularly engaged in the nursery business will find that he will be +called upon to supply a demand for the better class of trees that really +cannot be filled for years to come. In this way his business will be +largely benefited. Are there any further remarks on this particular +phase of the question? + +MR. OLCOTT: As editor of the American Nurseryman I am +especially interested in this discussion. There is scarcely a catalogue +of a southern nurseryman of any consequence but lists nut trees; and yet +we have the Northern Nut Growers' Association convention here now, and +we will have a National convention in Mobile next week right in the +heart of the pecan growing section at neither of which will there be a +half dozen nurserymen. I think both of these associations should have +more nurserymen members. They list nut trees but do it in a perfunctory +way. I do not believe nurserymen know what this northern association is +doing nor how near they are to the demand for the trees which will be +wanted in the very near future. I think it is up to this association to +make special efforts to acquaint them with the facts, and then I think +they will come in and be active members. All persons connected with nut +culture and all nurserymen ought to be most active members of such an +organization as this. The subject should go before the membership +committee. + +MR. SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY: I have had a little experience with +black walnuts and have found that they do not mix at all with farm crops +nor with fruit. Possibly you folks from Michigan can solve the problem +but I would not thank anybody for planting black walnuts along the road +in front of my place. I am in favor of road-side planting but I do not +think black walnuts would be acceptable in this part of the country, +from what my experience has been. + +THE TREASURER: Let me ask why it is you think they would not be +acceptable. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I had a grand big walnut tree on my place at one +side of the road. I tried to get apple trees to grow on the opposite +side of the road but could not and it could not be accounted for by any +other reason. I know other people have come to the some conclusion that +certain things would not grow near a walnut tree. Some grasses will. If +you go down through Lancaster County along the Lincoln Highway you will +find a quantity of locust trees thriving there. Wheat and things will +grow right up to the roots of those trees, but I do not think you will +find that they will grow up to a black walnut. + +THE TREASURER: I had a chance to observe, last summer, a black +walnut tree out in the field with a crop planted right under it. It +seems to me it is a question of shade. With this walnut tree with +branches low down the corn seemed to be stunted where it grew a little +way under the branches. On the other hand I saw another one where the +branches were high up and cabbages growing almost up to the tree and +about as luxuriantly as outside of its branches. It seems to me that it +is a matter of shade rather than the tree getting the fertility in the +ground. It may be that if the fertility in the ground is not sufficient +for both tree and crop the tree will take it and let the crop suffer. +But I imagine if there is enough for both, and the crop is not shaded, +the crop can be grown much nearer the tree than we have any idea of. + +MR. J. G. RUSH: I want to say a word about this way-side +planting in our neighborhood. I do not think it is the general practice +in Lancaster County where land is valued at two or three hundred dollars +an acre. If you plant a walnut tree on a public thoroughfare there is +temptation for children to go there to gather walnuts, endangering their +lives on account of the automobiles. + +One gentleman said something about a walnut tree damaging the crops. In +my experience with black walnut nursery trees some have what is called a +very strong top root while others have a deep root. It is the first +kind, the surface rooted, that will do your crop damage but not the +deep-rooted kind. + +Now another thing. Suppose one plants a cherry tree. To whom do the +cherries belong? To the man who planted the tree practically on his +premises. But the limbs extend out on the public highway. If I, the +owner, take a ladder out there and pick cherries and an automobile comes +running past and throws me down I am practically a trespasser on the +public highway. I believe I would not plant along the public highway +with the idea of getting any fruit from the trees. I think however when +you have a railroad going through your premises it is entirely +practicable to plant your nut trees alongside the railroad, especially +where there is a fill. Where the roots will grow under it and thrive +luxuriantly. Nearly every farmer has a small stream running through his +premises. You plant your walnut trees or your filbert trees along that +stream, and you will have magnificent results. I do not want to be +understood as disparaging nut tree planting. + +MR. D. F. CLARK: I would like to know if the planting of black +walnut trees is discriminated against because of the difficulty of +getting the meat out of the nut. I have made a great many experiments +and have not been able to get the meat out of the nut in large pieces. +Is there some kind of a machine made for that purpose? Black walnut +kernels bring a splendid price and if we could get them open right it +would be fine. + +THE SECRETARY: That difficulty is being taken care of by the +improved varieties which are being raised and which you can get on +grafted trees. + +I am inclined to agree with Mr. Bixby in regard to its being the shade +of black walnut trees that affects the crops growing near them rather +than the roots of the trees. I have seen the same thing that Mr. Bixby +describes, a high-pruned black walnut tree with wheat growing clear up +to the trunk. I have photographs of a number of fields in Europe where +the English walnut is grown. The trees are pruned high and the wheat +grows up close to the trunks of the trees. + +I would like to say also that I think it is the purpose of those who +advocate the road-side planting of trees not to do it forcibly nor to +compel anybody to have trees planted in front of his premises if he does +not want them, but to give him a voice in the selection of the kind of +trees that should be planted in front of his property. I think that is a +necessary thing for the success of the movement, that the co-operation +of the property owners should be invited by giving them a voice in the +selection of the trees that are planted in their location. + +DR. RITTENHOUSE: I feel that this matter of the injury caused +by a black walnut to surrounding vegetation should be more thoroughly +thrashed out. It is doubtful to my mind whether the injury that a black +walnut produces on surrounding vegetation is solely due to shade. Seven +years ago I planted an apple orchard and some of the young trees began +to be injured by a large walnut tree possibly seventy five feet away. +The walnut tree happened to be on the line and I got the permission of +my neighbor to cut the walnut tree down. The apple trees immediately +began to thrive. I thought perhaps it was due to the roots demanding too +much moisture from the soil because it was impossible for the shade to +do any harm to those young apple trees. There is a superstitious idea +among the people of our locality that the black walnut root is injurious +to growing vegetation. + +MR. SMEDLEY: In my case the walnut tree was on the opposite +side of a public road thirty feet wide and the influence was shown to +the second row of apple trees on the other side. I do not think it was +the shade in that case. The limbs were pretty high too. It was a public +road. I do not think there were any roots that reached the apple trees +at all. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Mr. Rush's reference to the ownership of the +crop on trees planted on the road-side is a thought that has occupied my +mind, and I have found some consolation in the belief that the ownership +of land applies from the center of the roadway. I am not sure about that +and I think it is a point that ought to be clarified. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I think in Pennsylvania the public just have the +right-of-way there; they have no claim to anything that grows. + +THE PRESIDENT: In Michigan, the law applies that the ownership +goes to the middle of the highway. The recent act of the legislature of +our state causes the state highway commissioner to plant trees for the +maintenance of the roadway. The planting of the trees he claims benefits +the roadway, so that under that application he plants the trees for the +maintenance of the road. The distance from the fence line varies. The +state highway department of Michigan has a department for the planting +of trees since the law introduced by Senator Penney some two or three +years ago came into effect. The commissioner varies his planting, +sometimes in groups and sometimes in a formal way, according to the +stretch of road; but the basis of it all, perhaps, would be thirteen +feet from the lot line on each side of the road. Our roads, or at least +ninety per cent of them, are sixty-six feet in width. Thirteen feet from +the lot line on each side would take twenty-six feet, and planting them +forty feet apart in the other direction makes those trees forty feet +apart each way. A great majority of the trees being planted in Michigan +follow that particular plan, so they are thirteen feet from the property +holder's fence line. + +I might say that occasionally the highway commissioner would run across +an obstinate individual who would not plant trees in front of his place +nor permit such trees to be planted as would conform to the other +plantings. But the law passed at the last session of our legislature +leaves it entirely in the control of the planting department of the +highway department. The law reads that the owner of the adjacent +property shall have the privilege of gathering the fruit or nuts or +whatever may come from that tree. He has no better right, perhaps, than +any other citizen of the State of Michigan, but he is there and can get +the first ripe fruit or nuts which come from the tree. THE +PRESIDENT: Are there any further remarks upon this subject? If not, +I have a paper prepared by Prof. A. K. Chittendon, Professor of Forestry +in the Michigan Agricultural College, which I will ask the secretary to +read. + + +ROADSIDE PLANTING + +_Prof. A. K. Chittendon_ + +The improvement and beautification of our highways is one of the best +investments that can be made. Particularly in the Middle West where we +do not have the panorama of hills and mountains, much of the beauty of +the road depends upon the roadside trees. They frame the long vistas of +farmlands, woods, lakes and rivers and lend enchantment to the road. +Under recent legislation Michigan has taken a leading place in the care +and planting of roadside trees. Provision has been made by the +Legislature for the planting of ornamental and food-producing trees +along the highways and for their protection. + +The highways offer an almost limitless field for ornamental planting and +they also offer opportunities for raising certain food producing trees +of which at present the nut trees are the principal species used. A time +may come when we can safely plant fruit trees along the roadside but +until provisions can be made for their systematic care and spraying, +such trees would be liable to spread disease to nearby orchards. + +Roadside trees increase the value of adjacent property. They attract +birds and thus assist in keeping down insect pests. They may be used to +prevent erosion on steep slopes. They increase the life of certain kinds +of improved highways by protecting the roadbed from the direct heat of +the sun. They serve as a source of food if nut-bearing or +sugar-producing trees are used. They invite tourists to travel over the +highways. They may serve as a windbreak to prevent the drifting of sand. + +Roadside trees may, however, be too close together or by their shade +injure crop production in adjacent fields. Some species of trees are +particularly harmful if planted on the edge of a cultivated field. They +send out their roots under the cultivated land and sap the moisture +essential to plant growth. This can be avoided by using trees with deep +or compact root systems. + +The desirability of planting trees of any sort along the highways is +sometimes questioned. There are places where it is urged that trees are +not desirable. On stretches of road where the soil is naturally wet the +heavy shade cast by certain species of trees is undoubtedly +objectionable; but there are also trees whose shade is very light. Some +trees make such a dense mass of foliage that they tend to prevent air +currents and thus keep the moisture in the road from drying out. Along +such stretches of road the method of planting may affect the matter of +light and air, and species of trees can be chosen which will be +practically unobjectionable. Most of the highway planting in the past +has been a matter of chance and there have been few definite plans for +any long stretch of roadway. + +In selecting trees for planting the probable rate of growth and +appearance of the tree at maturity should be borne in mind. What might +seem entirely satisfactory in young trees may prove objectionable in the +cost of mature ones. The size and shape of the tree at maturity should +be considered as it affects the spacing of the trees. Also the amount of +care which it will be possible to give the trees should influence the +choice of species; for certain trees will produce good results with a +small amount of attention while others require a great deal of care. The +matter of interference with telephone and electric wires must also be +considered. A species should be selected which is relatively free from +the attacks of insects and fungi. It would be very difficult to find a +tree which is entirely immune but there are some trees which are more +resistant than others. The amount of shade cast by the tree is of a +great deal of importance in connection with the moisture conditions; +trees are often placed too close together which prevents their proper +development. Where quick results are desired two species are often used, +a fast growing one planted in between slower growing trees; the idea +being to cut out the fast growing tree after the slower growing ones +have reached good size. This is alright in theory but seldom works well +in practice. The fast growing trees are seldom cut at the proper time +and the result is often the stunting and injuring of the better and more +durable trees. The fast growing trees usually die before many years. The +result is seldom satisfactory. + +The question of litter while of importance with city street trees does +not matter so much in the case of highway trees, but the cottony seed +from poplars is very objectionable anywhere. The longevity of a tree is +important. The desire for quick results often outweighs other +considerations. Many of the trees which give results such as silver +maple, box elder and Carolina poplar do not last long and the effort +spent on them is wasted. More time and money is needed within a short +time to remove and replace such trees. It is better to plant well in the +first place. Trees do not grow at the same rate throughout their life. +They usually grow slowly at first and then fairly rapidly between the +tenth and thirteenth years, after which the rate of growth usually falls +off gradually. If small trees, about ten feet high are used for planting +they should reach the following sizes in twenty years on favorable soil: + + American elm 18 inches + Basswood 15 " + Chestnut 12 " + Hard maple 11 " + Red oak 11 " + Pin oak 9 " + White ash 9 " + Black walnut 8 " + Hackberry 7 " + +Certain trees such as the horse chestnut and the evergreens generally +appear to better advantage alone or in groups while others like the +elms, maples and box elder show to fine advantage in long rows. It is +doubtful if the planting of windbreaks along the highways is advisable. +Windbreaks are sometimes planted with the idea of preventing the +drifting of snow but the snow will collect and form great drifts on the +leeward side of a windbreak and the shade from the windbreak may prevent +the snow from melting so rapidly. Hedges may be used, however, to +prevent the shifting of sand or the erosion of steep slopes. + +The highways offer excellent opportunities for nut production and such +trees as the black walnut and hickories may often be used to advantage. +The presence of birds may be encouraged by planting hackberry and other +trees or shrubs of which they are fond. + +The Michigan Agricultural College was authorized by the Legislature to +raise trees for roadside planting. The College is raising red oak, black +walnut, oriental sycamore, sugar maple, elm, hackberry, snowdrop tree, +Juneberry, hickory, European larch, Norway maple and box elder for this +purpose. Other trees may be added to the list from time to time. + +In addition to the planting of trees we need also the proper care of +those already planted or growing naturally along the roads. The +commonest source of injury is due to improper pruning for telephone +lines. A great many trees are badly injured in this way. We already have +a large investment in highway trees and it is only the part of wisdom to +protect this investment. + +Michigan has started active work in highway planting and we hope in a +few years to be able to point with pride to our highways, not only +because of the good roadbeds but also because of the trees and shrubs +that line those roads. + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion on Prof. Chittendon's +paper? If not, it will be received and filed in the proceedings. + +It is now near the noon hour and I think it would be well to have Mr. +Jones or Mr. Rush state what program has been arranged for this +afternoon. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I believe the plan is to get dinner here, and +then to go to our nursery at Willow Street. From there some machines +will take the parties who do not have conveyances, around to other +points. + +THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, in accordance with Article V of +the Constitution, I move that a committee of five members be elected for +the purpose of nominating officers for the ensuing year. + +(Motion seconded and carried.) + +THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, I move that Mr. Olcott be named +the chairman of that committee. + +Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. John Rick, Mr. Ernest M. Ives and Mr. C. S. +Ridgeway were nominated as members of said committee. + +Messrs. Olcott, Jones, Rick, Ives and Ridgeway having been nominated +were on motion duly elected members of a committee to nominate officers +for the ensuing year in accordance with Article V. of the Constitution. + +On motion the meeting adjourned until 8 p. m. same day. + + +EVENING SESSION + +October 6, 1921, 8 p. m. + +_Hotel Brunswick_ + +PRESIDENT LINTON: A recess was taken from the morning session +until this time for the purpose of considering a roadside planting bill +that might be recommended by this association to the authorities of +every state in the Union. In order to bring this about we will have +presented to you by Senator Penney, who was the introducer of the +original bill that became a law in the Michigan legislature, a copy of +the laws practically as they exist in our state today. We take a little +pride in Michigan in being the first state to work along this particular +line. Our agricultural college staffs, the highway department and +several other branches of the Michigan government, are heartily and +enthusiastically co-operating in this work. I have in my hand a notice +that has been sent out by the state highway commissioner of Michigan to +every highway commissioner in the state. We have about two thousand of +the latter. We have in the neighborhood of two thousand townships six +miles square and in each of these townships we have a supervisor, we +have a highway commissioner and we have members of what is known as the +township board. This notice that I have, and you will see it is quite +complete and goes into a number of details, is sent by our state highway +commissioner to each one of the township commissioners of north +Michigan, and he closes his letter accompanying it with this: + +Fourth: (President Linton reads). + +You will see from that that we are well under way in connection with +roadside planting in our state of Michigan. I now take pleasure in +presenting to you a member of our legislature who introduced the first +bill that became a law along these particular lines, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Michigan. + +SENATOR PENNEY: In the legislature of Michigan several bills +have been introduced by its members, but as I stated at the last +convention they were not drawn up in such a way that they were fitted +for our laws. As Mr. Littlepage said it takes quite a while to figure +out a law that fits your own state law. These several laws were +introduced but in some way or another the committees of the legislature +never took kindly to them and they were not passed. But two years ago I +had a bill passed. Since then we have seen some imperfections and we +passed another law at the last session of the legislature which provides +that the cost of planting trees and caring for them shall come out of +the maintenance fund, that is, the maintenance fund that provides for +the maintenance of highways. I don't know how the laws are in most of +your states but in Michigan the law is that the owner of land owns not +only his farm but the land to the center of the highway subject to the +right of the public to have the use of it for travel. Then how are you +going to plant trees on a man's land if the highway belongs to that man? +They did it on the theory that the trees were necessary for the +maintenance of the highway. There never has been a test case on this law +but the highway department has a very able lawyer who was in the +attorney general's office and since then has been elected circuit judge +of the county in which Lansing is located. His idea was that the trees +should be planted on the highway for the purpose of protecting the +highway, and the cost of planting them and taking care of them should be +taken out of the maintenance fund. So that is the theory upon which they +are working under this bill. + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + |Transcribers note: The format in this section has been transcribed| + |exactly as in the original. | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + A BILL to provide for and regulate the planting of useful, + memorial, ornamental, nut bearing and other food producing trees, + shrubs, and plants along the streets, highways and other public + thoroughfares and places within the State of (Michigan); and for + the maintenance, protection and care of such trees and shrubs as a + part of the maintenance of the roads in certain cases; and to + provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for stealing the products + thereof,-- + + _The People of the State of (Michigan) enact:_ + + 1 Section 1. The (State Highway Commissioner) is hereby authorized + and empowered + + 2 and it shall be his duty to select and plant by seeds, + + 3 scions or otherwise, useful, ornamental, nut bearing and other + food producing trees, shrubs and plants + + 4 suitable for shade, maintenance and protection of the highways + + 5 along State trunk line and Federal aided roads and for the use + and benefit of the public, and to care for and maintain all such + trees, shrubs or plants. + + 6 The care of such trees shall be deemed a part of the road + maintenance work. + + 7 The varieties or species + + 8 so planted shall be subject to the approval of the + + 9 (State Department of Agriculture) and may be supplied + + 10 by the (State Agricultural College) or other State Institution + or Department, or elsewhere acquired by the + + 11 (State Highway Commissioner). The (State Highway Commissioner) + + 12 shall make and publish rules and regulations for the + + 13 planting and proper placing of trees, shrubs or plants and for + their proper + + 14 pruning, care and protection under the provisions of this act, + and all + + 15 such planting shall belong to the State, but the owner of + + 16 the adjacent land shall have the right to take and use the + products thereof. + + 17 All expenses incurred in planting or caring for such trees and + shrubs along + + 18 trunk line and Federal aided roads of the State shall be paid in + the same manner as is or may be provided + + 19 by law for the payment of the cost of maintaining trunk line or + Federal aided roads. + + + 1 Sec. 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages of the State are + + 2 hereby authorized to appropriate money for the purpose of + planting, + + 3 caring for and protecting useful, memorial, ornamental, nut + bearing and other + + 4 food producing trees, shrubs and plants along and within streets, + highways, thoroughfares and other public places + + 5 other than trunk line or Federal aided + + 6 roads, within the respective limits of such municipalities and + + 7 subject to the jurisdiction thereof. The expenditure of any such + fund + + 8 raised hereunder in a township shall be vested in the + + 9 (highway commissioner) of the township subject to the approval of + the township board. + + 10 Any such fund raised by a county shall be expended by and under + the + + 11 direction of the (board of county road commissioners;) and + + 12 any such fund raised in a city or village shall be expended by + the highway or other proper municipal board or authority + + 13 thereof, in accordance with its charter laws or ordinances or + under the direction of the common council + + 14 or legislative body of such city or village. All such + + 15 appropriations made under this section by any municipality shall + + 16 be made in the same manner as is or may be provided by law for + + 17 the raising of money for highway or park maintenance purposes. + + Sec. 3. Trees may be planted along the highways or other public + places by proper authorities and designated as memorial trees for + the purpose of commemorating important military or civic events, or + in memory of any person distinguished for noteworthy acts, or for + conspicuous service in behalf of the nation, the State of Michigan + or any local community thereof. Suitable tablets, boulders or other + markers of a permanent character may be contributed by any person, + or by any civic or military association and placed in conjunction + with such memorial trees subject to the approval and consent of the + proper authorities in control or in direct charge of such highways + or public places. that + + 1 Sec. 4. The owner of any real estate in the state of (Michigan) + that + + 2 borders upon a public highway other than a trunk line, Federal + aided or + + 3 county road shall have the right to, plant useful, ornamental, + + 4 nut bearing and other food producing trees and shrubs along + + 5 the line of said highway adjoining said land, and within the + limits thereof, + + 6 and shall receive annually a credit of twenty cents upon his + + 7 highway repair tax for each tree so planted and growing in good + order: Provided, however, + + 8 That all such planting shall be done in accordance with the + + 9 rules and regulations prescribed by the (State Highway + Commissioner) + + 10 for the planting of trees along trunk line and + + 11 Federal aided roads. Said trees and shrubs and the products + + 12 thereof shall be subject to the same incidents as to ownership + and use as are + + 13 provided for in section 1 hereof with respects to trees planted + + 14 along and within trunk line highways. No bounty shall be paid + + 15 or deduction allowed under the provisions of this section upon + any tree or trees for a longer period than five years. + + 16 The owner of the adjoining land shall have the care of such + + 17 trees and shrubs and shall have the duty and responsibility + + 18 for the trimming, spraying and cultivation thereof unless + otherwise provided in the charter, ordinances, or other regulations + of incorporated cities and villages. + + 19 In case any such tree or shrub should become diseased or shall + in any manner + + 20 interfere with the public use of the highway the authorities + + 21 having jurisdiction over such highway may by written notice + + 22 require the owner of the adjoining land to cut and remove such + trees or shrub. + + 23 If such notice is not complied with within thirty days after + + 24 service thereof such authorities may cut and remove such + diseased + + 25 or obnoxious tree or shrub. + + 1 Sec. 5. The (State Board of Agriculture) and other State + Departments having lands and facilities therefore are hereby + + 2 authorized to acquire and grow suitable seeds, scions, and + + 3 trees for planting under the provisions of this act and to + + 4 establish proper rules and regulations for the distribution + thereof at + + 5 nominal cost, or otherwise, to the State, to municipalities of + the State, and to + + 6 private citizens for the purposes hereby contemplated. + + Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy or otherwise injure + any shade or ornamental tree or shrub growing within the limits of + any public highway within the State of Michigan without the consent + of the authorities having jurisdiction over such road. In the case + of a trunk line of Federal aided road the (State Highway + Commissioner) shall be deemed to have such jurisdiction in all + cases. It shall also be unlawful to affix to any tree or shrub any + picture, announcement, notice or advertisement, or to negligently + permit any animal to break down or injure the same. Any person + violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be + guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished + by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars or by imprisonment + in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or by + both such fine and imprisonment within the discretion of the court. + +Now some of the farmers along the road say that the trees will be +diseased, but I don't think that nut trees as a rule, or shade trees, +are affected very much with pests. The elm trees have been troubled +somewhat. In the West where we live I don't think there is any trouble +of that kind. There may be with apple trees and fruit trees. + +Our agricultural college at Lansing has at the present time one hundred +thousand trees ready to plant under this bill. There are some that they +have been raising for a long time and some they have recently planted. +They hardly knew what to do with them. Now they have agreed to turn them +over to the state to be planted on our highways. + +One thing that we had trouble with in Michigan was the telephone and +telegraph companies stringing wires along the public highway. They have +cut the top of the tree right straight off and disfigured the tree and +disfigured the appearance of the highway. This bill is supposed to +prevent that. Our highway department has been trying to get the +telephone and telegraph companies to get the right from private owners +to put their poles on private land, or to put a pole and let an arm +stick out through the tree without cutting the tree down. I recently +came from Detroit. There the telephone companies have started to string +lines and to cut trees. The highway commissioner has notified them that +they must not cut the trees down or cut them off or disfigure them and +he has introduced the state constabulary to enforce this ruling. +Undoubtedly sooner or later there will be a test case to determine +whether or not the state has this authority. + +I listened this afternoon to a discussion about walnut trees shading the +highway. I have no practical experience to know whether these trees do +any damage to crops on account of the shade, but supposing you raised a +fine walnut tree along the highway and the tree begins to bear. Would +not the products you get from that tree more than offset the damage it +does to a crop close to the tree? I once had an aunt, when I was a very +small boy, and it seems to me she said that she raised forty bushels of +black walnuts on one tree. I saw that big hickory tree today. They +claimed they raised fifteen bushels on that tree. I thought forty +bushels was a lot to come off of one tree. + +MR. BIXBY: That was in the husk. There have been records of +that kind in the husk. + +SENATOR PENNEY: This bill has been introduced and passed and +Mr. Linton, who is practically the author of this bill, is desirous of +having this followed up in the different states. I think it would be a +good plan. What better investment could you make to beautify our +highways than the planting of good trees? In the southern part of the +state of Michigan there are quite a lot of good trees, black walnuts, +butternuts, which not only add beauty to your highways but are useful in +many ways. During the war we know that the government scoured the whole +country to find walnut trees to make stocks for guns, and to use in +airplanes for propeller blades. They used the shucks to make gas masks. +The trees could be made of further service to man by planting them as +memorial trees. And again they furnish food, not only bear leaves but +food. + +I would like to hear a discussion upon this bill from those who are from +other states. I would like to hear what their opinion might be as to the +different provisions of this bill. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now open for discussion. I am +sure that there are those here who would perhaps offer amendments to +that bill. They might desire to modify it some. They might desire to add +other features to it. For instance, it might be well to recognize the +desire at the present time to save useful bird life throughout the +country. That might be stated in the title to this bill as one of the +purposes of roadside planting. Certainly that would be one of the +results of road side planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: The bill provides not only for planting trees, +but for planting shrubs along the highway. That created quite a fight in +the legislature. One fellow thought we were going to buy a whole lot of +nursery stock and spend a pile of money. We are not. But here was the +idea. Those shrubs are useful not only for furnishing food for birds, +that are necessary to farmers, but are useful sometimes to prevent +shifting sand, and also snow from covering the highways. You have often +noticed that the railroad companies put up fences at different points to +prevent snow from drifting on the tracks. Bushes can serve the same +purpose. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now before the body for +discussion. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: To print the newspapers in the United States it +requires enough wood each year to make one cord of timber from Boston +clear across the American continent and across to the Hawaiian Islands +and further. Most of that, perhaps half of it, comes from Canada. There +is cut from the forests of the United States every year timber to make +wood pulp enough to make one cord of wood from Boston to Liverpool. That +is just for newspapers. That has nothing to do with furniture, with +houses, with cross ties, with everything else, which are estimated to +take four times as much. Now if that be true there is cut every year +from the forests of the United States enough timber to make four cords +from Boston to Liverpool. That is going on every year. We met here seven +years ago. In that seven years there has been enough timber cut from the +forests of the United States to make twenty-eight cords of wood from +Boston to Liverpool. Now when you begin to contemplate that you see what +is happening. + +Roadside planting furnishes one of the greatest opportunities. There are +many details that will have to be worked out. The bill which the Senator +and our distinguished President have given much consideration to seems +to be working along the right lines. Many difficulties will come up from +time to time but this is one of the things that this Association ought +to get behind. Here is a great need, a fundamental need, when you think +of the figures which I gave you. Here is one of the opportunities to +fulfill that need. We, as an organization of tree planters, ought to get +busy to help to work out the details and difficulties that cannot be all +foreseen in the application of the machinery of roadside planting and +the particular laws of each state. Some people think sometimes that +because a fellow is a lawyer he knows all the laws. There are +forty-eight different states in the Union. I know that every state in +the Union has a statute of limitations. It is three years in the +District of Columbia. It is six years here. The fundamentals, the +machinery of laws, are different in these particular states. Now then, +what are the duties and what are the opportunities? A duty and an +opportunity are rather more or less synonymous after all. It is for this +Association to get actively behind this proposition, and help adapt this +legislation to each particular state, keeping in mind that the +fundamental thing is to plant trees. We are meeting here in Lancaster, +Pa., a city to which I have always turned my thoughts with great pride, +because here was the home of the founder of the great common school +system of America, Thaddeus Stevens. Do you suppose when he began to +originate the system which has made America that he could foresee all +the difficulties, that he could foresee the difficulties in Texas, in +Indiana, in New York? He started with a principle, and that principle +has been adopted and developed and worked out in each particular state, +until we have the great forty-eight different big school systems of +America. We can take this proposition and by working it out, adapting it +to the particular machinery, the particular laws, and meeting the +particular difficulties, we can work it out until it becomes a great +monument. We must plant trees. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I want to say a word with regard to Senator +Penney's reference to the importance of shrubs as a protection to the +roadways from shifting sand. Mr. Volbertsen, my collaborator in my +filbert enterprise in Rochester, got his early education in horticulture +in Germany when a young man of twenty years of age, and he informed me +the other day that along the side of the railroads' right of way, +filberts were planted very extensively, in different parts of Germany, +for the maintenance of the roadbed, to protect them from shifting sand. +Not only that but they garnered wonderful crops of nuts. + +MR. O'CONNOR: Concerning the planting of trees along the +roadside, what enemies have they? I have watched this very closely since +I have been connected with Mr. Littlepage's farm and I find that the +walnut trees and pecan trees have very few enemies. I think that he has +something like four hundred trees, and there were not three of them that +were troubled with caterpillars. What better could we have along our +road sides than nut trees when from the oak, the elm and other trees +there are pesky worms dropping down when you go along with an automobile +or carriage. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: I want to say to the ladies present that the +ladies of Michigan are greatly interested in this work. We recently +established a state trunk line highway known as the Colgrove Highway, +named for the President of our Michigan State Good Roads Association. +Senator Penney was the introducer of that bill also and it became a law. +That particular road runs across our state in such a way that it is +about three hundred miles in length. One county that it crosses is known +as Montcalm County. At a meeting we had in their court house we had a +committee named in each township through which the highway passed for +the purpose of properly planting trees and beautifying that highway. +Upon my return home I received a letter from the county judge saying +that the people of Montcalm County would not stand for planting and +beautifying that one road alone but the whole county has been organized +and every township in it and half of the membership of each committee is +composed of women, and they want these trees and plants on every +township road as well as on that state road. That is the way in which +the work is going along in many sections of our state and it will soon +cover it all with the same enthusiasm. So that the ladies can be of +great good in this organization also. There is not a home or a residence +street but desires fine shrubs and fine trees. It is especially so with +the farmers. They want these beautiful things that the city people have +been having for many years in their front yards. They are going to +demand shrubbery and trees beyond any call that ever has been made for +them in the past. So you can readily see from our work, although much of +it is to be carried on in a public way by our agricultural colleges and +state institutions of that kind, that they will be able to furnish only +one tree or one plant in a hundred of those that will be demanded. That +feature I wish especially to impress upon the minds of any nurserymen +that may be present. The call in the next decade is going to be along +those lines, for ornamental shrubbery and for useful trees, just as the +fruit tree has been called for in the past. + +MR. FAGAN: I don't know that I have anything constructive to +add to the road side planting idea. I know that our landscape gardener +at the experimental station in the college has, in the past few years, +been giving it serious consideration, and if I am not mistaken he has +taken the question up with our forest and state highway commissioners in +the state. How far it is going to go I don't know. There is a feature of +the roadside planting which has been mentioned indirectly this evening +that we must not overlook. Just as soon as we consider a program of +roadside planting we must also consider a program for the control of +pests. Regardless of whether they be pecan trees or hickories or +walnuts we are bound to meet with these pests. Whenever we begin a +systematic planting, or collection of plants, it does not make much +difference whether oak trees, or catalpas or chestnuts, or what not, we +can look forward to the time when we will be confronted with a pest +control proposition. As to roadside planting in New England it would not +make much difference whether it was a walnut or butternut or pecan. A +gipsy or brown tailed moth would just as soon eat the foliage off a +butternut tree as off an elm. We have here in New Jersey at the present +time the Japanese iris beetle and it will eat anything in sight. As soon +as we turn nature upside down, as we have nearly done in many sections +of the country, we are bound to bring in these pests. It would be well +in any law--and I know in this state we would consider a law, and an +experimental station could have charge of work connected therewith--that +one of the provisions we would insist on being put in the law would be +one to control the pests which may come. Right in our district today the +tent caterpillar is playing havoc with our walnuts; the oyster shell +scale is going through our timber in Center County; and I can take you +into the mountains five miles from any residence and I can show you +oyster shell scale on half a dozen of our native species. It is nice to +kid ourselves along to think our butternuts and our hickories would +never be subject to these pests, but they will be. When the Northwest +started to plant apple orchards they said they had no codling moths up +there. There were some orchards that didn't but sooner or later they +came. The time to nip those things is in the bud, and not let them +spread. Lack of foresight has cost New England millions and millions of +dollars just because they would not take the advice of one man when he +told them that the gipsy moth and brown tail moth had gotten away from +him. They laughed at him. + +I wonder whether this association could not get our federal road +department back of this idea of roadside planting. I know that back of +the federal aid movement there is an important point of contact in +roadside planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: Our bill provides that the highway department +shall care for and maintain the trees. I think the bill is broad enough +to cover that subject. I think we all realize that we cannot stop +planting trees for fear of some pest that might come, but we have got to +provide the means of fighting it if it does come. Our highway department +in Michigan has employed a man, a graduate of Yale College who is an +expert in horticulture and all this work of planting and caring for the +trees is to be turned over to him. + +DR. CANADAY: In many parts of Germany the practice of planting +trees along the state highways has been in vogue for perhaps half a +century. They have used fruit trees and it has been found to be very +feasible. The state has found that the proceeds of the trees has gone a +long way towards keeping up the highways. Of course they probably have +had their population under more rigorous control than ours has been. +They have been able to collect the proceeds of the trees better. The +question of the railroad rights of way might be taken up. A few of the +railroads in the United States have already begun planting trees along +their rights of way looking forward to a future supply of cross ties. It +seems to me the greatest difficulty that will be encountered in this +work will be the conflict with the telephone companies and the power +lines. If that can be satisfactorily solved, I think the rest of it will +be comparatively easy. + +MR. SMEDLEY: In Pennsylvania near our large cities, the highway +department has become aware that the roads are all too narrow. There was +a bill passed in the last legislature giving the commissioner of +highways a right to establish the width of roads at thirty-three feet, I +think it was, with one hundred and twenty feet as the maximum. The +department is now making a survey of all the main highways near the +large cities. I happen to live just out of Philadelphia, about fifteen +miles, on the line between Philadelphia and West Chester. It is a +continuation of Market Street the principal east and west street of +Philadelphia. It was laid out sixty feet wide. That was one of the first +to claim the attention of the department and it will soon be, I +understand, established on the map as one hundred feet wide or probably +one hundred and twenty feet. That primarily is to stop the encroachment +of the buildings near Philadelphia so that when the question of opening +this road to its new width comes up damages will not be excessive. Some +of us living along there take great pride in that road and want to see +it developed but it is going to be some time before this is opened to +its full width and it is needless to plant trees until it is. I don't +know how you have things in Michigan but a great many of our +Pennsylvania roads are old highways that have worn down with banks ten +or fifteen feet high, and it is oftentimes a question where to put the +trees. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Our highways in Michigan are, ninety per cent +of them perhaps, four rods in width. That you will know is a good ample +width, sixty-six feet wide. The basis of the planting as adopted by our +state highway department, as I understand it, is thirteen feet from each +line fence, making trees forty feet apart on opposite sides of the +roadways. The main portion of the planting will be forty feet apart but +that is simply a detail and the entire matter is left with the state +highway commissioner and those who assist him. And, as stated by Senator +Penney, they are very competent men in that department. Of course some +trees would be placed further apart than others. There is no absolutely +fixed distance. I don't know of any movement that will more quickly +cause the planting of more trees than the one we are outlining at the +present time in undertaking to cover the highways of this country. +Michigan alone has six thousand miles of state trunk line highway. That +is only a small portion of the highways in our state. These are the +important roadways connecting our largest cities and business points. +Just as an estimate I would say that we have ten times as many miles of +roadway in Michigan as we have trunk line highways. If that average +should be maintained throughout the country in each one of the states, +and I imagine our state is an average one as to the number of miles of +roadway, you would see that there would be three hundred thousand miles +of trunk line highways alone, saying nothing about all the other +highways and by-ways. So that I believe within the next five or ten +years this roadside planting will cause more trees to be planted, and +useful and valuable trees too, than all the efforts made in this country +up to date in re-forestation. The people are alive to this subject and +are asking for this very thing. It is only for us to map out a plan, +arrange the details, and provide the sources from which they can obtain +their supply and the trees will be planted. + +It was my lot and good fortune last fall, following our meeting in the +City of Washington, to visit Mount Vernon and there meeting the +superintendent Mr. Dodge. He said to me that our association could have +the products of the black walnut trees at Mount Vernon upon condition +that that crop should not be commercialized in any way but used for +public purposes. In behalf of the association I accepted the crop of +walnuts, and, as I recall it, got in the neighborhood of thirty bushels +of fine walnuts. They were selected walnuts the best and larger ones. It +so happened that they arrived late in Saginaw, where my home is, and it +was simply impossible to distribute them generally throughout the +country. When it became known that we had these walnuts, and it became +necessary to distribute these nuts and have them planted in our +immediate locality, our people were delighted with the fact, and every +school in every school district in the country called for them, and +every city school called for some of these walnuts. They were planted in +every school yard, in many cases with appropriate ceremonies along +patriotic lines, and that did a great deal of good. Our citizens as +individuals called for them. I was surprised to see the interest in it. +They wanted them in their yards and at their city homes. Following all +this I had about two thousand of these walnuts left. I wondered just +what I could do with these. It was impossible to arrange a program for +distribution so I asked the superintendent of parks of our city if he +would plant and care for them and he readily agreed to do it. So that +what was left of the consignment was placed in our finest and largest +park. Shortly after having planted these, and the papers having noticed +what had been done, I sent a copy to our honored first president, Dr. +Morris. Soon thereafter I received a letter from him saying that he +disliked very much to predict disappointment, but disappointment +certainly was coming to us for our efforts in Saginaw, because, he said, +"Mr. Linton, I have gone through this experience and the squirrels and +other rodents will certainly get every one of those nuts. You will be +disappointed in the results in the spring and I am telling you this so +it won't come to you all at once. I want you to be prepared for the +disappointment when it comes." I rather imagined it would come. I knew +that the trees in that particular park harbored a good many fox +squirrels and others, and I imagined they would get these walnuts. But I +was very much astonished this spring to see the entire crop come up +through the ground. I imagine it was a ninety-five per cent crop. So +that we have about two thousand young walnuts growing about as high as +this table from last year's planting. They are thrifty and they will be +distributed around the state of Michigan this coming spring, and at +other places. To show the interest manifested in that particular +movement I will say that I received letters from perhaps half of the +states in the country asking if they could not be supplied with some of +these walnuts from George Washington's former home at Mount Vernon. I +even got letters from the State of Virginia asking that some of them be +sent from Saginaw, Michigan, to them in Virginia for planting at their +home. So you can see how far reaching a thing of this kind can be. I +know that we have started something here that will sweep from one end of +the United States to the other, and will do more good along the lines of +re-forestation than any organization up to date has been able to do. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move that a committee be appointed to report +at the morning session the best method of getting this bill before the +various legislatures. I thought first of attempting to formulate what +idea I might have in the form of a resolution, but it appears to me that +it is something that may require a little thought. Therefore I move the +appointment of a committee of three to report in the morning the best +form of a resolution or whatever seems best to adopt by this association +to get action. + +This motion was put by President Linton and unanimously adopted. + +The President appoints on this committee Mr. Littlepage, Senator Penney +and Dr. Canaday. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: This action will close the discussion +relative to the tree planting law. Any other subject that you desire to +discuss can be brought before the meeting in any proper manner. + +MR. BIXBY: As the secretary noted this morning, perhaps the +most extensive program of nut tree planting which has yet been carried +out has been on the other side of the world, in China. One of the +members of the association is Mr. Wang who lives near Shanghai and is +secretary of the Kinsan Arboretum there. Some time ago he obtained some +American black walnuts from Japan. He planted them and they grew so much +faster than he had anticipated, and I think faster than any other tree +with which he was familiar, that he conceived the idea of planting the +new highway, which was being made from Shanghai to Hankow, with these +American black walnuts. In due course he sent a money order to pay for +two thousand pounds to the secretary. Last year was not the best year to +get black walnuts, and the secretary forwarded the money order to me and +asked me if I could get these walnuts for him. There was more trouble in +getting them in New York last year than there usually is, but finally I +did get them and had them made up in twenty-two bags and shipped to Mr. +Wang at Shanghai. In due course they arrived and he is anticipating +great things from them. The growth that he reported of this first lot of +black walnuts was something astonishing. It seems to me that they grew +the second year ten feet high. It was a very astonishing growth, a much +more vigorous growth than I ever heard of their making here. At any rate +there are two thousand pounds of American black walnuts that have been +shipped to China, and if nothing happens to them they will grow and +adorn that new road from Shanghai to Hankow. + +MR. JONES: A matter that will be of interest is that Mr. Wang +wrote me a letter in which he says that the black walnut grows three +times as fast in China as the Japanese walnut. Here in the nursery we +find the Japanese walnut doubles the black walnut in the first two years +in growth. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: We would like to hear from those present who +are familiar with trees, as you all are, as to the merits and demerits +of the various kinds of trees that we desire to plant. In Michigan the +only ones we are considering are the black walnut, the hickory, the +butternut and the beech. The beech in our state grows to be a beautiful +tree, as it does in most states in our country. In addition to that our +state agricultural people are suggesting that we plant the hard maple, +which is a fine tree in Michigan, and the basswood, and one or two +others, to provide food along certain lines. The hard maple, for +instance, produces maple sugar, the basswood the bees draw honey from. +The simple and useful trees and shrubs are the only ones in our state +that we are giving any consideration to. + +DR. CANADAY: What would be the best way to start a hickory +along the roadside? From the nut? + +PRESIDENT LINTON: From my experience with the black walnut I +would say that would be the proper way to plant these hickories, to +plant the nuts where the trees would be. It is far less expensive than +any other method. It is easily cared for by the road men who take care +of a section of the road. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I am interested in the cultivation and culture +of the European filbert at Rochester and have been for a number of +years, and I believe successfully. In different meetings of this +association that I have attended and in correspondence with the officers +of the association, filbert culture in this country has been referred to +as still in the experimental stage. Now when you have been in a thing +for ten or twelve years and have not had any set-back but progress along +all lines of activity, I believe you have passed out of the zone of +experimentation and have gotten down to doing something. That is what we +have done in Rochester with our nursery which I believe is the only +thing of that particular kind in the country. Mr. Vollertsen, my +collaborator, came to me with this idea years ago. He told me what he +believed could be done and what had been done in filbert culture where +he had been until about twenty years of age, having worked in a nursery +from the time he had been able to do manual labor. In this nursery they +had given especial attention to the cultivation of filberts and he had +learned their method of propagation. He told me about this and believed +it could be done in this country. I corresponded with some of the +prominent nurserymen in the New England states and they told me it would +be folly to attempt anything like that in this country, that I would be +wiped out by the blight. They had tried it with some of the European +varieties. Nevertheless I went ahead and imported five plants of twenty +leading German varieties from Hoag & Schmidt, a prominent firm of +nurserymen in Germany. I turned them over to Mr. Vollertsen having +rented land for him and furnished the funds for the fertilization and +cultivation of the land, paying a wage to him to go ahead and make the +experiment. I wanted to know rather than to believe. His method of +propagation was from the layer. Now we have fruited these propagated +plants and found them true. We started in with half an acre. We now have +two and a half acres, probably fifty thousand plants altogether. We have +never had the semblance of blight. Our cultivation has been thorough. +Our fertilization has been consistent. Mr. Vollertsen has been on the +job very steadily and understands his business thoroughly. I think that +this talk of blight is something that we should not take so seriously to +heart. On half a dozen occasions some of our good friends have said, +"What about the blight; don't you think it will wipe you out?" I think +it is well to be prepared for the truth but the same thing might be said +if I plant a peach orchard, that in a few years it will be wiped out by +the yellows. I can't make myself believe that the matter of blight in +filbert culture in this country is a serious menace. The consensus of +opinion in this association seems to have been that even if it does +appear there are remedies for it. Our esteemed first president, Dr. +Morris, when he visited our place in Rochester some years ago when the +convention met there, said that he thought we should not worry about it. +He was satisfied that if blight appeared it could be controlled by the +removal of the blighted part. I believe that the same principle applies +to the development of filbert nurseries as to any phase of life, that +eternal vigilance is the price of safety. I believe that thorough +cultivation, keeping the plants strong and healthy, will help them +resist disease. But if blight does appear, by watching closely it can be +removed and I think controlled, as suggested by Dr. Morris. Maybe it has +been all right up to the present time to be on our guard but there is +my work that has been going on for ten or twelve years. During these +last two or three years we have been sending our plants all over the +country, to California, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, +Indiana, Canada, and we have been getting fine reports with not a single +reference to the appearance of blight. On the contrary they report that +our plants are fruiting and they ask for more plants. As a specific +instance I can cite a prominent doctor in Louisville, Kentucky, who some +years ago got some plants from us and some filbert plants from some +other nursery. We had a letter from him the other day in which he spoke +in most complimentary terms of the plants he had gotten from us, that +they had fruited, were true, and he wanted to know if we could furnish +him from fifteen hundred to two thousand plants within the next few +years. William Rockefeller on the Hudson, another customer of ours, +reports plants doing splendidly and fruiting well. Mrs. Jones of Jones & +Laughlin Steel Company reports plants growing splendidly there. Those +are just a few of the instances I could cite. As I suggested to some of +the gentlemen today at the next meeting it might be well for me to bring +specific references from different parts of the country where our plants +have been planted and are bearing fruit and are doing well, with no +reference whatever to blight having appeared, and I shall be very glad +to do that. + + * * * * * + +It seems to me, too, that the filbert is one of the best nut producing +plants for use here in the North. Usually it is grown in bush form. It +is very hearty and begins to bear early and abundantly under proper +care. In view of the exceptionally wide range of climates and soils it +seems to be one of the good nut producing plants for this association. +Now it can be consistently considered that I have an ax to grind as I am +producing filbert plants for sale, but I assure you, ladies and +gentlemen, that it is not with this thought in mind that I make these +references. I have the interests of this association very much at heart. +My whole time and attention and money is given to nut culture. I am +extensively interested in the culture of paper shell pecans in Georgia. +Successfully, I might also add. And I want to be equally successful with +the filbert because I believe that it is the one great nut bearing plant +that this association can stand back of and urge the people to plant, +not because I am producing them but because I am a member of this +association, and I want to see this association a success. + +Three weeks ago last Monday, on account of my interest in pecan culture +in the South, and having a good crop at our grove this year, I went to +New York and spent the day there conferring with a big commission man +down in the Washington Street section who handles large consignments of +nuts. The subject of the filbert was discussed and I found a very great +interest on the subject. They were one and all, I think I can say, +appalled when I told them that there was a nursery in New York State +producing filbert plants and filbert nuts. Mr. James, vice-president of +the Higgins & James Company, showed me a very fine filbert, a variety +with some unpronounceable name, I think Italian, and he said, "Isn't it +a beauty?" It was. But when I told him that we had just as fine in +Rochester and some finer he looked aghast. I invited him to come to +Rochester and be convinced. He told me, as others did, that there was a +wonderful future for the filbert in this country. + +The filbert, too, I think, is especially adapted for waste lands on +farms. A great many farms have considerable areas of waste land which, I +believe, could be made very profitable by the planting of the filbert, +because just ordinary farm soil with ordinary fertilization, according +to our experiments, demonstrates that the filbert will make "the desert +to bloom as the rose." And it is a beautiful shrub for ornamental +purposes. Come to Rochester and go down to Jones Square, and you will +see a beautiful border of the purple filbert. Some of our customers are +purchasing it, William Rockefeller for instance and Mrs. Jones, for the +borders of walks and drives. I think that we should try to reach the +gardeners and the agricultural and horticultural societies of the +country in our campaign for the furtherance of nut culture. + +In Dr. Kellogg's recent list of diets, fruit and grain and vegetables, +covering two pages of his pamphlet, he gives there as the food value of +the pecan in protein, fats, and carbo-hydrates 207.8, and next to them +the filbert, 207.5, and next the English walnut at 206.8, and next to +that the almond, at 191.1. + +MR. BIXBY: I really think that Mr. McGlennon has done more than +anybody else to get the filbert on a practicable basis. He has also +mentioned why the association has been a little bit cautious in saying +too much about the filbert. In some of the early plantings the blight +made serious inroads. There has been a lot learned about the blight +since that time and apparently it can be controlled by cutting out the +blighted portions. I have seen filberts in certain sections of the +country where the blight went half way around the twig. Apparently that +can be controlled by cutting out that blighted portion. Or, if the worst +came to the worst, by cutting off the limb. But there have been a number +of filbert plantings made the last few years where that blight has not +appeared at all. One of the greatest difficulties with the European +filberts was that while the bushes would grow all right they would not +fruit, or fruit only once in a few years. Mr. McGlennon, when he +imported those plants from Germany, apparently took all the varieties +the man had. I believe that is one reason why Mr. McGlennon is raising +filberts when most of the plantings of one bush, or two bushes of one +kind have failed. He has enough varieties to properly pollinate the +hazel flowers. That is a thing that must be borne in mind. Any one +wanting to plant filberts must not ask what is the best filbert and +plant one. He must say, what are the best filberts, and plant several +varieties. I believe that is one of the things that has enabled Mr. +McGlennon to raise filberts when many previous attempts have failed. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Replying to Mr. Bixby's remarks they are well +taken. I overlooked mentioning in my talk a fact, because I believe it +is a fact, that it is due to the number of varieties we have that every +variety has fruited. Now they are in the nursery and the principal +consideration is wood. We are working every plant for wood. We have not +been able to supply the demand for plants and won't be for another year +or two. Next year I shall probably have ten to twelve thousand plants. +We layered some twenty-five thousand plants last year, and we are +layering some twenty-five thousand this year. Mr. Vollertsen has been +very persistent with regard to the maintenance of the smaller nut +varieties, has insisted upon it, because we have found that they are +very much freer bloomers than the larger fruited varieties. We have made +up our selection, as catalogued, carefully to that end, including some +of the smaller fruit varieties. A party asked me the other day if I +would send them a plant this fall. I said, "No, but I will send you +three plants," meaning one of the small fruit and two of the larger +fruit. It is the larger fruit that the consumer is going to demand. He +is going to buy the larger nut, although the smaller nut is really +better for eating. + +Convention adjourned until 9:30 a. m., October 7, 1921. + + + + +MORNING SESSION + +Friday, October 7, 1921 + +The Convention was called to order at ten o'clock by President Linton. + +THE PRESIDENT: The first on our program this morning will be +the report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting. I +will ask the chairman, Mr. Littlepage, to make the report. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The committee met last night after adjournment +and considered different methods of getting this bill (a copy of which I +now present) before the various states, and after some deliberation it +was decided to report, on behalf of the committee, as follows: + +That the committee,--the same committee which has been appointed,--be +authorized by the association to prepare in proper and simple form a +sufficient number of copies of this bill, to be accompanied by a letter, +formulated by the committee, which letter will set out substantially +three things: + +First: Call the governor's attention to the fact that this bill is the +one adopted by the State of Michigan, but that it should, of course, be +modified to comply with the special judicial or road machinery of each +particular state. + +Secondly: A short argument in behalf of this character of legislation. + +Thirdly: A request to each governor that he refer the bill to his +attorney general to put it in proper form to fit into the machinery of +his particular state, and that he also refer it to his appropriate state +board of forestry, agriculture or what-not. + +We suggest, as I said before, that this committee be authorized to +prepare a letter along those lines, to be accompanied by a copy of the +bill, and that, after it is prepared and ready, it be sent out by either +the president or the secretary of the association. It was also thought +by the committee to be desirable, at the same time that this is sent to +the governor of each state, to send copies to the various agricultural +and horticultural journals of the respective states, that being done +with the view of getting some publicity. Then, too, the committee +thought that it might be well, at that time, for the respective members +of the association in these various states to write to their +representatives in the legislature calling attention to this bill. + +Now that is the report of the committee, and, Mr. President, I move +that this report be adopted and the committee instructed to act along +those lines. + +(Motion seconded and carried, and the report of the committee was +adopted unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Now, ladies and gentlemen, I consider that we +have performed a most important task in the pioneer work connected with +roadside planting in America. There is no question but that with this +association the idea first originated; and the work to date along those +lines in the United States has been brought about by the Northern Nut +Growers' Association. It is a work in which I, personally as well as +officially, as you know, have been greatly interested and the unanimous +adoption of the committee's report, endorses that line of work. I wish +to thank you, individually and collectively, for your interest and the +action which you have taken. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I feel that our president in this instance has +hit a high-water mark. He has taken hold of a very important idea and +has developed it. After making an observation or two I am going to move +a vote of appreciation to our president and accompany it with a vote of +thanks to Senator Penney for coming down here from Michigan and lending +his aid and enthusiasm. + +We listened last night to a discussion about this roadside planting. As +I observed before it is not without its difficulties the same as +everything else; but this proposition extends to the various state +boards of horticulture, highway, or what-not, one of the greatest and +finest opportunities. Personally I believe in nut trees; but you must +first get the public with you. Suppose you had a highway into Lancaster +lined on either side for a half mile with pink weigelias in the spring. +You would have the whole population going up and down that highway +looking at the display. And the pink weigelia is almost a fool-proof +shrub. It grows without cultivation and grows very rapidly and blooms in +the greatest profusion. Suppose in mid-summer you had another highway +lined with hydrangeas. I believe a particular one that is hardy is +called paniculata grandiflora. It is a fool-proof shrub also, requires +very little care and comes on after the other flowers go. It also can be +produced very cheaply. You would have the population looking at and +admiring the blooms and it would inspire, in each one of those +individuals, a desire to go and do likewise. Suppose you had a half mile +of sweet gum trees. If you go down through the counties of Pennsylvania +now you will see the sweet gums--some of them a deep dark purple, some +of them a bright golden yellow, some of them red, some of them with all +the colors and all summer a beautiful foliage--suppose you had a half +mile of those leading into a street of any city in America. The +population on Sunday would drive out there and admire their beauty. It +affords a wonderful opportunity. The individuals who care for those +trees and shrubs, while moving up and down the highway caring for them, +will be carrying with them a little university of horticultural +knowledge. The average farmer thinks it is a terrible thing to spray. It +is the simplest thing in the world as you know. This machinery by which +these trees and plants and shrubbery would be cared for would be a +moving university up and down the highway teaching the farmers how to +care for their trees. Mr. Rush's trees which we saw yesterday were the +finest examples of well cared for trees. You could not travel over the +country and find trees showing a finer degree of care. Nobody could look +at those trees without feeling that he would rather give a little more +care to his trees. So that, if this idea is carried out, as it will be, +it will become popular with the various state boards. They like to do +things that are popular or that please the people. + +As I said at the commencement of my remarks I am going to take the +liberty of moving a vote of deep appreciation to the president (Mr. +Linton), and also a vote of thanks to Senator Penney. + +(Motion seconded and carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: I desire to thank you, one and all, for this +vote of appreciation. My connection with the Northern Nut Growers' +Association has been of a most pleasant character. I have found a group +of men and of women who are interested not only in their own welfare but +in the welfare of the race. What we have started today--or rather +completed so far as organization is concerned--will do as much good in +the United States in the next decade as any movement that has been +started by any organization or association. It means re-forestation on a +larger scale with right trees and right plants, as stated by my friend +Mr. Littlepage. A new start will be made along those lines. The poor +trees will be cast aside and the next generation will have trees and +bushes and plants that not only will be beautiful to the eye but will be +beneficial to mankind and to those birds and animals that we desire to +have around us. + +The greatest credit should be given to those of this association who in +a scientific way have endeavored to bring about better varieties of +nuts, better varieties of the products of trees, and their names +certainly should go down in history with that of Burbank, or with those +of other men who have devoted their lives to this kind of advancement. I +am sure that will be the result. I know that as the message goes down +along the line to the various states, their efforts will at least be +recognized as having been beneficial and advantageous to all. + +I want again to thank every one of you for the kindness that you have +extended towards me and to my colleague, Senator Penney, who is most +actively engaged in this work. Situated as he was--a most prominent +member of the Michigan legislature--he was able to promote the very work +in our Wolverine State that we today are undertaking to bring about in +the United States, and I would call upon Senator Penney to say a word in +this connection. + +SENATOR PENNEY: Mr. President, it seems to me that after all +these remarks have been made, this subject has been very well covered. I +was very much interested in the remarks of Mr. Littlepage because he +spoke of different ornamental trees and shrubs with which I am not +familiar and which are not grown in our part of the country. + +Our esteemed president, Mr. Linton, is doing wonderful work up in +Saginaw at the present time in conjunction with our superintendent of +public parks. He is helping to lay out some of our parks and to plant +trees and shrubs there. One gentleman of Saginaw furnished the means to +buy one thousand trees and the matter was put in charge of Mr. Linton to +see that they were properly planted. This work and similar work that Mr. +Linton and I have undertaken to promote and to push. We have done +similar things in regard to the promotion of good highways. We have +absolutely no interest in stone quarries or gravel pits or in any kind +of contracts for the building of roads; yet we have spent several +hundred dollars or more in going about Michigan giving talks at +different meetings and promoting roads. One of the things that Mr. +Linton tried to promote was this tree planting bill. Inasmuch as I was +in the legislature I had the opportunity of helping to put this work +across. We have a wonderfully good highway commissioner in our state. He +is enthusiastic over this proposition. While our bill was passed just a +short time ago, he has already planted eighteen miles of trees in one +locality, and, he said, at very little cost. Just think what might be +done throughout the United States. Suppose the prominent highways +throughout the United States were planted with useful and ornamental +trees, beautiful shrubs and things of that kind. Wouldn't it be a +wonderfully beautiful and useful thing for the country? + +In closing I wish to thank Mr. Littlepage and the other members of this +association for the very kind treatment we have received here. + +THE PRESIDENT: We are fortunate in having a paper that was +prepared and will be presented by our esteemed treasurer Mr. Bixby, and +I take pleasure in calling upon him at this time. + + +WHERE MAY THE NORTHERN PECAN BE EXPECTED TO BEAR + +_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y._ + +In the January 1916 issue of the American Nut Journal is an article by +Meredith P. Reed read before the Western Association of Nurserymen at +their annual meeting in Kansas City, Mo., December 1915 entitled the +Pecan Areas of the United States, describing the limits between which +the pecan may be grown. In this paper the matter of the Pecan Belts of +the country are discussed and their extent determined pretty largely by +the length of the season (in average years), that is by the number of +days between the latest spring frosts and the earliest fall frosts. A +map was shown on which these areas were marked out, and it has been very +useful to the writer in answering inquiries from persons who want to +know if pecans can be grown in _a_ given section. + +Mr. John Garretson, Aspers, Adams Co., Penn., has on his place bearing +Stuart and Schley pecans, two of the standard southern varieties. These +bear nuts of typical shape but which are only a fraction of the size +that these nuts would be if grown in southern Georgia. This clearly +shows that some of the standard southern pecans require something which +they do not get at Aspers to enable them to properly mature their nuts. +The trees stand the cold of winter but the fruit does not properly +mature. Mr. Jones has suggested that it is heat that is lacking and has +advanced the idea that even though the trees are hardy to winter cold +they have not sufficient summer heat at Aspers to enable them to mature +their crops. This has brought up the question as to whether there was +any method of measuring the summer heat available for causing pecan nuts +to grow and mature. + +Observations on northern pecans (and some southern ones) on my place at +Baldwin caused me to note that no pecans started to vegetate at Baldwin +before May. May is the first spring month here when the pecan will +leave out. May is also the first spring month when the average monthly +temperature here will reach 50°F. It occurred to me that if we note the +excess average monthly temperatures over 50° and sum these items for a +season we would get what might be termed a figure for "pecan growing +heat units." This figure of 50° is doubtless capable of some refinement. +There is no reason to suppose that further study may not show that it +should be somewhat more or less but it is the best we have so far and +seemingly it is proving useful. + +If we calculate these figures for Evansville, Ind., for 1914, for +example, and show the method of doing it we will have + + Average Monthly Average Monthly Temp. + 1914 Temperatures in Excess of 50 deg. + + January 39.6 + February 29.9 + March 42.0 + April 55.4 5.4 + May 67.9 17.9 + June 80.0 30.0 + July 82.2 32.2 + August 78.0 28.0 + September 69.6 19.6 + October 60.8 10.8 + November 49.2 + December 31.0 _____ + + Total 143.9 + +The pecan growing heat units, pecan units they may be called for short, +for Evansville, Ind., in 1914 were 143.9. From this we might conclude +that a place where the pecan units for 1914 would figure out 143.9 would +be likely (as far as climatic conditions are concerned) to grow pecans +as well as Evansville, that is, of course if other years should show +similar figures. + +With the idea of seeing if the experience of those who were growing +pecans would be anything like what might be calculated from the Weather +Bureau Records, letters were written to all members of the National Nut +Growers' Association to find out if pecans grew and bore well in their +sections and if so which varieties. From the replies received it has +been in a number of instances difficult to judge just how well pecans +grow in some sections. For this reason I have interpreted the replies +somewhat on the basis of my own knowledge and on certain facts told me +by Mr. C. A. Reed. Apparently at least 175 pecan units are to be found +in most places where the southern pecan is successful commercially. This +corresponds to a line through Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon and +Columbus, Georgia and Montgomery, Alabama. There seems little question +but that pecans can be grown north of this line but until I get more +positive information than I now have I shall doubt if the planting of +southern varieties of pecans much north of this line is nearly as +advisable as it is south of it. + +When we come to compare this figure with the pecan units for Ocean +Springs and Pascagoula, Miss., where a number of the fine southern +pecans originated which are now being propagated we find an average of +about 222 pecan units. To reduce this to a percentage we find that many +of the standard southern pecans grow and bear well when the pecan units +are as low as 79% of those of the place of their origin. In other words +the adaptability of the southern pecan is 79%, that is it will grow and +bear well where the pecan units are as low as 79% of those of the place +of its origin or to use rough figures, 80%. + +When we come to ascertain the pecan units of the locations where the +northern pecan grows and bears well we will consider Evansville and +Vincennes, Ind., as places where it bears well; Burlington, Ia., as a +place where it does quite well, but not as well, as in Evansville; +Clinton, Ia., as a place where trees are growing well but where they +bear a large crop only once in several years; and Charles City, Ia., as +a place where the pecan does not mature its nuts. The pecan units are +also shown for several important places outside of the native pecan +area. + + Highest Lowest Average + + Evansville, Ind. (1919) 147.5 (1917) 116.4 135.7 + Vincennes, Ind. (1914) 144.7 (1918) 123.1 130.8 + Burlington, Ia. (1914) 125.8 (1917) 90.2 108.4 + Clinton, Ia. (1914) 109.2 (1917) 75.3 94.9 + Charles City, Ia. (1914) 91.2 (1915) 65.4 78.5 + New York City (1914) 101.2 (1917) 85.2 94.3 + Lancaster, Penn. (1919) 108.7 (1917) 84.9 98.4 + Gettysburg, Penn. (1919) 108.4 (1916) 89.4 100.7 + Cincinnati, O. (1914) 131.7 (1917) 88.9 109.5 + Baltimore, Md. (1919) 127.2 (1917) 106.7 121.0 + Washington, Md. (1918) 126.8 (1917) 104.7 119.3 + Hartford, Conn. (1919) 88.9 (1917) 74.8 85.1 + +If we consider that Evansville and Vincennes are the center of the pecan +district near which most varieties have originated and that a place +should have 80% as many pecan units as in this Evansville district in +order to have the northern pecan do well, a place should have 105 pecan +units in order for one to feel reasonably certain that the northern +pecan will do well there. It will be both interesting and instructive to +see how well the applications that may be made from the conclusions +compare with observed facts. + +We know that there are large numbers of pecan trees at Burlington, Ia., +and that the trees grow and bear well. Its pecan units are 108.4. We +should conclude that at Baltimore and Washington with pecan units at +121.0 and 119.3 respectively that pecans would grow and bear well. There +are pecan trees over 100 years old at Marietta, Md., which is half way +between Baltimore and Washington. These trees bear nuts and although it +has not been possible to get bearing records it is evident that they +bear considerably for on the roads of that vicinity are hundreds of +young pecan trees which evidently came up from nuts borne by these old +trees. We should expect the pecan to do well at Cincinnati, O. In fact I +have been expecting to find it native there, but, so far all inquiries +have failed to do so. At Fayetteville, however, which is about 40 miles +east of Cincinnati and somewhat north of it, are bearing pecan trees +raised from seed brought from Shawneetown, Ill., which is in the +Evansville district. Seed from these Fayetteville trees planted at +Baldwin have shown nearly 100% germination. + +There is some question as to how well pecans should bear at Gettysburg, +and Lancaster, Penn., and at New York City where the pecan units are +much like those at Clinton, Ia., where, on forest pecan trees, we get a +fair crop but once in several years. Perhaps with our present knowledge +these places should be considered on the borderland between the country +where the pecan is likely to do well and that where it will not mature +its nuts. We know that pecan trees have borne nuts at Aspers, Pa., near +Gettysburg, at Lancaster, Pa., and at Westbury and Glen Cove, Long +Island, near New York City but so far it has not been possible to make +sufficient observations to form definite conclusions as to what to +expect. It seems quite likely that fertilization and care may help +materially the maturing of crops in those sections which in our present +knowledge we must consider on the borderland. + +Probably we should not expect pecan nuts to be borne at Charles City, +Ia., where pecan units are but 60% of those at Vincennes, and pecan +units at Hartford, Conn., are not so very different. There are northern +pecan trees at Charles City, Ia., which many years ago were brought +there, but the information I have about them is that they have never +borne. There is a large pecan tree at Hartford, Conn., but I have never +been able to learn of its bearing nuts. + +As the northern pecan trees now being planted get to bearing age we +shall have actual experimental data as to what they will do in the +different sections. Until that time by the method outlined herein and +with the Weather Bureau Records for several years at hand inquiries +regarding its probable adaptability for a given section can be answered +with far more confidence than was possible heretofore. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion upon the excellent paper +just read by our treasurer? + +MR. JORDAN: May I ask if, according to that theory, the Stuart +and the Schley would not be expected to do well in Washington? + +MR. BIXBY: I should say not. My intention was to indicate +roughly a dividing line between where the pecan would be an important +commercial crop and where it would not. We know the Stuart pecan bears +pretty well at Petersburg, Virginia; it bears at Aspers, Pa., which is +near Gettysburg, but the nuts are a fraction of the normal size and not +very well filled. + +THE SECRETARY: We all appreciate the amount of work that is +represented by this report of Mr. Bixby and how valuable it is from a +scientific as well as from a practical point of view. I wonder if it +could be made more useful if Mr. Bixby could make a little map showing +the isothermal lines on the basis that he has followed in his +investigation. + +MR. BIXBY: That could be done in a very general way, but +altitude makes such a difference that there would be many places +included in any belt at which, probably, certain pecans would not grow +nor would not mature. It is very evident that local conditions make a +great difference. I should say that a map to be useful would probably +have a series of dots all over the country indicating what pecans would +be best grown in that section; and while that would, to a certain +extent, form belts yet there could be selected many places in any one +belt where another pecan would be preferable. + +MR. J. W. RITCHIE: I started in this nut-growing business +knowing nothing about it. I found that there were men in it who had been +working at it for years who knew many things that I wanted to know. They +forgot that I knew nothing and that I might want to know some of the +things that they had in their minds which gave them a background. I +think there ought to be some way by which all this knowledge that we +have can be brought together so that a beginner could pay a dollar or a +dollar and a half or, if necessary, two or three dollars and get it all +at once. I have visited Washington and have seen Mr. Littlepage. He +showed me some Kentucky hickories and Stabler walnuts and I then decided +that if I could raise any nuts there would be no trouble about selling +them. I can sell just as many of those nuts as I can produce; but yet I +do not know a thing about how many nuts will grow on a Kentucky hickory +in one year. If you will lay the facts before me and let me judge them I +will take the risk myself. I do not want anybody to tell me whether to +plant nuts or not to plant them. I will decide that question for myself +if you will give me the data to work on. I want a book that will give me +the varieties. I want to know what particular nuts can be put out in +this region here that would have a chance of commercial success. Then I +would like to know as much as I possibly can about those varieties, +their respective qualities, what they will produce and especially how to +propagate them. I happen to have a place where there are a great many +walnuts, butternuts and hickories. I would like to know, in detail, how +to propagate those nuts. In a conversation with the secretary he spoke +of northern pecans. I have read about the Marquardt, the Burlington and +the Witte. I do not know whether the term "northern" included those +three or not. + +TREASURER BIXBY: I would be very useful if I could directly +answer a good many of the questions that are asked. A great many people +would like to know the pecan they can plant in their sections and be +sure of success. That I would like to tell them. I do not have the +information. It is frequently more difficult to answer questions than to +ask them. + +Regarding the Burlington and the Witte pecans, they come from the most +northern section where good pecans have been found, where the heat units +are the lowest. They come from Burlington, Iowa, where the heat units +are 180, if I remember correctly. If we assume a place where the heat +units are 80 per cent of those at Burlington, those pecans should grow +and mature there. They would probably do fairly well in New York City. I +think we might feel justified in saying that they would not do well at +Charles City, Iowa, because pecans from near that section, or back north +of that section, have been growing for twenty-five or thirty years, and +have not fruited. There the pecan units are very low, only 78. It would +seem reasonable that at places where the pecan units are somewhat over +90, including New York City, Lancaster, southern Pennsylvania, and of +course practically all sections south of it, they ought to do well. +Those are the safest pecans, the Marquardt, the Burlington, the Witte, +and the Green Bay, to plant in the northern section. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The Stuart pecan originally stood within fifty +feet of the Gulf of Mexico. There is where it originated. It is one of +the leading southern nuts; and yet I saw a Stuart bearing nuts in Mr. +Roper's orchard down at Petersburg, Virginia. It has grown beautifully. +There is a strictly southern pecan, nurtured by the waters of the Gulf +of Mexico, which has the widest latitude. You can find the same thing up +north. The fact that the Burlington grows at Burlington, Iowa, means +this, that it ought to grow in all similar latitudes, or else violate +known laws of horticulture. But it does not mean that some other pecan +that grew 250 miles south of that might not grow still further north. +The questions asked are important. Why does not the association, just as +fast as it gets information, stick a pin there and fasten it down? For +example, will pecan trees grow, say, on the thirty-ninth parallel, which +runs through my grove down in Maryland. They will. Will they bear? There +is one Major there that has this summer fifty pecans on it; another one +there with perhaps a dozen. On the 27th day of March of this year, which +was Easter Sunday, the temperature dropped sixty-eight degrees in +twenty-four hours. It is a wonder it did not kill the forest trees. But +with all that the pecan stood there just as hardy as the oak. It +destroyed some of the ends of the swelling buds, not the dormant buds +but some of those that had begun to swell a little, and that no doubt +affected the crop or we would have had, perhaps, all the varieties, the +Butterick, the Warrick, the Niblack, the Busseron, the Major, and the +Green River fruiting. Do we want to grow a Major? I do not know. But the +man that makes the mistake is the man who fails to set nut trees. How +about the Stabler walnut bearing? It bore matured nuts at the age of +four years on my farm in Maryland this year. The nuts are here. That +answers that question. I have very grave doubts about pecan trees +thriving in the Lancaster latitude; yet it may be that I am wrong about +that. There may be some particular variety that will thrive here. If I +lived in this section I would set out the trees so that when the one, +two, three or four varieties are found that will thrive here we will +have something to work on. There isn't any question about the black +walnut or filbert thriving here, or the hickory, because we find them +growing. If you go through southern Michigan and northern Indiana, you +will see the shagbark hickory by the thousands growing along the +railroad. This association should endeavor to get some affirmative data +and distribute it among its members. + +I have a row of Indian hazels. I put them on the side of my garage to +make a sort of a screen because they grow those big crinkling pretty +leaves. That row is probably fifteen feet long. If I had forty acres of +those hazels with the same quantity of nuts on that are on there this +year I could buy another farm. + +MR. OLCOTT: I would like to ask about Evansville, Indiana. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: Evansville, Indiana, is almost exactly on the +thirty-eighth parallel. The Busseron pecan tree grows almost exactly on +the thirty-ninth parallel which is the northern boundary of the District +of Columbia. The big orange groves in California are at the Lancaster +latitude, which shows just how such things twist and turn, how difficult +it is to learn them and why it is going to take a lot of experience to +work them out. + +THE SECRETARY: I knew that Mr. Jones was a very patient and a +very courteous gentleman; but I did not suppose that his patience and +his courtesy would enable him to sit there for nearly a half hour with, +lying in his lap unopened, the new book on nut culture which has just +been published by Dr. Morris, probably the first copy that you or I have +seen. I see that Mr. Jones has finally yielded to temptation and has +uncovered the book. Perhaps that is the book that will supply Mr. +Ritchie's needs. I mention it now because I think that you all ought to +know that such a book has been published by Dr. Morris and that it can +be bought of the MacMillan Company, Publishers, of New York City. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I think Mr. Jones has overlooked the following +on the fly leaf of Dr. Morris's book: + + "_To J. F. Jones, first authority in the world today + on the subject of nut growing. With the compliments + of one of his pupils, Robert T. Morris. + + "New York, October 3, 1921_" + +(Applause). + +THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion along this +particular line, we will now receive the report of the committee on +grades of membership. + +TREASURER BIXBY: The committee recommends that Article II of +the By-Laws be amended so as to read as follows: + +"Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars and +twenty-five cents including a year's subscription to the American Nut +Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt +from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues." + +It was moved and seconded that the report of the committee be adopted +and the amendment to the by-laws made as therein recommended. + +(Motion carried unanimously). + +THE TREASURER: I would like to give notice of our intention, at +the next regular meeting, of moving to amend Article III of the +Constitution, by adding to the same the following: + +"There shall be four classes of members: Annual, contributing, life and +honorary. Annual, contributing and life members shall be entitled to all +rights and privileges of the association. Honorary members shall be +entitled to all rights and privileges of the association, excepting +those of holding office and voting at meetings." + +THE PRESIDENT: Notice has been duly made and will be filed in +the proceedings of the session. + +We have with us Prof. F. N. Fagan to whom I am sure you will be glad to +listen at this time in connection with the work that is being carried on +at State College with which institution he is connected. + +PROFESSOR FAGAN: At the Rochester meeting we reported on an +English walnut survey that was made in Pennsylvania. Since that time we +have not done anything except with Mr. Jones's and Mr. Rush's help, to +gather information about the parent trees of which we located definitely +about three thousand and indefinitely probably two thousand more. All of +these trees but one were in bearing. They were seedling trees and as +much variation was found in the trees as we would naturally expect to +find in seedling trees. Our problem is to determine the trees worthy of +propagation. It is necessary also to solve better the propagation +problem. We cannot expect to get any large amount of planting of any of +our nut trees until we can put the trees to the public at a price at +which it will feel that it can afford to invest. To the members of this +association, or to other people vitally interested, two or two and a +half or three dollars is not anything for a good tree; but to the +average planter of home ground or farmstead that is too much money. We +all know that it is not an easy task to propagate these trees and we are +not condemning the nurserymen. We know that they cannot afford to grow a +budded or a grafted tree of known parentage for any less. So the problem +of propagation is one of the largest that we have before us, and it is +one to which our station and I myself are giving all the thought and +time that we can. + +We realize the importance of the nut industry in the state if for no +more than roadside and home planting. Whether commercial planting will +extend through the north with our black walnuts, our butternuts, our +hickories and our English walnuts, to the extent that it has in the +south with the pecan, is a question which time alone can solve. + +We now have new land at the station suitable for the planting of nut +trees. It is going to be the best land that we have on our new farm and +we hope next spring to make a collection planting of varieties. We have +not much money but we can make a start. It is not going to be at a place +that will be set aside and not cared for. It is going to be along the +public road, where we will have to take care of it or we will be +criticised. + +Until we solve our problems of selection and propagation we will go +along at a fair rate of increase in regard to our plantings; but we will +not reach the man who has a piece of ground and who says, "I would like +to plant that ground in walnuts, maybe fifteen or twenty trees but I +cannot put thirty dollars into those trees, or twenty dollars when I can +buy apple trees for twenty cents." + +Yet the future looks just as bright to me as it did the day I started to +make the English walnut survey, just as bright because we will overcome +these obstacles. + +I might close by saying that while we are ready at the college and at +the experiment station to go ahead we are not ready to plunge into any +extensive experiments. It requires money and the money does not come in +such quantities that we can plunge into anything in fact. But we are +ready to begin to build a foundation on which we expect later on to +experiment, and I hope that in ten more years, or in nine more years, if +this association comes back to Pennsylvania, we can invite them to the +experiment station to see what foundations we have laid and what +progress we have made in the experimental work of nut culture. + +THE PRESIDENT: Will there be any discussion on the subject so +ably covered by Prof. Fagan? Are there any questions that you desire to +ask the Professor? + +THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Prof. Fagan if he has a good +word to say for the English walnut in Pennsylvania and in other parts of +the country as a profitable tree to plant, from the result of his +inspection of the trees of the state. + +PROF. FAGAN: We get a letter probably on an average of once a +week, from some one in the State of Pennsylvania who wants to plant +anywhere from five acres to a hundred acres in English walnuts. We tell +him to go slow, to feel his ground out pretty well and to remember that +he is planting a tree that is a greater feeder, probably, than any other +fruit tree; that it must have food or it won't grow; and instead of +planting a hundred acres to plant maybe half an acre and select the best +varieties that information at the present time indicates, those that +lived through the winter of 1917-1918. + +We have seedling trees in Pennsylvania, that probably date back to near +revolutionary war times; in fact there are some around Germantown that +no doubt were growing at the time of the revolutionary war, around the +old Germantown Academy. Personally I would not hesitate to plant as good +an acre of land as there is in Lancaster County, or ten or twenty or +fifty acres, to the better types of English walnuts that we have today. +It probably would not be profitable in my time; I do not know; but it +certainly would be profitable in the lifetime of my children. I would +not, however, want to plant the nuts on cheap and poor mountain land +where the most of our larger plantings, even of chestnut, have been made +throughout the country, on land that was not worth the attention of +other crops. When people write to us that they have certain types of +land we always tell them if they can grow an average crop of corn, +wheat, clover or potatoes on that land there probably isn't any question +but that if they plant English walnuts they will be successful in +raising some English walnuts. Whether they will raise them profitably or +not is another question. But nothing can take the place of one or two +good trees on every farm, especially in southeastern Pennsylvania. There +isn't much question but that those trees can be grown successfully from +a line through Allentown to the Susquehanna River, and on over to the +general range of the Allegheny Mountains, down to the Mainland and West +Virginia line. Even in our higher elevations of sixteen or eighteen +hundred feet I can show you some good old bearing trees that are ten or +twelve inches in diameter. No dwelling houses there. They are out in the +country and they are high up. + +THE SECRETARY: As has been stated the essential thing in the +successful growing of Persian walnuts, and probably other nuts, is high +fertilization. I believe that many of our failures to grow the Persian +walnut are due to lack of sufficient food. + +THE TREASURER: I do not suppose that any one in the association +has made more of an effort to get better records than I have--at least I +have made a good deal of effort. I have learned that in 1916, if I +remember correctly, the Stabler bore sixteen bushels of hulled nuts and +it was estimated that two were washed away by the rains. In another +year, I was informed the Weiker tree bore twelve bushels. In following +up other trees I found it impossible to get any results. I tried to get +information as to the parent Hales hickory and the most I could learn +was that the family had gathered as high as two or three bushels in one +year. But when I saw that the tree stood on the side of a well traveled +road with only a low stone wall to get over, and that the squirrels were +plentiful and the children undoubtedly likewise, I thought it a wonder +that the Hales got any of the nuts. + +In the case of most of our fine parent nut trees they are either +situated in out-of-the-way places where it is a task to get to them, or +else they are situated on the side of a traveled road where the +passersby are pretty likely to get a great many of the nuts. + +Take the case of the Fairbanks hickory in Alamosa, Iowa. It stands on +the side of the road on top of a hill outside of the limit of the houses +of the town. I do not see how it can help being that a great proportion +of the nuts are picked up by passersby. When we have grafted trees +planted where they can be protected and the crop can be watched we can +get reliable data for our records; but I am afraid that except in a few +instances, we cannot get such data for the parent trees. + +MR. RUSH: California is the leader in the Persian walnut +industry and I think it would be better for us to fall in line and adopt +some of their varieties. I find that they are perfectly hardy here, just +as hardy as are varieties that have been grown here for a hundred years. + +MR. L. N. SPENCER: Right back of the postoffice are some +English walnut trees. They are growing very nicely. They have withstood +all kinds of weather. I have not noticed any dead limbs on the trees nor +any other indications that the climate here is not adapted to the +growing of these trees. We would be glad indeed to show you the trees +if you would come to the postoffice. They are not on ground belonging to +the United States government but on private ground. + +I have been very much interested in your discussion. I came here because +I expect to set out some more nut trees. + +THE PRESIDENT: There are two items of business left for the +convention. One is, receiving the report of the nominating committee; +the other is, to determine upon a place for holding our next convention. +If there is nothing further to be brought before the session by the +members these two items will now receive our consideration. The first of +the two would be the report of the nominating committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: Your nominating committee respectfully reports the +following nominations for officers of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association for the coming fiscal year: + + President--James S. McGlennon, Rochester, N. Y. + Vice-President--J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. + Secretary--William C. Deming, Wilton, Conn. + Treasurer--Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y. + +Your committee begs leave to suggest that as the details of an +aggressive campaign to increase the membership of the Association entail +a considerable amount of correspondence and other work, the Secretary +should be relieved to as great an extent as is practicable, and to that +end particular attention should be paid to the selection of a Membership +Committee. It is the belief that this is one of the most important +committees of the Association and that systematic endeavor upon definite +lines should be made to extend the membership; that this work should +begin at once and be maintained earnestly throughout the coming fiscal +year. + + RALPH T. OLCOTT, + J. F. JONES, + JOHN RICK, + C. S. RIDGWAY, + Committee. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move the adoption of the report. + +(Motion seconded and carried, and the officers therein referred to were +declared elected.) + +THE PRESIDENT: The second item is to determine the place of the +next meeting. A motion would be in order covering that. + +THE TREASURER: Inasmuch as we have in Rochester, New York, an +orchard of filberts which is beginning to bear real crops--and that is +something none of us has ever seen--if Rochester would like to have us +come I move that we go there next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: Rochester would like to have you come. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I was going to ask that the convention be +brought to Rochester next year. I would certainly like to see it there. +I second Mr. Bixby's motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +It was moved and seconded that the next annual convention be held on +September 7 and 8, 1922. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +MR. LITTLEPAGE moved (seconded by Mr. McGlennon) that Mr. +Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent of Mount Vernon, be elected an +honorary member of this association. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: I desire to say that in this package I have four +seedlings from the walnuts that were supplied from Mount Vernon. A few +of the walnuts left from last year's supply were placed in the hands of +a nurseryman or florist in Saginaw too late for planting--the ground had +become frozen--and those few nuts be placed in pots in his greenhouse. +They grew very vigorously and I have four of those in little earthen +pots for planting this afternoon. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I make a motion that a vote of thanks be +extended to Dr. Morris and the others whose papers were read by our +secretary yesterday morning and that they be notified accordingly. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I second the motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE SECRETARY: I feel that we should express our appreciation +of the efforts of the local committee and the management of this hotel. +I therefore move a vote of thanks to Mr. Rush and Mr. Jones for their +work in the management of this convention, and to the management of the +hotel for the kindness they have shown us. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I second the motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to gather here at two +o'clock in order to go on a sight-seeing trip or excursion around the +city and county and then to Long's Park at 4:30 o'clock for the tree +planting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES AT LONG'S PARK, LANCASTER +COUNTY, PA. + +4:30 p. m., October 7, 1921 + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The four young walnut trees that we have +before us are grown from walnuts from trees at Mount Vernon near the +tomb of General Washington. The trees there were planted unquestionably +during the lifetime of Washington, and have grown to be fine specimens +of their particular species. Last fall the ladies of the Mount Vernon +Association gave to the Northern Nut Growers Association all of the +walnuts upon the trees at Washington's home. They divided those nuts +into two lots and the best ones were presented to the association for +the purpose of public planting. Under no circumstances were the nuts to +be commercialized or sold for gain but were to be planted by the school +children of the land, if it could be satisfactorily arranged in the +short time that we had before the end of the planting season. We found +it impossible to distribute these walnuts throughout the country, +although the demand kept coming for them from many states, so they were +distributed first to the district schools outside of the city of Saginaw +in the County of Saginaw and there planted by the school children with +appropriate ceremonies. Then our city schools asked for them and in +every school yard in the city of Saginaw are some Washington walnuts +growing today. Following this distribution to the schools we had still +several bushels of the nuts, and one bushel was presented to what is +known as Merlin Grotto, a branch or division of the Masonic Order. As +General Washington was a member of that organization it seemed fitting +that that society should have some of the nuts. So in the beautiful +grounds outside of our city that are owned and controlled by Merlin +Grotto there were also planted some of these Mount Vernon walnuts. Then +we still had about two dozen of them left, and they were planted in what +is known as the Ezra Rush Park in Saginaw, our largest city park. They +are there in rows to be transplanted this coming spring and will be +again distributed to the schools, or to public places desiring them, as +long as they may last. The four specimens that you have before you, +gentlemen, are from nuts from trees planted during President +Washington's time at his home. We trust that they may live in this +beautiful park in Lancaster and that they may go down in history showing +the source from whence they came. + +PROF. HERBERT H. BECK: Gentlemen: It is a very great privilege +to represent Franklin and Marshall College in extending a word of +greeting as well as comradeship to the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. I use the word comradeship advisedly because we have +interests that are indubitably kindred. Our two institutions are both +concerned with the cultivation of something that will contribute to the +strength and happiness of each as Americans--your institution in the +cultivation of useful trees--our institution in the cultivation of +useful men. It may well be said, show me a man who loves and cultivates +trees and I will show you a man who loves his fellow men and puts that +love into practice. That cannot be said, unfortunately, of every man who +graduates from college. It is to be doubted whether the name of John +Harvey, considered abroad as worthy of a higher place in the annals of +American horticulture, is greater than the name of Johnny Appleseed, the +man who took apple trees out into the frontier of the open road. My only +regret is that I have never been in a position to do so. I can say, +though, with Dr. Holmes, for whose opinion on such things I have a most +profound admiration, that I have an intense, passionate fondness for all +trees in general and for certain trees in particular. When I go out +among the trees I have a kinship there. I am never lonely when I am in a +forest and I cannot say that when I am alone in a big city. I like to +look upon an old tree as a patriarch with not only an honored past but +an interesting story locked up under its bark. As I go to such a place +as Valley Forge, I like to lay my hand on the rough bark of an old tree +and say, "Oh, but that you might tell your tale; you are the only thing +left which looked upon the scene in which a few were crucified that many +might live." Such are the thoughts that come to me when I stand by an +old tree. I like to let my mind run back to the beginnings of trees, to +the pre-historic times when this bed rock was laid down, when all this +region was an inlet or bay from the Atlantic Ocean and the upland was +treeless as our rock record shows. Then there were the beginnings of low +fern-like growth and clotted mass which gradually increased in size +until they assumed the enormous proportions which made the coal beds +possible. And then I like to follow the growth of trees on to the broad +leaf. We have the beginnings of the broad leaf, the sassafras, the +poplars, the maples, and the oaks, and then, as the crowning feature of +the evolutionary process, the nut tree. I like to let my mind run ahead +a bit, particularly at such a time as this when we are setting out new +trees. What sort of people will these trees live to see? Will there be a +decadence of the taste and fondness for trees, which we hope is +growing? Will these trees live to see a race of people who take no +interest in such things except a commercial one, who have no thought for +the beauty of the trees nor for the rights of posterity? Will these +trees perchance live to see an upheaval of the happy affairs which now +exist in this country? In one hundred and fifty years many things can +happen. There is much in the existing turmoil of war conditions that +suggests possible disaster within the next couple of centuries, and +possibly that the fair constitution of Franklin and Washington may be +submerged in a chaos of something that means nothing. The remote +possibility of the invasion of a conquering race to destroy all these +things--but banish the thought. God grant, that these young trees may +grow up to furnish shade and fruit in proper season to thousands of +happy people, that they may always be useful and that they may not live +to see the time when disaster may come to this fair land. + +In closing, gentlemen, I wish to compliment you on what seems to me to +be the excellence of your personnel and organization. I am strongly +impressed with the fact that your organization has a prime scientific +value as well as a profound practical significance. I congratulate you +on these excellent qualities and traits of your association, wish you +all success and thank you for the privilege you have given me. + +DEAN R. L. WATTS: This seems to me almost like a sacred moment. +As I stand here in this circle, the ground upheaved there and that hole +in the ground, I think of something else that we stand around sometimes. +In a very large degree, especially in considering the remarks of +Professor Beck, it is a sacred occasion. What could be more sacred? What +could we regard with greater solemnity than the planting of trees that +will help all mankind. + +Particularly in connection with the planting of young trees I think of +my own boyhood experiences. Whenever I think of the boys and girls in +the woods picking up nuts it is pretty hard for me to think of those +boys and girls going wrong. One of the biggest things we have to look at +in this country is the question of maintaining high standards of manhood +and womanhood. In that the safety of our country rests. + +I wonder why I was asked to speak at this meeting of the Nut Growers' +Association. I do not know whether my friend Professor Fagan suggested +that I be placed on the program or not. Perhaps he had heard about what +happens in my own home. I have never gotten away from liking a little +manual labor. I do not want too much of it but I do like a little of it, +making garden and taking care of the furnace. Mrs. Watts sometimes +blames me for wanting to take care of the furnace in the cellar in the +winter time from the fact that I have always a bag of nuts down there. +When I go down she hears me cracking nuts. From my earliest boyhood days +I have been tremendously interested in the whole nut proposition. What I +have to say here today I have put in written form. + + +A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION OF NUT CULTURE + +_Dean Watts_ + +I am highly honored in being invited to present a paper before the +members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. + +For twelve years your association has stood for all that is good in +American nut culture. You have considered the different classes and +varieties that are worthy a place in American horticulture. You have +discussed how the various classes may best be propagated and cultivated +and have disseminated whatever information is available concerning the +control of fungous and insect enemies of nut bearing trees. Some of your +members have conducted investigations of great value to the industry and +others have made a special study of the food value of nuts as compared +with other standard foods. The eleven annual reports of the association +are indicative of the broad field of study and service which has been +covered by a zealous and enthusiastic body of nut specialists. + +Surely there is no doubt in the mind of any member of this association +concerning the importance of nut culture in the United States. From the +standpoint of food alone, we are more than justified in waging a +vigorous campaign for the planting of millions of trees. Who can mention +any article of food that is more nutritious, more wholesome, more +delicious than any and all of our native nuts as well as many imported +species? And what other class of trees even approaches the nut as a dual +purpose tree? In fact, as is well known, nut trees have four distinct +values; namely, to furnish food, shade, timber and ornamentation to the +landscape. + +In view of the important place which nut trees should have in American +horticulture, can we not manage in some way to plan and carry out a +comprehensive national program for the promotion of this proposition? +Surely there are thousands of people and hundreds of organizations and +institutions of various kinds which would consider it a privilege to +have a real part in such a worthy cause. + +For one who has been a member of this association for only a few hours, +it may seem a little presumptuous to even suggest a national program for +the promotion of nut culture, to say nothing of what should constitute +such a program. But, running the risk of someone hurling a chestnut burr +at me, I will venture a few suggestions, though they may be as old as +the sweetest of American nuts. + + +RESEARCH + +The great fundamental need of all American agriculture is research. This +statement applies to nut culture more than to any other branch of +horticulture because it has received less attention from well trained +investigators. Much credit is due the members of this association for +their patient and painstaking studies. But instead of having a mere +handful of men devoting their time to nut investigations, there ought to +be several men in each state engaged in working on the numerous problems +of vital importance to the nut industry. + +Prof. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture should have a +staff of several specialists, in order that he might make greater +progress in working out projects of national importance. The State +Agricultural Experiment Stations have shown very little interest in this +matter. Funds should be made available in each state to undertake nut +investigations that promise results of economic value. However, if the +United States Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment +Stations are to make real expansion in nut investigations, there must be +demands and outside pressure from prominent people; as for example, from +the members of this association. More and more the farmers of the +country are petitioning their Experiment Stations to make certain +studies and it is unlikely that these institutions will do very much for +the nut industry unless the rural population indicate that they want +this line of work included in the experimental program. + +Mr. President, cannot this association block out at least a tentative +nut research program for the whole United States? What are the problems +that should have first consideration? What do you think the Pennsylvania +Agricultural Experiment Station should do for nut culture in this state? +As Director of the Pennsylvania Station, I would like to have this +question answered by the nut enthusiasts of the state. Dr. Fletcher and +Prof. Fagan stand ready to carry out your wishes and I pledge them my +heartiest co-operation. Many of you know that the Pennsylvania Station +is now working under a great handicap financially, but this situation +may change within a few years. + + +TEACHING + +I have been wondering whether all of the Agricultural Colleges give +instruction in nut culture. If they do, just how much consideration is +given to this important matter. It is one thing to give a careful, +thorough, systematic course, covering a whole term or semester but quite +another proposition to give a few disconnected lectures. If a committee +of this association could look into the matter and formulate a +suggestive program for the Colleges, it would stimulate greater interest +in the subject in all of the Agricultural Colleges. + +In this connection let us not lose sight of the fact that the number of +College boys on our farms is increasing very rapidly. Not long ago I +attended a Farm Bureau meeting in Washington County, Pennsylvania, at +which there were twenty-five to thirty young men who had taken +Agricultural courses at The Pennsylvania State College. We can readily +see what an opportunity it is to teach these College boys the benefits +of planting nut bearing trees on their home places. + +Again, we should manage in some way or other to permeate our town and +rural schools with the nut planting spirit. Thousands and thousands of +shade trees are planted where nut trees would be much more desirable. +Every country school ground might well serve as a demonstration center +of the best nut producing trees for that community. If such a scheme +were carried out intelligently, our farmsteads would soon abound with +nut trees. Let us not lose sight of the value of the demonstration idea +in any nut propaganda work that may be undertaken. + + +EXTENSION SERVICE + +The United States has the best and most wonderful system of Agricultural +Extension of any country in the world. Are we using this system to +extend the planting of nut bearing trees. Do we not know of classes and +varieties which may be planted under suitable conditions that will be +certain to give satisfactory results? If so, why not get this +information in definite form before our County Agents and Farm Bureaus +and let them pass it along to the soil tillers. Perhaps the time is not +far off when the Colleges might appoint Nut Extension Specialists who +would work through the County Agents and public schools and handle this +matter in a thorough, effective, systematic manner. Surely we have the +machinery for the dissemination of whatever knowledge is available +relating to the selection, planting and care of nut bearing trees. + + +STATE DEPARTMENTS + +All of the numerous State Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Game +Conservation, etc., in this and every other state should be vitally +interested in the nut proposition. Perhaps some of the officials in +these State Departments don't realize the possibilities of nut planting? +Is there any way of educating them? For example, our Game Commissioners +are worrying over the disappearance of the chestnut as a source of food +for squirrels. Do they realize that the bush chinquapin might be +substituted with success, in some sections at least? And why not get +game and squirrel lovers and tree planters in general to enthuse about +the planting of black walnuts with a liberal sprinkling of butternuts? +The result would be food for the squirrels, for the kiddies and some for +the old folks, besides useful timber trees and also beautiful roadsides +and farmsteads. + + +THE PRESS + +We ought to manage in some way to get more material relating to nuts +published in country papers and magazines, especially in the farm +papers. Millions of copies of the agricultural papers reach our farm +homes every week. They are read largely by the boys and girls who are +always very much interested in nuts. + + +STATE LAWS + +I do not know how much can be accomplished by passing laws that will +encourage the planting of nut bearing trees, especially along the +roadside. All of us will watch with much interest the Penney Law of +Michigan. A very careful study should be made of this phase of the +problem and then urge the passage of such laws in each state as will be +most favorable to the development of the whole proposition. + + +ASSOCIATIONS + +For real aggressive work we must rely very largely upon numerous +associations, national, state, county and local. This association should +take the lead and many others can render tremendous assistance in +carrying out a national program. Enthusiasts in every community should +see to it that the subject is properly represented at the local meetings +of horticultural associations and other organizations which discuss +rural problems. + +In closing this paper may I again urge the importance of a constructive +research program, if nut culture is to make any considerable progress in +the United States. + + + + +APPENDIX + +Members and others present: E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn.; Jacob E. Brown, +Elmer, N. J.; Jacob A. Rife, S. J. Rife, J. S. Rittenhouse, Loraine, +Pa.; Christian LeFevre, W. Lampeter, Pa.; John Rick, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel +L. Smedley, Prof. H. H. Beck, J. E. Fortney, J. F. Jones, Harvey A. +Penney, James M. Balthaser, James S. McGlennon, Ralph T. Olcott, John +Watson, J. G. Rush, T. P. Littlepage, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Ridgway, Prof. +F. N. Fagan, A. C. Pomeroy, C. M. Leiter, Ralph W. Leiter, Elam G. Hess, +W. N. Roper, Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bixby, Mrs. N. R. Haines, Wilmer +Wescoat, Patrick O'Connor, Postmaster Spencer, Dr. W. C. Deming, W. S. +Linton, J. S. Ritchie, Dr. C. A. Cannaday, Dean R. L. Watts, Mr. and +Mrs. W. C. Rhodes, Ammon P. Fritz, Mr. and Mrs. Blockhauser, D. F. +Clark, Rev. and Mrs. Geo. A. Stauffer, Harry Stuart, Oliver S. Shaefer. + +Exhibits: Black walnuts, Ohio, Stabler from original tree at Brookville, +Md.; Thomas, considered the best of the larger sorts, and perhaps the +best cracker among these, tree a very rapid grower and a good and +reliable bearer; Persian walnut, Alpine, from Benj. Mylin, Willow St. +Pa. grafted tree; Juglans sieboldiana or sieboldi, Japan walnut, rapid +grower and beautiful tree; Juglans cordiformis, Japan walnut, tree +similar to the sieboldiana but a better nut, grafted trees bearing very +early; Indiana pecan from original tree Wabash River bottoms, Oaktown, +Ind.; Niblack pecan from original pecan in Indiana; Weiker hickory +seedlings, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from seedlings 60 years old from the parent +tree 200 years old at Lampeter, Lancaster Co., Pa., showing marked +variation from the type of the parent tree, which is believed to be a +cross between the shagbark and the shellbark; Kirtland shagbark from +original tree at Yalesville, Ct.; Laney shagbark-bitternut hybrid +from original tree in Rochester, N. Y. city park; Fairbanks +shagbark-bitternut hybrid from topworked tree, original tree near Cedar +Rapids, Iowa; Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 1, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High quality, good size, +prolific. Tree has not blighted to date after twelve years exposure to +blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris +hybrid chestnut No. 2, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High +quality, bright color, good size, not so prolific as No. 1 and No. 3 as +it leaves some of the racemes of burrs unfilled. The tree has not +blighted to date after twelve years of exposure to blighting chestnuts +and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 3, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. Many Japanese and Korean +chestnuts were blossoming in the vicinity and this may be an accidental +pollination from them instead of from pollen of the American chestnut. +Quality not so good as that of No. 1 and No. 2. Nut dull in color +instead of bright. Tree prolific, has shown blight but once during +twelve years of exposure among blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. +Blight took place at a place where the tree was injured by a falling +limb from a dying chestnut tree. The blighted spot was cut out and did +not reappear. Filberts, Emperor, Du Chilly, Montebello, Noce Lunghe, +Italian Red, Des Anglais, Red Aveline, Cornucopia, Imperial Daviana; +Nelubium luteum, American lotus, also called water chinkapin, Yonkopin, +etc., an aquatic plant; Nelubium speciosum, Egyptian lotus, much +cultivated for its large, beautiful flowers. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19728-8.txt or 19728-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/7/2/19728/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Twelfth Annual Meeting + Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October 6 and 7, 1921 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: November 6, 2006 [EBook #19728] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<p class='center'>DISCLAIMER</p> + +<p>The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers +Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are +not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers +Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is +intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not +mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may +have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide +applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current +label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion +of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut +trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular +time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere.</p> + +<div class="figcenter"><img src="images/imgcover.jpg" alt="cover" title="cover" /></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h1> NORTHERN</h1> + <h1>NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h1> + + + <h2>REPORT</h2> + <h2>OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE</h2> + <h2>TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING</h2> + + + <h3>LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA</h3> + <h3>OCTOBER 6 AND 7,</h3> + <h3>1921</h3> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /></p> +<h2>CONTENTS</h2> + + + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Contents"> +<tr><td align='left'>Officers and Committees of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>State Vice-Presidents</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Members of the Association</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Constitution and By-Laws</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Treasurer</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nut Trees for Public Places, Dr. R. T. Morris</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roadside Planting, Prof. A. K. Chittendon</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roadside Planting Legislation in Mich., Senator Henry A. Penny</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cultivation and Culture of the European Filbert, James S. McGlennon</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_54'><b>54</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting, T. P. Littlepage</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Where May the Northern Pecan Be Expected to Bear, Willard G. Bixby</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Constitution and By-Laws Amended</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Report of Nominating Committee, Secretary Olcott</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Proceedings of The Tree Planting Ceremonies at Long's Park, Lancaster County, Pa</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>A National Program for the Promotion of Nut Culture, Dean Watts</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a></td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Appendix</td><td align='right'><a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></td></tr> +</table> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<p><br /></p> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span></p> + + + + +<h2><a name="officers" id="officers"></a> +OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION</h2> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>President</i> James S. McGlennon Rochester, New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Vice-President</i> J. F. Jones Lancaster, Pennsylvania</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Treasurer</i> Willard G. Bixby Baldwin, Nassau Co., New York</td></tr> +</table> + + + <h2>COMMITTEES</h2> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="COMMITTEES"> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Auditing</i>—C. P. Close, C. A. Reed</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Executive</i>—J. Russell SMITH, W. S. Linton and the Officers</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Finance</i>—T. P. Littlepage, Willard G. Bixby, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Hybrids</i>—R. T. Morris, C. P. Close, W. G. Bixby, Howard Spence</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Membership</i>—James S. McGlennon, H. R. Weber, R. T. Olcott, W. O. Potter, W. G. Bixby, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Nomenclature</i>—C. A. Reed, R. T. Morris, J. F. Jones</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Press and Publication</i>—R. T. Olcott, W. G. Bixby, W. C. Deming</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Programe</i>—James S. McGlennon, W. C. Deming, R. T. Olcott, C. A. Reed, R. T. Morris, W. G. Bixby</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><i>Promising Seedlings</i>—C. A. Reed, J. F. Jones, W. G. Bixby</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS" id="STATE_VICE-PRESIDENTS"></a>STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS</h2> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS"> +<tr><td align='left'>Alabama</td><td align='left'>H. M. Robertson</td><td align='left'>2026 1st Ave., Birmingham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake</td><td align='left'>University of Arkansas, Fayetteville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>California</td><td align='left'>T. C. Tucker</td><td align='left'>311 California St., San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Canada</td><td align='left'>G. H. Corsan</td><td align='left'>63 Avenue Road, Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>China</td><td align='left'>P. W. Wang,</td><td align='left'>Kinsan Arboretum Chuking Kiangsu Province</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Colorado</td><td align='left'>C. L. Cudebec</td><td align='left'>Boulder, Box 233</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Connecticut</td><td align='left'>Ernest M. Ives</td><td align='left'>Sterling Orchards, Meriden</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dist of Columbia</td><td align='left'>B. G. Foster</td><td align='left'>902 G. St., Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>England</td><td align='left'>Howard Spence</td><td align='left'>Eskdale Knutsford Cheshire</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Georgia</td><td align='left'>A. S. Perry</td><td align='left'>Cuthbert</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Illinois</td><td align='left'>E. A. Riehl</td><td align='left'>Alton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Indiana</td><td align='left'>J. F. Wilkinson</td><td align='left'>Rockport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Iowa</td><td align='left'>D. C. Snyder</td><td align='left'>Center Point</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kansas</td><td align='left'>James Sharp</td><td align='left'>Council Grove</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kentucky</td><td align='left'>Frank M. Livengood</td><td align='left'>Berea</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maine</td><td align='left'>Alice D. Leavitt</td><td align='left'>79 High St., Bridgton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Maryland</td><td align='left'>P. J. O'Connor</td><td align='left'>Bowie</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Massachusetts</td><td align='left'>C. Leroy Cleaver</td><td align='left'>496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Michigan</td><td align='left'>Dr. J. H. Kellogg</td><td align='left'>Battle Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Missouri</td><td align='left'>P. C. Stark</td><td align='left'>Louisiana</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nebraska</td><td align='left'>William Caha</td><td align='left'>Wahoo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Hampshire</td><td align='left'>Henry B. Stevens</td><td align='left'>Durham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nevada</td><td align='left'>C. G. Swingle</td><td align='left'>Hazen</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New Jersey</td><td align='left'>C. S. Ridgway</td><td align='left'>Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New York</td><td align='left'>Dr. G. J. Buist</td><td align='left'>3 Hancock St., Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>North Carolina</td><td align='left'>Dr. Harvey P. Barrett</td><td align='left'>211 Vail Ave., Charlotte</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ohio</td><td align='left'>Harry R. Weber</td><td align='left'>123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oklahoma</td><td align='left'>Dr. C. E. Beitman</td><td align='left'>Skedee</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Oregon</td><td align='left'>Knight Pearcy</td><td align='left'>Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pennsylvania</td><td align='left'>F. N. Fagan</td><td align='left'>State College</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>South Carolina</td><td align='left'>Prof. A. G. Shanklin</td><td align='left'>Clemson College</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Texas</td><td align='left'>J. H. Burkett</td><td align='left'>Clyde</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Vermont</td><td align='left'>F. C. Holbrook</td><td align='left'>Brattleboro</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Virginia</td><td align='left'>John S. Parish</td><td align='left'>University</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington</td><td align='left'>William Baines</td><td align='left'>Okanogan</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>West Virginia</td><td align='left'>Fred E. Brooks</td><td align='left'>French Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wisconsin</td><td align='left'>Dr. G. W. Patchen</td><td align='left'>Manitowoc</td></tr> +</table> + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span></p> + + + + + + <h2>MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT<br />GROWERS + ASSOCIATION</h2> + + +<h4>April, 1, 1922</h4> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="MEMBERS"> +<tr><td align='left'>ALABAMA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Robertson, H. M., 2026 1st Ave., Birmingham</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ARIZONA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heyne, Fred W., Douglas</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ARKANSAS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Univ. of Arkansas</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dunn, D. K., Wynne</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CALIFORNIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cajori, F. A., 1220 Byron St., Palo Alto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cress, B. E., Tehachapi</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Tucker, T. C., 311 California St., San Francisco</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CANADA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bell, Alex., Milliken, Ontario</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corsan, G. H., 513 Christie St., Toronto</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Corcoran, William, Port Dalhousie, Box 26, Ontario</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Haight, P. N., St. Thomas, Canada</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CHINA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kinsan Arboretum, Chuking, Kiangsu Province, P. W. Wang Secy.</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>COLORADO</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bennett, L. E., Cory</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Butterbaugh, Dr. W. S., Engleburg, Las Animas Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cudebec, C. L., Boulder, Box 233</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hartman, Richard, Kremmling</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>CONNECTICUT</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Barrows, Paul M., Stanford, R. F. D. No. 30</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bartlett, Francis A., Stanford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Benedict, Samuel L., 98 South Main St., So. Norwalk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bielefield, F. J., Middleton, South Farms</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bradley, Smith T., New Haven, Grand Ave.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Craig, Joseph A., 783 Washington Ave., West Haven</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Deming, Dr. W. C., Hartford, 983 Main St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. No. 7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hilliard, H. J., South View</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 76</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ives, E. M., Meriden, Sterling Orchards</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford, 1822 Main St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Morris Dr. R. T. Cos Cob Route 28, Box 95</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sessions, Albert L., Bristol, 25 Bellevue Ave.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 176</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Staunton, Gray, 320 Howard Ave., New Haven</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>White, Gerrard, North Granby</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beatty, Wilbur M. L., 4027 Georgia Ave., Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Close, C. P. Prof., Pomologist Dept. of Agriculture, Wash.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Foster, B. G., Washington, 902 G. St., N. W.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>**Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ENGLAND</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>GEORGIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bullard, William P., Albany</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Patterson, J. M., Putney</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Perry, A. S., Cuthbert</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wight, J. B., Cairo</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>ILLINOIS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buckman, Benj., Farmingdale</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Casper, O. H., Anna</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heide, John F. H., 500 Oakwood Blvd., Chicago</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hon. W. A. Potter, Marion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harry J. Rickelman, Weed Bldg., Effingham</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reihl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shaw, James B., Urbana, Box 143, Univ. Sta.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sundstrand, Mrs. G. D., 916 Garfield Ave., Rockford</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wells, Oscar, Farina</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>INDIANA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jackson, Francis M., 122 N. Main St., South Bend</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Reed, W. C., Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Redmon, Felix, Rockport, R. R. 2, Box 32</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rowell, Mrs. George P., 219 North 5th St., Goshen</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Simpson, H. D., Vincennes</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>IOWA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bricker, C. W., Ladora</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Finnell, J. F. C., Hamburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pfeiffer, W. F., Fayette</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Skromme, L. J. (Skromme Seed Company), Roland</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Snyder, D. C., Center Point</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span>Snyder, S. W., Center Point</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>KANSAS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Sharpe, James, Council Grove</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>KENTUCKY</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. No. 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Livengood, Frank M., Berea</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MAINE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leavitt, Mrs. Alice D., 79 High St., Brighton</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MARYLAND</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Auchter, E. C., College Park</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>O'Connor, P. J., Bowie</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MASSACHUSETTS</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jackson, Arthur H., 63 Fayerweather St., Cambridge</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mass. Agriculture College, Library of, Amherst</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Scudder, Dr. Charles L., 209 Beacon St., Boston</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MICHIGAN</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beck, J. P., 25 James, Saginaw</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cross, John L., 104 Division St., Bangor</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Guild, Stacy R., 562 So. 7th St., Ann Arbor</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hartig, G. F., Bridgeman, R. F. D. No. 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Henshall, H., 527 Harper St., Detroit</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>House, George W., Ford Bldg., Detroit</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kellogg, Dr. J. H., Battle Creek, 202 Manchester St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Linton, W. S., Saginaw, Pres. Board of Trade</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mac Nab, Dr. Alex B., Cassopolis</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Olson, A. E., Holton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Penny, Harvey A., Saginaw, 425 So. Jefferson Ave.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith, Edward J., 85 So. Union St., Battle Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MISSISSIPPI</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bechtel, Theo., Ocean Springs</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MISSOURI</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crosby, Miss Jessie M., 4241 Harrison St., Kansas City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hazen, Josiah J., (Neosho Nurseries Co.) Neosho</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rhodes, J. I., 224 Maple St., Neosho</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spellen, Howard P., 4505a W. Papin St., St. Louis</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stark, P. C., Louisiana</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NEBRASKA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Caha, William, Wahoo</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span>Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NEW HAMPSHIRE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stevens, Henry B., N. H. College of Agriculture, Durham</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NEVADA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Swingle, C. G., Hazen</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NEW JERSEY</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Jacob S., Elmer, Salem Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marshall, S. L., Vineland</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Phillips, Irving S., 501 Madison St., West New York</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Price, John R., 36 Ridgdale Ave., Madison</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Salvage, W. K., Farmingdale</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Westcoat Wilmer, 230 Knight Ave., Collingswood</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NEW YORK</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Adams, Sidney I., 418 Powers Bldg., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Babcock, H. J., Lockport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Borchers, H. Chas., Wenga Farm, Armonk</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brown, Ronold K., 320 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Buist, Dr. G. J., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Crane, Alfred J., Monroe</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Coriell, A. S., 120 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gillet, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hall, L. W., Jr., 509 Cutler Bldg., Rochester (L. W. Hall Co., Inc.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harper, George W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hodge, James, 199 Kingsbridge Road West, Kingsbridge, N. Y. C.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.)</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hoffman, Arthur S., 26 Church St., White Plains</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kains, M. G., Pomona</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jewett, Edmund G., 16 Elliott Place, Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 15th & 4th Ave., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>McGlennon, J. S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Meyers, Charles, 316 Adelphi St., Brooklyn</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry Building, Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Richardson, J. M., 2 Columbus Circle, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span>Ritchie, John W., Yonkers, 2 A Beach Street</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ryder, Clayton, Carmel</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Stephen, John W., Syracuse, New York State College of Forestry</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wetmore, W. J., Elmira</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whitney, Arthur C., 9 Manila St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Whitney, Leon F., 65 Barclay St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St., New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Wisman, Mrs. F. de R. Westchester, New York City</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>NORTH CAROLINA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hutchings, Miss L. G., Pine Bluff</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>C. W. Matthews, North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Van Lindley, J., (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.), Pomona</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>OHIO</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burton, J. Howard, Casstown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jackson, A. V., 3275 Linwood Rd., Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ketchem, C. S., Middlefield Box 981</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pomerene Julius, 1914 East 116th St., Cleveland</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Ramsey, John, 1803 Freeman Ave., Cincinnati</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Weber, Harry R., Cincinnati, 123 East 6th St.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Yunck, Edward G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>OKLAHOMA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Beitmen, C. E., Dr., Skedee</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>OREGON</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Marvin, Cornelia, Oregon State Library, Salem</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Nelson, W. W., R. 3, Box 652, Portland</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pearcy, Knight, 210 Oregon Building, Salem</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>PENNSYLVANIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Althouse, C. Scott, 820 North 5th St., Reading</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Balthaser, James M., Wernersville, Berks Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bohn, Dr. H. W., 34 No. 9th St., Reading</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bolton, Charles G., Zieglerville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Bomberger, John S., Lebanon, R. F. D. No. 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clark, D. F., 147 N. 13th St., Harrisburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fagan, Prof. F. N., State College</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Heffner, H., Leeper</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hess, Elam G., Manhein</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hile, Anthony, Curwensville</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Irwin, Ernest C., 66 St. Nicholas Bldg., Pittsburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jenkins, Charles Francis, Philadelphia—Farm Journal</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span>*Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kaufman, M. M., Clarion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Leas, F. C., Merion Station</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Minick, C. G., Ridgway</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Murphy, P. J., Scranton, Vice-Pres. L. & W. R. R. Co.</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Myers, J. Everitt, R. D. No. 3, York Springs</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Neagley, C. H., Greencastle, R. D. No. 2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes Barre</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rittenhouse, Dr. J. F. S., Lorane</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Robinson, W. I., Fort Loudon</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rose, William J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg "Personal"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Rush, J. G., West Willow</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Russell, Dr. Andrew L., 729 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shoemaker, H. C., 1739 Main St., Northampton</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Smith Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Sober, C. K. Col., Lewisburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Spencer, L. N., 216 East New St., Lancaster</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Walter, R. G., Willow Grove, Doylestown Pike</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Weaver, William S., McCungie</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>*Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>SOUTH CAROLINA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Shanklin, A. G., Prof., Clemson College</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Kendall, Dr. F. D., 1317 Hampton Ave., Columbus</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>TENNESSEE</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Waite, J. W., Normandy</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>VERMONT</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>VIRGINIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Harris, D. C., Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Jordan, J. H., Bohannon</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Parrish, John S., Charlottesville, Route No. 4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Roper, W. N., Petersburg</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>WASHINGTON</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baines, William, Okanogan</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Turk, Richard H., Washougal</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>WEST VIRGINIA</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Brooks, Fred E., French Creek</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Mish, A. F., Inwood</td></tr> +<tr><td> </td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>WISCONSIN</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lang, Robert B., Racine, Box 103</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Patchen, Dr. G. W., Manitowoc</td></tr> +</table> + + + + + +<h4>* Life Member<br /> +** Honorary Member</h4> +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="CONSTITUTION" id="CONSTITUTION"></a>CONSTITUTION</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Name</i>. This society shall be known as the <span class="smcap">Northern Nut Growers +Association</span>.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Object</i>. Its object shall be the promotion of interest in +nut-bearing plants, their products and their culture.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership</i>. Membership in the society shall be open to all +persons who desire to further nut culture, without reference to +place of residence or nationality, subject to the rules and +regulations of the committee on membership.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4> + +<p><i>Officers</i>. There shall be a president, a vice-president and a +secretary-treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual +meeting; and an executive committee of five persons, of which the +president, two last retiring presidents, vice-president and +secretary-treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state +vice-president from each state, dependency or country represented +in the membership of the association, who shall be appointed by the +president.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article V</span></h4> + +<p><i>Election of Officers</i>. A committee of five members shall be +elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating +officers for the following year.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VI</span></h4> + +<p><i>Meetings</i>. The place and time of the annual meeting shall be +selected by the membership in session or, in the event of no +selection being made at this time, the executive committee shall +choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention. +Such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the +president and executive committee.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Quorum</i>. Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, +but must include a majority of the executive committee or two of +the three elected officers.</p> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article VIII</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote +of the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such +amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a +copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to +each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. </p></div> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>BY-LAWS</h2> + + +<div class="blockquot"><h4><span class="smcap">Article I</span></h4> + +<p><i>Committees</i>. The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, +and an auditing committee. The committee on membership may make +recommendations to the association as to the discipline or +expulsion of any member.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article II</span></h4> + +<p><i>Fees.</i> Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars +and twenty-five cents, including a year's subscription to the American +Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and shall be +exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article III</span></h4> + +<p><i>Membership.</i> All annual memberships shall begin either with the first +day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding +that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Article IV</span></h4> + +<p><i>Amendments</i>. By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +members present at any annual meeting. </p></div> + + + +<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="PROCEEDINGS_AT_THE" id="PROCEEDINGS_AT_THE"></a>PROCEEDINGS AT THE<br /> +TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h2> +<h3>LANCASTER, PA.<br /><br /> + +OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921</h3> + + +<p>The Convention was called to order at 10 a. m. Thursday, October 6, +1921, by the President, Hon. William S. Linton, of Saginaw, Michigan, in +the convention hall of the Brunswick Hotel, Lancaster, Pa.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President:</span> It certainly is a pleasure and a privilege for +us to meet in the prosperous and historic Pennsylvania City of +Lancaster. I am sure that we will have a successful meeting, and I am +certain also that during the past year progress has been made in our +work which when read into the records will show that we have +accomplished material good. Without further preliminary remarks, and +with the statement that my address or report will come later during the +session, we will proceed immediately with our programme.</p> + +<p>I have the honor to call upon the representative of the Mayor of +Lancaster, Oliver S. Schaeffer, for the welcoming address.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Oliver S. Schaeffer, Esq.</span>: Mr. President, Members of the +Northern Nut Growers' Association, Friends and Guests: On behalf of the +Mayor and the people of Lancaster I extend to you their greetings and +bid you a most hearty and cordial welcome.</p> + +<p>We feel honored that you have selected for the second time this city for +the holding of your convention. Your esteemed president referred to +Lancaster City as an historic city, and no doubt all of you know that +Lancaster is frequently called the garden spot of the world.</p> + +<p>Historically Lancaster City was the capital of Pennsylvania for +thirty-three years, I think from 1779 to 1812. During the Revolutionary +War when the British troops occupied Philadelphia the Continental +Congress met here for a while in a building that formerly stood at +Center Square where you now see the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p> + +<p>I was talking to your secretary a few minutes in the hotel lobby this +morning and he told me that while some of you were in the nut business +with a majority of you it was a hobby. That is the altruistic spirit +that counts in these days when most of us look upon things in a +materialistic way.</p> + +<p>There was a time when I thought that most nuts came from Brazil, but I +am glad to learn that we grow the nuts we eat here in the good old U. S. +A., and some right here in Pennsylvania and in Lancaster County.</p> + +<p>I cannot help but think of the chestnut blight that has worked havoc +throughout our state and some other states. It has occasioned a big +material loss. Yet I think too of another side of the loss and that is +the spiritual side because our "chestnut parties" are now becoming a +past memory. It is up to men like you to retrieve that loss and to bring +back to our youth the chance of experiencing that innocent pleasure the +gathering of chestnuts.</p> + +<p>As I look into your faces here this morning (and while you are not +numerous you make up in quality what you lack in quantity), I cannot +help but congratulate you on showing the spirit that means progress. I +cannot help but feel also that you are optimists, and they are what we +need at the present time.</p> + +<p>I will not trespass upon your time any longer. I again bid you a most +warm welcome to our city and on behalf of the Mayor hand you the +symbolic key of this city to enable you to go where you please.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Working with us unselfishly for the past two or +three years has been a Michigan man who has had in mind the benefit of +his locality, the State of Michigan and the United States. It was his +privilege to introduce the first bill into a state legislature that +became a law making it obligatory upon state authorities to plant useful +trees along the roadside throughout the entire state that he represented +so well in the Senate. I take pleasure in calling upon that member to +respond to the eloquent words of the Mayor's representative. I would ask +Senator Penney to reply to Mr. Schaeffer.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Hon. Harvey A. Penney</span>: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of this +Convention, and Mr. Mayor: We all appreciate this warm and hospitable +greeting. Some of us are a long way from home. Mr. Linton, and I come +from a town somewhat the size of this. We have about sixty-five thousand +people, a large and growing city with a lot of prosperous and very +wealthy men in it. We feel that in coming here we are coming to a city +something like our own. We have been very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> much impressed with your city +since we have been here. I am glad to see that colonial spirit, the +spirit of '76, which permeates your people here. Up in Saginaw, of +course, we do not have the same things to remind us of the past that you +have. You have your monuments and those things that call your attention +continually to it; but I am sure that our people are as patriotic as +your people. However, I think that the spirit of '76 which still +permeates the East helps to keep the whole country in line for the +patriotic upholding of our governmental institutions.</p> + +<p>While most of the men here are interested especially in the scientific +investigation and promotion of the nut industry, my friend Mr. Linton +and I have been more particularly interested in road-side planting. +Along with the promotion and building of good highways we fell into the +idea of beautifying those highways. At the time the people in the East +were having their trouble in the colonial days, the revolutionary days, +our town was unheard of. It was simply way back in the forest and the +wilderness and it was not until very early in this past century that +Saginaw was even thought of. Mr. Linton and I talked last night about +different things connected with the history of our country and we spoke +of De Tocqueville, the great French traveler and explorer who came to +America way back in 1831. He wished to go into the wilds of this country +and see for himself what was here. He went to Buffalo and crossed the +lakes to Detroit. Detroit was then a city of about two thousand +inhabitants. And then he had the desire to go up into the wilds where +nothing but wild animals and wild people lived; so he went up on a trail +that led to what is now Pontiac perhaps thirty or forty miles northwest +of Saginaw; that was about the end of the trail. There were one or two +settlers who lived there. He picked up a couple of Indian guides and +started through the trackless forest, sixty or seventy miles up through +the northwest to what is now Saginaw. He had his desire fully satisfied. +He was eaten up by mosquitoes and rattlesnakes in the swamps and +marshes; he could not sleep nor anything else; so he came back. That was +away back in 1831, fifty years or more after your people were fighting +and struggling for the liberty of this country.</p> + +<p>I wish to say in closing that we all highly appreciate the welcome that +has been extended to us on behalf of the Mayor of this fine city.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Next on the program will come the report of the +secretary.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I regret the smallness of the secretary's +accomplishment for the past year. Except for the editing of the annual +report—which is much a matter of cutting out superfluous words—and the +effort to get speakers for this convention, he has attempted very +little.</p> + +<p>This is not, however, for lack of things that could and should have been +done. An energetic campaign for new members is the most obvious +desideratum. The committee to prepare and issue a bulletin on the +roadside planting of nut trees, arranged to give information for every +part of the country, has been innocuous as well as useless. Perhaps this +meeting will afford stimulus and material enough to get it to work.</p> + +<p>I think that few of the members realize how the inactivity of the +secretary has been more than made up for by the industry of the +treasurer. Perhaps they are reciprocally cause and consequence. Not only +has the treasurer discharged the usual duties of that office but he has +also attended to most of the correspondence and clerical work. He has +conducted the nut contests which, under his management, have developed +to formidable proportions requiring immense expenditure of time and +effort.</p> + +<p>These nut contests have now become so widely known as to return us a +good idea of what we may expect of the native nuts of the country. +Undoubtedly we have not yet found the best nuts that this country +produces, except perhaps in the case of the pecan. But Mr. Bixby's +labors, continuing the work begun by Dr. Morris, have reached such +results that I think he will be willing to say that we have nearly +reached the limit of natural excellence in the nuts already discovered.</p> + +<p>In fact it seems to me that we have reached the point where further +improvement in nuts for cultivation is to be looked for especially from +purposeful hybridizing by man. It should be another of the chief aims of +this association to induce self-perpetuating institutions to get +together the material necessary for such work. Such material already +exists in incomplete form—incomplete, that is, especially in +horticultural varieties—as in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Public +Park at Rochester. The Arnold Arboretum, through our treasurer's +efforts, has agreed to give more attention to nut growing and breeding. +The St. Louis Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, +through the efforts and generosity of Mr. Bixby and Mr. Jones, have made +special plantings of horticultural varieties, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> this summer the New +York Botanical Garden was induced to set out a number of grafted and +seedling nut trees given by Mr. Jones, Mr. Bixby, Mr. W. C. Reed, the +McCoy Nut Nurseries and others.</p> + +<p>But unless this association can keep their interest alive it is likely +that some of these institutional plantings will be neglected, especially +as regards the highest development of their possibilities. In one +botanical garden visited this summer the casual nut tree plantings +running back thirty years have been entirely neglected and the trees are +stunted almost to extinction. I hope that our members will lose no +opportunity to visit these institutions and ask to see the nut tree +plantings. One or two such visits in a year will help to keep our wards +in the institutional mind.</p> + +<p>We cannot expect from these gardens, at present at least, interest in +breeding experiments. That is more properly a function of agricultural +experiment stations. These are so short manned and short funded, so +absorbed in problems offering quicker results, that it is difficult to +get them even to consider nut growing. I do not recall a single +experiment station in the country where any nut breeding experiments are +being conducted. A few manifest a little interest in planting +horticultural varieties but the only breeding experiments that I know +of, or at this moment recall, are those of Dr. Morris, Dr. Van Fleet, +Mr. Forkert and Mr. Jones. All of these experimenters have produced +results that more than indicate great possibilities.</p> + +<p>Therefore I think that more of the energy of this association should be +expended in influencing the self perpetuating horticultural institutions +to see the importance of nut culture.</p> + +<p>Attention should be called also to our treasurer's initiative, +perseverance and industry in issuing Bulletin No. 5 on Nut Culture, in +improving and reprinting our accredited list of nut nurserymen, in +visiting, photographing and describing many of our important parent nut +trees, in securing and distributing scions, in promoting experimental +topworking of native nut trees in promising localities, in developing a +varietal and experimental nut orchard which in time will be second to +none in these respects, and in many other promotions of the objects of +our association, unsparingly of his energy and his means.</p> + +<p>It is curious that the biggest development in nut tree planting, for +which we are responsible apparently, and practically the only +considerable development of the roadside planting of nut trees, about +which we have been talking so much, is on the other side of the earth, +in China, where Mr. Wang, one of our members, and associated with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> the +Kinsan Arboretum, is planting along the new model highway from Shanghai +to Hangkow, a ton of black walnuts bought in this country and shipped to +him through Mr. Bixby.</p> + +<p>Two public horticultural institutions in Canada have written me about +making nut plantings.</p> + +<p>We seem, perhaps, in this land, too busy making what we call wealth, and +armaments to protect it, too busy to give attention to the food supply +of the future race.</p> + +<p>To summarise, the association may feel that its purpose as originally +stated, and never changed, "The Promotion of Interest in Nut Bearing +Plants, their Products and their Culture," has been furthered +consistently though results are slow. For the future we should work, 1. +For a greater membership. 2. To stimulate interest in horticultural +institutions, especially in nut breeding. 3. To give definite +information that will encourage nut tree planting for profit by +individuals. 4. To promote roadside, memorial and public place planting +of nut trees. 5. To discover still more of our valuable native nut trees +through our prize contests.</p> + +<p>Mr. C. A. Reed has made a suggestion which I will lay before you and +which may be considered at a later hour. He suggests that it might be +better to have our conventions once in two years, every other one to be +held in Washington.</p> + +<p>This is so radical a proposal that it should have prolonged +consideration before adoption.</p> + +<p>The affairs of the association are not getting from the secretary the +attention they deserve and he does not foresee better attention in the +future. He wishes that some more active person could be found for the +place and would be very glad to have the association elect another +secretary.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The secretary's report will be received and +filed with the proceedings. Are there any remarks in connection +therewith?</p> + +<p>Personally, I wish to endorse emphatically what the secretary has said +relative to Treasurer Bixby who has worked early and late and has +promoted the affairs of this association to a very great degree. His +work is along practical lines and brings results.</p> + +<p>The secretary finds fault with himself. No member of the association +endorses that particular phase of his paper because his work has been +good, he has had the best interests of the association at heart at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> all +times—that I personally know—and I sincerely hope that he may change +his mind relative to his successor.</p> + +<p>We will now listen to the report of Treasurer Bixby.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<h3> +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION</h3> +<h4>In account with</h4> +<h3>WILLARD G. BIXBY, TREASURER</h3> + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="80%" cellspacing="0" summary="TREASURER'S REPORT"> + +<tr><th colspan="5">RECEIPTS</th></tr> +<tr valign='bottom'> +<td>Balance on hand Oct. 1, 1921:<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">Special Hickory Prize, $25.00; Life</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Membership, $25.00; for Regular</span><br /><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Expenses, $25.26</span></td><td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> +<td align='right'>$75.26</td> +</tr> +<tr valign='bottom'> +<td>From Annual members including joint<br /><span style="margin-left: 1em;">subscriptions to American Nut Journal</span><br /> +</td> +<td align='right'>$199.50</td> +<td align='right'>$423.58</td> +<td align='right'>$623.08</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Reports</td> +<td align='right'>5.50</td> +<td align='right'>7.50</td> +<td align='right'>13.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Contribution for prizes</td> +<td align='right'>54.00</td> +<td align='right'>7.50</td> +<td align='right'>69.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Contribution to meet expenses</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>602.50</td> +<td align='right'>602.50</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Bulletin No. 5</td> +<td align='right'>12.73</td> +<td align='right'>60.94</td> +<td align='right'>73.67</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Cash discount on bills paid</td> +<td align='right'>.48</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>.48</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Postage returned</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>.10</td> +<td align='right'>.10</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Advertising in Report</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>5.00</td> +<td align='right'>5.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Life Membership P. W. Wang</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>20.00</td> +<td align='right'>20.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td valign='bottom'>Funds Received for transmission to other parties</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>1.00</td> +<td align='right'>1.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td>Salary check returned by Secretary</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>50.00</td> +<td align='right'>50.00</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td align='right'>$272.21</td> +<td align='right'>$1,185.62</td> +<td align='right'>$1,457.83</td> +<td align='right'>$1,457.83</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Deficit October 1, 1921:</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Balance Special Hickory prize</td> +<td align='right'>$ 25.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Life Membership</td> +<td align='right'>45.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Deficit for regular expenses<a name="FNanchor_A_1" id="FNanchor_A_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_A_1" class="fnanchor">[A]</a></td> +<td align='right'>246.07</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>176.07</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td><span style="margin-left: 2em;">Net deficit</span></td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>1,709.16</td> +</tr> + +<tr><th colspan="5">EXPENDITURES</th></tr> + +<tr> +<td valign='bottom'>American Nut Journal, their portion<br />of joint subscriptions</td> +<td align='right'>$64.00</td> +<td align='right'>$199.65</td> +<td align='right'>$263.65</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>1920 Convention</td> +<td align='right'> 85.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'> 85.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Printing Bulletin No. 5</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>62.50</td> +<td align='right'> 62.50</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Stationery, Printing & Supplies</td> +<td align='right'>50.55</td> +<td align='right'>91.01</td> +<td align='right'>141.56</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Postage, Express, etc.</td> +<td align='right'>36.60</td> +<td align='right'>75.78</td> +<td align='right'>112.38</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Prizes 1919 Nut Contest</td> +<td align='right'>128.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>128.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Advertising 1920 Nut Contest</td> +<td align='right'>52.08</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>52.08</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Printing Report 10th Meeting</td> +<td align='right'>69.09</td> +<td align='right'>400.05</td> +<td align='right'>469.14</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Printing Report 11th Meeting</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>341.85</td> +<td align='right'>341.85</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Funds received for Transmission to other parties</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>3.00</td> +<td align='right'>3.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td>Salary Secretary</td> +<td align='right'>50.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>50.00</td> +<td align='right'> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td> </td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td align='right'>——</td> +<td> </td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td align='right'> </td> +<td align='right'>$535.32</td> +<td align='right'>$1,173.84</td> +<td align='right'>$1,709.16</td> +<td align='right'>$1,709.16</td> +</tr> +</table> + + +<div class="footnote"><p><a name="Footnote_A_1" id="Footnote_A_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_A_1"><span class="label">[A]</span></a> At the meeting on the morning of October 7th this deficit +was wiped out by $250.00 being subscribed by the members present for +this purpose.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p></div> + + + +<p>Forty-seven new members have joined the Association since the last +report, making 523 since organization, of which we have 221, making 302 +who have resigned or otherwise dropped out. It will be noticed that the +number of members received last year, 47, is less than the number +reported a year ago, 66. This in the judgment of the Treasurer is +entirely due to the less amount of energy expended for a smaller +proportion of members have dropped out than a year ago. While the +gaining of members is not particularly easy it can be done and the +number gained to quite an extent is in proportion to the energy put on +it.</p> + +<p>The finances of the Association this year are in a more troublesome +situation than any year since the undersigned had charge. Two reports +each at double normal cost each is quite enough to cause it. An +inspection of the Treasurer's accounts have made it evident that during +no year in the history of the Association have the dues received been +equal to the cost of carrying on the Association. Each year some members +interested have contributed in addition to paying dues. During the year +past these sums have been considerable. It is believed that with only +one report a year there will be only normal difficulty in handling the +finances of the Association. The orderly conduct of the finances of the +Association makes it very desirable that normal receipts of dues take +care of normal expenditures with a little margin for contingencies. The +matter of classes of membership would seemingly help on this. The +treasurer would not recommend changing the annual membership from its +present figures, $2.00, but would suggest that this meeting consider +making a class of contributing members at $5.00 per year including the +American Nut Journal. This would give the Association double the income +from each such member that it now gets for most members accept the +combination offer of membership in the Association and subscription to +the American Nut Journal at $3.25 for both which nets the Association +$1.75 per year.</p> + +<p class='center'> +Respectfully submitted,</p> + +<blockquote><p><span class="left">Sept. 30, 1921.</span><span class="right"><span class="smcap">Willard G. Bixby</span>.</span></p> +</blockquote> +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Mr. Bixby is certainly a first class treasurer. +He makes a recommendation in his report. Do you desire to act upon it at +this time? I refer to his recommendation relative to a new class of +membership. It is a first class suggestion and a motion covering it +would be in order.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I move that a committee of three be appointed<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +by the president to consider the recommendation of the treasurer +relative to different classes of membership and to report at this +meeting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. A. C. Pomeroy</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p>The motion was carried.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I will appoint as that committee the treasurer, +Mr. Bixby, the secretary, Dr. Deming, and Mr. R. T. Olcott.</p> + +<p>Mr. Reed, the chairman of the committee on road-side planting, is in +California, and unable to be with us at this session. If a report is to +come from that committee it must necessarily come from some other +member, so we will defer action on that particular report at this time.</p> + +<p>We also regret the absence of Dr. Morris the first president of the +association. He is unable to be with us at this meeting but he has +forwarded a paper and unless there are objections we will receive it at +this time and have it read by the secretary.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>NUT TREES FOR PUBLIC PLACES</h2> + +<h4><span class="smcap">Dr. Robert T. Morris, New York</span></h4> + +<p>The question of the planting of nut trees along highways and in parks +and other public grounds falls into classification under two separate +and distinct heads. First, the abstract proposition of planting useful +trees upon ground which is not usefully occupied otherwise. Second, the +reaction of human nature to the different phases of the proposition. The +latter part is the larger part of the question, otherwise the work would +already have been done.</p> + +<p>Let us take up the smaller part of the question first. Nut trees which +are indigenous to any locality, or allied species from other countries +having similar soil and climatic conditions, will grow and thrive on +public grounds quite as well as upon private property. They will be as +beautiful and as useful upon public grounds as they are upon private +property, speaking in a large way, although disposal of their products +will go along different channels perhaps. Nut trees of various species +will be quite as beautiful and distinctly more useful than any of the +other trees that are commonly selected for planting upon public grounds. +Because of the inclusion of the economic factor the question as to +whether nut trees may well supplant the kinds of trees commonly selected +is not a debatable question.</p> + +<p>Let us leave this part of the subject however and take up question +number two, relating to the human nature side. A little examination into +this phase of the matter will disclose reasons why nut trees are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> not +already along our highways and in parks and other public grounds. The +supplying of trees on a large scale for such a purpose is commonly done +by contract with nurserymen. Nurserymen find it more profitable to raise +certain kinds of trees instead of other kinds. Nurserymen are prone to +raise kinds which are most profitable. Public officials who are making +contracts sometimes look for perquisites. These include acceptance from +nurserymen of bonuses for letting the contract. Here then we have at the +very outset of the problem two large obstacles to the purchase of nut +trees for public places. The carrying forward of any large project of +this sort means reliance upon someone with legislative resources. In my +experience legislators are commonly keen to approve of any project which +will render public service when they are fully convinced of that fact. +If not fully convinced of that fact and reserving the feeling that +private interests are being served they wait until somebody who knows +how to see the legislator has seen him. Another phase of the question +relates to the attitude of the people toward public property in a +so-called free country. People are prone to take anything that they +please from anything which is so impersonal as a country. Nut trees +planted in public places would have their crops carried off by every +passer by to such an extent that revenue for the upkeep of the trees +would be difficult to obtain. In some of the European countries this +obstacle has not been insurmountable. There are many villages in Europe +in which privately owned fields are not even fenced and fruit and nut +trees growing for the benefit of the village are left untouched by the +passer by in this older civilization. A man would no more think of +taking what belonged to the town than he would think of taking property +from the storehouse of a neighbor. In this country we have not yet +arrived at that point in civilization. The distinction between <i>meum</i> +and <i>tuum</i> in a free country is sometimes blurred.</p> + +<p>What are we to do about this whole question? That is the practical +point. Change human nature and educate the public. In towns belonging to +our system of government there is some question if the public would ever +allow nut trees to bring revenue sufficient for their upkeep and to +yield a profit for the town. On the other hand, by means of education +the public may come to desire the planting of nut trees along the +highways and in other public places to the extent that it will submit to +taxation for the purpose. The public planting of nut trees belongs to +progress. If we are to remain boastful of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> progress in this country the +question will gradually be developed in a practical way.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: You have heard the reading of Dr. Morris's +paper. Are there any remarks thereon or any discussion?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. A. C. Pomeroy</span>: Some years ago there was objection raised at +Los Angeles to the use of sewage water for irrigating purposes in +raising tomatoes and other vegetables. The city then bought the property +and set out orchards of English walnuts. I understand that they are +growing and that the revenue goes to the city of Los Angeles.</p> + +<p>As to the road-side planting of nut trees in Europe, to which Dr. Morris +refers, the very first battle fought in the great world war when the +Belgians were resisting the Germans was along where there were thirty +miles of English walnut trees on both sides of a highway. I understood +that every tree was demolished. I think our secretary or treasurer could +find out about the Los Angeles park and the nut trees.</p> + +<p>As to monument trees, about twelve or fifteen years ago, at my home, I +set out a grove in our cemetery in memory of my father and it is doing +fine. It seemed quite appropriate for he took such an interest in nut +growing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I would like to speak a word in defense of our +American civilization, as evidenced by something that Mr. Bixby and I +saw this summer at Lockport, New York. We observed that one of the main +highways leading from the town of Lockport to one of the principal +lakeside resorts, was unfenced, lined with fruit trees on both +sides—cherry trees which overhung the sidewalk. The sides of the road +also were planted with tomatoes and other vegetables apparently +unharmed. The trees certainly did not show any evidence of injury from +depredations. Whether the products of the trees were taken or not I do +not know but they still had fruit on them. Possibly those who live in +that neighborhood—Mr. Olcott and Mr. Pomeroy—could tell us more in +defense of American civilization as to depredations on road-side +property.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Pomeroy</span>: There are some people—what do you call them—dung +hills—in this world, and I have had a little trouble with them but not +much. They run around in automobiles and get out and take fruit. Dr. +Deming and Mr. Olcott know how close the school house is to my home. The +fact is the children walk under the nut trees when<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> they take the cut +through the private driveway, but I have very little trouble with them. +I think the greatest object lesson was given last year, when two young +men, who were hunting pheasants, took a half bushel of nuts and were +caught at it. They did not think it amounted to anything. They came +along up to the house and the nuts were taken and put upon the drying +rack. While they were arguing an automobile stopped and the nuts were +sold. They came to nine dollars and a few cents by the pound. One of +these young men—he was in the retail tobacco business,—threw up his +hands and said, "I admit it; I would not want you to walk into my store +and grab nine or ten dollars' worth of goods; I admit this is all +wrong."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. R. T. Olcott</span>: I have been very much surprised in the +discussion of road-side planting, of fruit and nut trees at the +prominence given to that feature of it which deals with the public +taking the crop. That seems to me to be such a minor part of the +proposition as to be almost negligible, and while it continues to arouse +discussion I cannot see the vital importance of it. In a great many +undertakings there are drawbacks but the undertakings go right on and +when the difficulties arise they are met in turn. I think the thing for +this association, and all others in favor of road-side tree planting to +do is to go ahead with the proposition and forget the question of the +crop and what is going to be done with it. As a matter of fact farmers +are complaining continually of the depredations on their orchards +resulting from the increase of automobile parties—perfectly respectable +people going out on the road-side and helping themselves. If fine fruit +and nut trees were planted along the road-sides and the crops were being +picked, it seems to me that, under a general understanding that the +public was to let these trees alone, and that any one caught or seen +picking the crops would be reported by the one following, it would +automatically police itself. The finger of ridicule would be pointed at +a person who was so doing by somebody other than a uniformed officer, in +other words by an ordinary citizen. I speak of that because in Rochester +during the war when it was deemed necessary not to run automobiles on +Sunday it was as much as his life was worth for a man to be out with his +car on Sunday, not because of any police officer but because of the +other fellow who was staying at home. I think that the other travelers +along the road will take care of the fellow that violates the +understanding about roadside fruit and nut trees.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Vice-President</span>: I come from Rochester, New York, and I know +that in and around Rochester there are fruit-bearing trees planted along +the roadside. Out on the road to Honeoye Falls there are a number of +apple trees and out through the Webster section there are a number of +cherry trees. I do not know what the results have been in the garnering +of crops, but the appearance of the trees indicates that they are well +cared for and that they are producing abundant crops of fruit. In +Albany, Georgia, planted on the street side in front of the court house, +are a number of pecan trees. I have seen them loaded to capacity with +splendid seedling nuts. I understand that any one walking along the +sidewalk under the trees has the right to pick up any nuts that are on +the walk but is not permitted (at least it has been suggested that he do +not) to reach up into the trees to take the nuts. I understand that the +request has been very faithfully regarded and that it is very rare that +the nuts are picked from the trees. Just what is done with the crop of +nuts from those trees I do not know but I assume that it is harvested +and marketed and the returns made to the town. The trees indicate that +they are splendidly cared for and the citizens take a great deal of +pride in their splendid appearance. I talked with the man who planted +them, an employee of the court house, and he himself was simply +delighted that he had been responsible for such a splendid monument. And +property owners referred to in my home section, before whose premises +these cherry trees and apple trees were planted, I feel very sure would +not complain at all bitterly, if at all, about any filching that might +be indulged in. So that I think, as Mr. Olcott has suggested, that maybe +we are trying to cross the bridge before we get to it; that the thing to +do is to urge the planting of nut trees on the roadsides and to +stimulate a sense of pride in our American citizenship.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: We all agree that trees of this kind planted along +the sides of city streets would never be touched. I have been at Miami, +Florida, and have seen the bearing coconut trees there. No one would +think of knocking off one of those coconuts and thousands of people pass +under them.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I think it is very important to have brought out +this optimistic view on the question of depredations on road-side fruit +trees. I think it is only a question of time, as Mr. Olcott says, when +the public will be educated to respect such products. If they have done +it in other countries we can do it in this country. It is a question<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> of +the people becoming accustomed to it when we have enough of such +products. When the whole country is covered with such products I think +there will be no difficulty about maintaining respect for them. You know +that sometimes after the loss of a very small amount of property there +will be very great reaction. Some people feel that because robins take a +few cherries or strawberries all robins ought to be exterminated.</p> + +<p>There are two other remarks in Dr. Morris's paper which should have +consideration. I refer to those bearing upon nurserymen and public +officials.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: If there is any question relating to nurserymen, we +are very fortunate in having one of the most prominent nurserymen in the +United States at our meeting today. I refer to Mr. John Watson, of +Princeton, New Jersey.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We certainly would be glad to hear from Mr. +Watson. If I may be permitted to make a statement from the chair I agree +fully with what Mr. Olcott has had to say as to depredations. Possible +depredations in connection with the trees that may be planted along the +road-side, either fruit or nut, are hardly worthy of consideration. With +my good wife in passing through New York State recently I drove through +rows of fruit trees on either side of the roads, as did Dr. Deming and +Treasurer Bixby, and we were surprised to see that they were loaded with +apples. The fact that the trees were loaded with fruit of course proved +that the fruit had not been stolen or taken from the trees. They had not +been disturbed in any way. A number of years ago while holding the +position of postmaster in Saginaw I planted a black walnut. That walnut +has produced a fine walnut tree. I selected a nice place on the post +office grounds at a corner where two of our prominent streets meet in +the business portion of the city. Last fall for the first time that tree +bore walnuts—about a bushel and a half; and the employees of the +postoffice gathered those walnuts and sent them in a complimentary way +to me. Now that tree being in a public place, you would naturally expect +the boys to have taken the nuts from it, but they did not do it. So that +I know that that particular phase of this question as Mr. Olcott has +said is hardly worthy of consideration. Suppose now and then the boys do +get a few fallen walnuts or apples. No harm is done. Just that much more +food is produced for their benefit by this way of planting.</p> + +<p>I now take pleasure in calling upon Mr. Watson relative to Dr. Morris's +reference to the nursery business.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. John Watson</span>: I am afraid that Mr. Olcott's suggestion might +possibly have given you the idea that I have something to say on this +question or that I wanted to say something on it. I assure you that that +is not the case. I am not a member of your association much to my +regret. I am just visiting here trying to learn something from your +meeting (this is the first one that I have attended) rather than to try +to tell you something.</p> + +<p>The question is whether I have any objection to make to Dr. Morris's two +statements. I can say that they are both very reasonable. As a +nurseryman I have no objection. Of course, I cannot speak for any other +nurseryman.</p> + +<p>I was rather surprised upon looking at the roll of those in attendance +at this convention at the absence of nurserymen. I should think that +those who produced the things that you people are trying to interest the +country in would be the very men who would be the most interested in +being here. It seems to me that you are trying to make a market for the +goods that they are producing. I am rather surprised not to see at least +half the attendance here made up of nurserymen.</p> + +<p>It is entirely possible that I have not have understood those two +statements made by Dr. Morris and I may be rather careless in saying +that I do not object to them. They were, I believe, that nurserymen +prefer, naturally, to produce the things that they can produce most +easily and at least cost, and, in the second place that they produce the +things that they can sell. That is what most manufacturers do. I could +not find fault with either statement. The nurseryman as a manufacturer +or as a merchant of course produces the things that people want to buy. +He may go a certain distance in producing the things that are worth +while, that are better than other things; but in the last analysis he +must depend upon the buying public and the buying public is always going +to get from the nurseryman just exactly what it demands.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: In regard to the presence of so few nurserymen +at our meetings I would like to say that we have long tried to interest +the nurserymen in nut growing. We always have had a few nurserymen with +us; but I think without exception they have been those who had either +previously become interested in nut growing or had become interested in +it through some other influence than that of this association. It has +been a great disappointment to us that we have never been able to +interest the nurserymen generally. Although we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> have at times sent +special communications to a great many nurserymen I think we have +universally failed to get any response except from those who were +already interested in nut growing.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I do not think there is a movement in the +country today that will amount to as much for the nurserymen of America +as this particular movement that we have been promoting for a few years +back. I know that it is becoming universal. During my short experience +as your president I have found that inquiries have come from all over +the United States asking how they may procure these trees and especially +asking how they may procure the finest varieties. It is along that +particular line that the nurserymen certainly could extend their +business greatly; because as this movement of road-side planting goes +along the man who has a good farm, the general farmer in his business, +or any man with a small piece of ground that he can call his own, will +want to plant a good nut tree thereon of a most improved variety. Now so +many of these trees will be called for in the next few years (I do not +think I am over-optimistic in the matter at all) that it will be +impossible to supply the demand. So I am sure that any man who is +regularly engaged in the nursery business will find that he will be +called upon to supply a demand for the better class of trees that really +cannot be filled for years to come. In this way his business will be +largely benefited. Are there any further remarks on this particular +phase of the question?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: As editor of the American Nurseryman I am +especially interested in this discussion. There is scarcely a catalogue +of a southern nurseryman of any consequence but lists nut trees; and yet +we have the Northern Nut Growers' Association convention here now, and +we will have a National convention in Mobile next week right in the +heart of the pecan growing section at neither of which will there be a +half dozen nurserymen. I think both of these associations should have +more nurserymen members. They list nut trees but do it in a perfunctory +way. I do not believe nurserymen know what this northern association is +doing nor how near they are to the demand for the trees which will be +wanted in the very near future. I think it is up to this association to +make special efforts to acquaint them with the facts, and then I think +they will come in and be active members. All persons connected with nut +culture and all nurserymen ought to be most active members of such an +organization as this. The subject should go before the membership +committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Samuel L. Smedley</span>: I have had a little experience with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +black walnuts and have found that they do not mix at all with farm crops +nor with fruit. Possibly you folks from Michigan can solve the problem +but I would not thank anybody for planting black walnuts along the road +in front of my place. I am in favor of road-side planting but I do not +think black walnuts would be acceptable in this part of the country, +from what my experience has been.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasurer</span>: Let me ask why it is you think they would not be +acceptable.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: I had a grand big walnut tree on my place at one +side of the road. I tried to get apple trees to grow on the opposite +side of the road but could not and it could not be accounted for by any +other reason. I know other people have come to the some conclusion that +certain things would not grow near a walnut tree. Some grasses will. If +you go down through Lancaster County along the Lincoln Highway you will +find a quantity of locust trees thriving there. Wheat and things will +grow right up to the roots of those trees, but I do not think you will +find that they will grow up to a black walnut.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasurer</span>: I had a chance to observe, last summer, a black +walnut tree out in the field with a crop planted right under it. It +seems to me it is a question of shade. With this walnut tree with +branches low down the corn seemed to be stunted where it grew a little +way under the branches. On the other hand I saw another one where the +branches were high up and cabbages growing almost up to the tree and +about as luxuriantly as outside of its branches. It seems to me that it +is a matter of shade rather than the tree getting the fertility in the +ground. It may be that if the fertility in the ground is not sufficient +for both tree and crop the tree will take it and let the crop suffer. +But I imagine if there is enough for both, and the crop is not shaded, +the crop can be grown much nearer the tree than we have any idea of.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. G. Rush</span>: I want to say a word about this way-side +planting in our neighborhood. I do not think it is the general practice +in Lancaster County where land is valued at two or three hundred dollars +an acre. If you plant a walnut tree on a public thoroughfare there is +temptation for children to go there to gather walnuts, endangering their +lives on account of the automobiles.</p> + +<p>One gentleman said something about a walnut tree damaging the crops. In +my experience with black walnut nursery trees some have what is called a +very strong top root while others have a deep root. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> is the first +kind, the surface rooted, that will do your crop damage but not the +deep-rooted kind.</p> + +<p>Now another thing. Suppose one plants a cherry tree. To whom do the +cherries belong? To the man who planted the tree practically on his +premises. But the limbs extend out on the public highway. If I, the +owner, take a ladder out there and pick cherries and an automobile comes +running past and throws me down I am practically a trespasser on the +public highway. I believe I would not plant along the public highway +with the idea of getting any fruit from the trees. I think however when +you have a railroad going through your premises it is entirely +practicable to plant your nut trees alongside the railroad, especially +where there is a fill. Where the roots will grow under it and thrive +luxuriantly. Nearly every farmer has a small stream running through his +premises. You plant your walnut trees or your filbert trees along that +stream, and you will have magnificent results. I do not want to be +understood as disparaging nut tree planting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. D. F. Clark</span>: I would like to know if the planting of black +walnut trees is discriminated against because of the difficulty of +getting the meat out of the nut. I have made a great many experiments +and have not been able to get the meat out of the nut in large pieces. +Is there some kind of a machine made for that purpose? Black walnut +kernels bring a splendid price and if we could get them open right it +would be fine.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: That difficulty is being taken care of by the +improved varieties which are being raised and which you can get on +grafted trees.</p> + +<p>I am inclined to agree with Mr. Bixby in regard to its being the shade +of black walnut trees that affects the crops growing near them rather +than the roots of the trees. I have seen the same thing that Mr. Bixby +describes, a high-pruned black walnut tree with wheat growing clear up +to the trunk. I have photographs of a number of fields in Europe where +the English walnut is grown. The trees are pruned high and the wheat +grows up close to the trunks of the trees.</p> + +<p>I would like to say also that I think it is the purpose of those who +advocate the road-side planting of trees not to do it forcibly nor to +compel anybody to have trees planted in front of his premises if he does +not want them, but to give him a voice in the selection of the kind of +trees that should be planted in front of his property. I think that is a +necessary thing for the success of the movement, that the co<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span>-operation +of the property owners should be invited by giving them a voice in the +selection of the trees that are planted in their location.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Rittenhouse</span>: I feel that this matter of the injury caused +by a black walnut to surrounding vegetation should be more thoroughly +thrashed out. It is doubtful to my mind whether the injury that a black +walnut produces on surrounding vegetation is solely due to shade. Seven +years ago I planted an apple orchard and some of the young trees began +to be injured by a large walnut tree possibly seventy five feet away. +The walnut tree happened to be on the line and I got the permission of +my neighbor to cut the walnut tree down. The apple trees immediately +began to thrive. I thought perhaps it was due to the roots demanding too +much moisture from the soil because it was impossible for the shade to +do any harm to those young apple trees. There is a superstitious idea +among the people of our locality that the black walnut root is injurious +to growing vegetation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: In my case the walnut tree was on the opposite +side of a public road thirty feet wide and the influence was shown to +the second row of apple trees on the other side. I do not think it was +the shade in that case. The limbs were pretty high too. It was a public +road. I do not think there were any roots that reached the apple trees +at all.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: Mr. Rush's reference to the ownership of the +crop on trees planted on the road-side is a thought that has occupied my +mind, and I have found some consolation in the belief that the ownership +of land applies from the center of the roadway. I am not sure about that +and I think it is a point that ought to be clarified.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: I think in Pennsylvania the public just have the +right-of-way there; they have no claim to anything that grows.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: In Michigan, the law applies that the ownership +goes to the middle of the highway. The recent act of the legislature of +our state causes the state highway commissioner to plant trees for the +maintenance of the roadway. The planting of the trees he claims benefits +the roadway, so that under that application he plants the trees for the +maintenance of the road. The distance from the fence line varies. The +state highway department of Michigan has a department for the planting +of trees since the law introduced by Senator Penney some two or three +years ago came into effect. The commissioner varies his planting, +sometimes in groups and sometimes in a formal way, according to the +stretch of road; but the basis of it all, perhaps, would be thirteen +feet from the lot line on each side of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> road. Our roads, or at least +ninety per cent of them, are sixty-six feet in width. Thirteen feet from +the lot line on each side would take twenty-six feet, and planting them +forty feet apart in the other direction makes those trees forty feet +apart each way. A great majority of the trees being planted in Michigan +follow that particular plan, so they are thirteen feet from the property +holder's fence line.</p> + +<p>I might say that occasionally the highway commissioner would run across +an obstinate individual who would not plant trees in front of his place +nor permit such trees to be planted as would conform to the other +plantings. But the law passed at the last session of our legislature +leaves it entirely in the control of the planting department of the +highway department. The law reads that the owner of the adjacent +property shall have the privilege of gathering the fruit or nuts or +whatever may come from that tree. He has no better right, perhaps, than +any other citizen of the State of Michigan, but he is there and can get +the first ripe fruit or nuts which come from the tree. <span class="smcap">The +President</span>: Are there any further remarks upon this subject? If not, +I have a paper prepared by Prof. A. K. Chittendon, Professor of Forestry +in the Michigan Agricultural College, which I will ask the secretary to +read.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>ROADSIDE PLANTING</h2> + +<h4><i>Prof. A. K. Chittendon</i></h4> + +<p>The improvement and beautification of our highways is one of the best +investments that can be made. Particularly in the Middle West where we +do not have the panorama of hills and mountains, much of the beauty of +the road depends upon the roadside trees. They frame the long vistas of +farmlands, woods, lakes and rivers and lend enchantment to the road. +Under recent legislation Michigan has taken a leading place in the care +and planting of roadside trees. Provision has been made by the +Legislature for the planting of ornamental and food-producing trees +along the highways and for their protection.</p> + +<p>The highways offer an almost limitless field for ornamental planting and +they also offer opportunities for raising certain food producing trees +of which at present the nut trees are the principal species used. A time +may come when we can safely plant fruit trees along the roadside but +until provisions can be made for their systematic care and spraying, +such trees would be liable to spread disease to nearby orchards.</p> + +<p>Roadside trees increase the value of adjacent property. They<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> attract +birds and thus assist in keeping down insect pests. They may be used to +prevent erosion on steep slopes. They increase the life of certain kinds +of improved highways by protecting the roadbed from the direct heat of +the sun. They serve as a source of food if nut-bearing or +sugar-producing trees are used. They invite tourists to travel over the +highways. They may serve as a windbreak to prevent the drifting of sand.</p> + +<p>Roadside trees may, however, be too close together or by their shade +injure crop production in adjacent fields. Some species of trees are +particularly harmful if planted on the edge of a cultivated field. They +send out their roots under the cultivated land and sap the moisture +essential to plant growth. This can be avoided by using trees with deep +or compact root systems.</p> + +<p>The desirability of planting trees of any sort along the highways is +sometimes questioned. There are places where it is urged that trees are +not desirable. On stretches of road where the soil is naturally wet the +heavy shade cast by certain species of trees is undoubtedly +objectionable; but there are also trees whose shade is very light. Some +trees make such a dense mass of foliage that they tend to prevent air +currents and thus keep the moisture in the road from drying out. Along +such stretches of road the method of planting may affect the matter of +light and air, and species of trees can be chosen which will be +practically unobjectionable. Most of the highway planting in the past +has been a matter of chance and there have been few definite plans for +any long stretch of roadway.</p> + +<p>In selecting trees for planting the probable rate of growth and +appearance of the tree at maturity should be borne in mind. What might +seem entirely satisfactory in young trees may prove objectionable in the +cost of mature ones. The size and shape of the tree at maturity should +be considered as it affects the spacing of the trees. Also the amount of +care which it will be possible to give the trees should influence the +choice of species; for certain trees will produce good results with a +small amount of attention while others require a great deal of care. The +matter of interference with telephone and electric wires must also be +considered. A species should be selected which is relatively free from +the attacks of insects and fungi. It would be very difficult to find a +tree which is entirely immune but there are some trees which are more +resistant than others. The amount of shade cast by the tree is of a +great deal of importance in connection with the moisture conditions; +trees are often placed too close together<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> which prevents their proper +development. Where quick results are desired two species are often used, +a fast growing one planted in between slower growing trees; the idea +being to cut out the fast growing tree after the slower growing ones +have reached good size. This is alright in theory but seldom works well +in practice. The fast growing trees are seldom cut at the proper time +and the result is often the stunting and injuring of the better and more +durable trees. The fast growing trees usually die before many years. The +result is seldom satisfactory.</p> + +<p>The question of litter while of importance with city street trees does +not matter so much in the case of highway trees, but the cottony seed +from poplars is very objectionable anywhere. The longevity of a tree is +important. The desire for quick results often outweighs other +considerations. Many of the trees which give results such as silver +maple, box elder and Carolina poplar do not last long and the effort +spent on them is wasted. More time and money is needed within a short +time to remove and replace such trees. It is better to plant well in the +first place. Trees do not grow at the same rate throughout their life. +They usually grow slowly at first and then fairly rapidly between the +tenth and thirteenth years, after which the rate of growth usually falls +off gradually. If small trees, about ten feet high are used for planting +they should reach the following sizes in twenty years on favorable soil:</p> + +<table border="0" cellpadding="1" width="45%" cellspacing="0" summary="Rate of Tree Growth"> +<tr><td align='left'>American elm</td><td align='right'>18</td><td align='center'>inches</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Basswood</td><td align='right'>15</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Chestnut</td><td align='right'>12</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hard maple</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Red oak</td><td align='right'>11</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Pin oak</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>White ash</td><td align='right'>9</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Black walnut</td><td align='right'>8</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hackberry</td><td align='right'>7</td><td align='center'>"</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>Certain trees such as the horse chestnut and the evergreens generally +appear to better advantage alone or in groups while others like the +elms, maples and box elder show to fine advantage in long rows. It is +doubtful if the planting of windbreaks along the highways is advisable. +Windbreaks are sometimes planted with the idea of preventing the +drifting of snow but the snow will collect and form great drifts on the +leeward side of a windbreak and the shade from the windbreak may prevent +the snow from melting so rapidly. Hedges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> may be used, however, to +prevent the shifting of sand or the erosion of steep slopes.</p> + +<p>The highways offer excellent opportunities for nut production and such +trees as the black walnut and hickories may often be used to advantage. +The presence of birds may be encouraged by planting hackberry and other +trees or shrubs of which they are fond.</p> + +<p>The Michigan Agricultural College was authorized by the Legislature to +raise trees for roadside planting. The College is raising red oak, black +walnut, oriental sycamore, sugar maple, elm, hackberry, snowdrop tree, +Juneberry, hickory, European larch, Norway maple and box elder for this +purpose. Other trees may be added to the list from time to time.</p> + +<p>In addition to the planting of trees we need also the proper care of +those already planted or growing naturally along the roads. The +commonest source of injury is due to improper pruning for telephone +lines. A great many trees are badly injured in this way. We already have +a large investment in highway trees and it is only the part of wisdom to +protect this investment.</p> + +<p>Michigan has started active work in highway planting and we hope in a +few years to be able to point with pride to our highways, not only +because of the good roadbeds but also because of the trees and shrubs +that line those roads.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Is there any discussion on Prof. Chittendon's +paper? If not, it will be received and filed in the proceedings.</p> + +<p>It is now near the noon hour and I think it would be well to have Mr. +Jones or Mr. Rush state what program has been arranged for this +afternoon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">MR. J. F. Jones</span>: I believe the plan is to get dinner here, and +then to go to our nursery at Willow Street. From there some machines +will take the parties who do not have conveyances, around to other +points.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: Mr. President, in accordance with Article V of +the Constitution, I move that a committee of five members be elected for +the purpose of nominating officers for the ensuing year.</p> + +<p>(Motion seconded and carried.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: Mr. President, I move that Mr. Olcott be named +the chairman of that committee.</p> + +<p>Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. John Rick, Mr. Ernest M. Ives and Mr. C. S. +Ridgeway were nominated as members of said committee.</p> + +<p>Messrs. Olcott, Jones, Rick, Ives and Ridgeway having been nom<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span>inated +were on motion duly elected members of a committee to nominate officers +for the ensuing year in accordance with Article V. of the Constitution.</p> + +<p>On motion the meeting adjourned until 8 p. m. same day.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>EVENING SESSION</h2> + +<h4>October 6, 1921, 8 p. m.</h4> + +<p class='center'><i>Hotel Brunswick</i></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: A recess was taken from the morning session +until this time for the purpose of considering a roadside planting bill +that might be recommended by this association to the authorities of +every state in the Union. In order to bring this about we will have +presented to you by Senator Penney, who was the introducer of the +original bill that became a law in the Michigan legislature, a copy of +the laws practically as they exist in our state today. We take a little +pride in Michigan in being the first state to work along this particular +line. Our agricultural college staffs, the highway department and +several other branches of the Michigan government, are heartily and +enthusiastically co-operating in this work. I have in my hand a notice +that has been sent out by the state highway commissioner of Michigan to +every highway commissioner in the state. We have about two thousand of +the latter. We have in the neighborhood of two thousand townships six +miles square and in each of these townships we have a supervisor, we +have a highway commissioner and we have members of what is known as the +township board. This notice that I have, and you will see it is quite +complete and goes into a number of details, is sent by our state highway +commissioner to each one of the township commissioners of north +Michigan, and he closes his letter accompanying it with this:</p> + +<p>Fourth: (President Linton reads).</p> + +<p>You will see from that that we are well under way in connection with +roadside planting in our state of Michigan. I now take pleasure in +presenting to you a member of our legislature who introduced the first +bill that became a law along these particular lines, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Michigan.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: In the legislature of Michigan several bills +have been introduced by its members, but as I stated at the last +convention they were not drawn up in such a way that they were fitted +for our laws. As Mr. Littlepage said it takes quite a while to figure +out<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> a law that fits your own state law. These several laws were +introduced but in some way or another the committees of the legislature +never took kindly to them and they were not passed. But two years ago I +had a bill passed. Since then we have seen some imperfections and we +passed another law at the last session of the legislature which provides +that the cost of planting trees and caring for them shall come out of +the maintenance fund, that is, the maintenance fund that provides for +the maintenance of highways. I don't know how the laws are in most of +your states but in Michigan the law is that the owner of land owns not +only his farm but the land to the center of the highway subject to the +right of the public to have the use of it for travel. Then how are you +going to plant trees on a man's land if the highway belongs to that man? +They did it on the theory that the trees were necessary for the +maintenance of the highway. There never has been a test case on this law +but the highway department has a very able lawyer who was in the +attorney general's office and since then has been elected circuit judge +of the county in which Lansing is located. His idea was that the trees +should be planted on the highway for the purpose of protecting the +highway, and the cost of planting them and taking care of them should be +taken out of the maintenance fund. So that is the theory upon which they +are working under this bill.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<div class="trans-note"> + Transcriber's Note: The format in this section has been transcribed exactly as in the original. + </div> + +<div class="blockquot"><p>A BILL to provide for and regulate the planting of useful, +memorial, ornamental, nut bearing and other food producing trees, +shrubs, and plants along the streets, highways and other public +thoroughfares and places within the State of (Michigan); and for +the maintenance, protection and care of such trees and shrubs as a +part of the maintenance of the roads in certain cases; and to +provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for stealing the products +thereof,—</p> + +<p><i>The People of the State of (Michigan) enact:</i></p> + +<p>1 Section 1. The (State Highway Commissioner) is hereby authorized +and empowered</p> + +<p>2 and it shall be his duty to select and plant by seeds,</p> + +<p>3 scions or otherwise, useful, ornamental, nut bearing and other +food producing trees, shrubs and plants</p> + +<p>4 suitable for shade, maintenance and protection of the highways</p> + +<p>5 along State trunk line and Federal aided roads and for the use +and benefit of the public, and to care for and maintain all such +trees, shrubs or plants.</p> + +<p>6 The care of such trees shall be deemed a part of the road +maintenance work.</p> + +<p>7 The varieties or species</p> + +<p>8 so planted shall be subject to the approval of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span></p> + +<p>9 (State Department of Agriculture) and may be supplied</p> + +<p>10 by the (State Agricultural College) or other State Institution +or Department, or elsewhere acquired by the</p> + +<p>11 (State Highway Commissioner). The (State Highway Commissioner)</p> + +<p>12 shall make and publish rules and regulations for the</p> + +<p>13 planting and proper placing of trees, shrubs or plants and for +their proper</p> + +<p>14 pruning, care and protection under the provisions of this act, +and all</p> + +<p>15 such planting shall belong to the State, but the owner of</p> + +<p>16 the adjacent land shall have the right to take and use the +products thereof.</p> + +<p>17 All expenses incurred in planting or caring for such trees and +shrubs along</p> + +<p>18 trunk line and Federal aided roads of the State shall be paid in +the same manner as is or may be provided</p> + +<p>19 by law for the payment of the cost of maintaining trunk line or +Federal aided roads.</p> + + +<p>1 Sec. 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages of the State are</p> + +<p>2 hereby authorized to appropriate money for the purpose of +planting,</p> + +<p>3 caring for and protecting useful, memorial, ornamental, nut +bearing and other</p> + +<p>4 food producing trees, shrubs and plants along and within streets, +highways, thoroughfares and other public places</p> + +<p>5 other than trunk line or Federal aided</p> + +<p>6 roads, within the respective limits of such municipalities and</p> + +<p>7 subject to the jurisdiction thereof. The expenditure of any such +fund</p> + +<p>8 raised hereunder in a township shall be vested in the</p> + +<p>9 (highway commissioner) of the township subject to the approval of +the township board.</p> + +<p>10 Any such fund raised by a county shall be expended by and under +the</p> + +<p>11 direction of the (board of county road commissioners;) and</p> + +<p>12 any such fund raised in a city or village shall be expended by +the highway or other proper municipal board or authority</p> + +<p>13 thereof, in accordance with its charter laws or ordinances or +under the direction of the common council</p> + +<p>14 or legislative body of such city or village. All such</p> + +<p>15 appropriations made under this section by any municipality shall</p> + +<p>16 be made in the same manner as is or may be provided by law for</p> + +<p>17 the raising of money for highway or park maintenance purposes.</p> + +<p>Sec. 3. Trees may be planted along the highways or other public +places by proper authorities and designated as memorial trees for +the purpose of commemorating important military or civic events, or +in memory of any person distinguished for noteworthy acts, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> for +conspicuous service in behalf of the nation, the State of Michigan +or any local community thereof. Suitable tablets, boulders or other +markers of a permanent character may be contributed by any person, +or by any civic or military association and placed in conjunction +with such memorial trees subject to the approval and consent of the +proper authorities in control or in direct charge of such highways +or public places. that</p> + +<p>1 Sec. 4. The owner of any real estate in the state of (Michigan) +that</p> + +<p>2 borders upon a public highway other than a trunk line, Federal +aided or</p> + +<p>3 county road shall have the right to, plant useful, ornamental,</p> + +<p>4 nut bearing and other food producing trees and shrubs along</p> + +<p>5 the line of said highway adjoining said land, and within the +limits thereof,</p> + +<p>6 and shall receive annually a credit of twenty cents upon his</p> + +<p>7 highway repair tax for each tree so planted and growing in good +order: Provided, however,</p> + +<p>8 That all such planting shall be done in accordance with the</p> + +<p>9 rules and regulations prescribed by the (State Highway +Commissioner)</p> + +<p>10 for the planting of trees along trunk line and</p> + +<p>11 Federal aided roads. Said trees and shrubs and the products</p> + +<p>12 thereof shall be subject to the same incidents as to ownership +and use as are</p> + +<p>13 provided for in section 1 hereof with respects to trees planted</p> + +<p>14 along and within trunk line highways. No bounty shall be paid</p> + +<p>15 or deduction allowed under the provisions of this section upon +any tree or trees for a longer period than five years.</p> + +<p>16 The owner of the adjoining land shall have the care of such</p> + +<p>17 trees and shrubs and shall have the duty and responsibility</p> + +<p>18 for the trimming, spraying and cultivation thereof unless +otherwise provided in the charter, ordinances, or other regulations +of incorporated cities and villages.</p> + +<p>19 In case any such tree or shrub should become diseased or shall +in any manner</p> + +<p>20 interfere with the public use of the highway the authorities</p> + +<p>21 having jurisdiction over such highway may by written notice</p> + +<p>22 require the owner of the adjoining land to cut and remove such +trees or shrub.</p> + +<p>23 If such notice is not complied with within thirty days after</p> + +<p>24 service thereof such authorities may cut and remove such +diseased</p> + +<p>25 or obnoxious tree or shrub.</p> + +<p>1 Sec. 5. The (State Board of Agriculture) and other State +Departments having lands and facilities therefore are hereby</p> + +<p>2 authorized to acquire and grow suitable seeds, scions, and</p> + +<p>3 trees for planting under the provisions of this act and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p> + +<p>4 establish proper rules and regulations for the distribution +thereof at</p> + +<p>5 nominal cost, or otherwise, to the State, to municipalities of +the State, and to</p> + +<p>6 private citizens for the purposes hereby contemplated.</p> + +<p>Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy or otherwise injure +any shade or ornamental tree or shrub growing within the limits of +any public highway within the State of Michigan without the consent +of the authorities having jurisdiction over such road. In the case +of a trunk line of Federal aided road the (State Highway +Commissioner) shall be deemed to have such jurisdiction in all +cases. It shall also be unlawful to affix to any tree or shrub any +picture, announcement, notice or advertisement, or to negligently +permit any animal to break down or injure the same. Any person +violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be +guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished +by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars or by imprisonment +in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or by +both such fine and imprisonment within the discretion of the court. </p></div> + +<p>Now some of the farmers along the road say that the trees will be +diseased, but I don't think that nut trees as a rule, or shade trees, +are affected very much with pests. The elm trees have been troubled +somewhat. In the West where we live I don't think there is any trouble +of that kind. There may be with apple trees and fruit trees.</p> + +<p>Our agricultural college at Lansing has at the present time one hundred +thousand trees ready to plant under this bill. There are some that they +have been raising for a long time and some they have recently planted. +They hardly knew what to do with them. Now they have agreed to turn them +over to the state to be planted on our highways.</p> + +<p>One thing that we had trouble with in Michigan was the telephone and +telegraph companies stringing wires along the public highway. They have +cut the top of the tree right straight off and disfigured the tree and +disfigured the appearance of the highway. This bill is supposed to +prevent that. Our highway department has been trying to get the +telephone and telegraph companies to get the right from private owners +to put their poles on private land, or to put a pole and let an arm +stick out through the tree without cutting the tree down. I recently +came from Detroit. There the telephone companies have started to string +lines and to cut trees. The highway commissioner has notified them that +they must not cut the trees down or cut<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> them off or disfigure them and +he has introduced the state constabulary to enforce this ruling. +Undoubtedly sooner or later there will be a test case to determine +whether or not the state has this authority.</p> + +<p>I listened this afternoon to a discussion about walnut trees shading the +highway. I have no practical experience to know whether these trees do +any damage to crops on account of the shade, but supposing you raised a +fine walnut tree along the highway and the tree begins to bear. Would +not the products you get from that tree more than offset the damage it +does to a crop close to the tree? I once had an aunt, when I was a very +small boy, and it seems to me she said that she raised forty bushels of +black walnuts on one tree. I saw that big hickory tree today. They +claimed they raised fifteen bushels on that tree. I thought forty +bushels was a lot to come off of one tree.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: That was in the husk. There have been records of +that kind in the husk.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: This bill has been introduced and passed and +Mr. Linton, who is practically the author of this bill, is desirous of +having this followed up in the different states. I think it would be a +good plan. What better investment could you make to beautify our +highways than the planting of good trees? In the southern part of the +state of Michigan there are quite a lot of good trees, black walnuts, +butternuts, which not only add beauty to your highways but are useful in +many ways. During the war we know that the government scoured the whole +country to find walnut trees to make stocks for guns, and to use in +airplanes for propeller blades. They used the shucks to make gas masks. +The trees could be made of further service to man by planting them as +memorial trees. And again they furnish food, not only bear leaves but +food.</p> + +<p>I would like to hear a discussion upon this bill from those who are from +other states. I would like to hear what their opinion might be as to the +different provisions of this bill.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: The subject is now open for discussion. I am +sure that there are those here who would perhaps offer amendments to +that bill. They might desire to modify it some. They might desire to add +other features to it. For instance, it might be well to recognize the +desire at the present time to save useful bird life throughout the +country. That might be stated in the title to this bill as one of the +purposes of roadside planting. Certainly that would be one of the +results of road side planting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: The bill provides not only for planting trees,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +but for planting shrubs along the highway. That created quite a fight in +the legislature. One fellow thought we were going to buy a whole lot of +nursery stock and spend a pile of money. We are not. But here was the +idea. Those shrubs are useful not only for furnishing food for birds, +that are necessary to farmers, but are useful sometimes to prevent +shifting sand, and also snow from covering the highways. You have often +noticed that the railroad companies put up fences at different points to +prevent snow from drifting on the tracks. Bushes can serve the same +purpose.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: The subject is now before the body for +discussion.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: To print the newspapers in the United States it +requires enough wood each year to make one cord of timber from Boston +clear across the American continent and across to the Hawaiian Islands +and further. Most of that, perhaps half of it, comes from Canada. There +is cut from the forests of the United States every year timber to make +wood pulp enough to make one cord of wood from Boston to Liverpool. That +is just for newspapers. That has nothing to do with furniture, with +houses, with cross ties, with everything else, which are estimated to +take four times as much. Now if that be true there is cut every year +from the forests of the United States enough timber to make four cords +from Boston to Liverpool. That is going on every year. We met here seven +years ago. In that seven years there has been enough timber cut from the +forests of the United States to make twenty-eight cords of wood from +Boston to Liverpool. Now when you begin to contemplate that you see what +is happening.</p> + +<p>Roadside planting furnishes one of the greatest opportunities. There are +many details that will have to be worked out. The bill which the Senator +and our distinguished President have given much consideration to seems +to be working along the right lines. Many difficulties will come up from +time to time but this is one of the things that this Association ought +to get behind. Here is a great need, a fundamental need, when you think +of the figures which I gave you. Here is one of the opportunities to +fulfill that need. We, as an organization of tree planters, ought to get +busy to help to work out the details and difficulties that cannot be all +foreseen in the application of the machinery of roadside planting and +the particular laws of each state. Some people think sometimes that +because a fellow is a lawyer he knows all the laws. There are +forty-eight different states in the Union. I know that every state in +the Union has a statute of limitations. It is three<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> years in the +District of Columbia. It is six years here. The fundamentals, the +machinery of laws, are different in these particular states. Now then, +what are the duties and what are the opportunities? A duty and an +opportunity are rather more or less synonymous after all. It is for this +Association to get actively behind this proposition, and help adapt this +legislation to each particular state, keeping in mind that the +fundamental thing is to plant trees. We are meeting here in Lancaster, +Pa., a city to which I have always turned my thoughts with great pride, +because here was the home of the founder of the great common school +system of America, Thaddeus Stevens. Do you suppose when he began to +originate the system which has made America that he could foresee all +the difficulties, that he could foresee the difficulties in Texas, in +Indiana, in New York? He started with a principle, and that principle +has been adopted and developed and worked out in each particular state, +until we have the great forty-eight different big school systems of +America. We can take this proposition and by working it out, adapting it +to the particular machinery, the particular laws, and meeting the +particular difficulties, we can work it out until it becomes a great +monument. We must plant trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I want to say a word with regard to Senator +Penney's reference to the importance of shrubs as a protection to the +roadways from shifting sand. Mr. Volbertsen, my collaborator in my +filbert enterprise in Rochester, got his early education in horticulture +in Germany when a young man of twenty years of age, and he informed me +the other day that along the side of the railroads' right of way, +filberts were planted very extensively, in different parts of Germany, +for the maintenance of the roadbed, to protect them from shifting sand. +Not only that but they garnered wonderful crops of nuts.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. O'Connor</span>: Concerning the planting of trees along the +roadside, what enemies have they? I have watched this very closely since +I have been connected with Mr. Littlepage's farm and I find that the +walnut trees and pecan trees have very few enemies. I think that he has +something like four hundred trees, and there were not three of them that +were troubled with caterpillars. What better could we have along our +road sides than nut trees when from the oak, the elm and other trees +there are pesky worms dropping down when you go along with an automobile +or carriage.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: I want to say to the ladies present that the +ladies of Michigan are greatly interested in this work. We recently<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +established a state trunk line highway known as the Colgrove Highway, +named for the President of our Michigan State Good Roads Association. +Senator Penney was the introducer of that bill also and it became a law. +That particular road runs across our state in such a way that it is +about three hundred miles in length. One county that it crosses is known +as Montcalm County. At a meeting we had in their court house we had a +committee named in each township through which the highway passed for +the purpose of properly planting trees and beautifying that highway. +Upon my return home I received a letter from the county judge saying +that the people of Montcalm County would not stand for planting and +beautifying that one road alone but the whole county has been organized +and every township in it and half of the membership of each committee is +composed of women, and they want these trees and plants on every +township road as well as on that state road. That is the way in which +the work is going along in many sections of our state and it will soon +cover it all with the same enthusiasm. So that the ladies can be of +great good in this organization also. There is not a home or a residence +street but desires fine shrubs and fine trees. It is especially so with +the farmers. They want these beautiful things that the city people have +been having for many years in their front yards. They are going to +demand shrubbery and trees beyond any call that ever has been made for +them in the past. So you can readily see from our work, although much of +it is to be carried on in a public way by our agricultural colleges and +state institutions of that kind, that they will be able to furnish only +one tree or one plant in a hundred of those that will be demanded. That +feature I wish especially to impress upon the minds of any nurserymen +that may be present. The call in the next decade is going to be along +those lines, for ornamental shrubbery and for useful trees, just as the +fruit tree has been called for in the past.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Fagan</span>: I don't know that I have anything constructive to +add to the road side planting idea. I know that our landscape gardener +at the experimental station in the college has, in the past few years, +been giving it serious consideration, and if I am not mistaken he has +taken the question up with our forest and state highway commissioners in +the state. How far it is going to go I don't know. There is a feature of +the roadside planting which has been mentioned indirectly this evening +that we must not overlook. Just as soon as we consider a program of +roadside planting we must also consider a program for the control of +pests. Regardless of whether they be pecan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> trees or hickories or +walnuts we are bound to meet with these pests. Whenever we begin a +systematic planting, or collection of plants, it does not make much +difference whether oak trees, or catalpas or chestnuts, or what not, we +can look forward to the time when we will be confronted with a pest +control proposition. As to roadside planting in New England it would not +make much difference whether it was a walnut or butternut or pecan. A +gipsy or brown tailed moth would just as soon eat the foliage off a +butternut tree as off an elm. We have here in New Jersey at the present +time the Japanese iris beetle and it will eat anything in sight. As soon +as we turn nature upside down, as we have nearly done in many sections +of the country, we are bound to bring in these pests. It would be well +in any law—and I know in this state we would consider a law, and an +experimental station could have charge of work connected therewith—that +one of the provisions we would insist on being put in the law would be +one to control the pests which may come. Right in our district today the +tent caterpillar is playing havoc with our walnuts; the oyster shell +scale is going through our timber in Center County; and I can take you +into the mountains five miles from any residence and I can show you +oyster shell scale on half a dozen of our native species. It is nice to +kid ourselves along to think our butternuts and our hickories would +never be subject to these pests, but they will be. When the Northwest +started to plant apple orchards they said they had no codling moths up +there. There were some orchards that didn't but sooner or later they +came. The time to nip those things is in the bud, and not let them +spread. Lack of foresight has cost New England millions and millions of +dollars just because they would not take the advice of one man when he +told them that the gipsy moth and brown tail moth had gotten away from +him. They laughed at him.</p> + +<p>I wonder whether this association could not get our federal road +department back of this idea of roadside planting. I know that back of +the federal aid movement there is an important point of contact in +roadside planting.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: Our bill provides that the highway department +shall care for and maintain the trees. I think the bill is broad enough +to cover that subject. I think we all realize that we cannot stop +planting trees for fear of some pest that might come, but we have got to +provide the means of fighting it if it does come. Our highway department +in Michigan has employed a man, a graduate of Yale College who is an +expert in horticulture and all this work of plant<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span>ing and caring for the +trees is to be turned over to him.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Canaday</span>: In many parts of Germany the practice of planting +trees along the state highways has been in vogue for perhaps half a +century. They have used fruit trees and it has been found to be very +feasible. The state has found that the proceeds of the trees has gone a +long way towards keeping up the highways. Of course they probably have +had their population under more rigorous control than ours has been. +They have been able to collect the proceeds of the trees better. The +question of the railroad rights of way might be taken up. A few of the +railroads in the United States have already begun planting trees along +their rights of way looking forward to a future supply of cross ties. It +seems to me the greatest difficulty that will be encountered in this +work will be the conflict with the telephone companies and the power +lines. If that can be satisfactorily solved, I think the rest of it will +be comparatively easy.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Smedley</span>: In Pennsylvania near our large cities, the highway +department has become aware that the roads are all too narrow. There was +a bill passed in the last legislature giving the commissioner of +highways a right to establish the width of roads at thirty-three feet, I +think it was, with one hundred and twenty feet as the maximum. The +department is now making a survey of all the main highways near the +large cities. I happen to live just out of Philadelphia, about fifteen +miles, on the line between Philadelphia and West Chester. It is a +continuation of Market Street the principal east and west street of +Philadelphia. It was laid out sixty feet wide. That was one of the first +to claim the attention of the department and it will soon be, I +understand, established on the map as one hundred feet wide or probably +one hundred and twenty feet. That primarily is to stop the encroachment +of the buildings near Philadelphia so that when the question of opening +this road to its new width comes up damages will not be excessive. Some +of us living along there take great pride in that road and want to see +it developed but it is going to be some time before this is opened to +its full width and it is needless to plant trees until it is. I don't +know how you have things in Michigan but a great many of our +Pennsylvania roads are old highways that have worn down with banks ten +or fifteen feet high, and it is oftentimes a question where to put the +trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: Our highways in Michigan are, ninety per cent +of them perhaps, four rods in width. That you will know is a good ample +width, sixty-six feet wide. The basis of the planting as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> adopted by our +state highway department, as I understand it, is thirteen feet from each +line fence, making trees forty feet apart on opposite sides of the +roadways. The main portion of the planting will be forty feet apart but +that is simply a detail and the entire matter is left with the state +highway commissioner and those who assist him. And, as stated by Senator +Penney, they are very competent men in that department. Of course some +trees would be placed further apart than others. There is no absolutely +fixed distance. I don't know of any movement that will more quickly +cause the planting of more trees than the one we are outlining at the +present time in undertaking to cover the highways of this country. +Michigan alone has six thousand miles of state trunk line highway. That +is only a small portion of the highways in our state. These are the +important roadways connecting our largest cities and business points. +Just as an estimate I would say that we have ten times as many miles of +roadway in Michigan as we have trunk line highways. If that average +should be maintained throughout the country in each one of the states, +and I imagine our state is an average one as to the number of miles of +roadway, you would see that there would be three hundred thousand miles +of trunk line highways alone, saying nothing about all the other +highways and by-ways. So that I believe within the next five or ten +years this roadside planting will cause more trees to be planted, and +useful and valuable trees too, than all the efforts made in this country +up to date in re-forestation. The people are alive to this subject and +are asking for this very thing. It is only for us to map out a plan, +arrange the details, and provide the sources from which they can obtain +their supply and the trees will be planted.</p> + +<p>It was my lot and good fortune last fall, following our meeting in the +City of Washington, to visit Mount Vernon and there meeting the +superintendent Mr. Dodge. He said to me that our association could have +the products of the black walnut trees at Mount Vernon upon condition +that that crop should not be commercialized in any way but used for +public purposes. In behalf of the association I accepted the crop of +walnuts, and, as I recall it, got in the neighborhood of thirty bushels +of fine walnuts. They were selected walnuts the best and larger ones. It +so happened that they arrived late in Saginaw, where my home is, and it +was simply impossible to distribute them generally throughout the +country. When it became known that we had these walnuts, and it became +necessary to distribute these nuts and have them planted in our +immediate locality, our people were de<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span>lighted with the fact, and every +school in every school district in the country called for them, and +every city school called for some of these walnuts. They were planted in +every school yard, in many cases with appropriate ceremonies along +patriotic lines, and that did a great deal of good. Our citizens as +individuals called for them. I was surprised to see the interest in it. +They wanted them in their yards and at their city homes. Following all +this I had about two thousand of these walnuts left. I wondered just +what I could do with these. It was impossible to arrange a program for +distribution so I asked the superintendent of parks of our city if he +would plant and care for them and he readily agreed to do it. So that +what was left of the consignment was placed in our finest and largest +park. Shortly after having planted these, and the papers having noticed +what had been done, I sent a copy to our honored first president, Dr. +Morris. Soon thereafter I received a letter from him saying that he +disliked very much to predict disappointment, but disappointment +certainly was coming to us for our efforts in Saginaw, because, he said, +"Mr. Linton, I have gone through this experience and the squirrels and +other rodents will certainly get every one of those nuts. You will be +disappointed in the results in the spring and I am telling you this so +it won't come to you all at once. I want you to be prepared for the +disappointment when it comes." I rather imagined it would come. I knew +that the trees in that particular park harbored a good many fox +squirrels and others, and I imagined they would get these walnuts. But I +was very much astonished this spring to see the entire crop come up +through the ground. I imagine it was a ninety-five per cent crop. So +that we have about two thousand young walnuts growing about as high as +this table from last year's planting. They are thrifty and they will be +distributed around the state of Michigan this coming spring, and at +other places. To show the interest manifested in that particular +movement I will say that I received letters from perhaps half of the +states in the country asking if they could not be supplied with some of +these walnuts from George Washington's former home at Mount Vernon. I +even got letters from the State of Virginia asking that some of them be +sent from Saginaw, Michigan, to them in Virginia for planting at their +home. So you can see how far reaching a thing of this kind can be. I +know that we have started something here that will sweep from one end of +the United States to the other, and will do more good along the lines of +re-forestation than any organization up to date has been able to do.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I move that a committee be appointed to report +at the morning session the best method of getting this bill before the +various legislatures. I thought first of attempting to formulate what +idea I might have in the form of a resolution, but it appears to me that +it is something that may require a little thought. Therefore I move the +appointment of a committee of three to report in the morning the best +form of a resolution or whatever seems best to adopt by this association +to get action.</p> + +<p>This motion was put by President Linton and unanimously adopted.</p> + +<p>The President appoints on this committee Mr. Littlepage, Senator Penney +and Dr. Canaday.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: This action will close the discussion +relative to the tree planting law. Any other subject that you desire to +discuss can be brought before the meeting in any proper manner.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: As the secretary noted this morning, perhaps the +most extensive program of nut tree planting which has yet been carried +out has been on the other side of the world, in China. One of the +members of the association is Mr. Wang who lives near Shanghai and is +secretary of the Kinsan Arboretum there. Some time ago he obtained some +American black walnuts from Japan. He planted them and they grew so much +faster than he had anticipated, and I think faster than any other tree +with which he was familiar, that he conceived the idea of planting the +new highway, which was being made from Shanghai to Hankow, with these +American black walnuts. In due course he sent a money order to pay for +two thousand pounds to the secretary. Last year was not the best year to +get black walnuts, and the secretary forwarded the money order to me and +asked me if I could get these walnuts for him. There was more trouble in +getting them in New York last year than there usually is, but finally I +did get them and had them made up in twenty-two bags and shipped to Mr. +Wang at Shanghai. In due course they arrived and he is anticipating +great things from them. The growth that he reported of this first lot of +black walnuts was something astonishing. It seems to me that they grew +the second year ten feet high. It was a very astonishing growth, a much +more vigorous growth than I ever heard of their making here. At any rate +there are two thousand pounds of American black walnuts that have been +shipped to China, and if nothing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> happens to them they will grow and +adorn that new road from Shanghai to Hankow.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jones</span>: A matter that will be of interest is that Mr. Wang +wrote me a letter in which he says that the black walnut grows three +times as fast in China as the Japanese walnut. Here in the nursery we +find the Japanese walnut doubles the black walnut in the first two years +in growth.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: We would like to hear from those present who +are familiar with trees, as you all are, as to the merits and demerits +of the various kinds of trees that we desire to plant. In Michigan the +only ones we are considering are the black walnut, the hickory, the +butternut and the beech. The beech in our state grows to be a beautiful +tree, as it does in most states in our country. In addition to that our +state agricultural people are suggesting that we plant the hard maple, +which is a fine tree in Michigan, and the basswood, and one or two +others, to provide food along certain lines. The hard maple, for +instance, produces maple sugar, the basswood the bees draw honey from. +The simple and useful trees and shrubs are the only ones in our state +that we are giving any consideration to.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dr. Canaday</span>: What would be the best way to start a hickory +along the roadside? From the nut?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: From my experience with the black walnut I +would say that would be the proper way to plant these hickories, to +plant the nuts where the trees would be. It is far less expensive than +any other method. It is easily cared for by the road men who take care +of a section of the road.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I am interested in the cultivation and culture +of the European filbert at Rochester and have been for a number of +years, and I believe successfully. In different meetings of this +association that I have attended and in correspondence with the officers +of the association, filbert culture in this country has been referred to +as still in the experimental stage. Now when you have been in a thing +for ten or twelve years and have not had any set-back but progress along +all lines of activity, I believe you have passed out of the zone of +experimentation and have gotten down to doing something. That is what we +have done in Rochester with our nursery which I believe is the only +thing of that particular kind in the country. Mr. Vollertsen, my +collaborator, came to me with this idea years ago. He told me what he +believed could be done and what had been done in filbert culture where +he had been until about twenty years of age, having<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> worked in a nursery +from the time he had been able to do manual labor. In this nursery they +had given especial attention to the cultivation of filberts and he had +learned their method of propagation. He told me about this and believed +it could be done in this country. I corresponded with some of the +prominent nurserymen in the New England states and they told me it would +be folly to attempt anything like that in this country, that I would be +wiped out by the blight. They had tried it with some of the European +varieties. Nevertheless I went ahead and imported five plants of twenty +leading German varieties from Hoag & Schmidt, a prominent firm of +nurserymen in Germany. I turned them over to Mr. Vollertsen having +rented land for him and furnished the funds for the fertilization and +cultivation of the land, paying a wage to him to go ahead and make the +experiment. I wanted to know rather than to believe. His method of +propagation was from the layer. Now we have fruited these propagated +plants and found them true. We started in with half an acre. We now have +two and a half acres, probably fifty thousand plants altogether. We have +never had the semblance of blight. Our cultivation has been thorough. +Our fertilization has been consistent. Mr. Vollertsen has been on the +job very steadily and understands his business thoroughly. I think that +this talk of blight is something that we should not take so seriously to +heart. On half a dozen occasions some of our good friends have said, +"What about the blight; don't you think it will wipe you out?" I think +it is well to be prepared for the truth but the same thing might be said +if I plant a peach orchard, that in a few years it will be wiped out by +the yellows. I can't make myself believe that the matter of blight in +filbert culture in this country is a serious menace. The consensus of +opinion in this association seems to have been that even if it does +appear there are remedies for it. Our esteemed first president, Dr. +Morris, when he visited our place in Rochester some years ago when the +convention met there, said that he thought we should not worry about it. +He was satisfied that if blight appeared it could be controlled by the +removal of the blighted part. I believe that the same principle applies +to the development of filbert nurseries as to any phase of life, that +eternal vigilance is the price of safety. I believe that thorough +cultivation, keeping the plants strong and healthy, will help them +resist disease. But if blight does appear, by watching closely it can be +removed and I think controlled, as suggested by Dr. Morris. Maybe it has +been all right up to the present time to be on our guard but there<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> is +my work that has been going on for ten or twelve years. During these +last two or three years we have been sending our plants all over the +country, to California, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, +Indiana, Canada, and we have been getting fine reports with not a single +reference to the appearance of blight. On the contrary they report that +our plants are fruiting and they ask for more plants. As a specific +instance I can cite a prominent doctor in Louisville, Kentucky, who some +years ago got some plants from us and some filbert plants from some +other nursery. We had a letter from him the other day in which he spoke +in most complimentary terms of the plants he had gotten from us, that +they had fruited, were true, and he wanted to know if we could furnish +him from fifteen hundred to two thousand plants within the next few +years. William Rockefeller on the Hudson, another customer of ours, +reports plants doing splendidly and fruiting well. Mrs. Jones of Jones & +Laughlin Steel Company reports plants growing splendidly there. Those +are just a few of the instances I could cite. As I suggested to some of +the gentlemen today at the next meeting it might be well for me to bring +specific references from different parts of the country where our plants +have been planted and are bearing fruit and are doing well, with no +reference whatever to blight having appeared, and I shall be very glad +to do that.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p>It seems to me, too, that the filbert is one of the best nut producing +plants for use here in the North. Usually it is grown in bush form. It +is very hearty and begins to bear early and abundantly under proper +care. In view of the exceptionally wide range of climates and soils it +seems to be one of the good nut producing plants for this association. +Now it can be consistently considered that I have an ax to grind as I am +producing filbert plants for sale, but I assure you, ladies and +gentlemen, that it is not with this thought in mind that I make these +references. I have the interests of this association very much at heart. +My whole time and attention and money is given to nut culture. I am +extensively interested in the culture of paper shell pecans in Georgia. +Successfully, I might also add. And I want to be equally successful with +the filbert because I believe that it is the one great nut bearing plant +that this association can stand back of and urge the people to plant, +not because I am producing them but because I am a member of this +association, and I want to see this association a success.</p> + +<p>Three weeks ago last Monday, on account of my interest in pecan<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> culture +in the South, and having a good crop at our grove this year, I went to +New York and spent the day there conferring with a big commission man +down in the Washington Street section who handles large consignments of +nuts. The subject of the filbert was discussed and I found a very great +interest on the subject. They were one and all, I think I can say, +appalled when I told them that there was a nursery in New York State +producing filbert plants and filbert nuts. Mr. James, vice-president of +the Higgins & James Company, showed me a very fine filbert, a variety +with some unpronounceable name, I think Italian, and he said, "Isn't it +a beauty?" It was. But when I told him that we had just as fine in +Rochester and some finer he looked aghast. I invited him to come to +Rochester and be convinced. He told me, as others did, that there was a +wonderful future for the filbert in this country.</p> + +<p>The filbert, too, I think, is especially adapted for waste lands on +farms. A great many farms have considerable areas of waste land which, I +believe, could be made very profitable by the planting of the filbert, +because just ordinary farm soil with ordinary fertilization, according +to our experiments, demonstrates that the filbert will make "the desert +to bloom as the rose." And it is a beautiful shrub for ornamental +purposes. Come to Rochester and go down to Jones Square, and you will +see a beautiful border of the purple filbert. Some of our customers are +purchasing it, William Rockefeller for instance and Mrs. Jones, for the +borders of walks and drives. I think that we should try to reach the +gardeners and the agricultural and horticultural societies of the +country in our campaign for the furtherance of nut culture.</p> + +<p>In Dr. Kellogg's recent list of diets, fruit and grain and vegetables, +covering two pages of his pamphlet, he gives there as the food value of +the pecan in protein, fats, and carbo-hydrates 207.8, and next to them +the filbert, 207.5, and next the English walnut at 206.8, and next to +that the almond, at 191.1.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I really think that Mr. McGlennon has done more than +anybody else to get the filbert on a practicable basis. He has also +mentioned why the association has been a little bit cautious in saying +too much about the filbert. In some of the early plantings the blight +made serious inroads. There has been a lot learned about the blight +since that time and apparently it can be controlled by cutting out the +blighted portions. I have seen filberts in certain sections of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> the +country where the blight went half way around the twig. Apparently that +can be controlled by cutting out that blighted portion. Or, if the worst +came to the worst, by cutting off the limb. But there have been a number +of filbert plantings made the last few years where that blight has not +appeared at all. One of the greatest difficulties with the European +filberts was that while the bushes would grow all right they would not +fruit, or fruit only once in a few years. Mr. McGlennon, when he +imported those plants from Germany, apparently took all the varieties +the man had. I believe that is one reason why Mr. McGlennon is raising +filberts when most of the plantings of one bush, or two bushes of one +kind have failed. He has enough varieties to properly pollinate the +hazel flowers. That is a thing that must be borne in mind. Any one +wanting to plant filberts must not ask what is the best filbert and +plant one. He must say, what are the best filberts, and plant several +varieties. I believe that is one of the things that has enabled Mr. +McGlennon to raise filberts when many previous attempts have failed.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: Replying to Mr. Bixby's remarks they are well +taken. I overlooked mentioning in my talk a fact, because I believe it +is a fact, that it is due to the number of varieties we have that every +variety has fruited. Now they are in the nursery and the principal +consideration is wood. We are working every plant for wood. We have not +been able to supply the demand for plants and won't be for another year +or two. Next year I shall probably have ten to twelve thousand plants. +We layered some twenty-five thousand plants last year, and we are +layering some twenty-five thousand this year. Mr. Vollertsen has been +very persistent with regard to the maintenance of the smaller nut +varieties, has insisted upon it, because we have found that they are +very much freer bloomers than the larger fruited varieties. We have made +up our selection, as catalogued, carefully to that end, including some +of the smaller fruit varieties. A party asked me the other day if I +would send them a plant this fall. I said, "No, but I will send you +three plants," meaning one of the small fruit and two of the larger +fruit. It is the larger fruit that the consumer is going to demand. He +is going to buy the larger nut, although the smaller nut is really +better for eating.</p> + +<p>Convention adjourned until 9:30 a. m., October 7, 1921.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="MORNING_SESSION" id="MORNING_SESSION"></a>MORNING SESSION</h2> + +<h4>Friday, October 7, 1921</h4> + +<p>The Convention was called to order at ten o'clock by President Linton.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The first on our program this morning will be +the report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting. I +will ask the chairman, Mr. Littlepage, to make the report.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: The committee met last night after adjournment +and considered different methods of getting this bill (a copy of which I +now present) before the various states, and after some deliberation it +was decided to report, on behalf of the committee, as follows:</p> + +<p>That the committee,—the same committee which has been appointed,—be +authorized by the association to prepare in proper and simple form a +sufficient number of copies of this bill, to be accompanied by a letter, +formulated by the committee, which letter will set out substantially +three things:</p> + +<p>First: Call the governor's attention to the fact that this bill is the +one adopted by the State of Michigan, but that it should, of course, be +modified to comply with the special judicial or road machinery of each +particular state.</p> + +<p>Secondly: A short argument in behalf of this character of legislation.</p> + +<p>Thirdly: A request to each governor that he refer the bill to his +attorney general to put it in proper form to fit into the machinery of +his particular state, and that he also refer it to his appropriate state +board of forestry, agriculture or what-not.</p> + +<p>We suggest, as I said before, that this committee be authorized to +prepare a letter along those lines, to be accompanied by a copy of the +bill, and that, after it is prepared and ready, it be sent out by either +the president or the secretary of the association. It was also thought +by the committee to be desirable, at the same time that this is sent to +the governor of each state, to send copies to the various agricultural +and horticultural journals of the respective states, that being done +with the view of getting some publicity. Then, too, the committee +thought that it might be well, at that time, for the respective members +of the association in these various states to write to their +representatives in the legislature calling attention to this bill.</p> + +<p>Now that is the report of the committee, and, Mr. President, I<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> move +that this report be adopted and the committee instructed to act along +those lines.</p> + +<p>(Motion seconded and carried, and the report of the committee was +adopted unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Now, ladies and gentlemen, I consider that we +have performed a most important task in the pioneer work connected with +roadside planting in America. There is no question but that with this +association the idea first originated; and the work to date along those +lines in the United States has been brought about by the Northern Nut +Growers' Association. It is a work in which I, personally as well as +officially, as you know, have been greatly interested and the unanimous +adoption of the committee's report, endorses that line of work. I wish +to thank you, individually and collectively, for your interest and the +action which you have taken.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I feel that our president in this instance has +hit a high-water mark. He has taken hold of a very important idea and +has developed it. After making an observation or two I am going to move +a vote of appreciation to our president and accompany it with a vote of +thanks to Senator Penney for coming down here from Michigan and lending +his aid and enthusiasm.</p> + +<p>We listened last night to a discussion about this roadside planting. As +I observed before it is not without its difficulties the same as +everything else; but this proposition extends to the various state +boards of horticulture, highway, or what-not, one of the greatest and +finest opportunities. Personally I believe in nut trees; but you must +first get the public with you. Suppose you had a highway into Lancaster +lined on either side for a half mile with pink weigelias in the spring. +You would have the whole population going up and down that highway +looking at the display. And the pink weigelia is almost a fool-proof +shrub. It grows without cultivation and grows very rapidly and blooms in +the greatest profusion. Suppose in mid-summer you had another highway +lined with hydrangeas. I believe a particular one that is hardy is +called paniculata grandiflora. It is a fool-proof shrub also, requires +very little care and comes on after the other flowers go. It also can be +produced very cheaply. You would have the population looking at and +admiring the blooms and it would inspire, in each one of those +individuals, a desire to go and do likewise. Suppose you had a half mile +of sweet gum trees. If you go down through the counties of Pennsylvania +now you will see the sweet gums—some of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> them a deep dark purple, some +of them a bright golden yellow, some of them red, some of them with all +the colors and all summer a beautiful foliage—suppose you had a half +mile of those leading into a street of any city in America. The +population on Sunday would drive out there and admire their beauty. It +affords a wonderful opportunity. The individuals who care for those +trees and shrubs, while moving up and down the highway caring for them, +will be carrying with them a little university of horticultural +knowledge. The average farmer thinks it is a terrible thing to spray. It +is the simplest thing in the world as you know. This machinery by which +these trees and plants and shrubbery would be cared for would be a +moving university up and down the highway teaching the farmers how to +care for their trees. Mr. Rush's trees which we saw yesterday were the +finest examples of well cared for trees. You could not travel over the +country and find trees showing a finer degree of care. Nobody could look +at those trees without feeling that he would rather give a little more +care to his trees. So that, if this idea is carried out, as it will be, +it will become popular with the various state boards. They like to do +things that are popular or that please the people.</p> + +<p>As I said at the commencement of my remarks I am going to take the +liberty of moving a vote of deep appreciation to the president (Mr. +Linton), and also a vote of thanks to Senator Penney.</p> + +<p>(Motion seconded and carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I desire to thank you, one and all, for this +vote of appreciation. My connection with the Northern Nut Growers' +Association has been of a most pleasant character. I have found a group +of men and of women who are interested not only in their own welfare but +in the welfare of the race. What we have started today—or rather +completed so far as organization is concerned—will do as much good in +the United States in the next decade as any movement that has been +started by any organization or association. It means re-forestation on a +larger scale with right trees and right plants, as stated by my friend +Mr. Littlepage. A new start will be made along those lines. The poor +trees will be cast aside and the next generation will have trees and +bushes and plants that not only will be beautiful to the eye but will be +beneficial to mankind and to those birds and animals that we desire to +have around us.</p> + +<p>The greatest credit should be given to those of this association who in +a scientific way have endeavored to bring about better varieties of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> +nuts, better varieties of the products of trees, and their names +certainly should go down in history with that of Burbank, or with those +of other men who have devoted their lives to this kind of advancement. I +am sure that will be the result. I know that as the message goes down +along the line to the various states, their efforts will at least be +recognized as having been beneficial and advantageous to all.</p> + +<p>I want again to thank every one of you for the kindness that you have +extended towards me and to my colleague, Senator Penney, who is most +actively engaged in this work. Situated as he was—a most prominent +member of the Michigan legislature—he was able to promote the very work +in our Wolverine State that we today are undertaking to bring about in +the United States, and I would call upon Senator Penney to say a word in +this connection.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: Mr. President, it seems to me that after all +these remarks have been made, this subject has been very well covered. I +was very much interested in the remarks of Mr. Littlepage because he +spoke of different ornamental trees and shrubs with which I am not +familiar and which are not grown in our part of the country.</p> + +<p>Our esteemed president, Mr. Linton, is doing wonderful work up in +Saginaw at the present time in conjunction with our superintendent of +public parks. He is helping to lay out some of our parks and to plant +trees and shrubs there. One gentleman of Saginaw furnished the means to +buy one thousand trees and the matter was put in charge of Mr. Linton to +see that they were properly planted. This work and similar work that Mr. +Linton and I have undertaken to promote and to push. We have done +similar things in regard to the promotion of good highways. We have +absolutely no interest in stone quarries or gravel pits or in any kind +of contracts for the building of roads; yet we have spent several +hundred dollars or more in going about Michigan giving talks at +different meetings and promoting roads. One of the things that Mr. +Linton tried to promote was this tree planting bill. Inasmuch as I was +in the legislature I had the opportunity of helping to put this work +across. We have a wonderfully good highway commissioner in our state. He +is enthusiastic over this proposition. While our bill was passed just a +short time ago, he has already planted eighteen miles of trees in one +locality, and, he said, at very little cost. Just think what might be +done throughout the United States. Suppose the prominent highways +throughout the United States were planted with useful and ornamental +trees, beautiful shrubs<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> and things of that kind. Wouldn't it be a +wonderfully beautiful and useful thing for the country?</p> + +<p>In closing I wish to thank Mr. Littlepage and the other members of this +association for the very kind treatment we have received here.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We are fortunate in having a paper that was +prepared and will be presented by our esteemed treasurer Mr. Bixby, and +I take pleasure in calling upon him at this time.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>WHERE MAY THE NORTHERN PECAN BE EXPECTED TO BEAR</h2> + +<h4><i>Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y.</i></h4> + +<p>In the January 1916 issue of the American Nut Journal is an article by +Meredith P. Reed read before the Western Association of Nurserymen at +their annual meeting in Kansas City, Mo., December 1915 entitled the +Pecan Areas of the United States, describing the limits between which +the pecan may be grown. In this paper the matter of the Pecan Belts of +the country are discussed and their extent determined pretty largely by +the length of the season (in average years), that is by the number of +days between the latest spring frosts and the earliest fall frosts. A +map was shown on which these areas were marked out, and it has been very +useful to the writer in answering inquiries from persons who want to +know if pecans can be grown in <i>a</i> given section.</p> + +<p>Mr. John Garretson, Aspers, Adams Co., Penn., has on his place bearing +Stuart and Schley pecans, two of the standard southern varieties. These +bear nuts of typical shape but which are only a fraction of the size +that these nuts would be if grown in southern Georgia. This clearly +shows that some of the standard southern pecans require something which +they do not get at Aspers to enable them to properly mature their nuts. +The trees stand the cold of winter but the fruit does not properly +mature. Mr. Jones has suggested that it is heat that is lacking and has +advanced the idea that even though the trees are hardy to winter cold +they have not sufficient summer heat at Aspers to enable them to mature +their crops. This has brought up the question as to whether there was +any method of measuring the summer heat available for causing pecan nuts +to grow and mature.</p> + +<p>Observations on northern pecans (and some southern ones) on my place at +Baldwin caused me to note that no pecans started to vegetate at Baldwin +before May. May is the first spring month here<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> when the pecan will +leave out. May is also the first spring month when the average monthly +temperature here will reach 50°F. It occurred to me that if we note the +excess average monthly temperatures over 50° and sum these items for a +season we would get what might be termed a figure for "pecan growing +heat units." This figure of 50° is doubtless capable of some refinement. +There is no reason to suppose that further study may not show that it +should be somewhat more or less but it is the best we have so far and +seemingly it is proving useful.</p> + +<p>If we calculate these figures for Evansville, Ind., for 1914, for +example, and show the method of doing it we will have</p> + + + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="75%" cellspacing="0" summary="Observations on northern pecans"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><th align='right'>Average Monthly</th><th align='right'>Average Monthly Temp.</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><b>1914</b></td><th align='right'>Temperatures</th><th align='right'>in Excess of 50 deg.</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>January</td><td align='right'>39.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>February</td><td align='right'>29.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>March</td><td align='right'>42.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>April</td><td align='right'>55.4</td><td align='right'>5.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>May</td><td align='right'>67.9</td><td align='right'>17.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>June</td><td align='right'>80.0</td><td align='right'>30.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>July</td><td align='right'>82.2</td><td align='right'>32.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>August</td><td align='right'>78.0</td><td align='right'>28.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>September 69.6</td><td align='right'>19.6</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>October</td><td align='right'>60.8</td><td align='right'>10.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>November</td><td align='right'>49.2</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>December</td><td align='right'>31.0</td><td align='right'>_____</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><td align='right'> </td><td align='right'>Total 143.9</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>The pecan growing heat units, pecan units they may be called for short, +for Evansville, Ind., in 1914 were 143.9. From this we might conclude +that a place where the pecan units for 1914 would figure out 143.9 would +be likely (as far as climatic conditions are concerned) to grow pecans +as well as Evansville, that is, of course if other years should show +similar figures.</p> + +<p>With the idea of seeing if the experience of those who were growing +pecans would be anything like what might be calculated from the Weather +Bureau Records, letters were written to all members of the National Nut +Growers' Association to find out if pecans grew and bore well in their +sections and if so which varieties. From the replies received it has +been in a number of instances difficult to judge just how well pecans +grow in some sections. For this reason I have interpreted the replies +somewhat on the basis of my own knowledge and on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> certain facts told me +by Mr. C. A. Reed. Apparently at least 175 pecan units are to be found +in most places where the southern pecan is successful commercially. This +corresponds to a line through Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon and +Columbus, Georgia and Montgomery, Alabama. There seems little question +but that pecans can be grown north of this line but until I get more +positive information than I now have I shall doubt if the planting of +southern varieties of pecans much north of this line is nearly as +advisable as it is south of it.</p> + +<p>When we come to compare this figure with the pecan units for Ocean +Springs and Pascagoula, Miss., where a number of the fine southern +pecans originated which are now being propagated we find an average of +about 222 pecan units. To reduce this to a percentage we find that many +of the standard southern pecans grow and bear well when the pecan units +are as low as 79% of those of the place of their origin. In other words +the adaptability of the southern pecan is 79%, that is it will grow and +bear well where the pecan units are as low as 79% of those of the place +of its origin or to use rough figures, 80%.</p> + +<p>When we come to ascertain the pecan units of the locations where the +northern pecan grows and bears well we will consider Evansville and +Vincennes, Ind., as places where it bears well; Burlington, Ia., as a +place where it does quite well, but not as well, as in Evansville; +Clinton, Ia., as a place where trees are growing well but where they +bear a large crop only once in several years; and Charles City, Ia., as +a place where the pecan does not mature its nuts. The pecan units are +also shown for several important places outside of the native pecan +area.</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="70%" cellspacing="0" summary="Pecan crops"> +<tr><td align='left'> </td><th colspan="2" align='center'>Highest</th><th colspan="2" align='center'>Lowest</th><th align='right'>Average</th></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Evansville, Ind.</td><td align='right'>(1919)</td><td align='right'>147.5</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>116.4</td><td align='right'>135.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Vincennes, Ind.</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>144.7</td><td align='right'>(1918)</td><td align='right'>123.1</td><td align='right'>130.8</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Burlington, Ia.</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>125.8</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>90.2</td><td align='right'>108.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Clinton, Ia.</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>109.2</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>75.3</td><td align='right'>94.9</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Charles City, Ia.</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>91.2</td><td align='right'>(1915)</td><td align='right'>65.4</td><td align='right'>78.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>New York City</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>101.2</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>85.2</td><td align='right'>94.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Lancaster, Penn.</td><td align='right'>(1919)</td><td align='right'>108.7</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>84.9</td><td align='right'>98.4</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Gettysburg, Penn.</td><td align='right'>(1919)</td><td align='right'>108.4</td><td align='right'>(1916)</td><td align='right'>89.4</td><td align='right'>100.7</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Cincinnati, O.</td><td align='right'>(1914)</td><td align='right'>131.7</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>88.9</td><td align='right'>109.5</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Baltimore, Md.</td><td align='right'>(1919)</td><td align='right'>127.2</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>106.7</td><td align='right'>121.0</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Washington, Md.</td><td align='right'>(1918)</td><td align='right'>126.8</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>104.7</td><td align='right'>119.3</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>Hartford, Conn.</td><td align='right'>(1919)</td><td align='right'>88.9</td><td align='right'>(1917)</td><td align='right'>74.8</td><td align='right'>85.1</td></tr> +</table> + + +<p>If we consider that Evansville and Vincennes are the center of the pecan +district near which most varieties have originated and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> a place +should have 80% as many pecan units as in this Evansville district in +order to have the northern pecan do well, a place should have 105 pecan +units in order for one to feel reasonably certain that the northern +pecan will do well there. It will be both interesting and instructive to +see how well the applications that may be made from the conclusions +compare with observed facts.</p> + +<p>We know that there are large numbers of pecan trees at Burlington, Ia., +and that the trees grow and bear well. Its pecan units are 108.4. We +should conclude that at Baltimore and Washington with pecan units at +121.0 and 119.3 respectively that pecans would grow and bear well. There +are pecan trees over 100 years old at Marietta, Md., which is half way +between Baltimore and Washington. These trees bear nuts and although it +has not been possible to get bearing records it is evident that they +bear considerably for on the roads of that vicinity are hundreds of +young pecan trees which evidently came up from nuts borne by these old +trees. We should expect the pecan to do well at Cincinnati, O. In fact I +have been expecting to find it native there, but, so far all inquiries +have failed to do so. At Fayetteville, however, which is about 40 miles +east of Cincinnati and somewhat north of it, are bearing pecan trees +raised from seed brought from Shawneetown, Ill., which is in the +Evansville district. Seed from these Fayetteville trees planted at +Baldwin have shown nearly 100% germination.</p> + +<p>There is some question as to how well pecans should bear at Gettysburg, +and Lancaster, Penn., and at New York City where the pecan units are +much like those at Clinton, Ia., where, on forest pecan trees, we get a +fair crop but once in several years. Perhaps with our present knowledge +these places should be considered on the borderland between the country +where the pecan is likely to do well and that where it will not mature +its nuts. We know that pecan trees have borne nuts at Aspers, Pa., near +Gettysburg, at Lancaster, Pa., and at Westbury and Glen Cove, Long +Island, near New York City but so far it has not been possible to make +sufficient observations to form definite conclusions as to what to +expect. It seems quite likely that fertilization and care may help +materially the maturing of crops in those sections which in our present +knowledge we must consider on the borderland.</p> + +<p>Probably we should not expect pecan nuts to be borne at Charles City, +Ia., where pecan units are but 60% of those at Vincennes, and pecan +units at Hartford, Conn., are not so very different. There are northern +pecan trees at Charles City, Ia., which many years ago were<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> brought +there, but the information I have about them is that they have never +borne. There is a large pecan tree at Hartford, Conn., but I have never +been able to learn of its bearing nuts.</p> + +<p>As the northern pecan trees now being planted get to bearing age we +shall have actual experimental data as to what they will do in the +different sections. Until that time by the method outlined herein and +with the Weather Bureau Records for several years at hand inquiries +regarding its probable adaptability for a given section can be answered +with far more confidence than was possible heretofore.</p> + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Is there any discussion upon the excellent paper +just read by our treasurer?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Jordan</span>: May I ask if, according to that theory, the Stuart +and the Schley would not be expected to do well in Washington?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: I should say not. My intention was to indicate +roughly a dividing line between where the pecan would be an important +commercial crop and where it would not. We know the Stuart pecan bears +pretty well at Petersburg, Virginia; it bears at Aspers, Pa., which is +near Gettysburg, but the nuts are a fraction of the normal size and not +very well filled.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: We all appreciate the amount of work that is +represented by this report of Mr. Bixby and how valuable it is from a +scientific as well as from a practical point of view. I wonder if it +could be made more useful if Mr. Bixby could make a little map showing +the isothermal lines on the basis that he has followed in his +investigation.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Bixby</span>: That could be done in a very general way, but +altitude makes such a difference that there would be many places +included in any belt at which, probably, certain pecans would not grow +nor would not mature. It is very evident that local conditions make a +great difference. I should say that a map to be useful would probably +have a series of dots all over the country indicating what pecans would +be best grown in that section; and while that would, to a certain +extent, form belts yet there could be selected many places in any one +belt where another pecan would be preferable.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. J. W. Ritchie</span>: I started in this nut-growing business +knowing nothing about it. I found that there were men in it who had been +working at it for years who knew many things that I wanted to know. They +forgot that I knew nothing and that I might want to know some of the +things that they had in their minds which gave them a back<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span>ground. I +think there ought to be some way by which all this knowledge that we +have can be brought together so that a beginner could pay a dollar or a +dollar and a half or, if necessary, two or three dollars and get it all +at once. I have visited Washington and have seen Mr. Littlepage. He +showed me some Kentucky hickories and Stabler walnuts and I then decided +that if I could raise any nuts there would be no trouble about selling +them. I can sell just as many of those nuts as I can produce; but yet I +do not know a thing about how many nuts will grow on a Kentucky hickory +in one year. If you will lay the facts before me and let me judge them I +will take the risk myself. I do not want anybody to tell me whether to +plant nuts or not to plant them. I will decide that question for myself +if you will give me the data to work on. I want a book that will give me +the varieties. I want to know what particular nuts can be put out in +this region here that would have a chance of commercial success. Then I +would like to know as much as I possibly can about those varieties, +their respective qualities, what they will produce and especially how to +propagate them. I happen to have a place where there are a great many +walnuts, butternuts and hickories. I would like to know, in detail, how +to propagate those nuts. In a conversation with the secretary he spoke +of northern pecans. I have read about the Marquardt, the Burlington and +the Witte. I do not know whether the term "northern" included those +three or not.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Treasurer Bixby</span>: I would be very useful if I could directly +answer a good many of the questions that are asked. A great many people +would like to know the pecan they can plant in their sections and be +sure of success. That I would like to tell them. I do not have the +information. It is frequently more difficult to answer questions than to +ask them.</p> + +<p>Regarding the Burlington and the Witte pecans, they come from the most +northern section where good pecans have been found, where the heat units +are the lowest. They come from Burlington, Iowa, where the heat units +are 180, if I remember correctly. If we assume a place where the heat +units are 80 per cent of those at Burlington, those pecans should grow +and mature there. They would probably do fairly well in New York City. I +think we might feel justified in saying that they would not do well at +Charles City, Iowa, because pecans from near that section, or back north +of that section, have been growing for twenty-five or thirty years, and +have not fruited. There the pecan units are very low, only 78. It would +seem reasonable that at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> places where the pecan units are somewhat over +90, including New York City, Lancaster, southern Pennsylvania, and of +course practically all sections south of it, they ought to do well. +Those are the safest pecans, the Marquardt, the Burlington, the Witte, +and the Green Bay, to plant in the northern section.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: The Stuart pecan originally stood within fifty +feet of the Gulf of Mexico. There is where it originated. It is one of +the leading southern nuts; and yet I saw a Stuart bearing nuts in Mr. +Roper's orchard down at Petersburg, Virginia. It has grown beautifully. +There is a strictly southern pecan, nurtured by the waters of the Gulf +of Mexico, which has the widest latitude. You can find the same thing up +north. The fact that the Burlington grows at Burlington, Iowa, means +this, that it ought to grow in all similar latitudes, or else violate +known laws of horticulture. But it does not mean that some other pecan +that grew 250 miles south of that might not grow still further north. +The questions asked are important. Why does not the association, just as +fast as it gets information, stick a pin there and fasten it down? For +example, will pecan trees grow, say, on the thirty-ninth parallel, which +runs through my grove down in Maryland. They will. Will they bear? There +is one Major there that has this summer fifty pecans on it; another one +there with perhaps a dozen. On the 27th day of March of this year, which +was Easter Sunday, the temperature dropped sixty-eight degrees in +twenty-four hours. It is a wonder it did not kill the forest trees. But +with all that the pecan stood there just as hardy as the oak. It +destroyed some of the ends of the swelling buds, not the dormant buds +but some of those that had begun to swell a little, and that no doubt +affected the crop or we would have had, perhaps, all the varieties, the +Butterick, the Warrick, the Niblack, the Busseron, the Major, and the +Green River fruiting. Do we want to grow a Major? I do not know. But the +man that makes the mistake is the man who fails to set nut trees. How +about the Stabler walnut bearing? It bore matured nuts at the age of +four years on my farm in Maryland this year. The nuts are here. That +answers that question. I have very grave doubts about pecan trees +thriving in the Lancaster latitude; yet it may be that I am wrong about +that. There may be some particular variety that will thrive here. If I +lived in this section I would set out the trees so that when the one, +two, three or four varieties are found that will thrive here we will +have something to work on. There isn't any question about the black +walnut or filbert thriving here, or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> the hickory, because we find them +growing. If you go through southern Michigan and northern Indiana, you +will see the shagbark hickory by the thousands growing along the +railroad. This association should endeavor to get some affirmative data +and distribute it among its members.</p> + +<p>I have a row of Indian hazels. I put them on the side of my garage to +make a sort of a screen because they grow those big crinkling pretty +leaves. That row is probably fifteen feet long. If I had forty acres of +those hazels with the same quantity of nuts on that are on there this +year I could buy another farm.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: I would like to ask about Evansville, Indiana.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: Evansville, Indiana, is almost exactly on the +thirty-eighth parallel. The Busseron pecan tree grows almost exactly on +the thirty-ninth parallel which is the northern boundary of the District +of Columbia. The big orange groves in California are at the Lancaster +latitude, which shows just how such things twist and turn, how difficult +it is to learn them and why it is going to take a lot of experience to +work them out.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I knew that Mr. Jones was a very patient and a +very courteous gentleman; but I did not suppose that his patience and +his courtesy would enable him to sit there for nearly a half hour with, +lying in his lap unopened, the new book on nut culture which has just +been published by Dr. Morris, probably the first copy that you or I have +seen. I see that Mr. Jones has finally yielded to temptation and has +uncovered the book. Perhaps that is the book that will supply Mr. +Ritchie's needs. I mention it now because I think that you all ought to +know that such a book has been published by Dr. Morris and that it can +be bought of the MacMillan Company, Publishers, of New York City.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I think Mr. Jones has overlooked the following +on the fly leaf of Dr. Morris's book:</p> + +<p class='center'> +"<i>To J. F. Jones, first authority in the world today</i><br /> +<i>on the subject of nut growing. With the compliments</i><br /> +<i>of one of his pupils, Robert T. Morris.</i><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;"><i>"New York, October 3, 1921</i>"</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>(Applause).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: If there is no further discussion along this +particular line, we will now receive the report of the committee on +grades of membership.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Treasurer Bixby</span>: The committee recommends that Article II of +the By-Laws be amended so as to read as follows:</p> + +<p>"Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars and +twenty-five cents including a year's subscription to the American Nut +Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt +from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues."</p> + +<p>It was moved and seconded that the report of the committee be adopted +and the amendment to the by-laws made as therein recommended.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously).</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasurer</span>: I would like to give notice of our intention, at +the next regular meeting, of moving to amend Article III of the +Constitution, by adding to the same the following:</p> + +<p>"There shall be four classes of members: Annual, contributing, life and +honorary. Annual, contributing and life members shall be entitled to all +rights and privileges of the association. Honorary members shall be +entitled to all rights and privileges of the association, excepting +those of holding office and voting at meetings."</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Notice has been duly made and will be filed in +the proceedings of the session.</p> + +<p>We have with us Prof. F. N. Fagan to whom I am sure you will be glad to +listen at this time in connection with the work that is being carried on +at State College with which institution he is connected.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Professor Fagan</span>: At the Rochester meeting we reported on an +English walnut survey that was made in Pennsylvania. Since that time we +have not done anything except with Mr. Jones's and Mr. Rush's help, to +gather information about the parent trees of which we located definitely +about three thousand and indefinitely probably two thousand more. All of +these trees but one were in bearing. They were seedling trees and as +much variation was found in the trees as we would naturally expect to +find in seedling trees. Our problem is to determine the trees worthy of +propagation. It is necessary also to solve better the propagation +problem. We cannot expect to get any large amount of planting of any of +our nut trees until we can put the trees to the public at a price at +which it will feel that it can afford to invest. To the members of this +association, or to other people vitally interested, two or two and a +half or three dollars is not any<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span>thing for a good tree; but to the +average planter of home ground or farmstead that is too much money. We +all know that it is not an easy task to propagate these trees and we are +not condemning the nurserymen. We know that they cannot afford to grow a +budded or a grafted tree of known parentage for any less. So the problem +of propagation is one of the largest that we have before us, and it is +one to which our station and I myself are giving all the thought and +time that we can.</p> + +<p>We realize the importance of the nut industry in the state if for no +more than roadside and home planting. Whether commercial planting will +extend through the north with our black walnuts, our butternuts, our +hickories and our English walnuts, to the extent that it has in the +south with the pecan, is a question which time alone can solve.</p> + +<p>We now have new land at the station suitable for the planting of nut +trees. It is going to be the best land that we have on our new farm and +we hope next spring to make a collection planting of varieties. We have +not much money but we can make a start. It is not going to be at a place +that will be set aside and not cared for. It is going to be along the +public road, where we will have to take care of it or we will be +criticised.</p> + +<p>Until we solve our problems of selection and propagation we will go +along at a fair rate of increase in regard to our plantings; but we will +not reach the man who has a piece of ground and who says, "I would like +to plant that ground in walnuts, maybe fifteen or twenty trees but I +cannot put thirty dollars into those trees, or twenty dollars when I can +buy apple trees for twenty cents."</p> + +<p>Yet the future looks just as bright to me as it did the day I started to +make the English walnut survey, just as bright because we will overcome +these obstacles.</p> + +<p>I might close by saying that while we are ready at the college and at +the experiment station to go ahead we are not ready to plunge into any +extensive experiments. It requires money and the money does not come in +such quantities that we can plunge into anything in fact. But we are +ready to begin to build a foundation on which we expect later on to +experiment, and I hope that in ten more years, or in nine more years, if +this association comes back to Pennsylvania, we can invite them to the +experiment station to see what foundations we have laid and what +progress we have made in the experimental work of nut culture.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: Will there be any discussion on the subject so<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +ably covered by Prof. Fagan? Are there any questions that you desire to +ask the Professor?</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I would like to ask Prof. Fagan if he has a good +word to say for the English walnut in Pennsylvania and in other parts of +the country as a profitable tree to plant, from the result of his +inspection of the trees of the state.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Fagan</span>: We get a letter probably on an average of once a +week, from some one in the State of Pennsylvania who wants to plant +anywhere from five acres to a hundred acres in English walnuts. We tell +him to go slow, to feel his ground out pretty well and to remember that +he is planting a tree that is a greater feeder, probably, than any other +fruit tree; that it must have food or it won't grow; and instead of +planting a hundred acres to plant maybe half an acre and select the best +varieties that information at the present time indicates, those that +lived through the winter of 1917-1918.</p> + +<p>We have seedling trees in Pennsylvania, that probably date back to near +revolutionary war times; in fact there are some around Germantown that +no doubt were growing at the time of the revolutionary war, around the +old Germantown Academy. Personally I would not hesitate to plant as good +an acre of land as there is in Lancaster County, or ten or twenty or +fifty acres, to the better types of English walnuts that we have today. +It probably would not be profitable in my time; I do not know; but it +certainly would be profitable in the lifetime of my children. I would +not, however, want to plant the nuts on cheap and poor mountain land +where the most of our larger plantings, even of chestnut, have been made +throughout the country, on land that was not worth the attention of +other crops. When people write to us that they have certain types of +land we always tell them if they can grow an average crop of corn, +wheat, clover or potatoes on that land there probably isn't any question +but that if they plant English walnuts they will be successful in +raising some English walnuts. Whether they will raise them profitably or +not is another question. But nothing can take the place of one or two +good trees on every farm, especially in southeastern Pennsylvania. There +isn't much question but that those trees can be grown successfully from +a line through Allentown to the Susquehanna River, and on over to the +general range of the Allegheny Mountains, down to the Mainland and West +Virginia line. Even in our higher elevations of sixteen or eighteen +hundred feet I can show you some good old bearing trees that are ten or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +twelve inches in diameter. No dwelling houses there. They are out in the +country and they are high up.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: As has been stated the essential thing in the +successful growing of Persian walnuts, and probably other nuts, is high +fertilization. I believe that many of our failures to grow the Persian +walnut are due to lack of sufficient food.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasurer</span>: I do not suppose that any one in the association +has made more of an effort to get better records than I have—at least I +have made a good deal of effort. I have learned that in 1916, if I +remember correctly, the Stabler bore sixteen bushels of hulled nuts and +it was estimated that two were washed away by the rains. In another +year, I was informed the Weiker tree bore twelve bushels. In following +up other trees I found it impossible to get any results. I tried to get +information as to the parent Hales hickory and the most I could learn +was that the family had gathered as high as two or three bushels in one +year. But when I saw that the tree stood on the side of a well traveled +road with only a low stone wall to get over, and that the squirrels were +plentiful and the children undoubtedly likewise, I thought it a wonder +that the Hales got any of the nuts.</p> + +<p>In the case of most of our fine parent nut trees they are either +situated in out-of-the-way places where it is a task to get to them, or +else they are situated on the side of a traveled road where the +passersby are pretty likely to get a great many of the nuts.</p> + +<p>Take the case of the Fairbanks hickory in Alamosa, Iowa. It stands on +the side of the road on top of a hill outside of the limit of the houses +of the town. I do not see how it can help being that a great proportion +of the nuts are picked up by passersby. When we have grafted trees +planted where they can be protected and the crop can be watched we can +get reliable data for our records; but I am afraid that except in a few +instances, we cannot get such data for the parent trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Rush</span>: California is the leader in the Persian walnut +industry and I think it would be better for us to fall in line and adopt +some of their varieties. I find that they are perfectly hardy here, just +as hardy as are varieties that have been grown here for a hundred years.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. L. N. Spencer</span>: Right back of the postoffice are some +English walnut trees. They are growing very nicely. They have withstood +all kinds of weather. I have not noticed any dead limbs on the trees nor +any other indications that the climate here is not adapted to the +growing of these trees. We would be glad indeed to show you the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> trees +if you would come to the postoffice. They are not on ground belonging to +the United States government but on private ground.</p> + +<p>I have been very much interested in your discussion. I came here because +I expect to set out some more nut trees.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: There are two items of business left for the +convention. One is, receiving the report of the nominating committee; +the other is, to determine upon a place for holding our next convention. +If there is nothing further to be brought before the session by the +members these two items will now receive our consideration. The first of +the two would be the report of the nominating committee.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Your nominating committee respectfully reports the +following nominations for officers of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association for the coming fiscal year:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">President—James S. McGlennon, Rochester, N. Y.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Vice-President—J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Secretary—William C. Deming, Wilton, Conn.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Treasurer—Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>Your committee begs leave to suggest that as the details of an +aggressive campaign to increase the membership of the Association entail +a considerable amount of correspondence and other work, the Secretary +should be relieved to as great an extent as is practicable, and to that +end particular attention should be paid to the selection of a Membership +Committee. It is the belief that this is one of the most important +committees of the Association and that systematic endeavor upon definite +lines should be made to extend the membership; that this work should +begin at once and be maintained earnestly throughout the coming fiscal +year.</p> + + +<table border="0" cellpadding="2" width="45%" cellspacing="0" summary="Committee"> +<tr><td align='left'>RALPH T. OLCOTT,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>J. F. JONES,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>JOHN RICK,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'>C. S. RIDGWAY,</td></tr> +<tr><td align='left'><span style="margin-left: 4em;">Committee.</span></td></tr> +</table> + + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I move the adoption of the report.</p> + +<p>(Motion seconded and carried, and the officers therein referred to were +declared elected.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: The second item is to determine the place of the +next meeting. A motion would be in order covering that.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Treasurer</span>: Inasmuch as we have in Rochester, New York, an +orchard of filberts which is beginning to bear real crops—and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> is +something none of us has ever seen—if Rochester would like to have us +come I move that we go there next year.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Olcott</span>: Rochester would like to have you come.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I was going to ask that the convention be +brought to Rochester next year. I would certainly like to see it there. +I second Mr. Bixby's motion.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p>It was moved and seconded that the next annual convention be held on +September 7 and 8, 1922.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span> moved (seconded by Mr. McGlennon) that Mr. +Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent of Mount Vernon, be elected an +honorary member of this association.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: I desire to say that in this package I have four +seedlings from the walnuts that were supplied from Mount Vernon. A few +of the walnuts left from last year's supply were placed in the hands of +a nurseryman or florist in Saginaw too late for planting—the ground had +become frozen—and those few nuts be placed in pots in his greenhouse. +They grew very vigorously and I have four of those in little earthen +pots for planting this afternoon.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. McGlennon</span>: I make a motion that a vote of thanks be +extended to Dr. Morris and the others whose papers were read by our +secretary yesterday morning and that they be notified accordingly.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Senator Penney</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>: I feel that we should express our appreciation +of the efforts of the local committee and the management of this hotel. +I therefore move a vote of thanks to Mr. Rush and Mr. Jones for their +work in the management of this convention, and to the management of the +hotel for the kindness they have shown us.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Mr. Littlepage</span>: I second the motion.</p> + +<p>(Motion carried unanimously.)</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">The President</span>: We will now adjourn to gather here at two +o'clock in order to go on a sight-seeing trip or excursion around the +city and county and then to Long's Park at 4:30 o'clock for the tree +planting.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES<br />AT LONG'S PARK, LANCASTER +COUNTY, PA.</h2> + +<h4>4:30 p. m., October 7, 1921</h4> + +<p><span class="smcap">President Linton</span>: The four young walnut trees that we have +before us are grown from walnuts from trees at Mount Vernon near the +tomb of General Washington. The trees there were planted unquestionably +during the lifetime of Washington, and have grown to be fine specimens +of their particular species. Last fall the ladies of the Mount Vernon +Association gave to the Northern Nut Growers Association all of the +walnuts upon the trees at Washington's home. They divided those nuts +into two lots and the best ones were presented to the association for +the purpose of public planting. Under no circumstances were the nuts to +be commercialized or sold for gain but were to be planted by the school +children of the land, if it could be satisfactorily arranged in the +short time that we had before the end of the planting season. We found +it impossible to distribute these walnuts throughout the country, +although the demand kept coming for them from many states, so they were +distributed first to the district schools outside of the city of Saginaw +in the County of Saginaw and there planted by the school children with +appropriate ceremonies. Then our city schools asked for them and in +every school yard in the city of Saginaw are some Washington walnuts +growing today. Following this distribution to the schools we had still +several bushels of the nuts, and one bushel was presented to what is +known as Merlin Grotto, a branch or division of the Masonic Order. As +General Washington was a member of that organization it seemed fitting +that that society should have some of the nuts. So in the beautiful +grounds outside of our city that are owned and controlled by Merlin +Grotto there were also planted some of these Mount Vernon walnuts. Then +we still had about two dozen of them left, and they were planted in what +is known as the Ezra Rush Park in Saginaw, our largest city park. They +are there in rows to be transplanted this coming spring and will be +again distributed to the schools, or to public places desiring them, as +long as they may last. The four specimens that you have before you, +gentlemen, are from nuts from trees planted during President +Washington's time at his home. We trust that they may live in this +beautiful park in Lancaster and that they may go down in history showing +the source from whence they came.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Prof. Herbert H. Beck</span>: Gentlemen: It is a very great privi<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>lege +to represent Franklin and Marshall College in extending a word of +greeting as well as comradeship to the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. I use the word comradeship advisedly because we have +interests that are indubitably kindred. Our two institutions are both +concerned with the cultivation of something that will contribute to the +strength and happiness of each as Americans—your institution in the +cultivation of useful trees—our institution in the cultivation of +useful men. It may well be said, show me a man who loves and cultivates +trees and I will show you a man who loves his fellow men and puts that +love into practice. That cannot be said, unfortunately, of every man who +graduates from college. It is to be doubted whether the name of John +Harvey, considered abroad as worthy of a higher place in the annals of +American horticulture, is greater than the name of Johnny Appleseed, the +man who took apple trees out into the frontier of the open road. My only +regret is that I have never been in a position to do so. I can say, +though, with Dr. Holmes, for whose opinion on such things I have a most +profound admiration, that I have an intense, passionate fondness for all +trees in general and for certain trees in particular. When I go out +among the trees I have a kinship there. I am never lonely when I am in a +forest and I cannot say that when I am alone in a big city. I like to +look upon an old tree as a patriarch with not only an honored past but +an interesting story locked up under its bark. As I go to such a place +as Valley Forge, I like to lay my hand on the rough bark of an old tree +and say, "Oh, but that you might tell your tale; you are the only thing +left which looked upon the scene in which a few were crucified that many +might live." Such are the thoughts that come to me when I stand by an +old tree. I like to let my mind run back to the beginnings of trees, to +the pre-historic times when this bed rock was laid down, when all this +region was an inlet or bay from the Atlantic Ocean and the upland was +treeless as our rock record shows. Then there were the beginnings of low +fern-like growth and clotted mass which gradually increased in size +until they assumed the enormous proportions which made the coal beds +possible. And then I like to follow the growth of trees on to the broad +leaf. We have the beginnings of the broad leaf, the sassafras, the +poplars, the maples, and the oaks, and then, as the crowning feature of +the evolutionary process, the nut tree. I like to let my mind run ahead +a bit, particularly at such a time as this when we are setting out new +trees. What sort of people will these trees live to see? Will there be a +decadence of the taste and fondness for trees, which we<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> hope is +growing? Will these trees live to see a race of people who take no +interest in such things except a commercial one, who have no thought for +the beauty of the trees nor for the rights of posterity? Will these +trees perchance live to see an upheaval of the happy affairs which now +exist in this country? In one hundred and fifty years many things can +happen. There is much in the existing turmoil of war conditions that +suggests possible disaster within the next couple of centuries, and +possibly that the fair constitution of Franklin and Washington may be +submerged in a chaos of something that means nothing. The remote +possibility of the invasion of a conquering race to destroy all these +things—but banish the thought. God grant, that these young trees may +grow up to furnish shade and fruit in proper season to thousands of +happy people, that they may always be useful and that they may not live +to see the time when disaster may come to this fair land.</p> + +<p>In closing, gentlemen, I wish to compliment you on what seems to me to +be the excellence of your personnel and organization. I am strongly +impressed with the fact that your organization has a prime scientific +value as well as a profound practical significance. I congratulate you +on these excellent qualities and traits of your association, wish you +all success and thank you for the privilege you have given me.</p> + +<p><span class="smcap">Dean R. L. Watts</span>: This seems to me almost like a sacred moment. +As I stand here in this circle, the ground upheaved there and that hole +in the ground, I think of something else that we stand around sometimes. +In a very large degree, especially in considering the remarks of +Professor Beck, it is a sacred occasion. What could be more sacred? What +could we regard with greater solemnity than the planting of trees that +will help all mankind.</p> + +<p>Particularly in connection with the planting of young trees I think of +my own boyhood experiences. Whenever I think of the boys and girls in +the woods picking up nuts it is pretty hard for me to think of those +boys and girls going wrong. One of the biggest things we have to look at +in this country is the question of maintaining high standards of manhood +and womanhood. In that the safety of our country rests.</p> + +<p>I wonder why I was asked to speak at this meeting of the Nut Growers' +Association. I do not know whether my friend Professor Fagan suggested +that I be placed on the program or not. Perhaps he had heard about what +happens in my own home. I have never<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> gotten away from liking a little +manual labor. I do not want too much of it but I do like a little of it, +making garden and taking care of the furnace. Mrs. Watts sometimes +blames me for wanting to take care of the furnace in the cellar in the +winter time from the fact that I have always a bag of nuts down there. +When I go down she hears me cracking nuts. From my earliest boyhood days +I have been tremendously interested in the whole nut proposition. What I +have to say here today I have put in written form.</p> + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2>A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION<br />OF NUT CULTURE</h2> + +<h4><i>Dean Watts</i></h4> + +<p>I am highly honored in being invited to present a paper before the +members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association.</p> + +<p>For twelve years your association has stood for all that is good in +American nut culture. You have considered the different classes and +varieties that are worthy a place in American horticulture. You have +discussed how the various classes may best be propagated and cultivated +and have disseminated whatever information is available concerning the +control of fungous and insect enemies of nut bearing trees. Some of your +members have conducted investigations of great value to the industry and +others have made a special study of the food value of nuts as compared +with other standard foods. The eleven annual reports of the association +are indicative of the broad field of study and service which has been +covered by a zealous and enthusiastic body of nut specialists.</p> + +<p>Surely there is no doubt in the mind of any member of this association +concerning the importance of nut culture in the United States. From the +standpoint of food alone, we are more than justified in waging a +vigorous campaign for the planting of millions of trees. Who can mention +any article of food that is more nutritious, more wholesome, more +delicious than any and all of our native nuts as well as many imported +species? And what other class of trees even approaches the nut as a dual +purpose tree? In fact, as is well known, nut trees have four distinct +values; namely, to furnish food, shade, timber and ornamentation to the +landscape.</p> + +<p>In view of the important place which nut trees should have in American +horticulture, can we not manage in some way to plan and carry out a +comprehensive national program for the promotion of this<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> proposition? +Surely there are thousands of people and hundreds of organizations and +institutions of various kinds which would consider it a privilege to +have a real part in such a worthy cause.</p> + +<p>For one who has been a member of this association for only a few hours, +it may seem a little presumptuous to even suggest a national program for +the promotion of nut culture, to say nothing of what should constitute +such a program. But, running the risk of someone hurling a chestnut burr +at me, I will venture a few suggestions, though they may be as old as +the sweetest of American nuts.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Research</span></h4> + +<p>The great fundamental need of all American agriculture is research. This +statement applies to nut culture more than to any other branch of +horticulture because it has received less attention from well trained +investigators. Much credit is due the members of this association for +their patient and painstaking studies. But instead of having a mere +handful of men devoting their time to nut investigations, there ought to +be several men in each state engaged in working on the numerous problems +of vital importance to the nut industry.</p> + +<p>Prof. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture should have a +staff of several specialists, in order that he might make greater +progress in working out projects of national importance. The State +Agricultural Experiment Stations have shown very little interest in this +matter. Funds should be made available in each state to undertake nut +investigations that promise results of economic value. However, if the +United States Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment +Stations are to make real expansion in nut investigations, there must be +demands and outside pressure from prominent people; as for example, from +the members of this association. More and more the farmers of the +country are petitioning their Experiment Stations to make certain +studies and it is unlikely that these institutions will do very much for +the nut industry unless the rural population indicate that they want +this line of work included in the experimental program.</p> + +<p>Mr. President, cannot this association block out at least a tentative +nut research program for the whole United States? What are the problems +that should have first consideration? What do you think the Pennsylvania +Agricultural Experiment Station should do for nut culture in this state? +As Director of the Pennsylvania Station, I would like to have this +question answered by the nut enthusiasts of the state. Dr. Fletcher and +Prof. Fagan stand ready to carry out your<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> wishes and I pledge them my +heartiest co-operation. Many of you know that the Pennsylvania Station +is now working under a great handicap financially, but this situation +may change within a few years.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Teaching</span></h4> + +<p>I have been wondering whether all of the Agricultural Colleges give +instruction in nut culture. If they do, just how much consideration is +given to this important matter. It is one thing to give a careful, +thorough, systematic course, covering a whole term or semester but quite +another proposition to give a few disconnected lectures. If a committee +of this association could look into the matter and formulate a +suggestive program for the Colleges, it would stimulate greater interest +in the subject in all of the Agricultural Colleges.</p> + +<p>In this connection let us not lose sight of the fact that the number of +College boys on our farms is increasing very rapidly. Not long ago I +attended a Farm Bureau meeting in Washington County, Pennsylvania, at +which there were twenty-five to thirty young men who had taken +Agricultural courses at The Pennsylvania State College. We can readily +see what an opportunity it is to teach these College boys the benefits +of planting nut bearing trees on their home places.</p> + +<p>Again, we should manage in some way or other to permeate our town and +rural schools with the nut planting spirit. Thousands and thousands of +shade trees are planted where nut trees would be much more desirable. +Every country school ground might well serve as a demonstration center +of the best nut producing trees for that community. If such a scheme +were carried out intelligently, our farmsteads would soon abound with +nut trees. Let us not lose sight of the value of the demonstration idea +in any nut propaganda work that may be undertaken.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Extension Service</span></h4> + +<p>The United States has the best and most wonderful system of Agricultural +Extension of any country in the world. Are we using this system to +extend the planting of nut bearing trees. Do we not know of classes and +varieties which may be planted under suitable conditions that will be +certain to give satisfactory results? If so, why not get this +information in definite form before our County Agents and Farm Bureaus +and let them pass it along to the soil tillers. Perhaps the time is not +far off when the Colleges might appoint Nut Extension Specialists who +would work through the County Agents and public schools and handle this +matter in a thorough, effective, systematic manner. Surely we have the +machinery for the dissemination<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> of whatever knowledge is available +relating to the selection, planting and care of nut bearing trees.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">State Departments</span></h4> + +<p>All of the numerous State Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Game +Conservation, etc., in this and every other state should be vitally +interested in the nut proposition. Perhaps some of the officials in +these State Departments don't realize the possibilities of nut planting? +Is there any way of educating them? For example, our Game Commissioners +are worrying over the disappearance of the chestnut as a source of food +for squirrels. Do they realize that the bush chinquapin might be +substituted with success, in some sections at least? And why not get +game and squirrel lovers and tree planters in general to enthuse about +the planting of black walnuts with a liberal sprinkling of butternuts? +The result would be food for the squirrels, for the kiddies and some for +the old folks, besides useful timber trees and also beautiful roadsides +and farmsteads.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">The Press</span></h4> + +<p>We ought to manage in some way to get more material relating to nuts +published in country papers and magazines, especially in the farm +papers. Millions of copies of the agricultural papers reach our farm +homes every week. They are read largely by the boys and girls who are +always very much interested in nuts.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">State Laws</span></h4> + +<p>I do not know how much can be accomplished by passing laws that will +encourage the planting of nut bearing trees, especially along the +roadside. All of us will watch with much interest the Penney Law of +Michigan. A very careful study should be made of this phase of the +problem and then urge the passage of such laws in each state as will be +most favorable to the development of the whole proposition.</p> + + +<h4><span class="smcap">Associations</span></h4> + +<p>For real aggressive work we must rely very largely upon numerous +associations, national, state, county and local. This association should +take the lead and many others can render tremendous assistance in +carrying out a national program. Enthusiasts in every community should +see to it that the subject is properly represented at the local meetings +of horticultural associations and other organizations which discuss +rural problems.</p> + +<p>In closing this paper may I again urge the importance of a constructive +research program, if nut culture is to make any considerable progress in +the United States.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span></p> + + + +<hr style="width: 65%;" /> +<h2><a name="APPENDIX" id="APPENDIX"></a>APPENDIX</h2> + +<p>Members and others present: E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn.; Jacob E. Brown, +Elmer, N. J.; Jacob A. Rife, S. J. Rife, J. S. Rittenhouse, Loraine, +Pa.; Christian LeFevre, W. Lampeter, Pa.; John Rick, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel +L. Smedley, Prof. H. H. Beck, J. E. Fortney, J. F. Jones, Harvey A. +Penney, James M. Balthaser, James S. McGlennon, Ralph T. Olcott, John +Watson, J. G. Rush, T. P. Littlepage, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Ridgway, Prof. +F. N. Fagan, A. C. Pomeroy, C. M. Leiter, Ralph W. Leiter, Elam G. Hess, +W. N. Roper, Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bixby, Mrs. N. R. Haines, Wilmer +Wescoat, Patrick O'Connor, Postmaster Spencer, Dr. W. C. Deming, W. S. +Linton, J. S. Ritchie, Dr. C. A. Cannaday, Dean R. L. Watts, Mr. and +Mrs. W. C. Rhodes, Ammon P. Fritz, Mr. and Mrs. Blockhauser, D. F. +Clark, Rev. and Mrs. Geo. A. Stauffer, Harry Stuart, Oliver S. Shaefer.</p> + +<p>Exhibits: Black walnuts, Ohio, Stabler from original tree at Brookville, +Md.; Thomas, considered the best of the larger sorts, and perhaps the +best cracker among these, tree a very rapid grower and a good and +reliable bearer; Persian walnut, Alpine, from Benj. Mylin, Willow St. +Pa. grafted tree; Juglans sieboldiana or sieboldi, Japan walnut, rapid +grower and beautiful tree; Juglans cordiformis, Japan walnut, tree +similar to the sieboldiana but a better nut, grafted trees bearing very +early; Indiana pecan from original tree Wabash River bottoms, Oaktown, +Ind.; Niblack pecan from original pecan in Indiana; Weiker hickory +seedlings, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from seedlings 60 years old from the parent +tree 200 years old at Lampeter, Lancaster Co., Pa., showing marked +variation from the type of the parent tree, which is believed to be a +cross between the shagbark and the shellbark; Kirtland shagbark from +original tree at Yalesville, Ct.; Laney shagbark-bitternut hybrid from +original tree in Rochester, N. Y. city park; Fairbanks +shagbark-bitternut hybrid from topworked tree, original tree near Cedar +Rapids, Iowa; Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 1, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High quality, good size, +prolific. Tree has not blighted to date after twelve years exposure to +blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris +hybrid chestnut No. 2, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High +quality, bright color, good size, not so prolific as No. 1 and No. 3 as +it leaves some of the racemes of burrs unfilled. The tree has not +blighted to date after twelve years of exposure to blighting chestnuts +and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 3, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. Many Japanese and Korean +chestnuts were blossoming in the vicinity and this may be an accidental +pollination from them instead of from pollen of the American chestnut. +Quality not so good as that of No. 1 and No. 2. Nut dull in color +instead of bright. Tree prolific, has shown blight but once during +twelve years of exposure among blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. +Blight took place at a place where the tree was injured by a falling +limb from a dying chestnut tree. The blighted spot was cut out and did +not reappear. Filberts, Emperor, Du Chilly, Montebello, Noce Lunghe, +Italian Red, Des Anglais, Red Aveline, Cornucopia, Imperial Daviana; +Nelubium luteum, American lotus, also called water chinkapin, Yonkopin, +etc., an aquatic plant; Nelubium speciosum, Egyptian lotus, much +cultivated for its large, beautiful flowers.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19728-h.htm or 19728-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/7/2/19728/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Northern Nut Growers Association Report of the Proceedings at the +Twelfth Annual Meeting + Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October 6 and 7, 1921 + +Author: Various + +Editor: Northern Nut Growers Association + +Release Date: November 6, 2006 [EBook #19728] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + + + + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. Grimo, Janet +Blenkinship and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team +at http://www.pgdp.net + + + + + ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +|DISCLAIMER | +| | +|The articles published in the Annual Reports of the Northern Nut Growers| +|Association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are | +|not to be construed as an endorsement by the Northern Nut Growers | +|Association, its board of directors, or its members. No endorsement is | +|intended for products mentioned, nor is criticism meant for products not| +|mentioned. The laws and recommendations for pesticide application may | +|have changed since the articles were written. It is always the pesticide| +|applicator's responsibility, by law, to read and follow all current | +|label directions for the specific pesticide being used. The discussion | +|of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut | +|trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular | +|time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere. | +| | ++------------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + + +NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +REPORT + +OF THE PROCEEDINGS AT THE + +TWELFTH ANNUAL MEETING + +LANCASTER, PENNSYLVANIA + +OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 + +CONTENTS + + Officers and Committees of the Association 5 + + State Vice-Presidents 6 + + Members of the Association 7 + + Constitution and By-Laws 13 + + Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention 17 + + Report of the Treasurer 23 + + Nut Trees for Public Places, Dr. R. T. Morris 25 + + Roadside Planting, Prof. A. K. Chittendon 36 + + Roadside Planting Legislation in Mich., Senator Henry A. Penny 40 + + Cultivation and Culture of the European Filbert, + James S. McGlennon 54 + + Report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting, + T. P. Littlepage 59 + + Where May the Northern Pecan Be Expected to Bear, + Willard G. Bixby 63 + + Constitution and By-Laws Amended 71 + + Report of Nominating Committee, Secretary Olcott 75 + + Proceedings of The Tree Planting Ceremonies at Long's Park, + Lancaster County, Pa 77 + + A National Program for the Promotion of Nut Culture, Dean Watts 80 + + Appendix 84 + + + + + OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION + + _President_ JAMES S. MCGLENNON Rochester, New York + + _Vice-President_ J. F. JONES Lancaster, Pennsylvania + + _Secretary_ WILLIAM C. DEMING Danbury, Conn., R. 2 + + _Treasurer_ WILLARD G. BIXBY Baldwin, Nassau Co., + New York + + + COMMITTEES + + _Auditing_--C. P. CLOSE, C. A. REED + + _Executive_--J. RUSSELL SMITH, W. S. LINTON AND THE OFFICERS + + _Finance_--T. P. LITTLEPAGE, WILLARD G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Hybrids_--R. T. MORRIS, C. P. CLOSE, W. G. BIXBY, HOWARD SPENCE + + _Membership_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, H. R. WEBER, R. T. OLCOTT, + W. O. POTTER, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Nomenclature_--C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, J. F. JONES + + _Press and Publication_--R. T. OLCOTT, W. G. BIXBY, W. C. DEMING + + _Programe_--JAMES S. MCGLENNON, W. C. DEMING, R. T. OLCOTT, + C. A. REED, R. T. MORRIS, W. G. BIXBY + + _Promising Seedlings_--C. A. REED, J. F. JONES, W. G. BIXBY + + + + +STATE VICE-PRESIDENTS + + Alabama H. M. Robertson 2026 1st Ave., Birmingham + Arkansas Prof. N. F. Drake University of Arkansas, Fayetteville + California T. C. Tucker 311 California St., San Francisco + Canada G. H. Corsan 63 Avenue Road, Toronto + China P. W. Wang, Kinsan Arboretum Chuking Kiangsu Province + Colorado C. L. Cudebec Boulder, Box 233 + Connecticut Ernest M. Ives Sterling Orchards, Meriden + Dist of Columbia B. G. Foster 902 G. St., Washington + England Howard Spence Eskdale Knutsford Cheshire + Georgia A. S. Perry Cuthbert + Illinois E. A. Riehl Alton + Indiana J. F. Wilkinson Rockport + Iowa D. C. Snyder Center Point + Kansas James Sharp Council Grove + Kentucky Frank M. Livengood Berea + Maine Alice D. Leavitt 79 High St., Bridgton + Maryland P. J. O'Connor Bowie + Massachusetts C. Leroy Cleaver 496 Commonwealth Ave., Boston + Michigan Dr. J. H. Kellogg Battle Creek + Missouri P. C. Stark Louisiana + Nebraska William Caha Wahoo + New Hampshire Henry B. Stevens Durham + Nevada C. G. Swingle Hazen + New Jersey C. S. Ridgway Lumberton + New York Dr. G. J. Buist 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + North Carolina Dr. Harvey P. Barrett 211 Vail Ave., Charlotte + Ohio Harry R. Weber 123 E. 6th St., Cincinnati + Oklahoma Dr. C. E. Beitman Skedee + Oregon Knight Pearcy Salem, R. F. D. 3, Box 187 + Pennsylvania F. N. Fagan State College + South Carolina Prof. A. G. Shanklin Clemson College + Texas J. H. Burkett Clyde + Vermont F. C. Holbrook Brattleboro + Virginia John S. Parish University + Washington William Baines Okanogan + West Virginia Fred E. Brooks French Creek + Wisconsin Dr. G. W. Patchen Manitowoc + + + + + MEMBERS OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS + ASSOCIATION + + + April, 1, 1922 + + + ALABAMA + + Robertson, H. M., 2026 1st Ave., Birmingham + + + ARIZONA + + Heyne, Fred W., Douglas + + + ARKANSAS + + *Drake, Prof. N. F., Fayetteville, Univ. of Arkansas + Dunn, D. K., Wynne + + + CALIFORNIA + + Cajori, F. A., 1220 Byron St., Palo Alto + Cress, B. E., Tehachapi + Thorpe, Will J., 1545 Divisadero Street, San Francisco + Tucker, T. C., 311 California St., San Francisco + + + CANADA + + Bell, Alex., Milliken, Ontario + Corsan, G. H., 513 Christie St., Toronto + Corcoran, William, Port Dalhousie, Box 26, Ontario + Haight, P. N., St. Thomas, Canada + + + CHINA + + Kinsan Arboretum, Chuking, Kiangsu Province, P. W. Wang Secy. + + + COLORADO + + Bennett, L. E., Cory + Butterbaugh, Dr. W. S., Engleburg, Las Animas Co. + Cudebec, C. L., Boulder, Box 233 + Hartman, Richard, Kremmling + + + CONNECTICUT + + Barrows, Paul M., Stanford, R. F. D. No. 30 + Bartlett, Francis A., Stanford + Benedict, Samuel L., 98 South Main St., So. Norwalk + Bielefield, F. J., Middleton, South Farms + Bradley, Smith T., New Haven, Grand Ave. + Craig, Joseph A., 783 Washington Ave., West Haven + Deming, Dr. W. C., Hartford, 983 Main St. + Glover, James L., Shelton, R. F. D. No. 7 + Hilliard, H. J., South View + Hungerford, Newman, Torrington, R. F. D. No. 2, Box 76 + Ives, E. M., Meriden, Sterling Orchards + Lewis, Henry Leroy, Stratford, 1822 Main St. + *Morris Dr. R. T. Cos Cob Route 28, Box 95 + Pomeroy, Eleazer, 120 Bloomfield Ave., Windsor + Sessions, Albert L., Bristol, 25 Bellevue Ave. + Southworth, George E., Milford, Box 176 + Staunton, Gray, 320 Howard Ave., New Haven + White, Gerrard, North Granby + + + DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA + + Beatty, Wilbur M. L., 4027 Georgia Ave., Washington + Close, C. P. Prof., Pomologist Dept. of Agriculture, Wash. + Foster, B. G., Washington, 902 G. St., N. W. + *Littlepage, T. P., Union Trust Building, Washington + Reed, C. A., Dept. of Agriculture, Washington + **Van Fleet, Walter, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington + + + ENGLAND + + Spence, Howard, Eskdale, Knutsford, Cheshire + + + GEORGIA + + Bullard, William P., Albany + Patterson, J. M., Putney + Perry, A. S., Cuthbert + Steele, R. C., Lakemont, Rabun Co. + Wight, J. B., Cairo + + + ILLINOIS + + Buckman, Benj., Farmingdale + Casper, O. H., Anna + Heide, John F. H., 500 Oakwood Blvd., Chicago + Illinois, University of, Urbana (Librarian) + Hon. W. A. Potter, Marion + Harry J. Rickelman, Weed Bldg., Effingham + Reihl, E. A., Godfrey, Route 2 + Shaw, James B., Urbana, Box 143, Univ. Sta. + Swisher, S. L., Mulkeytown + Sundstrand, Mrs. G. D., 916 Garfield Ave., Rockford + Wells, Oscar, Farina + + + INDIANA + + Crain, Donald J., 1313 North St., Logansport + Jackson, Francis M., 122 N. Main St., South Bend + Reed, W. C., Vincennes + Redmon, Felix, Rockport, R. R. 2, Box 32 + Rowell, Mrs. George P., 219 North 5th St., Goshen + Simpson, H. D., Vincennes + Staderman, A. L., 120 South 7th St., Terre Haute + Wilkinson, J. F., Rockport + + + IOWA + + Bricker, C. W., Ladora + Finnell, J. F. C., Hamburg + Pfeiffer, W. F., Fayette + Skromme, L. J. (Skromme Seed Company), Roland + Snyder, D. C., Center Point + Snyder, S. W., Center Point + + KANSAS + + Bishop, S. L., Conway Springs + Gray, Dr. Clyde, Horton + Sharpe, James, Council Grove + + + KENTUCKY + + Baker, Sam C., Beaver Dam, R. D. No. 2 + Livengood, Frank M., Berea + + + MAINE + + Leavitt, Mrs. Alice D., 79 High St., Brighton + + + MARYLAND + + Auchter, E. C., College Park + Littlepage, Miss Louise, Bowie + Keenan, Dr. John F., Brentwood + O'Connor, P. J., Bowie + + + MASSACHUSETTS + + *Bowditch, James H., 903 Tremont Bldg., Boston + Cleaver, C. Leroy, Hingham Center + Jackson, Arthur H., 63 Fayerweather St., Cambridge + Mass. Agriculture College, Library of, Amherst + Scudder, Dr. Charles L., 209 Beacon St., Boston + + + MICHIGAN + + Beck, J. P., 25 James, Saginaw + Charles, Dr. Elmer, Pontiac + Cross, John L., 104 Division St., Bangor + Graves, Henry B., 2134 Dime Bank Bldg., Detroit + Guild, Stacy R., 562 So. 7th St., Ann Arbor + Hartig, G. F., Bridgeman, R. F. D. No. 1 + Henshall, H., 527 Harper St., Detroit + House, George W., Ford Bldg., Detroit + Kellogg, Dr. J. H., Battle Creek, 202 Manchester St. + *Linton, W. S., Saginaw, Pres. Board of Trade + Mac Nab, Dr. Alex B., Cassopolis + McKale, H. B., Lansing, Route 6 + Olson, A. E., Holton + Penny, Harvey A., Saginaw, 425 So. Jefferson Ave. + Smith, Edward J., 85 So. Union St., Battle Creek + + + MISSISSIPPI + + Bechtel, Theo., Ocean Springs + + + MISSOURI + + Crosby, Miss Jessie M., 4241 Harrison St., Kansas City + Hazen, Josiah J., (Neosho Nurseries Co.) Neosho + Rhodes, J. I., 224 Maple St., Neosho + Spellen, Howard P., 4505a W. Papin St., St. Louis + Stark, P. C., Louisiana + + + NEBRASKA + + Caha, William, Wahoo + Thomas, Dr. W. A., Lincoln + + NEW HAMPSHIRE + + Stevens, Henry B., N. H. College of Agriculture, Durham + + + NEVADA + + Swingle, C. G., Hazen + + + NEW JERSEY + + Brown, Jacob S., Elmer, Salem Co. + *Jaques, Lee W., 74 Waverly St., Jersey City + Landmann, Miss M. V. Cranbury, R. D. No. 2 + Marshall, S. L., Vineland + Marston, Edwin S., Florham Park, Box 72 + Phillips, Irving S., 501 Madison St., West New York + Price, John R., 36 Ridgdale Ave., Madison + Ridgeway, C. S., Lumberton + Salvage, W. K., Farmingdale + Westcoat Wilmer, 230 Knight Ave., Collingswood + + + NEW YORK + + Abbott, Frederick B., 1211 Tabor Court, Brooklyn + Adams, Sidney I., 418 Powers Bldg., Rochester + Ashworth, Fred L., Heuvelton + Babcock, H. J., Lockport + Bixby, Willard G., 32 Grand Ave., Baldwin, L. I. + Borchers, H. Chas., Wenga Farm, Armonk + Brown, Ronold K., 320 Broadway, New York City + Buist, Dr. G. J., 3 Hancock St., Brooklyn + Clark, George H., 131 State St., Rochester + Crane, Alfred J., Monroe + Coriell, A. S., 120 Broadway, New York City + Diprose, Alfred H., 468 Clinton Ave., South, Rochester + Ellwanger, Mrs. W. D., 510 East Ave., Rochester + Gager, Dr. C. Stewart, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn + Gillet, Dr. Henry W., 140 W. 57th St., New York City + Goeltz, Mrs. M. H., 2524 Creston Ave., New York City + Graham, S. H., R. D. 5, Ithaca + Hall, L. W., Jr., 509 Cutler Bldg., Rochester (L. W. Hall Co., Inc.) + Harper, George W., Jr., 115 Broadway, New York City + Hodge, James, 199 Kingsbridge Road West, Kingsbridge, N. Y. C. + Hodgson, Casper W., Yonkers, (World Book Co.) + Hoffman, Arthur S., 26 Church St., White Plains + Kains, M. G., Pomona + Jewett, Edmund G., 16 Elliott Place, Brooklyn + Johnson, Harriet, M. B., 15th & 4th Ave., New York City + *Huntington, A. M., 15 W. 81st St., New York City + MacDaniel, S. H., Dept. of Pomology, New York State College of + Agriculture, Ithaca + McGlennon, J. S., 528 Cutler Building, Rochester + Meyers, Charles, 316 Adelphi St., Brooklyn + Olcott, Ralph T. (Editor American Nut Journal), Ellwanger and Barry + Building, Rochester + Pomeroy, A. C., Lockport + Richardson, J. M., 2 Columbus Circle, New York City + Ritchie, John W., Yonkers, 2 A Beach Street + Ryder, Clayton, Carmel + Stephen, John W., Syracuse, New York State College of Forestry + Solley, Dr. John B., 968 Lexington Ave., New York City + Teele, Arthur W., 120 Broadway, New York City + Vollertsen, Conrad, 375 Gregory St., Rochester + Wetmore, W. J., Elmira + Whitney, Arthur C., 9 Manila St., Rochester + Whitney, Leon F., 65 Barclay St., New York City + Wile, M. E., 955 Harvard St., Rochester + Williams, Dr. Chas. Mallory, 4 W. 50th St., New York City + *Wisman, Mrs. F. de R. Westchester, New York City + + + NORTH CAROLINA + + Hutchings, Miss L. G., Pine Bluff + C. W. Matthews, North Carolina Dept. of Agriculture, Raleigh + Van Lindley, J., (J. Van Lindley Nursery Co.), Pomona + + + OHIO + + Burton, J. Howard, Casstown + Dayton, J. H., (Storrs & Harrison), Painesville + Fickes, W. R., Wooster, R. No. 6 + Jackson, A. V., 3275 Linwood Rd., Cincinnati + Ketchem, C. S., Middlefield Box 981 + Pomerene Julius, 1914 East 116th St., Cleveland + Ramsey, John, 1803 Freeman Ave., Cincinnati + Truman, G. G., Perrysville, Box 167 + *Weber, Harry R., Cincinnati, 123 East 6th St. + Yunck, Edward G., 706 Central Ave., Sandusky + + + OKLAHOMA + + Beitmen, C. E., Dr., Skedee + + + OREGON + + Marvin, Cornelia, Oregon State Library, Salem + Nelson, W. W., R. 3, Box 652, Portland + Pearcy, Knight, 210 Oregon Building, Salem + + + PENNSYLVANIA + + Althouse, C. Scott, 820 North 5th St., Reading + Balthaser, James M., Wernersville, Berks Co. + Bohn, Dr. H. W., 34 No. 9th St., Reading + Bolton, Charles G., Zieglerville + Bomberger, John S., Lebanon, R. F. D. No. 1 + Chapin, Irvin, Shickshinny + Clark, D. F., 147 N. 13th St., Harrisburg + Druckemiller, W. H., Sunbury + Fagan, Prof. F. N., State College + Fritz, Ammon P., 35 E. Franklin St., Ephrata + Heffner, H., Leeper + Hess, Elam G., Manhein + Hile, Anthony, Curwensville + Irwin, Ernest C., 66 St. Nicholas Bldg., Pittsburg + Jenkins, Charles Francis, Philadelphia--Farm Journal + *Jones, J. F., Lancaster, Box 527 + Kaufman, M. M., Clarion + Leas, F. C., Merion Station + Mellor, Alfred, 152 W. Walnut Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia + Minick, C. G., Ridgway + Murphy, P. J., Scranton, Vice-Pres. L. & W. R. R. Co. + Myers, J. Everitt, R. D. No. 3, York Springs + Neagley, C. H., Greencastle, R. D. No. 2 + Patterson, J. E., 77 North Franklin St., Wilkes Barre + *Rick, John, 438 Pennsylvania Square, Reading + Rittenhouse, Dr. J. F. S., Lorane + Robinson, W. I., Fort Loudon + Rose, William J., 413 Market St., Harrisburg "Personal" + Rush, J. G., West Willow + Russell, Dr. Andrew L., 729 Wabash Bldg., Pittsburgh + Shoemaker, H. C., 1739 Main St., Northampton + Smedley, Samuel L., Newton Square, R. F. D. No. 1 + Smith Dr. J. Russell, Swarthmore + *Sober, C. K. Col., Lewisburg + Spencer, L. N., 216 East New St., Lancaster + Taylor, Lowndes, West Chester, Box 3, Route 1 + Walter, R. G., Willow Grove, Doylestown Pike + Weaver, William S., McCungie + Wilhelm, Dr. Edward A., Clarion + *Wister, John C., Wister St. & Clarkson Ave., Germantown + + + SOUTH CAROLINA + + Shanklin, A. G., Prof., Clemson College + Kendall, Dr. F. D., 1317 Hampton Ave., Columbus + + + TENNESSEE + + Waite, J. W., Normandy + + + VERMONT + + Aldrich, A. W., Springfield, R. F. D. No. 3 + Holbrook, F. C., Battleboro + + + VIRGINIA + + Harris, D. C., Capital Landing Road, Williamsburg + Jordan, J. H., Bohannon + Parrish, John S., Charlottesville, Route No. 4 + Roper, W. N., Petersburg + + + WASHINGTON + + Baines, William, Okanogan + Turk, Richard H., Washougal + + + WEST VIRGINIA + + Brooks, Fred E., French Creek + Cannaday, Dr. J. E., Charleston, Box 693 + Hartzel, B. F., Shepherdstown + Mish, A. F., Inwood + + + WISCONSIN + + Lang, Robert B., Racine, Box 103 + Patchen, Dr. G. W., Manitowoc + + * Life Member + ** Honorary Member + + + + + +CONSTITUTION + + +ARTICLE I + +_Name._ This society shall be known as the NORTHERN NUT GROWERS +ASSOCIATION. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Object._ Its object shall be the promotion of interest in nut-bearing +plants, their products and their culture. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ Membership in the society shall be open to all persons who +desire to further nut culture, without reference to place of residence +or nationality, subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on +membership. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Officers._ There shall be a president, a vice-president, a secretary +and a treasurer, who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting; +and an executive committee of six persons, of which the president, the +two last retiring presidents, the vice-president, the secretary and the +treasurer shall be members. There shall be a state vice-president from +each state, dependency, or country represented in the membership of the +association, who shall be appointed by the president. + + +ARTICLE V + +_Election of Officers._ A committee of five members shall be elected at +the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the +following year. + + +ARTICLE VI + +_Meetings._ The place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected +by the membership in session or, in the event of no selection being made +at this time, the executive committee shall choose the place and time +for the holding of the annual convention. Such other meetings as may +seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee. + + +ARTICLE VII + +_Quorum._ Ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum, but +must include two of the four elected officers. + + +ARTICLE VIII + +_Amendments._ This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of +the members present at any annual meeting, notice of such amendment +having been read at the previous annual meeting, or a copy of the +proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member +thirty days before the date of the annual meeting. + + + + +BY-LAWS + + +ARTICLE I + +_Committees._ The association shall appoint standing committees as +follows: On membership, on finance, on programme, on press and +publication, on nomenclature, on promising seedlings, on hybrids, and an +auditing committee. The committee on membership may make recommendations +to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member. + + +ARTICLE II + +_Fees._ Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars +and twenty-five cents, including a year's subscription to the American +Nut Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars, and shall be +exempt from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues. + + +ARTICLE III + +_Membership._ All annual memberships shall begin either with the first +day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the +Association, or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding +that date as may be arranged between the new member and the Treasurer. + + +ARTICLE IV + +_Amendments._ By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members +present at any annual meeting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS AT THE + +TWELFTH ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + +LANCASTER, PA. + +OCTOBER 6 AND 7, 1921 + + +The Convention was called to order at 10 a. m. Thursday, October 6, +1921, by the President, Hon. William S. Linton, of Saginaw, Michigan, in +the convention hall of the Brunswick Hotel, Lancaster, Pa. + +THE PRESIDENT: It certainly is a pleasure and a privilege for +us to meet in the prosperous and historic Pennsylvania City of +Lancaster. I am sure that we will have a successful meeting, and I am +certain also that during the past year progress has been made in our +work which when read into the records will show that we have +accomplished material good. Without further preliminary remarks, and +with the statement that my address or report will come later during the +session, we will proceed immediately with our programme. + +I have the honor to call upon the representative of the Mayor of +Lancaster, Oliver S. Schaeffer, for the welcoming address. + +OLIVER S. SCHAEFFER, ESQ.: Mr. President, Members of the +Northern Nut Growers' Association, Friends and Guests: On behalf of the +Mayor and the people of Lancaster I extend to you their greetings and +bid you a most hearty and cordial welcome. + +We feel honored that you have selected for the second time this city for +the holding of your convention. Your esteemed president referred to +Lancaster City as an historic city, and no doubt all of you know that +Lancaster is frequently called the garden spot of the world. + +Historically Lancaster City was the capital of Pennsylvania for +thirty-three years, I think from 1779 to 1812. During the Revolutionary +War when the British troops occupied Philadelphia the Continental +Congress met here for a while in a building that formerly stood at +Center Square where you now see the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument. + +I was talking to your secretary a few minutes in the hotel lobby this +morning and he told me that while some of you were in the nut business +with a majority of you it was a hobby. That is the altruistic spirit +that counts in these days when most of us look upon things in a +materialistic way. + +There was a time when I thought that most nuts came from Brazil, but I +am glad to learn that we grow the nuts we eat here in the good old U. S. +A., and some right here in Pennsylvania and in Lancaster County. + +I cannot help but think of the chestnut blight that has worked havoc +throughout our state and some other states. It has occasioned a big +material loss. Yet I think too of another side of the loss and that is +the spiritual side because our "chestnut parties" are now becoming a +past memory. It is up to men like you to retrieve that loss and to bring +back to our youth the chance of experiencing that innocent pleasure the +gathering of chestnuts. + +As I look into your faces here this morning (and while you are not +numerous you make up in quality what you lack in quantity), I cannot +help but congratulate you on showing the spirit that means progress. I +cannot help but feel also that you are optimists, and they are what we +need at the present time. + +I will not trespass upon your time any longer. I again bid you a most +warm welcome to our city and on behalf of the Mayor hand you the +symbolic key of this city to enable you to go where you please. + +THE PRESIDENT: Working with us unselfishly for the past two or +three years has been a Michigan man who has had in mind the benefit of +his locality, the State of Michigan and the United States. It was his +privilege to introduce the first bill into a state legislature that +became a law making it obligatory upon state authorities to plant useful +trees along the roadside throughout the entire state that he represented +so well in the Senate. I take pleasure in calling upon that member to +respond to the eloquent words of the Mayor's representative. I would ask +Senator Penney to reply to Mr. Schaeffer. + +HON. HARVEY A. PENNEY: Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of this +Convention, and Mr. Mayor: We all appreciate this warm and hospitable +greeting. Some of us are a long way from home. Mr. Linton, and I come +from a town somewhat the size of this. We have about sixty-five thousand +people, a large and growing city with a lot of prosperous and very +wealthy men in it. We feel that in coming here we are coming to a city +something like our own. We have been very much impressed with your city +since we have been here. I am glad to see that colonial spirit, the +spirit of '76, which permeates your people here. Up in Saginaw, of +course, we do not have the same things to remind us of the past that you +have. You have your monuments and those things that call your attention +continually to it; but I am sure that our people are as patriotic as +your people. However, I think that the spirit of '76 which still +permeates the East helps to keep the whole country in line for the +patriotic upholding of our governmental institutions. + +While most of the men here are interested especially in the scientific +investigation and promotion of the nut industry, my friend Mr. Linton +and I have been more particularly interested in road-side planting. +Along with the promotion and building of good highways we fell into the +idea of beautifying those highways. At the time the people in the East +were having their trouble in the colonial days, the revolutionary days, +our town was unheard of. It was simply way back in the forest and the +wilderness and it was not until very early in this past century that +Saginaw was even thought of. Mr. Linton and I talked last night about +different things connected with the history of our country and we spoke +of De Tocqueville, the great French traveler and explorer who came to +America way back in 1831. He wished to go into the wilds of this country +and see for himself what was here. He went to Buffalo and crossed the +lakes to Detroit. Detroit was then a city of about two thousand +inhabitants. And then he had the desire to go up into the wilds where +nothing but wild animals and wild people lived; so he went up on a trail +that led to what is now Pontiac perhaps thirty or forty miles northwest +of Saginaw; that was about the end of the trail. There were one or two +settlers who lived there. He picked up a couple of Indian guides and +started through the trackless forest, sixty or seventy miles up through +the northwest to what is now Saginaw. He had his desire fully satisfied. +He was eaten up by mosquitoes and rattlesnakes in the swamps and +marshes; he could not sleep nor anything else; so he came back. That was +away back in 1831, fifty years or more after your people were fighting +and struggling for the liberty of this country. + +I wish to say in closing that we all highly appreciate the welcome that +has been extended to us on behalf of the Mayor of this fine city. + +THE PRESIDENT: Next on the program will come the report of the +secretary. + +THE SECRETARY: I regret the smallness of the secretary's +accomplishment for the past year. Except for the editing of the annual +report--which is much a matter of cutting out superfluous words--and the +effort to get speakers for this convention, he has attempted very +little. + +This is not, however, for lack of things that could and should have been +done. An energetic campaign for new members is the most obvious +desideratum. The committee to prepare and issue a bulletin on the +roadside planting of nut trees, arranged to give information for every +part of the country, has been innocuous as well as useless. Perhaps this +meeting will afford stimulus and material enough to get it to work. + +I think that few of the members realize how the inactivity of the +secretary has been more than made up for by the industry of the +treasurer. Perhaps they are reciprocally cause and consequence. Not only +has the treasurer discharged the usual duties of that office but he has +also attended to most of the correspondence and clerical work. He has +conducted the nut contests which, under his management, have developed +to formidable proportions requiring immense expenditure of time and +effort. + +These nut contests have now become so widely known as to return us a +good idea of what we may expect of the native nuts of the country. +Undoubtedly we have not yet found the best nuts that this country +produces, except perhaps in the case of the pecan. But Mr. Bixby's +labors, continuing the work begun by Dr. Morris, have reached such +results that I think he will be willing to say that we have nearly +reached the limit of natural excellence in the nuts already discovered. + +In fact it seems to me that we have reached the point where further +improvement in nuts for cultivation is to be looked for especially from +purposeful hybridizing by man. It should be another of the chief aims of +this association to induce self-perpetuating institutions to get +together the material necessary for such work. Such material already +exists in incomplete form--incomplete, that is, especially in +horticultural varieties--as in the Arnold Arboretum and in the Public +Park at Rochester. The Arnold Arboretum, through our treasurer's +efforts, has agreed to give more attention to nut growing and breeding. +The St. Louis Botanical Garden and the Brooklyn Botanical Garden, +through the efforts and generosity of Mr. Bixby and Mr. Jones, have made +special plantings of horticultural varieties, and this summer the New +York Botanical Garden was induced to set out a number of grafted and +seedling nut trees given by Mr. Jones, Mr. Bixby, Mr. W. C. Reed, the +McCoy Nut Nurseries and others. + +But unless this association can keep their interest alive it is likely +that some of these institutional plantings will be neglected, especially +as regards the highest development of their possibilities. In one +botanical garden visited this summer the casual nut tree plantings +running back thirty years have been entirely neglected and the trees are +stunted almost to extinction. I hope that our members will lose no +opportunity to visit these institutions and ask to see the nut tree +plantings. One or two such visits in a year will help to keep our wards +in the institutional mind. + +We cannot expect from these gardens, at present at least, interest in +breeding experiments. That is more properly a function of agricultural +experiment stations. These are so short manned and short funded, so +absorbed in problems offering quicker results, that it is difficult to +get them even to consider nut growing. I do not recall a single +experiment station in the country where any nut breeding experiments are +being conducted. A few manifest a little interest in planting +horticultural varieties but the only breeding experiments that I know +of, or at this moment recall, are those of Dr. Morris, Dr. Van Fleet, +Mr. Forkert and Mr. Jones. All of these experimenters have produced +results that more than indicate great possibilities. + +Therefore I think that more of the energy of this association should be +expended in influencing the self perpetuating horticultural institutions +to see the importance of nut culture. + +Attention should be called also to our treasurer's initiative, +perseverance and industry in issuing Bulletin No. 5 on Nut Culture, in +improving and reprinting our accredited list of nut nurserymen, in +visiting, photographing and describing many of our important parent nut +trees, in securing and distributing scions, in promoting experimental +topworking of native nut trees in promising localities, in developing a +varietal and experimental nut orchard which in time will be second to +none in these respects, and in many other promotions of the objects of +our association, unsparingly of his energy and his means. + +It is curious that the biggest development in nut tree planting, for +which we are responsible apparently, and practically the only +considerable development of the roadside planting of nut trees, about +which we have been talking so much, is on the other side of the earth, +in China, where Mr. Wang, one of our members, and associated with the +Kinsan Arboretum, is planting along the new model highway from Shanghai +to Hangkow, a ton of black walnuts bought in this country and shipped to +him through Mr. Bixby. + +Two public horticultural institutions in Canada have written me about +making nut plantings. + +We seem, perhaps, in this land, too busy making what we call wealth, and +armaments to protect it, too busy to give attention to the food supply +of the future race. + +To summarise, the association may feel that its purpose as originally +stated, and never changed, "The Promotion of Interest in Nut Bearing +Plants, their Products and their Culture," has been furthered +consistently though results are slow. For the future we should work, 1. +For a greater membership. 2. To stimulate interest in horticultural +institutions, especially in nut breeding. 3. To give definite +information that will encourage nut tree planting for profit by +individuals. 4. To promote roadside, memorial and public place planting +of nut trees. 5. To discover still more of our valuable native nut trees +through our prize contests. + +Mr. C. A. Reed has made a suggestion which I will lay before you and +which may be considered at a later hour. He suggests that it might be +better to have our conventions once in two years, every other one to be +held in Washington. + +This is so radical a proposal that it should have prolonged +consideration before adoption. + +The affairs of the association are not getting from the secretary the +attention they deserve and he does not foresee better attention in the +future. He wishes that some more active person could be found for the +place and would be very glad to have the association elect another +secretary. + +THE PRESIDENT: The secretary's report will be received and +filed with the proceedings. Are there any remarks in connection +therewith? + +Personally, I wish to endorse emphatically what the secretary has said +relative to Treasurer Bixby who has worked early and late and has +promoted the affairs of this association to a very great degree. His +work is along practical lines and brings results. + +The secretary finds fault with himself. No member of the association +endorses that particular phase of his paper because his work has been +good, he has had the best interests of the association at heart at all +times--that I personally know--and I sincerely hope that he may change +his mind relative to his successor. + +We will now listen to the report of Treasurer Bixby. + + NORTHERN NUT GROWERS ASSOCIATION + In account with + WILLARD G. BIXBY, TREASURER + + + RECEIPTS + +Balance on hand Oct. 1, 1921: | | | | + Special Hickory Price, $25.00; Life | | | | + Membership, $25.00; for Regular | | | | + Expenses, $25.26 | | | |$ 75.26 +From Annual members including joint | | | | + subscriptions to American Nut | | | | + Journal |$199.50|$ 423.58|$ 623.08| +Reports | 5.50| 7.50| 13.00| +Contribution for prizes | 54.00| 15.00| 69.00| +Contribution to meet expenses | | 602.50| 602.50| +Bulletin No. 5 | 12.73| 60.94| 73.67| +Cash discount on bills paid | .48| | .48| +Postage returned | | .10| .10| +Advertising in Report | | 5.00| 5.00| +Life Membership P. W. Wang | | 20.00| 20.00| +Funds Received for transmission to | | | | + other parties | | 1.00| 1.00| +Salary check returned by Secretary | | 50.00| 50.00| + |_______|_________|_________|_________ + |$272.21|$1,185.62|$1,457.83|$1,457.83 +Deficit October 1, 1921: | | | | + Balance Special Hickory prize |$ 25.00| | | + Life Membership | 45.00| | | + Deficit for regular expenses[A] | 246.07| | | 176.07 + |_______| | |_________ + Net deficit | | | | 1,709.16 + + + EXPENDITURES + +American Nut Journal, their portion | | | | + of joint subscriptions |$ 64.00|$1 99.65|$ 263.65| +1920 Convention | 85.00| | 85.00| +Printing Bulletin No. 5 | | 62.50| 62.50| +Stationery, Printing & Supplies | 50.55| 91.01| 141.56| +Postage, Express, etc. | 36.60| 75.78| 112.38| +Prizes 1919 Nut Contest | 128.00| | 128.00| +Advertising 1920 Nut Contest | 52.08| | 52.08| +Printing Report 10th Meeting | 69.09| 400.05| 469.14| +Printing Report 11th Meeting | | 341.85| 341.85| +Funds received for Transmission to | | | | + other parties | | 3.00| 3.00| +Salary Secretary | 50.00| | 50.00| + |_______|_________|_________|_________ + |$535.32|$1,173.84|$1,709.16|$1,709.16 + +Forty-seven new members have joined the Association since the last +report, making 523 since organization, of which we have 221, making 302 +who have resigned or otherwise dropped out. It will be noticed that the +number of members received last year, 47, is less than the number +reported a year ago, 66. This in the judgment of the Treasurer is +entirely due to the less amount of energy expended for a smaller +proportion of members have dropped out than a year ago. While the +gaining of members is not particularly easy it can be done and the +number gained to quite an extent is in proportion to the energy put on +it. + +The finances of the Association this year are in a more troublesome +situation than any year since the undersigned had charge. Two reports +each at double normal cost each is quite enough to cause it. An +inspection of the Treasurer's accounts have made it evident that during +no year in the history of the Association have the dues received been +equal to the cost of carrying on the Association. Each year some members +interested have contributed in addition to paying dues. During the year +past these sums have been considerable. It is believed that with only +one report a year there will be only normal difficulty in handling the +finances of the Association. The orderly conduct of the finances of the +Association makes it very desirable that normal receipts of dues take +care of normal expenditures with a little margin for contingencies. The +matter of classes of membership would seemingly help on this. The +treasurer would not recommend changing the annual membership from its +present figures, $2.00, but would suggest that this meeting consider +making a class of contributing members at $5.00 per year including the +American Nut Journal. This would give the Association double the income +from each such member that it now gets for most members accept the +combination offer of membership in the Association and subscription to +the American Nut Journal at $3.25 for both which nets the Association +$1.75 per year. + + Respectfully submitted, + Sept. 30, 1921. WILLARD G. BIXBY. + +THE PRESIDENT: Mr. Bixby is certainly a first class treasurer. +He makes a recommendation in his report. Do you desire to act upon it at +this time? I refer to his recommendation relative to a new class of +membership. It is a first class suggestion and a motion covering it +would be in order. + +THE SECRETARY: I move that a committee of three be appointed +by the president to consider the recommendation of the treasurer +relative to different classes of membership and to report at this +meeting. + +MR. A. C. POMEROY: I second the motion. + +The motion was carried. + +THE PRESIDENT: I will appoint as that committee the treasurer, +Mr. Bixby, the secretary, Dr. Deming, and Mr. R. T. Olcott. + +Mr. Reed, the chairman of the committee on road-side planting, is in +California, and unable to be with us at this session. If a report is to +come from that committee it must necessarily come from some other +member, so we will defer action on that particular report at this time. + +We also regret the absence of Dr. Morris the first president of the +association. He is unable to be with us at this meeting but he has +forwarded a paper and unless there are objections we will receive it at +this time and have it read by the secretary. + + +NUT TREES FOR PUBLIC PLACES + +DR. ROBERT T. MORRIS, NEW YORK + +The question of the planting of nut trees along highways and in parks +and other public grounds falls into classification under two separate +and distinct heads. First, the abstract proposition of planting useful +trees upon ground which is not usefully occupied otherwise. Second, the +reaction of human nature to the different phases of the proposition. The +latter part is the larger part of the question, otherwise the work would +already have been done. + +Let us take up the smaller part of the question first. Nut trees which +are indigenous to any locality, or allied species from other countries +having similar soil and climatic conditions, will grow and thrive on +public grounds quite as well as upon private property. They will be as +beautiful and as useful upon public grounds as they are upon private +property, speaking in a large way, although disposal of their products +will go along different channels perhaps. Nut trees of various species +will be quite as beautiful and distinctly more useful than any of the +other trees that are commonly selected for planting upon public grounds. +Because of the inclusion of the economic factor the question as to +whether nut trees may well supplant the kinds of trees commonly selected +is not a debatable question. + +Let us leave this part of the subject however and take up question +number two, relating to the human nature side. A little examination into +this phase of the matter will disclose reasons why nut trees are not +already along our highways and in parks and other public grounds. The +supplying of trees on a large scale for such a purpose is commonly done +by contract with nurserymen. Nurserymen find it more profitable to raise +certain kinds of trees instead of other kinds. Nurserymen are prone to +raise kinds which are most profitable. Public officials who are making +contracts sometimes look for perquisites. These include acceptance from +nurserymen of bonuses for letting the contract. Here then we have at the +very outset of the problem two large obstacles to the purchase of nut +trees for public places. The carrying forward of any large project of +this sort means reliance upon someone with legislative resources. In my +experience legislators are commonly keen to approve of any project which +will render public service when they are fully convinced of that fact. +If not fully convinced of that fact and reserving the feeling that +private interests are being served they wait until somebody who knows +how to see the legislator has seen him. Another phase of the question +relates to the attitude of the people toward public property in a +so-called free country. People are prone to take anything that they +please from anything which is so impersonal as a country. Nut trees +planted in public places would have their crops carried off by every +passer by to such an extent that revenue for the upkeep of the trees +would be difficult to obtain. In some of the European countries this +obstacle has not been insurmountable. There are many villages in Europe +in which privately owned fields are not even fenced and fruit and nut +trees growing for the benefit of the village are left untouched by the +passer by in this older civilization. A man would no more think of +taking what belonged to the town than he would think of taking property +from the storehouse of a neighbor. In this country we have not yet +arrived at that point in civilization. The distinction between _meum_ +and _tuum_ in a free country is sometimes blurred. + +What are we to do about this whole question? That is the practical +point. Change human nature and educate the public. In towns belonging to +our system of government there is some question if the public would ever +allow nut trees to bring revenue sufficient for their upkeep and to +yield a profit for the town. On the other hand, by means of education +the public may come to desire the planting of nut trees along the +highways and in other public places to the extent that it will submit to +taxation for the purpose. The public planting of nut trees belongs to +progress. If we are to remain boastful of progress in this country the +question will gradually be developed in a practical way. + +THE PRESIDENT: You have heard the reading of Dr. Morris's +paper. Are there any remarks thereon or any discussion? + +MR. A. C. POMEROY: Some years ago there was objection raised at +Los Angeles to the use of sewage water for irrigating purposes in +raising tomatoes and other vegetables. The city then bought the property +and set out orchards of English walnuts. I understand that they are +growing and that the revenue goes to the city of Los Angeles. + +As to the road-side planting of nut trees in Europe, to which Dr. Morris +refers, the very first battle fought in the great world war when the +Belgians were resisting the Germans was along where there were thirty +miles of English walnut trees on both sides of a highway. I understood +that every tree was demolished. I think our secretary or treasurer could +find out about the Los Angeles park and the nut trees. + +As to monument trees, about twelve or fifteen years ago, at my home, I +set out a grove in our cemetery in memory of my father and it is doing +fine. It seemed quite appropriate for he took such an interest in nut +growing. + +THE SECRETARY: I would like to speak a word in defense of our +American civilization, as evidenced by something that Mr. Bixby and I +saw this summer at Lockport, New York. We observed that one of the main +highways leading from the town of Lockport to one of the principal +lakeside resorts, was unfenced, lined with fruit trees on both +sides--cherry trees which overhung the sidewalk. The sides of the road +also were planted with tomatoes and other vegetables apparently +unharmed. The trees certainly did not show any evidence of injury from +depredations. Whether the products of the trees were taken or not I do +not know but they still had fruit on them. Possibly those who live in +that neighborhood--Mr. Olcott and Mr. Pomeroy--could tell us more in +defense of American civilization as to depredations on road-side +property. + +MR. POMEROY: There are some people--what do you call them--dung +hills--in this world, and I have had a little trouble with them but not +much. They run around in automobiles and get out and take fruit. Dr. +Deming and Mr. Olcott know how close the school house is to my home. The +fact is the children walk under the nut trees when they take the cut +through the private driveway, but I have very little trouble with them. +I think the greatest object lesson was given last year, when two young +men, who were hunting pheasants, took a half bushel of nuts and were +caught at it. They did not think it amounted to anything. They came +along up to the house and the nuts were taken and put upon the drying +rack. While they were arguing an automobile stopped and the nuts were +sold. They came to nine dollars and a few cents by the pound. One of +these young men--he was in the retail tobacco business,--threw up his +hands and said, "I admit it; I would not want you to walk into my store +and grab nine or ten dollars' worth of goods; I admit this is all +wrong." + +MR. R. T. OLCOTT: I have been very much surprised in the +discussion of road-side planting, of fruit and nut trees at the +prominence given to that feature of it which deals with the public +taking the crop. That seems to me to be such a minor part of the +proposition as to be almost negligible, and while it continues to arouse +discussion I cannot see the vital importance of it. In a great many +undertakings there are drawbacks but the undertakings go right on and +when the difficulties arise they are met in turn. I think the thing for +this association, and all others in favor of road-side tree planting to +do is to go ahead with the proposition and forget the question of the +crop and what is going to be done with it. As a matter of fact farmers +are complaining continually of the depredations on their orchards +resulting from the increase of automobile parties--perfectly respectable +people going out on the road-side and helping themselves. If fine fruit +and nut trees were planted along the road-sides and the crops were being +picked, it seems to me that, under a general understanding that the +public was to let these trees alone, and that any one caught or seen +picking the crops would be reported by the one following, it would +automatically police itself. The finger of ridicule would be pointed at +a person who was so doing by somebody other than a uniformed officer, in +other words by an ordinary citizen. I speak of that because in Rochester +during the war when it was deemed necessary not to run automobiles on +Sunday it was as much as his life was worth for a man to be out with his +car on Sunday, not because of any police officer but because of the +other fellow who was staying at home. I think that the other travelers +along the road will take care of the fellow that violates the +understanding about roadside fruit and nut trees. + +THE VICE-PRESIDENT: I come from Rochester, New York, and I know +that in and around Rochester there are fruit-bearing trees planted along +the roadside. Out on the road to Honeoye Falls there are a number of +apple trees and out through the Webster section there are a number of +cherry trees. I do not know what the results have been in the garnering +of crops, but the appearance of the trees indicates that they are well +cared for and that they are producing abundant crops of fruit. In +Albany, Georgia, planted on the street side in front of the court house, +are a number of pecan trees. I have seen them loaded to capacity with +splendid seedling nuts. I understand that any one walking along the +sidewalk under the trees has the right to pick up any nuts that are on +the walk but is not permitted (at least it has been suggested that he do +not) to reach up into the trees to take the nuts. I understand that the +request has been very faithfully regarded and that it is very rare that +the nuts are picked from the trees. Just what is done with the crop of +nuts from those trees I do not know but I assume that it is harvested +and marketed and the returns made to the town. The trees indicate that +they are splendidly cared for and the citizens take a great deal of +pride in their splendid appearance. I talked with the man who planted +them, an employee of the court house, and he himself was simply +delighted that he had been responsible for such a splendid monument. And +property owners referred to in my home section, before whose premises +these cherry trees and apple trees were planted, I feel very sure would +not complain at all bitterly, if at all, about any filching that might +be indulged in. So that I think, as Mr. Olcott has suggested, that maybe +we are trying to cross the bridge before we get to it; that the thing to +do is to urge the planting of nut trees on the roadsides and to +stimulate a sense of pride in our American citizenship. + +MR. OLCOTT: We all agree that trees of this kind planted along +the sides of city streets would never be touched. I have been at Miami, +Florida, and have seen the bearing coconut trees there. No one would +think of knocking off one of those coconuts and thousands of people pass +under them. + +THE SECRETARY: I think it is very important to have brought out +this optimistic view on the question of depredations on road-side fruit +trees. I think it is only a question of time, as Mr. Olcott says, when +the public will be educated to respect such products. If they have done +it in other countries we can do it in this country. It is a question of +the people becoming accustomed to it when we have enough of such +products. When the whole country is covered with such products I think +there will be no difficulty about maintaining respect for them. You know +that sometimes after the loss of a very small amount of property there +will be very great reaction. Some people feel that because robins take a +few cherries or strawberries all robins ought to be exterminated. + +There are two other remarks in Dr. Morris's paper which should have +consideration. I refer to those bearing upon nurserymen and public +officials. + +MR. OLCOTT: If there is any question relating to nurserymen, we +are very fortunate in having one of the most prominent nurserymen in the +United States at our meeting today. I refer to Mr. John Watson, of +Princeton, New Jersey. + +THE PRESIDENT: We certainly would be glad to hear from Mr. +Watson. If I may be permitted to make a statement from the chair I agree +fully with what Mr. Olcott has had to say as to depredations. Possible +depredations in connection with the trees that may be planted along the +road-side, either fruit or nut, are hardly worthy of consideration. With +my good wife in passing through New York State recently I drove through +rows of fruit trees on either side of the roads, as did Dr. Deming and +Treasurer Bixby, and we were surprised to see that they were loaded with +apples. The fact that the trees were loaded with fruit of course proved +that the fruit had not been stolen or taken from the trees. They had not +been disturbed in any way. A number of years ago while holding the +position of postmaster in Saginaw I planted a black walnut. That walnut +has produced a fine walnut tree. I selected a nice place on the post +office grounds at a corner where two of our prominent streets meet in +the business portion of the city. Last fall for the first time that tree +bore walnuts--about a bushel and a half; and the employees of the +postoffice gathered those walnuts and sent them in a complimentary way +to me. Now that tree being in a public place, you would naturally expect +the boys to have taken the nuts from it, but they did not do it. So that +I know that that particular phase of this question as Mr. Olcott has +said is hardly worthy of consideration. Suppose now and then the boys do +get a few fallen walnuts or apples. No harm is done. Just that much more +food is produced for their benefit by this way of planting. + +I now take pleasure in calling upon Mr. Watson relative to Dr. Morris's +reference to the nursery business. + +MR. JOHN WATSON: I am afraid that Mr. Olcott's suggestion might +possibly have given you the idea that I have something to say on this +question or that I wanted to say something on it. I assure you that that +is not the case. I am not a member of your association much to my +regret. I am just visiting here trying to learn something from your +meeting (this is the first one that I have attended) rather than to try +to tell you something. + +The question is whether I have any objection to make to Dr. Morris's two +statements. I can say that they are both very reasonable. As a +nurseryman I have no objection. Of course, I cannot speak for any other +nurseryman. + +I was rather surprised upon looking at the roll of those in attendance +at this convention at the absence of nurserymen. I should think that +those who produced the things that you people are trying to interest the +country in would be the very men who would be the most interested in +being here. It seems to me that you are trying to make a market for the +goods that they are producing. I am rather surprised not to see at least +half the attendance here made up of nurserymen. + +It is entirely possible that I have not have understood those two +statements made by Dr. Morris and I may be rather careless in saying +that I do not object to them. They were, I believe, that nurserymen +prefer, naturally, to produce the things that they can produce most +easily and at least cost, and, in the second place that they produce the +things that they can sell. That is what most manufacturers do. I could +not find fault with either statement. The nurseryman as a manufacturer +or as a merchant of course produces the things that people want to buy. +He may go a certain distance in producing the things that are worth +while, that are better than other things; but in the last analysis he +must depend upon the buying public and the buying public is always going +to get from the nurseryman just exactly what it demands. + +THE SECRETARY: In regard to the presence of so few nurserymen +at our meetings I would like to say that we have long tried to interest +the nurserymen in nut growing. We always have had a few nurserymen with +us; but I think without exception they have been those who had either +previously become interested in nut growing or had become interested in +it through some other influence than that of this association. It has +been a great disappointment to us that we have never been able to +interest the nurserymen generally. Although we have at times sent +special communications to a great many nurserymen I think we have +universally failed to get any response except from those who were +already interested in nut growing. + +THE PRESIDENT: I do not think there is a movement in the +country today that will amount to as much for the nurserymen of America +as this particular movement that we have been promoting for a few years +back. I know that it is becoming universal. During my short experience +as your president I have found that inquiries have come from all over +the United States asking how they may procure these trees and especially +asking how they may procure the finest varieties. It is along that +particular line that the nurserymen certainly could extend their +business greatly; because as this movement of road-side planting goes +along the man who has a good farm, the general farmer in his business, +or any man with a small piece of ground that he can call his own, will +want to plant a good nut tree thereon of a most improved variety. Now so +many of these trees will be called for in the next few years (I do not +think I am over-optimistic in the matter at all) that it will be +impossible to supply the demand. So I am sure that any man who is +regularly engaged in the nursery business will find that he will be +called upon to supply a demand for the better class of trees that really +cannot be filled for years to come. In this way his business will be +largely benefited. Are there any further remarks on this particular +phase of the question? + +MR. OLCOTT: As editor of the American Nurseryman I am +especially interested in this discussion. There is scarcely a catalogue +of a southern nurseryman of any consequence but lists nut trees; and yet +we have the Northern Nut Growers' Association convention here now, and +we will have a National convention in Mobile next week right in the +heart of the pecan growing section at neither of which will there be a +half dozen nurserymen. I think both of these associations should have +more nurserymen members. They list nut trees but do it in a perfunctory +way. I do not believe nurserymen know what this northern association is +doing nor how near they are to the demand for the trees which will be +wanted in the very near future. I think it is up to this association to +make special efforts to acquaint them with the facts, and then I think +they will come in and be active members. All persons connected with nut +culture and all nurserymen ought to be most active members of such an +organization as this. The subject should go before the membership +committee. + +MR. SAMUEL L. SMEDLEY: I have had a little experience with +black walnuts and have found that they do not mix at all with farm crops +nor with fruit. Possibly you folks from Michigan can solve the problem +but I would not thank anybody for planting black walnuts along the road +in front of my place. I am in favor of road-side planting but I do not +think black walnuts would be acceptable in this part of the country, +from what my experience has been. + +THE TREASURER: Let me ask why it is you think they would not be +acceptable. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I had a grand big walnut tree on my place at one +side of the road. I tried to get apple trees to grow on the opposite +side of the road but could not and it could not be accounted for by any +other reason. I know other people have come to the some conclusion that +certain things would not grow near a walnut tree. Some grasses will. If +you go down through Lancaster County along the Lincoln Highway you will +find a quantity of locust trees thriving there. Wheat and things will +grow right up to the roots of those trees, but I do not think you will +find that they will grow up to a black walnut. + +THE TREASURER: I had a chance to observe, last summer, a black +walnut tree out in the field with a crop planted right under it. It +seems to me it is a question of shade. With this walnut tree with +branches low down the corn seemed to be stunted where it grew a little +way under the branches. On the other hand I saw another one where the +branches were high up and cabbages growing almost up to the tree and +about as luxuriantly as outside of its branches. It seems to me that it +is a matter of shade rather than the tree getting the fertility in the +ground. It may be that if the fertility in the ground is not sufficient +for both tree and crop the tree will take it and let the crop suffer. +But I imagine if there is enough for both, and the crop is not shaded, +the crop can be grown much nearer the tree than we have any idea of. + +MR. J. G. RUSH: I want to say a word about this way-side +planting in our neighborhood. I do not think it is the general practice +in Lancaster County where land is valued at two or three hundred dollars +an acre. If you plant a walnut tree on a public thoroughfare there is +temptation for children to go there to gather walnuts, endangering their +lives on account of the automobiles. + +One gentleman said something about a walnut tree damaging the crops. In +my experience with black walnut nursery trees some have what is called a +very strong top root while others have a deep root. It is the first +kind, the surface rooted, that will do your crop damage but not the +deep-rooted kind. + +Now another thing. Suppose one plants a cherry tree. To whom do the +cherries belong? To the man who planted the tree practically on his +premises. But the limbs extend out on the public highway. If I, the +owner, take a ladder out there and pick cherries and an automobile comes +running past and throws me down I am practically a trespasser on the +public highway. I believe I would not plant along the public highway +with the idea of getting any fruit from the trees. I think however when +you have a railroad going through your premises it is entirely +practicable to plant your nut trees alongside the railroad, especially +where there is a fill. Where the roots will grow under it and thrive +luxuriantly. Nearly every farmer has a small stream running through his +premises. You plant your walnut trees or your filbert trees along that +stream, and you will have magnificent results. I do not want to be +understood as disparaging nut tree planting. + +MR. D. F. CLARK: I would like to know if the planting of black +walnut trees is discriminated against because of the difficulty of +getting the meat out of the nut. I have made a great many experiments +and have not been able to get the meat out of the nut in large pieces. +Is there some kind of a machine made for that purpose? Black walnut +kernels bring a splendid price and if we could get them open right it +would be fine. + +THE SECRETARY: That difficulty is being taken care of by the +improved varieties which are being raised and which you can get on +grafted trees. + +I am inclined to agree with Mr. Bixby in regard to its being the shade +of black walnut trees that affects the crops growing near them rather +than the roots of the trees. I have seen the same thing that Mr. Bixby +describes, a high-pruned black walnut tree with wheat growing clear up +to the trunk. I have photographs of a number of fields in Europe where +the English walnut is grown. The trees are pruned high and the wheat +grows up close to the trunks of the trees. + +I would like to say also that I think it is the purpose of those who +advocate the road-side planting of trees not to do it forcibly nor to +compel anybody to have trees planted in front of his premises if he does +not want them, but to give him a voice in the selection of the kind of +trees that should be planted in front of his property. I think that is a +necessary thing for the success of the movement, that the co-operation +of the property owners should be invited by giving them a voice in the +selection of the trees that are planted in their location. + +DR. RITTENHOUSE: I feel that this matter of the injury caused +by a black walnut to surrounding vegetation should be more thoroughly +thrashed out. It is doubtful to my mind whether the injury that a black +walnut produces on surrounding vegetation is solely due to shade. Seven +years ago I planted an apple orchard and some of the young trees began +to be injured by a large walnut tree possibly seventy five feet away. +The walnut tree happened to be on the line and I got the permission of +my neighbor to cut the walnut tree down. The apple trees immediately +began to thrive. I thought perhaps it was due to the roots demanding too +much moisture from the soil because it was impossible for the shade to +do any harm to those young apple trees. There is a superstitious idea +among the people of our locality that the black walnut root is injurious +to growing vegetation. + +MR. SMEDLEY: In my case the walnut tree was on the opposite +side of a public road thirty feet wide and the influence was shown to +the second row of apple trees on the other side. I do not think it was +the shade in that case. The limbs were pretty high too. It was a public +road. I do not think there were any roots that reached the apple trees +at all. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Mr. Rush's reference to the ownership of the +crop on trees planted on the road-side is a thought that has occupied my +mind, and I have found some consolation in the belief that the ownership +of land applies from the center of the roadway. I am not sure about that +and I think it is a point that ought to be clarified. + +MR. SMEDLEY: I think in Pennsylvania the public just have the +right-of-way there; they have no claim to anything that grows. + +THE PRESIDENT: In Michigan, the law applies that the ownership +goes to the middle of the highway. The recent act of the legislature of +our state causes the state highway commissioner to plant trees for the +maintenance of the roadway. The planting of the trees he claims benefits +the roadway, so that under that application he plants the trees for the +maintenance of the road. The distance from the fence line varies. The +state highway department of Michigan has a department for the planting +of trees since the law introduced by Senator Penney some two or three +years ago came into effect. The commissioner varies his planting, +sometimes in groups and sometimes in a formal way, according to the +stretch of road; but the basis of it all, perhaps, would be thirteen +feet from the lot line on each side of the road. Our roads, or at least +ninety per cent of them, are sixty-six feet in width. Thirteen feet from +the lot line on each side would take twenty-six feet, and planting them +forty feet apart in the other direction makes those trees forty feet +apart each way. A great majority of the trees being planted in Michigan +follow that particular plan, so they are thirteen feet from the property +holder's fence line. + +I might say that occasionally the highway commissioner would run across +an obstinate individual who would not plant trees in front of his place +nor permit such trees to be planted as would conform to the other +plantings. But the law passed at the last session of our legislature +leaves it entirely in the control of the planting department of the +highway department. The law reads that the owner of the adjacent +property shall have the privilege of gathering the fruit or nuts or +whatever may come from that tree. He has no better right, perhaps, than +any other citizen of the State of Michigan, but he is there and can get +the first ripe fruit or nuts which come from the tree. THE +PRESIDENT: Are there any further remarks upon this subject? If not, +I have a paper prepared by Prof. A. K. Chittendon, Professor of Forestry +in the Michigan Agricultural College, which I will ask the secretary to +read. + + +ROADSIDE PLANTING + +_Prof. A. K. Chittendon_ + +The improvement and beautification of our highways is one of the best +investments that can be made. Particularly in the Middle West where we +do not have the panorama of hills and mountains, much of the beauty of +the road depends upon the roadside trees. They frame the long vistas of +farmlands, woods, lakes and rivers and lend enchantment to the road. +Under recent legislation Michigan has taken a leading place in the care +and planting of roadside trees. Provision has been made by the +Legislature for the planting of ornamental and food-producing trees +along the highways and for their protection. + +The highways offer an almost limitless field for ornamental planting and +they also offer opportunities for raising certain food producing trees +of which at present the nut trees are the principal species used. A time +may come when we can safely plant fruit trees along the roadside but +until provisions can be made for their systematic care and spraying, +such trees would be liable to spread disease to nearby orchards. + +Roadside trees increase the value of adjacent property. They attract +birds and thus assist in keeping down insect pests. They may be used to +prevent erosion on steep slopes. They increase the life of certain kinds +of improved highways by protecting the roadbed from the direct heat of +the sun. They serve as a source of food if nut-bearing or +sugar-producing trees are used. They invite tourists to travel over the +highways. They may serve as a windbreak to prevent the drifting of sand. + +Roadside trees may, however, be too close together or by their shade +injure crop production in adjacent fields. Some species of trees are +particularly harmful if planted on the edge of a cultivated field. They +send out their roots under the cultivated land and sap the moisture +essential to plant growth. This can be avoided by using trees with deep +or compact root systems. + +The desirability of planting trees of any sort along the highways is +sometimes questioned. There are places where it is urged that trees are +not desirable. On stretches of road where the soil is naturally wet the +heavy shade cast by certain species of trees is undoubtedly +objectionable; but there are also trees whose shade is very light. Some +trees make such a dense mass of foliage that they tend to prevent air +currents and thus keep the moisture in the road from drying out. Along +such stretches of road the method of planting may affect the matter of +light and air, and species of trees can be chosen which will be +practically unobjectionable. Most of the highway planting in the past +has been a matter of chance and there have been few definite plans for +any long stretch of roadway. + +In selecting trees for planting the probable rate of growth and +appearance of the tree at maturity should be borne in mind. What might +seem entirely satisfactory in young trees may prove objectionable in the +cost of mature ones. The size and shape of the tree at maturity should +be considered as it affects the spacing of the trees. Also the amount of +care which it will be possible to give the trees should influence the +choice of species; for certain trees will produce good results with a +small amount of attention while others require a great deal of care. The +matter of interference with telephone and electric wires must also be +considered. A species should be selected which is relatively free from +the attacks of insects and fungi. It would be very difficult to find a +tree which is entirely immune but there are some trees which are more +resistant than others. The amount of shade cast by the tree is of a +great deal of importance in connection with the moisture conditions; +trees are often placed too close together which prevents their proper +development. Where quick results are desired two species are often used, +a fast growing one planted in between slower growing trees; the idea +being to cut out the fast growing tree after the slower growing ones +have reached good size. This is alright in theory but seldom works well +in practice. The fast growing trees are seldom cut at the proper time +and the result is often the stunting and injuring of the better and more +durable trees. The fast growing trees usually die before many years. The +result is seldom satisfactory. + +The question of litter while of importance with city street trees does +not matter so much in the case of highway trees, but the cottony seed +from poplars is very objectionable anywhere. The longevity of a tree is +important. The desire for quick results often outweighs other +considerations. Many of the trees which give results such as silver +maple, box elder and Carolina poplar do not last long and the effort +spent on them is wasted. More time and money is needed within a short +time to remove and replace such trees. It is better to plant well in the +first place. Trees do not grow at the same rate throughout their life. +They usually grow slowly at first and then fairly rapidly between the +tenth and thirteenth years, after which the rate of growth usually falls +off gradually. If small trees, about ten feet high are used for planting +they should reach the following sizes in twenty years on favorable soil: + + American elm 18 inches + Basswood 15 " + Chestnut 12 " + Hard maple 11 " + Red oak 11 " + Pin oak 9 " + White ash 9 " + Black walnut 8 " + Hackberry 7 " + +Certain trees such as the horse chestnut and the evergreens generally +appear to better advantage alone or in groups while others like the +elms, maples and box elder show to fine advantage in long rows. It is +doubtful if the planting of windbreaks along the highways is advisable. +Windbreaks are sometimes planted with the idea of preventing the +drifting of snow but the snow will collect and form great drifts on the +leeward side of a windbreak and the shade from the windbreak may prevent +the snow from melting so rapidly. Hedges may be used, however, to +prevent the shifting of sand or the erosion of steep slopes. + +The highways offer excellent opportunities for nut production and such +trees as the black walnut and hickories may often be used to advantage. +The presence of birds may be encouraged by planting hackberry and other +trees or shrubs of which they are fond. + +The Michigan Agricultural College was authorized by the Legislature to +raise trees for roadside planting. The College is raising red oak, black +walnut, oriental sycamore, sugar maple, elm, hackberry, snowdrop tree, +Juneberry, hickory, European larch, Norway maple and box elder for this +purpose. Other trees may be added to the list from time to time. + +In addition to the planting of trees we need also the proper care of +those already planted or growing naturally along the roads. The +commonest source of injury is due to improper pruning for telephone +lines. A great many trees are badly injured in this way. We already have +a large investment in highway trees and it is only the part of wisdom to +protect this investment. + +Michigan has started active work in highway planting and we hope in a +few years to be able to point with pride to our highways, not only +because of the good roadbeds but also because of the trees and shrubs +that line those roads. + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion on Prof. Chittendon's +paper? If not, it will be received and filed in the proceedings. + +It is now near the noon hour and I think it would be well to have Mr. +Jones or Mr. Rush state what program has been arranged for this +afternoon. + +MR. J. F. JONES: I believe the plan is to get dinner here, and +then to go to our nursery at Willow Street. From there some machines +will take the parties who do not have conveyances, around to other +points. + +THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, in accordance with Article V of +the Constitution, I move that a committee of five members be elected for +the purpose of nominating officers for the ensuing year. + +(Motion seconded and carried.) + +THE SECRETARY: Mr. President, I move that Mr. Olcott be named +the chairman of that committee. + +Mr. J. F. Jones, Mr. John Rick, Mr. Ernest M. Ives and Mr. C. S. +Ridgeway were nominated as members of said committee. + +Messrs. Olcott, Jones, Rick, Ives and Ridgeway having been nominated +were on motion duly elected members of a committee to nominate officers +for the ensuing year in accordance with Article V. of the Constitution. + +On motion the meeting adjourned until 8 p. m. same day. + + +EVENING SESSION + +October 6, 1921, 8 p. m. + +_Hotel Brunswick_ + +PRESIDENT LINTON: A recess was taken from the morning session +until this time for the purpose of considering a roadside planting bill +that might be recommended by this association to the authorities of +every state in the Union. In order to bring this about we will have +presented to you by Senator Penney, who was the introducer of the +original bill that became a law in the Michigan legislature, a copy of +the laws practically as they exist in our state today. We take a little +pride in Michigan in being the first state to work along this particular +line. Our agricultural college staffs, the highway department and +several other branches of the Michigan government, are heartily and +enthusiastically co-operating in this work. I have in my hand a notice +that has been sent out by the state highway commissioner of Michigan to +every highway commissioner in the state. We have about two thousand of +the latter. We have in the neighborhood of two thousand townships six +miles square and in each of these townships we have a supervisor, we +have a highway commissioner and we have members of what is known as the +township board. This notice that I have, and you will see it is quite +complete and goes into a number of details, is sent by our state highway +commissioner to each one of the township commissioners of north +Michigan, and he closes his letter accompanying it with this: + +Fourth: (President Linton reads). + +You will see from that that we are well under way in connection with +roadside planting in our state of Michigan. I now take pleasure in +presenting to you a member of our legislature who introduced the first +bill that became a law along these particular lines, Senator Harvey A. +Penney of Michigan. + +SENATOR PENNEY: In the legislature of Michigan several bills +have been introduced by its members, but as I stated at the last +convention they were not drawn up in such a way that they were fitted +for our laws. As Mr. Littlepage said it takes quite a while to figure +out a law that fits your own state law. These several laws were +introduced but in some way or another the committees of the legislature +never took kindly to them and they were not passed. But two years ago I +had a bill passed. Since then we have seen some imperfections and we +passed another law at the last session of the legislature which provides +that the cost of planting trees and caring for them shall come out of +the maintenance fund, that is, the maintenance fund that provides for +the maintenance of highways. I don't know how the laws are in most of +your states but in Michigan the law is that the owner of land owns not +only his farm but the land to the center of the highway subject to the +right of the public to have the use of it for travel. Then how are you +going to plant trees on a man's land if the highway belongs to that man? +They did it on the theory that the trees were necessary for the +maintenance of the highway. There never has been a test case on this law +but the highway department has a very able lawyer who was in the +attorney general's office and since then has been elected circuit judge +of the county in which Lansing is located. His idea was that the trees +should be planted on the highway for the purpose of protecting the +highway, and the cost of planting them and taking care of them should be +taken out of the maintenance fund. So that is the theory upon which they +are working under this bill. + + + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + |Transcribers note: The format in this section has been transcribed| + |exactly as in the original. | + +------------------------------------------------------------------+ + + + A BILL to provide for and regulate the planting of useful, + memorial, ornamental, nut bearing and other food producing trees, + shrubs, and plants along the streets, highways and other public + thoroughfares and places within the State of (Michigan); and for + the maintenance, protection and care of such trees and shrubs as a + part of the maintenance of the roads in certain cases; and to + provide a penalty for injury thereof, or for stealing the products + thereof,-- + + _The People of the State of (Michigan) enact:_ + + 1 Section 1. The (State Highway Commissioner) is hereby authorized + and empowered + + 2 and it shall be his duty to select and plant by seeds, + + 3 scions or otherwise, useful, ornamental, nut bearing and other + food producing trees, shrubs and plants + + 4 suitable for shade, maintenance and protection of the highways + + 5 along State trunk line and Federal aided roads and for the use + and benefit of the public, and to care for and maintain all such + trees, shrubs or plants. + + 6 The care of such trees shall be deemed a part of the road + maintenance work. + + 7 The varieties or species + + 8 so planted shall be subject to the approval of the + + 9 (State Department of Agriculture) and may be supplied + + 10 by the (State Agricultural College) or other State Institution + or Department, or elsewhere acquired by the + + 11 (State Highway Commissioner). The (State Highway Commissioner) + + 12 shall make and publish rules and regulations for the + + 13 planting and proper placing of trees, shrubs or plants and for + their proper + + 14 pruning, care and protection under the provisions of this act, + and all + + 15 such planting shall belong to the State, but the owner of + + 16 the adjacent land shall have the right to take and use the + products thereof. + + 17 All expenses incurred in planting or caring for such trees and + shrubs along + + 18 trunk line and Federal aided roads of the State shall be paid in + the same manner as is or may be provided + + 19 by law for the payment of the cost of maintaining trunk line or + Federal aided roads. + + + 1 Sec. 2. Counties, townships, cities and villages of the State are + + 2 hereby authorized to appropriate money for the purpose of + planting, + + 3 caring for and protecting useful, memorial, ornamental, nut + bearing and other + + 4 food producing trees, shrubs and plants along and within streets, + highways, thoroughfares and other public places + + 5 other than trunk line or Federal aided + + 6 roads, within the respective limits of such municipalities and + + 7 subject to the jurisdiction thereof. The expenditure of any such + fund + + 8 raised hereunder in a township shall be vested in the + + 9 (highway commissioner) of the township subject to the approval of + the township board. + + 10 Any such fund raised by a county shall be expended by and under + the + + 11 direction of the (board of county road commissioners;) and + + 12 any such fund raised in a city or village shall be expended by + the highway or other proper municipal board or authority + + 13 thereof, in accordance with its charter laws or ordinances or + under the direction of the common council + + 14 or legislative body of such city or village. All such + + 15 appropriations made under this section by any municipality shall + + 16 be made in the same manner as is or may be provided by law for + + 17 the raising of money for highway or park maintenance purposes. + + Sec. 3. Trees may be planted along the highways or other public + places by proper authorities and designated as memorial trees for + the purpose of commemorating important military or civic events, or + in memory of any person distinguished for noteworthy acts, or for + conspicuous service in behalf of the nation, the State of Michigan + or any local community thereof. Suitable tablets, boulders or other + markers of a permanent character may be contributed by any person, + or by any civic or military association and placed in conjunction + with such memorial trees subject to the approval and consent of the + proper authorities in control or in direct charge of such highways + or public places. that + + 1 Sec. 4. The owner of any real estate in the state of (Michigan) + that + + 2 borders upon a public highway other than a trunk line, Federal + aided or + + 3 county road shall have the right to, plant useful, ornamental, + + 4 nut bearing and other food producing trees and shrubs along + + 5 the line of said highway adjoining said land, and within the + limits thereof, + + 6 and shall receive annually a credit of twenty cents upon his + + 7 highway repair tax for each tree so planted and growing in good + order: Provided, however, + + 8 That all such planting shall be done in accordance with the + + 9 rules and regulations prescribed by the (State Highway + Commissioner) + + 10 for the planting of trees along trunk line and + + 11 Federal aided roads. Said trees and shrubs and the products + + 12 thereof shall be subject to the same incidents as to ownership + and use as are + + 13 provided for in section 1 hereof with respects to trees planted + + 14 along and within trunk line highways. No bounty shall be paid + + 15 or deduction allowed under the provisions of this section upon + any tree or trees for a longer period than five years. + + 16 The owner of the adjoining land shall have the care of such + + 17 trees and shrubs and shall have the duty and responsibility + + 18 for the trimming, spraying and cultivation thereof unless + otherwise provided in the charter, ordinances, or other regulations + of incorporated cities and villages. + + 19 In case any such tree or shrub should become diseased or shall + in any manner + + 20 interfere with the public use of the highway the authorities + + 21 having jurisdiction over such highway may by written notice + + 22 require the owner of the adjoining land to cut and remove such + trees or shrub. + + 23 If such notice is not complied with within thirty days after + + 24 service thereof such authorities may cut and remove such + diseased + + 25 or obnoxious tree or shrub. + + 1 Sec. 5. The (State Board of Agriculture) and other State + Departments having lands and facilities therefore are hereby + + 2 authorized to acquire and grow suitable seeds, scions, and + + 3 trees for planting under the provisions of this act and to + + 4 establish proper rules and regulations for the distribution + thereof at + + 5 nominal cost, or otherwise, to the State, to municipalities of + the State, and to + + 6 private citizens for the purposes hereby contemplated. + + Sec. 6. It shall be unlawful to cut, destroy or otherwise injure + any shade or ornamental tree or shrub growing within the limits of + any public highway within the State of Michigan without the consent + of the authorities having jurisdiction over such road. In the case + of a trunk line of Federal aided road the (State Highway + Commissioner) shall be deemed to have such jurisdiction in all + cases. It shall also be unlawful to affix to any tree or shrub any + picture, announcement, notice or advertisement, or to negligently + permit any animal to break down or injure the same. Any person + violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed to be + guilty of a misdemeanor and on conviction thereof shall be punished + by a fine of not more than one hundred dollars or by imprisonment + in the county jail for a period not exceeding thirty days, or by + both such fine and imprisonment within the discretion of the court. + +Now some of the farmers along the road say that the trees will be +diseased, but I don't think that nut trees as a rule, or shade trees, +are affected very much with pests. The elm trees have been troubled +somewhat. In the West where we live I don't think there is any trouble +of that kind. There may be with apple trees and fruit trees. + +Our agricultural college at Lansing has at the present time one hundred +thousand trees ready to plant under this bill. There are some that they +have been raising for a long time and some they have recently planted. +They hardly knew what to do with them. Now they have agreed to turn them +over to the state to be planted on our highways. + +One thing that we had trouble with in Michigan was the telephone and +telegraph companies stringing wires along the public highway. They have +cut the top of the tree right straight off and disfigured the tree and +disfigured the appearance of the highway. This bill is supposed to +prevent that. Our highway department has been trying to get the +telephone and telegraph companies to get the right from private owners +to put their poles on private land, or to put a pole and let an arm +stick out through the tree without cutting the tree down. I recently +came from Detroit. There the telephone companies have started to string +lines and to cut trees. The highway commissioner has notified them that +they must not cut the trees down or cut them off or disfigure them and +he has introduced the state constabulary to enforce this ruling. +Undoubtedly sooner or later there will be a test case to determine +whether or not the state has this authority. + +I listened this afternoon to a discussion about walnut trees shading the +highway. I have no practical experience to know whether these trees do +any damage to crops on account of the shade, but supposing you raised a +fine walnut tree along the highway and the tree begins to bear. Would +not the products you get from that tree more than offset the damage it +does to a crop close to the tree? I once had an aunt, when I was a very +small boy, and it seems to me she said that she raised forty bushels of +black walnuts on one tree. I saw that big hickory tree today. They +claimed they raised fifteen bushels on that tree. I thought forty +bushels was a lot to come off of one tree. + +MR. BIXBY: That was in the husk. There have been records of +that kind in the husk. + +SENATOR PENNEY: This bill has been introduced and passed and +Mr. Linton, who is practically the author of this bill, is desirous of +having this followed up in the different states. I think it would be a +good plan. What better investment could you make to beautify our +highways than the planting of good trees? In the southern part of the +state of Michigan there are quite a lot of good trees, black walnuts, +butternuts, which not only add beauty to your highways but are useful in +many ways. During the war we know that the government scoured the whole +country to find walnut trees to make stocks for guns, and to use in +airplanes for propeller blades. They used the shucks to make gas masks. +The trees could be made of further service to man by planting them as +memorial trees. And again they furnish food, not only bear leaves but +food. + +I would like to hear a discussion upon this bill from those who are from +other states. I would like to hear what their opinion might be as to the +different provisions of this bill. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now open for discussion. I am +sure that there are those here who would perhaps offer amendments to +that bill. They might desire to modify it some. They might desire to add +other features to it. For instance, it might be well to recognize the +desire at the present time to save useful bird life throughout the +country. That might be stated in the title to this bill as one of the +purposes of roadside planting. Certainly that would be one of the +results of road side planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: The bill provides not only for planting trees, +but for planting shrubs along the highway. That created quite a fight in +the legislature. One fellow thought we were going to buy a whole lot of +nursery stock and spend a pile of money. We are not. But here was the +idea. Those shrubs are useful not only for furnishing food for birds, +that are necessary to farmers, but are useful sometimes to prevent +shifting sand, and also snow from covering the highways. You have often +noticed that the railroad companies put up fences at different points to +prevent snow from drifting on the tracks. Bushes can serve the same +purpose. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The subject is now before the body for +discussion. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: To print the newspapers in the United States it +requires enough wood each year to make one cord of timber from Boston +clear across the American continent and across to the Hawaiian Islands +and further. Most of that, perhaps half of it, comes from Canada. There +is cut from the forests of the United States every year timber to make +wood pulp enough to make one cord of wood from Boston to Liverpool. That +is just for newspapers. That has nothing to do with furniture, with +houses, with cross ties, with everything else, which are estimated to +take four times as much. Now if that be true there is cut every year +from the forests of the United States enough timber to make four cords +from Boston to Liverpool. That is going on every year. We met here seven +years ago. In that seven years there has been enough timber cut from the +forests of the United States to make twenty-eight cords of wood from +Boston to Liverpool. Now when you begin to contemplate that you see what +is happening. + +Roadside planting furnishes one of the greatest opportunities. There are +many details that will have to be worked out. The bill which the Senator +and our distinguished President have given much consideration to seems +to be working along the right lines. Many difficulties will come up from +time to time but this is one of the things that this Association ought +to get behind. Here is a great need, a fundamental need, when you think +of the figures which I gave you. Here is one of the opportunities to +fulfill that need. We, as an organization of tree planters, ought to get +busy to help to work out the details and difficulties that cannot be all +foreseen in the application of the machinery of roadside planting and +the particular laws of each state. Some people think sometimes that +because a fellow is a lawyer he knows all the laws. There are +forty-eight different states in the Union. I know that every state in +the Union has a statute of limitations. It is three years in the +District of Columbia. It is six years here. The fundamentals, the +machinery of laws, are different in these particular states. Now then, +what are the duties and what are the opportunities? A duty and an +opportunity are rather more or less synonymous after all. It is for this +Association to get actively behind this proposition, and help adapt this +legislation to each particular state, keeping in mind that the +fundamental thing is to plant trees. We are meeting here in Lancaster, +Pa., a city to which I have always turned my thoughts with great pride, +because here was the home of the founder of the great common school +system of America, Thaddeus Stevens. Do you suppose when he began to +originate the system which has made America that he could foresee all +the difficulties, that he could foresee the difficulties in Texas, in +Indiana, in New York? He started with a principle, and that principle +has been adopted and developed and worked out in each particular state, +until we have the great forty-eight different big school systems of +America. We can take this proposition and by working it out, adapting it +to the particular machinery, the particular laws, and meeting the +particular difficulties, we can work it out until it becomes a great +monument. We must plant trees. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I want to say a word with regard to Senator +Penney's reference to the importance of shrubs as a protection to the +roadways from shifting sand. Mr. Volbertsen, my collaborator in my +filbert enterprise in Rochester, got his early education in horticulture +in Germany when a young man of twenty years of age, and he informed me +the other day that along the side of the railroads' right of way, +filberts were planted very extensively, in different parts of Germany, +for the maintenance of the roadbed, to protect them from shifting sand. +Not only that but they garnered wonderful crops of nuts. + +MR. O'CONNOR: Concerning the planting of trees along the +roadside, what enemies have they? I have watched this very closely since +I have been connected with Mr. Littlepage's farm and I find that the +walnut trees and pecan trees have very few enemies. I think that he has +something like four hundred trees, and there were not three of them that +were troubled with caterpillars. What better could we have along our +road sides than nut trees when from the oak, the elm and other trees +there are pesky worms dropping down when you go along with an automobile +or carriage. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: I want to say to the ladies present that the +ladies of Michigan are greatly interested in this work. We recently +established a state trunk line highway known as the Colgrove Highway, +named for the President of our Michigan State Good Roads Association. +Senator Penney was the introducer of that bill also and it became a law. +That particular road runs across our state in such a way that it is +about three hundred miles in length. One county that it crosses is known +as Montcalm County. At a meeting we had in their court house we had a +committee named in each township through which the highway passed for +the purpose of properly planting trees and beautifying that highway. +Upon my return home I received a letter from the county judge saying +that the people of Montcalm County would not stand for planting and +beautifying that one road alone but the whole county has been organized +and every township in it and half of the membership of each committee is +composed of women, and they want these trees and plants on every +township road as well as on that state road. That is the way in which +the work is going along in many sections of our state and it will soon +cover it all with the same enthusiasm. So that the ladies can be of +great good in this organization also. There is not a home or a residence +street but desires fine shrubs and fine trees. It is especially so with +the farmers. They want these beautiful things that the city people have +been having for many years in their front yards. They are going to +demand shrubbery and trees beyond any call that ever has been made for +them in the past. So you can readily see from our work, although much of +it is to be carried on in a public way by our agricultural colleges and +state institutions of that kind, that they will be able to furnish only +one tree or one plant in a hundred of those that will be demanded. That +feature I wish especially to impress upon the minds of any nurserymen +that may be present. The call in the next decade is going to be along +those lines, for ornamental shrubbery and for useful trees, just as the +fruit tree has been called for in the past. + +MR. FAGAN: I don't know that I have anything constructive to +add to the road side planting idea. I know that our landscape gardener +at the experimental station in the college has, in the past few years, +been giving it serious consideration, and if I am not mistaken he has +taken the question up with our forest and state highway commissioners in +the state. How far it is going to go I don't know. There is a feature of +the roadside planting which has been mentioned indirectly this evening +that we must not overlook. Just as soon as we consider a program of +roadside planting we must also consider a program for the control of +pests. Regardless of whether they be pecan trees or hickories or +walnuts we are bound to meet with these pests. Whenever we begin a +systematic planting, or collection of plants, it does not make much +difference whether oak trees, or catalpas or chestnuts, or what not, we +can look forward to the time when we will be confronted with a pest +control proposition. As to roadside planting in New England it would not +make much difference whether it was a walnut or butternut or pecan. A +gipsy or brown tailed moth would just as soon eat the foliage off a +butternut tree as off an elm. We have here in New Jersey at the present +time the Japanese iris beetle and it will eat anything in sight. As soon +as we turn nature upside down, as we have nearly done in many sections +of the country, we are bound to bring in these pests. It would be well +in any law--and I know in this state we would consider a law, and an +experimental station could have charge of work connected therewith--that +one of the provisions we would insist on being put in the law would be +one to control the pests which may come. Right in our district today the +tent caterpillar is playing havoc with our walnuts; the oyster shell +scale is going through our timber in Center County; and I can take you +into the mountains five miles from any residence and I can show you +oyster shell scale on half a dozen of our native species. It is nice to +kid ourselves along to think our butternuts and our hickories would +never be subject to these pests, but they will be. When the Northwest +started to plant apple orchards they said they had no codling moths up +there. There were some orchards that didn't but sooner or later they +came. The time to nip those things is in the bud, and not let them +spread. Lack of foresight has cost New England millions and millions of +dollars just because they would not take the advice of one man when he +told them that the gipsy moth and brown tail moth had gotten away from +him. They laughed at him. + +I wonder whether this association could not get our federal road +department back of this idea of roadside planting. I know that back of +the federal aid movement there is an important point of contact in +roadside planting. + +SENATOR PENNEY: Our bill provides that the highway department +shall care for and maintain the trees. I think the bill is broad enough +to cover that subject. I think we all realize that we cannot stop +planting trees for fear of some pest that might come, but we have got to +provide the means of fighting it if it does come. Our highway department +in Michigan has employed a man, a graduate of Yale College who is an +expert in horticulture and all this work of planting and caring for the +trees is to be turned over to him. + +DR. CANADAY: In many parts of Germany the practice of planting +trees along the state highways has been in vogue for perhaps half a +century. They have used fruit trees and it has been found to be very +feasible. The state has found that the proceeds of the trees has gone a +long way towards keeping up the highways. Of course they probably have +had their population under more rigorous control than ours has been. +They have been able to collect the proceeds of the trees better. The +question of the railroad rights of way might be taken up. A few of the +railroads in the United States have already begun planting trees along +their rights of way looking forward to a future supply of cross ties. It +seems to me the greatest difficulty that will be encountered in this +work will be the conflict with the telephone companies and the power +lines. If that can be satisfactorily solved, I think the rest of it will +be comparatively easy. + +MR. SMEDLEY: In Pennsylvania near our large cities, the highway +department has become aware that the roads are all too narrow. There was +a bill passed in the last legislature giving the commissioner of +highways a right to establish the width of roads at thirty-three feet, I +think it was, with one hundred and twenty feet as the maximum. The +department is now making a survey of all the main highways near the +large cities. I happen to live just out of Philadelphia, about fifteen +miles, on the line between Philadelphia and West Chester. It is a +continuation of Market Street the principal east and west street of +Philadelphia. It was laid out sixty feet wide. That was one of the first +to claim the attention of the department and it will soon be, I +understand, established on the map as one hundred feet wide or probably +one hundred and twenty feet. That primarily is to stop the encroachment +of the buildings near Philadelphia so that when the question of opening +this road to its new width comes up damages will not be excessive. Some +of us living along there take great pride in that road and want to see +it developed but it is going to be some time before this is opened to +its full width and it is needless to plant trees until it is. I don't +know how you have things in Michigan but a great many of our +Pennsylvania roads are old highways that have worn down with banks ten +or fifteen feet high, and it is oftentimes a question where to put the +trees. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: Our highways in Michigan are, ninety per cent +of them perhaps, four rods in width. That you will know is a good ample +width, sixty-six feet wide. The basis of the planting as adopted by our +state highway department, as I understand it, is thirteen feet from each +line fence, making trees forty feet apart on opposite sides of the +roadways. The main portion of the planting will be forty feet apart but +that is simply a detail and the entire matter is left with the state +highway commissioner and those who assist him. And, as stated by Senator +Penney, they are very competent men in that department. Of course some +trees would be placed further apart than others. There is no absolutely +fixed distance. I don't know of any movement that will more quickly +cause the planting of more trees than the one we are outlining at the +present time in undertaking to cover the highways of this country. +Michigan alone has six thousand miles of state trunk line highway. That +is only a small portion of the highways in our state. These are the +important roadways connecting our largest cities and business points. +Just as an estimate I would say that we have ten times as many miles of +roadway in Michigan as we have trunk line highways. If that average +should be maintained throughout the country in each one of the states, +and I imagine our state is an average one as to the number of miles of +roadway, you would see that there would be three hundred thousand miles +of trunk line highways alone, saying nothing about all the other +highways and by-ways. So that I believe within the next five or ten +years this roadside planting will cause more trees to be planted, and +useful and valuable trees too, than all the efforts made in this country +up to date in re-forestation. The people are alive to this subject and +are asking for this very thing. It is only for us to map out a plan, +arrange the details, and provide the sources from which they can obtain +their supply and the trees will be planted. + +It was my lot and good fortune last fall, following our meeting in the +City of Washington, to visit Mount Vernon and there meeting the +superintendent Mr. Dodge. He said to me that our association could have +the products of the black walnut trees at Mount Vernon upon condition +that that crop should not be commercialized in any way but used for +public purposes. In behalf of the association I accepted the crop of +walnuts, and, as I recall it, got in the neighborhood of thirty bushels +of fine walnuts. They were selected walnuts the best and larger ones. It +so happened that they arrived late in Saginaw, where my home is, and it +was simply impossible to distribute them generally throughout the +country. When it became known that we had these walnuts, and it became +necessary to distribute these nuts and have them planted in our +immediate locality, our people were delighted with the fact, and every +school in every school district in the country called for them, and +every city school called for some of these walnuts. They were planted in +every school yard, in many cases with appropriate ceremonies along +patriotic lines, and that did a great deal of good. Our citizens as +individuals called for them. I was surprised to see the interest in it. +They wanted them in their yards and at their city homes. Following all +this I had about two thousand of these walnuts left. I wondered just +what I could do with these. It was impossible to arrange a program for +distribution so I asked the superintendent of parks of our city if he +would plant and care for them and he readily agreed to do it. So that +what was left of the consignment was placed in our finest and largest +park. Shortly after having planted these, and the papers having noticed +what had been done, I sent a copy to our honored first president, Dr. +Morris. Soon thereafter I received a letter from him saying that he +disliked very much to predict disappointment, but disappointment +certainly was coming to us for our efforts in Saginaw, because, he said, +"Mr. Linton, I have gone through this experience and the squirrels and +other rodents will certainly get every one of those nuts. You will be +disappointed in the results in the spring and I am telling you this so +it won't come to you all at once. I want you to be prepared for the +disappointment when it comes." I rather imagined it would come. I knew +that the trees in that particular park harbored a good many fox +squirrels and others, and I imagined they would get these walnuts. But I +was very much astonished this spring to see the entire crop come up +through the ground. I imagine it was a ninety-five per cent crop. So +that we have about two thousand young walnuts growing about as high as +this table from last year's planting. They are thrifty and they will be +distributed around the state of Michigan this coming spring, and at +other places. To show the interest manifested in that particular +movement I will say that I received letters from perhaps half of the +states in the country asking if they could not be supplied with some of +these walnuts from George Washington's former home at Mount Vernon. I +even got letters from the State of Virginia asking that some of them be +sent from Saginaw, Michigan, to them in Virginia for planting at their +home. So you can see how far reaching a thing of this kind can be. I +know that we have started something here that will sweep from one end of +the United States to the other, and will do more good along the lines of +re-forestation than any organization up to date has been able to do. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move that a committee be appointed to report +at the morning session the best method of getting this bill before the +various legislatures. I thought first of attempting to formulate what +idea I might have in the form of a resolution, but it appears to me that +it is something that may require a little thought. Therefore I move the +appointment of a committee of three to report in the morning the best +form of a resolution or whatever seems best to adopt by this association +to get action. + +This motion was put by President Linton and unanimously adopted. + +The President appoints on this committee Mr. Littlepage, Senator Penney +and Dr. Canaday. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: This action will close the discussion +relative to the tree planting law. Any other subject that you desire to +discuss can be brought before the meeting in any proper manner. + +MR. BIXBY: As the secretary noted this morning, perhaps the +most extensive program of nut tree planting which has yet been carried +out has been on the other side of the world, in China. One of the +members of the association is Mr. Wang who lives near Shanghai and is +secretary of the Kinsan Arboretum there. Some time ago he obtained some +American black walnuts from Japan. He planted them and they grew so much +faster than he had anticipated, and I think faster than any other tree +with which he was familiar, that he conceived the idea of planting the +new highway, which was being made from Shanghai to Hankow, with these +American black walnuts. In due course he sent a money order to pay for +two thousand pounds to the secretary. Last year was not the best year to +get black walnuts, and the secretary forwarded the money order to me and +asked me if I could get these walnuts for him. There was more trouble in +getting them in New York last year than there usually is, but finally I +did get them and had them made up in twenty-two bags and shipped to Mr. +Wang at Shanghai. In due course they arrived and he is anticipating +great things from them. The growth that he reported of this first lot of +black walnuts was something astonishing. It seems to me that they grew +the second year ten feet high. It was a very astonishing growth, a much +more vigorous growth than I ever heard of their making here. At any rate +there are two thousand pounds of American black walnuts that have been +shipped to China, and if nothing happens to them they will grow and +adorn that new road from Shanghai to Hankow. + +MR. JONES: A matter that will be of interest is that Mr. Wang +wrote me a letter in which he says that the black walnut grows three +times as fast in China as the Japanese walnut. Here in the nursery we +find the Japanese walnut doubles the black walnut in the first two years +in growth. + +PRESIDENT LINTON: We would like to hear from those present who +are familiar with trees, as you all are, as to the merits and demerits +of the various kinds of trees that we desire to plant. In Michigan the +only ones we are considering are the black walnut, the hickory, the +butternut and the beech. The beech in our state grows to be a beautiful +tree, as it does in most states in our country. In addition to that our +state agricultural people are suggesting that we plant the hard maple, +which is a fine tree in Michigan, and the basswood, and one or two +others, to provide food along certain lines. The hard maple, for +instance, produces maple sugar, the basswood the bees draw honey from. +The simple and useful trees and shrubs are the only ones in our state +that we are giving any consideration to. + +DR. CANADAY: What would be the best way to start a hickory +along the roadside? From the nut? + +PRESIDENT LINTON: From my experience with the black walnut I +would say that would be the proper way to plant these hickories, to +plant the nuts where the trees would be. It is far less expensive than +any other method. It is easily cared for by the road men who take care +of a section of the road. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I am interested in the cultivation and culture +of the European filbert at Rochester and have been for a number of +years, and I believe successfully. In different meetings of this +association that I have attended and in correspondence with the officers +of the association, filbert culture in this country has been referred to +as still in the experimental stage. Now when you have been in a thing +for ten or twelve years and have not had any set-back but progress along +all lines of activity, I believe you have passed out of the zone of +experimentation and have gotten down to doing something. That is what we +have done in Rochester with our nursery which I believe is the only +thing of that particular kind in the country. Mr. Vollertsen, my +collaborator, came to me with this idea years ago. He told me what he +believed could be done and what had been done in filbert culture where +he had been until about twenty years of age, having worked in a nursery +from the time he had been able to do manual labor. In this nursery they +had given especial attention to the cultivation of filberts and he had +learned their method of propagation. He told me about this and believed +it could be done in this country. I corresponded with some of the +prominent nurserymen in the New England states and they told me it would +be folly to attempt anything like that in this country, that I would be +wiped out by the blight. They had tried it with some of the European +varieties. Nevertheless I went ahead and imported five plants of twenty +leading German varieties from Hoag & Schmidt, a prominent firm of +nurserymen in Germany. I turned them over to Mr. Vollertsen having +rented land for him and furnished the funds for the fertilization and +cultivation of the land, paying a wage to him to go ahead and make the +experiment. I wanted to know rather than to believe. His method of +propagation was from the layer. Now we have fruited these propagated +plants and found them true. We started in with half an acre. We now have +two and a half acres, probably fifty thousand plants altogether. We have +never had the semblance of blight. Our cultivation has been thorough. +Our fertilization has been consistent. Mr. Vollertsen has been on the +job very steadily and understands his business thoroughly. I think that +this talk of blight is something that we should not take so seriously to +heart. On half a dozen occasions some of our good friends have said, +"What about the blight; don't you think it will wipe you out?" I think +it is well to be prepared for the truth but the same thing might be said +if I plant a peach orchard, that in a few years it will be wiped out by +the yellows. I can't make myself believe that the matter of blight in +filbert culture in this country is a serious menace. The consensus of +opinion in this association seems to have been that even if it does +appear there are remedies for it. Our esteemed first president, Dr. +Morris, when he visited our place in Rochester some years ago when the +convention met there, said that he thought we should not worry about it. +He was satisfied that if blight appeared it could be controlled by the +removal of the blighted part. I believe that the same principle applies +to the development of filbert nurseries as to any phase of life, that +eternal vigilance is the price of safety. I believe that thorough +cultivation, keeping the plants strong and healthy, will help them +resist disease. But if blight does appear, by watching closely it can be +removed and I think controlled, as suggested by Dr. Morris. Maybe it has +been all right up to the present time to be on our guard but there is +my work that has been going on for ten or twelve years. During these +last two or three years we have been sending our plants all over the +country, to California, Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, +Indiana, Canada, and we have been getting fine reports with not a single +reference to the appearance of blight. On the contrary they report that +our plants are fruiting and they ask for more plants. As a specific +instance I can cite a prominent doctor in Louisville, Kentucky, who some +years ago got some plants from us and some filbert plants from some +other nursery. We had a letter from him the other day in which he spoke +in most complimentary terms of the plants he had gotten from us, that +they had fruited, were true, and he wanted to know if we could furnish +him from fifteen hundred to two thousand plants within the next few +years. William Rockefeller on the Hudson, another customer of ours, +reports plants doing splendidly and fruiting well. Mrs. Jones of Jones & +Laughlin Steel Company reports plants growing splendidly there. Those +are just a few of the instances I could cite. As I suggested to some of +the gentlemen today at the next meeting it might be well for me to bring +specific references from different parts of the country where our plants +have been planted and are bearing fruit and are doing well, with no +reference whatever to blight having appeared, and I shall be very glad +to do that. + + * * * * * + +It seems to me, too, that the filbert is one of the best nut producing +plants for use here in the North. Usually it is grown in bush form. It +is very hearty and begins to bear early and abundantly under proper +care. In view of the exceptionally wide range of climates and soils it +seems to be one of the good nut producing plants for this association. +Now it can be consistently considered that I have an ax to grind as I am +producing filbert plants for sale, but I assure you, ladies and +gentlemen, that it is not with this thought in mind that I make these +references. I have the interests of this association very much at heart. +My whole time and attention and money is given to nut culture. I am +extensively interested in the culture of paper shell pecans in Georgia. +Successfully, I might also add. And I want to be equally successful with +the filbert because I believe that it is the one great nut bearing plant +that this association can stand back of and urge the people to plant, +not because I am producing them but because I am a member of this +association, and I want to see this association a success. + +Three weeks ago last Monday, on account of my interest in pecan culture +in the South, and having a good crop at our grove this year, I went to +New York and spent the day there conferring with a big commission man +down in the Washington Street section who handles large consignments of +nuts. The subject of the filbert was discussed and I found a very great +interest on the subject. They were one and all, I think I can say, +appalled when I told them that there was a nursery in New York State +producing filbert plants and filbert nuts. Mr. James, vice-president of +the Higgins & James Company, showed me a very fine filbert, a variety +with some unpronounceable name, I think Italian, and he said, "Isn't it +a beauty?" It was. But when I told him that we had just as fine in +Rochester and some finer he looked aghast. I invited him to come to +Rochester and be convinced. He told me, as others did, that there was a +wonderful future for the filbert in this country. + +The filbert, too, I think, is especially adapted for waste lands on +farms. A great many farms have considerable areas of waste land which, I +believe, could be made very profitable by the planting of the filbert, +because just ordinary farm soil with ordinary fertilization, according +to our experiments, demonstrates that the filbert will make "the desert +to bloom as the rose." And it is a beautiful shrub for ornamental +purposes. Come to Rochester and go down to Jones Square, and you will +see a beautiful border of the purple filbert. Some of our customers are +purchasing it, William Rockefeller for instance and Mrs. Jones, for the +borders of walks and drives. I think that we should try to reach the +gardeners and the agricultural and horticultural societies of the +country in our campaign for the furtherance of nut culture. + +In Dr. Kellogg's recent list of diets, fruit and grain and vegetables, +covering two pages of his pamphlet, he gives there as the food value of +the pecan in protein, fats, and carbo-hydrates 207.8, and next to them +the filbert, 207.5, and next the English walnut at 206.8, and next to +that the almond, at 191.1. + +MR. BIXBY: I really think that Mr. McGlennon has done more than +anybody else to get the filbert on a practicable basis. He has also +mentioned why the association has been a little bit cautious in saying +too much about the filbert. In some of the early plantings the blight +made serious inroads. There has been a lot learned about the blight +since that time and apparently it can be controlled by cutting out the +blighted portions. I have seen filberts in certain sections of the +country where the blight went half way around the twig. Apparently that +can be controlled by cutting out that blighted portion. Or, if the worst +came to the worst, by cutting off the limb. But there have been a number +of filbert plantings made the last few years where that blight has not +appeared at all. One of the greatest difficulties with the European +filberts was that while the bushes would grow all right they would not +fruit, or fruit only once in a few years. Mr. McGlennon, when he +imported those plants from Germany, apparently took all the varieties +the man had. I believe that is one reason why Mr. McGlennon is raising +filberts when most of the plantings of one bush, or two bushes of one +kind have failed. He has enough varieties to properly pollinate the +hazel flowers. That is a thing that must be borne in mind. Any one +wanting to plant filberts must not ask what is the best filbert and +plant one. He must say, what are the best filberts, and plant several +varieties. I believe that is one of the things that has enabled Mr. +McGlennon to raise filberts when many previous attempts have failed. + +MR. MCGLENNON: Replying to Mr. Bixby's remarks they are well +taken. I overlooked mentioning in my talk a fact, because I believe it +is a fact, that it is due to the number of varieties we have that every +variety has fruited. Now they are in the nursery and the principal +consideration is wood. We are working every plant for wood. We have not +been able to supply the demand for plants and won't be for another year +or two. Next year I shall probably have ten to twelve thousand plants. +We layered some twenty-five thousand plants last year, and we are +layering some twenty-five thousand this year. Mr. Vollertsen has been +very persistent with regard to the maintenance of the smaller nut +varieties, has insisted upon it, because we have found that they are +very much freer bloomers than the larger fruited varieties. We have made +up our selection, as catalogued, carefully to that end, including some +of the smaller fruit varieties. A party asked me the other day if I +would send them a plant this fall. I said, "No, but I will send you +three plants," meaning one of the small fruit and two of the larger +fruit. It is the larger fruit that the consumer is going to demand. He +is going to buy the larger nut, although the smaller nut is really +better for eating. + +Convention adjourned until 9:30 a. m., October 7, 1921. + + + + +MORNING SESSION + +Friday, October 7, 1921 + +The Convention was called to order at ten o'clock by President Linton. + +THE PRESIDENT: The first on our program this morning will be +the report of the Committee on Uniform Bill for Roadside Planting. I +will ask the chairman, Mr. Littlepage, to make the report. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The committee met last night after adjournment +and considered different methods of getting this bill (a copy of which I +now present) before the various states, and after some deliberation it +was decided to report, on behalf of the committee, as follows: + +That the committee,--the same committee which has been appointed,--be +authorized by the association to prepare in proper and simple form a +sufficient number of copies of this bill, to be accompanied by a letter, +formulated by the committee, which letter will set out substantially +three things: + +First: Call the governor's attention to the fact that this bill is the +one adopted by the State of Michigan, but that it should, of course, be +modified to comply with the special judicial or road machinery of each +particular state. + +Secondly: A short argument in behalf of this character of legislation. + +Thirdly: A request to each governor that he refer the bill to his +attorney general to put it in proper form to fit into the machinery of +his particular state, and that he also refer it to his appropriate state +board of forestry, agriculture or what-not. + +We suggest, as I said before, that this committee be authorized to +prepare a letter along those lines, to be accompanied by a copy of the +bill, and that, after it is prepared and ready, it be sent out by either +the president or the secretary of the association. It was also thought +by the committee to be desirable, at the same time that this is sent to +the governor of each state, to send copies to the various agricultural +and horticultural journals of the respective states, that being done +with the view of getting some publicity. Then, too, the committee +thought that it might be well, at that time, for the respective members +of the association in these various states to write to their +representatives in the legislature calling attention to this bill. + +Now that is the report of the committee, and, Mr. President, I move +that this report be adopted and the committee instructed to act along +those lines. + +(Motion seconded and carried, and the report of the committee was +adopted unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: Now, ladies and gentlemen, I consider that we +have performed a most important task in the pioneer work connected with +roadside planting in America. There is no question but that with this +association the idea first originated; and the work to date along those +lines in the United States has been brought about by the Northern Nut +Growers' Association. It is a work in which I, personally as well as +officially, as you know, have been greatly interested and the unanimous +adoption of the committee's report, endorses that line of work. I wish +to thank you, individually and collectively, for your interest and the +action which you have taken. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I feel that our president in this instance has +hit a high-water mark. He has taken hold of a very important idea and +has developed it. After making an observation or two I am going to move +a vote of appreciation to our president and accompany it with a vote of +thanks to Senator Penney for coming down here from Michigan and lending +his aid and enthusiasm. + +We listened last night to a discussion about this roadside planting. As +I observed before it is not without its difficulties the same as +everything else; but this proposition extends to the various state +boards of horticulture, highway, or what-not, one of the greatest and +finest opportunities. Personally I believe in nut trees; but you must +first get the public with you. Suppose you had a highway into Lancaster +lined on either side for a half mile with pink weigelias in the spring. +You would have the whole population going up and down that highway +looking at the display. And the pink weigelia is almost a fool-proof +shrub. It grows without cultivation and grows very rapidly and blooms in +the greatest profusion. Suppose in mid-summer you had another highway +lined with hydrangeas. I believe a particular one that is hardy is +called paniculata grandiflora. It is a fool-proof shrub also, requires +very little care and comes on after the other flowers go. It also can be +produced very cheaply. You would have the population looking at and +admiring the blooms and it would inspire, in each one of those +individuals, a desire to go and do likewise. Suppose you had a half mile +of sweet gum trees. If you go down through the counties of Pennsylvania +now you will see the sweet gums--some of them a deep dark purple, some +of them a bright golden yellow, some of them red, some of them with all +the colors and all summer a beautiful foliage--suppose you had a half +mile of those leading into a street of any city in America. The +population on Sunday would drive out there and admire their beauty. It +affords a wonderful opportunity. The individuals who care for those +trees and shrubs, while moving up and down the highway caring for them, +will be carrying with them a little university of horticultural +knowledge. The average farmer thinks it is a terrible thing to spray. It +is the simplest thing in the world as you know. This machinery by which +these trees and plants and shrubbery would be cared for would be a +moving university up and down the highway teaching the farmers how to +care for their trees. Mr. Rush's trees which we saw yesterday were the +finest examples of well cared for trees. You could not travel over the +country and find trees showing a finer degree of care. Nobody could look +at those trees without feeling that he would rather give a little more +care to his trees. So that, if this idea is carried out, as it will be, +it will become popular with the various state boards. They like to do +things that are popular or that please the people. + +As I said at the commencement of my remarks I am going to take the +liberty of moving a vote of deep appreciation to the president (Mr. +Linton), and also a vote of thanks to Senator Penney. + +(Motion seconded and carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: I desire to thank you, one and all, for this +vote of appreciation. My connection with the Northern Nut Growers' +Association has been of a most pleasant character. I have found a group +of men and of women who are interested not only in their own welfare but +in the welfare of the race. What we have started today--or rather +completed so far as organization is concerned--will do as much good in +the United States in the next decade as any movement that has been +started by any organization or association. It means re-forestation on a +larger scale with right trees and right plants, as stated by my friend +Mr. Littlepage. A new start will be made along those lines. The poor +trees will be cast aside and the next generation will have trees and +bushes and plants that not only will be beautiful to the eye but will be +beneficial to mankind and to those birds and animals that we desire to +have around us. + +The greatest credit should be given to those of this association who in +a scientific way have endeavored to bring about better varieties of +nuts, better varieties of the products of trees, and their names +certainly should go down in history with that of Burbank, or with those +of other men who have devoted their lives to this kind of advancement. I +am sure that will be the result. I know that as the message goes down +along the line to the various states, their efforts will at least be +recognized as having been beneficial and advantageous to all. + +I want again to thank every one of you for the kindness that you have +extended towards me and to my colleague, Senator Penney, who is most +actively engaged in this work. Situated as he was--a most prominent +member of the Michigan legislature--he was able to promote the very work +in our Wolverine State that we today are undertaking to bring about in +the United States, and I would call upon Senator Penney to say a word in +this connection. + +SENATOR PENNEY: Mr. President, it seems to me that after all +these remarks have been made, this subject has been very well covered. I +was very much interested in the remarks of Mr. Littlepage because he +spoke of different ornamental trees and shrubs with which I am not +familiar and which are not grown in our part of the country. + +Our esteemed president, Mr. Linton, is doing wonderful work up in +Saginaw at the present time in conjunction with our superintendent of +public parks. He is helping to lay out some of our parks and to plant +trees and shrubs there. One gentleman of Saginaw furnished the means to +buy one thousand trees and the matter was put in charge of Mr. Linton to +see that they were properly planted. This work and similar work that Mr. +Linton and I have undertaken to promote and to push. We have done +similar things in regard to the promotion of good highways. We have +absolutely no interest in stone quarries or gravel pits or in any kind +of contracts for the building of roads; yet we have spent several +hundred dollars or more in going about Michigan giving talks at +different meetings and promoting roads. One of the things that Mr. +Linton tried to promote was this tree planting bill. Inasmuch as I was +in the legislature I had the opportunity of helping to put this work +across. We have a wonderfully good highway commissioner in our state. He +is enthusiastic over this proposition. While our bill was passed just a +short time ago, he has already planted eighteen miles of trees in one +locality, and, he said, at very little cost. Just think what might be +done throughout the United States. Suppose the prominent highways +throughout the United States were planted with useful and ornamental +trees, beautiful shrubs and things of that kind. Wouldn't it be a +wonderfully beautiful and useful thing for the country? + +In closing I wish to thank Mr. Littlepage and the other members of this +association for the very kind treatment we have received here. + +THE PRESIDENT: We are fortunate in having a paper that was +prepared and will be presented by our esteemed treasurer Mr. Bixby, and +I take pleasure in calling upon him at this time. + + +WHERE MAY THE NORTHERN PECAN BE EXPECTED TO BEAR + +_Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, Nassau Co., N. Y._ + +In the January 1916 issue of the American Nut Journal is an article by +Meredith P. Reed read before the Western Association of Nurserymen at +their annual meeting in Kansas City, Mo., December 1915 entitled the +Pecan Areas of the United States, describing the limits between which +the pecan may be grown. In this paper the matter of the Pecan Belts of +the country are discussed and their extent determined pretty largely by +the length of the season (in average years), that is by the number of +days between the latest spring frosts and the earliest fall frosts. A +map was shown on which these areas were marked out, and it has been very +useful to the writer in answering inquiries from persons who want to +know if pecans can be grown in _a_ given section. + +Mr. John Garretson, Aspers, Adams Co., Penn., has on his place bearing +Stuart and Schley pecans, two of the standard southern varieties. These +bear nuts of typical shape but which are only a fraction of the size +that these nuts would be if grown in southern Georgia. This clearly +shows that some of the standard southern pecans require something which +they do not get at Aspers to enable them to properly mature their nuts. +The trees stand the cold of winter but the fruit does not properly +mature. Mr. Jones has suggested that it is heat that is lacking and has +advanced the idea that even though the trees are hardy to winter cold +they have not sufficient summer heat at Aspers to enable them to mature +their crops. This has brought up the question as to whether there was +any method of measuring the summer heat available for causing pecan nuts +to grow and mature. + +Observations on northern pecans (and some southern ones) on my place at +Baldwin caused me to note that no pecans started to vegetate at Baldwin +before May. May is the first spring month here when the pecan will +leave out. May is also the first spring month when the average monthly +temperature here will reach 50 deg.F. It occurred to me that if we note the +excess average monthly temperatures over 50 deg. and sum these items for a +season we would get what might be termed a figure for "pecan growing +heat units." This figure of 50 deg. is doubtless capable of some refinement. +There is no reason to suppose that further study may not show that it +should be somewhat more or less but it is the best we have so far and +seemingly it is proving useful. + +If we calculate these figures for Evansville, Ind., for 1914, for +example, and show the method of doing it we will have + + Average Monthly Average Monthly Temp. + 1914 Temperatures in Excess of 50 deg. + + January 39.6 + February 29.9 + March 42.0 + April 55.4 5.4 + May 67.9 17.9 + June 80.0 30.0 + July 82.2 32.2 + August 78.0 28.0 + September 69.6 19.6 + October 60.8 10.8 + November 49.2 + December 31.0 _____ + + Total 143.9 + +The pecan growing heat units, pecan units they may be called for short, +for Evansville, Ind., in 1914 were 143.9. From this we might conclude +that a place where the pecan units for 1914 would figure out 143.9 would +be likely (as far as climatic conditions are concerned) to grow pecans +as well as Evansville, that is, of course if other years should show +similar figures. + +With the idea of seeing if the experience of those who were growing +pecans would be anything like what might be calculated from the Weather +Bureau Records, letters were written to all members of the National Nut +Growers' Association to find out if pecans grew and bore well in their +sections and if so which varieties. From the replies received it has +been in a number of instances difficult to judge just how well pecans +grow in some sections. For this reason I have interpreted the replies +somewhat on the basis of my own knowledge and on certain facts told me +by Mr. C. A. Reed. Apparently at least 175 pecan units are to be found +in most places where the southern pecan is successful commercially. This +corresponds to a line through Augusta, Milledgeville, Macon and +Columbus, Georgia and Montgomery, Alabama. There seems little question +but that pecans can be grown north of this line but until I get more +positive information than I now have I shall doubt if the planting of +southern varieties of pecans much north of this line is nearly as +advisable as it is south of it. + +When we come to compare this figure with the pecan units for Ocean +Springs and Pascagoula, Miss., where a number of the fine southern +pecans originated which are now being propagated we find an average of +about 222 pecan units. To reduce this to a percentage we find that many +of the standard southern pecans grow and bear well when the pecan units +are as low as 79% of those of the place of their origin. In other words +the adaptability of the southern pecan is 79%, that is it will grow and +bear well where the pecan units are as low as 79% of those of the place +of its origin or to use rough figures, 80%. + +When we come to ascertain the pecan units of the locations where the +northern pecan grows and bears well we will consider Evansville and +Vincennes, Ind., as places where it bears well; Burlington, Ia., as a +place where it does quite well, but not as well, as in Evansville; +Clinton, Ia., as a place where trees are growing well but where they +bear a large crop only once in several years; and Charles City, Ia., as +a place where the pecan does not mature its nuts. The pecan units are +also shown for several important places outside of the native pecan +area. + + Highest Lowest Average + + Evansville, Ind. (1919) 147.5 (1917) 116.4 135.7 + Vincennes, Ind. (1914) 144.7 (1918) 123.1 130.8 + Burlington, Ia. (1914) 125.8 (1917) 90.2 108.4 + Clinton, Ia. (1914) 109.2 (1917) 75.3 94.9 + Charles City, Ia. (1914) 91.2 (1915) 65.4 78.5 + New York City (1914) 101.2 (1917) 85.2 94.3 + Lancaster, Penn. (1919) 108.7 (1917) 84.9 98.4 + Gettysburg, Penn. (1919) 108.4 (1916) 89.4 100.7 + Cincinnati, O. (1914) 131.7 (1917) 88.9 109.5 + Baltimore, Md. (1919) 127.2 (1917) 106.7 121.0 + Washington, Md. (1918) 126.8 (1917) 104.7 119.3 + Hartford, Conn. (1919) 88.9 (1917) 74.8 85.1 + +If we consider that Evansville and Vincennes are the center of the pecan +district near which most varieties have originated and that a place +should have 80% as many pecan units as in this Evansville district in +order to have the northern pecan do well, a place should have 105 pecan +units in order for one to feel reasonably certain that the northern +pecan will do well there. It will be both interesting and instructive to +see how well the applications that may be made from the conclusions +compare with observed facts. + +We know that there are large numbers of pecan trees at Burlington, Ia., +and that the trees grow and bear well. Its pecan units are 108.4. We +should conclude that at Baltimore and Washington with pecan units at +121.0 and 119.3 respectively that pecans would grow and bear well. There +are pecan trees over 100 years old at Marietta, Md., which is half way +between Baltimore and Washington. These trees bear nuts and although it +has not been possible to get bearing records it is evident that they +bear considerably for on the roads of that vicinity are hundreds of +young pecan trees which evidently came up from nuts borne by these old +trees. We should expect the pecan to do well at Cincinnati, O. In fact I +have been expecting to find it native there, but, so far all inquiries +have failed to do so. At Fayetteville, however, which is about 40 miles +east of Cincinnati and somewhat north of it, are bearing pecan trees +raised from seed brought from Shawneetown, Ill., which is in the +Evansville district. Seed from these Fayetteville trees planted at +Baldwin have shown nearly 100% germination. + +There is some question as to how well pecans should bear at Gettysburg, +and Lancaster, Penn., and at New York City where the pecan units are +much like those at Clinton, Ia., where, on forest pecan trees, we get a +fair crop but once in several years. Perhaps with our present knowledge +these places should be considered on the borderland between the country +where the pecan is likely to do well and that where it will not mature +its nuts. We know that pecan trees have borne nuts at Aspers, Pa., near +Gettysburg, at Lancaster, Pa., and at Westbury and Glen Cove, Long +Island, near New York City but so far it has not been possible to make +sufficient observations to form definite conclusions as to what to +expect. It seems quite likely that fertilization and care may help +materially the maturing of crops in those sections which in our present +knowledge we must consider on the borderland. + +Probably we should not expect pecan nuts to be borne at Charles City, +Ia., where pecan units are but 60% of those at Vincennes, and pecan +units at Hartford, Conn., are not so very different. There are northern +pecan trees at Charles City, Ia., which many years ago were brought +there, but the information I have about them is that they have never +borne. There is a large pecan tree at Hartford, Conn., but I have never +been able to learn of its bearing nuts. + +As the northern pecan trees now being planted get to bearing age we +shall have actual experimental data as to what they will do in the +different sections. Until that time by the method outlined herein and +with the Weather Bureau Records for several years at hand inquiries +regarding its probable adaptability for a given section can be answered +with far more confidence than was possible heretofore. + + * * * * * + +THE PRESIDENT: Is there any discussion upon the excellent paper +just read by our treasurer? + +MR. JORDAN: May I ask if, according to that theory, the Stuart +and the Schley would not be expected to do well in Washington? + +MR. BIXBY: I should say not. My intention was to indicate +roughly a dividing line between where the pecan would be an important +commercial crop and where it would not. We know the Stuart pecan bears +pretty well at Petersburg, Virginia; it bears at Aspers, Pa., which is +near Gettysburg, but the nuts are a fraction of the normal size and not +very well filled. + +THE SECRETARY: We all appreciate the amount of work that is +represented by this report of Mr. Bixby and how valuable it is from a +scientific as well as from a practical point of view. I wonder if it +could be made more useful if Mr. Bixby could make a little map showing +the isothermal lines on the basis that he has followed in his +investigation. + +MR. BIXBY: That could be done in a very general way, but +altitude makes such a difference that there would be many places +included in any belt at which, probably, certain pecans would not grow +nor would not mature. It is very evident that local conditions make a +great difference. I should say that a map to be useful would probably +have a series of dots all over the country indicating what pecans would +be best grown in that section; and while that would, to a certain +extent, form belts yet there could be selected many places in any one +belt where another pecan would be preferable. + +MR. J. W. RITCHIE: I started in this nut-growing business +knowing nothing about it. I found that there were men in it who had been +working at it for years who knew many things that I wanted to know. They +forgot that I knew nothing and that I might want to know some of the +things that they had in their minds which gave them a background. I +think there ought to be some way by which all this knowledge that we +have can be brought together so that a beginner could pay a dollar or a +dollar and a half or, if necessary, two or three dollars and get it all +at once. I have visited Washington and have seen Mr. Littlepage. He +showed me some Kentucky hickories and Stabler walnuts and I then decided +that if I could raise any nuts there would be no trouble about selling +them. I can sell just as many of those nuts as I can produce; but yet I +do not know a thing about how many nuts will grow on a Kentucky hickory +in one year. If you will lay the facts before me and let me judge them I +will take the risk myself. I do not want anybody to tell me whether to +plant nuts or not to plant them. I will decide that question for myself +if you will give me the data to work on. I want a book that will give me +the varieties. I want to know what particular nuts can be put out in +this region here that would have a chance of commercial success. Then I +would like to know as much as I possibly can about those varieties, +their respective qualities, what they will produce and especially how to +propagate them. I happen to have a place where there are a great many +walnuts, butternuts and hickories. I would like to know, in detail, how +to propagate those nuts. In a conversation with the secretary he spoke +of northern pecans. I have read about the Marquardt, the Burlington and +the Witte. I do not know whether the term "northern" included those +three or not. + +TREASURER BIXBY: I would be very useful if I could directly +answer a good many of the questions that are asked. A great many people +would like to know the pecan they can plant in their sections and be +sure of success. That I would like to tell them. I do not have the +information. It is frequently more difficult to answer questions than to +ask them. + +Regarding the Burlington and the Witte pecans, they come from the most +northern section where good pecans have been found, where the heat units +are the lowest. They come from Burlington, Iowa, where the heat units +are 180, if I remember correctly. If we assume a place where the heat +units are 80 per cent of those at Burlington, those pecans should grow +and mature there. They would probably do fairly well in New York City. I +think we might feel justified in saying that they would not do well at +Charles City, Iowa, because pecans from near that section, or back north +of that section, have been growing for twenty-five or thirty years, and +have not fruited. There the pecan units are very low, only 78. It would +seem reasonable that at places where the pecan units are somewhat over +90, including New York City, Lancaster, southern Pennsylvania, and of +course practically all sections south of it, they ought to do well. +Those are the safest pecans, the Marquardt, the Burlington, the Witte, +and the Green Bay, to plant in the northern section. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: The Stuart pecan originally stood within fifty +feet of the Gulf of Mexico. There is where it originated. It is one of +the leading southern nuts; and yet I saw a Stuart bearing nuts in Mr. +Roper's orchard down at Petersburg, Virginia. It has grown beautifully. +There is a strictly southern pecan, nurtured by the waters of the Gulf +of Mexico, which has the widest latitude. You can find the same thing up +north. The fact that the Burlington grows at Burlington, Iowa, means +this, that it ought to grow in all similar latitudes, or else violate +known laws of horticulture. But it does not mean that some other pecan +that grew 250 miles south of that might not grow still further north. +The questions asked are important. Why does not the association, just as +fast as it gets information, stick a pin there and fasten it down? For +example, will pecan trees grow, say, on the thirty-ninth parallel, which +runs through my grove down in Maryland. They will. Will they bear? There +is one Major there that has this summer fifty pecans on it; another one +there with perhaps a dozen. On the 27th day of March of this year, which +was Easter Sunday, the temperature dropped sixty-eight degrees in +twenty-four hours. It is a wonder it did not kill the forest trees. But +with all that the pecan stood there just as hardy as the oak. It +destroyed some of the ends of the swelling buds, not the dormant buds +but some of those that had begun to swell a little, and that no doubt +affected the crop or we would have had, perhaps, all the varieties, the +Butterick, the Warrick, the Niblack, the Busseron, the Major, and the +Green River fruiting. Do we want to grow a Major? I do not know. But the +man that makes the mistake is the man who fails to set nut trees. How +about the Stabler walnut bearing? It bore matured nuts at the age of +four years on my farm in Maryland this year. The nuts are here. That +answers that question. I have very grave doubts about pecan trees +thriving in the Lancaster latitude; yet it may be that I am wrong about +that. There may be some particular variety that will thrive here. If I +lived in this section I would set out the trees so that when the one, +two, three or four varieties are found that will thrive here we will +have something to work on. There isn't any question about the black +walnut or filbert thriving here, or the hickory, because we find them +growing. If you go through southern Michigan and northern Indiana, you +will see the shagbark hickory by the thousands growing along the +railroad. This association should endeavor to get some affirmative data +and distribute it among its members. + +I have a row of Indian hazels. I put them on the side of my garage to +make a sort of a screen because they grow those big crinkling pretty +leaves. That row is probably fifteen feet long. If I had forty acres of +those hazels with the same quantity of nuts on that are on there this +year I could buy another farm. + +MR. OLCOTT: I would like to ask about Evansville, Indiana. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: Evansville, Indiana, is almost exactly on the +thirty-eighth parallel. The Busseron pecan tree grows almost exactly on +the thirty-ninth parallel which is the northern boundary of the District +of Columbia. The big orange groves in California are at the Lancaster +latitude, which shows just how such things twist and turn, how difficult +it is to learn them and why it is going to take a lot of experience to +work them out. + +THE SECRETARY: I knew that Mr. Jones was a very patient and a +very courteous gentleman; but I did not suppose that his patience and +his courtesy would enable him to sit there for nearly a half hour with, +lying in his lap unopened, the new book on nut culture which has just +been published by Dr. Morris, probably the first copy that you or I have +seen. I see that Mr. Jones has finally yielded to temptation and has +uncovered the book. Perhaps that is the book that will supply Mr. +Ritchie's needs. I mention it now because I think that you all ought to +know that such a book has been published by Dr. Morris and that it can +be bought of the MacMillan Company, Publishers, of New York City. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I think Mr. Jones has overlooked the following +on the fly leaf of Dr. Morris's book: + + "_To J. F. Jones, first authority in the world today + on the subject of nut growing. With the compliments + of one of his pupils, Robert T. Morris. + + "New York, October 3, 1921_" + +(Applause). + +THE PRESIDENT: If there is no further discussion along this +particular line, we will now receive the report of the committee on +grades of membership. + +TREASURER BIXBY: The committee recommends that Article II of +the By-Laws be amended so as to read as follows: + +"Annual members shall pay two dollars annually, or three dollars and +twenty-five cents including a year's subscription to the American Nut +Journal. Contributing members shall pay five dollars annually, this +membership including a year's subscription to the American Nut Journal. +Life members shall make one payment of fifty dollars and shall be exempt +from further dues. Honorary members shall be exempt from dues." + +It was moved and seconded that the report of the committee be adopted +and the amendment to the by-laws made as therein recommended. + +(Motion carried unanimously). + +THE TREASURER: I would like to give notice of our intention, at +the next regular meeting, of moving to amend Article III of the +Constitution, by adding to the same the following: + +"There shall be four classes of members: Annual, contributing, life and +honorary. Annual, contributing and life members shall be entitled to all +rights and privileges of the association. Honorary members shall be +entitled to all rights and privileges of the association, excepting +those of holding office and voting at meetings." + +THE PRESIDENT: Notice has been duly made and will be filed in +the proceedings of the session. + +We have with us Prof. F. N. Fagan to whom I am sure you will be glad to +listen at this time in connection with the work that is being carried on +at State College with which institution he is connected. + +PROFESSOR FAGAN: At the Rochester meeting we reported on an +English walnut survey that was made in Pennsylvania. Since that time we +have not done anything except with Mr. Jones's and Mr. Rush's help, to +gather information about the parent trees of which we located definitely +about three thousand and indefinitely probably two thousand more. All of +these trees but one were in bearing. They were seedling trees and as +much variation was found in the trees as we would naturally expect to +find in seedling trees. Our problem is to determine the trees worthy of +propagation. It is necessary also to solve better the propagation +problem. We cannot expect to get any large amount of planting of any of +our nut trees until we can put the trees to the public at a price at +which it will feel that it can afford to invest. To the members of this +association, or to other people vitally interested, two or two and a +half or three dollars is not anything for a good tree; but to the +average planter of home ground or farmstead that is too much money. We +all know that it is not an easy task to propagate these trees and we are +not condemning the nurserymen. We know that they cannot afford to grow a +budded or a grafted tree of known parentage for any less. So the problem +of propagation is one of the largest that we have before us, and it is +one to which our station and I myself are giving all the thought and +time that we can. + +We realize the importance of the nut industry in the state if for no +more than roadside and home planting. Whether commercial planting will +extend through the north with our black walnuts, our butternuts, our +hickories and our English walnuts, to the extent that it has in the +south with the pecan, is a question which time alone can solve. + +We now have new land at the station suitable for the planting of nut +trees. It is going to be the best land that we have on our new farm and +we hope next spring to make a collection planting of varieties. We have +not much money but we can make a start. It is not going to be at a place +that will be set aside and not cared for. It is going to be along the +public road, where we will have to take care of it or we will be +criticised. + +Until we solve our problems of selection and propagation we will go +along at a fair rate of increase in regard to our plantings; but we will +not reach the man who has a piece of ground and who says, "I would like +to plant that ground in walnuts, maybe fifteen or twenty trees but I +cannot put thirty dollars into those trees, or twenty dollars when I can +buy apple trees for twenty cents." + +Yet the future looks just as bright to me as it did the day I started to +make the English walnut survey, just as bright because we will overcome +these obstacles. + +I might close by saying that while we are ready at the college and at +the experiment station to go ahead we are not ready to plunge into any +extensive experiments. It requires money and the money does not come in +such quantities that we can plunge into anything in fact. But we are +ready to begin to build a foundation on which we expect later on to +experiment, and I hope that in ten more years, or in nine more years, if +this association comes back to Pennsylvania, we can invite them to the +experiment station to see what foundations we have laid and what +progress we have made in the experimental work of nut culture. + +THE PRESIDENT: Will there be any discussion on the subject so +ably covered by Prof. Fagan? Are there any questions that you desire to +ask the Professor? + +THE SECRETARY: I would like to ask Prof. Fagan if he has a good +word to say for the English walnut in Pennsylvania and in other parts of +the country as a profitable tree to plant, from the result of his +inspection of the trees of the state. + +PROF. FAGAN: We get a letter probably on an average of once a +week, from some one in the State of Pennsylvania who wants to plant +anywhere from five acres to a hundred acres in English walnuts. We tell +him to go slow, to feel his ground out pretty well and to remember that +he is planting a tree that is a greater feeder, probably, than any other +fruit tree; that it must have food or it won't grow; and instead of +planting a hundred acres to plant maybe half an acre and select the best +varieties that information at the present time indicates, those that +lived through the winter of 1917-1918. + +We have seedling trees in Pennsylvania, that probably date back to near +revolutionary war times; in fact there are some around Germantown that +no doubt were growing at the time of the revolutionary war, around the +old Germantown Academy. Personally I would not hesitate to plant as good +an acre of land as there is in Lancaster County, or ten or twenty or +fifty acres, to the better types of English walnuts that we have today. +It probably would not be profitable in my time; I do not know; but it +certainly would be profitable in the lifetime of my children. I would +not, however, want to plant the nuts on cheap and poor mountain land +where the most of our larger plantings, even of chestnut, have been made +throughout the country, on land that was not worth the attention of +other crops. When people write to us that they have certain types of +land we always tell them if they can grow an average crop of corn, +wheat, clover or potatoes on that land there probably isn't any question +but that if they plant English walnuts they will be successful in +raising some English walnuts. Whether they will raise them profitably or +not is another question. But nothing can take the place of one or two +good trees on every farm, especially in southeastern Pennsylvania. There +isn't much question but that those trees can be grown successfully from +a line through Allentown to the Susquehanna River, and on over to the +general range of the Allegheny Mountains, down to the Mainland and West +Virginia line. Even in our higher elevations of sixteen or eighteen +hundred feet I can show you some good old bearing trees that are ten or +twelve inches in diameter. No dwelling houses there. They are out in the +country and they are high up. + +THE SECRETARY: As has been stated the essential thing in the +successful growing of Persian walnuts, and probably other nuts, is high +fertilization. I believe that many of our failures to grow the Persian +walnut are due to lack of sufficient food. + +THE TREASURER: I do not suppose that any one in the association +has made more of an effort to get better records than I have--at least I +have made a good deal of effort. I have learned that in 1916, if I +remember correctly, the Stabler bore sixteen bushels of hulled nuts and +it was estimated that two were washed away by the rains. In another +year, I was informed the Weiker tree bore twelve bushels. In following +up other trees I found it impossible to get any results. I tried to get +information as to the parent Hales hickory and the most I could learn +was that the family had gathered as high as two or three bushels in one +year. But when I saw that the tree stood on the side of a well traveled +road with only a low stone wall to get over, and that the squirrels were +plentiful and the children undoubtedly likewise, I thought it a wonder +that the Hales got any of the nuts. + +In the case of most of our fine parent nut trees they are either +situated in out-of-the-way places where it is a task to get to them, or +else they are situated on the side of a traveled road where the +passersby are pretty likely to get a great many of the nuts. + +Take the case of the Fairbanks hickory in Alamosa, Iowa. It stands on +the side of the road on top of a hill outside of the limit of the houses +of the town. I do not see how it can help being that a great proportion +of the nuts are picked up by passersby. When we have grafted trees +planted where they can be protected and the crop can be watched we can +get reliable data for our records; but I am afraid that except in a few +instances, we cannot get such data for the parent trees. + +MR. RUSH: California is the leader in the Persian walnut +industry and I think it would be better for us to fall in line and adopt +some of their varieties. I find that they are perfectly hardy here, just +as hardy as are varieties that have been grown here for a hundred years. + +MR. L. N. SPENCER: Right back of the postoffice are some +English walnut trees. They are growing very nicely. They have withstood +all kinds of weather. I have not noticed any dead limbs on the trees nor +any other indications that the climate here is not adapted to the +growing of these trees. We would be glad indeed to show you the trees +if you would come to the postoffice. They are not on ground belonging to +the United States government but on private ground. + +I have been very much interested in your discussion. I came here because +I expect to set out some more nut trees. + +THE PRESIDENT: There are two items of business left for the +convention. One is, receiving the report of the nominating committee; +the other is, to determine upon a place for holding our next convention. +If there is nothing further to be brought before the session by the +members these two items will now receive our consideration. The first of +the two would be the report of the nominating committee. + +MR. OLCOTT: Your nominating committee respectfully reports the +following nominations for officers of the Northern Nut Growers' +Association for the coming fiscal year: + + President--James S. McGlennon, Rochester, N. Y. + Vice-President--J. F. Jones, Lancaster, Pa. + Secretary--William C. Deming, Wilton, Conn. + Treasurer--Willard G. Bixby, Baldwin, N. Y. + +Your committee begs leave to suggest that as the details of an +aggressive campaign to increase the membership of the Association entail +a considerable amount of correspondence and other work, the Secretary +should be relieved to as great an extent as is practicable, and to that +end particular attention should be paid to the selection of a Membership +Committee. It is the belief that this is one of the most important +committees of the Association and that systematic endeavor upon definite +lines should be made to extend the membership; that this work should +begin at once and be maintained earnestly throughout the coming fiscal +year. + + RALPH T. OLCOTT, + J. F. JONES, + JOHN RICK, + C. S. RIDGWAY, + Committee. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I move the adoption of the report. + +(Motion seconded and carried, and the officers therein referred to were +declared elected.) + +THE PRESIDENT: The second item is to determine the place of the +next meeting. A motion would be in order covering that. + +THE TREASURER: Inasmuch as we have in Rochester, New York, an +orchard of filberts which is beginning to bear real crops--and that is +something none of us has ever seen--if Rochester would like to have us +come I move that we go there next year. + +MR. OLCOTT: Rochester would like to have you come. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I was going to ask that the convention be +brought to Rochester next year. I would certainly like to see it there. +I second Mr. Bixby's motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +It was moved and seconded that the next annual convention be held on +September 7 and 8, 1922. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +MR. LITTLEPAGE moved (seconded by Mr. McGlennon) that Mr. +Harrison H. Dodge, Superintendent of Mount Vernon, be elected an +honorary member of this association. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: I desire to say that in this package I have four +seedlings from the walnuts that were supplied from Mount Vernon. A few +of the walnuts left from last year's supply were placed in the hands of +a nurseryman or florist in Saginaw too late for planting--the ground had +become frozen--and those few nuts be placed in pots in his greenhouse. +They grew very vigorously and I have four of those in little earthen +pots for planting this afternoon. + +MR. MCGLENNON: I make a motion that a vote of thanks be +extended to Dr. Morris and the others whose papers were read by our +secretary yesterday morning and that they be notified accordingly. + +SENATOR PENNEY: I second the motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE SECRETARY: I feel that we should express our appreciation +of the efforts of the local committee and the management of this hotel. +I therefore move a vote of thanks to Mr. Rush and Mr. Jones for their +work in the management of this convention, and to the management of the +hotel for the kindness they have shown us. + +MR. LITTLEPAGE: I second the motion. + +(Motion carried unanimously.) + +THE PRESIDENT: We will now adjourn to gather here at two +o'clock in order to go on a sight-seeing trip or excursion around the +city and county and then to Long's Park at 4:30 o'clock for the tree +planting. + + + + +PROCEEDINGS OF THE TREE PLANTING CEREMONIES AT LONG'S PARK, LANCASTER +COUNTY, PA. + +4:30 p. m., October 7, 1921 + +PRESIDENT LINTON: The four young walnut trees that we have +before us are grown from walnuts from trees at Mount Vernon near the +tomb of General Washington. The trees there were planted unquestionably +during the lifetime of Washington, and have grown to be fine specimens +of their particular species. Last fall the ladies of the Mount Vernon +Association gave to the Northern Nut Growers Association all of the +walnuts upon the trees at Washington's home. They divided those nuts +into two lots and the best ones were presented to the association for +the purpose of public planting. Under no circumstances were the nuts to +be commercialized or sold for gain but were to be planted by the school +children of the land, if it could be satisfactorily arranged in the +short time that we had before the end of the planting season. We found +it impossible to distribute these walnuts throughout the country, +although the demand kept coming for them from many states, so they were +distributed first to the district schools outside of the city of Saginaw +in the County of Saginaw and there planted by the school children with +appropriate ceremonies. Then our city schools asked for them and in +every school yard in the city of Saginaw are some Washington walnuts +growing today. Following this distribution to the schools we had still +several bushels of the nuts, and one bushel was presented to what is +known as Merlin Grotto, a branch or division of the Masonic Order. As +General Washington was a member of that organization it seemed fitting +that that society should have some of the nuts. So in the beautiful +grounds outside of our city that are owned and controlled by Merlin +Grotto there were also planted some of these Mount Vernon walnuts. Then +we still had about two dozen of them left, and they were planted in what +is known as the Ezra Rush Park in Saginaw, our largest city park. They +are there in rows to be transplanted this coming spring and will be +again distributed to the schools, or to public places desiring them, as +long as they may last. The four specimens that you have before you, +gentlemen, are from nuts from trees planted during President +Washington's time at his home. We trust that they may live in this +beautiful park in Lancaster and that they may go down in history showing +the source from whence they came. + +PROF. HERBERT H. BECK: Gentlemen: It is a very great privilege +to represent Franklin and Marshall College in extending a word of +greeting as well as comradeship to the Northern Nut Growers' +Association. I use the word comradeship advisedly because we have +interests that are indubitably kindred. Our two institutions are both +concerned with the cultivation of something that will contribute to the +strength and happiness of each as Americans--your institution in the +cultivation of useful trees--our institution in the cultivation of +useful men. It may well be said, show me a man who loves and cultivates +trees and I will show you a man who loves his fellow men and puts that +love into practice. That cannot be said, unfortunately, of every man who +graduates from college. It is to be doubted whether the name of John +Harvey, considered abroad as worthy of a higher place in the annals of +American horticulture, is greater than the name of Johnny Appleseed, the +man who took apple trees out into the frontier of the open road. My only +regret is that I have never been in a position to do so. I can say, +though, with Dr. Holmes, for whose opinion on such things I have a most +profound admiration, that I have an intense, passionate fondness for all +trees in general and for certain trees in particular. When I go out +among the trees I have a kinship there. I am never lonely when I am in a +forest and I cannot say that when I am alone in a big city. I like to +look upon an old tree as a patriarch with not only an honored past but +an interesting story locked up under its bark. As I go to such a place +as Valley Forge, I like to lay my hand on the rough bark of an old tree +and say, "Oh, but that you might tell your tale; you are the only thing +left which looked upon the scene in which a few were crucified that many +might live." Such are the thoughts that come to me when I stand by an +old tree. I like to let my mind run back to the beginnings of trees, to +the pre-historic times when this bed rock was laid down, when all this +region was an inlet or bay from the Atlantic Ocean and the upland was +treeless as our rock record shows. Then there were the beginnings of low +fern-like growth and clotted mass which gradually increased in size +until they assumed the enormous proportions which made the coal beds +possible. And then I like to follow the growth of trees on to the broad +leaf. We have the beginnings of the broad leaf, the sassafras, the +poplars, the maples, and the oaks, and then, as the crowning feature of +the evolutionary process, the nut tree. I like to let my mind run ahead +a bit, particularly at such a time as this when we are setting out new +trees. What sort of people will these trees live to see? Will there be a +decadence of the taste and fondness for trees, which we hope is +growing? Will these trees live to see a race of people who take no +interest in such things except a commercial one, who have no thought for +the beauty of the trees nor for the rights of posterity? Will these +trees perchance live to see an upheaval of the happy affairs which now +exist in this country? In one hundred and fifty years many things can +happen. There is much in the existing turmoil of war conditions that +suggests possible disaster within the next couple of centuries, and +possibly that the fair constitution of Franklin and Washington may be +submerged in a chaos of something that means nothing. The remote +possibility of the invasion of a conquering race to destroy all these +things--but banish the thought. God grant, that these young trees may +grow up to furnish shade and fruit in proper season to thousands of +happy people, that they may always be useful and that they may not live +to see the time when disaster may come to this fair land. + +In closing, gentlemen, I wish to compliment you on what seems to me to +be the excellence of your personnel and organization. I am strongly +impressed with the fact that your organization has a prime scientific +value as well as a profound practical significance. I congratulate you +on these excellent qualities and traits of your association, wish you +all success and thank you for the privilege you have given me. + +DEAN R. L. WATTS: This seems to me almost like a sacred moment. +As I stand here in this circle, the ground upheaved there and that hole +in the ground, I think of something else that we stand around sometimes. +In a very large degree, especially in considering the remarks of +Professor Beck, it is a sacred occasion. What could be more sacred? What +could we regard with greater solemnity than the planting of trees that +will help all mankind. + +Particularly in connection with the planting of young trees I think of +my own boyhood experiences. Whenever I think of the boys and girls in +the woods picking up nuts it is pretty hard for me to think of those +boys and girls going wrong. One of the biggest things we have to look at +in this country is the question of maintaining high standards of manhood +and womanhood. In that the safety of our country rests. + +I wonder why I was asked to speak at this meeting of the Nut Growers' +Association. I do not know whether my friend Professor Fagan suggested +that I be placed on the program or not. Perhaps he had heard about what +happens in my own home. I have never gotten away from liking a little +manual labor. I do not want too much of it but I do like a little of it, +making garden and taking care of the furnace. Mrs. Watts sometimes +blames me for wanting to take care of the furnace in the cellar in the +winter time from the fact that I have always a bag of nuts down there. +When I go down she hears me cracking nuts. From my earliest boyhood days +I have been tremendously interested in the whole nut proposition. What I +have to say here today I have put in written form. + + +A NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR THE PROMOTION OF NUT CULTURE + +_Dean Watts_ + +I am highly honored in being invited to present a paper before the +members of the Northern Nut Growers' Association. + +For twelve years your association has stood for all that is good in +American nut culture. You have considered the different classes and +varieties that are worthy a place in American horticulture. You have +discussed how the various classes may best be propagated and cultivated +and have disseminated whatever information is available concerning the +control of fungous and insect enemies of nut bearing trees. Some of your +members have conducted investigations of great value to the industry and +others have made a special study of the food value of nuts as compared +with other standard foods. The eleven annual reports of the association +are indicative of the broad field of study and service which has been +covered by a zealous and enthusiastic body of nut specialists. + +Surely there is no doubt in the mind of any member of this association +concerning the importance of nut culture in the United States. From the +standpoint of food alone, we are more than justified in waging a +vigorous campaign for the planting of millions of trees. Who can mention +any article of food that is more nutritious, more wholesome, more +delicious than any and all of our native nuts as well as many imported +species? And what other class of trees even approaches the nut as a dual +purpose tree? In fact, as is well known, nut trees have four distinct +values; namely, to furnish food, shade, timber and ornamentation to the +landscape. + +In view of the important place which nut trees should have in American +horticulture, can we not manage in some way to plan and carry out a +comprehensive national program for the promotion of this proposition? +Surely there are thousands of people and hundreds of organizations and +institutions of various kinds which would consider it a privilege to +have a real part in such a worthy cause. + +For one who has been a member of this association for only a few hours, +it may seem a little presumptuous to even suggest a national program for +the promotion of nut culture, to say nothing of what should constitute +such a program. But, running the risk of someone hurling a chestnut burr +at me, I will venture a few suggestions, though they may be as old as +the sweetest of American nuts. + + +RESEARCH + +The great fundamental need of all American agriculture is research. This +statement applies to nut culture more than to any other branch of +horticulture because it has received less attention from well trained +investigators. Much credit is due the members of this association for +their patient and painstaking studies. But instead of having a mere +handful of men devoting their time to nut investigations, there ought to +be several men in each state engaged in working on the numerous problems +of vital importance to the nut industry. + +Prof. Reed of the United States Department of Agriculture should have a +staff of several specialists, in order that he might make greater +progress in working out projects of national importance. The State +Agricultural Experiment Stations have shown very little interest in this +matter. Funds should be made available in each state to undertake nut +investigations that promise results of economic value. However, if the +United States Department of Agriculture and the State Experiment +Stations are to make real expansion in nut investigations, there must be +demands and outside pressure from prominent people; as for example, from +the members of this association. More and more the farmers of the +country are petitioning their Experiment Stations to make certain +studies and it is unlikely that these institutions will do very much for +the nut industry unless the rural population indicate that they want +this line of work included in the experimental program. + +Mr. President, cannot this association block out at least a tentative +nut research program for the whole United States? What are the problems +that should have first consideration? What do you think the Pennsylvania +Agricultural Experiment Station should do for nut culture in this state? +As Director of the Pennsylvania Station, I would like to have this +question answered by the nut enthusiasts of the state. Dr. Fletcher and +Prof. Fagan stand ready to carry out your wishes and I pledge them my +heartiest co-operation. Many of you know that the Pennsylvania Station +is now working under a great handicap financially, but this situation +may change within a few years. + + +TEACHING + +I have been wondering whether all of the Agricultural Colleges give +instruction in nut culture. If they do, just how much consideration is +given to this important matter. It is one thing to give a careful, +thorough, systematic course, covering a whole term or semester but quite +another proposition to give a few disconnected lectures. If a committee +of this association could look into the matter and formulate a +suggestive program for the Colleges, it would stimulate greater interest +in the subject in all of the Agricultural Colleges. + +In this connection let us not lose sight of the fact that the number of +College boys on our farms is increasing very rapidly. Not long ago I +attended a Farm Bureau meeting in Washington County, Pennsylvania, at +which there were twenty-five to thirty young men who had taken +Agricultural courses at The Pennsylvania State College. We can readily +see what an opportunity it is to teach these College boys the benefits +of planting nut bearing trees on their home places. + +Again, we should manage in some way or other to permeate our town and +rural schools with the nut planting spirit. Thousands and thousands of +shade trees are planted where nut trees would be much more desirable. +Every country school ground might well serve as a demonstration center +of the best nut producing trees for that community. If such a scheme +were carried out intelligently, our farmsteads would soon abound with +nut trees. Let us not lose sight of the value of the demonstration idea +in any nut propaganda work that may be undertaken. + + +EXTENSION SERVICE + +The United States has the best and most wonderful system of Agricultural +Extension of any country in the world. Are we using this system to +extend the planting of nut bearing trees. Do we not know of classes and +varieties which may be planted under suitable conditions that will be +certain to give satisfactory results? If so, why not get this +information in definite form before our County Agents and Farm Bureaus +and let them pass it along to the soil tillers. Perhaps the time is not +far off when the Colleges might appoint Nut Extension Specialists who +would work through the County Agents and public schools and handle this +matter in a thorough, effective, systematic manner. Surely we have the +machinery for the dissemination of whatever knowledge is available +relating to the selection, planting and care of nut bearing trees. + + +STATE DEPARTMENTS + +All of the numerous State Departments of Agriculture, Forestry, Game +Conservation, etc., in this and every other state should be vitally +interested in the nut proposition. Perhaps some of the officials in +these State Departments don't realize the possibilities of nut planting? +Is there any way of educating them? For example, our Game Commissioners +are worrying over the disappearance of the chestnut as a source of food +for squirrels. Do they realize that the bush chinquapin might be +substituted with success, in some sections at least? And why not get +game and squirrel lovers and tree planters in general to enthuse about +the planting of black walnuts with a liberal sprinkling of butternuts? +The result would be food for the squirrels, for the kiddies and some for +the old folks, besides useful timber trees and also beautiful roadsides +and farmsteads. + + +THE PRESS + +We ought to manage in some way to get more material relating to nuts +published in country papers and magazines, especially in the farm +papers. Millions of copies of the agricultural papers reach our farm +homes every week. They are read largely by the boys and girls who are +always very much interested in nuts. + + +STATE LAWS + +I do not know how much can be accomplished by passing laws that will +encourage the planting of nut bearing trees, especially along the +roadside. All of us will watch with much interest the Penney Law of +Michigan. A very careful study should be made of this phase of the +problem and then urge the passage of such laws in each state as will be +most favorable to the development of the whole proposition. + + +ASSOCIATIONS + +For real aggressive work we must rely very largely upon numerous +associations, national, state, county and local. This association should +take the lead and many others can render tremendous assistance in +carrying out a national program. Enthusiasts in every community should +see to it that the subject is properly represented at the local meetings +of horticultural associations and other organizations which discuss +rural problems. + +In closing this paper may I again urge the importance of a constructive +research program, if nut culture is to make any considerable progress in +the United States. + + + + +APPENDIX + +Members and others present: E. M. Ives, Meriden, Conn.; Jacob E. Brown, +Elmer, N. J.; Jacob A. Rife, S. J. Rife, J. S. Rittenhouse, Loraine, +Pa.; Christian LeFevre, W. Lampeter, Pa.; John Rick, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel +L. Smedley, Prof. H. H. Beck, J. E. Fortney, J. F. Jones, Harvey A. +Penney, James M. Balthaser, James S. McGlennon, Ralph T. Olcott, John +Watson, J. G. Rush, T. P. Littlepage, Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Ridgway, Prof. +F. N. Fagan, A. C. Pomeroy, C. M. Leiter, Ralph W. Leiter, Elam G. Hess, +W. N. Roper, Mr. and Mrs. W. G. Bixby, Mrs. N. R. Haines, Wilmer +Wescoat, Patrick O'Connor, Postmaster Spencer, Dr. W. C. Deming, W. S. +Linton, J. S. Ritchie, Dr. C. A. Cannaday, Dean R. L. Watts, Mr. and +Mrs. W. C. Rhodes, Ammon P. Fritz, Mr. and Mrs. Blockhauser, D. F. +Clark, Rev. and Mrs. Geo. A. Stauffer, Harry Stuart, Oliver S. Shaefer. + +Exhibits: Black walnuts, Ohio, Stabler from original tree at Brookville, +Md.; Thomas, considered the best of the larger sorts, and perhaps the +best cracker among these, tree a very rapid grower and a good and +reliable bearer; Persian walnut, Alpine, from Benj. Mylin, Willow St. +Pa. grafted tree; Juglans sieboldiana or sieboldi, Japan walnut, rapid +grower and beautiful tree; Juglans cordiformis, Japan walnut, tree +similar to the sieboldiana but a better nut, grafted trees bearing very +early; Indiana pecan from original tree Wabash River bottoms, Oaktown, +Ind.; Niblack pecan from original pecan in Indiana; Weiker hickory +seedlings, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, from seedlings 60 years old from the parent +tree 200 years old at Lampeter, Lancaster Co., Pa., showing marked +variation from the type of the parent tree, which is believed to be a +cross between the shagbark and the shellbark; Kirtland shagbark from +original tree at Yalesville, Ct.; Laney shagbark-bitternut hybrid +from original tree in Rochester, N. Y. city park; Fairbanks +shagbark-bitternut hybrid from topworked tree, original tree near Cedar +Rapids, Iowa; Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 1, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High quality, good size, +prolific. Tree has not blighted to date after twelve years exposure to +blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris +hybrid chestnut No. 2, American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. High +quality, bright color, good size, not so prolific as No. 1 and No. 3 as +it leaves some of the racemes of burrs unfilled. The tree has not +blighted to date after twelve years of exposure to blighting chestnuts +and chinkapins. Leaves, burrs and nuts of Morris hybrid chestnut No. 3, +American sweet chestnut pollen on chinkapin. Many Japanese and Korean +chestnuts were blossoming in the vicinity and this may be an accidental +pollination from them instead of from pollen of the American chestnut. +Quality not so good as that of No. 1 and No. 2. Nut dull in color +instead of bright. Tree prolific, has shown blight but once during +twelve years of exposure among blighting chestnuts and chinkapins. +Blight took place at a place where the tree was injured by a falling +limb from a dying chestnut tree. The blighted spot was cut out and did +not reappear. Filberts, Emperor, Du Chilly, Montebello, Noce Lunghe, +Italian Red, Des Anglais, Red Aveline, Cornucopia, Imperial Daviana; +Nelubium luteum, American lotus, also called water chinkapin, Yonkopin, +etc., an aquatic plant; Nelubium speciosum, Egyptian lotus, much +cultivated for its large, beautiful flowers. + + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Northern Nut Growers Association +Report of the Proceedings at the Twelfth Annual Meeting, by Various + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NORTHERN NUT GROWERS *** + +***** This file should be named 19728.txt or 19728.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/1/9/7/2/19728/ + +Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, E. 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