diff options
| author | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:01:06 -0700 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Roger Frank <rfrank@pglaf.org> | 2025-10-15 05:01:06 -0700 |
| commit | 3930353bbdb66893b024ae6f75f6f21163ce8e8d (patch) | |
| tree | d4c4cf24c68cf128e5b767ae136e39bf8b710bfe | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 3 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-0.txt | 3055 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-0.zip | bin | 0 -> 61278 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-8.txt | 3055 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-8.zip | bin | 0 -> 61240 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-h.zip | bin | 0 -> 69616 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-h/19628-h.html | 2752 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-page-images.zip | bin | 0 -> 2933448 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-pdf.pdf | 5815 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-pdf.zip | bin | 0 -> 145440 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-tei.zip | bin | 0 -> 63136 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628-tei/19628-tei.tei | 3176 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628.txt | 3055 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 19628.zip | bin | 0 -> 61178 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 |
16 files changed, 20924 insertions, 0 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/19628-0.txt b/19628-0.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9e0700b --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-0.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3055 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Siouan Indians + +Author: W. J. McGee + +Release Date: October 23, 2006 [Ebook #19628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + + + +The Siouan Indians + + +A Preliminary Sketch - Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology +to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, Government +Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 153-204 + + +by W. J. McGee + + + + +Edition 1, (October 23, 2006) + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + DEFINITION + EXTENT OF THE STOCK + TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + INSTITUTIONS + BELIEFS + THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + SOMATOLOGY + HABITAT + ORGANIZATION + HISTORY + DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + ¢EGIHA + ʇƆIWE’RE + WINNEBAGO + MANDAN + HIDATSA + THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + GENERAL MOVEMENTS +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + + + + + +THE SIOUAN INDIANS + + +A PRELIMINARY SKETCH(1) + +BY W.J. McGEE + + + + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + + + + +DEFINITION + + + +EXTENT OF THE STOCK + + +Out of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America +above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the tenth +of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths of the +land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, +Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more limited +extent. + +The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the +continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake +Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the +Saskatchewan, while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the +Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters and +warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven by +battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, +though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in one +spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan group, and +none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in wealth of literary +and historical records; for since the advent of white men the Siouan +Indians have played striking rôles on the stage of human development, and +have caught the eye of every thoughtful observer. + +The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and cognate +tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely used. Originally +it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or contempt, applied to a +part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling Algonquian Indians. +According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation of those tribes +which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota ("Friendly," implying +confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation of _Nadowessioux_, a +Canadian-French corruption of _Nadowe-ssi-wag_ ("the snake-like ones" or +"enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian _nadowe_ ("a snake"); and some +writers have applied the designation to different portions of the stock, +while others have rejected it because of the offensive implication or for +other reasons. So long ago as 1836, however, Gallatin employed the term +"Sioux" to designate collectively "the nations which speak the Sioux +language,"(2) and used an alternative term to designate the subordinate +confederacy—i.e., he used the term in a systematic way for the first time +to denote an ethnic unit which experience has shown to be well defined. +Gallatin’s terminology was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and +has been followed by most careful writers on the American Indians. +Accordingly the name must be regarded as established through priority and +prescription, and has been used in the original sense in various standard +publications.(3) + +In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the term +"Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of the allied +tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which the stock is +composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves Dakota. +Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, but as explorers and +pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of the group, it was often +compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," "Yanktonnai-Sioux," +"Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance between white men and red +increased, the stock name was gradually displaced by tribe names until the +colloquial appellation "Sioux" became but a memory or tradition throughout +much of the territory formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of +the reasons for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its +inappropriateness as a designation for the confederacy occupying the +plains of the upper Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious +designation for a people bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. +Moreover, colloquial usage was gradually influenced by the usage of +scholars, who accepted the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by +Gallatin) confederacy, as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, +Prichard, and others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of +use in the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, +to designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either +intern or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied. + +The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains tribes +alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been shown that +certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered by English +colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the plains Indians in +language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale noted a resemblance +between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this resemblance was +discussed orally and in correspondence with several students of Indian +languages, but the probability of direct connection seemed so remote that +the affinity was not generally accepted. Even in 1880, after extended +comparison with Dakota material (including that collected by the newly +instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this distinguished investigator was able +to detect only certain general similarities between the Tutelo tongue and +the dialects of the Dakota tribes.(4) In 1881 Gatschet made a collection +of linguistic material among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and +was struck with the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of +like meaning, and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota +vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe´re, and Hotcañgara +(Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination of all +Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota dialects, with +which he was specially conversant. These examinations and comparisons +demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and Catawba tongues and +showed them to be of common descent; and the establishment of this +relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity suggested by Hale +between the Dakota and Tutelo. + +Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely +offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the +language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western +Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"(5) and consequently +that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward from +a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the Atlantic. +Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians of the Gulf coast +used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and in 1891 Dorsey visited +these Indians and procured a rich collection of words, phrases, and myths, +whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians was established. Meantime +Mooney began researches among the Cherokee and cognate tribes of the +southern Atlantic slope and found fresh evidence that their ancient +neighbors were related in tongue and belief with the buffalo hunters of +the plains; and he has recently set forth the relations of the several +Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full detail.(6) Through the +addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan stock is augmented in +extent and range and enhanced in interest; for the records of a group of +cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully as to afford historical +perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, the course of +tribal differentiation. + +According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians was +especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying the +continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including the +Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of one or more +tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, social, +and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize several additional +groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence of intimate +relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far as made out through +the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, and tribes of +the stock,(7) with their present condition, are as follows: + + 1. _Dakota-Asiniboin_ + +Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot´-ce-ti ca-ko-win ("Seven council-fires") +confederacy, comprising— + + A. Santee, including Mde-wa-kan´-ton-wan ("Spirit Lake village") and + Wa-qpe´-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), mostly located in + Knox county, Nebraska, on the former Santee reservation, with some + oa Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + B. Sisseton or Si-si´-ton-wan´ ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on + Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + C. Wahpetou or Wa´-qpe´-ton-wan ("Dwellers among deciduous trees"), + mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. + D. Yankton or I-hank´-ton-wan ("End village"), in Yankton village, + South Dakota. + E. Yanktonai or I-hank´-ton-wan-na ("Little End village"), comprising— + + a. Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, + with the Pa´-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + b. Lower Yanktonai, or Huñkpatina ("Campers at the horn [or end + of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow Creek reservation, + South Dakota, with some on Standing Bock reservation, North + Dakota, and others on Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + + F. Teton or Ti´-ton-wan ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising— + + a. Brulé or Si-tcan´-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper Brulé, + mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, and Lower Brulé, + on Lower Brulé reservation, in the same state, with some of + both on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, and others on + Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + b. Sans Arcs or I-ta´-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota. + c. Blackfeet or Si-ha´-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Eock + reservation, North Dakota. + d. Minneconjou or Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju ("Plant beside the stream"), + mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, partly on + Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota. + e. Two Kettles or O-o´-he non´-pa ("Two boilings"), on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota. + f. Ogalala or O-gla´-la ("She poured out her own"), mostly on + Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota, including the Wa-ja´-ja + ("Fringed") gens on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and + Loafers or Wa-glu´-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge + reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota. + g. Huñkpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock reservation, + North Dakota. + +Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called +Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the Dakota; an +offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during recent years; +partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly in Canada; comprising in +1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)(8)— + + A. Itscheabiné ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?). + B. Jatonabinè ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently the + leading band. + C. Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?). + D. Otaopabinè ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?). + E. Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people). + F. Watópachnato ("Les gens de l’age"=Ancient people?). + G. Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people). + H. Chábin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people). + + 2. _¢egiha_ ("_People Dwelling here_")(9) + + A. Omaha or U-man-han ("Upstream people"), located on Omaha + reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according to James)(10)— + + a. Honga-sha-no tribe, including— + + 1. Wase-ish-ta band. + 2. Enk-ka-sa-ba band. + 3. Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch bears") band. + 4. Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") band. + 5. Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band. + 6. Hun-guh band. + 7. Kon-za band. + 8. Ta-pa-taj-je band. + + b. Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including— + + 1. Ta-pa-eta-je band. + 2. Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band. + 3. Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band. + 4. Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band. + 5. Wash-a-tung band. + + B. Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian Territory, + partly at Santee agency, Nebraska. + C. Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-ʞa´-qpa ("Downstream people," a correlative of + U-man´-han), the "Arkansa" of early writers, mostly on Osage + reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw reservation, Indian + Territory. + D. (D) Osage or Wa-ca´-ce ("People"), comprising— + + a. Big Osage or Pa-he´-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), on Osage + reservation, Indian Territory. + b. Little Osage or U-ʇsĕɥ´-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") on + Osage reservation, Indian Territory. + c. San-ʇsu´-ʞ¢in(11) ("Campers in the highland grove") or + "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian + Territory. + + E. Kansa or Kan´-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance is + unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, Indian + Territory. + + 3. _ʇɔiwe´re_ ("_People of this place_") + + A. Iowa or Pá-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha + reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox reservation, + Indian Territory. + B. Oto or Wa-to´-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, Indian + Territory. + C. Missouri or Ni-u´-t’a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to refer to + drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption of + Ni-shu´-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri river); on Otoe + reservation, Indian Territory. + + 4. _Winnebago_ + +Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water people"?) or +Ho-tcañ-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"), mostly on Winnebago +reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, and a few in Michigan; +composition never definitely ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to +Schoolcraft(12)) twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.: + + a. Little Mills’ band. + b. Little Dekonie’s band. + c. Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw’s band. + d. Ho-pee-kaw’s band. + e. Waw-kon-haw-kaw’s band. + f. Baptiste’s band. + g. Wee-noo-shik’s band. + h. Con-a-ha-ta-kaw’s band. + i. Paw-sed-ech-kaw’s band. + j. Taw-nu-nuk’s band. + k. Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw’s band. + l. Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw’s band. + m. Watch-ha-ta-kaw’s band. + n. Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw’s band. + o. Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw’s band. + p. Good Thunder’s band. + q. Koog-ay-ray-kaw’s band. + r. Black Hawk’s band. + s. Little Thunder’s band. + t. Naw-key-ku-kaw’s band. + u. O-chin-chin-nu-kaw’s band. + + 5. _Mandan_ + +Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they called themselves +See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People of the pheasants;"(13) Prince +Maximilian says they called themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually +the name of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, "The +Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from the rest of their +nation;(14) of the latter name their common appellation seems to be a +corruption); on Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota, comprising in +1804 (according to Lewis and Clark(15)) three villages— + + a. Matootonha. + b. Rooptahee. + c. __________(Eapanopa’s village). + + 6. _Hidatsa_ + + A. Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, but + appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected with the + division of the group, though supposed by some to refer to + "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross the water," or, + objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold reservation, North + Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according to information gained by + Matthews(16)) three villages— + + a. Hidatsa. + b. Amatìlia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?). + c. Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?). + + B. Crow or Ab-sa´-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana. + + 7. _Biloxi_ + + A. Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks´ Han-ya-di´ + ("Original people" in their own language); partly in Rapides parish, + Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with the Choctaw and Caddo. + B. Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct. + C. ?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct. + + 8. _Monakan_ + +Monakan confederacy. + + A. Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct. + B. Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct. + E. Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct. + +Tutelo. + + A. Tutelo or Ye-san´ (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + B. Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According to Mooney, + the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected or identical, + and the names were used interchangeably, the former becoming more + prominent after the removal of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas + to New York.(17)) + C. Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + +?Manahoac confederacy, extinct. + + A. Manahoac (meaning unknown). + B. Stegarake (meaning unknown). + C. Shackakoni (meaning unknown). + D. Tauxitania (meaning unknown). + E. Ontponi (meaning unknown). + F. Tegniati (meaning unknown). + G. Whonkenti (meaning unknown). + H. Hasinninga (meaning unknown). + + 9. _Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")_ + + A. Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, "Men" in the + comprehensive sense), nearly extinct. + B. Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct. + E. ? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct. + F. ? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct. + G. ? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct. + H. ? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct. + I. ? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + J. ? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct. + K. Santee (meaning unknown). + L. Wateree (derived from the Catawba word watĕrăn, "to float in the + water"). + M. Sewee (meaning unknown). + N. Congaree (meaning unknown). + + 10. _Sara (extinct)_ + + A. Sara ("Tall grass"). + B. Keyauwi (meaning unknown). + + 11. _? Pedee (extinct)_ + + A. Pedee (meaning unknown). + B. Waccamaw (meaning unknown). + C. Winyaw (meaning unknown). + D. "Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?). + +The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended +researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the work of +earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some cases, +notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions is also +satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, Mandan, and +Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than superficial +enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers possessing +little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far as the survivors +of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; but there +is doubt concerning the former limits of the division, and also concerning +the relations of the extinct tribes referred to on slender, yet the best +available, evidence. The classification of the extinct and nearly extinct +Siouan Indians of the east is much less satisfactory. In several cases +languages are utterly lost, and in others a few doubtful terms alone +remain. In these cases affinity is inferred in part from geographic +relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation of tribes and union of +remnants as the aboriginal population faded under the light of brighter +intelligence; and in all such instances it has been assumed that +federation and union grew out of that conformity in mode of thought which +is characteristic of peoples speaking identical or closely related +tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping of eastern tribes rests in part +on meager testimony and is open to question at many points, it is perhaps +the best that can be devised, and suffices for convenience of statement if +not as a final classification. So far as practicable the names adopted for +the tribes, confederacies, and other groups are those in common use, the +aboriginal designations, when distinct, being added in those cases in +which they are known. + +The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between 40,000 and +45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in Canada. + + + +TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + + +In the Siouan stock, as among the American Indians generally, the accepted +appellations for tribes and other groups are variously derived. Many of +the Siouan tribal names were, like the name of the stock, given by alien +peoples, including white men, though most are founded on the descriptive +or other designations used in the groups to which they pertain. At first +glance, the names seem to be loosely applied and perhaps vaguely defined, +and this laxity in application and definition does not disappear, but +rather increases, with closer examination. + +There are special reasons for the indefiniteness of Indian nomenclature: +The aborigines were at the time of discovery, and indeed most of them +remain today, in the prescriptorial stage of culture, i.e., the stage in +which ideas are crystallized, not by means of arbitrary symbols, but by +means of arbitrary associations,(18) and in this stage names are connotive +or descriptive, rather than denotive as in the scriptorial stage. +Moreover, among the Indians, as among all other prescriptorial peoples, +the ego is paramount, and all things are described, much more largely than +among cultured peoples, with reference to the describer and the position +which he occupies—Self and Here, and, if need be, Now and Thus, are the +fundamental elements of primitive conception and description, and these +elements are implied and exemplified, rather than expressed, in thought +and utterance. Accordingly there is a notable paucity in names, especially +for themselves, among the Indian tribes, while the descriptive +designations applied to a given group by neighboring tribes are often +diverse. + +The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are +illustrated among the Siouan peoples. So far as their own tongues were +concerned, the stock was nameless, and could not be designated save +through integral parts. Even the great Dakota confederacy, one of the most +extensive and powerful aboriginal organizations, bore no better +designation than a term probably applied originally to associated tribes +in a descriptive way and perhaps used as a greeting or countersign, +although there was an alternative proper descriptive term.—"Seven +Council-fires"—apparently of considerable antiquity, since it seems to +have been originally applied before the separation of the Asiniboin.(19) +In like manner the ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe’re, and Hotcañgara groups, and perhaps +the Niya, were without denotive designations for themselves, merely +styling themselves "Local People," "Men," "Inhabitants," or, still more +ambitiously, "People of the Parent Speech," in terms which are variously +rendered by different interpreters; they were lords in their own domain, +and felt no need for special title. Different Dakota tribes went so far as +to claim that their respective habitats marked the middle of the world, so +that each insisted on precedence as the leading tribe,(20) and it was the +boast of the Mandan that they were the original people of the earth.(21) +In the more carefully studied confederacies the constituent groups +generally bore designations apparently used for convenient distinction in +the confederation; sometimes they were purely descriptive, as in the case +of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Oto, and several others; +again they referred to the federate organization (probably, possibly to +relative position of habitat), as in the Yankton, Yanktonai, and Huñkpapa; +more frequently they referred to geographic or topographic position, e.g., +Teton, Omaha, Pahe’tsi, Kwapa, etc; while some appear to have had a +figurative or symbolic connotation, as Brulé, Ogalala, and Ponka. Usually +the designations employed by alien peoples were more definite than those +used in the group designated, as illustrated by the stock name, Asiniboin, +and Iowa. Commonly the alien appellations were terms of reproach; thus +Sioux, Biloxi, and Hohe (the Dakota designation for the Asiniboin) are +clearly opprobrious, while Paskagula might easily be opprobrious among +hunters and warriors, and Iowa and Oto appear to be derogatory or +contemptuous expressions. The names applied by the whites were sometimes +taken from geographic positions, as in the case of Upper Yanktonai and +Cape Fear—the geographic names themselves being frequently of Indian +origin. Some of the current names represent translations of the aboriginal +terms either into English ("Blackfeet," "Two Kettles," "Crow,") or into +French ("Sans Arcs," "Brulé"," "Gros Ventres"); yet most of the names, at +least of the prairie tribes, are simply corruptions of the aboriginal +terms, though frequently the modification is so complete as to render +identification and interpretation difficult—it is not easy to find Waca’ce +in "Osage" (so spelled by the French, whose orthography was adopted and +mispronounced by English-speaking pioneers), or Pa’qotce in "Iowa." + +The meanings of most of the eastern names are lost; yet so far as they are +preserved they are of a kind with those of the interior. So, too, are the +subtribal names enumerated by Dorsey. + + + +PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + + +PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + + +The Siouan stock is defined by linguistic characters. The several tribes +and larger and smaller groups speak dialects so closely related as to +imply occasional or habitual association, and hence to indicate community +in interests and affinity in development; and while the arts (reflecting +as they did the varying environment of a wide territorial range) were +diversified, the similarity in language was, as is usual, accompanied by +similarity in institutions and beliefs. Nearly all of the known dialects +are eminently vocalic, and the tongues of the plains, which have been most +extensively studied, are notably melodious; thus the leading languages of +the group display moderately high phonetic development. In grammatic +structure the better-known dialects are not so well developed; the +structure is complex, chiefly through the large use of inflection, though +agglutination sometimes occurs. In some cases the germ of organization is +found in fairly definite juxtaposition or placement. The vocabulary is +moderately rich, and of course represents the daily needs of a primitive +people, their surroundings, their avocations, and their thoughts, while +expressing little of the richer ideation of cultured cosmopolites. On the +whole, the speech of the Siouan stock may be said to have been fairly +developed, and may, with the Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Shoshonean, be +regarded as typical for the portion of North America lying north of +Mexico. Fortunately it has been extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, +Dorsey, and several others, including distinguished representatives of +some of the tribes, and is thus accessible to students. The high phonetic +development of the Siouan tongues reflects the needs and records the +history of the hunter and warrior tribes, whose phonetic symbols were +necessarily so differentiated as to be intelligible in whisper, oratory, +and war cry, as well as in ordinary converse, while the complex structure +is in harmony with the elaborate social organization and ritual of the +Siouan people. + +Many of the Siouan Indians were adepts in the sign language; indeed, this +mode of conveying intelligence attained perhaps its highest development +among some of the tribes of this stock, who, with other plains Indians, +developed pantomime and gesture into a surprisingly perfect art of +expression adapted to the needs of huntsmen and warriors. + +Most of the tribes were fairly proficient in pictography; totemic and +other designs were inscribed on bark and wood, painted on skins, wrought +into domestic wares, and sometimes carved on rocks. Jonathan Carver gives +an example of picture-writing on a tree, in charcoal mixed with bear’s +grease, designed to convey information from the "Chipe’ways" (Algonquian) +to the "Naudowessies,"(22) and other instances of intertribal +communication by means of pictography are on record. Personal decoration +was common, and was largely symbolic; the face and body were painted in +distinctive ways when going on the warpath, in organizing the hunt, in +mourning the dead, in celebrating the victory, and in performing various +ceremonials. Scarification and maiming were practiced by some of the +tribes, always in a symbolic way. Among the Mandan and Hidatsa scars were +produced in cruel ceremonials originally connected with war and hunting, +and served as enduring witnesses of courage and fortitude. Symbolic +tattooing was fairly common among the westernmost tribes. Eagle and other +feathers were worn as insignia of rank and for other symbolic purposes, +while bear claws and the scalps of enemies were worn as symbols of the +chase and battle. Some of the tribes recorded current history by means of +"winter counts" or calendaric inscriptions, though their arithmetic was +meager and crude, and their calendar proper was limited to recognition of +the year, lunation, and day—or, as among so many primitive people, the +"snow," "dead moon," and "night,"—with no definite system of fitting +lunations to the annual seasons. Most of the graphic records were +perishable, and have long ago disappeared; but during recent decades +several untutored tribesmen have executed vigorous drawings representing +hunting scenes and conflicts with white soldiery, which have been +preserved or reproduced. These crude essays in graphic art were the germ +of writing, and indicate that, at the time of discovery, several Siouan +tribes were near the gateway opening into the broader field of scriptorial +culture. So far as it extends, the crude graphic symbolism betokens +warlike habit and militant organization, which were doubtless measurably +inimical to further progress. + +It would appear that, in connection with their proficiency in gesture +speech and their meager graphic art, the Siouan Indians had become masters +in a vaguely understood system of dramaturgy or symbolized conduct. Among +them the use of the peace-pipe was general; among several and perhaps all +of the tribes the definite use of insignia was common; among them the +customary hierarchic organization of the aborigines was remarkably +developed and was maintained by an elaborate and strict code of etiquette +whose observance was exacted and yielded by every tribesman. Thus the +warriors, habituated to expressing and recognizing tribal affiliation and +status in address and deportment, were notably observant of social +minutiæ, and this habit extended into every activity of their lives. They +were ceremonious among themselves and crafty toward enemies, tactful +diplomatists as well as brave soldiers, shrewd strategists as well as +fierce fighters; ever they were skillful readers of human nature, even +when ruthless takers of human life. Among some of the tribes every +movement and gesture and expression of the male adult seems to have been +affected or controlled with the view of impressing spectators and +auditors, and through constant schooling the warriors became most +consummate actors. To the casual observer, they were stoics or stupids +according to the conditions of observation; to many observers, they were +cheats or charlatans; to scientific students, their eccentrically +developed volition and the thaumaturgy by which it was normally +accompanied suggests early stages in that curious development which, in +the Orient, culminates in necromancy and occultism. Unfortunately this +phase of the Indian character (which was shared by various tribes) was +little appreciated by the early travelers, and little record of it +remains; yet there is enough to indicate the importance of constantly +studied ceremony, or symbolic conduct, among them. The development of +affectation and self-control among the Siouan tribesmen was undoubtedly +shaped by warlike disposition, and their stoicism was displayed largely in +war—as when the captured warrior went exultingly to the torture, taunting +and tempting his captors to multiply their atrocities even until his +tongue was torn from its roots, in order that his fortitude might be +proved; but the habit was firmly fixed and found constant expression in +commonplace as well as in more dramatic actions. + + +INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + + +Since the arts of primitive people reflect environmental conditions with +close fidelity, and since the Siouan Indians were distributed over a vast +territory varying in climate, hydrography, geology, fauna, and flora, +their industrial and esthetic arts can hardly be regarded as distinctive, +and were indeed shared by other tribes of all neighboring stocks. + +The best developed industries were hunting and warfare, though all of the +tribes subsisted in part on fruits, nuts, berries, tubers, grains, and +other vegetal products, largely wild, though sometimes planted and even +cultivated in rude fashion. The southwestern tribes, and to some extent +all of the prairie denizens and probably the eastern remnant, grew maize, +beans, pumpkins, melons, squashes, sunflowers, and tobacco, though their +agriculture seems always to have been subordinated to the chase. +Aboriginally, they appear to have had no domestic animals except dogs, +which, according to Carver—one of the first white men seen by the prairie +tribes,—were kept for their flesh, which was eaten ceremonially,(23) and +for use in the chase.(24) According to Lewis and Clark (1804-1806), they +were used for burden and draft;(25) according to the naturalists +accompanying Long’s expedition (1819-20), for flesh (eaten ceremonially +and on ordinary occasions), draft, burden, and the chase,(26) and +according to Prince Maximilian, for food and draft,(27) all these +functions indicating long familiarity with the canines. Catlin, too, found +"dog’s meat ... the most honorable food that can be presented to a +stranger;" it was eaten ceremonially and on important occasions.(28) +Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his harness are ancient and even +archaic, and some of the most important ceremonials were connected with +this animal,(29) implying long-continued association. Casual references +indicate that some of the tribes lived in mutual tolerance with several +birds(30) and mammals not yet domesticated (indeed the buffalo may be said +to have been in this condition), so that the people were at the threshold +of zooculture. + +The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, and +antler. According to Carver, the "Nadowessie" were skillful bowmen, using +also the "casse-tête"(31) or warclub, and a flint scalping-knife. Catlin +was impressed with the shortness of the bows used by the prairie tribes, +though among the southwestern tribes they were longer. Many of the Siouan +Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. The domestic utensils were +scant and simple, as became wanderers and fighters, wood being the common +material, though crude pottery and basketry were manufactured, together +with bags and bottles of skins or animal intestines. Ceremonial objects +were common, the most conspicuous being the calumet, carved out of the +sacred pipestone or catlinite quarried for many generations in the midst +of the Siouan territory. Frequently the pipes were fashioned in the form +of tomahawks, when they carried a double symbolic significance, standing +alike for peace and war, and thus expressing well the dominant idea of the +Siouan mind. Tobacco and kinnikinic (a mixture of tobacco with shredded +bark, leaves, etc(32)) were smoked. + +Aboriginally the Siouan apparel was scanty, commonly comprising +breechclout, moccasins, leggings, and robe, and consisted chiefly of +dressed skins, though several of the tribes made simple fabrics of bast, +rushes, and other vegetal substances. Fur robes and rush mats commonly +served for bedding, some of the tribes using rude bedsteads. The +buffalo-hunting prairie tribes depended largely for apparel, bedding, and +habitations, as well as for food, on the great beast to whose comings and +goings their movements were adjusted. Like other Indians, the Siouan +hunters and their consorts quickly availed themselves of the white man’s +stuffs, as well as his metal implements, and the primitive dress was soon +modified. + +The woodland habitations were chiefly tent-shape structures of saplings +covered with bark, rush mats, skins, or bushes; the prairie habitations +were mainly earth lodges for winter and buffalo-skin tipis for summer. +Among many of the tribes these domiciles, simple as they were, were +constructed in accordance with an elaborate plan controlled by ritual. +According to Morgan, the framework of the aboriginal Dakota house +consisted of 13 poles;(33) and Dorsey describes the systematic grouping of +the tipis belonging to different gentes and tribes. Sudatories were +characteristic in most of the tribes, menstrual lodges were common, and +most of the more sedentary tribes had council houses or other communal +structures. The Siouan domiciles were thus adapted with remarkable +closeness to the daily habits and environment of the tribesmen, while at +the same time they reflected the complex social organization growing out +of their prescriptorial status and militant disposition. + +Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were fine swimmers, though +they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers and managers +of water craft. The Dakota women made coracles of buffalo hides, in which +they transported themselves and their householdry, but the use of these +and other craft seems to have been regarded as little better than a +feminine weakness. Other tribes were better boatmen; for the Siouan Indian +generally preferred land travel to journeying by water, and avoided the +burden of vehicles by which his ever-varying movements in pursuit of game +or in waylaying and evading enemies would have been limited and +handicapped. + +There are many indications and some suggestive evidences that the chief +arts and certain institutions and beliefs, as well as the geographic +distribution, of the principal Siouan tribes were determined by a single +conspicuous feature in their environment—the buffalo. As Riggs, Hale, and +Dorsey have demonstrated, the original home of the Siouan stock lay on the +eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, stretching down over the +Piedmont and Coastplain provinces to the shores of the Atlantic between +the Potomac and the Savannah. As shown by Allen, the buffalo, "prior to +the year 1800," spread eastward across the Appalachians(34) and into the +priscan territory of the Siouan tribes. As suggested by Shaler, the +presence of this ponderous and peaceful animal materially affected the +vocations of the Indians, tending to discourage agriculture and encourage +the chase; and it can hardly be doubted that the bison was the bridge that +carried the ancestors of the western tribes from the crest of the +Alleghenies to the Côteau des Prairies and enabled them to disperse so +widely over the plains beyond. Certainly the toothsome flesh and useful +skins must have attracted the valiant huntsmen among the Appalachians; +certainly the feral herds must have become constantly larger and more +numerous westward, thus tempting the pursuers down the waterways toward +the great river; certainly the vast herds beyond the Mississippi gave +stronger incentives and richer rewards than the hunters of big game found +elsewhere; and certainly when the prairie tribes were discovered, the men +and animals lived in constant interaction, and many of the hunters acted +and thought only as they were moved by their easy prey. As the Spanish +horse spread northward over the Llano Estacado and overflowed across the +mountains from the plains of the Cayuse, the Dakota and other tribes found +a new means of conquest over the herds, and entered on a career so facile +that they increased and multiplied despite strife and imported disease. + +The horse was acquired by the prairie tribes toward the end of the last +century. Carver (1766-1768) describes the methods of hunting among the +"Naudowessie" without referring to the horse,(35) though he gives their +name for the animal in his vocabulary,(36) and describes their mode of +warfare with "Indians that inhabit still farther to the westward a country +which extends to the South Sea," having "great plenty of horses."(37) +Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) mention that the "Sioux of the Teton tribe ... +frequently make excursions to steal horses" from the Mandan,(38) and make +other references indicating that the horse was in fairly common use among +some of the Siouan tribes, though the animal was "confined principally to +the nations inhabiting the great plains of the Columbia,"(39) and dogs +were still used for burden and draft.(40) Grinnell learned from an aged +Indian that horses came into the hands of the neighboring Piegan +(Algonquian) about 1804-1806.(41) Long’s naturalists found the horse, ass, +and mule in use among the Kansa and other tribes,(42) and described the +mode of capture of wild horses by the Osage;(43) yet when, two-thirds of a +century after Carver, Catlin (1832-1839) and Prince Maximilian (1833-34) +visited the Siouan territory, they found the horse established and in +common use in the chase and in war.(44) It is significant that the Dakota +word for horse (śuk-taɲ’-ka or śuɲ-ka’-wa-kaɲ) is composed of the word for +dog (śuɲ’-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness, or mystery, +so that the horse is literally "great mysterious dog," or "ancient sacred +dog," and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances +correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft +animal.(45) This terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog +was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the +horse. + +Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements absorbed a +considerable part of the time and energy of the old and young of both +sexes. Among the young, the gambols, races, and other sports were chiefly +or wholly diversional, and commonly mimicked the avocations of the adults. +The girls played at the building and care of houses and were absorbed in +dolls, while the boys played at archery, foot racing, and mimic hunting, +which soon grew into the actual chase of small birds and animals. Some of +the sports of the elders were unorganized diversions, leaping, racing, +wrestling, and other spontaneous expressions of exuberance. Certain +diversions were controlled by more persistent motive, as when the idle +warrior occupied his leisure in meaningless ornamentation of his garment +or tipi, or spent hours of leisure in esthetic modification of his weapon +or ceremonial badge, and to this purposeless activity, which engendered +design with its own progress, the incipient graphic art of the tribes was +largely due. The more important and characteristic sports were organized +and interwoven with social organization and belief so as commonly to take +the form of elaborate ceremonial, in which dancing, feasting, fasting, +symbolic painting, song, and sacrifice played important parts, and these +organized sports were largely fiducial. To many of the early observers the +observances were nothing more than meaningless mummeries; to some they +were sacrilegious, to others sortilegious; to the more careful students, +like Carver, whose notes are of especial value by reason of the author’s +clear insight into the Indian character, they were invocations, +expiations, propitiations, expressing profound and overpowering devotion. +Carver says of the "Naudowessie," "They usually dance either before or +after every meal; and by this cheerfulness, probably, render the Great +Spirit, to whom they consider themselves as indebted for every good, a +more acceptable sacrifice than a formal and unanimated thanksgiving;"(46) +and he proceeds to describe the informal dances as well as the more formal +ceremonials preparatory to joining in the chase or setting out on the +warpath. The ceremonial observances of the Siouan tribes were not +different in kind from those of neighboring contemporaries, yet some of +them were developed in remarkable degree—for example, the bloody rites by +which youths were raised to the rank of warriors in some of the prairie +tribes were without parallel in severity among the aborigines of America, +or even among the known primitive peoples of the world. So the sports of +the Siouan Indians were both diversional and divinatory, and the latter +were highly organized in a manner reflecting the environment of the +tribes, their culture-status, their belief, and especially their +disposition toward bloodshed; for their most characteristic ceremonials +were connected, genetically if not immediately, with warfare and the +chase. + +Among many of the Siouan tribes, games of chance were played habitually +and with great avidity, both men and women becoming so absorbed as to +forget avocations and food, mothers even neglecting their children; for, +as among other primitive peoples, the charm of hazard was greater than +among the enlightened. The games were not specially distinctive, and were +less widely differentiated than in certain other Indian stocks. The sport +or game of chungke stood high in favor among the young men in many of the +tribes, and was played as a game partly of chance, partly of skill; but +dice games (played with plum stones among the southwestern prairie tribes) +were generally preferred, especially by the women, children, and older +men. The games were partly, sometimes wholly, diversional, but generally +they were in large part divinatory, and thus reflected the hazardous +occupations and low culture-status of the people. One of the evils +resulting from the advent of the whites was the introduction of new games +of chance which tended further to pervert the simple Siouan mind; but in +time the evil brought its own remedy, for association with white gamblers +taught the ingenuous sortilegers that there is nothing divine or sacred +about the gaming table or the conduct of its votaries. + +The primitive Siouan music was limited to the chant and rather simple +vocal melody, accompanied by rattle, drum, and flute, the drum among the +northwestern tribes being a skin bottle or bag of water. The music of the +Omaha and some other tribes has been most appreciatively studied by Miss +Fletcher, and her memoir ranks among the Indian classics.(47) In general +the Siouan music was typical for the aboriginal stocks of the northern +interior. Its dominant feature was rhythm, by which the dance was +controlled, though melody was inchoate, while harmony was not yet +developed. + +The germ of painting was revealed in the calendars and the seed of +sculpture in the carvings of the Sionan Indians. The pictographic +paintings comprised not only recognizable but even vigorous +representations of men and animals, depicted in form and color though +without perspective, while the calumet of catlinite was sometimes chiseled +into striking verisimilitude of human and animal forms in miniature. To +the collector these representations suggest fairly developed art, though +to the Indian they were mainly, if not wholly, symbolic; for everything +indicates that the primitive artisan had not yet broken the shackles of +fetichistic symbolism, and had little conception of artistic portrayal for +its own sake. + + +INSTITUTIONS + + +Among civilized peoples, institutions are crystallized in statutes about +nuclei of common law or custom; among peoples in the prescriptorial +culture-stage statutes are unborn, and various mnemonic devices are +employed for fixing and perpetuating institutions; and, as is usual in +this stage, the devices involve associations which appear to be +essentially arbitrary at the outset, though they tend to become natural +through the survival of the fittest. A favorite device for perpetuating +institutions among the primitive peoples of many districts on different +continents is the taboo, or prohibition, which is commonly fiducial but is +often of general application. This device finds its best development in +the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected +with totemism. Another device, which is remarkably widespread, as shown by +Morgan, is kinship nomenclature. This device rests on a natural and easily +ascertained basis, though its applications are arbitrary and vary widely +from tribe to tribe and from culture-status to culture-status. A third +device, which found much favor among the American aborigines and among +some other primitive peoples, may be called _ordination_, or the +arrangement of individuals and groups classified from the prescriptorial +point of view of Self, Here, and Now, with respect to each other or to +some dominant personage or group. This device seems to have grown out of +the kin-name system, in which the Ego is the basis from which relation is +reckoned. It tends to develop into federate organization on the one hand +or into caste on the other hand, according to the attendant +conditions.(48) There are various other devices for fixing and +perpetuating institutions or for expressing the laws embodied therein. +Some of these are connected with thaumaturgy and shamanism, some are +connected with the powers of nature, and the several devices overlap and +interlace in puzzling fashion. + +Among the Siouan Indians the devices of taboo, kin-names, and ordination +are found in such relation as to throw some light on the growth of +primitive institutions. While they blend and are measurably involved with +thaumaturgic devices, there are indications that in a general way the +three devices stand for stages in the development of law. Among the +best-known tribes the taboo pertained to the clan, and was used (in a much +more limited way than among some other peoples) to commemorate and +perpetuate the clan organization; kin-names, which were partly natural and +thus normal to the clan organization, and at the same time partly +artificial and thus characteristic of gentile organization, served to +commemorate and perpetuate not only the family relations but the relations +of the constituent elements of the tribe; while the ordination, expressed +in the camping circle, in the phratries, in the ceremonials, and in many +other ways, served to commemorate intertribal as well as intergentile +relations, and thus to promote peace and harmonious action. It is +significant that the taboo was less potent among the Siouan Indians than +among some other stocks, and that among some tribes it has not been found; +and it is especially significant that in some instances the taboo was +apparently inversely related to kin-naming and ordination, as among the +Biloxi, where the taboo is exceptionally weak and kin-naming exceptionally +strong, and among the Dakota, where the system of ordination attained +perhaps its highest American development in domiciliary arrangement, while +the taboo was limited in function; for the relations indicate that the +taboo was archaic or even vestigial. It is noteworthy also that among most +of the Siouan tribes the kin-name system was less elaborate than in many +other stocks, while the system of ordination is so elaborate as to +constitute one of the leading characteristics of the stock. + +At the time of the discovery, most of the Siouan tribes had apparently +passed into gentile organization, though vestiges of clan organization +were found—e.g., among the best-known tribes the man was the head of the +family, though the tipi usually belonged to the woman. Thus, as defined by +institutions, the stock was just above savagery and just within the lower +stages of barbarism. Accordingly the governmental functions were +hereditary in the male line, yet the law of heredity was subject to +modification or suspension at the will of the group, commonly at the +instance of rebels or usurpers of marked prowess or shrewdness. The +property regulations were definite and strictly observed; as among other +barbarous peoples, the land was common to the tribe or other group +occupying it, yet was defended against alien invasion; the ownership of +movable property was a combination of communalism and individualism +delicately adjusted to the needs and habits of the several tribes— in +general, evanescent property, such as food and fuel, was shared in common +(subject to carefully regulated individual claims), while permanent +property, such as tipis, dogs, apparel, weapons, etc, was held by +individuals. As among other tribes, the more strictly personal property +was usually destroyed on the death of the owner, though the real reason +for the custom—the prevention of dispute—was shrouded in a mantle of +mysticism. + +Although of primary importance in shaping the career of the Siouan tribes, +the marital institutions of the stock were not specially distinctive. +Marriage was usually effected by negotiation through parents or elders; +among some of the tribes the bride was purchased, while among others there +was an interchange of presents. Polygyny was common; in several of the +tribes the bride’s sisters became subordinate wives of the husband. The +regulations concerning divorce and the punishment of infidelity were +somewhat variable among the different tribes, some of whom furnished +temporary wives to distinguished visitors. Generally there were sanctions +for marriage by elopement or individual choice. In every tribe, so far as +known, gentile exogamy prevailed—i.e., marriage in the gens was forbidden, +under pain of ostracism or still heavier penalty, while the gentes +intermarried among one another; in some cases intermarriage between +certain tribes was regarded with special favor. There seems to have been +no system of marriage by capture, though captive women were usually +espoused by the successful tribesmen, and girls were sometimes abducted. +In general it would appear that intergentile and intertribal marriage was +practiced and sanctioned by the sages, and that it tended toward harmony +and federation, and thus contributed much toward the increase and +diffusion of the great Siouan stock. + +As set forth in some detail by Dorsey, the ordination of the Siouan tribes +extended beyond the hierarchic organization into families, subgentes, +gentes, tribes, and confederacies; there were also phratries, sometimes +(perhaps typically) arranged in pairs; there were societies or +associations established on social or fiducial bases; there was a general +arrangement or classification of each group on a military basis, as into +soldiers and two or more classes of noncombatants, etc. Among the Siouan +peoples, too, the individual brotherhood of the David-Jonathan or +Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed. Thus the corporate +institutions were interwoven and superimposed in a manner nearly as +complex as that found in the national, state, municipal, and minor +institutions of civilization; yet the ordination preserved by means of the +camping circle, the kinship system, the simple series of taboos, and the +elaborate symbolism was apparently so complete as to meet every social and +governmental demand. + + +BELIEFS + + +THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + + +As explained by Powell, philosophies and beliefs may be seriated in four +stages: The first stage is hecastotheism; in this stage extranatural or +mysterious potencies are imputed to objects both animate and inanimate. +The second stage is zootheism; within it the powers of animate forms are +exaggerated and amplified into the realm of the supernal, and certain +animals are deified. The third stage is that of physitheism, in which the +agencies of nature are personified and exalted unto omnipotence. The +fourth stage is that of psychotheism, which includes the domain of +spiritual concept. In general the development of belief coincides with the +growth of abstraction; yet it is to be remembered that this growth +represents increase in definiteness of the abstract concepts rather than +augmentation in numbers and kinds of subjective impressions, i.e., the +advance is in quality rather than in quantity; indeed, it would almost +appear that the vague and indefinite abstraction of hecastotheism is more +pervasive and prevalent than the clearer abstraction of higher stages. +Appreciation of the fundamental characteristics of belief is essential to +even the most general understanding of the Indian mythology and +philosophy, and even after careful study it is difficult for thinkers +trained in the higher methods of thought to understand the crude and +confused ideation of the primitive thinker. + +In hecastotheism the believer finds mysterious properties and potencies +everywhere. To his mind every object is endued with occult power, moved by +a vague volition, actuated by shadowy motive ranging capriciously from +malevolence to benevolence; in his lax estimation some objects are more +potent or more mysterious than others, the strong, the sharp, the hard, +and the swift-moving rising superior to the feeble, the dull, the soft, +and the slow. Commonly he singles out some special object as his personal, +family, or tribal mystery-symbol or fetich, the object usually +representing that which is most feared or worst hated among his +surroundings. Vaguely realizing from the memory of accidents or unforeseen +events that he is dependent on his surroundings, he invests every feature +of his environment with a capricious humor reflecting his own disposition, +and gives to each and all a subtlety and inscrutability corresponding to +his exalted estimation of his own craft in the chase and war; and, +conceiving himself to live and move only at the mercy of his multitudinous +associates, he becomes a fatalist—kismet is his watchword, and he meets +defeat and death with resignation, just as he goes to victory with +complacence; for so it was ordained. + +Zootheism is the offspring of hecastotheism. As the primitive believer +assigns special potency or mystery to the strong and the swift, he +gradually comes to give exceptional rank to self-moving animals; as his +experience of the strength, alertness, swiftness, and courage of his +animate enemy or prey increases, these animals are invested with +successively higher and higher attributes, each reflecting the mental +operations of the mystical huntsman, and in time the animals with which +the primitive believers are most intimately associated come to be regarded +as tutelary daimons of supernatural power and intelligence. At first the +animals, like the undifferentiated things of hecastotheism, are regarded +in fear or awe by reason of their strength and ferocity, and this regard +grows into an incipient worship in the form of sacrifice or other +ceremonial; meanwhile, inanimate things, and in due season rare and +unimportant animals, are neglected, and a half dozen, a dozen, or a score +of the well-known animals are exalted into a hierarchy of petty gods, +headed by the strongest like the bear, the swiftest like the deer, the +most majestic like the eagle, the most cunning like the fox or coyote, or +the most deadly like the rattlesnake. Commonly the arts and the skill of +the mystical huntsman improve from youth to adolescence and from +generation to generation, so that the later animals appear to be easier +snared or slain than the earlier; moreover, the accounts of conflicts +between men and animals grow by repetition and are gilded by imagination +as memory grows dim; and for these and other reasons the notion grows up +that the ancient animals were stronger, swifter, slier, statelier, +deadlier than their modern representatives, and the hierarchy of petty +gods is exalted into an omnipotent thearchy. Eventually, in the most +highly developed zootheistic systems, the leading beast-god is regarded as +the creator of the lesser deities of the earth, sun, and sky, of the +mythic under-world and its real counterpart the ground or mid-world, as +well as the visionary upper-world, of men, and of the ignoble animals; +sometimes the most exalted beast-god is worshiped especially by the great +man or leading class and incidentally by all, while other men and groups +choose the lesser beast-gods, according to their rank, for special +worship. In hecastotheism the potencies revered or worshiped are +polymorphic, while their attributes reflect the mental operations of the +believers; in zootheism the deities worshiped are zoomorphic, and their +attributes continue to reflect the human mind. + +Physitheism, in its turn, springs from zootheism. Through contemplation of +the strong the idea of strength arises, and a means is found for bringing +the bear into analogy with thunder, with the sun, or with the +avalanche-bearing mountain; through contemplation of the swift the concept +of swiftness is engendered, and comparison of the deer with the wind or +rushing river is made easy; through contemplation of the deadly stroke of +the rattlesnake the notion of death-dealing power assumes shape, and +comparison of the snake bite and the lightning stroke is made possible; +and in every case it is inevitably perceived that the agency is stronger, +swifter, deadlier than the animal. At first the agency is not abstracted +or dissociated from the parent zootheistic concept, and the sun is the +mightiest animal as among many peoples, the thunder is the voice of the +bear as among different woodland tribes or the flapping of the wings of +the great ancient eagle as among the Dakota and ¢egiha, while lightning is +the great serpent of the sky as among the Zuñi. Subsequently the zoic +concept fades, and the constant association of human intellectual +qualities engenders an anthropic concept, when the sun becomes an +anthropomorphic deity (perhaps bearing a dazzling mask, as among the +Zuñi), and thunder is the rumbling of quoits pitched by the shades of +old-time giants, as among different American tribes. Eventually all the +leading agencies of nature are personified in anthropic form, and retain +the human attributes of caprice, love, and hate which are found in the +minds of the believers. + +Psychotheism is born of physitheism as the anthropomorphic element in the +concept of natural agency gradually fades; but since none of the +aborigines of the United States had passed into the higher stage, the mode +of transition does not require consideration. + +It is to be borne in mind that throughout the course of development of +belief, from the beginning of hecastotheism into the borderland of +psychotheism, the dominant characteristic is the vague notion of mystery. +At first the mystery pervades all things and extends in all directions, +representing an indefinite ideal world, which is the counterpart of the +real world with the addition of human qualities. Gradually the mystery +segregates, deepening with respect to animals and disappearing with +respect to inanimate things; and at length the slowly changing mysteries +shape themselves into semiabstractions having a strong anthropic cast, +while the remainder of the earth and the things thereof gradually become +real, though they remain under the spell and dominion of the mysterious. +Thus at every stage the primitive believer is a mystic—a fatalist in one +stage, a beast worshiper in another, a thaumaturgist in a third, yet ever +and first of all a mystic. It is also to be borne in mind (and the more +firmly because of a widespread misapprehension) that the primitive +believer, up to the highest stage attained by the North American Indian, +is not a psychotheist, much less a monotheist. His "Great Spirit" is +simply a great mystery, perhaps vaguely anthropomorphic, oftener +zoomorphic, yet not a spirit, which he is unable to conceive save by +reflection of the white man’s concept and inquiry; and his departed spirit +is but a shade, much like that of the ancient Greeks, the associate and +often the inferior of animal shades. + +While the four stages in development of belief are fundamentally distinct, +they nevertheless overlap in such manner as apparently, and in a measure +really, to coexist and blend. Culture progress is slow. In biotic +development the effect of beneficial modification is felt immediately, and +the modified organs or organisms are stimulated and strengthened +cumulatively, while the unmodified are enfeebled and paralyzed +cumulatively through inactivity and quickly pass toward atrophy and +extinction. Conversely in demotic development, which is characterized by +the persistence of the organisms and by the elimination of the bad and the +preservation of the good among qualities only, there is a constant +tendency toward retardation of progress; for in savagery and barbarism as +in civilization, age commonly produces conservatism, and at the same time +brings responsibility for the conduct of old and young, so that +modification, howsoever beneficial, is measurably held in check, and so +that the progress of each generation buds in the springtime of youth yet +is not permitted to fruit until the winter of old age approaches. +Accordingly the mean of demotic progress tends to lag far behind its +foremost advances, and modes of action and especially of thought change +slowly. This is especially true of beliefs, which, during each generation, +are largely vestigial. So the stages in the evolution of mythologic +philosophy overlap widely; there is probably no tribe now living among +whom zootheism has not yet taken root, though hecastotheism has been found +dominant among different tribes; there is probably no people in the +zootheistic stage who are completely divested of hecastotheistic vestiges; +and one of the curious features of even the most advanced psychotheism is +the occasional outcropping of features inherited from all of the earlier +stages. Yet it is none the less important to discriminate the stages. + + +THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + + +It was partly through pioneer study of the Siouan Indians that the popular +fallacy concerning the aboriginal "Great Spirit" gained currency; and it +was partly through the work of Dorsey among the ¢egiha and Dakota tribes, +first as a missionary and afterward as a linguist, that the early error +was corrected. Among these tribes the creation and control of the world +and the things thereof are ascribed to "wa-kan-da" (the term varying +somewhat from tribe to tribe), just as among the Algonquian tribes +omnipotence was assigned to "ma-ni-do" ("Manito the Mighty" of +"Hiawatha"); yet inquiry shows that wakanda assumes various forms, and is +rather a quality than a definite entity. Thus, among many of the tribes +the sun is wakanda—not _the_ wakanda or _a_ wakanda, but simply wakanda; +and among the same tribes the moon is wakanda, and so is thunder, +lightning, the stars, the winds, the cedar, and various other things; even +a man, especially a shaman, might be wakanda or a wakanda. In addition the +term was applied to mythic monsters of the earth, air, and waters; +according to some of the sages the ground or earth, the mythic +under-world, the ideal upper-world, darkness, etc, were wakanda or +wakandas. So, too, the fetiches and the ceremonial objects and decorations +were wakanda among different tribes. Among some of the groups various +animals and other trees besides the specially wakanda cedar were regarded +as wakandas; as already noted, the horse, among the prairie tribes, was +the wakanda dog. In like manner many natural objects and places of +striking character were considered wakanda. Thus the term was applied to +all sorts of entities and ideas, and was used (with or without +inflectional variations) indiscriminately as substantive and adjective, +and with slight modification as verb and adverb. Manifestly a term so +protean is not susceptible of translation into the more highly +differentiated language of civilization. Manifestly, too, the idea +expressed by the term is indefinite, and can not justly be rendered into +"spirit," much less into "Great Spirit;" though it is easy to understand +stand how the superficial inquirer, dominated by definite spiritual +concept, handicapped by unfamiliarity with the Indian tongue, misled by +ignorance of the vague prescriptorial ideation, and perhaps deceived by +crafty native informants or mischievous interpreters, came to adopt and +perpetuate the erroneous interpretation. The term may be translated into +"mystery" perhaps more satisfactorily than into any other single English +word, yet this rendering is at the same time much too limited and much too +definite. As used by the Siouan Indian, wakanda vaguely connotes also +"power," "sacred," "ancient," "grandeur," "animate," "immortal," and other +words, yet does not express with any degree of fullness and clearness the +ideas conveyed by these terms singly or collectively—indeed, no English +sentence of reasonable length can do justice to the aboriginal idea +expressed by the term wakanda. + +While the beliefs of many of the Siouan tribes are lost through the +extinction of the tribesmen or transformed through acculturation, it is +fortunate that a large body of information concerning the myths and +ceremonials of several prairie tribes has been collected. The records of +Carver, Lewis and Clark, Say, Catlin, and Prince Maximilian are of great +value when interpreted in the light of modern knowledge. More recent +researches by Miss Fletcher(49) and by Dorsey(50) are of especial value, +not only as direct sources of information but as a means of interpreting +the earlier writings. From these records it appears that, in so far as +they grasped the theistic concept, the Siouan Indians were polytheists; +that their mysteries or deities varied in rank and power; that some were +good but more were bad, while others combined bad and good attributes; +that they assumed various forms, actual and imaginary; and that their +dispositions and motives resembled those found among mankind. + +The organization of the vague Siouan thearchy appears to have varied from +group to group. Among all of the tribes whose beliefs are known, the sun +was an important wakanda, perhaps the leading one potentially, though +usually of less immediate consideration than certain others, such as +thunder, lightning, and the cedar tree; among the Osage the sun was +invoked as "grandfather," and among various tribes there were sun +ceremonials, some of which are still maintained; among the Omaha and +Ponka, according to Miss Fletcher, the mythic thunder-bird plays a +prominent, perhaps dominant rôle, and the cedar tree or pole is deified as +its tangible representative. The moon was wakanda among the Osage and the +stars among the Omaha and Ponka, yet they seem to have occupied +subordinate positions; the winds and the four quarters were apparently +given higher rank; and, in individual cases, the mythic water-monsters or +earth-deities seem to have occupied leading positions. On the whole, it +may be safe to consider the sun as the Siouan arch-mystery, with the +mythic thunder-bird or family of thunder-birds as a sort of mediate link +between the mysteries and men, possessing less power but displaying more +activity in human affairs than the remoter wakanda of the heavens. Under +these controlling wakandas, other members of the series were vaguely and +variably arranged. Somewhere in the lower ranks, sacred animals—especially +sports, such as the white buffalo cow—were placed, and still lower came +totems and shamans, which, according to Dorsey, were reverenced rather +than worshiped. It is noteworthy that this thearchic arrangement +corresponded in many respects with the hierarchic social organization of +the stock. + +The Siouan thearchy was invoked and adored by means of forms and +ceremonies, as well as through orisons. The set observances were highly +elaborate; they comprised dancing and chanting, feasting and fasting, and +in some cases sacrifice and torture, the shocking atrocities of the Mandan +and Minitari rites being especially impressive. From these great +collective devotions the ceremonials graded down through war-dance and +hunting-feast to the terpsichorean grace extolled by Carver, and to +individual fetich worship. In general the adoration expressed fear of the +evil rather than love of the good—but this can hardly be regarded as a +distinctive feature, much less a peculiar one. + +Some of the mystery places were especially distinctive and noteworthy. +Foremost among them was the sacred pipestone quarry near Big Sioux river, +whence the material for the wakanda calumet was obtained; another was the +far-famed Minne-wakan of North Dakota, not inaptly translated "Devil’s +lake;" a third was the mystery-rock or medicine-rock of the Mandan and +Hidatsa near Yellowstone river; and there were many others of less +importance. About all of these places picturesque legends and myths +clustered. + +The Siouan mythology is especially instructive, partly because so well +recorded, partly because it so clearly reflects the habits and customs of +the tribesmen and thus gives an indirect reflection of a well-marked +environment. As among so many peoples, the sun is a prominent element; the +ice-monsters of the north and the rain-myths of the arid region are +lacking, and are replaced by the frequent thunder and the trees shaken by +the storm-winds; the mythic creatures are shaped in the image of the +indigenous animals and birds; the myths center in the local rocks and +waters; the mysterious thearchy corresponds with the tribal hierarchy, and +the attributes ascribed to the deities are those characteristic of +warriors and hunters. + +Considering the mythology in relation to the stages in development of +mythologic philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as those +pertaining to the sun and the winds, represent a crude physitheism, while +vestiges of hecastotheism crop out in the object-worship and place-worship +of the leading tribes and in other features. At the same time well-marked +zootheistic features are found in the mythic thunder-birds and in the more +or less complete deification of various animals, in the exaltation of the +horse into the rank of the mythic dog father, and in the animal forms of +the water-monsters and earth-beings; and the living application of +zootheism is found in the animal fetiches and totems. On the whole, it +seems just to assign the Siouan mythology to the upper strata of +zootheism, just verging on physitheism, with vestigial traces of +hecastotheism. + + +SOMATOLOGY + + +The vigorous avocations of the chase and war were reflected in fine +stature, broad and deep chests, strong and clean limbs, and sound +constitution among the Siouan tribesmen and their consorts. The skin was +of the usual coppery cast characteristic of the native American; the teeth +were strong, indicating and befitting a largely carnivorous diet, little +worn by sandy foods, and seldom mutilated; the hands and feet were +commonly large and sinewy. The Siouan Indians were among those who +impressed white pioneers by the parallel placing of the feet; for, as +among other walkers and runners, who rest sitting and lying, the feet +assumed the pedestrian attitude of approximate parallelism rather than the +standing attitude of divergence forward. The hair was luxuriant, stiff, +straight, and more uniformly jet black than that of the southerly stocks; +it was worn long by the women and most of the men, though partly clipped +or shaved in some tribes by the warriors as well as the worthless dandies, +who, according to Catlin, spent more time over their toilets than ever did +the grande dame of Paris. The women were beardless and the men more or +less nearly so; commonly the men plucked out by the roots the scanty hair +springing on their faces, as did both sexes that on other parts of the +body. The crania were seldom deformed artificially save through cradle +accident, and while varying considerably in capacity and in the ratio of +length to width were usually mesocephalic. The facial features were +strong, yet in no way distinctly unlike those found among neighboring +peoples. + +Since the advent of white men the characteristics of the Siouan Indians, +like those of other tribes, have been somewhat modified, partly through +infusion of Caucasian blood but chiefly through acculturation. With the +abandonment of hunting and war and the tardy adoption of a slothful, +semidependent agriculture, the frame has lost something of its stalwart +vigor; with the adaptation of the white man’s costume and the incomplete +assimilation of his hygiene, various weaknesses and disorders have been +developed; and through imitation the erstwhile luxuriant hair is cropped, +and the beard, made scanty through generations of extirpation, is commonly +cultivated. Although the accultural condition of the Siouan survivors +ranges from the essentially primitive status of the Asiniboin to the +practical civilization of the representatives of several tribes, it is +fair to consider the stock in a state of transition from barbarism to +civilization; and many of the tribesmen are losing the characteristics of +activity and somatic development normal to primitive life, while they have +not yet assimilated the activities and acquired the somatic +characteristics normal to peaceful sedentary life. + +Briefly, certain somatic features of the Siouan Indians, past and present, +may be traced to their causes in custom and exercise of function; yet by +far the greater number of the features are common to the American people +or to all mankind, and are of ill-understood significance. The few +features of known cause indicate that special somatic characteristics are +determined largely or wholly by industrial and other arts, which are +primarily shaped by environment. + + + + +HABITAT + + +Excepting the Asiniboin, who are chiefly in Canada, nearly all of the +Siouan Indians are now gathered on the reservations indicated on earlier +pages, most of these reservations lying within the aboriginal territory of +the stock. + +At the advent of white men, the Siouan territory was vaguely defined, and +its limits were found to vary somewhat from exploration to exploration. +This vagueness and variability of habitat grew out of the characteristics +of the tribesmen. Of all the great stocks south of the Arctic, the Siouan +was perhaps least given to agriculture, most influenced by hunting, and +most addicted to warfare; thus most of the tribes were but feebly attached +to the soil, and freely followed the movements of the feral fauna as it +shifted with climatic vicissitudes or was driven from place to place by +excessive hunting or by fires set to destroy the undergrowth in the +interests of the chase; at the same time, the borderward tribes were +alternately driven and led back and forth through strife against the +tribes of neighboring stocks. Accordingly the Siouan habitat can be +outlined only in approximate and somewhat arbitrary fashion. + +The difficulty in defining the priscan home of the Siouan tribes is +increased by its vast extent and scant peopling, by the length of the +period intervening between discovery in the east and complete exploration +in the west, and by the internal changes and migrations which occurred +during this period. The task of collating the records of exploration and +pioneer observation concerning the Siouan and other stocks was undertaken +by Powell a few years ago, and was found to be of great magnitude. It was +at length successfully accomplished, and the respective areas occupied by +the several stocks were approximately mapped.(51) + +As shown on Powell’s map, the chief part of the Siouan area comprised a +single body covering most of the region of the Great plains, stretching +from the Rocky mountains to the Mississippi and from the Arkansas-Red +river divide nearly to the Saskatchewan, with an arm crossing the +Mississippi and extending to Lake Michigan. In addition there were a few +outlying bodies, the largest and easternmost bordering the Atlantic from +Santee river nearly to Capes Lookout and Hatteras, and skirting the +Appalachian range northward to the Potomac; the next considerable area lay +on the Gulf coast about Pascagoula river and bay, stretching nearly from +the Pearl to the Mobile; and there were one or two unimportant areas on +Ohio river, which were temporarily occupied by small groups of Siouan +Indians during recent times. + +There is little probability that the Siouan habitat, as thus outlined, ran +far into the prehistoric age. As already noted, the Siouan Indians of the +plains were undoubtedly descended from the Siouan tribes of the east +(indeed the Mandan had a tradition to that effect); and reason has been +given for supposing that the ancestors of the prairie hunters followed the +straggling buffalo through the cis-Mississippi forests into his normal +trans-Mississippi habitat and spread over his domain save as they were +held in check by alien huntsmen, chiefly of the warlike Caddoan and Kiowan +tribes; and the buffalo itself was a geologically recent—indeed +essentially post-glacial—animal. Little if any definite trace of Siouan +occupancy has been found in the more ancient prehistoric works of the +Mississippi valley. On the whole it appears probable that the prehistoric +development of the Siouan stock and habitat was exceptionally rapid, that +the Siouan Indians were a vigorous and virile people that arose quickly +under the stimulus of strong vitality (the acquisition of which need not +here be considered), coupled with exceptionally favorable opportunity, to +a power and glory culminating about the time of discovery. + + + + +ORGANIZATION + + +The demotic organization of the Siouan peoples, so far as known, is set +forth in considerable detail in Mr Dorsey’s treatises(52) and in the +foregoing enumeration of tribes, confederacies, and other linguistic +groups. + +Like the other aborigines north of Mexico, the Siouan Indians were +organized on the basis of kinship, and were thus in the stage of tribal +society. All of the best-known tribes had reached that plane in +organization characterized by descent in the male line, though many +vestiges and some relatively unimportant examples of descent in the female +line have been discovered. Thus the clan system was obsolescent and the +gentile system fairly developed; i. e., the people were practically out of +the stage of savagery and well advanced in the stage of barbarism. + +Confederation for defense and offense was fairly defined and was +strengthened by intermarriage between tribes and gentes and the +prohibition of marriage within the gens; yet the organization was such as +to maintain tribal autonomy in considerable degree; i.e., the social +structure was such as to facilitate union in time of war and division into +small groups adapted to hunting in times of peace. No indication of +feudalism has been found in the stock. + +The government was autocratic, largely by military leaders sometimes +(particularly in peace) advised by the elders and priests; the leadership +was determined primarily by ability—prowess in war and the chase and +wisdom in the council,—and was thus hereditary only a little further than +characteristics were inherited; indeed, excepting slight recognition of +the divinity that doth hedge about a king, the leaders were practically +self-chosen, arising gradually to the level determined by their abilities. +The germ of theocracy was fairly developed, and apparently burgeoned +vigorously during each period of peace, only to be checked and withered +during the ensuing war when the shamans and their craft were forced into +the background. + +During recent years, since the tribes began to yield to the domination of +the peace-loving whites, the government and election are determined +chiefly by kinship, as appears from Dorsey’s researches; yet definite +traces of the militant organization appear, and any man can win name and +rank in his gens, tribe, or confederacy by bravery or generosity. + +The institutional connection between the Siouan tribes of the plains and +those of the Atlantic slope and the Gulf coast is completely lost, and it +is doubtful whether the several branches have ever been united in a single +confederation (or "nation," in the language of the pioneers), at least +since the division in the Appalachian region perhaps five or ten centuries +ago. Since this division the tribes have separated widely, and some of the +bloodiest wars of the region in the historic period have been between +Siouan tribes; the most extensive union possessing the slightest claim to +federal organization was the great Dakota confederacy, which was grown +into instability and partial disruption; and most of the tribal unions and +coalitions were of temporary character. + +Although highly elaborate (perhaps because of this character), the Siouan +organization was highly unstable; with every shock of conflict, whether +intestine or external, some autocrats were displaced or slain; and after +each important event—great battle, epidemic, emigration, or destructive +flood—new combinations were formed. The undoubtedly rapid development of +the stock, especially after the passage of the Mississippi, indicates +growth by conquest and assimilation as well as by direct propagation (it +is known that the Dakota and perhaps other groups adopted aliens +regularly); and, doubtless for this reason in part, there was a strong +tendency toward differentiation and dichotomy in the demotic growth. In +some groups the history is too vague to indicate this tendency with +certainty; in others the tendency is clear. Perhaps the best example is +found in the Cegiha, which divided into two great branches, the stronger +of which threw off minor branches in the Osage and Kansa, and afterward +separated into the Omaha and Ponka, while the feebler branch also ramified +widely; and only less notable is the example of the Winnebago trunk, with +its three great branches in the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. This strong +divergent tendency in itself suggests rapid, perhaps abnormally rapid, +growth in the stock; for it outran and partially concealed the tendency +toward convergence and ultimate coalescence which characterizes demotic +phenomena. + +The half-dozen eastern stocks occupying by far the greater part of North +America contrast strongly with the half-hundred local stocks covering the +Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks is more +characteristic, more sharply contrasted with the limited groups of the +western coast, or better understood as regards organization and +development, than the great Siouan stock of the northern interior. There +is promise that, as the demology of aboriginal America is pushed forward, +the records relating to the Siouan Indians and especially to their +structure and institutions will aid in explaining why some stocks are +limited and others extensive, why large stocks in general characterize the +interior and small stocks the coasts, and why the dominant peoples of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were successful in displacing the +preexistent and probably more primitive peoples of the Mississippi valley. +While the time is not yet ripe for making final answer to these inquiries, +it is not premature to suggest a relation between a peculiar development +of the aboriginal stocks and a peculiar geographic conformation: In +general the coastward stocks are small, indicating a provincial shoreland +habit, yet their population and area commonly increase toward those shores +indented by deep bays, along which maritime and inland industries +naturally blend; so (confining attention to eastern United States) the +extensive Muskhogean stock stretches inland from the deep-bayed eastern +Gulf coast; and so, too, three of the largest stocks on the continent +(Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan) stretch far into the interior from the +still more deeply indented Atlantic coast. In two of these cases +(Iroquoian and Siouan) history and tradition indicate expansion and +migration from the land of bays between Cape Lookout and Cape May, while +in the third there are similar (though perhaps less definite) indications +of an inland drift from the northern Atlantic bays and along the +Laurentian river and lakes. + + + + +HISTORY(53) + + + +DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + + +The Dakota are mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1639-40; the +tradition is noted that the Ojibwa, on arriving at the Great Lakes in an +early migration from the Atlantic coast, encountered representatives of +the great confederacy of the plains. In 1641 the French voyageurs met the +Potawatomi Indians flying from a nation called Nadawessi (enemies); and +the Frenchmen adopted the alien name for the warlike prairie tribes. By +1658 the Jesuits had learned of the existence of thirty Dakota villages +west-northwest from the Potawatomi mission St Michel; and in 1689 they +recorded the presence of tribes apparently representing the Dakota +confederacy on the upper Mississippi, near the mouth of the St Croix. +According to Croghan’s History of Western Pennsylvania, the "Sue" Indians +occupied the country southwest of Lake Superior about 1759; and Dr T.S. +Williamson, "the father of the Dakota mission," states that the Dakota +must have resided about the confluence of the Mississippi and the +Minnesota or St Peters for at least two hundred years prior to 1860. + +According to traditions collected by Dorsey, the Teton took possession of +the Black Hills region, which had previously been occupied by the Crow +Indians, long before white men came; and the Yankton and Yanktonnai, which +were found on the Missouri by Lewis and Clark, were not long removed from +the region about Minnesota river. In 1862 the Santee and other Dakota +tribes united in a formidable outbreak in which more than 1,000 whites +were massacred or slain in battle. Through this outbreak and the +consequent governmental action toward the control and settlement of the +tribes, much was learned concerning the characteristics of the people, and +various Indian leaders became known; Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, +Sitting Bull, American Horse, and Even-his-horse-is-feared (commonly +miscalled Man-afraid-of-his-horses) were among the famous Dakota chiefs +and warriors, notable representatives of a passing race, whose names are +prominent in the history of the country. Other outbreaks occurred, the +last of note resulting from the ghost-dance fantasy in 1890-91, which +fortunately was quickly suppressed. Yet, with slight interruptions, the +Dakota tribes in the United States were steadily gathered on reservations. +Some 800 or more still roam the prairies north of the international +boundary, but the great body of the confederacy, numbering nearly 28,000, +are domiciled on reservations (already noted) in Minnesota, Montana, +Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. + +The separation of the Asiniboin from the Wazi-kute gens of the Yanktonai +apparently occurred before the middle of the seventeenth century, since +the Jesuit relation of 1658 distinguishes between the Poualak or Guerriers +(undoubtedly the Dakota proper) and the Assiuipoualak or Guerriers de +pierre. The Asiniboin are undoubtedly the Essanape (Essanapi or Assinapi) +who were next to the Makatapi (Dakota) in the Walam-Olum record of the +Lenni-Lenape or Delaware. In 1680 Hennepin located the Asiniboin northeast +of the Issati (Isanyati or Santee) who were on Knife lake (Minnesota); and +the Jesuit map of 1681 placed them on Lake-of-the-Woods, then called "L. +Assinepoualacs." La Hontan claimed to have visited the Eokoro (Arikara) in +1689-90, when the Essanape were sixty leagues above; and Perrot’s Mémoire +refers to the Asiniboin as a Sioux tribe which, in the seventeenth +century, seceded from their nation and took refuge among the rocks of +Lake-of-the-Woods. Chauvignerie located some of the tribe south of +Ounipigan (Winnipeg) lake in 1736, and they were near Lake-of-the-Woods as +late as 1766, when they were said to have 1,500 warriors. It is well known +that in 1829 they occupied a considerable territory west of the Dakota and +north of Missouri river, with a population estimated at 8,000; and Drake +estimated their number at 10,000 before the smallpox epidemic of 1838, +which is said to have carried off 4,000. From this blow the tribe seems +never to have fully recovered, and now numbers probably no more than +3,000, mostly in Canada, where they continue to roam the plains they have +occupied for half a century. + + + +¢EGIHA + + +According to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of the +Omaha, Ponka, Elwapa, Osage, and Kansa were originally one people dwelling +on Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working westward. The first +separation took place at the mouth of the Ohio, when those who went down +the Mississippi became the Kwapa or Downstream People, while those who +ascended the great river became the Omaha or Up-stream People. This +separation must have occurred at least as early as 1500, since it preceded +De Soto’s discovery of the Mississippi. + +The Omaha group (from whom the Osage, Kansa, and Ponka were not yet +separated) ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, where +they remained for some time, though war and hunting parties explored the +country northwestward, and the body of the tribe gradually followed these +pioneers, though the Osage and Kansa were successively left behind. Some +of the pioneer parties discovered the pipestone quarry, and many +traditions cling about this landmark. Subsequently they were driven across +the Big Sioux by the Yankton Indians, who then lived toward the confluence +of the Minnesota and Mississippi. The group gradually differentiated and +finally divided through the separation of the Ponka, probably about the +middle of the seventeenth century. The Omaha gathered south of the +Missouri, between the mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while the Ponka +pushed into the Black Hills country. + +The Omaha tribe remained within the great bend of the Missouri, opposite +the mouth of the Big Sioux, until white men came. Their hunting ground +extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north of the Platte and along +the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and the Pawnee (Caddoan); and +in 1766 Carver met their hunting parties on Minnesota river. Toward the +end of the eighteenth century they were nearly destroyed by smallpox, +their number having been reduced from about 3,500 to but little over 300 +when they were visited by Lewis and Clark, their famous chief Blackbird +being one of those carried off by the epidemic. Subsequently they +increased in numbers; in 1890 their population was about 1,200. They are +now on reservations, mostly owning land in severalty, and are citizens of +the United States and of the state of Nebraska. + +Although the name Ponka did not appear in history before 1700 it must have +been used for many generations earlier, since it is an archaic designation +connected with the social organization of several tribes and the secret +societies of the Osage and Kansa, as well as the Ponka. In 1700 the Ponka +were indicated on De l’Isle’s map, though they were not then segregated +territorially from the Omaha. They, too, suffered terribly from the +smallpox epidemic, and when met by Lewis and Clark in 1804 numbered only +about 200. They increased rapidly, reaching about 600 in 1829 and some 800 +in 1842; in 1871, when they were first visited by Dorsey, they numbered +747. Up to this time the Ponka and Dakota were amicable; but a dispute +grew out of the cession of lands, and the Teton made annual raids on the +Ponka until the enforced removal of the tribe to Indian Territory took +place in 1877. Through this warfare, more than a quarter of the Ponka lost +their lives. The displacement of this tribe from lands owned by them in +fee simple attracted attention, and a commission was appointed by +President Hayes in 1880 to inquire into the matter; the commission, +consisting of Generals Crook and Miles and Messrs William Stickney and +Walter Allen, visited the Ponka settlements in Indian Territory and on the +Niobrara and effected a satisfactory arrangement of the affairs of the +tribe, through which the greater portion (some 600) remained in Indian +Territory, while some 225 kept their reservation in Nebraska. + +When the ¢egiha divided at the mouth of the Ohio, the ancestors of the +Osage and Kansa accompanied the main Omaha body up the Mississippi to the +mouth of Osage river. There the Osage separated from the group, ascending +the river which bears their name. They were distinguished by Marquette in +1673 as the "Ouchage" and "Autrechaha," and by Penicaut in 1719 as the +"Huzzau," "Ous," and "Wawha." According to Croghan, they were, in 1759, on +"White creek, a branch of the Mississippi," with the "Grand Tuc;" +but"White creek" (or White water) was an old designation for Osage river, +and "Grand Tuc" is, according to Mooney, a corruption of "Grandes Eaux," +or Great Osage; and there is accordingly no sufficient reason for +supposing that they returned to the Mississippi. Toward the close of the +eighteenth century the Osage and Kansa encountered the Comanche and +perhaps other Shoshonean peoples, and their course was turned southward; +and in 1817, according to Brown, the Great Osage and Little Osage were +chiefly on Osage and Arkansas rivers, in four villages. In 1829 Porter +described their country as beginning 25 miles west of the Missouri line +and running to the Mexican line of that date, being 50 miles wide; and he +gave their number as 5,000. According to Schoolcraft, they numbered 3,758 +in April, 1853, but this was after the removal of an important branch +known as Black Dog’s band to a new locality farther down Verdigris river. +In 1850 the Osage occupied at least seven large villages, besides numerous +small ones, on Neosho and Verdigris rivers. In 1873, when visited by +Dorsey, they were gathered on their reservations in what is now Oklahoma. +In 1890 they numbered 158. + +The Kansa remained with the Up-stream People in their gradual ascent of +the Missouri to the mouth of the Kaw or Kansas, when they diverged +westward; but they soon came in contact with inimical peoples, and, like +the Osage, were driven southward. The date of this divergence is not +fixed, but it must have been after 1723, when Bourgmont mentioned a large +village of "Quans" located on a small river flowing northward thirty +leagues above Kaw river, near the Missouri. After the cession of Louisiana +to the United States, a treaty was made with the Kansa Indians, who were +then on Kaw river, at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back +from the Missouri by the Dakota; they then numbered about 1,500 and +occupied about thirty earth lodges. In 1825 they ceded their lands on the +Missouri to the Government, retaining a reservation on the Kaw, where they +were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnee and other tribes, +through which large numbers of their warriors were slain. In 1846 they +again ceded their lands and received a new reservation on Neosho river in +Kansas. This was soon overrun by settlers, when another reservation was +assigned to them in Indian Territory, near the Osage country. By 1890 +their population was reduced to 214. + +The Kwapa were found by De Soto in 1541 on the Mississippi above the mouth +of the St Francis, and, according to Marquette’s map, they were partly +east of the Mississippi in 1673. In 1681 La Salle found them in three +villages distributed along the Mississippi, and soon afterward Tonty +mentioned four villages, one (Kappa = Uʞaqpaqti, "Real Kwapa") on the +Mississippi and three (Toyengan = Tanwan-jiʞa, "Small Village"; Toriman = +Ti-uad¢iman, and Osotonoy = Uzutiuwe) inland; this observation was +verified by Dorsey in 1883 by the discovery that these names are still in +use. In early days the Kwapa were known as "Akansa," or Arkansa, first +noted by La Metairie in 1682. It is probable that this name was an +Algonquian designation given because of confusion with, or recognition of +affinity to, the Kansa or Kanze, the prefix "a" being a common one in +Algouquian appellations. In 1687 Joutel located two of the villages of the +tribe on the Arkansas and two on the Mississippi, one of the latter being +on the eastern side. According to St Cosme, the greater part of the tribe +died of smallpox in October, 1699. In 1700 De l’Isle placed the principal +"Acansa" village on the southern side of Arkansas river; and, according to +Gravier, there were in 1701 five villages, the largest, Imaha (Omaha), +being highest on the Arkansas. In 1805 Sibley placed the "Arkensa" in +three villages on the southern side of Arkansas river, about 12 miles +above Arkansas post. They claimed to be the original proprietors of the +country bordering the Arkansas for 300 miles, or up to the confluence of +the Cadwa, above which lay the territory of the Osage. Subsequently the +Kwapa affiliated with the Caddo Indians, though of another stock; +according to Porter they were in the Caddo country in 1829. As +reservations were established, the Kwapa were re-segregated, and in 1877 +were on their reservation in northwestern Indian Territory; but most of +them afterward scattered, chiefly to the Osage country, where in 1890 they +were found to number 232. + + + +ʇƆIWE’RE + + +The ancestry and prehistoric movements of the tribes constituting this +group are involved in considerable obscurity, though it is known from +tradition as well as linguistic affinity that they sprung from the +Winnebago. + +Since the days of Marquette (1673) the Iowa have ranged over the country +between the Mississippi and Missouri, up to the latitude of Oneota +(formerly upper Iowa) river,- and even across the Missouri about the mouth +of the Platte. Chauvignerie located them, in 1736 west of the Mississippi +and (probably through error in identification of the waterway) south of +the Missouri; and in 1761 Jefferys placed them between Missouri river and +the headwaters of Des Moines river, above the Oto and below the Maha +(Omaha). In 1805, according to Drake, they dwelt on Des Moines river, +forty leagues above its mouth, and numbered 800. In 1811 Pike found them +in two villages on Des Moines and Iowa rivers. In 1815 they were decimated +by smallpox, and also lost heavily through war against the tribes of the +Dakota confederacy. In 1829 Porter placed them on the Little Platte, some +15 miles from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them +on Nemaha river, their principal village being near the mouth of the Great +Nemaha. In 1848 they suffered another epidemic of smallpox, by which 100 +warriors, besides women and children, were carried off. As the country +settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the stock, were collected on +reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and Oklahoma. According to +the last census their population was 273. + +The Missouri were first seen by Tonty about 1670; they were located near +the Mississippi on Marquette’s map (1673) under the name of Ouemessourit, +probably a corruption of their name by the Illinois tribe, with the +characteristic Algonquian prefix. The name Missouri was first used by +Joutel in 1687. In 1723 Bourgmont located their principal village 30 +leagues below Kaw river and 60 leagues below the chief settlement of the +Kansa; according to Groghan, they were located on Mississippi river +opposite the Illinois country in 1759. Although the early locations are +somewhat indefinite, it seems certain that the tribe formerly dwelt on the +Mississippi about the mouth of the Missouri, and that they gradually +ascended the latter stream, remaining for a time between Grand and +Chariton rivers and establishing a town on the left bank of the Missouri +near the mouth of the Grand. There they were found by French traders, who +built a fort on an island quite near their village about the beginning of +the eighteenth century. Soon afterward they were conquered and dispersed +by a combination of Sac, Fox, and other Indians; they also suffered from +smallpox. On the division, five or six lodges joined the Osage, two or +three took refuge with the Kansa, and most of the remainder amalgamated +with the Oto. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found a part of the tribe, numbering +about 300, south of Platte river. The only known survivors in 1829 were +with the Oto, when they numbered no more than 80. In 1842 their village +stood on the southern bank of Platte river near the Oto settlement, and +they followed the latter tribe to Indian Territory in 1882. + +According to Winnebago tradition, the ʇɔiwe’re tribes separated from that +"People of the parent speech" long ago, the Iowa being the first and the +Oto the last to leave. In 1673 the Oto were located by Marquette west of +Missouri river, between the fortieth and fortyfirst parallels; in 1680 +they were 130 leagues from the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the +Miskoncing (Wisconsin), and in 1687 they were on Osage river. According to +La Hontan they were, in 1690, on Otontas (Osage) river; and in 1698 +Hennepin placed them ten days’ journey from Fort Crève Cœur. Iberville, in +1700, located the Iowa and Oto with the Omaha, between Wisconsin and +Missouri rivers, about 100 leagues from the Illinois tribe; and +Charlevoix, in 1721, fixed the Oto habitat as below that of the Iowa and +above that of the Kansa on the western side of the Missouri. Dupratz +mentions the Oto as a small nation on Missouri river in 1758, and Jefferys +(1761) described them as occupying the southern bank of the Panis (Platte) +between its mouth and the Pawnee territory; according to Porter, they +occupied the same position in 1829. The Oto claimed the land bordering the +Platte from their village to the mouth of the river, and also that on both +sides of the Missouri as far as the Big Nemaha. In 1833 Catlin found the +Oto and Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they were +gathered in four villages on the southern side of the Platte, from 5 to 18 +miles above its mouth. In 1880 a part of the tribe removed to the Sac and +Fox reservation in Indian Territory, where they still remain; in 1882 the +rest of the tribe, with the remnant of the Missouri, emigrated to the +Pouka, Pawnee, and Oto reservation in the present Oklahoma, where, in 1890 +they were found to number 400. + + + +WINNEBAGO + + +Linguistically the Winnebago Indians are closely related to the ʇɔiwe’re +on the one side and to the Mandan on the other. They were first mentioned +in the Jesuit Relation of 1636, though the earliest known use of the name +Winnebago occurs in the Relation of 1640; Nicollet found them on Green bay +in 1639. According to Shea, the Winnebago were almost annihilated by the +Illinois (Algonquian) tribe in early days, and the historical group was +made up of the survivors of the early battles. Cbauvignerie placed the +Winnebago on Lake Superior in 1736, and Jefferys referred to them and the +Sac as living near the head of Green bay in 1761; Carver mentions a +Winnebago village on a small island near the eastern end of Winnebago lake +in 1778. Pike enumerated seven Winnebago villages existing in 1811; and in +1822 the population of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 +warriors) in the country about Winnebago lake and extending thence +southwestward to the Mississippi. By treaties in 1825 and 1832 they ceded +their lands south of Wisconsin and Fox rivers for a reservation on the +Mississippi above the Oneota; one of their villages in 1832 was at Prairie +la Grosse. They suffered several visitations of smallpox; the third, which +occurred in 1836, carried off more than a quarter of the tribe. A part of +the people long remained widely distributed over their old country east of +the Mississippi and along that river in Iowa and Minnesota; in 1840 most +of the tribe removed to the neutral ground in the then territory of Iowa; +in 1846 they surrendered their reservation for another above the +Minnesota, and in 1856 they were removed to Blue Earth, Minnesota. Here +they were mastering agriculture, when the Sioux war broke out and the +settlers demanded their removal. Those who had taken up farms, thereby +abandoning tribal rights, were allowed to remain, but the others were +transferred to Crow creek, on Missouri river, whence they soon escaped. +Their privations and sufferings were terrible; out of 2,000 taken to Crow +creek only 1,200 reached the Omaha reservation, whither most of them fled. +They were assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, where they now +remain, occupying lands allotted in severalty. In 1890 there were 1,215 +Winnebago on the reservation, but nearly an equal number were scattered +over Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they now live chiefly +by agriculture, with a strong predilection for hunting. + + + +MANDAN + + +The Mandan had a vague tradition of emigration from the eastern part of +the country, and Lewis and Clark, Prince Maximilian, and others found +traces of Mandan house-structures at various points along the Missouri; +thus they appear to have ascended that stream before the advent of the +¢egiha. During the historical period their movements were limited; they +were first visited in the upper Missouri country by Sieur de la Verendrye +in 1738. About 1750 they established two villages on the eastern side and +seven on the western side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Heart river. +Here they were assailed by the Asiniboin and Dakota and attacked by +smallpox, and were greatly reduced; the two eastern villages consolidated, +and the people migrated up the Missouri to a point 1,430 miles above its +mouth (as subsequently determined by Lewis and Clark); the seven villages +were soon reduced to five, and these people also ascended the river and +formed two villages in the Arikara country, near the Mandan of the eastern +side, where they remained until about 1766, when they also consolidated. +Thus the once powerful and populous tribe was reduced to two villages +which, in 1804, were found by Lewis and Clark on opposite banks of the +Missouri, about 4 miles below Knife river. Here for a time the tribe waxed +and promised to regain the early prestige, reaching a population of 1,600 +in 1837; but in that year they were again attacked by smallpox and almost +annihilated, the survivors numbering only 31 according to one account, or +125 to 145 according to others. After this visitation they united in one +village. When the Hidatsa removed from Knife river in 1845, some of the +Mandan accompanied them, and others followed at intervals as late as 1858, +when only a few still remained at their old home. In 1872 a reservation +was set apart for the Hidatsa and Arikara and the survivors of the Mandan +on Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in Dakota and Montana, but in 1886 the +reservation was reduced. According to the census returns, the Mandan +numbered 252 in 1890. + + + +HIDATSA + + +There has been much confusion concerning the definition and designation of +the Hidatsa Indians. They were formerly known as Minitari or Gros Ventres +of the Missouri, in distinction from the Gros Ventres of the plains, who +belong to another stock. The origin of the term Gros Ventres is somewhat +obscure, and various observers have pointed out its inapplicability, +especially to the well-formed Hidatsa tribesmen. According to Dorsey, the +French pioneers probably translated a native term referring to a +traditional buffalo paunch, which occupies a prominent place in the +Hidatsa mythology and which, in early times, led to a dispute and the +separation of the Crow from the main group some time in the eighteenth +century. + +The earlier legends of the Hidatsa are vague, but there is a definite +tradition of a migration northward, about 1765, from the neighborhood of +Heart river, where they were associated with the Mandan, to Knife river. +At least as early as 1796, according to Matthews, there were three +villages belonging to this tribe on Knife river—one at the mouth, another +half a mile above, and the third and largest 3 miles from the mouth. Here +the people were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and here they remained +until 1837, when the scourge of smallpox fell and many of the people +perished, the survivors uniting in a single village. About 1845 the +Hidatsa and a part of the Mandan again migrated up the Missouri, and +established a village 30 miles by land and 60 miles by water above their +old home, within what is now Fort Berthold reservation. Their population +has apparently varied greatly, partly by reason of the ill definition of +the tribe by different enumerators, partly by reason of the inroads of +smallpox. In 1890 they numbered 522. + +The Crow people are known by the Hidatsa as Kihatsa +(They-refused-the-paunch), according to Matthews; and Dorsey points out +that their own name, Absaruke, does not mean " crow," but refers to a +variety of hawk. Lewis and Clark found the tribe in four bands. In 1817 +Brown located them on Yellowstone river. In 1829 they were described by +Porter as ranging along Yellowstone river on the eastern side of the Bocky +mountains, and numbered at 4,000; while in 1834, according to Drake, they +occupied the southern branch of the Yellowstone, about the fortysixth +parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, with a population of 4,500. +In 1842 their number was estimated at 4,000, and they were described as +inhabiting the headwaters of the Yellowstone. They have since been duly +gathered on the Crow reservation in Montana, and are slowly adopting +civilization. In 1890 they numbered 2,287. + + + +THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + + +The history of the Monakan, Oatawba, Sara, Pedee, and Santee, and +incidentally that of the Biloxi, has been carefully reviewed in a recent +publication by Mooney(54) , and does not require repetition. + + + +GENERAL MOVEMENTS + + +On reviewing the records of explorers and pioneers and the few traditions +which have been preserved, the course of Siouan migration and development +becomes clear. In general the movements were westward and northwestward. +The Dakota tribes have not been traced far, though several of them, like +the Yanktonnai, migrated hundreds of miles from the period of first +observation to the end of the eighteenth century; then came the Mandan, +according to their tradition, and as they ascended the Missouri left +traces of their occupancy scattered over 1,000 miles of migration; next +the ¢egiha descended the Ohio and passed from the cis-Mississippi forests +over the trans-Mississippi plains—the stronger branch following the +Mandan, while the lesser at first descended the great river and then +worked up the Arkansas into the buffalo country until checked and diverted +by antagonistic tribes. So also the ʇɔiwe’re, first recorded near the +Mississippi, pushed 300 miles westward; while the Winnebago gradually +emigrated from the region of the Great Lakes into the trans-Mississippi +country even before their movements were affected by contact with white +men. In like manner the Hidatsa are known to have flowed northwestward +many scores of miles; and the Asiniboin swept more rapidly across the +plains from the place of their rebellion against the Yanktonnai, on the +Mississippi, before they found final resting place on the Saskatchewan +plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of the movements were consistent and, +despite intertribal friction and strife, measurably harmonious. The lines +of movement, so far as they can be restored, are in full accord with the +lines of linguistic evolution traced by Hale and Dorsey and Gatschet, and +indicate that some five hundred or possibly one thousand years ago the +tribesmen pushed over the Appalachians to the Ohio and followed that +stream and its tributaries to the Mississippi (though there are faint +indications that some of the early emigrants ascended the northern +tributaries to the region of the Great Lakes); and that the human flood +gained volume as it advanced and expanded to cover the entire region of +the plains. The records concerning the movement of this great human stream +find support in the manifest reason for the movement; the reason was the +food quest by which all primitive men are led, and its end was the +abundant fauna of the prairieland, with the buffalo at its head. + +While the early population of the Siouan stock, when first the huntsmen +crossed the Appalachians, may not be known, the lines of migration +indicate that the people increased and multiplied amain during their long +journey, and that their numbers culminated, despite external conflict and +internal strife, about the beginning of written history, when the Siouan +population may have been 100,000 or more. Then came war against the whites +and the still more deadly smallpox, whereby the vigorous stock was checked +and crippled and the population gradually reduced; but since the first +shock, which occurred at different dates in different parts of the great +region, the Siouan people have fairly held their own, and some branches +are perhaps gaining in strength. + + + + + +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + +As shown by Powell, there are two fundamentally distinct classes or stages +in human society—(1) tribal society and (2) national society. National +society characterizes civilization; primarily it is organized on a +territorial basis, but as enlightenment grows the bases are multiplied. +Tribal society is characteristic of savagery and barbarism; so far as +known, all tribal societies are organized on the basis of kinship. The +transfer from tribal society to national society is often, perhaps always, +through feudalism, in which the territorial motive takes root and in which +the kinship motive withers. + +All of the American aborigines north of Mexico and most of those farther +southward were in the stage of tribal society when the continents were +discovered, though feudalism was apparently budding in South America, +Central America, and parts of Mexico. The partly developed transitional +stage may, for the present, be neglected, and American Indian sociology +may be considered as representing tribal society or kinship organization. + +The fundamental principles of tribal organization through kinship have +been formulated by Powell; they are as follows:(55) + + I. A body of kindred constituting a distinct body politic is divided + into groups, the males into groups of brothers and the females into + groups of sisters, on distinctions of generations, regardless of + degrees of consanguinity; and the kinship terms used express + relative age. In civilized society kinships are classified on + distinctions of sex, distinctions of generations, and distinctions + arising from degrees of consanguinity. + II. When descent is in the female line, the brother-group consists of + natal brothers, together with all the materterate male cousins of + whatever degree. Thus mother’s sisters’ sons and mother’s mother’s + sisters’ daughters’ sons, etc, are included in a group with natal + brothers. In like manner the sister-group is composed of natal + sisters, together with all materterate female cousins of whatever + degree. + III. When descent is in the male line, the brother-group is composed of + natal brothers, together with all patruate male cousins of whatever + degree, and the sister-group is composed of natal sisters, together + with all patruate female cousins of whatever degree. + IV. The son of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, + father; the father of a member of a brother-group calls each one of + the group, son. Thus a father-group is coextensive with the + brother-group to which the father belongs. A brother-group may also + constitute a father-group and grandfather-group, a son-group and a + grandson-group. It may also be a patruate-group and an avunculate + group. It may also be a patruate cousin-group and an avunculate + cousin-group; and in general, every member of a brother-group has + the same consanguineal relation to persons outside of the group as + that of every other member. + +Two postulates concerning primitive society, adopted by various ethnologic +students of other countries, have been erroneously applied to the American +aborigines; at the same time they have been so widely accepted as to +demand consideration. + +The first postulate is that primitive men were originally assembled in +chaotic hordes, and that organized society was developed out of the +chaotic mass by the segregation of groups and the differentiation of +functions within each group. Now the American aborigines collectively +represent a wide range in development, extending from a condition about as +primitive as ever observed well toward the verge of feudalism, and thus +offer opportunities for testing the postulate; and it has been found that +when higher and lower stages representing any portion of the developmental +succession are compared, the social organizations of the lower grade are +no less definite, perhaps more definite, than those pertaining to the +higher grade; so that when the history of demotic growth among the +American Indians is traced backward, the organizations are found on the +whole to grow more definite, albeit more simple. When the lines of +development revealed through research are projected still farther toward +their origin, they indicate an initial condition, directly antithetic to +the postulated horde, in which the scant population was segregated in +small discrete bodies, probably family groups; and that in each of these +bodies there was a definite organization, while each group was practically +independent of, and probably inimical to, all other groups. The testimony +of the observed institutions is corroborated by the testimony of language, +which, as clearly shown by Powell,(56) represents progressive combination +rather than continued differentiation, a process of involution rather than +evolution. It would appear that the original definitely organized groups +occasionally met and coalesced, whereby changes in organization were +required; that these compound groups occasionally coalesced with other +groups, both simple and compound, whereby they were elaborated in +structure, always with some loss in definiteness and permanence; and that +gradually the groups enlarged by incorporation, while the composite +organization grew complex and variable to meet the ever-changing +conditions. It would also appear that in some cases the corporeal growth +outran the structural or institutional growth, when the bodies—clans, +gentes, tribes, or confederacies—split into two or more fragments which +continued to grow independently; yet that in general the progress of +institutional developmentwent forward through incorporation of peoples and +differentiation of institutions. The same process was followed as tribal +society passed into national society; and it is the same process which is +today exalting national society into world society, and transforming +simple civilization into enlightenment. Thus the evoluffon of social +organization is from the simple and definite toward the complex and +variable; or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the +environment-shaped to the environment-shaping; or from the biotic to the +demotic. + +The second postulate, which may be regarded as a corollary of the first, +is that the primary conjugal condition was one of promiscuity, out of +which different forms ot marriage were successively segregated. Now the +wide range in institutional development exemplified by the American +Indians affords unprecedented opportunities for testing this postulate +also. The simplest demotic unit found among the aborigines is the clan or +mother-descent group, in which the normal conjugal relation is essentially +monogamous,(57) in which marriage is more or less strictly regulated by a +system of prohibitions, and in which the chief conjugal regulation is +commonly that of exogamy with respect to the clan; in higher groups, more +deeply affected by contact with neighboring peoples, the simple clan +organization is sometimes found to be modified, (1) by the adoption and +subsequent conjugation of captive men and boys, and, doubtless more +profoundly, (2) by the adoption and polygamous marriage of female +captives; and in still more highly organized groups the mother-descent is +lost and polygamy is regular and limited only by the capacity of the +husband as a provider. The second and third stages are commonly +characterized, like the first, by established prohibitions and by clan +exogamy; though with the advance in organization amicable relations with +certain other groups are usually established, whereby the germ of tribal +organization is implanted and a system of interclan marriage, or tribal +endogamy, is developed. With further advance the mother-descent group is +transformed into a father-descent group, when the clan is replaced by the +gens; and polygamy is a common feature of the gentile organization. In all +of these stages the conjugal and consanguineal regulations are affected by +the militant habits characteristic of primitive groups; more warriors than +women are slain in battle, and there are more female captives than male; +and thus the polygamy is mainly or wholly polygyny. In many cases civil +conditions combine with or partially replace the militant conditions, yet +the tendency of conjugal development is not changed. Among the Seri +Indians, probably the most primitive tribe in North America, in which the +demotic unit is the clan, there is a rigorous marriage custom under which +the would-be groom is required to enter the family of the girl and +demonstrate (1) his capacity as a provider and (2) his strength of +character as a man, by a year’s probation, before he is finally +accepted—the conjugal theory ofr the tribe being monogamy, though the +practice, at least during recent years, has, by reason of conditions, +passed into polygyny. Among several other tribes of more provident and +less exclusive habit, the first of the two conditions recognized by the +Seri is met by rich presents (representing accumulated property) from the +groom to the girl’s family, the second condition being usually ignored, +the clan organization remaining in force; among still other tribes the +first condition is more or less vaguely recognized, though the voluntary +present is commuted into, or replaced by, a negotiated value exacted by +the girl’s family, when the mother-descent is commonly vestigial; and in +the next stage, which is abundantly exemplified, wife-purchase prevails, +and the clan is replaced by the gens. In this succession the development +of wife-purchase and the decadence of mother-descent maybe traced, and it +is significant that there is a tendency first toward partial enslavement +of the wife and later toward the multiplication of wives to the limit of +the husband’s means, and toward transforming all, or all but one, of the +wives into menials. Thus the lines of development under militant and civil +conditions are essentially parallel. It is possible to project these lines +some distance backward into the unknown, of the exceedingly primitive, +when they, are found to define small discrete bodies—just such as are +indicated by the institutional and linguistic lines—probably family +groups, which must have been essentially, and were perhaps strictly, +monogamous. It would appear that in these groups mating was either between +distant members (under a law of attraction toward the remote and repulsion +from the near, which is shared by mankind and the higher animals), or the +result of accidental meeting between nubile members of different groups; +that in the second case and sometimes in the first the conjugation +produced a new monogamic family; and that sometimes in the first case (and +possibly in the second) the new group retained a more or less definite +connection with the parent group—this connection constituting the germ of +the clan. In passing, it may be noted merely that this inferential origin +of the lines of institutional development is in accord with the habits of +certain higher and incipiently organized animals. From this hypothetic +beginning, primitive marriage may be traced through the various observed +stages of monogamy and polygamy and concubinage and wife-subordination, +through savagery and barbarism and into civilization, with its curious +combination of exoteric monogamy and esoteric promiscuity. Fortunately the +burden of the proof of this evolution does not now rest wholly on the +evidence obtained among the American aborigines; for Westermarck has +recently reviewed the records of observation among the primitive peoples +of many lands, and has found traces of the same sequence in all.(58) Thus +the evolution of marriage, like that of other human institutions, is from +the simple and definite to the complex and variable; i.e., from +approximate or complete monogamy through polygamy to a mixed status of +undetermined signification; or from the mechanical to the spontaneous; or +from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the provincial to the +cosmopolitan. + +As implied in several foregoing paragraphs, and as clearly set forth in +various publications by Powell, tribal society falls into two classes or +stages—(1) clan organization and (2) gentile organization, these stages +corresponding respectively to savagery and barbarism, strictly defined. + +At the time of discovery, most of the American Indians were in the upper +stages of savagery and the lower stages of barbarism, as defined by +organization; among some tribes descent was reckoned in the female line, +though definite matriarchies have not been discovered; among several +tribes descent was and still is reckoned in the male line, and among all +of the tribes thus far investigated the patriarchal system is found. + +In tribal society, both clan and gentile, the entire social structure is +based on real or assumed kinship, and a large part of the demotic devices +are designed to establish, perpetuate, and advertise kinship relations. As +already indicated, the conspicuous devices in order of development are the +taboo with the prohibitions growing out of it, kinship nomenclature and +regulations, and a system of ordination by which incongruous things are +brought into association. + +Among the American Indians the taboo and derivative prohibitions are used +chiefly in connection with marriage and clan or gentile organization. +Marriage in the clan or gens is prohibited; among many tribes a vestige of +the inferential primitive condition is found in the curious prohibition of +communications between children-in-law and parents-in-law; the clan taboos +are commonly connected with the tutelar beast-god, perhaps represented by +a totem. + +The essential feature of the kinship terminology is the reckoning from +ego, whereby each individual remembers his own relation to every other +member of the clan or tribe; and commonly the kinship terms are classific +rather than descriptive (i.e., a single term expresses the relation which +in English is expressed by the phrase "My elder brother’s second son’s +wife"). The system is curiously complex and elaborate. It was not +discovered by the earlier and more superficial observers of the Indians, +and was brought out chiefly by Morgan, who detected numerous striking +examples among different tribes; but it would appear that the system is +not equally complete among all of the tribes, probably because of immature +development in some cases and because of decadence in others. + +The system of ordination, like that of kinship, is characterized by +reckoning from the ego and by adventitious associations. It may have been +developed from the kinship system through the need for recognition and +assignment of adopted captives, collective property, and other things +pertaining to the group; yet it bears traces of influence by the taboo +system. Its ramifications are wide: In some cases it emphasizes kinship by +assigning members of the family group to fixed positions about the +camp-fire or in the house; this function develops into the placement of +family groups in fixed order, as exemplified in the Iroquoian long-house +and the Siouan camping circle; or it develops into a curiously exaggerated +direction-concept culminating in the cult of the Four Quarters and the +Here, and this prepares the way for a quinary, decimal, and vigesimal +numeration; this last branch sends off another in which the cult of the +Six Quarters and the Here arises to prepare the way for the mystical +numbers 7, 13, and 7x7, whose vestiges come down to civilization; both the +four-quarter and the six-quarter associations are sometimes bound up with +colors; and there are numberless other ramifications. Sometimes the +function and development of these curious concepts, which constitute +perhaps the most striking characteristic of prescriptorial culture, are +obscure at first glance, and hardly to be discovered even through +prolonged research; yet, so far as they have been detected and +interpreted, they are especially adapted to fixing demotic relations; and +through them the manifold relations of individuals and groups are +crystallized and kept in mind. + +Thus the American Indians, including the Siouan stock, are made up of +families organized into clans or gentes, and combined in tribes, sometimes +united in confederacies, all on a basis of kinship, real or assumed; and +the organization is shaped and perpetuated by a series of devices +pertaining to the plane of prescriptorial culture, whereby each member of +the organization is constantly reminded of his position in the group. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 Prepared as a complement and introduction to the following paper oil + "Siouan Sociology," by the late James Owen Dorsey. + + 2 "A synopsis of the Indian tribes ... in North America," Trans, and + Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., vol. II, p. 120. + + 3 "Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico," Seventh + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. + 111-118. Johnson’s Cyclopedia, 1893-95 edition, vol. VII, p. 546, + etc. + + 4 Correspondence with the Bureau of Ethnology. + + 5 "The Tutelo tribe and language," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. xxi, + 3883, p. 1. + + 6 Siouan Tribes of the East; Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, + 1894. + + 7 The subdivisions are set forth, in the following treatise on "Siouan + Sociology." + + 8 Travels in the Interior of North America; Translated by H. Evans + Lloyd; London, 1843, p. 194. In this and other lists of names taken + from early writers the original orthography and interpretation are + preserved. + + 9 "Defined in" The ¢egiha Language," by J. Owen Dorsey, Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. VI, 1890, p. xv. Miss Fletcher, who is intimately + acquainted with the Omaha, questions whether the relations between + the tribes are so close as to warrant the maintenance of this + division; yet as an expression of linguistic affinity, at least, the + division seems to be useful and desirable. + + 10 Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, + performed in the years 1819-1820. ... under the Command of Major + S.H. Long, by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. ii, p. 47 et seq. + + 11 Corrupted to "Chancers" in early days; cf. James ibid., vol. III, p. + 108. + + 12 Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the + Indian Tribes of the United States, part I, Philadelphia, 1853, p. + 498. + + 13 Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the + North American Indians, 4th edition; London, 1844, vol. I, p. 80. + + 14 Travels, op. cit., p. 335. + + 15 History of the Expedition, under the Command of Lewis and Clark, by + Elliott Coues, 1893, vol. I, pp. 182-4. The other two villages + enumerated appear to belong rather to the Hidatsa. Prince Maximilian + found but two villages in 1833, Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush and Ruhptare, + evidently corresponding to the first two mentioned by the earlier + explorers (op. cit., p. 335). + + 16 Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indiana; Miscel. Publ. No. + 7, U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, 1877, p. 38. + + 17 Siouan Tribes of the East, p. 37. Local names derived from the + Saponi dialect were recognized and interpreted by a Kwapa when + pronounced by Dorsey. + + 18 The leading culture stages are defined in the Thirteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1891-92 (1896), p. xxiii et + seq. + + 19 Cf. Schoolcraft, "Information," etc, op. cit., pt. II, 1852, p. 169. + Dorsey was inclined to consider the number as made up without the + Asiniboin. + + 20 Riggs-Dorsey: "Dakota Grammar,Texts, and Ethnography," Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. IX, 1893, p. 164. + + 21 Catlin: "Letters and Notes," op. cit., p. 80. + + 22 Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years + 1766, 1767, and 1768; London, 1778, p. 418. + + 23 Op.cit., p.278. + + 24 Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in + hunting appear to be all of the same species; they carry their ears + erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are + exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will + attack the fiercest of the game they are in pursuit of. They are + also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill + fed by them are very troublesome in their huts or tents." + + 25 "Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A + note adds, "The dogs are not large, much resemble a wolf, and will + haul about 70 pounds each." + + 26 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter’s River ... + under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H. + Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al. + Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ... + under the Command of Major S.H. Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; + London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al. + + Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This + animal ... is probably the original of the domestic dog, so common + in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs + and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the + habit and manners of this species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, + p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, + between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears + are universally erect. The Indians of this nation seek every + opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common + with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have + preserved their original form." + + 27 Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince + adds, "In shape they differ very little from the wolf, and are + equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others + are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing + only by the tail being rather more turned up. Their voice is not a + proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly + descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the + daytime, and mix with the dogs" (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the + Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by + any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. + They are rarely of true wolf color, but generally black or white, or + else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie wolf + (_Canis latrans_). We likewise found among these animals a brown + race, descended from European pointers; hence the genuine bark of + the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western + nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have + hard blows and hard fare; in fact, they are treated just as this + fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345). + + 28 "Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks + (p. 201) of the Minitari canines as "semiloup dogs and whelps." + + 29 Keating’s "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James’ "Account," + op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al. + + 30 According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept + owls in their lodges and regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," + op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated for + the sake of his feathers. + + 31 "Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the + objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. 4, p. 298). + + 32 Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of + Lewis and Clark," 1893, vol. I, p. 139, note. + + 33 "Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., + vol. IV. 1881, p. 114. + + 34 "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of + the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp. + 55, 72-101, et al. + + 35 Op. cit., p. 283 et seq. + + 36 Ibid., p. 435. + + 37 Ibid., p. 294. + + 38 "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," + etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in + winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, + fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al. + + 39 Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839. + + 40 Ibid., vol. I, p. 140. + + 41 "The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237. + + 42 James’ "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et + al. + + 43 Ibid., vol. III, p. 107. + + 44 "Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of + lassoing wild horses is mentioned), p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op. + cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and + 10,000 head, p. 174.) + + 45 Keating in Long’s Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152. + Riggs’ "Dakota-English Dictionary," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890. + + 46 Op. cit., p. 265. + + 47 "A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by + Francis La Flesche, with a report on the structural peculiarities of + the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. and Eth. papers of + the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 + (=231-382). + + 48 Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as + defined by Powell, yet relates especially to the method of reckoning + from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of + prescriptorial culture. + + 49 Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree + in the Dakota group," Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487. + + 50 Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the + Bureau of Ethnology for 1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544. + + 51 Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 + (1891), pp. 1-142, and map. + + 52 Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 + (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep. + Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the + following pages. + + 53 Taken chiefly from notes and manuscripts prepared by Mr Dorsey. + + 54 Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894. + + 55 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), + pp. xliv-xlv. + + 56 Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, + illustrated by American examples," Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. + 625-638, especially p. 635. + + 57 Neither space nor present occasion warrants discussion of the + curious aphrodisian cults found among many peoples, usually in the + barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this is + an aberrant branch from the main stem of institutional growth. The + subject is touched briefly in "The beginning of marriage," American + Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896. + + 58 The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters + iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + +CREDITS + + +October 23, 2006 + + Posted to Project Gutenberg + PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, + Joshua Hutchinson and + The Online Distributed Proofreading Team + (This file was produced from images generously made available + by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at + http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 19628-0.txt or 19628-0.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the +General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and +distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the Project +Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered +trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you +receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of +this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away +— you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks. +Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE + + +_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._ + +To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or +any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), +you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ +License (available with this file or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. + + +General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + + +1.A. + + +By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, +you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the +terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) +agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this +agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee +for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work +and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may +obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set +forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + + +1.B. + + +“Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or +associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be +bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can +do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying +with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are +a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you +follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + + +1.C. + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or +PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual +work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in +the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, +distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on +the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of +course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of +promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project +Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for +keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can +easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you +share it without charge with others. + + +1.D. + + +The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you +can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant +state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of +your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before +downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating +derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. +The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of +any work in any country outside the United States. + + +1.E. + + +Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + + +1.E.1. + + +The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access +to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever +any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase +“Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” +is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or +distributed: + + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with + almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away + or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License + included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org + + +1.E.2. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from the +public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with +permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and +distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or +charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the +phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you +must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 +or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.3. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the +permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply +with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed +by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project +Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the +copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + + +1.E.4. + + +Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License +terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any +other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. + + +1.E.5. + + +Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic +work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying +the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate +access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. + + +1.E.6. + + +You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, +marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word +processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than +“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted +on the official Project Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. +Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as +specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + + +1.E.7. + + +Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, +copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply +with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.8. + + +You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or +distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that + + - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to + donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally + required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments + should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, + “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation.” + + - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. + You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the + works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and + all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. + + - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + + - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. + + +1.E.9. + + +If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic +work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this +agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the +Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in +Section 3 below. + + +1.F. + + +1.F.1. + + +Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to +identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain +works in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these +efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they +may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, +incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright +or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk +or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot +be read by your equipment. + + +1.F.2. + + +LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the “Right of +Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ +trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ +electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for +damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE +NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH +OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE +FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT +WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, +PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY +OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + +1.F.3. + + +LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect in this +electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund +of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to +the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a +physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. +The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect +to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the +work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose +to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in +lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a +refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. + + +1.F.4. + + +Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in +paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ’AS-IS,’ WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + + +1.F.5. + + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the +exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or +limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state +applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make +the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state +law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement +shall not void the remaining provisions. + + +1.F.6. + + +INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark +owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and +any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution +of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs +and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from +any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of +this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect +you cause. + + +Section 2. + + + Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ + + +Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic +works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including +obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the +efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks +of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance +they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring +that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for +generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for +Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations +can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at +http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. + + + Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of +Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. +The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. +Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full +extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. + +The Foundation’s principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. +S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North +1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information +can be found at the Foundation’s web site and official page at +http://www.pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. + + + Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation + + +Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the +number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment +including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are +particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. +Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable +effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these +requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not +received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or +determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have +not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against +accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us +with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any +statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the +United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods +and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including +checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please +visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. + + + General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. + + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with +anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ +eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, +all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright +notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance +with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook’s eBook +number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed +(zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the +old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org + + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how +to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, +how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email +newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + + + + + +***FINIS*** +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/19628-0.zip b/19628-0.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..8d5da93 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-0.zip diff --git a/19628-8.txt b/19628-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a10a1ce --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3055 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Siouan Indians + +Author: W. J. McGee + +Release Date: October 23, 2006 [Ebook #19628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO 8859-1 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + + + +The Siouan Indians + + +A Preliminary Sketch - Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology +to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, Government +Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 153-204 + + +by W. J. McGee + + + + +Edition 1, (October 23, 2006) + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + DEFINITION + EXTENT OF THE STOCK + TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + INSTITUTIONS + BELIEFS + THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + SOMATOLOGY + HABITAT + ORGANIZATION + HISTORY + DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + EGIHA + {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}OIWE'RE + WINNEBAGO + MANDAN + HIDATSA + THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + GENERAL MOVEMENTS +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + + + + + +THE SIOUAN INDIANS + + +A PRELIMINARY SKETCH(1) + +BY W.J. McGEE + + + + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + + + + +DEFINITION + + + +EXTENT OF THE STOCK + + +Out of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America +above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the tenth +of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths of the +land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, +Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more limited +extent. + +The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the +continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake +Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the +Saskatchewan, while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the +Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters and +warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven by +battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, +though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in one +spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan group, and +none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in wealth of literary +and historical records; for since the advent of white men the Siouan +Indians have played striking rles on the stage of human development, and +have caught the eye of every thoughtful observer. + +The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and cognate +tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely used. Originally +it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or contempt, applied to a +part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling Algonquian Indians. +According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation of those tribes +which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota ("Friendly," implying +confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation of _Nadowessioux_, a +Canadian-French corruption of _Nadowe-ssi-wag_ ("the snake-like ones" or +"enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian _nadowe_ ("a snake"); and some +writers have applied the designation to different portions of the stock, +while others have rejected it because of the offensive implication or for +other reasons. So long ago as 1836, however, Gallatin employed the term +"Sioux" to designate collectively "the nations which speak the Sioux +language,"(2) and used an alternative term to designate the subordinate +confederacy--i.e., he used the term in a systematic way for the first time +to denote an ethnic unit which experience has shown to be well defined. +Gallatin's terminology was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and +has been followed by most careful writers on the American Indians. +Accordingly the name must be regarded as established through priority and +prescription, and has been used in the original sense in various standard +publications.(3) + +In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the term +"Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of the allied +tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which the stock is +composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves Dakota. +Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, but as explorers and +pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of the group, it was often +compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," "Yanktonnai-Sioux," +"Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance between white men and red +increased, the stock name was gradually displaced by tribe names until the +colloquial appellation "Sioux" became but a memory or tradition throughout +much of the territory formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of +the reasons for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its +inappropriateness as a designation for the confederacy occupying the +plains of the upper Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious +designation for a people bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. +Moreover, colloquial usage was gradually influenced by the usage of +scholars, who accepted the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by +Gallatin) confederacy, as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, +Prichard, and others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of +use in the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, +to designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either +intern or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied. + +The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains tribes +alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been shown that +certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered by English +colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the plains Indians in +language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale noted a resemblance +between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this resemblance was +discussed orally and in correspondence with several students of Indian +languages, but the probability of direct connection seemed so remote that +the affinity was not generally accepted. Even in 1880, after extended +comparison with Dakota material (including that collected by the newly +instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this distinguished investigator was able +to detect only certain general similarities between the Tutelo tongue and +the dialects of the Dakota tribes.(4) In 1881 Gatschet made a collection +of linguistic material among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and +was struck with the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of +like meaning, and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota +vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, egiha, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwere, and Hotcagara +(Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination of all +Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota dialects, with +which he was specially conversant. These examinations and comparisons +demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and Catawba tongues and +showed them to be of common descent; and the establishment of this +relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity suggested by Hale +between the Dakota and Tutelo. + +Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely +offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the +language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western +Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"(5) and consequently +that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward from +a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the Atlantic. +Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians of the Gulf coast +used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and in 1891 Dorsey visited +these Indians and procured a rich collection of words, phrases, and myths, +whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians was established. Meantime +Mooney began researches among the Cherokee and cognate tribes of the +southern Atlantic slope and found fresh evidence that their ancient +neighbors were related in tongue and belief with the buffalo hunters of +the plains; and he has recently set forth the relations of the several +Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full detail.(6) Through the +addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan stock is augmented in +extent and range and enhanced in interest; for the records of a group of +cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully as to afford historical +perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, the course of +tribal differentiation. + +According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians was +especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying the +continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including the +Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of one or more +tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, social, +and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize several additional +groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence of intimate +relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far as made out through +the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, and tribes of +the stock,(7) with their present condition, are as follows: + + 1. _Dakota-Asiniboin_ + +Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot-ce-ti ca-ko-win ("Seven council-fires") +confederacy, comprising-- + + A. Santee, including Mde-wa-kan-ton-wan ("Spirit Lake village") and + Wa-qpe-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), mostly located in + Knox county, Nebraska, on the former Santee reservation, with some + oa Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + B. Sisseton or Si-si-ton-wan ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on + Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + C. Wahpetou or Wa-qpe-ton-wan ("Dwellers among deciduous trees"), + mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. + D. Yankton or I-hank-ton-wan ("End village"), in Yankton village, + South Dakota. + E. Yanktonai or I-hank-ton-wan-na ("Little End village"), comprising-- + + a. Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, + with the Pa-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + b. Lower Yanktonai, or Hukpatina ("Campers at the horn [or end + of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow Creek reservation, + South Dakota, with some on Standing Bock reservation, North + Dakota, and others on Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + + F. Teton or Ti-ton-wan ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising-- + + a. Brul or Si-tcan-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper Brul, + mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, and Lower Brul, + on Lower Brul reservation, in the same state, with some of + both on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, and others on + Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + b. Sans Arcs or I-ta-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota. + c. Blackfeet or Si-ha-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Eock + reservation, North Dakota. + d. Minneconjou or Mi-ni-ko-o-ju ("Plant beside the stream"), + mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, partly on + Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota. + e. Two Kettles or O-o-he non-pa ("Two boilings"), on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota. + f. Ogalala or O-gla-la ("She poured out her own"), mostly on + Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota, including the Wa-ja-ja + ("Fringed") gens on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and + Loafers or Wa-glu-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge + reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota. + g. Hukpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock reservation, + North Dakota. + +Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called +Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the Dakota; an +offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during recent years; +partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly in Canada; comprising in +1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)(8)-- + + A. Itscheabin ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?). + B. Jatonabin ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently the + leading band. + C. Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?). + D. Otaopabin ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?). + E. Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people). + F. Watpachnato ("Les gens de l'age"=Ancient people?). + G. Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people). + H. Chbin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people). + + 2. _egiha_ ("_People Dwelling here_")(9) + + A. Omaha or U-man-han ("Upstream people"), located on Omaha + reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according to James)(10)-- + + a. Honga-sha-no tribe, including-- + + 1. Wase-ish-ta band. + 2. Enk-ka-sa-ba band. + 3. Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch bears") band. + 4. Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") band. + 5. Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band. + 6. Hun-guh band. + 7. Kon-za band. + 8. Ta-pa-taj-je band. + + b. Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including-- + + 1. Ta-pa-eta-je band. + 2. Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band. + 3. Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band. + 4. Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band. + 5. Wash-a-tung band. + + B. Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian Territory, + partly at Santee agency, Nebraska. + C. Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a-qpa ("Downstream people," a correlative of + U-man-han), the "Arkansa" of early writers, mostly on Osage + reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw reservation, Indian + Territory. + D. (D) Osage or Wa-ca-ce ("People"), comprising-- + + a. Big Osage or Pa-he-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), on Osage + reservation, Indian Territory. + b. Little Osage or U-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}se{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") on + Osage reservation, Indian Territory. + c. San-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}su-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}in(11) ("Campers in the highland grove") or + "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian + Territory. + + E. Kansa or Kan-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance is + unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, Indian + Territory. + + 3. _{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwere_ ("_People of this place_") + + A. Iowa or P-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha + reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox reservation, + Indian Territory. + B. Oto or Wa-to-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, Indian + Territory. + C. Missouri or Ni-u-t'a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to refer to + drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption of + Ni-shu-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri river); on Otoe + reservation, Indian Territory. + + 4. _Winnebago_ + +Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water people"?) or +Ho-tca-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"), mostly on Winnebago +reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, and a few in Michigan; +composition never definitely ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to +Schoolcraft(12)) twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.: + + a. Little Mills' band. + b. Little Dekonie's band. + c. Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's band. + d. Ho-pee-kaw's band. + e. Waw-kon-haw-kaw's band. + f. Baptiste's band. + g. Wee-noo-shik's band. + h. Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's band. + i. Paw-sed-ech-kaw's band. + j. Taw-nu-nuk's band. + k. Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's band. + l. Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's band. + m. Watch-ha-ta-kaw's band. + n. Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's band. + o. Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's band. + p. Good Thunder's band. + q. Koog-ay-ray-kaw's band. + r. Black Hawk's band. + s. Little Thunder's band. + t. Naw-key-ku-kaw's band. + u. O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's band. + + 5. _Mandan_ + +Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they called themselves +See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People of the pheasants;"(13) Prince +Maximilian says they called themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually +the name of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, "The +Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from the rest of their +nation;(14) of the latter name their common appellation seems to be a +corruption); on Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota, comprising in +1804 (according to Lewis and Clark(15)) three villages-- + + a. Matootonha. + b. Rooptahee. + c. __________(Eapanopa's village). + + 6. _Hidatsa_ + + A. Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, but + appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected with the + division of the group, though supposed by some to refer to + "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross the water," or, + objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold reservation, North + Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according to information gained by + Matthews(16)) three villages-- + + a. Hidatsa. + b. Amatlia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?). + c. Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?). + + B. Crow or Ab-sa-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana. + + 7. _Biloxi_ + + A. Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks Han-ya-di + ("Original people" in their own language); partly in Rapides parish, + Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with the Choctaw and Caddo. + B. Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct. + C. ?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct. + + 8. _Monakan_ + +Monakan confederacy. + + A. Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct. + B. Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct. + E. Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct. + +Tutelo. + + A. Tutelo or Ye-san (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + B. Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According to Mooney, + the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected or identical, + and the names were used interchangeably, the former becoming more + prominent after the removal of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas + to New York.(17)) + C. Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + +?Manahoac confederacy, extinct. + + A. Manahoac (meaning unknown). + B. Stegarake (meaning unknown). + C. Shackakoni (meaning unknown). + D. Tauxitania (meaning unknown). + E. Ontponi (meaning unknown). + F. Tegniati (meaning unknown). + G. Whonkenti (meaning unknown). + H. Hasinninga (meaning unknown). + + 9. _Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")_ + + A. Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, "Men" in the + comprehensive sense), nearly extinct. + B. Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct. + E. ? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct. + F. ? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct. + G. ? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct. + H. ? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct. + I. ? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + J. ? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct. + K. Santee (meaning unknown). + L. Wateree (derived from the Catawba word wateran, "to float in the + water"). + M. Sewee (meaning unknown). + N. Congaree (meaning unknown). + + 10. _Sara (extinct)_ + + A. Sara ("Tall grass"). + B. Keyauwi (meaning unknown). + + 11. _? Pedee (extinct)_ + + A. Pedee (meaning unknown). + B. Waccamaw (meaning unknown). + C. Winyaw (meaning unknown). + D. "Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?). + +The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended +researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the work of +earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some cases, +notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions is also +satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, Mandan, and +Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than superficial +enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers possessing +little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far as the survivors +of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; but there +is doubt concerning the former limits of the division, and also concerning +the relations of the extinct tribes referred to on slender, yet the best +available, evidence. The classification of the extinct and nearly extinct +Siouan Indians of the east is much less satisfactory. In several cases +languages are utterly lost, and in others a few doubtful terms alone +remain. In these cases affinity is inferred in part from geographic +relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation of tribes and union of +remnants as the aboriginal population faded under the light of brighter +intelligence; and in all such instances it has been assumed that +federation and union grew out of that conformity in mode of thought which +is characteristic of peoples speaking identical or closely related +tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping of eastern tribes rests in part +on meager testimony and is open to question at many points, it is perhaps +the best that can be devised, and suffices for convenience of statement if +not as a final classification. So far as practicable the names adopted for +the tribes, confederacies, and other groups are those in common use, the +aboriginal designations, when distinct, being added in those cases in +which they are known. + +The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between 40,000 and +45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in Canada. + + + +TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + + +In the Siouan stock, as among the American Indians generally, the accepted +appellations for tribes and other groups are variously derived. Many of +the Siouan tribal names were, like the name of the stock, given by alien +peoples, including white men, though most are founded on the descriptive +or other designations used in the groups to which they pertain. At first +glance, the names seem to be loosely applied and perhaps vaguely defined, +and this laxity in application and definition does not disappear, but +rather increases, with closer examination. + +There are special reasons for the indefiniteness of Indian nomenclature: +The aborigines were at the time of discovery, and indeed most of them +remain today, in the prescriptorial stage of culture, i.e., the stage in +which ideas are crystallized, not by means of arbitrary symbols, but by +means of arbitrary associations,(18) and in this stage names are connotive +or descriptive, rather than denotive as in the scriptorial stage. +Moreover, among the Indians, as among all other prescriptorial peoples, +the ego is paramount, and all things are described, much more largely than +among cultured peoples, with reference to the describer and the position +which he occupies--Self and Here, and, if need be, Now and Thus, are the +fundamental elements of primitive conception and description, and these +elements are implied and exemplified, rather than expressed, in thought +and utterance. Accordingly there is a notable paucity in names, especially +for themselves, among the Indian tribes, while the descriptive +designations applied to a given group by neighboring tribes are often +diverse. + +The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are +illustrated among the Siouan peoples. So far as their own tongues were +concerned, the stock was nameless, and could not be designated save +through integral parts. Even the great Dakota confederacy, one of the most +extensive and powerful aboriginal organizations, bore no better +designation than a term probably applied originally to associated tribes +in a descriptive way and perhaps used as a greeting or countersign, +although there was an alternative proper descriptive term.--"Seven +Council-fires"--apparently of considerable antiquity, since it seems to +have been originally applied before the separation of the Asiniboin.(19) +In like manner the egiha, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're, and Hotcagara groups, and perhaps +the Niya, were without denotive designations for themselves, merely +styling themselves "Local People," "Men," "Inhabitants," or, still more +ambitiously, "People of the Parent Speech," in terms which are variously +rendered by different interpreters; they were lords in their own domain, +and felt no need for special title. Different Dakota tribes went so far as +to claim that their respective habitats marked the middle of the world, so +that each insisted on precedence as the leading tribe,(20) and it was the +boast of the Mandan that they were the original people of the earth.(21) +In the more carefully studied confederacies the constituent groups +generally bore designations apparently used for convenient distinction in +the confederation; sometimes they were purely descriptive, as in the case +of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Oto, and several others; +again they referred to the federate organization (probably, possibly to +relative position of habitat), as in the Yankton, Yanktonai, and Hukpapa; +more frequently they referred to geographic or topographic position, e.g., +Teton, Omaha, Pahe'tsi, Kwapa, etc; while some appear to have had a +figurative or symbolic connotation, as Brul, Ogalala, and Ponka. Usually +the designations employed by alien peoples were more definite than those +used in the group designated, as illustrated by the stock name, Asiniboin, +and Iowa. Commonly the alien appellations were terms of reproach; thus +Sioux, Biloxi, and Hohe (the Dakota designation for the Asiniboin) are +clearly opprobrious, while Paskagula might easily be opprobrious among +hunters and warriors, and Iowa and Oto appear to be derogatory or +contemptuous expressions. The names applied by the whites were sometimes +taken from geographic positions, as in the case of Upper Yanktonai and +Cape Fear--the geographic names themselves being frequently of Indian +origin. Some of the current names represent translations of the aboriginal +terms either into English ("Blackfeet," "Two Kettles," "Crow,") or into +French ("Sans Arcs," "Brul"," "Gros Ventres"); yet most of the names, at +least of the prairie tribes, are simply corruptions of the aboriginal +terms, though frequently the modification is so complete as to render +identification and interpretation difficult--it is not easy to find Waca'ce +in "Osage" (so spelled by the French, whose orthography was adopted and +mispronounced by English-speaking pioneers), or Pa'qotce in "Iowa." + +The meanings of most of the eastern names are lost; yet so far as they are +preserved they are of a kind with those of the interior. So, too, are the +subtribal names enumerated by Dorsey. + + + +PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + + +PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + + +The Siouan stock is defined by linguistic characters. The several tribes +and larger and smaller groups speak dialects so closely related as to +imply occasional or habitual association, and hence to indicate community +in interests and affinity in development; and while the arts (reflecting +as they did the varying environment of a wide territorial range) were +diversified, the similarity in language was, as is usual, accompanied by +similarity in institutions and beliefs. Nearly all of the known dialects +are eminently vocalic, and the tongues of the plains, which have been most +extensively studied, are notably melodious; thus the leading languages of +the group display moderately high phonetic development. In grammatic +structure the better-known dialects are not so well developed; the +structure is complex, chiefly through the large use of inflection, though +agglutination sometimes occurs. In some cases the germ of organization is +found in fairly definite juxtaposition or placement. The vocabulary is +moderately rich, and of course represents the daily needs of a primitive +people, their surroundings, their avocations, and their thoughts, while +expressing little of the richer ideation of cultured cosmopolites. On the +whole, the speech of the Siouan stock may be said to have been fairly +developed, and may, with the Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Shoshonean, be +regarded as typical for the portion of North America lying north of +Mexico. Fortunately it has been extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, +Dorsey, and several others, including distinguished representatives of +some of the tribes, and is thus accessible to students. The high phonetic +development of the Siouan tongues reflects the needs and records the +history of the hunter and warrior tribes, whose phonetic symbols were +necessarily so differentiated as to be intelligible in whisper, oratory, +and war cry, as well as in ordinary converse, while the complex structure +is in harmony with the elaborate social organization and ritual of the +Siouan people. + +Many of the Siouan Indians were adepts in the sign language; indeed, this +mode of conveying intelligence attained perhaps its highest development +among some of the tribes of this stock, who, with other plains Indians, +developed pantomime and gesture into a surprisingly perfect art of +expression adapted to the needs of huntsmen and warriors. + +Most of the tribes were fairly proficient in pictography; totemic and +other designs were inscribed on bark and wood, painted on skins, wrought +into domestic wares, and sometimes carved on rocks. Jonathan Carver gives +an example of picture-writing on a tree, in charcoal mixed with bear's +grease, designed to convey information from the "Chipe'ways" (Algonquian) +to the "Naudowessies,"(22) and other instances of intertribal +communication by means of pictography are on record. Personal decoration +was common, and was largely symbolic; the face and body were painted in +distinctive ways when going on the warpath, in organizing the hunt, in +mourning the dead, in celebrating the victory, and in performing various +ceremonials. Scarification and maiming were practiced by some of the +tribes, always in a symbolic way. Among the Mandan and Hidatsa scars were +produced in cruel ceremonials originally connected with war and hunting, +and served as enduring witnesses of courage and fortitude. Symbolic +tattooing was fairly common among the westernmost tribes. Eagle and other +feathers were worn as insignia of rank and for other symbolic purposes, +while bear claws and the scalps of enemies were worn as symbols of the +chase and battle. Some of the tribes recorded current history by means of +"winter counts" or calendaric inscriptions, though their arithmetic was +meager and crude, and their calendar proper was limited to recognition of +the year, lunation, and day--or, as among so many primitive people, the +"snow," "dead moon," and "night,"--with no definite system of fitting +lunations to the annual seasons. Most of the graphic records were +perishable, and have long ago disappeared; but during recent decades +several untutored tribesmen have executed vigorous drawings representing +hunting scenes and conflicts with white soldiery, which have been +preserved or reproduced. These crude essays in graphic art were the germ +of writing, and indicate that, at the time of discovery, several Siouan +tribes were near the gateway opening into the broader field of scriptorial +culture. So far as it extends, the crude graphic symbolism betokens +warlike habit and militant organization, which were doubtless measurably +inimical to further progress. + +It would appear that, in connection with their proficiency in gesture +speech and their meager graphic art, the Siouan Indians had become masters +in a vaguely understood system of dramaturgy or symbolized conduct. Among +them the use of the peace-pipe was general; among several and perhaps all +of the tribes the definite use of insignia was common; among them the +customary hierarchic organization of the aborigines was remarkably +developed and was maintained by an elaborate and strict code of etiquette +whose observance was exacted and yielded by every tribesman. Thus the +warriors, habituated to expressing and recognizing tribal affiliation and +status in address and deportment, were notably observant of social +minuti, and this habit extended into every activity of their lives. They +were ceremonious among themselves and crafty toward enemies, tactful +diplomatists as well as brave soldiers, shrewd strategists as well as +fierce fighters; ever they were skillful readers of human nature, even +when ruthless takers of human life. Among some of the tribes every +movement and gesture and expression of the male adult seems to have been +affected or controlled with the view of impressing spectators and +auditors, and through constant schooling the warriors became most +consummate actors. To the casual observer, they were stoics or stupids +according to the conditions of observation; to many observers, they were +cheats or charlatans; to scientific students, their eccentrically +developed volition and the thaumaturgy by which it was normally +accompanied suggests early stages in that curious development which, in +the Orient, culminates in necromancy and occultism. Unfortunately this +phase of the Indian character (which was shared by various tribes) was +little appreciated by the early travelers, and little record of it +remains; yet there is enough to indicate the importance of constantly +studied ceremony, or symbolic conduct, among them. The development of +affectation and self-control among the Siouan tribesmen was undoubtedly +shaped by warlike disposition, and their stoicism was displayed largely in +war--as when the captured warrior went exultingly to the torture, taunting +and tempting his captors to multiply their atrocities even until his +tongue was torn from its roots, in order that his fortitude might be +proved; but the habit was firmly fixed and found constant expression in +commonplace as well as in more dramatic actions. + + +INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + + +Since the arts of primitive people reflect environmental conditions with +close fidelity, and since the Siouan Indians were distributed over a vast +territory varying in climate, hydrography, geology, fauna, and flora, +their industrial and esthetic arts can hardly be regarded as distinctive, +and were indeed shared by other tribes of all neighboring stocks. + +The best developed industries were hunting and warfare, though all of the +tribes subsisted in part on fruits, nuts, berries, tubers, grains, and +other vegetal products, largely wild, though sometimes planted and even +cultivated in rude fashion. The southwestern tribes, and to some extent +all of the prairie denizens and probably the eastern remnant, grew maize, +beans, pumpkins, melons, squashes, sunflowers, and tobacco, though their +agriculture seems always to have been subordinated to the chase. +Aboriginally, they appear to have had no domestic animals except dogs, +which, according to Carver--one of the first white men seen by the prairie +tribes,--were kept for their flesh, which was eaten ceremonially,(23) and +for use in the chase.(24) According to Lewis and Clark (1804-1806), they +were used for burden and draft;(25) according to the naturalists +accompanying Long's expedition (1819-20), for flesh (eaten ceremonially +and on ordinary occasions), draft, burden, and the chase,(26) and +according to Prince Maximilian, for food and draft,(27) all these +functions indicating long familiarity with the canines. Catlin, too, found +"dog's meat ... the most honorable food that can be presented to a +stranger;" it was eaten ceremonially and on important occasions.(28) +Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his harness are ancient and even +archaic, and some of the most important ceremonials were connected with +this animal,(29) implying long-continued association. Casual references +indicate that some of the tribes lived in mutual tolerance with several +birds(30) and mammals not yet domesticated (indeed the buffalo may be said +to have been in this condition), so that the people were at the threshold +of zooculture. + +The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, and +antler. According to Carver, the "Nadowessie" were skillful bowmen, using +also the "casse-tte"(31) or warclub, and a flint scalping-knife. Catlin +was impressed with the shortness of the bows used by the prairie tribes, +though among the southwestern tribes they were longer. Many of the Siouan +Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. The domestic utensils were +scant and simple, as became wanderers and fighters, wood being the common +material, though crude pottery and basketry were manufactured, together +with bags and bottles of skins or animal intestines. Ceremonial objects +were common, the most conspicuous being the calumet, carved out of the +sacred pipestone or catlinite quarried for many generations in the midst +of the Siouan territory. Frequently the pipes were fashioned in the form +of tomahawks, when they carried a double symbolic significance, standing +alike for peace and war, and thus expressing well the dominant idea of the +Siouan mind. Tobacco and kinnikinic (a mixture of tobacco with shredded +bark, leaves, etc(32)) were smoked. + +Aboriginally the Siouan apparel was scanty, commonly comprising +breechclout, moccasins, leggings, and robe, and consisted chiefly of +dressed skins, though several of the tribes made simple fabrics of bast, +rushes, and other vegetal substances. Fur robes and rush mats commonly +served for bedding, some of the tribes using rude bedsteads. The +buffalo-hunting prairie tribes depended largely for apparel, bedding, and +habitations, as well as for food, on the great beast to whose comings and +goings their movements were adjusted. Like other Indians, the Siouan +hunters and their consorts quickly availed themselves of the white man's +stuffs, as well as his metal implements, and the primitive dress was soon +modified. + +The woodland habitations were chiefly tent-shape structures of saplings +covered with bark, rush mats, skins, or bushes; the prairie habitations +were mainly earth lodges for winter and buffalo-skin tipis for summer. +Among many of the tribes these domiciles, simple as they were, were +constructed in accordance with an elaborate plan controlled by ritual. +According to Morgan, the framework of the aboriginal Dakota house +consisted of 13 poles;(33) and Dorsey describes the systematic grouping of +the tipis belonging to different gentes and tribes. Sudatories were +characteristic in most of the tribes, menstrual lodges were common, and +most of the more sedentary tribes had council houses or other communal +structures. The Siouan domiciles were thus adapted with remarkable +closeness to the daily habits and environment of the tribesmen, while at +the same time they reflected the complex social organization growing out +of their prescriptorial status and militant disposition. + +Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were fine swimmers, though +they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers and managers +of water craft. The Dakota women made coracles of buffalo hides, in which +they transported themselves and their householdry, but the use of these +and other craft seems to have been regarded as little better than a +feminine weakness. Other tribes were better boatmen; for the Siouan Indian +generally preferred land travel to journeying by water, and avoided the +burden of vehicles by which his ever-varying movements in pursuit of game +or in waylaying and evading enemies would have been limited and +handicapped. + +There are many indications and some suggestive evidences that the chief +arts and certain institutions and beliefs, as well as the geographic +distribution, of the principal Siouan tribes were determined by a single +conspicuous feature in their environment--the buffalo. As Riggs, Hale, and +Dorsey have demonstrated, the original home of the Siouan stock lay on the +eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, stretching down over the +Piedmont and Coastplain provinces to the shores of the Atlantic between +the Potomac and the Savannah. As shown by Allen, the buffalo, "prior to +the year 1800," spread eastward across the Appalachians(34) and into the +priscan territory of the Siouan tribes. As suggested by Shaler, the +presence of this ponderous and peaceful animal materially affected the +vocations of the Indians, tending to discourage agriculture and encourage +the chase; and it can hardly be doubted that the bison was the bridge that +carried the ancestors of the western tribes from the crest of the +Alleghenies to the Cteau des Prairies and enabled them to disperse so +widely over the plains beyond. Certainly the toothsome flesh and useful +skins must have attracted the valiant huntsmen among the Appalachians; +certainly the feral herds must have become constantly larger and more +numerous westward, thus tempting the pursuers down the waterways toward +the great river; certainly the vast herds beyond the Mississippi gave +stronger incentives and richer rewards than the hunters of big game found +elsewhere; and certainly when the prairie tribes were discovered, the men +and animals lived in constant interaction, and many of the hunters acted +and thought only as they were moved by their easy prey. As the Spanish +horse spread northward over the Llano Estacado and overflowed across the +mountains from the plains of the Cayuse, the Dakota and other tribes found +a new means of conquest over the herds, and entered on a career so facile +that they increased and multiplied despite strife and imported disease. + +The horse was acquired by the prairie tribes toward the end of the last +century. Carver (1766-1768) describes the methods of hunting among the +"Naudowessie" without referring to the horse,(35) though he gives their +name for the animal in his vocabulary,(36) and describes their mode of +warfare with "Indians that inhabit still farther to the westward a country +which extends to the South Sea," having "great plenty of horses."(37) +Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) mention that the "Sioux of the Teton tribe ... +frequently make excursions to steal horses" from the Mandan,(38) and make +other references indicating that the horse was in fairly common use among +some of the Siouan tribes, though the animal was "confined principally to +the nations inhabiting the great plains of the Columbia,"(39) and dogs +were still used for burden and draft.(40) Grinnell learned from an aged +Indian that horses came into the hands of the neighboring Piegan +(Algonquian) about 1804-1806.(41) Long's naturalists found the horse, ass, +and mule in use among the Kansa and other tribes,(42) and described the +mode of capture of wild horses by the Osage;(43) yet when, two-thirds of a +century after Carver, Catlin (1832-1839) and Prince Maximilian (1833-34) +visited the Siouan territory, they found the horse established and in +common use in the chase and in war.(44) It is significant that the Dakota +word for horse (suk-tan'-ka or sun-ka'-wa-kan) is composed of the word for +dog (sun'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness, or mystery, +so that the horse is literally "great mysterious dog," or "ancient sacred +dog," and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances +correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft +animal.(45) This terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog +was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the +horse. + +Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements absorbed a +considerable part of the time and energy of the old and young of both +sexes. Among the young, the gambols, races, and other sports were chiefly +or wholly diversional, and commonly mimicked the avocations of the adults. +The girls played at the building and care of houses and were absorbed in +dolls, while the boys played at archery, foot racing, and mimic hunting, +which soon grew into the actual chase of small birds and animals. Some of +the sports of the elders were unorganized diversions, leaping, racing, +wrestling, and other spontaneous expressions of exuberance. Certain +diversions were controlled by more persistent motive, as when the idle +warrior occupied his leisure in meaningless ornamentation of his garment +or tipi, or spent hours of leisure in esthetic modification of his weapon +or ceremonial badge, and to this purposeless activity, which engendered +design with its own progress, the incipient graphic art of the tribes was +largely due. The more important and characteristic sports were organized +and interwoven with social organization and belief so as commonly to take +the form of elaborate ceremonial, in which dancing, feasting, fasting, +symbolic painting, song, and sacrifice played important parts, and these +organized sports were largely fiducial. To many of the early observers the +observances were nothing more than meaningless mummeries; to some they +were sacrilegious, to others sortilegious; to the more careful students, +like Carver, whose notes are of especial value by reason of the author's +clear insight into the Indian character, they were invocations, +expiations, propitiations, expressing profound and overpowering devotion. +Carver says of the "Naudowessie," "They usually dance either before or +after every meal; and by this cheerfulness, probably, render the Great +Spirit, to whom they consider themselves as indebted for every good, a +more acceptable sacrifice than a formal and unanimated thanksgiving;"(46) +and he proceeds to describe the informal dances as well as the more formal +ceremonials preparatory to joining in the chase or setting out on the +warpath. The ceremonial observances of the Siouan tribes were not +different in kind from those of neighboring contemporaries, yet some of +them were developed in remarkable degree--for example, the bloody rites by +which youths were raised to the rank of warriors in some of the prairie +tribes were without parallel in severity among the aborigines of America, +or even among the known primitive peoples of the world. So the sports of +the Siouan Indians were both diversional and divinatory, and the latter +were highly organized in a manner reflecting the environment of the +tribes, their culture-status, their belief, and especially their +disposition toward bloodshed; for their most characteristic ceremonials +were connected, genetically if not immediately, with warfare and the +chase. + +Among many of the Siouan tribes, games of chance were played habitually +and with great avidity, both men and women becoming so absorbed as to +forget avocations and food, mothers even neglecting their children; for, +as among other primitive peoples, the charm of hazard was greater than +among the enlightened. The games were not specially distinctive, and were +less widely differentiated than in certain other Indian stocks. The sport +or game of chungke stood high in favor among the young men in many of the +tribes, and was played as a game partly of chance, partly of skill; but +dice games (played with plum stones among the southwestern prairie tribes) +were generally preferred, especially by the women, children, and older +men. The games were partly, sometimes wholly, diversional, but generally +they were in large part divinatory, and thus reflected the hazardous +occupations and low culture-status of the people. One of the evils +resulting from the advent of the whites was the introduction of new games +of chance which tended further to pervert the simple Siouan mind; but in +time the evil brought its own remedy, for association with white gamblers +taught the ingenuous sortilegers that there is nothing divine or sacred +about the gaming table or the conduct of its votaries. + +The primitive Siouan music was limited to the chant and rather simple +vocal melody, accompanied by rattle, drum, and flute, the drum among the +northwestern tribes being a skin bottle or bag of water. The music of the +Omaha and some other tribes has been most appreciatively studied by Miss +Fletcher, and her memoir ranks among the Indian classics.(47) In general +the Siouan music was typical for the aboriginal stocks of the northern +interior. Its dominant feature was rhythm, by which the dance was +controlled, though melody was inchoate, while harmony was not yet +developed. + +The germ of painting was revealed in the calendars and the seed of +sculpture in the carvings of the Sionan Indians. The pictographic +paintings comprised not only recognizable but even vigorous +representations of men and animals, depicted in form and color though +without perspective, while the calumet of catlinite was sometimes chiseled +into striking verisimilitude of human and animal forms in miniature. To +the collector these representations suggest fairly developed art, though +to the Indian they were mainly, if not wholly, symbolic; for everything +indicates that the primitive artisan had not yet broken the shackles of +fetichistic symbolism, and had little conception of artistic portrayal for +its own sake. + + +INSTITUTIONS + + +Among civilized peoples, institutions are crystallized in statutes about +nuclei of common law or custom; among peoples in the prescriptorial +culture-stage statutes are unborn, and various mnemonic devices are +employed for fixing and perpetuating institutions; and, as is usual in +this stage, the devices involve associations which appear to be +essentially arbitrary at the outset, though they tend to become natural +through the survival of the fittest. A favorite device for perpetuating +institutions among the primitive peoples of many districts on different +continents is the taboo, or prohibition, which is commonly fiducial but is +often of general application. This device finds its best development in +the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected +with totemism. Another device, which is remarkably widespread, as shown by +Morgan, is kinship nomenclature. This device rests on a natural and easily +ascertained basis, though its applications are arbitrary and vary widely +from tribe to tribe and from culture-status to culture-status. A third +device, which found much favor among the American aborigines and among +some other primitive peoples, may be called _ordination_, or the +arrangement of individuals and groups classified from the prescriptorial +point of view of Self, Here, and Now, with respect to each other or to +some dominant personage or group. This device seems to have grown out of +the kin-name system, in which the Ego is the basis from which relation is +reckoned. It tends to develop into federate organization on the one hand +or into caste on the other hand, according to the attendant +conditions.(48) There are various other devices for fixing and +perpetuating institutions or for expressing the laws embodied therein. +Some of these are connected with thaumaturgy and shamanism, some are +connected with the powers of nature, and the several devices overlap and +interlace in puzzling fashion. + +Among the Siouan Indians the devices of taboo, kin-names, and ordination +are found in such relation as to throw some light on the growth of +primitive institutions. While they blend and are measurably involved with +thaumaturgic devices, there are indications that in a general way the +three devices stand for stages in the development of law. Among the +best-known tribes the taboo pertained to the clan, and was used (in a much +more limited way than among some other peoples) to commemorate and +perpetuate the clan organization; kin-names, which were partly natural and +thus normal to the clan organization, and at the same time partly +artificial and thus characteristic of gentile organization, served to +commemorate and perpetuate not only the family relations but the relations +of the constituent elements of the tribe; while the ordination, expressed +in the camping circle, in the phratries, in the ceremonials, and in many +other ways, served to commemorate intertribal as well as intergentile +relations, and thus to promote peace and harmonious action. It is +significant that the taboo was less potent among the Siouan Indians than +among some other stocks, and that among some tribes it has not been found; +and it is especially significant that in some instances the taboo was +apparently inversely related to kin-naming and ordination, as among the +Biloxi, where the taboo is exceptionally weak and kin-naming exceptionally +strong, and among the Dakota, where the system of ordination attained +perhaps its highest American development in domiciliary arrangement, while +the taboo was limited in function; for the relations indicate that the +taboo was archaic or even vestigial. It is noteworthy also that among most +of the Siouan tribes the kin-name system was less elaborate than in many +other stocks, while the system of ordination is so elaborate as to +constitute one of the leading characteristics of the stock. + +At the time of the discovery, most of the Siouan tribes had apparently +passed into gentile organization, though vestiges of clan organization +were found--e.g., among the best-known tribes the man was the head of the +family, though the tipi usually belonged to the woman. Thus, as defined by +institutions, the stock was just above savagery and just within the lower +stages of barbarism. Accordingly the governmental functions were +hereditary in the male line, yet the law of heredity was subject to +modification or suspension at the will of the group, commonly at the +instance of rebels or usurpers of marked prowess or shrewdness. The +property regulations were definite and strictly observed; as among other +barbarous peoples, the land was common to the tribe or other group +occupying it, yet was defended against alien invasion; the ownership of +movable property was a combination of communalism and individualism +delicately adjusted to the needs and habits of the several tribes-- in +general, evanescent property, such as food and fuel, was shared in common +(subject to carefully regulated individual claims), while permanent +property, such as tipis, dogs, apparel, weapons, etc, was held by +individuals. As among other tribes, the more strictly personal property +was usually destroyed on the death of the owner, though the real reason +for the custom--the prevention of dispute--was shrouded in a mantle of +mysticism. + +Although of primary importance in shaping the career of the Siouan tribes, +the marital institutions of the stock were not specially distinctive. +Marriage was usually effected by negotiation through parents or elders; +among some of the tribes the bride was purchased, while among others there +was an interchange of presents. Polygyny was common; in several of the +tribes the bride's sisters became subordinate wives of the husband. The +regulations concerning divorce and the punishment of infidelity were +somewhat variable among the different tribes, some of whom furnished +temporary wives to distinguished visitors. Generally there were sanctions +for marriage by elopement or individual choice. In every tribe, so far as +known, gentile exogamy prevailed--i.e., marriage in the gens was forbidden, +under pain of ostracism or still heavier penalty, while the gentes +intermarried among one another; in some cases intermarriage between +certain tribes was regarded with special favor. There seems to have been +no system of marriage by capture, though captive women were usually +espoused by the successful tribesmen, and girls were sometimes abducted. +In general it would appear that intergentile and intertribal marriage was +practiced and sanctioned by the sages, and that it tended toward harmony +and federation, and thus contributed much toward the increase and +diffusion of the great Siouan stock. + +As set forth in some detail by Dorsey, the ordination of the Siouan tribes +extended beyond the hierarchic organization into families, subgentes, +gentes, tribes, and confederacies; there were also phratries, sometimes +(perhaps typically) arranged in pairs; there were societies or +associations established on social or fiducial bases; there was a general +arrangement or classification of each group on a military basis, as into +soldiers and two or more classes of noncombatants, etc. Among the Siouan +peoples, too, the individual brotherhood of the David-Jonathan or +Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed. Thus the corporate +institutions were interwoven and superimposed in a manner nearly as +complex as that found in the national, state, municipal, and minor +institutions of civilization; yet the ordination preserved by means of the +camping circle, the kinship system, the simple series of taboos, and the +elaborate symbolism was apparently so complete as to meet every social and +governmental demand. + + +BELIEFS + + +THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + + +As explained by Powell, philosophies and beliefs may be seriated in four +stages: The first stage is hecastotheism; in this stage extranatural or +mysterious potencies are imputed to objects both animate and inanimate. +The second stage is zootheism; within it the powers of animate forms are +exaggerated and amplified into the realm of the supernal, and certain +animals are deified. The third stage is that of physitheism, in which the +agencies of nature are personified and exalted unto omnipotence. The +fourth stage is that of psychotheism, which includes the domain of +spiritual concept. In general the development of belief coincides with the +growth of abstraction; yet it is to be remembered that this growth +represents increase in definiteness of the abstract concepts rather than +augmentation in numbers and kinds of subjective impressions, i.e., the +advance is in quality rather than in quantity; indeed, it would almost +appear that the vague and indefinite abstraction of hecastotheism is more +pervasive and prevalent than the clearer abstraction of higher stages. +Appreciation of the fundamental characteristics of belief is essential to +even the most general understanding of the Indian mythology and +philosophy, and even after careful study it is difficult for thinkers +trained in the higher methods of thought to understand the crude and +confused ideation of the primitive thinker. + +In hecastotheism the believer finds mysterious properties and potencies +everywhere. To his mind every object is endued with occult power, moved by +a vague volition, actuated by shadowy motive ranging capriciously from +malevolence to benevolence; in his lax estimation some objects are more +potent or more mysterious than others, the strong, the sharp, the hard, +and the swift-moving rising superior to the feeble, the dull, the soft, +and the slow. Commonly he singles out some special object as his personal, +family, or tribal mystery-symbol or fetich, the object usually +representing that which is most feared or worst hated among his +surroundings. Vaguely realizing from the memory of accidents or unforeseen +events that he is dependent on his surroundings, he invests every feature +of his environment with a capricious humor reflecting his own disposition, +and gives to each and all a subtlety and inscrutability corresponding to +his exalted estimation of his own craft in the chase and war; and, +conceiving himself to live and move only at the mercy of his multitudinous +associates, he becomes a fatalist--kismet is his watchword, and he meets +defeat and death with resignation, just as he goes to victory with +complacence; for so it was ordained. + +Zootheism is the offspring of hecastotheism. As the primitive believer +assigns special potency or mystery to the strong and the swift, he +gradually comes to give exceptional rank to self-moving animals; as his +experience of the strength, alertness, swiftness, and courage of his +animate enemy or prey increases, these animals are invested with +successively higher and higher attributes, each reflecting the mental +operations of the mystical huntsman, and in time the animals with which +the primitive believers are most intimately associated come to be regarded +as tutelary daimons of supernatural power and intelligence. At first the +animals, like the undifferentiated things of hecastotheism, are regarded +in fear or awe by reason of their strength and ferocity, and this regard +grows into an incipient worship in the form of sacrifice or other +ceremonial; meanwhile, inanimate things, and in due season rare and +unimportant animals, are neglected, and a half dozen, a dozen, or a score +of the well-known animals are exalted into a hierarchy of petty gods, +headed by the strongest like the bear, the swiftest like the deer, the +most majestic like the eagle, the most cunning like the fox or coyote, or +the most deadly like the rattlesnake. Commonly the arts and the skill of +the mystical huntsman improve from youth to adolescence and from +generation to generation, so that the later animals appear to be easier +snared or slain than the earlier; moreover, the accounts of conflicts +between men and animals grow by repetition and are gilded by imagination +as memory grows dim; and for these and other reasons the notion grows up +that the ancient animals were stronger, swifter, slier, statelier, +deadlier than their modern representatives, and the hierarchy of petty +gods is exalted into an omnipotent thearchy. Eventually, in the most +highly developed zootheistic systems, the leading beast-god is regarded as +the creator of the lesser deities of the earth, sun, and sky, of the +mythic under-world and its real counterpart the ground or mid-world, as +well as the visionary upper-world, of men, and of the ignoble animals; +sometimes the most exalted beast-god is worshiped especially by the great +man or leading class and incidentally by all, while other men and groups +choose the lesser beast-gods, according to their rank, for special +worship. In hecastotheism the potencies revered or worshiped are +polymorphic, while their attributes reflect the mental operations of the +believers; in zootheism the deities worshiped are zoomorphic, and their +attributes continue to reflect the human mind. + +Physitheism, in its turn, springs from zootheism. Through contemplation of +the strong the idea of strength arises, and a means is found for bringing +the bear into analogy with thunder, with the sun, or with the +avalanche-bearing mountain; through contemplation of the swift the concept +of swiftness is engendered, and comparison of the deer with the wind or +rushing river is made easy; through contemplation of the deadly stroke of +the rattlesnake the notion of death-dealing power assumes shape, and +comparison of the snake bite and the lightning stroke is made possible; +and in every case it is inevitably perceived that the agency is stronger, +swifter, deadlier than the animal. At first the agency is not abstracted +or dissociated from the parent zootheistic concept, and the sun is the +mightiest animal as among many peoples, the thunder is the voice of the +bear as among different woodland tribes or the flapping of the wings of +the great ancient eagle as among the Dakota and egiha, while lightning is +the great serpent of the sky as among the Zui. Subsequently the zoic +concept fades, and the constant association of human intellectual +qualities engenders an anthropic concept, when the sun becomes an +anthropomorphic deity (perhaps bearing a dazzling mask, as among the +Zui), and thunder is the rumbling of quoits pitched by the shades of +old-time giants, as among different American tribes. Eventually all the +leading agencies of nature are personified in anthropic form, and retain +the human attributes of caprice, love, and hate which are found in the +minds of the believers. + +Psychotheism is born of physitheism as the anthropomorphic element in the +concept of natural agency gradually fades; but since none of the +aborigines of the United States had passed into the higher stage, the mode +of transition does not require consideration. + +It is to be borne in mind that throughout the course of development of +belief, from the beginning of hecastotheism into the borderland of +psychotheism, the dominant characteristic is the vague notion of mystery. +At first the mystery pervades all things and extends in all directions, +representing an indefinite ideal world, which is the counterpart of the +real world with the addition of human qualities. Gradually the mystery +segregates, deepening with respect to animals and disappearing with +respect to inanimate things; and at length the slowly changing mysteries +shape themselves into semiabstractions having a strong anthropic cast, +while the remainder of the earth and the things thereof gradually become +real, though they remain under the spell and dominion of the mysterious. +Thus at every stage the primitive believer is a mystic--a fatalist in one +stage, a beast worshiper in another, a thaumaturgist in a third, yet ever +and first of all a mystic. It is also to be borne in mind (and the more +firmly because of a widespread misapprehension) that the primitive +believer, up to the highest stage attained by the North American Indian, +is not a psychotheist, much less a monotheist. His "Great Spirit" is +simply a great mystery, perhaps vaguely anthropomorphic, oftener +zoomorphic, yet not a spirit, which he is unable to conceive save by +reflection of the white man's concept and inquiry; and his departed spirit +is but a shade, much like that of the ancient Greeks, the associate and +often the inferior of animal shades. + +While the four stages in development of belief are fundamentally distinct, +they nevertheless overlap in such manner as apparently, and in a measure +really, to coexist and blend. Culture progress is slow. In biotic +development the effect of beneficial modification is felt immediately, and +the modified organs or organisms are stimulated and strengthened +cumulatively, while the unmodified are enfeebled and paralyzed +cumulatively through inactivity and quickly pass toward atrophy and +extinction. Conversely in demotic development, which is characterized by +the persistence of the organisms and by the elimination of the bad and the +preservation of the good among qualities only, there is a constant +tendency toward retardation of progress; for in savagery and barbarism as +in civilization, age commonly produces conservatism, and at the same time +brings responsibility for the conduct of old and young, so that +modification, howsoever beneficial, is measurably held in check, and so +that the progress of each generation buds in the springtime of youth yet +is not permitted to fruit until the winter of old age approaches. +Accordingly the mean of demotic progress tends to lag far behind its +foremost advances, and modes of action and especially of thought change +slowly. This is especially true of beliefs, which, during each generation, +are largely vestigial. So the stages in the evolution of mythologic +philosophy overlap widely; there is probably no tribe now living among +whom zootheism has not yet taken root, though hecastotheism has been found +dominant among different tribes; there is probably no people in the +zootheistic stage who are completely divested of hecastotheistic vestiges; +and one of the curious features of even the most advanced psychotheism is +the occasional outcropping of features inherited from all of the earlier +stages. Yet it is none the less important to discriminate the stages. + + +THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + + +It was partly through pioneer study of the Siouan Indians that the popular +fallacy concerning the aboriginal "Great Spirit" gained currency; and it +was partly through the work of Dorsey among the egiha and Dakota tribes, +first as a missionary and afterward as a linguist, that the early error +was corrected. Among these tribes the creation and control of the world +and the things thereof are ascribed to "wa-kan-da" (the term varying +somewhat from tribe to tribe), just as among the Algonquian tribes +omnipotence was assigned to "ma-ni-do" ("Manito the Mighty" of +"Hiawatha"); yet inquiry shows that wakanda assumes various forms, and is +rather a quality than a definite entity. Thus, among many of the tribes +the sun is wakanda--not _the_ wakanda or _a_ wakanda, but simply wakanda; +and among the same tribes the moon is wakanda, and so is thunder, +lightning, the stars, the winds, the cedar, and various other things; even +a man, especially a shaman, might be wakanda or a wakanda. In addition the +term was applied to mythic monsters of the earth, air, and waters; +according to some of the sages the ground or earth, the mythic +under-world, the ideal upper-world, darkness, etc, were wakanda or +wakandas. So, too, the fetiches and the ceremonial objects and decorations +were wakanda among different tribes. Among some of the groups various +animals and other trees besides the specially wakanda cedar were regarded +as wakandas; as already noted, the horse, among the prairie tribes, was +the wakanda dog. In like manner many natural objects and places of +striking character were considered wakanda. Thus the term was applied to +all sorts of entities and ideas, and was used (with or without +inflectional variations) indiscriminately as substantive and adjective, +and with slight modification as verb and adverb. Manifestly a term so +protean is not susceptible of translation into the more highly +differentiated language of civilization. Manifestly, too, the idea +expressed by the term is indefinite, and can not justly be rendered into +"spirit," much less into "Great Spirit;" though it is easy to understand +stand how the superficial inquirer, dominated by definite spiritual +concept, handicapped by unfamiliarity with the Indian tongue, misled by +ignorance of the vague prescriptorial ideation, and perhaps deceived by +crafty native informants or mischievous interpreters, came to adopt and +perpetuate the erroneous interpretation. The term may be translated into +"mystery" perhaps more satisfactorily than into any other single English +word, yet this rendering is at the same time much too limited and much too +definite. As used by the Siouan Indian, wakanda vaguely connotes also +"power," "sacred," "ancient," "grandeur," "animate," "immortal," and other +words, yet does not express with any degree of fullness and clearness the +ideas conveyed by these terms singly or collectively--indeed, no English +sentence of reasonable length can do justice to the aboriginal idea +expressed by the term wakanda. + +While the beliefs of many of the Siouan tribes are lost through the +extinction of the tribesmen or transformed through acculturation, it is +fortunate that a large body of information concerning the myths and +ceremonials of several prairie tribes has been collected. The records of +Carver, Lewis and Clark, Say, Catlin, and Prince Maximilian are of great +value when interpreted in the light of modern knowledge. More recent +researches by Miss Fletcher(49) and by Dorsey(50) are of especial value, +not only as direct sources of information but as a means of interpreting +the earlier writings. From these records it appears that, in so far as +they grasped the theistic concept, the Siouan Indians were polytheists; +that their mysteries or deities varied in rank and power; that some were +good but more were bad, while others combined bad and good attributes; +that they assumed various forms, actual and imaginary; and that their +dispositions and motives resembled those found among mankind. + +The organization of the vague Siouan thearchy appears to have varied from +group to group. Among all of the tribes whose beliefs are known, the sun +was an important wakanda, perhaps the leading one potentially, though +usually of less immediate consideration than certain others, such as +thunder, lightning, and the cedar tree; among the Osage the sun was +invoked as "grandfather," and among various tribes there were sun +ceremonials, some of which are still maintained; among the Omaha and +Ponka, according to Miss Fletcher, the mythic thunder-bird plays a +prominent, perhaps dominant rle, and the cedar tree or pole is deified as +its tangible representative. The moon was wakanda among the Osage and the +stars among the Omaha and Ponka, yet they seem to have occupied +subordinate positions; the winds and the four quarters were apparently +given higher rank; and, in individual cases, the mythic water-monsters or +earth-deities seem to have occupied leading positions. On the whole, it +may be safe to consider the sun as the Siouan arch-mystery, with the +mythic thunder-bird or family of thunder-birds as a sort of mediate link +between the mysteries and men, possessing less power but displaying more +activity in human affairs than the remoter wakanda of the heavens. Under +these controlling wakandas, other members of the series were vaguely and +variably arranged. Somewhere in the lower ranks, sacred animals--especially +sports, such as the white buffalo cow--were placed, and still lower came +totems and shamans, which, according to Dorsey, were reverenced rather +than worshiped. It is noteworthy that this thearchic arrangement +corresponded in many respects with the hierarchic social organization of +the stock. + +The Siouan thearchy was invoked and adored by means of forms and +ceremonies, as well as through orisons. The set observances were highly +elaborate; they comprised dancing and chanting, feasting and fasting, and +in some cases sacrifice and torture, the shocking atrocities of the Mandan +and Minitari rites being especially impressive. From these great +collective devotions the ceremonials graded down through war-dance and +hunting-feast to the terpsichorean grace extolled by Carver, and to +individual fetich worship. In general the adoration expressed fear of the +evil rather than love of the good--but this can hardly be regarded as a +distinctive feature, much less a peculiar one. + +Some of the mystery places were especially distinctive and noteworthy. +Foremost among them was the sacred pipestone quarry near Big Sioux river, +whence the material for the wakanda calumet was obtained; another was the +far-famed Minne-wakan of North Dakota, not inaptly translated "Devil's +lake;" a third was the mystery-rock or medicine-rock of the Mandan and +Hidatsa near Yellowstone river; and there were many others of less +importance. About all of these places picturesque legends and myths +clustered. + +The Siouan mythology is especially instructive, partly because so well +recorded, partly because it so clearly reflects the habits and customs of +the tribesmen and thus gives an indirect reflection of a well-marked +environment. As among so many peoples, the sun is a prominent element; the +ice-monsters of the north and the rain-myths of the arid region are +lacking, and are replaced by the frequent thunder and the trees shaken by +the storm-winds; the mythic creatures are shaped in the image of the +indigenous animals and birds; the myths center in the local rocks and +waters; the mysterious thearchy corresponds with the tribal hierarchy, and +the attributes ascribed to the deities are those characteristic of +warriors and hunters. + +Considering the mythology in relation to the stages in development of +mythologic philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as those +pertaining to the sun and the winds, represent a crude physitheism, while +vestiges of hecastotheism crop out in the object-worship and place-worship +of the leading tribes and in other features. At the same time well-marked +zootheistic features are found in the mythic thunder-birds and in the more +or less complete deification of various animals, in the exaltation of the +horse into the rank of the mythic dog father, and in the animal forms of +the water-monsters and earth-beings; and the living application of +zootheism is found in the animal fetiches and totems. On the whole, it +seems just to assign the Siouan mythology to the upper strata of +zootheism, just verging on physitheism, with vestigial traces of +hecastotheism. + + +SOMATOLOGY + + +The vigorous avocations of the chase and war were reflected in fine +stature, broad and deep chests, strong and clean limbs, and sound +constitution among the Siouan tribesmen and their consorts. The skin was +of the usual coppery cast characteristic of the native American; the teeth +were strong, indicating and befitting a largely carnivorous diet, little +worn by sandy foods, and seldom mutilated; the hands and feet were +commonly large and sinewy. The Siouan Indians were among those who +impressed white pioneers by the parallel placing of the feet; for, as +among other walkers and runners, who rest sitting and lying, the feet +assumed the pedestrian attitude of approximate parallelism rather than the +standing attitude of divergence forward. The hair was luxuriant, stiff, +straight, and more uniformly jet black than that of the southerly stocks; +it was worn long by the women and most of the men, though partly clipped +or shaved in some tribes by the warriors as well as the worthless dandies, +who, according to Catlin, spent more time over their toilets than ever did +the grande dame of Paris. The women were beardless and the men more or +less nearly so; commonly the men plucked out by the roots the scanty hair +springing on their faces, as did both sexes that on other parts of the +body. The crania were seldom deformed artificially save through cradle +accident, and while varying considerably in capacity and in the ratio of +length to width were usually mesocephalic. The facial features were +strong, yet in no way distinctly unlike those found among neighboring +peoples. + +Since the advent of white men the characteristics of the Siouan Indians, +like those of other tribes, have been somewhat modified, partly through +infusion of Caucasian blood but chiefly through acculturation. With the +abandonment of hunting and war and the tardy adoption of a slothful, +semidependent agriculture, the frame has lost something of its stalwart +vigor; with the adaptation of the white man's costume and the incomplete +assimilation of his hygiene, various weaknesses and disorders have been +developed; and through imitation the erstwhile luxuriant hair is cropped, +and the beard, made scanty through generations of extirpation, is commonly +cultivated. Although the accultural condition of the Siouan survivors +ranges from the essentially primitive status of the Asiniboin to the +practical civilization of the representatives of several tribes, it is +fair to consider the stock in a state of transition from barbarism to +civilization; and many of the tribesmen are losing the characteristics of +activity and somatic development normal to primitive life, while they have +not yet assimilated the activities and acquired the somatic +characteristics normal to peaceful sedentary life. + +Briefly, certain somatic features of the Siouan Indians, past and present, +may be traced to their causes in custom and exercise of function; yet by +far the greater number of the features are common to the American people +or to all mankind, and are of ill-understood significance. The few +features of known cause indicate that special somatic characteristics are +determined largely or wholly by industrial and other arts, which are +primarily shaped by environment. + + + + +HABITAT + + +Excepting the Asiniboin, who are chiefly in Canada, nearly all of the +Siouan Indians are now gathered on the reservations indicated on earlier +pages, most of these reservations lying within the aboriginal territory of +the stock. + +At the advent of white men, the Siouan territory was vaguely defined, and +its limits were found to vary somewhat from exploration to exploration. +This vagueness and variability of habitat grew out of the characteristics +of the tribesmen. Of all the great stocks south of the Arctic, the Siouan +was perhaps least given to agriculture, most influenced by hunting, and +most addicted to warfare; thus most of the tribes were but feebly attached +to the soil, and freely followed the movements of the feral fauna as it +shifted with climatic vicissitudes or was driven from place to place by +excessive hunting or by fires set to destroy the undergrowth in the +interests of the chase; at the same time, the borderward tribes were +alternately driven and led back and forth through strife against the +tribes of neighboring stocks. Accordingly the Siouan habitat can be +outlined only in approximate and somewhat arbitrary fashion. + +The difficulty in defining the priscan home of the Siouan tribes is +increased by its vast extent and scant peopling, by the length of the +period intervening between discovery in the east and complete exploration +in the west, and by the internal changes and migrations which occurred +during this period. The task of collating the records of exploration and +pioneer observation concerning the Siouan and other stocks was undertaken +by Powell a few years ago, and was found to be of great magnitude. It was +at length successfully accomplished, and the respective areas occupied by +the several stocks were approximately mapped.(51) + +As shown on Powell's map, the chief part of the Siouan area comprised a +single body covering most of the region of the Great plains, stretching +from the Rocky mountains to the Mississippi and from the Arkansas-Red +river divide nearly to the Saskatchewan, with an arm crossing the +Mississippi and extending to Lake Michigan. In addition there were a few +outlying bodies, the largest and easternmost bordering the Atlantic from +Santee river nearly to Capes Lookout and Hatteras, and skirting the +Appalachian range northward to the Potomac; the next considerable area lay +on the Gulf coast about Pascagoula river and bay, stretching nearly from +the Pearl to the Mobile; and there were one or two unimportant areas on +Ohio river, which were temporarily occupied by small groups of Siouan +Indians during recent times. + +There is little probability that the Siouan habitat, as thus outlined, ran +far into the prehistoric age. As already noted, the Siouan Indians of the +plains were undoubtedly descended from the Siouan tribes of the east +(indeed the Mandan had a tradition to that effect); and reason has been +given for supposing that the ancestors of the prairie hunters followed the +straggling buffalo through the cis-Mississippi forests into his normal +trans-Mississippi habitat and spread over his domain save as they were +held in check by alien huntsmen, chiefly of the warlike Caddoan and Kiowan +tribes; and the buffalo itself was a geologically recent--indeed +essentially post-glacial--animal. Little if any definite trace of Siouan +occupancy has been found in the more ancient prehistoric works of the +Mississippi valley. On the whole it appears probable that the prehistoric +development of the Siouan stock and habitat was exceptionally rapid, that +the Siouan Indians were a vigorous and virile people that arose quickly +under the stimulus of strong vitality (the acquisition of which need not +here be considered), coupled with exceptionally favorable opportunity, to +a power and glory culminating about the time of discovery. + + + + +ORGANIZATION + + +The demotic organization of the Siouan peoples, so far as known, is set +forth in considerable detail in Mr Dorsey's treatises(52) and in the +foregoing enumeration of tribes, confederacies, and other linguistic +groups. + +Like the other aborigines north of Mexico, the Siouan Indians were +organized on the basis of kinship, and were thus in the stage of tribal +society. All of the best-known tribes had reached that plane in +organization characterized by descent in the male line, though many +vestiges and some relatively unimportant examples of descent in the female +line have been discovered. Thus the clan system was obsolescent and the +gentile system fairly developed; i. e., the people were practically out of +the stage of savagery and well advanced in the stage of barbarism. + +Confederation for defense and offense was fairly defined and was +strengthened by intermarriage between tribes and gentes and the +prohibition of marriage within the gens; yet the organization was such as +to maintain tribal autonomy in considerable degree; i.e., the social +structure was such as to facilitate union in time of war and division into +small groups adapted to hunting in times of peace. No indication of +feudalism has been found in the stock. + +The government was autocratic, largely by military leaders sometimes +(particularly in peace) advised by the elders and priests; the leadership +was determined primarily by ability--prowess in war and the chase and +wisdom in the council,--and was thus hereditary only a little further than +characteristics were inherited; indeed, excepting slight recognition of +the divinity that doth hedge about a king, the leaders were practically +self-chosen, arising gradually to the level determined by their abilities. +The germ of theocracy was fairly developed, and apparently burgeoned +vigorously during each period of peace, only to be checked and withered +during the ensuing war when the shamans and their craft were forced into +the background. + +During recent years, since the tribes began to yield to the domination of +the peace-loving whites, the government and election are determined +chiefly by kinship, as appears from Dorsey's researches; yet definite +traces of the militant organization appear, and any man can win name and +rank in his gens, tribe, or confederacy by bravery or generosity. + +The institutional connection between the Siouan tribes of the plains and +those of the Atlantic slope and the Gulf coast is completely lost, and it +is doubtful whether the several branches have ever been united in a single +confederation (or "nation," in the language of the pioneers), at least +since the division in the Appalachian region perhaps five or ten centuries +ago. Since this division the tribes have separated widely, and some of the +bloodiest wars of the region in the historic period have been between +Siouan tribes; the most extensive union possessing the slightest claim to +federal organization was the great Dakota confederacy, which was grown +into instability and partial disruption; and most of the tribal unions and +coalitions were of temporary character. + +Although highly elaborate (perhaps because of this character), the Siouan +organization was highly unstable; with every shock of conflict, whether +intestine or external, some autocrats were displaced or slain; and after +each important event--great battle, epidemic, emigration, or destructive +flood--new combinations were formed. The undoubtedly rapid development of +the stock, especially after the passage of the Mississippi, indicates +growth by conquest and assimilation as well as by direct propagation (it +is known that the Dakota and perhaps other groups adopted aliens +regularly); and, doubtless for this reason in part, there was a strong +tendency toward differentiation and dichotomy in the demotic growth. In +some groups the history is too vague to indicate this tendency with +certainty; in others the tendency is clear. Perhaps the best example is +found in the Cegiha, which divided into two great branches, the stronger +of which threw off minor branches in the Osage and Kansa, and afterward +separated into the Omaha and Ponka, while the feebler branch also ramified +widely; and only less notable is the example of the Winnebago trunk, with +its three great branches in the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. This strong +divergent tendency in itself suggests rapid, perhaps abnormally rapid, +growth in the stock; for it outran and partially concealed the tendency +toward convergence and ultimate coalescence which characterizes demotic +phenomena. + +The half-dozen eastern stocks occupying by far the greater part of North +America contrast strongly with the half-hundred local stocks covering the +Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks is more +characteristic, more sharply contrasted with the limited groups of the +western coast, or better understood as regards organization and +development, than the great Siouan stock of the northern interior. There +is promise that, as the demology of aboriginal America is pushed forward, +the records relating to the Siouan Indians and especially to their +structure and institutions will aid in explaining why some stocks are +limited and others extensive, why large stocks in general characterize the +interior and small stocks the coasts, and why the dominant peoples of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were successful in displacing the +preexistent and probably more primitive peoples of the Mississippi valley. +While the time is not yet ripe for making final answer to these inquiries, +it is not premature to suggest a relation between a peculiar development +of the aboriginal stocks and a peculiar geographic conformation: In +general the coastward stocks are small, indicating a provincial shoreland +habit, yet their population and area commonly increase toward those shores +indented by deep bays, along which maritime and inland industries +naturally blend; so (confining attention to eastern United States) the +extensive Muskhogean stock stretches inland from the deep-bayed eastern +Gulf coast; and so, too, three of the largest stocks on the continent +(Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan) stretch far into the interior from the +still more deeply indented Atlantic coast. In two of these cases +(Iroquoian and Siouan) history and tradition indicate expansion and +migration from the land of bays between Cape Lookout and Cape May, while +in the third there are similar (though perhaps less definite) indications +of an inland drift from the northern Atlantic bays and along the +Laurentian river and lakes. + + + + +HISTORY(53) + + + +DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + + +The Dakota are mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1639-40; the +tradition is noted that the Ojibwa, on arriving at the Great Lakes in an +early migration from the Atlantic coast, encountered representatives of +the great confederacy of the plains. In 1641 the French voyageurs met the +Potawatomi Indians flying from a nation called Nadawessi (enemies); and +the Frenchmen adopted the alien name for the warlike prairie tribes. By +1658 the Jesuits had learned of the existence of thirty Dakota villages +west-northwest from the Potawatomi mission St Michel; and in 1689 they +recorded the presence of tribes apparently representing the Dakota +confederacy on the upper Mississippi, near the mouth of the St Croix. +According to Croghan's History of Western Pennsylvania, the "Sue" Indians +occupied the country southwest of Lake Superior about 1759; and Dr T.S. +Williamson, "the father of the Dakota mission," states that the Dakota +must have resided about the confluence of the Mississippi and the +Minnesota or St Peters for at least two hundred years prior to 1860. + +According to traditions collected by Dorsey, the Teton took possession of +the Black Hills region, which had previously been occupied by the Crow +Indians, long before white men came; and the Yankton and Yanktonnai, which +were found on the Missouri by Lewis and Clark, were not long removed from +the region about Minnesota river. In 1862 the Santee and other Dakota +tribes united in a formidable outbreak in which more than 1,000 whites +were massacred or slain in battle. Through this outbreak and the +consequent governmental action toward the control and settlement of the +tribes, much was learned concerning the characteristics of the people, and +various Indian leaders became known; Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, +Sitting Bull, American Horse, and Even-his-horse-is-feared (commonly +miscalled Man-afraid-of-his-horses) were among the famous Dakota chiefs +and warriors, notable representatives of a passing race, whose names are +prominent in the history of the country. Other outbreaks occurred, the +last of note resulting from the ghost-dance fantasy in 1890-91, which +fortunately was quickly suppressed. Yet, with slight interruptions, the +Dakota tribes in the United States were steadily gathered on reservations. +Some 800 or more still roam the prairies north of the international +boundary, but the great body of the confederacy, numbering nearly 28,000, +are domiciled on reservations (already noted) in Minnesota, Montana, +Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. + +The separation of the Asiniboin from the Wazi-kute gens of the Yanktonai +apparently occurred before the middle of the seventeenth century, since +the Jesuit relation of 1658 distinguishes between the Poualak or Guerriers +(undoubtedly the Dakota proper) and the Assiuipoualak or Guerriers de +pierre. The Asiniboin are undoubtedly the Essanape (Essanapi or Assinapi) +who were next to the Makatapi (Dakota) in the Walam-Olum record of the +Lenni-Lenape or Delaware. In 1680 Hennepin located the Asiniboin northeast +of the Issati (Isanyati or Santee) who were on Knife lake (Minnesota); and +the Jesuit map of 1681 placed them on Lake-of-the-Woods, then called "L. +Assinepoualacs." La Hontan claimed to have visited the Eokoro (Arikara) in +1689-90, when the Essanape were sixty leagues above; and Perrot's Mmoire +refers to the Asiniboin as a Sioux tribe which, in the seventeenth +century, seceded from their nation and took refuge among the rocks of +Lake-of-the-Woods. Chauvignerie located some of the tribe south of +Ounipigan (Winnipeg) lake in 1736, and they were near Lake-of-the-Woods as +late as 1766, when they were said to have 1,500 warriors. It is well known +that in 1829 they occupied a considerable territory west of the Dakota and +north of Missouri river, with a population estimated at 8,000; and Drake +estimated their number at 10,000 before the smallpox epidemic of 1838, +which is said to have carried off 4,000. From this blow the tribe seems +never to have fully recovered, and now numbers probably no more than +3,000, mostly in Canada, where they continue to roam the plains they have +occupied for half a century. + + + +EGIHA + + +According to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of the +Omaha, Ponka, Elwapa, Osage, and Kansa were originally one people dwelling +on Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working westward. The first +separation took place at the mouth of the Ohio, when those who went down +the Mississippi became the Kwapa or Downstream People, while those who +ascended the great river became the Omaha or Up-stream People. This +separation must have occurred at least as early as 1500, since it preceded +De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi. + +The Omaha group (from whom the Osage, Kansa, and Ponka were not yet +separated) ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, where +they remained for some time, though war and hunting parties explored the +country northwestward, and the body of the tribe gradually followed these +pioneers, though the Osage and Kansa were successively left behind. Some +of the pioneer parties discovered the pipestone quarry, and many +traditions cling about this landmark. Subsequently they were driven across +the Big Sioux by the Yankton Indians, who then lived toward the confluence +of the Minnesota and Mississippi. The group gradually differentiated and +finally divided through the separation of the Ponka, probably about the +middle of the seventeenth century. The Omaha gathered south of the +Missouri, between the mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while the Ponka +pushed into the Black Hills country. + +The Omaha tribe remained within the great bend of the Missouri, opposite +the mouth of the Big Sioux, until white men came. Their hunting ground +extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north of the Platte and along +the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and the Pawnee (Caddoan); and +in 1766 Carver met their hunting parties on Minnesota river. Toward the +end of the eighteenth century they were nearly destroyed by smallpox, +their number having been reduced from about 3,500 to but little over 300 +when they were visited by Lewis and Clark, their famous chief Blackbird +being one of those carried off by the epidemic. Subsequently they +increased in numbers; in 1890 their population was about 1,200. They are +now on reservations, mostly owning land in severalty, and are citizens of +the United States and of the state of Nebraska. + +Although the name Ponka did not appear in history before 1700 it must have +been used for many generations earlier, since it is an archaic designation +connected with the social organization of several tribes and the secret +societies of the Osage and Kansa, as well as the Ponka. In 1700 the Ponka +were indicated on De l'Isle's map, though they were not then segregated +territorially from the Omaha. They, too, suffered terribly from the +smallpox epidemic, and when met by Lewis and Clark in 1804 numbered only +about 200. They increased rapidly, reaching about 600 in 1829 and some 800 +in 1842; in 1871, when they were first visited by Dorsey, they numbered +747. Up to this time the Ponka and Dakota were amicable; but a dispute +grew out of the cession of lands, and the Teton made annual raids on the +Ponka until the enforced removal of the tribe to Indian Territory took +place in 1877. Through this warfare, more than a quarter of the Ponka lost +their lives. The displacement of this tribe from lands owned by them in +fee simple attracted attention, and a commission was appointed by +President Hayes in 1880 to inquire into the matter; the commission, +consisting of Generals Crook and Miles and Messrs William Stickney and +Walter Allen, visited the Ponka settlements in Indian Territory and on the +Niobrara and effected a satisfactory arrangement of the affairs of the +tribe, through which the greater portion (some 600) remained in Indian +Territory, while some 225 kept their reservation in Nebraska. + +When the egiha divided at the mouth of the Ohio, the ancestors of the +Osage and Kansa accompanied the main Omaha body up the Mississippi to the +mouth of Osage river. There the Osage separated from the group, ascending +the river which bears their name. They were distinguished by Marquette in +1673 as the "Ouchage" and "Autrechaha," and by Penicaut in 1719 as the +"Huzzau," "Ous," and "Wawha." According to Croghan, they were, in 1759, on +"White creek, a branch of the Mississippi," with the "Grand Tuc;" +but"White creek" (or White water) was an old designation for Osage river, +and "Grand Tuc" is, according to Mooney, a corruption of "Grandes Eaux," +or Great Osage; and there is accordingly no sufficient reason for +supposing that they returned to the Mississippi. Toward the close of the +eighteenth century the Osage and Kansa encountered the Comanche and +perhaps other Shoshonean peoples, and their course was turned southward; +and in 1817, according to Brown, the Great Osage and Little Osage were +chiefly on Osage and Arkansas rivers, in four villages. In 1829 Porter +described their country as beginning 25 miles west of the Missouri line +and running to the Mexican line of that date, being 50 miles wide; and he +gave their number as 5,000. According to Schoolcraft, they numbered 3,758 +in April, 1853, but this was after the removal of an important branch +known as Black Dog's band to a new locality farther down Verdigris river. +In 1850 the Osage occupied at least seven large villages, besides numerous +small ones, on Neosho and Verdigris rivers. In 1873, when visited by +Dorsey, they were gathered on their reservations in what is now Oklahoma. +In 1890 they numbered 158. + +The Kansa remained with the Up-stream People in their gradual ascent of +the Missouri to the mouth of the Kaw or Kansas, when they diverged +westward; but they soon came in contact with inimical peoples, and, like +the Osage, were driven southward. The date of this divergence is not +fixed, but it must have been after 1723, when Bourgmont mentioned a large +village of "Quans" located on a small river flowing northward thirty +leagues above Kaw river, near the Missouri. After the cession of Louisiana +to the United States, a treaty was made with the Kansa Indians, who were +then on Kaw river, at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back +from the Missouri by the Dakota; they then numbered about 1,500 and +occupied about thirty earth lodges. In 1825 they ceded their lands on the +Missouri to the Government, retaining a reservation on the Kaw, where they +were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnee and other tribes, +through which large numbers of their warriors were slain. In 1846 they +again ceded their lands and received a new reservation on Neosho river in +Kansas. This was soon overrun by settlers, when another reservation was +assigned to them in Indian Territory, near the Osage country. By 1890 +their population was reduced to 214. + +The Kwapa were found by De Soto in 1541 on the Mississippi above the mouth +of the St Francis, and, according to Marquette's map, they were partly +east of the Mississippi in 1673. In 1681 La Salle found them in three +villages distributed along the Mississippi, and soon afterward Tonty +mentioned four villages, one (Kappa = U{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}aqpaqti, "Real Kwapa") on the +Mississippi and three (Toyengan = Tanwan-ji{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, "Small Village"; Toriman = +Ti-uadiman, and Osotonoy = Uzutiuwe) inland; this observation was +verified by Dorsey in 1883 by the discovery that these names are still in +use. In early days the Kwapa were known as "Akansa," or Arkansa, first +noted by La Metairie in 1682. It is probable that this name was an +Algonquian designation given because of confusion with, or recognition of +affinity to, the Kansa or Kanze, the prefix "a" being a common one in +Algouquian appellations. In 1687 Joutel located two of the villages of the +tribe on the Arkansas and two on the Mississippi, one of the latter being +on the eastern side. According to St Cosme, the greater part of the tribe +died of smallpox in October, 1699. In 1700 De l'Isle placed the principal +"Acansa" village on the southern side of Arkansas river; and, according to +Gravier, there were in 1701 five villages, the largest, Imaha (Omaha), +being highest on the Arkansas. In 1805 Sibley placed the "Arkensa" in +three villages on the southern side of Arkansas river, about 12 miles +above Arkansas post. They claimed to be the original proprietors of the +country bordering the Arkansas for 300 miles, or up to the confluence of +the Cadwa, above which lay the territory of the Osage. Subsequently the +Kwapa affiliated with the Caddo Indians, though of another stock; +according to Porter they were in the Caddo country in 1829. As +reservations were established, the Kwapa were re-segregated, and in 1877 +were on their reservation in northwestern Indian Territory; but most of +them afterward scattered, chiefly to the Osage country, where in 1890 they +were found to number 232. + + + +{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}OIWE'RE + + +The ancestry and prehistoric movements of the tribes constituting this +group are involved in considerable obscurity, though it is known from +tradition as well as linguistic affinity that they sprung from the +Winnebago. + +Since the days of Marquette (1673) the Iowa have ranged over the country +between the Mississippi and Missouri, up to the latitude of Oneota +(formerly upper Iowa) river,- and even across the Missouri about the mouth +of the Platte. Chauvignerie located them, in 1736 west of the Mississippi +and (probably through error in identification of the waterway) south of +the Missouri; and in 1761 Jefferys placed them between Missouri river and +the headwaters of Des Moines river, above the Oto and below the Maha +(Omaha). In 1805, according to Drake, they dwelt on Des Moines river, +forty leagues above its mouth, and numbered 800. In 1811 Pike found them +in two villages on Des Moines and Iowa rivers. In 1815 they were decimated +by smallpox, and also lost heavily through war against the tribes of the +Dakota confederacy. In 1829 Porter placed them on the Little Platte, some +15 miles from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them +on Nemaha river, their principal village being near the mouth of the Great +Nemaha. In 1848 they suffered another epidemic of smallpox, by which 100 +warriors, besides women and children, were carried off. As the country +settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the stock, were collected on +reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and Oklahoma. According to +the last census their population was 273. + +The Missouri were first seen by Tonty about 1670; they were located near +the Mississippi on Marquette's map (1673) under the name of Ouemessourit, +probably a corruption of their name by the Illinois tribe, with the +characteristic Algonquian prefix. The name Missouri was first used by +Joutel in 1687. In 1723 Bourgmont located their principal village 30 +leagues below Kaw river and 60 leagues below the chief settlement of the +Kansa; according to Groghan, they were located on Mississippi river +opposite the Illinois country in 1759. Although the early locations are +somewhat indefinite, it seems certain that the tribe formerly dwelt on the +Mississippi about the mouth of the Missouri, and that they gradually +ascended the latter stream, remaining for a time between Grand and +Chariton rivers and establishing a town on the left bank of the Missouri +near the mouth of the Grand. There they were found by French traders, who +built a fort on an island quite near their village about the beginning of +the eighteenth century. Soon afterward they were conquered and dispersed +by a combination of Sac, Fox, and other Indians; they also suffered from +smallpox. On the division, five or six lodges joined the Osage, two or +three took refuge with the Kansa, and most of the remainder amalgamated +with the Oto. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found a part of the tribe, numbering +about 300, south of Platte river. The only known survivors in 1829 were +with the Oto, when they numbered no more than 80. In 1842 their village +stood on the southern bank of Platte river near the Oto settlement, and +they followed the latter tribe to Indian Territory in 1882. + +According to Winnebago tradition, the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're tribes separated from that +"People of the parent speech" long ago, the Iowa being the first and the +Oto the last to leave. In 1673 the Oto were located by Marquette west of +Missouri river, between the fortieth and fortyfirst parallels; in 1680 +they were 130 leagues from the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the +Miskoncing (Wisconsin), and in 1687 they were on Osage river. According to +La Hontan they were, in 1690, on Otontas (Osage) river; and in 1698 +Hennepin placed them ten days' journey from Fort Crve Coeur. Iberville, in +1700, located the Iowa and Oto with the Omaha, between Wisconsin and +Missouri rivers, about 100 leagues from the Illinois tribe; and +Charlevoix, in 1721, fixed the Oto habitat as below that of the Iowa and +above that of the Kansa on the western side of the Missouri. Dupratz +mentions the Oto as a small nation on Missouri river in 1758, and Jefferys +(1761) described them as occupying the southern bank of the Panis (Platte) +between its mouth and the Pawnee territory; according to Porter, they +occupied the same position in 1829. The Oto claimed the land bordering the +Platte from their village to the mouth of the river, and also that on both +sides of the Missouri as far as the Big Nemaha. In 1833 Catlin found the +Oto and Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they were +gathered in four villages on the southern side of the Platte, from 5 to 18 +miles above its mouth. In 1880 a part of the tribe removed to the Sac and +Fox reservation in Indian Territory, where they still remain; in 1882 the +rest of the tribe, with the remnant of the Missouri, emigrated to the +Pouka, Pawnee, and Oto reservation in the present Oklahoma, where, in 1890 +they were found to number 400. + + + +WINNEBAGO + + +Linguistically the Winnebago Indians are closely related to the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're +on the one side and to the Mandan on the other. They were first mentioned +in the Jesuit Relation of 1636, though the earliest known use of the name +Winnebago occurs in the Relation of 1640; Nicollet found them on Green bay +in 1639. According to Shea, the Winnebago were almost annihilated by the +Illinois (Algonquian) tribe in early days, and the historical group was +made up of the survivors of the early battles. Cbauvignerie placed the +Winnebago on Lake Superior in 1736, and Jefferys referred to them and the +Sac as living near the head of Green bay in 1761; Carver mentions a +Winnebago village on a small island near the eastern end of Winnebago lake +in 1778. Pike enumerated seven Winnebago villages existing in 1811; and in +1822 the population of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 +warriors) in the country about Winnebago lake and extending thence +southwestward to the Mississippi. By treaties in 1825 and 1832 they ceded +their lands south of Wisconsin and Fox rivers for a reservation on the +Mississippi above the Oneota; one of their villages in 1832 was at Prairie +la Grosse. They suffered several visitations of smallpox; the third, which +occurred in 1836, carried off more than a quarter of the tribe. A part of +the people long remained widely distributed over their old country east of +the Mississippi and along that river in Iowa and Minnesota; in 1840 most +of the tribe removed to the neutral ground in the then territory of Iowa; +in 1846 they surrendered their reservation for another above the +Minnesota, and in 1856 they were removed to Blue Earth, Minnesota. Here +they were mastering agriculture, when the Sioux war broke out and the +settlers demanded their removal. Those who had taken up farms, thereby +abandoning tribal rights, were allowed to remain, but the others were +transferred to Crow creek, on Missouri river, whence they soon escaped. +Their privations and sufferings were terrible; out of 2,000 taken to Crow +creek only 1,200 reached the Omaha reservation, whither most of them fled. +They were assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, where they now +remain, occupying lands allotted in severalty. In 1890 there were 1,215 +Winnebago on the reservation, but nearly an equal number were scattered +over Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they now live chiefly +by agriculture, with a strong predilection for hunting. + + + +MANDAN + + +The Mandan had a vague tradition of emigration from the eastern part of +the country, and Lewis and Clark, Prince Maximilian, and others found +traces of Mandan house-structures at various points along the Missouri; +thus they appear to have ascended that stream before the advent of the +egiha. During the historical period their movements were limited; they +were first visited in the upper Missouri country by Sieur de la Verendrye +in 1738. About 1750 they established two villages on the eastern side and +seven on the western side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Heart river. +Here they were assailed by the Asiniboin and Dakota and attacked by +smallpox, and were greatly reduced; the two eastern villages consolidated, +and the people migrated up the Missouri to a point 1,430 miles above its +mouth (as subsequently determined by Lewis and Clark); the seven villages +were soon reduced to five, and these people also ascended the river and +formed two villages in the Arikara country, near the Mandan of the eastern +side, where they remained until about 1766, when they also consolidated. +Thus the once powerful and populous tribe was reduced to two villages +which, in 1804, were found by Lewis and Clark on opposite banks of the +Missouri, about 4 miles below Knife river. Here for a time the tribe waxed +and promised to regain the early prestige, reaching a population of 1,600 +in 1837; but in that year they were again attacked by smallpox and almost +annihilated, the survivors numbering only 31 according to one account, or +125 to 145 according to others. After this visitation they united in one +village. When the Hidatsa removed from Knife river in 1845, some of the +Mandan accompanied them, and others followed at intervals as late as 1858, +when only a few still remained at their old home. In 1872 a reservation +was set apart for the Hidatsa and Arikara and the survivors of the Mandan +on Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in Dakota and Montana, but in 1886 the +reservation was reduced. According to the census returns, the Mandan +numbered 252 in 1890. + + + +HIDATSA + + +There has been much confusion concerning the definition and designation of +the Hidatsa Indians. They were formerly known as Minitari or Gros Ventres +of the Missouri, in distinction from the Gros Ventres of the plains, who +belong to another stock. The origin of the term Gros Ventres is somewhat +obscure, and various observers have pointed out its inapplicability, +especially to the well-formed Hidatsa tribesmen. According to Dorsey, the +French pioneers probably translated a native term referring to a +traditional buffalo paunch, which occupies a prominent place in the +Hidatsa mythology and which, in early times, led to a dispute and the +separation of the Crow from the main group some time in the eighteenth +century. + +The earlier legends of the Hidatsa are vague, but there is a definite +tradition of a migration northward, about 1765, from the neighborhood of +Heart river, where they were associated with the Mandan, to Knife river. +At least as early as 1796, according to Matthews, there were three +villages belonging to this tribe on Knife river--one at the mouth, another +half a mile above, and the third and largest 3 miles from the mouth. Here +the people were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and here they remained +until 1837, when the scourge of smallpox fell and many of the people +perished, the survivors uniting in a single village. About 1845 the +Hidatsa and a part of the Mandan again migrated up the Missouri, and +established a village 30 miles by land and 60 miles by water above their +old home, within what is now Fort Berthold reservation. Their population +has apparently varied greatly, partly by reason of the ill definition of +the tribe by different enumerators, partly by reason of the inroads of +smallpox. In 1890 they numbered 522. + +The Crow people are known by the Hidatsa as Kihatsa +(They-refused-the-paunch), according to Matthews; and Dorsey points out +that their own name, Absaruke, does not mean " crow," but refers to a +variety of hawk. Lewis and Clark found the tribe in four bands. In 1817 +Brown located them on Yellowstone river. In 1829 they were described by +Porter as ranging along Yellowstone river on the eastern side of the Bocky +mountains, and numbered at 4,000; while in 1834, according to Drake, they +occupied the southern branch of the Yellowstone, about the fortysixth +parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, with a population of 4,500. +In 1842 their number was estimated at 4,000, and they were described as +inhabiting the headwaters of the Yellowstone. They have since been duly +gathered on the Crow reservation in Montana, and are slowly adopting +civilization. In 1890 they numbered 2,287. + + + +THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + + +The history of the Monakan, Oatawba, Sara, Pedee, and Santee, and +incidentally that of the Biloxi, has been carefully reviewed in a recent +publication by Mooney(54) , and does not require repetition. + + + +GENERAL MOVEMENTS + + +On reviewing the records of explorers and pioneers and the few traditions +which have been preserved, the course of Siouan migration and development +becomes clear. In general the movements were westward and northwestward. +The Dakota tribes have not been traced far, though several of them, like +the Yanktonnai, migrated hundreds of miles from the period of first +observation to the end of the eighteenth century; then came the Mandan, +according to their tradition, and as they ascended the Missouri left +traces of their occupancy scattered over 1,000 miles of migration; next +the egiha descended the Ohio and passed from the cis-Mississippi forests +over the trans-Mississippi plains--the stronger branch following the +Mandan, while the lesser at first descended the great river and then +worked up the Arkansas into the buffalo country until checked and diverted +by antagonistic tribes. So also the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're, first recorded near the +Mississippi, pushed 300 miles westward; while the Winnebago gradually +emigrated from the region of the Great Lakes into the trans-Mississippi +country even before their movements were affected by contact with white +men. In like manner the Hidatsa are known to have flowed northwestward +many scores of miles; and the Asiniboin swept more rapidly across the +plains from the place of their rebellion against the Yanktonnai, on the +Mississippi, before they found final resting place on the Saskatchewan +plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of the movements were consistent and, +despite intertribal friction and strife, measurably harmonious. The lines +of movement, so far as they can be restored, are in full accord with the +lines of linguistic evolution traced by Hale and Dorsey and Gatschet, and +indicate that some five hundred or possibly one thousand years ago the +tribesmen pushed over the Appalachians to the Ohio and followed that +stream and its tributaries to the Mississippi (though there are faint +indications that some of the early emigrants ascended the northern +tributaries to the region of the Great Lakes); and that the human flood +gained volume as it advanced and expanded to cover the entire region of +the plains. The records concerning the movement of this great human stream +find support in the manifest reason for the movement; the reason was the +food quest by which all primitive men are led, and its end was the +abundant fauna of the prairieland, with the buffalo at its head. + +While the early population of the Siouan stock, when first the huntsmen +crossed the Appalachians, may not be known, the lines of migration +indicate that the people increased and multiplied amain during their long +journey, and that their numbers culminated, despite external conflict and +internal strife, about the beginning of written history, when the Siouan +population may have been 100,000 or more. Then came war against the whites +and the still more deadly smallpox, whereby the vigorous stock was checked +and crippled and the population gradually reduced; but since the first +shock, which occurred at different dates in different parts of the great +region, the Siouan people have fairly held their own, and some branches +are perhaps gaining in strength. + + + + + +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + +As shown by Powell, there are two fundamentally distinct classes or stages +in human society--(1) tribal society and (2) national society. National +society characterizes civilization; primarily it is organized on a +territorial basis, but as enlightenment grows the bases are multiplied. +Tribal society is characteristic of savagery and barbarism; so far as +known, all tribal societies are organized on the basis of kinship. The +transfer from tribal society to national society is often, perhaps always, +through feudalism, in which the territorial motive takes root and in which +the kinship motive withers. + +All of the American aborigines north of Mexico and most of those farther +southward were in the stage of tribal society when the continents were +discovered, though feudalism was apparently budding in South America, +Central America, and parts of Mexico. The partly developed transitional +stage may, for the present, be neglected, and American Indian sociology +may be considered as representing tribal society or kinship organization. + +The fundamental principles of tribal organization through kinship have +been formulated by Powell; they are as follows:(55) + + I. A body of kindred constituting a distinct body politic is divided + into groups, the males into groups of brothers and the females into + groups of sisters, on distinctions of generations, regardless of + degrees of consanguinity; and the kinship terms used express + relative age. In civilized society kinships are classified on + distinctions of sex, distinctions of generations, and distinctions + arising from degrees of consanguinity. + II. When descent is in the female line, the brother-group consists of + natal brothers, together with all the materterate male cousins of + whatever degree. Thus mother's sisters' sons and mother's mother's + sisters' daughters' sons, etc, are included in a group with natal + brothers. In like manner the sister-group is composed of natal + sisters, together with all materterate female cousins of whatever + degree. + III. When descent is in the male line, the brother-group is composed of + natal brothers, together with all patruate male cousins of whatever + degree, and the sister-group is composed of natal sisters, together + with all patruate female cousins of whatever degree. + IV. The son of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, + father; the father of a member of a brother-group calls each one of + the group, son. Thus a father-group is coextensive with the + brother-group to which the father belongs. A brother-group may also + constitute a father-group and grandfather-group, a son-group and a + grandson-group. It may also be a patruate-group and an avunculate + group. It may also be a patruate cousin-group and an avunculate + cousin-group; and in general, every member of a brother-group has + the same consanguineal relation to persons outside of the group as + that of every other member. + +Two postulates concerning primitive society, adopted by various ethnologic +students of other countries, have been erroneously applied to the American +aborigines; at the same time they have been so widely accepted as to +demand consideration. + +The first postulate is that primitive men were originally assembled in +chaotic hordes, and that organized society was developed out of the +chaotic mass by the segregation of groups and the differentiation of +functions within each group. Now the American aborigines collectively +represent a wide range in development, extending from a condition about as +primitive as ever observed well toward the verge of feudalism, and thus +offer opportunities for testing the postulate; and it has been found that +when higher and lower stages representing any portion of the developmental +succession are compared, the social organizations of the lower grade are +no less definite, perhaps more definite, than those pertaining to the +higher grade; so that when the history of demotic growth among the +American Indians is traced backward, the organizations are found on the +whole to grow more definite, albeit more simple. When the lines of +development revealed through research are projected still farther toward +their origin, they indicate an initial condition, directly antithetic to +the postulated horde, in which the scant population was segregated in +small discrete bodies, probably family groups; and that in each of these +bodies there was a definite organization, while each group was practically +independent of, and probably inimical to, all other groups. The testimony +of the observed institutions is corroborated by the testimony of language, +which, as clearly shown by Powell,(56) represents progressive combination +rather than continued differentiation, a process of involution rather than +evolution. It would appear that the original definitely organized groups +occasionally met and coalesced, whereby changes in organization were +required; that these compound groups occasionally coalesced with other +groups, both simple and compound, whereby they were elaborated in +structure, always with some loss in definiteness and permanence; and that +gradually the groups enlarged by incorporation, while the composite +organization grew complex and variable to meet the ever-changing +conditions. It would also appear that in some cases the corporeal growth +outran the structural or institutional growth, when the bodies--clans, +gentes, tribes, or confederacies--split into two or more fragments which +continued to grow independently; yet that in general the progress of +institutional developmentwent forward through incorporation of peoples and +differentiation of institutions. The same process was followed as tribal +society passed into national society; and it is the same process which is +today exalting national society into world society, and transforming +simple civilization into enlightenment. Thus the evoluffon of social +organization is from the simple and definite toward the complex and +variable; or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the +environment-shaped to the environment-shaping; or from the biotic to the +demotic. + +The second postulate, which may be regarded as a corollary of the first, +is that the primary conjugal condition was one of promiscuity, out of +which different forms ot marriage were successively segregated. Now the +wide range in institutional development exemplified by the American +Indians affords unprecedented opportunities for testing this postulate +also. The simplest demotic unit found among the aborigines is the clan or +mother-descent group, in which the normal conjugal relation is essentially +monogamous,(57) in which marriage is more or less strictly regulated by a +system of prohibitions, and in which the chief conjugal regulation is +commonly that of exogamy with respect to the clan; in higher groups, more +deeply affected by contact with neighboring peoples, the simple clan +organization is sometimes found to be modified, (1) by the adoption and +subsequent conjugation of captive men and boys, and, doubtless more +profoundly, (2) by the adoption and polygamous marriage of female +captives; and in still more highly organized groups the mother-descent is +lost and polygamy is regular and limited only by the capacity of the +husband as a provider. The second and third stages are commonly +characterized, like the first, by established prohibitions and by clan +exogamy; though with the advance in organization amicable relations with +certain other groups are usually established, whereby the germ of tribal +organization is implanted and a system of interclan marriage, or tribal +endogamy, is developed. With further advance the mother-descent group is +transformed into a father-descent group, when the clan is replaced by the +gens; and polygamy is a common feature of the gentile organization. In all +of these stages the conjugal and consanguineal regulations are affected by +the militant habits characteristic of primitive groups; more warriors than +women are slain in battle, and there are more female captives than male; +and thus the polygamy is mainly or wholly polygyny. In many cases civil +conditions combine with or partially replace the militant conditions, yet +the tendency of conjugal development is not changed. Among the Seri +Indians, probably the most primitive tribe in North America, in which the +demotic unit is the clan, there is a rigorous marriage custom under which +the would-be groom is required to enter the family of the girl and +demonstrate (1) his capacity as a provider and (2) his strength of +character as a man, by a year's probation, before he is finally +accepted--the conjugal theory ofr the tribe being monogamy, though the +practice, at least during recent years, has, by reason of conditions, +passed into polygyny. Among several other tribes of more provident and +less exclusive habit, the first of the two conditions recognized by the +Seri is met by rich presents (representing accumulated property) from the +groom to the girl's family, the second condition being usually ignored, +the clan organization remaining in force; among still other tribes the +first condition is more or less vaguely recognized, though the voluntary +present is commuted into, or replaced by, a negotiated value exacted by +the girl's family, when the mother-descent is commonly vestigial; and in +the next stage, which is abundantly exemplified, wife-purchase prevails, +and the clan is replaced by the gens. In this succession the development +of wife-purchase and the decadence of mother-descent maybe traced, and it +is significant that there is a tendency first toward partial enslavement +of the wife and later toward the multiplication of wives to the limit of +the husband's means, and toward transforming all, or all but one, of the +wives into menials. Thus the lines of development under militant and civil +conditions are essentially parallel. It is possible to project these lines +some distance backward into the unknown, of the exceedingly primitive, +when they, are found to define small discrete bodies--just such as are +indicated by the institutional and linguistic lines--probably family +groups, which must have been essentially, and were perhaps strictly, +monogamous. It would appear that in these groups mating was either between +distant members (under a law of attraction toward the remote and repulsion +from the near, which is shared by mankind and the higher animals), or the +result of accidental meeting between nubile members of different groups; +that in the second case and sometimes in the first the conjugation +produced a new monogamic family; and that sometimes in the first case (and +possibly in the second) the new group retained a more or less definite +connection with the parent group--this connection constituting the germ of +the clan. In passing, it may be noted merely that this inferential origin +of the lines of institutional development is in accord with the habits of +certain higher and incipiently organized animals. From this hypothetic +beginning, primitive marriage may be traced through the various observed +stages of monogamy and polygamy and concubinage and wife-subordination, +through savagery and barbarism and into civilization, with its curious +combination of exoteric monogamy and esoteric promiscuity. Fortunately the +burden of the proof of this evolution does not now rest wholly on the +evidence obtained among the American aborigines; for Westermarck has +recently reviewed the records of observation among the primitive peoples +of many lands, and has found traces of the same sequence in all.(58) Thus +the evolution of marriage, like that of other human institutions, is from +the simple and definite to the complex and variable; i.e., from +approximate or complete monogamy through polygamy to a mixed status of +undetermined signification; or from the mechanical to the spontaneous; or +from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the provincial to the +cosmopolitan. + +As implied in several foregoing paragraphs, and as clearly set forth in +various publications by Powell, tribal society falls into two classes or +stages--(1) clan organization and (2) gentile organization, these stages +corresponding respectively to savagery and barbarism, strictly defined. + +At the time of discovery, most of the American Indians were in the upper +stages of savagery and the lower stages of barbarism, as defined by +organization; among some tribes descent was reckoned in the female line, +though definite matriarchies have not been discovered; among several +tribes descent was and still is reckoned in the male line, and among all +of the tribes thus far investigated the patriarchal system is found. + +In tribal society, both clan and gentile, the entire social structure is +based on real or assumed kinship, and a large part of the demotic devices +are designed to establish, perpetuate, and advertise kinship relations. As +already indicated, the conspicuous devices in order of development are the +taboo with the prohibitions growing out of it, kinship nomenclature and +regulations, and a system of ordination by which incongruous things are +brought into association. + +Among the American Indians the taboo and derivative prohibitions are used +chiefly in connection with marriage and clan or gentile organization. +Marriage in the clan or gens is prohibited; among many tribes a vestige of +the inferential primitive condition is found in the curious prohibition of +communications between children-in-law and parents-in-law; the clan taboos +are commonly connected with the tutelar beast-god, perhaps represented by +a totem. + +The essential feature of the kinship terminology is the reckoning from +ego, whereby each individual remembers his own relation to every other +member of the clan or tribe; and commonly the kinship terms are classific +rather than descriptive (i.e., a single term expresses the relation which +in English is expressed by the phrase "My elder brother's second son's +wife"). The system is curiously complex and elaborate. It was not +discovered by the earlier and more superficial observers of the Indians, +and was brought out chiefly by Morgan, who detected numerous striking +examples among different tribes; but it would appear that the system is +not equally complete among all of the tribes, probably because of immature +development in some cases and because of decadence in others. + +The system of ordination, like that of kinship, is characterized by +reckoning from the ego and by adventitious associations. It may have been +developed from the kinship system through the need for recognition and +assignment of adopted captives, collective property, and other things +pertaining to the group; yet it bears traces of influence by the taboo +system. Its ramifications are wide: In some cases it emphasizes kinship by +assigning members of the family group to fixed positions about the +camp-fire or in the house; this function develops into the placement of +family groups in fixed order, as exemplified in the Iroquoian long-house +and the Siouan camping circle; or it develops into a curiously exaggerated +direction-concept culminating in the cult of the Four Quarters and the +Here, and this prepares the way for a quinary, decimal, and vigesimal +numeration; this last branch sends off another in which the cult of the +Six Quarters and the Here arises to prepare the way for the mystical +numbers 7, 13, and 7x7, whose vestiges come down to civilization; both the +four-quarter and the six-quarter associations are sometimes bound up with +colors; and there are numberless other ramifications. Sometimes the +function and development of these curious concepts, which constitute +perhaps the most striking characteristic of prescriptorial culture, are +obscure at first glance, and hardly to be discovered even through +prolonged research; yet, so far as they have been detected and +interpreted, they are especially adapted to fixing demotic relations; and +through them the manifold relations of individuals and groups are +crystallized and kept in mind. + +Thus the American Indians, including the Siouan stock, are made up of +families organized into clans or gentes, and combined in tribes, sometimes +united in confederacies, all on a basis of kinship, real or assumed; and +the organization is shaped and perpetuated by a series of devices +pertaining to the plane of prescriptorial culture, whereby each member of +the organization is constantly reminded of his position in the group. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 Prepared as a complement and introduction to the following paper oil + "Siouan Sociology," by the late James Owen Dorsey. + + 2 "A synopsis of the Indian tribes ... in North America," Trans, and + Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., vol. II, p. 120. + + 3 "Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico," Seventh + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. + 111-118. Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1893-95 edition, vol. VII, p. 546, + etc. + + 4 Correspondence with the Bureau of Ethnology. + + 5 "The Tutelo tribe and language," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. xxi, + 3883, p. 1. + + 6 Siouan Tribes of the East; Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, + 1894. + + 7 The subdivisions are set forth, in the following treatise on "Siouan + Sociology." + + 8 Travels in the Interior of North America; Translated by H. Evans + Lloyd; London, 1843, p. 194. In this and other lists of names taken + from early writers the original orthography and interpretation are + preserved. + + 9 "Defined in" The egiha Language," by J. Owen Dorsey, Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. VI, 1890, p. xv. Miss Fletcher, who is intimately + acquainted with the Omaha, questions whether the relations between + the tribes are so close as to warrant the maintenance of this + division; yet as an expression of linguistic affinity, at least, the + division seems to be useful and desirable. + + 10 Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, + performed in the years 1819-1820. ... under the Command of Major + S.H. Long, by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. ii, p. 47 et seq. + + 11 Corrupted to "Chancers" in early days; cf. James ibid., vol. III, p. + 108. + + 12 Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the + Indian Tribes of the United States, part I, Philadelphia, 1853, p. + 498. + + 13 Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the + North American Indians, 4th edition; London, 1844, vol. I, p. 80. + + 14 Travels, op. cit., p. 335. + + 15 History of the Expedition, under the Command of Lewis and Clark, by + Elliott Coues, 1893, vol. I, pp. 182-4. The other two villages + enumerated appear to belong rather to the Hidatsa. Prince Maximilian + found but two villages in 1833, Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush and Ruhptare, + evidently corresponding to the first two mentioned by the earlier + explorers (op. cit., p. 335). + + 16 Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indiana; Miscel. Publ. No. + 7, U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, 1877, p. 38. + + 17 Siouan Tribes of the East, p. 37. Local names derived from the + Saponi dialect were recognized and interpreted by a Kwapa when + pronounced by Dorsey. + + 18 The leading culture stages are defined in the Thirteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1891-92 (1896), p. xxiii et + seq. + + 19 Cf. Schoolcraft, "Information," etc, op. cit., pt. II, 1852, p. 169. + Dorsey was inclined to consider the number as made up without the + Asiniboin. + + 20 Riggs-Dorsey: "Dakota Grammar,Texts, and Ethnography," Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. IX, 1893, p. 164. + + 21 Catlin: "Letters and Notes," op. cit., p. 80. + + 22 Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years + 1766, 1767, and 1768; London, 1778, p. 418. + + 23 Op.cit., p.278. + + 24 Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in + hunting appear to be all of the same species; they carry their ears + erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are + exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will + attack the fiercest of the game they are in pursuit of. They are + also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill + fed by them are very troublesome in their huts or tents." + + 25 "Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A + note adds, "The dogs are not large, much resemble a wolf, and will + haul about 70 pounds each." + + 26 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River ... + under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H. + Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al. + Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ... + under the Command of Major S.H. Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; + London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al. + + Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This + animal ... is probably the original of the domestic dog, so common + in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs + and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the + habit and manners of this species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, + p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, + between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears + are universally erect. The Indians of this nation seek every + opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common + with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have + preserved their original form." + + 27 Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince + adds, "In shape they differ very little from the wolf, and are + equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others + are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing + only by the tail being rather more turned up. Their voice is not a + proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly + descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the + daytime, and mix with the dogs" (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the + Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by + any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. + They are rarely of true wolf color, but generally black or white, or + else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie wolf + (_Canis latrans_). We likewise found among these animals a brown + race, descended from European pointers; hence the genuine bark of + the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western + nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have + hard blows and hard fare; in fact, they are treated just as this + fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345). + + 28 "Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks + (p. 201) of the Minitari canines as "semiloup dogs and whelps." + + 29 Keating's "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James' "Account," + op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al. + + 30 According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept + owls in their lodges and regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," + op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated for + the sake of his feathers. + + 31 "Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the + objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. 4, p. 298). + + 32 Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of + Lewis and Clark," 1893, vol. I, p. 139, note. + + 33 "Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., + vol. IV. 1881, p. 114. + + 34 "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of + the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp. + 55, 72-101, et al. + + 35 Op. cit., p. 283 et seq. + + 36 Ibid., p. 435. + + 37 Ibid., p. 294. + + 38 "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," + etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in + winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, + fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al. + + 39 Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839. + + 40 Ibid., vol. I, p. 140. + + 41 "The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237. + + 42 James' "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et + al. + + 43 Ibid., vol. III, p. 107. + + 44 "Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of + lassoing wild horses is mentioned), p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op. + cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and + 10,000 head, p. 174.) + + 45 Keating in Long's Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152. + Riggs' "Dakota-English Dictionary," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890. + + 46 Op. cit., p. 265. + + 47 "A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by + Francis La Flesche, with a report on the structural peculiarities of + the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. and Eth. papers of + the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 + (=231-382). + + 48 Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as + defined by Powell, yet relates especially to the method of reckoning + from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of + prescriptorial culture. + + 49 Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree + in the Dakota group," Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487. + + 50 Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the + Bureau of Ethnology for 1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544. + + 51 Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 + (1891), pp. 1-142, and map. + + 52 Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 + (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep. + Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the + following pages. + + 53 Taken chiefly from notes and manuscripts prepared by Mr Dorsey. + + 54 Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894. + + 55 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), + pp. xliv-xlv. + + 56 Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, + illustrated by American examples," Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. + 625-638, especially p. 635. + + 57 Neither space nor present occasion warrants discussion of the + curious aphrodisian cults found among many peoples, usually in the + barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this is + an aberrant branch from the main stem of institutional growth. The + subject is touched briefly in "The beginning of marriage," American + Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896. + + 58 The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters + iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + +CREDITS + + +October 23, 2006 + + Posted to Project Gutenberg + PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, + Joshua Hutchinson and + The Online Distributed Proofreading Team + (This file was produced from images generously made available + by the Bibliothque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at + http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 19628-8.txt or 19628-8.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the +General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works to protect the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered +trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you +receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of +this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away +-- you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks. +Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE + + +_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._ + +To protect the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or +any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), +you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +License (available with this file or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. + + +General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works + + +1.A. + + +By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work, +you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the +terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) +agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this +agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee +for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work +and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may +obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set +forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + + +1.B. + + +"Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or +associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be +bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can +do with most Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works even without complying +with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are +a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works if you +follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + + +1.C. + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or +PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual +work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in +the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, +distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on +the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of +course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of +promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for +keeping the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} name associated with the work. You can +easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License when you +share it without charge with others. + + +1.D. + + +The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you +can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant +state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of +your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before +downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating +derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work. +The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of +any work in any country outside the United States. + + +1.E. + + +Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + + +1.E.1. + + +The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access +to, the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License must appear prominently whenever +any copy of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work (any work on which the phrase +"Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" +is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or +distributed: + + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with + almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away + or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License + included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org + + +1.E.2. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is derived from the +public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with +permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and +distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or +charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you +must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 +or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.3. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is posted with the +permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply +with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed +by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License for all works posted with the permission of the +copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + + +1.E.4. + + +Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License +terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any +other work associated with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}. + + +1.E.5. + + +Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic +work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying +the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate +access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + + +1.E.6. + + +You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, +marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word +processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted +on the official Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. +Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License as +specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + + +1.E.7. + + +Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, +copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works unless you comply +with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.8. + + +You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works provided that + + - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark, but he has agreed to + donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally + required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments + should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, + "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation." + + - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the + works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and + all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + + - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + +1.E.9. + + +If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic +work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this +agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in +Section 3 below. + + +1.F. + + +1.F.1. + + +Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to +identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain +works in creating the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection. Despite these +efforts, Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, and the medium on which they +may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, +incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright +or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk +or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot +be read by your equipment. + + +1.F.2. + + +LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -- Except for the "Right of +Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for +damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE +NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH +OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE +FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT +WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, +PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY +OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + +1.F.3. + + +LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND -- If you discover a defect in this +electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund +of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to +the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a +physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. +The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect +to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the +work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose +to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in +lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a +refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. + + +1.F.4. + + +Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in +paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + + +1.F.5. + + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the +exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or +limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state +applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make +the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state +law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement +shall not void the remaining provisions. + + +1.F.6. + + +INDEMNITY -- You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark +owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and +any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution +of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs +and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from +any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of +this or any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, and (c) any Defect +you cause. + + +Section 2. + + + Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic +works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including +obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the +efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks +of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance +they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}'s goals and ensuring +that the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection will remain freely available for +generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} and future generations. To learn more about the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations +can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at +http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. + + + Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of +Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. +The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. +Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full +extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. +S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North +1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information +can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at +http://www.pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. + + + Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the +number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment +including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are +particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. +Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable +effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these +requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not +received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or +determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have +not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against +accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us +with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any +statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the +United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods +and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including +checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please +visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. + + + General Information About Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. + + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with +anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} eBooks are often created from several printed editions, +all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright +notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance +with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook +number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed +(zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the +old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org + + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}, including how +to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, +how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email +newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + + + + + +***FINIS*** +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/19628-8.zip b/19628-8.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..d394873 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-8.zip diff --git a/19628-h.zip b/19628-h.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..00a0f3b --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-h.zip diff --git a/19628-h/19628-h.html b/19628-h/19628-h.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b5be5df --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-h/19628-h.html @@ -0,0 +1,2752 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> +<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> +<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /><link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /><meta name="DC.Creator" content="W. J. McGee" /><meta name="DC.Title" content="The Siouan Indians" /><meta name="DC.Date" content="October 23, 2006" /><meta name="DC.Language" content="English" /><meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Project Gutenberg" /><meta name="DC.Identifier" content="http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/19628" /><meta name="DC.Rights" content="This text is in the public domain." /><title>The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee</title><style type="text/css">/* +The Gnutenberg Press - default CSS2 stylesheet + +Any generated element will have a class "tei" and a class "tei-elem" +where elem is the element name in TEI. +The order of statements is important !!! +*/ + +.tei { margin: 0; padding: 0; + font-size: 100%; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal } + +.block { display: block; } +.inline { display: inline; } +.floatleft { float: left; margin: 1em 2em 1em 0; } +.floatright { float: right; margin: 1em 0 1em 2em; } +.shaded { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; background-color: #eee; } +.boxed { margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; + padding: 1em; border: 1px solid black; } + +body.tei { margin: 4ex 10%; text-align: justify } +div.tei { margin: 2em 0em } +p.tei { margin: 0em 0em 1em 0em; text-indent: 0em; } +blockquote.tei { margin: 2em 4em } + +div.tei-lg { margin: 1em 0em; } +div.tei-l { margin: 0em; text-align: left; } +div.tei-tb { text-align: center; } +div.tei-epigraph { margin: 0em 0em 1em 10em; } +div.tei-dateline { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-salute { margin: 1ex 0em; } +div.tei-signed { margin: 1ex 0em; text-align: right } +div.tei-byline { margin: 1ex 0em; } + + /* calculate from size of body = 80% */ +div.tei-marginnote { margin: 0em 0em 0em -12%; width: 11%; float: left; } + +div.tei-sp { margin: 1em 0em 1em 2em } +div.tei-speaker { margin: 0em 0em 1em -2em; + font-weight: bold; text-indent: 0em } +div.tei-stage { margin: 1em 0em; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } +span.tei-stage { font-weight: normal; font-style: italic } + +div.tei-eg { padding: 1em; + color: black; background-color: #eee } + +hr.doublepage { margin: 4em 0em; height: 5px; } +hr.page { margin: 4em 0em; height: 2px; } + +ul.tei-index { list-style-type: none } + +dl.tei { margin: 1em 0em } + +dt.tei-notelabel { font-weight: normal; text-align: right; + float: left; width: 3em } +dd.tei-notetext { margin: 0em 0em 1ex 4em } + +span.tei-pb { position: absolute; left: 1%; width: 8%; + font-style: normal; } + +span.code { font-family: monospace; font-size: 110%; } + +ul.tei-castlist { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none } +li.tei-castitem { margin: 0em; } +table.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; } +ul.tei-castgroup { margin: 0em; list-style-type: none; + padding-right: 2em; border-right: solid black 2px; } +caption.tei-castgroup-head { caption-side: right; width: 50%; text-align: left; + vertical-align: middle; padding-left: 2em; } +*.tei-roledesc { font-style: italic } +*.tei-set { font-style: italic } + +table.rules { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.rules caption, +table.rules th, +table.rules td { border: 1px solid black; } + +table.tei { border-collapse: collapse; } +table.tei-list { width: 100% } + +th.tei-head-table { padding: 0.5ex 1em } + +th.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } +td.tei-cell { padding: 0em 1em } + +td.tei-item { padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: left; } +th.tei-label, +td.tei-label { width: 3em; padding: 0; font-weight: normal; + vertical-align: top; text-align: right; } + +th.tei-label-gloss, +td.tei-label-gloss { text-align: left } + +td.tei-item-gloss, +th.tei-headItem-gloss { padding-left: 4em; } + +img.tei-formula { vertical-align: middle; } + +</style></head><body class="tei"> + + + + + + +<div lang="en" class="tei tei-text" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em" xml:lang="en"> + <div class="tei tei-front" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div id="pgheader" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em">The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee</p></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost + and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, + give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License <a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">included with this + eBook</a> or online at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a></p></div><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">Title: The Siouan Indians + +Author: W. J. McGee + +Release Date: October 23, 2006 [Ebook #19628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** +</pre></div> + </div> + + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + </div> + + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <div class="block tei tei-docTitle"><div class="block tei tei-titlePart" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Siouan Indians</span></div><div class="block tei tei-titlePart" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">A Preliminary Sketch - Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 153-204</span></div></div><div class="block tei tei-byline" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">by </span><span class="inline tei tei-docAuthor" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 173%">W. J. McGee</span></span></div><div class="tei tei-div" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 5.76em; margin-top: 5.76em"><span class="tei tei-docEdition" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-edition" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 144%">Edition 1</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">, (</span><span class="tei tei-docDate" style="text-align: left"><span class="tei tei-date" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 144%">October 23, 2006</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 144%">)</span></div> + </div> + + <hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Contents</span></h1> + <ul class="tei tei-index tei-index-toc"><li><a href="#toc1">THE SIOUAN STOCK</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc3">DEFINITION</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc5">EXTENT OF THE STOCK</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc7">TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc9">PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS</a></li><li style="margin-left: 6em"><a href="#toc11">PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS</a></li><li style="margin-left: 6em"><a href="#toc13">INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS</a></li><li style="margin-left: 6em"><a href="#toc15">INSTITUTIONS</a></li><li style="margin-left: 6em"><a href="#toc17">BELIEFS</a></li><li style="margin-left: 8em"><a href="#toc19">THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY</a></li><li style="margin-left: 8em"><a href="#toc21">THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY</a></li><li style="margin-left: 6em"><a href="#toc23">SOMATOLOGY</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc25">HABITAT</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc27">ORGANIZATION</a></li><li style="margin-left: 2em"><a href="#toc29">HISTORY</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc31">DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc33">¢EGIHA</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc35">ʇƆIWE'RE</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc37">WINNEBAGO</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc39">MANDAN</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc41">HIDATSA</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc43">THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES</a></li><li style="margin-left: 4em"><a href="#toc45">GENERAL MOVEMENTS</a></li><li><a href="#toc47">SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY</a></li></ul> + </div> + +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-body" style="margin-bottom: 6.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page157">[pg 157]</span><a name="Pg157" id="Pg157" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE SIOUAN INDIANS</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">A PRELIMINARY SKETCH<a id="noteref_1" name="noteref_1" href="#note_1"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">1</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">BY W.J. McGEE</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc1" id="toc1"></a> +<a name="pdf2" id="pdf2"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">THE SIOUAN STOCK</span></h1> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc3" id="toc3"></a> +<a name="pdf4" id="pdf4"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">DEFINITION</span></h2> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc5" id="toc5"></a> +<a name="pdf6" id="pdf6"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">EXTENT OF THE STOCK</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Out of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America +above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the +tenth of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths +of the land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, +Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more +limited extent.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the +continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake +Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the Saskatchewan, +while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the +Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters +and warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven +by battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, +though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in +one spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan +group, and none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in +wealth of literary and historical records; for since the advent of white +men the Siouan Indians have played striking rôles on the stage of +human development, and have caught the eye of every thoughtful +observer.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and +cognate tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely +used. Originally it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or +contempt, applied to a part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling +Algonquian Indians. According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation +of those tribes which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page158">[pg 158]</span><a name="Pg158" id="Pg158" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +("Friendly," implying confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation +of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nadowessioux</span></span>, a Canadian-French corruption of <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Nadowe-ssi-wag</span></span> +("the snake-like ones" or "enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian +<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">nadowe</span></span> ("a snake"); and some writers have applied the designation to +different portions of the stock, while others have rejected it because of +the offensive implication or for other reasons. So long ago as 1836, +however, Gallatin employed the term "Sioux" to designate collectively +"the nations which speak the Sioux language,"<a id="noteref_2" name="noteref_2" href="#note_2"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">2</span></span></a> and used an alternative +term to designate the subordinate confederacy—i.e., he used the +term in a systematic way for the first time to denote an ethnic unit +which experience has shown to be well defined. Gallatin's terminology +was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and has been followed +by most careful writers on the American Indians. Accordingly the +name must be regarded as established through priority and prescription, +and has been used in the original sense in various standard +publications.<a id="noteref_3" name="noteref_3" href="#note_3"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">3</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the +term "Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of +the allied tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which +the stock is composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves +Dakota. Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, +but as explorers and pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of +the group, it was often compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," +"Yanktonnai-Sioux," "Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance +between white men and red increased, the stock name was gradually +displaced by tribe names until the colloquial appellation "Sioux" +became but a memory or tradition throughout much of the territory +formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of the reasons +for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its inappropriateness +as a designation for the confederacy occupying the plains of the upper +Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious designation for a people +bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. Moreover, colloquial +usage was gradually influenced by the usage of scholars, who accepted +the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by Gallatin) confederacy, +as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, Prichard, and +others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of use in +the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, to +designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either intern +or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains +tribes alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been +shown that certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered +by English colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page159">[pg 159]</span><a name="Pg159" id="Pg159" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +plains Indians in language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale +noted a resemblance between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this +resemblance was discussed orally and in correspondence with several +students of Indian languages, but the probability of direct connection +seemed so remote that the affinity was not generally accepted. Even +in 1880, after extended comparison with Dakota material (including +that collected by the newly instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this +distinguished investigator was able to detect only certain general similarities +between the Tutelo tongue and the dialects of the Dakota +tribes.<a id="noteref_4" name="noteref_4" href="#note_4"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">4</span></span></a> In 1881 Gatschet made a collection of linguistic material +among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and was struck with +the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of like meaning, +and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota +vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe´re, and Hotcañgara +(Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination +of all Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota +dialects, with which he was specially conversant. These examinations +and comparisons demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and +Catawba tongues and showed them to be of common descent; and the +establishment of this relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity +suggested by Hale between the Dakota and Tutelo.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely +offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the +language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western +Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"<a id="noteref_5" name="noteref_5" href="#note_5"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">5</span></span></a> and consequently +that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward +from a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the +Atlantic. Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians +of the Gulf coast used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and +in 1891 Dorsey visited these Indians and procured a rich collection of +words, phrases, and myths, whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians +was established. Meantime Mooney began researches among the Cherokee +and cognate tribes of the southern Atlantic slope and found fresh +evidence that their ancient neighbors were related in tongue and belief +with the buffalo hunters of the plains; and he has recently set forth +the relations of the several Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full +detail.<a id="noteref_6" name="noteref_6" href="#note_6"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">6</span></span></a> Through the addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan +stock is augmented in extent and range and enhanced in interest; for +the records of a group of cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully +as to afford historical perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, +the course of tribal differentiation.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians +was especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying +the continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page160">[pg 160]</span><a name="Pg160" id="Pg160" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of +one or more tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, +social, and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize +several additional groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence +of intimate relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far +as made out through the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, +and tribes of the stock,<a id="noteref_7" name="noteref_7" href="#note_7"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">7</span></span></a> with their present condition, are as +follows:</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">1. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Dakota-Asiniboin</span></span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot´-ce-ti ca-ko-wi<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("Seven council-fires") confederacy, +comprising—</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Santee, including Mde-wa-ka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´-ton-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("Spirit Lake village") +and Wa-qpe´-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), +mostly located in Knox county, Nebraska, on the former +Santee reservation, with some oa Fort Peck reservation, +Montana.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Sisseton or Si-si´-to<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´ ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on +Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake +reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wahpetou or Wa´-qpe´-to<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("Dwellers among deciduous +trees"), mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Yankton or I-hank´-to<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("End village"), in Yankton +village, South Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Yanktonai or I-hank´-to<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-na ("Little End village"), +comprising— + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, + North Dakota, with the Pa´-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens + on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Lower Yanktonai, or Huñkpatina ("Campers at the + horn [or end of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow + Creek reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing + Bock reservation, North Dakota, and others on + Fort Peck reservation, Montana.</td></tr></tbody></table> +</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">F. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Teton or Ti´-to<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising— + + <a name="Pg161" id="Pg161" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Brulé or Si-tca<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper + Brulé, mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, + and Lower Brulé, on Lower Brulé reservation, in the + same state, with some of both on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota, and others on Fort Peck + reservation, Montana.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Sans Arcs or I-ta´-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on + Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">c. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Blackfeet or Si-ha´-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with some on + Standing Eock reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">d. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Minneconjou or Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju ("Plant beside the + stream"), mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South + Dakota, partly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, + with some on Standing Rock reservation, North + Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">e. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Two Kettles or O-o´-he no<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´-pa ("Two boilings"), on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">f. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ogalala or O-gla´-la ("She poured out her own"), + mostly on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with + some on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, + including the Wa-ja´-ja ("Fringed") gens on Pine + Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and Loafers or + Wa-glu´-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge + reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South + Dakota.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">g. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Huñkpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota.</td></tr></tbody></table> +</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called +Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the +Dakota; an offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during +recent years; partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly +in Canada; comprising in 1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)<a id="noteref_8" name="noteref_8" href="#note_8"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">8</span></span></a>—</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Itscheabiné ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Jatonabinè ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently +the leading band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Otaopabinè ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">F. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Watópachnato ("Les gens de l'age"=Ancient people?).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">G. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">H. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Chábin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people).</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">2. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">¢egiha</span></span> ("<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">People Dwelling here</span></span>")<a id="noteref_9" name="noteref_9" href="#note_9"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">9</span></span></a></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Omaha or U-ma<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-ha<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> ("Upstream people"), located on +Omaha reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according +to James)<a id="noteref_10" name="noteref_10" href="#note_10"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">10</span></span></a>— + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Honga-sha-no tribe, including— + + <a name="Pg162" id="Pg162" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">1. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wase-ish-ta band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">2. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Enk-ka-sa-ba band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">3. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch + bears") band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">4. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") + band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">5. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">6. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Hun-guh band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">7. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Kon-za band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">8. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ta-pa-taj-je band.</td></tr></tbody></table> + </td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including— + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">1. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ta-pa-eta-je band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">2. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">3. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">4. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">5. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wash-a-tung band.</td></tr></tbody></table> + </td></tr></tbody></table> +</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian +Territory, partly at Santee agency, Nebraska.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-ʞa´-qpa ("Downstream people," a +correlative of U-ma<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´-ha<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>), the "Arkansa" of early writers, +mostly on Osage reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw +reservation, Indian Territory.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">(D) Osage or Wa-ca´-ce ("People"), comprising— + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Big Osage or Pa-he´-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), + on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Little Osage or U-ʇsĕɥ´-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") + on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">c. </th><td class="tei tei-item">San-ʇsu´-ʞ¢i<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span><a id="noteref_11" name="noteref_11" href="#note_11"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">11</span></span></a> ("Campers in the highland grove") or + "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian + Territory.</td></tr></tbody></table> +</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Kansa or Ka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance +is unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, +Indian Territory.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">3. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">ʇɔiwe´re</span></span> ("<span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">People of this place</span></span>")</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Iowa or Pá-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha +reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox +reservation, Indian Territory.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Oto or Wa-to´-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, +Indian Territory.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Missouri or Ni-u´-t'a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to +refer to drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption +of Ni-shu´-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri +river); on Otoe reservation, Indian Territory.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">4. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Winnebago</span></span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water +people"?) or Ho-tcañ-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"),<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page163">[pg 163]</span><a name="Pg163" id="Pg163" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +mostly on Winnebago reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, +and a few in Michigan; composition never definitely +ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to Schoolcraft<a id="noteref_12" name="noteref_12" href="#note_12"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">12</span></span></a>) +twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.:</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Little Mills' band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Little Dekonie's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">c. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">d. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ho-pee-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">e. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Waw-kon-haw-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">f. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Baptiste's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">g. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wee-noo-shik's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">h. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">i. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Paw-sed-ech-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">j. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Taw-nu-nuk's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">k. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">l. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">m. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Watch-ha-ta-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">n. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">o. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">p. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Good Thunder's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">q. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Koog-ay-ray-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">r. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Black Hawk's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">s. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Little Thunder's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">t. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Naw-key-ku-kaw's band.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">u. </th><td class="tei tei-item">O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's band.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">5. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Mandan</span></span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they +called themselves See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People +of the pheasants;"<a id="noteref_13" name="noteref_13" href="#note_13"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">13</span></span></a> Prince Maximilian says they called +themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually the name +of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, +"The Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from +the rest of their nation;<a id="noteref_14" name="noteref_14" href="#note_14"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">14</span></span></a> of the latter name their common +appellation seems to be a corruption); on Fort Berthold +reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1804 (according +to Lewis and Clark<a id="noteref_15" name="noteref_15" href="#note_15"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">15</span></span></a>) three villages—</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Matootonha.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Rooptahee.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">c. </th><td class="tei tei-item">__________(Eapanopa's village).</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page164">[pg 164]</span><a name="Pg164" id="Pg164" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">6. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Hidatsa</span></span></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, +but appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected +with the division of the group, though supposed by +some to refer to "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross +the water," or, objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold +reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according +to information gained by Matthews<a id="noteref_16" name="noteref_16" href="#note_16"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">16</span></span></a>) three villages— + + <table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">a. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Hidatsa.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">b. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Amatìlia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">c. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?).</td></tr></tbody></table> +</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Crow or Ab-sa´-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">7. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Biloxi</span></span></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks´ +Ha<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-ya-di´ ("Original people" in their own language); partly +in Rapides parish, Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with +the Choctaw and Caddo.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">8. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Monakan</span></span></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Monakan confederacy.</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Tutelo.</p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Tutelo or Ye-sa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>´ (meaning unknown), probably extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According +to Mooney, the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected +or identical, and the names were used interchangeably, +the former becoming more prominent after the removal +of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas to New York.<a id="noteref_17" name="noteref_17" href="#note_17"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">17</span></span></a>)</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">?Manahoac confederacy, extinct.</p> + +<a name="Pg165" id="Pg165" class="tei tei-anchor"></a><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item"> Manahoac (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Stegarake (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Shackakoni (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Tauxitania (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Ontponi (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">F. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Tegniati (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">G. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Whonkenti (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">H. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Hasinninga (meaning unknown).</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">9. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")</span></span></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, +"Men" in the comprehensive sense), nearly extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">E. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">F. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">G. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">H. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">I. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">J. </th><td class="tei tei-item">? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">K. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Santee (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">L. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Wateree (derived from the Catawba word watĕrăn, "to +float in the water").</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">M. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Sewee (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">N. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Congaree (meaning unknown).</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">10. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">Sara (extinct)</span></span></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Sara ("Tall grass").</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Keyauwi (meaning unknown).</td></tr></tbody></table> + + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 1.00em">11. <span class="tei tei-hi" style="text-align: center"><span style="font-style: italic">? Pedee (extinct)</span></span></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">A. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Pedee (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">B. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Waccamaw (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">C. </th><td class="tei tei-item">Winyaw (meaning unknown).</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">D. </th><td class="tei tei-item">"Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?).</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended +researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the +work of earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some +cases, notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions +is also satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, +Mandan, and Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than +superficial enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers +possessing little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far +as the survivors of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; +but there is doubt concerning the former limits of the +division, and also concerning the relations of the extinct tribes referred +to on slender, yet the best available, evidence. The classification of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page166">[pg 166]</span><a name="Pg166" id="Pg166" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the extinct and nearly extinct Siouan Indians of the east is much less +satisfactory. In several cases languages are utterly lost, and in others +a few doubtful terms alone remain. In these cases affinity is inferred +in part from geographic relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation +of tribes and union of remnants as the aboriginal population +faded under the light of brighter intelligence; and in all such instances +it has been assumed that federation and union grew out of that conformity +in mode of thought which is characteristic of peoples speaking +identical or closely related tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping +of eastern tribes rests in part on meager testimony and is open to +question at many points, it is perhaps the best that can be devised, +and suffices for convenience of statement if not as a final classification. +So far as practicable the names adopted for the tribes, confederacies, +and other groups are those in common use, the aboriginal designations, +when distinct, being added in those cases in which they are known.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between +40,000 and 45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in +Canada.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc7" id="toc7"></a> +<a name="pdf8" id="pdf8"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In the Siouan stock, as among the American Indians generally, the +accepted appellations for tribes and other groups are variously derived. +Many of the Siouan tribal names were, like the name of the stock, +given by alien peoples, including white men, though most are founded +on the descriptive or other designations used in the groups to which +they pertain. At first glance, the names seem to be loosely applied +and perhaps vaguely defined, and this laxity in application and definition +does not disappear, but rather increases, with closer examination.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are special reasons for the indefiniteness of Indian nomenclature: +The aborigines were at the time of discovery, and indeed +most of them remain today, in the prescriptorial stage of culture, i.e., +the stage in which ideas are crystallized, not by means of arbitrary +symbols, but by means of arbitrary associations,<a id="noteref_18" name="noteref_18" href="#note_18"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">18</span></span></a> and in this stage +names are connotive or descriptive, rather than denotive as in the +scriptorial stage. Moreover, among the Indians, as among all other +prescriptorial peoples, the ego is paramount, and all things are +described, much more largely than among cultured peoples, with +reference to the describer and the position which he occupies—Self +and Here, and, if need be, Now and Thus, are the fundamental elements +of primitive conception and description, and these elements +are implied and exemplified, rather than expressed, in thought and +utterance. Accordingly there is a notable paucity in names, especially +for themselves, among the Indian tribes, while the descriptive +designations applied to a given group by neighboring tribes are +often diverse.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page167">[pg 167]</span><a name="Pg167" id="Pg167" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are +illustrated among the Siouan peoples. So far as their own tongues were +concerned, the stock was nameless, and could not be designated save +through integral parts. Even the great Dakota confederacy, one of the +most extensive and powerful aboriginal organizations, bore no better +designation than a term probably applied originally to associated tribes +in a descriptive way and perhaps used as a greeting or countersign, +although there was an alternative proper descriptive term.—"Seven +Council-fires"—apparently of considerable antiquity, since it seems to +have been originally applied before the separation of the Asiniboin.<a id="noteref_19" name="noteref_19" href="#note_19"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">19</span></span></a> +In like manner the ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe're, and Hotcañgara groups, and perhaps +the Niya, were without denotive designations for themselves, merely +styling themselves "Local People," "Men," "Inhabitants," or, still more +ambitiously, "People of the Parent Speech," in terms which are variously +rendered by different interpreters; they were lords in their own domain, +and felt no need for special title. Different Dakota tribes went so far +as to claim that their respective habitats marked the middle of the +world, so that each insisted on precedence as the leading tribe,<a id="noteref_20" name="noteref_20" href="#note_20"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">20</span></span></a> and +it was the boast of the Mandan that they were the original people of +the earth.<a id="noteref_21" name="noteref_21" href="#note_21"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">21</span></span></a> In the more carefully studied confederacies the constituent +groups generally bore designations apparently used for convenient distinction +in the confederation; sometimes they were purely descriptive, +as in the case of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Oto, and +several others; again they referred to the federate organization (probably, +possibly to relative position of habitat), as in the Yankton, Yanktonai, +and Huñkpapa; more frequently they referred to geographic or +topographic position, e.g., Teton, Omaha, Pahe'tsi, Kwapa, etc; while +some appear to have had a figurative or symbolic connotation, as Brulé, +Ogalala, and Ponka. Usually the designations employed by alien peoples +were more definite than those used in the group designated, as +illustrated by the stock name, Asiniboin, and Iowa. Commonly the +alien appellations were terms of reproach; thus Sioux, Biloxi, and +Hohe (the Dakota designation for the Asiniboin) are clearly opprobrious, +while Paskagula might easily be opprobrious among hunters and +warriors, and Iowa and Oto appear to be derogatory or contemptuous +expressions. The names applied by the whites were sometimes taken +from geographic positions, as in the case of Upper Yanktonai and +Cape Fear—the geographic names themselves being frequently of +Indian origin. Some of the current names represent translations of +the aboriginal terms either into English ("Blackfeet," "Two Kettles," +"Crow,") or into French ("Sans Arcs," "Brulé"," "Gros Ventres"); +yet most of the names, at least of the prairie tribes, are simply corruptions +of the aboriginal terms, though frequently the modification is +so complete as to render identification and interpretation difficult—it<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page168">[pg 168]</span><a name="Pg168" id="Pg168" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +is not easy to find Waca'ce in "Osage" (so spelled by the French, whose +orthography was adopted and mispronounced by English-speaking +pioneers), or Pa'qotce in "Iowa."</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The meanings of most of the eastern names are lost; yet so far as +they are preserved they are of a kind with those of the interior. So, +too, are the subtribal names enumerated by Dorsey.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc9" id="toc9"></a> +<a name="pdf10" id="pdf10"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS</span></h3> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc11" id="toc11"></a> +<a name="pdf12" id="pdf12"></a> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS</h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Siouan stock is defined by linguistic characters. The several +tribes and larger and smaller groups speak dialects so closely related +as to imply occasional or habitual association, and hence to indicate +community in interests and affinity in development; and while the arts +(reflecting as they did the varying environment of a wide territorial +range) were diversified, the similarity in language was, as is usual, +accompanied by similarity in institutions and beliefs. Nearly all of +the known dialects are eminently vocalic, and the tongues of the plains, +which have been most extensively studied, are notably melodious; thus +the leading languages of the group display moderately high phonetic +development. In grammatic structure the better-known dialects are +not so well developed; the structure is complex, chiefly through the large +use of inflection, though agglutination sometimes occurs. In some cases +the germ of organization is found in fairly definite juxtaposition or +placement. The vocabulary is moderately rich, and of course represents +the daily needs of a primitive people, their surroundings, their avocations, +and their thoughts, while expressing little of the richer ideation +of cultured cosmopolites. On the whole, the speech of the Siouan stock +may be said to have been fairly developed, and may, with the Algonquian, +Iroquoian, and Shoshonean, be regarded as typical for the portion +of North America lying north of Mexico. Fortunately it has been +extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, Dorsey, and several others, including +distinguished representatives of some of the tribes, and is thus +accessible to students. The high phonetic development of the Siouan +tongues reflects the needs and records the history of the hunter and +warrior tribes, whose phonetic symbols were necessarily so differentiated +as to be intelligible in whisper, oratory, and war cry, as well as +in ordinary converse, while the complex structure is in harmony with +the elaborate social organization and ritual of the Siouan people.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Many of the Siouan Indians were adepts in the sign language; +indeed, this mode of conveying intelligence attained perhaps its highest +development among some of the tribes of this stock, who, with +other plains Indians, developed pantomime and gesture into a surprisingly +perfect art of expression adapted to the needs of huntsmen and +warriors.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most of the tribes were fairly proficient in pictography; totemic and +other designs were inscribed on bark and wood, painted on skins,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page169">[pg 169]</span><a name="Pg169" id="Pg169" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +wrought into domestic wares, and sometimes carved on rocks. Jonathan +Carver gives an example of picture-writing on a tree, in charcoal +mixed with bear's grease, designed to convey information from the +"Chipe'ways" (Algonquian) to the "Naudowessies,"<a id="noteref_22" name="noteref_22" href="#note_22"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">22</span></span></a> and other instances +of intertribal communication by means of pictography are on record. +Personal decoration was common, and was largely symbolic; the face +and body were painted in distinctive ways when going on the warpath, +in organizing the hunt, in mourning the dead, in celebrating the victory, +and in performing various ceremonials. Scarification and maiming +were practiced by some of the tribes, always in a symbolic way. +Among the Mandan and Hidatsa scars were produced in cruel ceremonials +originally connected with war and hunting, and served as enduring +witnesses of courage and fortitude. Symbolic tattooing was fairly +common among the westernmost tribes. Eagle and other feathers were +worn as insignia of rank and for other symbolic purposes, while bear +claws and the scalps of enemies were worn as symbols of the chase +and battle. Some of the tribes recorded current history by means of +"winter counts" or calendaric inscriptions, though their arithmetic +was meager and crude, and their calendar proper was limited to recognition +of the year, lunation, and day—or, as among so many primitive +people, the "snow," "dead moon," and "night,"—with no definite system +of fitting lunations to the annual seasons. Most of the graphic +records were perishable, and have long ago disappeared; but during +recent decades several untutored tribesmen have executed vigorous +drawings representing hunting scenes and conflicts with white soldiery, +which have been preserved or reproduced. These crude essays in +graphic art were the germ of writing, and indicate that, at the time of +discovery, several Siouan tribes were near the gateway opening into +the broader field of scriptorial culture. So far as it extends, the crude +graphic symbolism betokens warlike habit and militant organization, +which were doubtless measurably inimical to further progress.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It would appear that, in connection with their proficiency in gesture +speech and their meager graphic art, the Siouan Indians had become +masters in a vaguely understood system of dramaturgy or symbolized +conduct. Among them the use of the peace-pipe was general; among +several and perhaps all of the tribes the definite use of insignia was common; +among them the customary hierarchic organization of the aborigines +was remarkably developed and was maintained by an elaborate +and strict code of etiquette whose observance was exacted and yielded +by every tribesman. Thus the warriors, habituated to expressing and +recognizing tribal affiliation and status in address and deportment, were +notably observant of social minutiæ, and this habit extended into every +activity of their lives. They were ceremonious among themselves and<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page170">[pg 170]</span><a name="Pg170" id="Pg170" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +crafty toward enemies, tactful diplomatists as well as brave soldiers, +shrewd strategists as well as fierce fighters; ever they were skillful +readers of human nature, even when ruthless takers of human life. +Among some of the tribes every movement and gesture and expression +of the male adult seems to have been affected or controlled with +the view of impressing spectators and auditors, and through constant +schooling the warriors became most consummate actors. To the casual +observer, they were stoics or stupids according to the conditions of +observation; to many observers, they were cheats or charlatans; to +scientific students, their eccentrically developed volition and the thaumaturgy +by which it was normally accompanied suggests early stages +in that curious development which, in the Orient, culminates in necromancy +and occultism. Unfortunately this phase of the Indian character +(which was shared by various tribes) was little appreciated by +the early travelers, and little record of it remains; yet there is enough +to indicate the importance of constantly studied ceremony, or symbolic +conduct, among them. The development of affectation and self-control +among the Siouan tribesmen was undoubtedly shaped by warlike disposition, +and their stoicism was displayed largely in war—as when the +captured warrior went exultingly to the torture, taunting and tempting +his captors to multiply their atrocities even until his tongue was torn +from its roots, in order that his fortitude might be proved; but the +habit was firmly fixed and found constant expression in commonplace +as well as in more dramatic actions.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc13" id="toc13"></a> +<a name="pdf14" id="pdf14"></a> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS</h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since the arts of primitive people reflect environmental conditions +with close fidelity, and since the Siouan Indians were distributed over +a vast territory varying in climate, hydrography, geology, fauna, and +flora, their industrial and esthetic arts can hardly be regarded as distinctive, +and were indeed shared by other tribes of all neighboring +stocks.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The best developed industries were hunting and warfare, though all +of the tribes subsisted in part on fruits, nuts, berries, tubers, grains, +and other vegetal products, largely wild, though sometimes planted +and even cultivated in rude fashion. The southwestern tribes, and to +some extent all of the prairie denizens and probably the eastern remnant, +grew maize, beans, pumpkins, melons, squashes, sunflowers, and +tobacco, though their agriculture seems always to have been subordinated +to the chase. Aboriginally, they appear to have had no domestic +animals except dogs, which, according to Carver—one of the first +white men seen by the prairie tribes,—were kept for their flesh, which +was eaten ceremonially,<a id="noteref_23" name="noteref_23" href="#note_23"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">23</span></span></a> and for use in the chase.<a id="noteref_24" name="noteref_24" href="#note_24"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">24</span></span></a> According to<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page171">[pg 171]</span><a name="Pg171" id="Pg171" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Lewis and Clark (1804-1806), they were used for burden and draft;<a id="noteref_25" name="noteref_25" href="#note_25"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">25</span></span></a> +according to the naturalists accompanying Long's expedition (1819-20), +for flesh (eaten ceremonially and on ordinary occasions), draft, burden, +and the chase,<a id="noteref_26" name="noteref_26" href="#note_26"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">26</span></span></a> and according to Prince Maximilian, for food and +draft,<a id="noteref_27" name="noteref_27" href="#note_27"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">27</span></span></a> all these functions indicating long familiarity with the canines. +Catlin, too, found "dog's meat ... the most honorable food that +can be presented to a stranger;" it was eaten ceremonially and on +important occasions.<a id="noteref_28" name="noteref_28" href="#note_28"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">28</span></span></a> Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his +harness are ancient and even archaic, and some of the most important +ceremonials were connected with this animal,<a id="noteref_29" name="noteref_29" href="#note_29"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">29</span></span></a> implying long-continued +association. Casual references indicate that some of the tribes lived +in mutual tolerance with several birds<a id="noteref_30" name="noteref_30" href="#note_30"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">30</span></span></a> and mammals not yet domesticated +(indeed the buffalo may be said to have been in this condition), +so that the people were at the threshold of zooculture.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, +and antler. According to Carver, the "Nadowessie" were skillful bowmen, +using also the "casse-tête"<a id="noteref_31" name="noteref_31" href="#note_31"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">31</span></span></a> or warclub, and a flint scalping-knife. +Catlin was impressed with the shortness of the bows used +by the prairie tribes, though among the southwestern tribes they were +longer. Many of the Siouan Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. +The domestic utensils were scant and simple, as became wanderers +and fighters, wood being the common material, though crude pottery<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page172">[pg 172]</span><a name="Pg172" id="Pg172" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and basketry were manufactured, together with bags and bottles of +skins or animal intestines. Ceremonial objects were common, the +most conspicuous being the calumet, carved out of the sacred pipestone +or catlinite quarried for many generations in the midst of the +Siouan territory. Frequently the pipes were fashioned in the form of +tomahawks, when they carried a double symbolic significance, standing +alike for peace and war, and thus expressing well the dominant +idea of the Siouan mind. Tobacco and kinnikinic (a mixture of tobacco +with shredded bark, leaves, etc<a id="noteref_32" name="noteref_32" href="#note_32"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">32</span></span></a>) were smoked.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Aboriginally the Siouan apparel was scanty, commonly comprising +breechclout, moccasins, leggings, and robe, and consisted chiefly of +dressed skins, though several of the tribes made simple fabrics of bast, +rushes, and other vegetal substances. Fur robes and rush mats commonly +served for bedding, some of the tribes using rude bedsteads. +The buffalo-hunting prairie tribes depended largely for apparel, bedding, +and habitations, as well as for food, on the great beast to whose +comings and goings their movements were adjusted. Like other +Indians, the Siouan hunters and their consorts quickly availed themselves +of the white man's stuffs, as well as his metal implements, and +the primitive dress was soon modified.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The woodland habitations were chiefly tent-shape structures of saplings +covered with bark, rush mats, skins, or bushes; the prairie habitations +were mainly earth lodges for winter and buffalo-skin tipis for +summer. Among many of the tribes these domiciles, simple as they +were, were constructed in accordance with an elaborate plan controlled +by ritual. According to Morgan, the framework of the aboriginal +Dakota house consisted of 13 poles;<a id="noteref_33" name="noteref_33" href="#note_33"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">33</span></span></a> and Dorsey describes the systematic +grouping of the tipis belonging to different gentes and tribes. +Sudatories were characteristic in most of the tribes, menstrual lodges +were common, and most of the more sedentary tribes had council +houses or other communal structures. The Siouan domiciles were thus +adapted with remarkable closeness to the daily habits and environment +of the tribesmen, while at the same time they reflected the complex +social organization growing out of their prescriptorial status and +militant disposition.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were fine swimmers, +though they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers +and managers of water craft. The Dakota women made coracles of +buffalo hides, in which they transported themselves and their householdry, +but the use of these and other craft seems to have been regarded +as little better than a feminine weakness. Other tribes were better +boatmen; for the Siouan Indian generally preferred land travel to +journeying by water, and avoided the burden of vehicles by which his<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page173">[pg 173]</span><a name="Pg173" id="Pg173" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +ever-varying movements in pursuit of game or in waylaying and evading +enemies would have been limited and handicapped.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There are many indications and some suggestive evidences that the +chief arts and certain institutions and beliefs, as well as the geographic +distribution, of the principal Siouan tribes were determined by a single +conspicuous feature in their environment—the buffalo. As Riggs, +Hale, and Dorsey have demonstrated, the original home of the Siouan +stock lay on the eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, stretching +down over the Piedmont and Coastplain provinces to the shores of +the Atlantic between the Potomac and the Savannah. As shown by +Allen, the buffalo, "prior to the year 1800," spread eastward across the +Appalachians<a id="noteref_34" name="noteref_34" href="#note_34"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">34</span></span></a> and into the priscan territory of the Siouan tribes. As +suggested by Shaler, the presence of this ponderous and peaceful +animal materially affected the vocations of the Indians, tending to discourage +agriculture and encourage the chase; and it can hardly be +doubted that the bison was the bridge that carried the ancestors of the +western tribes from the crest of the Alleghenies to the Côteau des +Prairies and enabled them to disperse so widely over the plains beyond. +Certainly the toothsome flesh and useful skins must have attracted +the valiant huntsmen among the Appalachians; certainly the feral +herds must have become constantly larger and more numerous westward, +thus tempting the pursuers down the waterways toward the +great river; certainly the vast herds beyond the Mississippi gave +stronger incentives and richer rewards than the hunters of big game +found elsewhere; and certainly when the prairie tribes were discovered, +the men and animals lived in constant interaction, and many of the +hunters acted and thought only as they were moved by their easy prey. +As the Spanish horse spread northward over the Llano Estacado and +overflowed across the mountains from the plains of the Cayuse, the +Dakota and other tribes found a new means of conquest over the +herds, and entered on a career so facile that they increased and multiplied +despite strife and imported disease.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The horse was acquired by the prairie tribes toward the end of the +last century. Carver (1766-1768) describes the methods of hunting +among the "Naudowessie" without referring to the horse,<a id="noteref_35" name="noteref_35" href="#note_35"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">35</span></span></a> though he +gives their name for the animal in his vocabulary,<a id="noteref_36" name="noteref_36" href="#note_36"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">36</span></span></a> and describes their +mode of warfare with "Indians that inhabit still farther to the westward +a country which extends to the South Sea," having "great plenty +of horses."<a id="noteref_37" name="noteref_37" href="#note_37"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">37</span></span></a> Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) mention that the "Sioux of +the Teton tribe ... frequently make excursions to steal horses" +from the Mandan,<a id="noteref_38" name="noteref_38" href="#note_38"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">38</span></span></a> and make other references indicating that the horse<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page174">[pg 174]</span><a name="Pg174" id="Pg174" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +was in fairly common use among some of the Siouan tribes, though the +animal was "confined principally to the nations inhabiting the great +plains of the Columbia,"<a id="noteref_39" name="noteref_39" href="#note_39"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">39</span></span></a> and dogs were still used for burden and +draft.<a id="noteref_40" name="noteref_40" href="#note_40"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">40</span></span></a> Grinnell learned from an aged Indian that horses came into +the hands of the neighboring Piegan (Algonquian) about 1804-1806.<a id="noteref_41" name="noteref_41" href="#note_41"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">41</span></span></a> +Long's naturalists found the horse, ass, and mule in use among the +Kansa and other tribes,<a id="noteref_42" name="noteref_42" href="#note_42"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">42</span></span></a> and described the mode of capture of wild +horses by the Osage;<a id="noteref_43" name="noteref_43" href="#note_43"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">43</span></span></a> yet when, two-thirds of a century after Carver, +Catlin (1832-1839) and Prince Maximilian (1833-34) visited the Siouan +territory, they found the horse established and in common use in the +chase and in war.<a id="noteref_44" name="noteref_44" href="#note_44"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">44</span></span></a> It is significant that the Dakota word for horse +(śuk-taɲ'-ka or śuɲ-ka'-wa-kaɲ) is composed of the word for dog +(śuɲ'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness, or mystery, +so that the horse is literally "great mysterious dog," or "ancient sacred +dog," and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances correspond +with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft +animal.<a id="noteref_45" name="noteref_45" href="#note_45"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">45</span></span></a> This terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the +dog was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the advent +of the horse.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements +absorbed a considerable part of the time and energy of the old and +young of both sexes. Among the young, the gambols, races, and +other sports were chiefly or wholly diversional, and commonly mimicked +the avocations of the adults. The girls played at the building +and care of houses and were absorbed in dolls, while the boys played +at archery, foot racing, and mimic hunting, which soon grew into +the actual chase of small birds and animals. Some of the sports of the +elders were unorganized diversions, leaping, racing, wrestling, and +other spontaneous expressions of exuberance. Certain diversions were +controlled by more persistent motive, as when the idle warrior occupied +his leisure in meaningless ornamentation of his garment or tipi, or +spent hours of leisure in esthetic modification of his weapon or ceremonial +badge, and to this purposeless activity, which engendered +design with its own progress, the incipient graphic art of the tribes +was largely due. The more important and characteristic sports were +organized and interwoven with social organization and belief so as +commonly to take the form of elaborate ceremonial, in which dancing, +feasting, fasting, symbolic painting, song, and sacrifice played important +parts, and these organized sports were largely fiducial. To many<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page175">[pg 175]</span><a name="Pg175" id="Pg175" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the early observers the observances were nothing more than meaningless +mummeries; to some they were sacrilegious, to others sortilegious; +to the more careful students, like Carver, whose notes are of +especial value by reason of the author's clear insight into the Indian +character, they were invocations, expiations, propitiations, expressing +profound and overpowering devotion. Carver says of the "Naudowessie," +"They usually dance either before or after every meal; and +by this cheerfulness, probably, render the Great Spirit, to whom they +consider themselves as indebted for every good, a more acceptable +sacrifice than a formal and unanimated thanksgiving;"<a id="noteref_46" name="noteref_46" href="#note_46"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">46</span></span></a> and he proceeds +to describe the informal dances as well as the more formal ceremonials +preparatory to joining in the chase or setting out on the +warpath. The ceremonial observances of the Siouan tribes were not +different in kind from those of neighboring contemporaries, yet some +of them were developed in remarkable degree—for example, the bloody +rites by which youths were raised to the rank of warriors in some of +the prairie tribes were without parallel in severity among the aborigines +of America, or even among the known primitive peoples of the +world. So the sports of the Siouan Indians were both diversional and +divinatory, and the latter were highly organized in a manner reflecting +the environment of the tribes, their culture-status, their belief, and +especially their disposition toward bloodshed; for their most characteristic +ceremonials were connected, genetically if not immediately, +with warfare and the chase.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among many of the Siouan tribes, games of chance were played +habitually and with great avidity, both men and women becoming so +absorbed as to forget avocations and food, mothers even neglecting +their children; for, as among other primitive peoples, the charm of +hazard was greater than among the enlightened. The games were not +specially distinctive, and were less widely differentiated than in certain +other Indian stocks. The sport or game of chungke stood high in favor +among the young men in many of the tribes, and was played as a game +partly of chance, partly of skill; but dice games (played with plum +stones among the southwestern prairie tribes) were generally preferred, +especially by the women, children, and older men. The games were +partly, sometimes wholly, diversional, but generally they were in large +part divinatory, and thus reflected the hazardous occupations and low +culture-status of the people. One of the evils resulting from the advent +of the whites was the introduction of new games of chance which tended +further to pervert the simple Siouan mind; but in time the evil brought +its own remedy, for association with white gamblers taught the ingenuous +sortilegers that there is nothing divine or sacred about the gaming +table or the conduct of its votaries.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The primitive Siouan music was limited to the chant and rather +simple vocal melody, accompanied by rattle, drum, and flute, the drum +among the northwestern tribes being a skin bottle or bag of water.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page176">[pg 176]</span><a name="Pg176" id="Pg176" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +The music of the Omaha and some other tribes has been most appreciatively +studied by Miss Fletcher, and her memoir ranks among the +Indian classics.<a id="noteref_47" name="noteref_47" href="#note_47"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">47</span></span></a> In general the Siouan music was typical for the +aboriginal stocks of the northern interior. Its dominant feature was +rhythm, by which the dance was controlled, though melody was inchoate, +while harmony was not yet developed.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The germ of painting was revealed in the calendars and the seed of +sculpture in the carvings of the Sionan Indians. The pictographic +paintings comprised not only recognizable but even vigorous representations +of men and animals, depicted in form and color though without +perspective, while the calumet of catlinite was sometimes chiseled into +striking verisimilitude of human and animal forms in miniature. To +the collector these representations suggest fairly developed art, though +to the Indian they were mainly, if not wholly, symbolic; for everything +indicates that the primitive artisan had not yet broken the shackles of +fetichistic symbolism, and had little conception of artistic portrayal for +its own sake.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc15" id="toc15"></a> +<a name="pdf16" id="pdf16"></a> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">INSTITUTIONS</h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among civilized peoples, institutions are crystallized in statutes +about nuclei of common law or custom; among peoples in the prescriptorial +culture-stage statutes are unborn, and various mnemonic devices +are employed for fixing and perpetuating institutions; and, as is usual +in this stage, the devices involve associations which appear to be +essentially arbitrary at the outset, though they tend to become natural +through the survival of the fittest. A favorite device for perpetuating +institutions among the primitive peoples of many districts on different +continents is the taboo, or prohibition, which is commonly fiducial but +is often of general application. This device finds its best development +in the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected +with totemism. Another device, which is remarkably widespread, +as shown by Morgan, is kinship nomenclature. This device rests +on a natural and easily ascertained basis, though its applications are +arbitrary and vary widely from tribe to tribe and from culture-status +to culture-status. A third device, which found much favor among the +American aborigines and among some other primitive peoples, may be +called <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">ordination</span></span>, or the arrangement of individuals and groups classified +from the prescriptorial point of view of Self, Here, and Now, with +respect to each other or to some dominant personage or group. This +device seems to have grown out of the kin-name system, in which the +Ego is the basis from which relation is reckoned. It tends to develop +into federate organization on the one hand or into caste on the other +hand, according to the attendant conditions.<a id="noteref_48" name="noteref_48" href="#note_48"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">48</span></span></a> There are various other<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page177">[pg 177]</span><a name="Pg177" id="Pg177" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +devices for fixing and perpetuating institutions or for expressing the +laws embodied therein. Some of these are connected with thaumaturgy +and shamanism, some are connected with the powers of nature, and +the several devices overlap and interlace in puzzling fashion.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the Siouan Indians the devices of taboo, kin-names, and ordination +are found in such relation as to throw some light on the growth +of primitive institutions. While they blend and are measurably +involved with thaumaturgic devices, there are indications that in a +general way the three devices stand for stages in the development of +law. Among the best-known tribes the taboo pertained to the clan, +and was used (in a much more limited way than among some other +peoples) to commemorate and perpetuate the clan organization; kin-names, +which were partly natural and thus normal to the clan organization, +and at the same time partly artificial and thus characteristic of +gentile organization, served to commemorate and perpetuate not only +the family relations but the relations of the constituent elements of +the tribe; while the ordination, expressed in the camping circle, in the +phratries, in the ceremonials, and in many other ways, served to commemorate +intertribal as well as intergentile relations, and thus to promote +peace and harmonious action. It is significant that the taboo +was less potent among the Siouan Indians than among some other +stocks, and that among some tribes it has not been found; and it is +especially significant that in some instances the taboo was apparently +inversely related to kin-naming and ordination, as among the Biloxi, +where the taboo is exceptionally weak and kin-naming exceptionally +strong, and among the Dakota, where the system of ordination attained +perhaps its highest American development in domiciliary arrangement, +while the taboo was limited in function; for the relations indicate that +the taboo was archaic or even vestigial. It is noteworthy also that +among most of the Siouan tribes the kin-name system was less elaborate +than in many other stocks, while the system of ordination is so elaborate +as to constitute one of the leading characteristics of the stock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the time of the discovery, most of the Siouan tribes had apparently +passed into gentile organization, though vestiges of clan organization +were found—e.g., among the best-known tribes the man was the head +of the family, though the tipi usually belonged to the woman. Thus, as +defined by institutions, the stock was just above savagery and just +within the lower stages of barbarism. Accordingly the governmental +functions were hereditary in the male line, yet the law of heredity was +subject to modification or suspension at the will of the group, commonly +at the instance of rebels or usurpers of marked prowess or shrewdness. +The property regulations were definite and strictly observed; as among +other barbarous peoples, the land was common to the tribe or other group +occupying it, yet was defended against alien invasion; the ownership +of movable property was a combination of communalism and individualism +delicately adjusted to the needs and habits of the several tribes—<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page178">[pg 178]</span><a name="Pg178" id="Pg178" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in general, evanescent property, such as food and fuel, was shared in +common (subject to carefully regulated individual claims), while permanent +property, such as tipis, dogs, apparel, weapons, etc, was held by +individuals. As among other tribes, the more strictly personal property +was usually destroyed on the death of the owner, though the real reason +for the custom—the prevention of dispute—was shrouded in a mantle +of mysticism.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although of primary importance in shaping the career of the Siouan +tribes, the marital institutions of the stock were not specially distinctive. +Marriage was usually effected by negotiation through parents or elders; +among some of the tribes the bride was purchased, while among others +there was an interchange of presents. Polygyny was common; in several +of the tribes the bride's sisters became subordinate wives of the +husband. The regulations concerning divorce and the punishment of +infidelity were somewhat variable among the different tribes, some of +whom furnished temporary wives to distinguished visitors. Generally +there were sanctions for marriage by elopement or individual choice. In +every tribe, so far as known, gentile exogamy prevailed—i.e., marriage +in the gens was forbidden, under pain of ostracism or still heavier penalty, +while the gentes intermarried among one another; in some cases +intermarriage between certain tribes was regarded with special favor. +There seems to have been no system of marriage by capture, though +captive women were usually espoused by the successful tribesmen, and +girls were sometimes abducted. In general it would appear that intergentile +and intertribal marriage was practiced and sanctioned by the +sages, and that it tended toward harmony and federation, and thus +contributed much toward the increase and diffusion of the great Siouan +stock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As set forth in some detail by Dorsey, the ordination of the Siouan +tribes extended beyond the hierarchic organization into families, subgentes, +gentes, tribes, and confederacies; there were also phratries, +sometimes (perhaps typically) arranged in pairs; there were societies +or associations established on social or fiducial bases; there was a general +arrangement or classification of each group on a military basis, +as into soldiers and two or more classes of noncombatants, etc. +Among the Siouan peoples, too, the individual brotherhood of the +David-Jonathan or Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed. +Thus the corporate institutions were interwoven and superimposed +in a manner nearly as complex as that found in the national, +state, municipal, and minor institutions of civilization; yet the ordination +preserved by means of the camping circle, the kinship system, +the simple series of taboos, and the elaborate symbolism was apparently +so complete as to meet every social and governmental demand.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc17" id="toc17"></a> +<a name="pdf18" id="pdf18"></a> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">BELIEFS</h4> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc19" id="toc19"></a> +<a name="pdf20" id="pdf20"></a> +<h5 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY</h5> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As explained by Powell, philosophies and beliefs may be seriated in +four stages: The first stage is hecastotheism; in this stage extranatural +or mysterious potencies are imputed to objects both animate<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page179">[pg 179]</span><a name="Pg179" id="Pg179" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and inanimate. The second stage is zootheism; within it the powers +of animate forms are exaggerated and amplified into the realm of the +supernal, and certain animals are deified. The third stage is that of +physitheism, in which the agencies of nature are personified and +exalted unto omnipotence. The fourth stage is that of psychotheism, +which includes the domain of spiritual concept. In general the development +of belief coincides with the growth of abstraction; yet it is to +be remembered that this growth represents increase in definiteness of +the abstract concepts rather than augmentation in numbers and kinds +of subjective impressions, i.e., the advance is in quality rather than +in quantity; indeed, it would almost appear that the vague and indefinite +abstraction of hecastotheism is more pervasive and prevalent than +the clearer abstraction of higher stages. Appreciation of the fundamental +characteristics of belief is essential to even the most general +understanding of the Indian mythology and philosophy, and even after +careful study it is difficult for thinkers trained in the higher methods +of thought to understand the crude and confused ideation of the +primitive thinker.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In hecastotheism the believer finds mysterious properties and potencies +everywhere. To his mind every object is endued with occult +power, moved by a vague volition, actuated by shadowy motive ranging +capriciously from malevolence to benevolence; in his lax estimation +some objects are more potent or more mysterious than others, the +strong, the sharp, the hard, and the swift-moving rising superior to +the feeble, the dull, the soft, and the slow. Commonly he singles out +some special object as his personal, family, or tribal mystery-symbol +or fetich, the object usually representing that which is most feared or +worst hated among his surroundings. Vaguely realizing from the +memory of accidents or unforeseen events that he is dependent on his +surroundings, he invests every feature of his environment with a +capricious humor reflecting his own disposition, and gives to each and +all a subtlety and inscrutability corresponding to his exalted estimation +of his own craft in the chase and war; and, conceiving himself to +live and move only at the mercy of his multitudinous associates, he +becomes a fatalist—kismet is his watchword, and he meets defeat and +death with resignation, just as he goes to victory with complacence; +for so it was ordained.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Zootheism is the offspring of hecastotheism. As the primitive +believer assigns special potency or mystery to the strong and the swift, +he gradually comes to give exceptional rank to self-moving animals; +as his experience of the strength, alertness, swiftness, and courage of +his animate enemy or prey increases, these animals are invested with +successively higher and higher attributes, each reflecting the mental +operations of the mystical huntsman, and in time the animals with +which the primitive believers are most intimately associated come to be +regarded as tutelary daimons of supernatural power and intelligence. +At first the animals, like the undifferentiated things of hecastotheism,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page180">[pg 180]</span><a name="Pg180" id="Pg180" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +are regarded in fear or awe by reason of their strength and ferocity, +and this regard grows into an incipient worship in the form of sacrifice +or other ceremonial; meanwhile, inanimate things, and in due season +rare and unimportant animals, are neglected, and a half dozen, a dozen, +or a score of the well-known animals are exalted into a hierarchy of +petty gods, headed by the strongest like the bear, the swiftest like the +deer, the most majestic like the eagle, the most cunning like the fox +or coyote, or the most deadly like the rattlesnake. Commonly the +arts and the skill of the mystical huntsman improve from youth to +adolescence and from generation to generation, so that the later animals +appear to be easier snared or slain than the earlier; moreover, the +accounts of conflicts between men and animals grow by repetition +and are gilded by imagination as memory grows dim; and for these +and other reasons the notion grows up that the ancient animals were +stronger, swifter, slier, statelier, deadlier than their modern representatives, +and the hierarchy of petty gods is exalted into an omnipotent +thearchy. Eventually, in the most highly developed zootheistic systems, +the leading beast-god is regarded as the creator of the lesser +deities of the earth, sun, and sky, of the mythic under-world and its +real counterpart the ground or mid-world, as well as the visionary +upper-world, of men, and of the ignoble animals; sometimes the most exalted +beast-god is worshiped especially by the great man or leading class +and incidentally by all, while other men and groups choose the lesser +beast-gods, according to their rank, for special worship. In hecastotheism +the potencies revered or worshiped are polymorphic, while their +attributes reflect the mental operations of the believers; in zootheism +the deities worshiped are zoomorphic, and their attributes continue to +reflect the human mind.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Physitheism, in its turn, springs from zootheism. Through contemplation +of the strong the idea of strength arises, and a means is found +for bringing the bear into analogy with thunder, with the sun, or with +the avalanche-bearing mountain; through contemplation of the swift the +concept of swiftness is engendered, and comparison of the deer with +the wind or rushing river is made easy; through contemplation of the +deadly stroke of the rattlesnake the notion of death-dealing power +assumes shape, and comparison of the snake bite and the lightning +stroke is made possible; and in every case it is inevitably perceived +that the agency is stronger, swifter, deadlier than the animal. At +first the agency is not abstracted or dissociated from the parent +zootheistic concept, and the sun is the mightiest animal as among many +peoples, the thunder is the voice of the bear as among different woodland +tribes or the flapping of the wings of the great ancient eagle as +among the Dakota and ¢egiha, while lightning is the great serpent of +the sky as among the Zuñi. Subsequently the zoic concept fades, and +the constant association of human intellectual qualities engenders an +anthropic concept, when the sun becomes an anthropomorphic deity +(perhaps bearing a dazzling mask, as among the Zuñi), and thunder is<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page181">[pg 181]</span><a name="Pg181" id="Pg181" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the rumbling of quoits pitched by the shades of old-time giants, as +among different American tribes. Eventually all the leading agencies +of nature are personified in anthropic form, and retain the human attributes +of caprice, love, and hate which are found in the minds of the +believers.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Psychotheism is born of physitheism as the anthropomorphic element +in the concept of natural agency gradually fades; but since none of +the aborigines of the United States had passed into the higher stage, +the mode of transition does not require consideration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It is to be borne in mind that throughout the course of development +of belief, from the beginning of hecastotheism into the borderland of +psychotheism, the dominant characteristic is the vague notion of mystery. +At first the mystery pervades all things and extends in all directions, +representing an indefinite ideal world, which is the counterpart +of the real world with the addition of human qualities. Gradually the +mystery segregates, deepening with respect to animals and disappearing +with respect to inanimate things; and at length the slowly changing +mysteries shape themselves into semiabstractions having a strong +anthropic cast, while the remainder of the earth and the things thereof +gradually become real, though they remain under the spell and dominion +of the mysterious. Thus at every stage the primitive believer is a +mystic—a fatalist in one stage, a beast worshiper in another, a thaumaturgist +in a third, yet ever and first of all a mystic. It is also to be +borne in mind (and the more firmly because of a widespread misapprehension) +that the primitive believer, up to the highest stage attained +by the North American Indian, is not a psychotheist, much less a monotheist. +His "Great Spirit" is simply a great mystery, perhaps vaguely +anthropomorphic, oftener zoomorphic, yet not a spirit, which he is +unable to conceive save by reflection of the white man's concept and +inquiry; and his departed spirit is but a shade, much like that of the +ancient Greeks, the associate and often the inferior of animal shades.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the four stages in development of belief are fundamentally +distinct, they nevertheless overlap in such manner as apparently, and +in a measure really, to coexist and blend. Culture progress is slow. +In biotic development the effect of beneficial modification is felt immediately, +and the modified organs or organisms are stimulated and +strengthened cumulatively, while the unmodified are enfeebled and +paralyzed cumulatively through inactivity and quickly pass toward +atrophy and extinction. Conversely in demotic development, which +is characterized by the persistence of the organisms and by the elimination +of the bad and the preservation of the good among qualities +only, there is a constant tendency toward retardation of progress; for +in savagery and barbarism as in civilization, age commonly produces +conservatism, and at the same time brings responsibility for the conduct +of old and young, so that modification, howsoever beneficial, is<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page182">[pg 182]</span><a name="Pg182" id="Pg182" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +measurably held in check, and so that the progress of each generation +buds in the springtime of youth yet is not permitted to fruit until the +winter of old age approaches. Accordingly the mean of demotic progress +tends to lag far behind its foremost advances, and modes of +action and especially of thought change slowly. This is especially true +of beliefs, which, during each generation, are largely vestigial. So the +stages in the evolution of mythologic philosophy overlap widely; there +is probably no tribe now living among whom zootheism has not yet +taken root, though hecastotheism has been found dominant among +different tribes; there is probably no people in the zootheistic stage +who are completely divested of hecastotheistic vestiges; and one of the +curious features of even the most advanced psychotheism is the occasional +outcropping of features inherited from all of the earlier stages. +Yet it is none the less important to discriminate the stages.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc21" id="toc21"></a> +<a name="pdf22" id="pdf22"></a> +<h5 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY</h5> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">It was partly through pioneer study of the Siouan Indians that the +popular fallacy concerning the aboriginal "Great Spirit" gained currency; +and it was partly through the work of Dorsey among the ¢egiha +and Dakota tribes, first as a missionary and afterward as a linguist, +that the early error was corrected. Among these tribes the creation +and control of the world and the things thereof are ascribed to +"wa-ka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-da" (the term varying somewhat from tribe to tribe), just as +among the Algonquian tribes omnipotence was assigned to "ma-ni-do" +("Manito the Mighty" of "Hiawatha"); yet inquiry shows that +waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da assumes various forms, and is rather a quality than a definite +entity. Thus, among many of the tribes the sun is waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da—not <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">the</span></span> +waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da or <span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">a</span></span> waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da, but simply waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da; and among the same +tribes the moon is waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da, and so is thunder, lightning, the stars, the +winds, the cedar, and various other things; even a man, especially a +shaman, might be waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da or a waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da. In addition the term was +applied to mythic monsters of the earth, air, and waters; according to +some of the sages the ground or earth, the mythic under-world, the +ideal upper-world, darkness, etc, were waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da or waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>das. So, too, +the fetiches and the ceremonial objects and decorations were waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da +among different tribes. Among some of the groups various animals +and other trees besides the specially waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da cedar were regarded as +waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>das; as already noted, the horse, among the prairie tribes, was +the waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da dog. In like manner many natural objects and places of +striking character were considered waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da. Thus the term was +applied to all sorts of entities and ideas, and was used (with or without +inflectional variations) indiscriminately as substantive and adjective, +and with slight modification as verb and adverb. Manifestly a +term so protean is not susceptible of translation into the more highly +differentiated language of civilization. Manifestly, too, the idea +expressed by the term is indefinite, and can not justly be rendered into +"spirit," much less into "Great Spirit;" though it is easy to understand<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page183">[pg 183]</span><a name="Pg183" id="Pg183" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stand how the superficial inquirer, dominated by definite spiritual +concept, handicapped by unfamiliarity with the Indian tongue, misled by +ignorance of the vague prescriptorial ideation, and perhaps deceived +by crafty native informants or mischievous interpreters, came to adopt +and perpetuate the erroneous interpretation. The term may be translated +into "mystery" perhaps more satisfactorily than into any other +single English word, yet this rendering is at the same time much too +limited and much too definite. As used by the Siouan Indian, waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da +vaguely connotes also "power," "sacred," "ancient," "grandeur," +"animate," "immortal," and other words, yet does not express with +any degree of fullness and clearness the ideas conveyed by these terms +singly or collectively—indeed, no English sentence of reasonable length +can do justice to the aboriginal idea expressed by the term waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the beliefs of many of the Siouan tribes are lost through the +extinction of the tribesmen or transformed through acculturation, it is +fortunate that a large body of information concerning the myths and +ceremonials of several prairie tribes has been collected. The records +of Carver, Lewis and Clark, Say, Catlin, and Prince Maximilian are of +great value when interpreted in the light of modern knowledge. More +recent researches by Miss Fletcher<a id="noteref_49" name="noteref_49" href="#note_49"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">49</span></span></a> and by Dorsey<a id="noteref_50" name="noteref_50" href="#note_50"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">50</span></span></a> are of especial +value, not only as direct sources of information but as a means of +interpreting the earlier writings. From these records it appears that, +in so far as they grasped the theistic concept, the Siouan Indians were +polytheists; that their mysteries or deities varied in rank and power; +that some were good but more were bad, while others combined bad +and good attributes; that they assumed various forms, actual and +imaginary; and that their dispositions and motives resembled those +found among mankind.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The organization of the vague Siouan thearchy appears to have +varied from group to group. Among all of the tribes whose beliefs +are known, the sun was an important waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da, perhaps the leading one +potentially, though usually of less immediate consideration than certain +others, such as thunder, lightning, and the cedar tree; among +the Osage the sun was invoked as "grandfather," and among various +tribes there were sun ceremonials, some of which are still maintained; +among the Omaha and Ponka, according to Miss Fletcher, the mythic +thunder-bird plays a prominent, perhaps dominant rôle, and the cedar +tree or pole is deified as its tangible representative. The moon was +waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da among the Osage and the stars among the Omaha and Ponka, +yet they seem to have occupied subordinate positions; the winds and +the four quarters were apparently given higher rank; and, in individual +cases, the mythic water-monsters or earth-deities seem to have occupied +leading positions. On the whole, it may be safe to consider the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page184">[pg 184]</span><a name="Pg184" id="Pg184" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +sun as the Siouan arch-mystery, with the mythic thunder-bird or +family of thunder-birds as a sort of mediate link between the mysteries +and men, possessing less power but displaying more activity in human +affairs than the remoter waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da of the heavens. Under these controlling +waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>das, other members of the series were vaguely and variably +arranged. Somewhere in the lower ranks, sacred animals—especially +sports, such as the white buffalo cow—were placed, and still lower +came totems and shamans, which, according to Dorsey, were reverenced +rather than worshiped. It is noteworthy that this thearchic arrangement +corresponded in many respects with the hierarchic social organization +of the stock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Siouan thearchy was invoked and adored by means of forms +and ceremonies, as well as through orisons. The set observances were +highly elaborate; they comprised dancing and chanting, feasting and +fasting, and in some cases sacrifice and torture, the shocking atrocities +of the Mandan and Minitari rites being especially impressive. From +these great collective devotions the ceremonials graded down through +war-dance and hunting-feast to the terpsichorean grace extolled by +Carver, and to individual fetich worship. In general the adoration +expressed fear of the evil rather than love of the good—but this can +hardly be regarded as a distinctive feature, much less a peculiar one.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some of the mystery places were especially distinctive and noteworthy. +Foremost among them was the sacred pipestone quarry near +Big Sioux river, whence the material for the waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>da calumet was +obtained; another was the far-famed Minne-waka<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span> of North Dakota, +not inaptly translated "Devil's lake;" a third was the mystery-rock or +medicine-rock of the Mandan and Hidatsa near Yellowstone river; and +there were many others of less importance. About all of these places +picturesque legends and myths clustered.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Siouan mythology is especially instructive, partly because so +well recorded, partly because it so clearly reflects the habits and +customs of the tribesmen and thus gives an indirect reflection of a +well-marked environment. As among so many peoples, the sun is a +prominent element; the ice-monsters of the north and the rain-myths +of the arid region are lacking, and are replaced by the frequent thunder +and the trees shaken by the storm-winds; the mythic creatures are +shaped in the image of the indigenous animals and birds; the myths +center in the local rocks and waters; the mysterious thearchy corresponds +with the tribal hierarchy, and the attributes ascribed to the +deities are those characteristic of warriors and hunters.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Considering the mythology in relation to the stages in development +of mythologic philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as +those pertaining to the sun and the winds, represent a crude physitheism, +while vestiges of hecastotheism crop out in the object-worship +and place-worship of the leading tribes and in other features. At the<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page185">[pg 185]</span><a name="Pg185" id="Pg185" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +same time well-marked zootheistic features are found in the mythic +thunder-birds and in the more or less complete deification of various +animals, in the exaltation of the horse into the rank of the mythic dog +father, and in the animal forms of the water-monsters and earth-beings; +and the living application of zootheism is found in the animal fetiches +and totems. On the whole, it seems just to assign the Siouan mythology +to the upper strata of zootheism, just verging on physitheism, with +vestigial traces of hecastotheism.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"> +<a name="toc23" id="toc23"></a> +<a name="pdf24" id="pdf24"></a> +<h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">SOMATOLOGY</h4> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The vigorous avocations of the chase and war were reflected in fine +stature, broad and deep chests, strong and clean limbs, and sound constitution +among the Siouan tribesmen and their consorts. The skin +was of the usual coppery cast characteristic of the native American; +the teeth were strong, indicating and befitting a largely carnivorous +diet, little worn by sandy foods, and seldom mutilated; the hands and +feet were commonly large and sinewy. The Siouan Indians were +among those who impressed white pioneers by the parallel placing of +the feet; for, as among other walkers and runners, who rest sitting and +lying, the feet assumed the pedestrian attitude of approximate parallelism +rather than the standing attitude of divergence forward. The +hair was luxuriant, stiff, straight, and more uniformly jet black than +that of the southerly stocks; it was worn long by the women and most +of the men, though partly clipped or shaved in some tribes by the warriors +as well as the worthless dandies, who, according to Catlin, spent +more time over their toilets than ever did the grande dame of Paris. +The women were beardless and the men more or less nearly so; commonly +the men plucked out by the roots the scanty hair springing on +their faces, as did both sexes that on other parts of the body. The +crania were seldom deformed artificially save through cradle accident, +and while varying considerably in capacity and in the ratio of length to +width were usually mesocephalic. The facial features were strong, yet +in no way distinctly unlike those found among neighboring peoples.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since the advent of white men the characteristics of the Siouan +Indians, like those of other tribes, have been somewhat modified, partly +through infusion of Caucasian blood but chiefly through acculturation. +With the abandonment of hunting and war and the tardy adoption of +a slothful, semidependent agriculture, the frame has lost something +of its stalwart vigor; with the adaptation of the white man's costume +and the incomplete assimilation of his hygiene, various weaknesses and +disorders have been developed; and through imitation the erstwhile +luxuriant hair is cropped, and the beard, made scanty through generations +of extirpation, is commonly cultivated. Although the accultural +condition of the Siouan survivors ranges from the essentially +primitive status of the Asiniboin to the practical civilization of the +representatives of several tribes, it is fair to consider the stock in a<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page186">[pg 186]</span><a name="Pg186" id="Pg186" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +state of transition from barbarism to civilization; and many of the +tribesmen are losing the characteristics of activity and somatic development +normal to primitive life, while they have not yet assimilated +the activities and acquired the somatic characteristics normal to peaceful +sedentary life.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Briefly, certain somatic features of the Siouan Indians, past and +present, may be traced to their causes in custom and exercise of function; +yet by far the greater number of the features are common to the +American people or to all mankind, and are of ill-understood significance. +The few features of known cause indicate that special somatic +characteristics are determined largely or wholly by industrial and other +arts, which are primarily shaped by environment.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc25" id="toc25"></a> +<a name="pdf26" id="pdf26"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">HABITAT</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Excepting the Asiniboin, who are chiefly in Canada, nearly all of +the Siouan Indians are now gathered on the reservations indicated on +earlier pages, most of these reservations lying within the aboriginal +territory of the stock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the advent of white men, the Siouan territory was vaguely defined, +and its limits were found to vary somewhat from exploration to exploration. +This vagueness and variability of habitat grew out of the characteristics +of the tribesmen. Of all the great stocks south of the +Arctic, the Siouan was perhaps least given to agriculture, most influenced +by hunting, and most addicted to warfare; thus most of the +tribes were but feebly attached to the soil, and freely followed the movements +of the feral fauna as it shifted with climatic vicissitudes or was +driven from place to place by excessive hunting or by fires set to +destroy the undergrowth in the interests of the chase; at the same +time, the borderward tribes were alternately driven and led back and +forth through strife against the tribes of neighboring stocks. Accordingly +the Siouan habitat can be outlined only in approximate and +somewhat arbitrary fashion.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The difficulty in defining the priscan home of the Siouan tribes is +increased by its vast extent and scant peopling, by the length of the +period intervening between discovery in the east and complete exploration +in the west, and by the internal changes and migrations which +occurred during this period. The task of collating the records of +exploration and pioneer observation concerning the Siouan and other +stocks was undertaken by Powell a few years ago, and was found to be +of great magnitude. It was at length successfully accomplished, and +the respective areas occupied by the several stocks were approximately +mapped.<a id="noteref_51" name="noteref_51" href="#note_51"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">51</span></span></a></p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As shown on Powell's map, the chief part of the Siouan area comprised +a single body covering most of the region of the Great plains,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page187">[pg 187]</span><a name="Pg187" id="Pg187" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +stretching from the Rocky mountains to the Mississippi and from the +Arkansas-Red river divide nearly to the Saskatchewan, with an arm +crossing the Mississippi and extending to Lake Michigan. In addition +there were a few outlying bodies, the largest and easternmost bordering +the Atlantic from Santee river nearly to Capes Lookout and Hatteras, +and skirting the Appalachian range northward to the Potomac; the +next considerable area lay on the Gulf coast about Pascagoula river +and bay, stretching nearly from the Pearl to the Mobile; and there were +one or two unimportant areas on Ohio river, which were temporarily +occupied by small groups of Siouan Indians during recent times.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There is little probability that the Siouan habitat, as thus outlined, +ran far into the prehistoric age. As already noted, the Siouan Indians +of the plains were undoubtedly descended from the Siouan tribes of the +east (indeed the Mandan had a tradition to that effect); and reason has +been given for supposing that the ancestors of the prairie hunters followed +the straggling buffalo through the cis-Mississippi forests into +his normal trans-Mississippi habitat and spread over his domain save +as they were held in check by alien huntsmen, chiefly of the warlike +Caddoan and Kiowan tribes; and the buffalo itself was a geologically +recent—indeed essentially post-glacial—animal. Little if any definite +trace of Siouan occupancy has been found in the more ancient prehistoric +works of the Mississippi valley. On the whole it appears probable +that the prehistoric development of the Siouan stock and habitat was +exceptionally rapid, that the Siouan Indians were a vigorous and virile +people that arose quickly under the stimulus of strong vitality (the +acquisition of which need not here be considered), coupled with exceptionally +favorable opportunity, to a power and glory culminating about +the time of discovery.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc27" id="toc27"></a> +<a name="pdf28" id="pdf28"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">ORGANIZATION</span></h2> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The demotic organization of the Siouan peoples, so far as known, is +set forth in considerable detail in Mr Dorsey's treatises<a id="noteref_52" name="noteref_52" href="#note_52"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">52</span></span></a> and in the +foregoing enumeration of tribes, confederacies, and other linguistic +groups.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Like the other aborigines north of Mexico, the Siouan Indians were +organized on the basis of kinship, and were thus in the stage of tribal +society. All of the best-known tribes had reached that plane in organization +characterized by descent in the male line, though many vestiges +and some relatively unimportant examples of descent in the female line +have been discovered. Thus the clan system was obsolescent and the +gentile system fairly developed; i. e., the people were practically out +of the stage of savagery and well advanced in the stage of barbarism.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page188">[pg 188]</span><a name="Pg188" id="Pg188" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Confederation for defense and offense was fairly defined and was +strengthened by intermarriage between tribes and gentes and the prohibition +of marriage within the gens; yet the organization was such as to +maintain tribal autonomy in considerable degree; i.e., the social structure +was such as to facilitate union in time of war and division into +small groups adapted to hunting in times of peace. No indication of +feudalism has been found in the stock.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The government was autocratic, largely by military leaders sometimes +(particularly in peace) advised by the elders and priests; the leadership +was determined primarily by ability—prowess in war and the chase and +wisdom in the council,—and was thus hereditary only a little further +than characteristics were inherited; indeed, excepting slight recognition +of the divinity that doth hedge about a king, the leaders were +practically self-chosen, arising gradually to the level determined by +their abilities. The germ of theocracy was fairly developed, and apparently +burgeoned vigorously during each period of peace, only to be +checked and withered during the ensuing war when the shamans and +their craft were forced into the background.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">During recent years, since the tribes began to yield to the domination +of the peace-loving whites, the government and election are determined +chiefly by kinship, as appears from Dorsey's researches; yet +definite traces of the militant organization appear, and any man can +win name and rank in his gens, tribe, or confederacy by bravery or +generosity.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The institutional connection between the Siouan tribes of the plains +and those of the Atlantic slope and the Gulf coast is completely lost, +and it is doubtful whether the several branches have ever been united +in a single confederation (or "nation," in the language of the pioneers), +at least since the division in the Appalachian region perhaps five or +ten centuries ago. Since this division the tribes have separated widely, +and some of the bloodiest wars of the region in the historic period have +been between Siouan tribes; the most extensive union possessing the +slightest claim to federal organization was the great Dakota confederacy, +which was grown into instability and partial disruption; and +most of the tribal unions and coalitions were of temporary character.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although highly elaborate (perhaps because of this character), the +Siouan organization was highly unstable; with every shock of conflict, +whether intestine or external, some autocrats were displaced or slain; +and after each important event—great battle, epidemic, emigration, or +destructive flood—new combinations were formed. The undoubtedly +rapid development of the stock, especially after the passage of the +Mississippi, indicates growth by conquest and assimilation as well as +by direct propagation (it is known that the Dakota and perhaps other +groups adopted aliens regularly); and, doubtless for this reason in +part, there was a strong tendency toward differentiation and dichotomy +in the demotic growth. In some groups the history is too vague to +indicate this tendency with certainty; in others the tendency is clear.<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page189">[pg 189]</span><a name="Pg189" id="Pg189" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Perhaps the best example is found in the Cegiha, which divided into two +great branches, the stronger of which threw off minor branches in the +Osage and Kansa, and afterward separated into the Omaha and Ponka, +while the feebler branch also ramified widely; and only less notable is +the example of the Winnebago trunk, with its three great branches in +the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. This strong divergent tendency in itself +suggests rapid, perhaps abnormally rapid, growth in the stock; for it +outran and partially concealed the tendency toward convergence and +ultimate coalescence which characterizes demotic phenomena.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The half-dozen eastern stocks occupying by far the greater part of +North America contrast strongly with the half-hundred local stocks +covering the Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks is +more characteristic, more sharply contrasted with the limited groups of +the western coast, or better understood as regards organization and +development, than the great Siouan stock of the northern interior. +There is promise that, as the demology of aboriginal America is pushed +forward, the records relating to the Siouan Indians and especially to +their structure and institutions will aid in explaining why some stocks +are limited and others extensive, why large stocks in general characterize +the interior and small stocks the coasts, and why the dominant +peoples of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were successful in displacing +the preexistent and probably more primitive peoples of the +Mississippi valley. While the time is not yet ripe for making final +answer to these inquiries, it is not premature to suggest a relation +between a peculiar development of the aboriginal stocks and a peculiar +geographic conformation: In general the coastward stocks are small, +indicating a provincial shoreland habit, yet their population and area +commonly increase toward those shores indented by deep bays, along +which maritime and inland industries naturally blend; so (confining +attention to eastern United States) the extensive Muskhogean stock +stretches inland from the deep-bayed eastern Gulf coast; and so, too, +three of the largest stocks on the continent (Algonquian, Iroquoian, +Siouan) stretch far into the interior from the still more deeply indented +Atlantic coast. In two of these cases (Iroquoian and Siouan) history +and tradition indicate expansion and migration from the land of bays +between Cape Lookout and Cape May, while in the third there are +similar (though perhaps less definite) indications of an inland drift +from the northern Atlantic bays and along the Laurentian river and +lakes.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> +<a name="toc29" id="toc29"></a> +<a name="pdf30" id="pdf30"></a> +<h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">HISTORY</span><a id="noteref_53" name="noteref_53" href="#note_53"><span class="tei tei-noteref" style="text-align: left"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">53</span></span></a></h2> +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"></p> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc31" id="toc31"></a> +<a name="pdf32" id="pdf32"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Dakota are mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1639-40; +the tradition is noted that the Ojibwa, on arriving at the Great Lakes in +an early migration from the Atlantic coast, encountered representatives<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page190">[pg 190]</span><a name="Pg190" id="Pg190" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +of the great confederacy of the plains. In 1641 the French voyageurs +met the Potawatomi Indians flying from a nation called Nadawessi +(enemies); and the Frenchmen adopted the alien name for the warlike +prairie tribes. By 1658 the Jesuits had learned of the existence of +thirty Dakota villages west-northwest from the Potawatomi mission St +Michel; and in 1689 they recorded the presence of tribes apparently +representing the Dakota confederacy on the upper Mississippi, near +the mouth of the St Croix. According to Croghan's History of Western +Pennsylvania, the "Sue" Indians occupied the country southwest of +Lake Superior about 1759; and Dr T.S. Williamson, "the father of the +Dakota mission," states that the Dakota must have resided about the +confluence of the Mississippi and the Minnesota or St Peters for at +least two hundred years prior to 1860.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to traditions collected by Dorsey, the Teton took possession +of the Black Hills region, which had previously been occupied by +the Crow Indians, long before white men came; and the Yankton +and Yanktonnai, which were found on the Missouri by Lewis and Clark, +were not long removed from the region about Minnesota river. In 1862 +the Santee and other Dakota tribes united in a formidable outbreak +in which more than 1,000 whites were massacred or slain in battle. +Through this outbreak and the consequent governmental action toward +the control and settlement of the tribes, much was learned concerning +the characteristics of the people, and various Indian leaders became +known; Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, American +Horse, and Even-his-horse-is-feared (commonly miscalled Man-afraid-of-his-horses) +were among the famous Dakota chiefs and warriors, notable +representatives of a passing race, whose names are prominent in +the history of the country. Other outbreaks occurred, the last of note +resulting from the ghost-dance fantasy in 1890-91, which fortunately +was quickly suppressed. Yet, with slight interruptions, the Dakota +tribes in the United States were steadily gathered on reservations. +Some 800 or more still roam the prairies north of the international +boundary, but the great body of the confederacy, numbering nearly +28,000, are domiciled on reservations (already noted) in Minnesota, +Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The separation of the Asiniboin from the Wazi-kute gens of the +Yanktonai apparently occurred before the middle of the seventeenth +century, since the Jesuit relation of 1658 distinguishes between the +Poualak or Guerriers (undoubtedly the Dakota proper) and the Assiuipoualak +or Guerriers de pierre. The Asiniboin are undoubtedly the +Essanape (Essanapi or Assinapi) who were next to the Makatapi +(Dakota) in the Walam-Olum record of the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware. +In 1680 Hennepin located the Asiniboin northeast of the Issati (Isanyati +or Santee) who were on Knife lake (Minnesota); and the Jesuit +map of 1681 placed them on Lake-of-the-Woods, then called "L. Assinepoualacs." +La Hontan claimed to have visited the Eokoro (Arikara)<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page191">[pg 191]</span><a name="Pg191" id="Pg191" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in 1689-90, when the Essanape were sixty leagues above; and Perrot's +Mémoire refers to the Asiniboin as a Sioux tribe which, in the seventeenth +century, seceded from their nation and took refuge among the +rocks of Lake-of-the-Woods. Chauvignerie located some of the tribe +south of Ounipigan (Winnipeg) lake in 1736, and they were near Lake-of-the-Woods +as late as 1766, when they were said to have 1,500 warriors. +It is well known that in 1829 they occupied a considerable +territory west of the Dakota and north of Missouri river, with a population +estimated at 8,000; and Drake estimated their number at 10,000 +before the smallpox epidemic of 1838, which is said to have carried off +4,000. From this blow the tribe seems never to have fully recovered, +and now numbers probably no more than 3,000, mostly in Canada, +where they continue to roam the plains they have occupied for half a +century.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc33" id="toc33"></a> +<a name="pdf34" id="pdf34"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">¢EGIHA</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of +the Omaha, Ponka, Elwapa, Osage, and Kansa were originally one +people dwelling on Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working +westward. The first separation took place at the mouth of the Ohio, +when those who went down the Mississippi became the Kwapa or Downstream +People, while those who ascended the great river became the +Omaha or Up-stream People. This separation must have occurred at +least as early as 1500, since it preceded De Soto's discovery of the +Mississippi.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Omaha group (from whom the Osage, Kansa, and Ponka were +not yet separated) ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, +where they remained for some time, though war and hunting +parties explored the country northwestward, and the body of the tribe +gradually followed these pioneers, though the Osage and Kansa were +successively left behind. Some of the pioneer parties discovered the +pipestone quarry, and many traditions cling about this landmark. Subsequently +they were driven across the Big Sioux by the Yankton Indians, +who then lived toward the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi. +The group gradually differentiated and finally divided through the separation +of the Ponka, probably about the middle of the seventeenth +century. The Omaha gathered south of the Missouri, between the +mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while the Ponka pushed into the +Black Hills country.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Omaha tribe remained within the great bend of the Missouri, +opposite the mouth of the Big Sioux, until white men came. Their +hunting ground extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north +of the Platte and along the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and +the Pawnee (Caddoan); and in 1766 Carver met their hunting parties +on Minnesota river. Toward the end of the eighteenth century they +were nearly destroyed by smallpox, their number having been reduced +from about 3,500 to but little over 300 when they were visited by Lewis<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page192">[pg 192]</span><a name="Pg192" id="Pg192" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +and Clark, their famous chief Blackbird being one of those carried off +by the epidemic. Subsequently they increased in numbers; in 1890 +their population was about 1,200. They are now on reservations, mostly +owning land in severalty, and are citizens of the United States and of +the state of Nebraska.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Although the name Ponka did not appear in history before 1700 it +must have been used for many generations earlier, since it is an archaic +designation connected with the social organization of several tribes and +the secret societies of the Osage and Kansa, as well as the Ponka. In +1700 the Ponka were indicated on De l'Isle's map, though they were +not then segregated territorially from the Omaha. They, too, suffered +terribly from the smallpox epidemic, and when met by Lewis and Clark +in 1804 numbered only about 200. They increased rapidly, reaching +about 600 in 1829 and some 800 in 1842; in 1871, when they were first +visited by Dorsey, they numbered 747. Up to this time the Ponka and +Dakota were amicable; but a dispute grew out of the cession of lands, +and the Teton made annual raids on the Ponka until the enforced +removal of the tribe to Indian Territory took place in 1877. Through +this warfare, more than a quarter of the Ponka lost their lives. The +displacement of this tribe from lands owned by them in fee simple +attracted attention, and a commission was appointed by President +Hayes in 1880 to inquire into the matter; the commission, consisting +of Generals Crook and Miles and Messrs William Stickney and Walter +Allen, visited the Ponka settlements in Indian Territory and on the +Niobrara and effected a satisfactory arrangement of the affairs of the +tribe, through which the greater portion (some 600) remained in Indian +Territory, while some 225 kept their reservation in Nebraska.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">When the ¢egiha divided at the mouth of the Ohio, the ancestors +of the Osage and Kansa accompanied the main Omaha body up the +Mississippi to the mouth of Osage river. There the Osage separated +from the group, ascending the river which bears their name. They +were distinguished by Marquette in 1673 as the "Ouchage" and +"Autrechaha," and by Penicaut in 1719 as the "Huzzau," "Ous," and +"Wawha." According to Croghan, they were, in 1759, on "White +creek, a branch of the Mississippi," with the "Grand Tuc;" but"White +creek" (or White water) was an old designation for Osage river, and +"Grand Tuc" is, according to Mooney, a corruption of "Grandes Eaux," +or Great Osage; and there is accordingly no sufficient reason for supposing +that they returned to the Mississippi. Toward the close of the +eighteenth century the Osage and Kansa encountered the Comanche +and perhaps other Shoshonean peoples, and their course was turned +southward; and in 1817, according to Brown, the Great Osage and +Little Osage were chiefly on Osage and Arkansas rivers, in four villages. +In 1829 Porter described their country as beginning 25 miles +west of the Missouri line and running to the Mexican line of that date, +being 50 miles wide; and he gave their number as 5,000. According to<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page193">[pg 193]</span><a name="Pg193" id="Pg193" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +Schoolcraft, they numbered 3,758 in April, 1853, but this was after the +removal of an important branch known as Black Dog's band to a new +locality farther down Verdigris river. In 1850 the Osage occupied at +least seven large villages, besides numerous small ones, on Neosho and +Verdigris rivers. In 1873, when visited by Dorsey, they were gathered +on their reservations in what is now Oklahoma. In 1890 they numbered +158.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Kansa remained with the Up-stream People in their gradual +ascent of the Missouri to the mouth of the Kaw or Kansas, when they +diverged westward; but they soon came in contact with inimical +peoples, and, like the Osage, were driven southward. The date of this +divergence is not fixed, but it must have been after 1723, when Bourgmont +mentioned a large village of "Quans" located on a small river +flowing northward thirty leagues above Kaw river, near the Missouri. +After the cession of Louisiana to the United States, a treaty was made +with the Kansa Indians, who were then on Kaw river, at the mouth of +the Saline, having been forced back from the Missouri by the Dakota; +they then numbered about 1,500 and occupied about thirty earth lodges. +In 1825 they ceded their lands on the Missouri to the Government, +retaining a reservation on the Kaw, where they were constantly subjected +to attacks from the Pawnee and other tribes, through which large +numbers of their warriors were slain. In 1846 they again ceded their +lands and received a new reservation on Neosho river in Kansas. This +was soon overrun by settlers, when another reservation was assigned +to them in Indian Territory, near the Osage country. By 1890 their +population was reduced to 214.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Kwapa were found by De Soto in 1541 on the Mississippi above +the mouth of the St Francis, and, according to Marquette's map, they +were partly east of the Mississippi in 1673. In 1681 La Salle found +them in three villages distributed along the Mississippi, and soon afterward +Tonty mentioned four villages, one (Kappa = Uʞaqpaqti, "Real +Kwapa") on the Mississippi and three (Toyengan = Ta<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>wa<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="vertical-align: super">n</span></span>-jiʞa, "Small +Village"; Toriman = Ti-uad¢iman, and Osotonoy = Uzutiuwe) inland; +this observation was verified by Dorsey in 1883 by the discovery that +these names are still in use. In early days the Kwapa were known as +"Akansa," or Arkansa, first noted by La Metairie in 1682. It is probable +that this name was an Algonquian designation given because of +confusion with, or recognition of affinity to, the Kansa or Kanze, the +prefix "a" being a common one in Algouquian appellations. In 1687 +Joutel located two of the villages of the tribe on the Arkansas and +two on the Mississippi, one of the latter being on the eastern side. +According to St Cosme, the greater part of the tribe died of smallpox +in October, 1699. In 1700 De l'Isle placed the principal "Acansa" +village on the southern side of Arkansas river; and, according to +Gravier, there were in 1701 five villages, the largest, Imaha (Omaha), +being highest on the Arkansas. In 1805 Sibley placed the "Arkensa"<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page194">[pg 194]</span><a name="Pg194" id="Pg194" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +in three villages on the southern side of Arkansas river, about 12 miles +above Arkansas post. They claimed to be the original proprietors of +the country bordering the Arkansas for 300 miles, or up to the confluence +of the Cadwa, above which lay the territory of the Osage. Subsequently +the Kwapa affiliated with the Caddo Indians, though of +another stock; according to Porter they were in the Caddo country in +1829. As reservations were established, the Kwapa were re-segregated, +and in 1877 were on their reservation in northwestern Indian Territory; +but most of them afterward scattered, chiefly to the Osage +country, where in 1890 they were found to number 232.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc35" id="toc35"></a> +<a name="pdf36" id="pdf36"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">ʇƆIWE'RE</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The ancestry and prehistoric movements of the tribes constituting +this group are involved in considerable obscurity, though it is known +from tradition as well as linguistic affinity that they sprung from the +Winnebago.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Since the days of Marquette (1673) the Iowa have ranged over the +country between the Mississippi and Missouri, up to the latitude of +Oneota (formerly upper Iowa) river,- and even across the Missouri +about the mouth of the Platte. Chauvignerie located them, in 1736 +west of the Mississippi and (probably through error in identification of +the waterway) south of the Missouri; and in 1761 Jefferys placed them +between Missouri river and the headwaters of Des Moines river, above +the Oto and below the Maha (Omaha). In 1805, according to Drake, +they dwelt on Des Moines river, forty leagues above its mouth, and +numbered 800. In 1811 Pike found them in two villages on Des Moines +and Iowa rivers. In 1815 they were decimated by smallpox, and +also lost heavily through war against the tribes of the Dakota confederacy. +In 1829 Porter placed them on the Little Platte, some 15 miles +from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them on +Nemaha river, their principal village being near the mouth of the +Great Nemaha. In 1848 they suffered another epidemic of smallpox, +by which 100 warriors, besides women and children, were carried off. +As the country settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the stock, +were collected on reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and +Oklahoma. According to the last census their population was 273.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Missouri were first seen by Tonty about 1670; they were located +near the Mississippi on Marquette's map (1673) under the name of +Ouemessourit, probably a corruption of their name by the Illinois +tribe, with the characteristic Algonquian prefix. The name Missouri +was first used by Joutel in 1687. In 1723 Bourgmont located their +principal village 30 leagues below Kaw river and 60 leagues below +the chief settlement of the Kansa; according to Groghan, they were +located on Mississippi river opposite the Illinois country in 1759. +Although the early locations are somewhat indefinite, it seems certain +that the tribe formerly dwelt on the Mississippi about the mouth of<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page195">[pg 195]</span><a name="Pg195" id="Pg195" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +the Missouri, and that they gradually ascended the latter stream, +remaining for a time between Grand and Chariton rivers and establishing +a town on the left bank of the Missouri near the mouth of the +Grand. There they were found by French traders, who built a fort on +an island quite near their village about the beginning of the eighteenth +century. Soon afterward they were conquered and dispersed by a +combination of Sac, Fox, and other Indians; they also suffered from +smallpox. On the division, five or six lodges joined the Osage, two or +three took refuge with the Kansa, and most of the remainder amalgamated +with the Oto. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found a part of the +tribe, numbering about 300, south of Platte river. The only known +survivors in 1829 were with the Oto, when they numbered no more +than 80. In 1842 their village stood on the southern bank of Platte +river near the Oto settlement, and they followed the latter tribe to +Indian Territory in 1882.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Winnebago tradition, the ʇɔiwe're tribes separated from +that "People of the parent speech" long ago, the Iowa being the first +and the Oto the last to leave. In 1673 the Oto were located by Marquette +west of Missouri river, between the fortieth and fortyfirst +parallels; in 1680 they were 130 leagues from the Illinois, almost opposite +the mouth of the Miskoncing (Wisconsin), and in 1687 they were +on Osage river. According to La Hontan they were, in 1690, on Otontas +(Osage) river; and in 1698 Hennepin placed them ten days' journey +from Fort Crève Cœur. Iberville, in 1700, located the Iowa and Oto +with the Omaha, between Wisconsin and Missouri rivers, about 100 +leagues from the Illinois tribe; and Charlevoix, in 1721, fixed the Oto +habitat as below that of the Iowa and above that of the Kansa on the +western side of the Missouri. Dupratz mentions the Oto as a small +nation on Missouri river in 1758, and Jefferys (1761) described them +as occupying the southern bank of the Panis (Platte) between its mouth +and the Pawnee territory; according to Porter, they occupied the same +position in 1829. The Oto claimed the land bordering the Platte from +their village to the mouth of the river, and also that on both sides of the +Missouri as far as the Big Nemaha. In 1833 Catlin found the Oto and +Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they were gathered +in four villages on the southern side of the Platte, from 5 to 18 +miles above its mouth. In 1880 a part of the tribe removed to the Sac +and Fox reservation in Indian Territory, where they still remain; in +1882 the rest of the tribe, with the remnant of the Missouri, emigrated +to the Pouka, Pawnee, and Oto reservation in the present Oklahoma, +where, in 1890 they were found to number 400.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc37" id="toc37"></a> +<a name="pdf38" id="pdf38"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">WINNEBAGO</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Linguistically the Winnebago Indians are closely related to the +ʇɔiwe're on the one side and to the Mandan on the other. They were +first mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1636, though the earliest<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page196">[pg 196]</span><a name="Pg196" id="Pg196" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +known use of the name Winnebago occurs in the Relation of 1640; +Nicollet found them on Green bay in 1639. According to Shea, the +Winnebago were almost annihilated by the Illinois (Algonquian) tribe in +early days, and the historical group was made up of the survivors of +the early battles. Cbauvignerie placed the Winnebago on Lake Superior +in 1736, and Jefferys referred to them and the Sac as living near +the head of Green bay in 1761; Carver mentions a Winnebago village +on a small island near the eastern end of Winnebago lake in 1778. +Pike enumerated seven Winnebago villages existing in 1811; and in +1822 the population of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 +warriors) in the country about Winnebago lake and extending thence +southwestward to the Mississippi. By treaties in 1825 and 1832 they +ceded their lands south of Wisconsin and Fox rivers for a reservation +on the Mississippi above the Oneota; one of their villages in 1832 was +at Prairie la Grosse. They suffered several visitations of smallpox; +the third, which occurred in 1836, carried off more than a quarter of +the tribe. A part of the people long remained widely distributed over +their old country east of the Mississippi and along that river in Iowa +and Minnesota; in 1840 most of the tribe removed to the neutral ground +in the then territory of Iowa; in 1846 they surrendered their reservation +for another above the Minnesota, and in 1856 they were removed +to Blue Earth, Minnesota. Here they were mastering agriculture, when +the Sioux war broke out and the settlers demanded their removal. +Those who had taken up farms, thereby abandoning tribal rights, were +allowed to remain, but the others were transferred to Crow creek, on +Missouri river, whence they soon escaped. Their privations and sufferings +were terrible; out of 2,000 taken to Crow creek only 1,200 reached +the Omaha reservation, whither most of them fled. They were assigned +a new reservation on the Omaha lands, where they now remain, occupying +lands allotted in severalty. In 1890 there were 1,215 Winnebago +on the reservation, but nearly an equal number were scattered over +Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they now live chiefly +by agriculture, with a strong predilection for hunting.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc39" id="toc39"></a> +<a name="pdf40" id="pdf40"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">MANDAN</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Mandan had a vague tradition of emigration from the eastern +part of the country, and Lewis and Clark, Prince Maximilian, and +others found traces of Mandan house-structures at various points +along the Missouri; thus they appear to have ascended that stream +before the advent of the ¢egiha. During the historical period their +movements were limited; they were first visited in the upper Missouri +country by Sieur de la Verendrye in 1738. About 1750 they established +two villages on the eastern side and seven on the western side of +the Missouri, near the mouth of Heart river. Here they were assailed +by the Asiniboin and Dakota and attacked by smallpox, and were +greatly reduced; the two eastern villages consolidated, and the people<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page197">[pg 197]</span><a name="Pg197" id="Pg197" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +migrated up the Missouri to a point 1,430 miles above its mouth (as +subsequently determined by Lewis and Clark); the seven villages were +soon reduced to five, and these people also ascended the river and +formed two villages in the Arikara country, near the Mandan of the +eastern side, where they remained until about 1766, when they also +consolidated. Thus the once powerful and populous tribe was reduced +to two villages which, in 1804, were found by Lewis and Clark on +opposite banks of the Missouri, about 4 miles below Knife river. Here +for a time the tribe waxed and promised to regain the early prestige, +reaching a population of 1,600 in 1837; but in that year they were again +attacked by smallpox and almost annihilated, the survivors numbering +only 31 according to one account, or 125 to 145 according to others. +After this visitation they united in one village. When the Hidatsa +removed from Knife river in 1845, some of the Mandan accompanied +them, and others followed at intervals as late as 1858, when only a few +still remained at their old home. In 1872 a reservation was set apart +for the Hidatsa and Arikara and the survivors of the Mandan on Missouri +and Yellowstone rivers in Dakota and Montana, but in 1886 the +reservation was reduced. According to the census returns, the Mandan +numbered 252 in 1890.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc41" id="toc41"></a> +<a name="pdf42" id="pdf42"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">HIDATSA</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">There has been much confusion concerning the definition and designation +of the Hidatsa Indians. They were formerly known as Minitari +or Gros Ventres of the Missouri, in distinction from the Gros Ventres +of the plains, who belong to another stock. The origin of the term +Gros Ventres is somewhat obscure, and various observers have pointed +out its inapplicability, especially to the well-formed Hidatsa tribesmen. +According to Dorsey, the French pioneers probably translated a native +term referring to a traditional buffalo paunch, which occupies a prominent +place in the Hidatsa mythology and which, in early times, led to +a dispute and the separation of the Crow from the main group some +time in the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The earlier legends of the Hidatsa are vague, but there is a definite +tradition of a migration northward, about 1765, from the neighborhood +of Heart river, where they were associated with the Mandan, to Knife +river. At least as early as 1796, according to Matthews, there were +three villages belonging to this tribe on Knife river—one at the mouth, +another half a mile above, and the third and largest 3 miles from the +mouth. Here the people were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and +here they remained until 1837, when the scourge of smallpox fell and +many of the people perished, the survivors uniting in a single village. +About 1845 the Hidatsa and a part of the Mandan again migrated up +the Missouri, and established a village 30 miles by land and 60 miles +by water above their old home, within what is now Fort Berthold reservation. +Their population has apparently varied greatly, partly by<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page198">[pg 198]</span><a name="Pg198" id="Pg198" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +reason of the ill definition of the tribe by different enumerators, partly +by reason of the inroads of smallpox. In 1890 they numbered 522.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Crow people are known by the Hidatsa as Kihatsa (They-refused-the-paunch), +according to Matthews; and Dorsey points out that their +own name, Absaruke, does not mean " crow," but refers to a variety of +hawk. Lewis and Clark found the tribe in four bands. In 1817 Brown +located them on Yellowstone river. In 1829 they were described by +Porter as ranging along Yellowstone river on the eastern side of the +Bocky mountains, and numbered at 4,000; while in 1834, according to +Drake, they occupied the southern branch of the Yellowstone, about +the fortysixth parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, with a +population of 4,500. In 1842 their number was estimated at 4,000, and +they were described as inhabiting the headwaters of the Yellowstone. +They have since been duly gathered on the Crow reservation in Montana, +and are slowly adopting civilization. In 1890 they numbered +2,287.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc43" id="toc43"></a> +<a name="pdf44" id="pdf44"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The history of the Monakan, Oatawba, Sara, Pedee, and Santee, and +incidentally that of the Biloxi, has been carefully reviewed in a recent +publication by Mooney<a id="noteref_54" name="noteref_54" href="#note_54"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">54</span></span></a> , and does not require repetition.</p> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"> +<a name="toc45" id="toc45"></a> +<a name="pdf46" id="pdf46"></a> +<h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">GENERAL MOVEMENTS</span></h3> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">On reviewing the records of explorers and pioneers and the few traditions +which have been preserved, the course of Siouan migration and +development becomes clear. In general the movements were westward +and northwestward. The Dakota tribes have not been traced far, +though several of them, like the Yanktonnai, migrated hundreds of +miles from the period of first observation to the end of the eighteenth +century; then came the Mandan, according to their tradition, and as +they ascended the Missouri left traces of their occupancy scattered +over 1,000 miles of migration; next the ¢egiha descended the Ohio +and passed from the cis-Mississippi forests over the trans-Mississippi +plains—the stronger branch following the Mandan, while the lesser at +first descended the great river and then worked up the Arkansas into +the buffalo country until checked and diverted by antagonistic tribes. +So also the ʇɔiwe're, first recorded near the Mississippi, pushed 300 +miles westward; while the Winnebago gradually emigrated from the +region of the Great Lakes into the trans-Mississippi country even +before their movements were affected by contact with white men. In +like manner the Hidatsa are known to have flowed northwestward +many scores of miles; and the Asiniboin swept more rapidly across the +plains from the place of their rebellion against the Yanktonnai, on the +Mississippi, before they found final resting place on the Saskatchewan<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page199">[pg 199]</span><a name="Pg199" id="Pg199" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of the movements were consistent +and, despite intertribal friction and strife, measurably harmonious. The +lines of movement, so far as they can be restored, are in full accord +with the lines of linguistic evolution traced by Hale and Dorsey and +Gatschet, and indicate that some five hundred or possibly one thousand +years ago the tribesmen pushed over the Appalachians to the Ohio and +followed that stream and its tributaries to the Mississippi (though there +are faint indications that some of the early emigrants ascended the +northern tributaries to the region of the Great Lakes); and that the +human flood gained volume as it advanced and expanded to cover +the entire region of the plains. The records concerning the movement +of this great human stream find support in the manifest reason for the +movement; the reason was the food quest by which all primitive men +are led, and its end was the abundant fauna of the prairieland, with the +buffalo at its head.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While the early population of the Siouan stock, when first the huntsmen +crossed the Appalachians, may not be known, the lines of migration +indicate that the people increased and multiplied amain during +their long journey, and that their numbers culminated, despite external +conflict and internal strife, about the beginning of written history, +when the Siouan population may have been 100,000 or more. Then +came war against the whites and the still more deadly smallpox, +whereby the vigorous stock was checked and crippled and the population +gradually reduced; but since the first shock, which occurred at +different dates in different parts of the great region, the Siouan people +have fairly held their own, and some branches are perhaps gaining in +strength.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<a name="toc47" id="toc47"></a> +<a name="pdf48" id="pdf48"></a> +<h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY</span></h1> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As shown by Powell, there are two fundamentally distinct classes or +stages in human society—(1) tribal society and (2) national society. +National society characterizes civilization; primarily it is organized on +a territorial basis, but as enlightenment grows the bases are multiplied. +Tribal society is characteristic of savagery and barbarism; so +far as known, all tribal societies are organized on the basis of kinship. +The transfer from tribal society to national society is often, perhaps +always, through feudalism, in which the territorial motive takes root +and in which the kinship motive withers.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">All of the American aborigines north of Mexico and most of those +farther southward were in the stage of tribal society when the continents +were discovered, though feudalism was apparently budding in +South America, Central America, and parts of Mexico. The partly +developed transitional stage may, for the present, be neglected, and +American Indian sociology may be considered as representing tribal +society or kinship organization.</p> + +<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page200">[pg 200]</span><a name="Pg200" id="Pg200" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The fundamental principles of tribal organization through kinship +have been formulated by Powell; they are as follows:<a id="noteref_55" name="noteref_55" href="#note_55"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">55</span></span></a></p> + +<table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">I. </th><td class="tei tei-item">A body of kindred constituting a distinct body politic is divided into groups, +the males into groups of brothers and the females into groups of sisters, on distinctions +of generations, regardless of degrees of consanguinity; and the kinship terms +used express relative age. In civilized society kinships are classified on distinctions +of sex, distinctions of generations, and distinctions arising from degrees of consanguinity.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">II. </th><td class="tei tei-item">When descent is in the female line, the brother-group consists of natal brothers, +together with all the materterate male cousins of whatever degree. Thus mother's +sisters' sons and mother's mother's sisters' daughters' sons, etc, are included in a +group with natal brothers. In like manner the sister-group is composed of natal +sisters, together with all materterate female cousins of whatever degree.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">III. </th><td class="tei tei-item">When descent is in the male line, the brother-group is composed of natal +brothers, together with all patruate male cousins of whatever degree, and the sister-group +is composed of natal sisters, together with all patruate female cousins of +whatever degree.</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">IV. </th><td class="tei tei-item">The son of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, father; +the father of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, son. Thus a +father-group is coextensive with the brother-group to which the father belongs. A +brother-group may also constitute a father-group and grandfather-group, a son-group +and a grandson-group. It may also be a patruate-group and an avunculate group. +It may also be a patruate cousin-group and an avunculate cousin-group; +and in general, every member of a brother-group has the same consanguineal relation +to persons outside of the group as that of every other member.</td></tr></tbody></table> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Two postulates concerning primitive society, adopted by various ethnologic +students of other countries, have been erroneously applied to +the American aborigines; at the same time they have been so widely +accepted as to demand consideration.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The first postulate is that primitive men were originally assembled +in chaotic hordes, and that organized society was developed out of the +chaotic mass by the segregation of groups and the differentiation of +functions within each group. Now the American aborigines collectively +represent a wide range in development, extending from a condition +about as primitive as ever observed well toward the verge of +feudalism, and thus offer opportunities for testing the postulate; and +it has been found that when higher and lower stages representing any +portion of the developmental succession are compared, the social organizations +of the lower grade are no less definite, perhaps more definite, +than those pertaining to the higher grade; so that when the history of +demotic growth among the American Indians is traced backward, the +organizations are found on the whole to grow more definite, albeit more +simple. When the lines of development revealed through research are +projected still farther toward their origin, they indicate an initial condition, +directly antithetic to the postulated horde, in which the scant +population was segregated in small discrete bodies, probably family +groups; and that in each of these bodies there was a definite organization, +while each group was practically independent of, and probably<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page201">[pg 201]</span><a name="Pg201" id="Pg201" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +inimical to, all other groups. The testimony of the observed institutions +is corroborated by the testimony of language, which, as clearly +shown by Powell,<a id="noteref_56" name="noteref_56" href="#note_56"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">56</span></span></a> represents progressive combination rather than continued +differentiation, a process of involution rather than evolution. +It would appear that the original definitely organized groups occasionally +met and coalesced, whereby changes in organization were required; +that these compound groups occasionally coalesced with other groups, +both simple and compound, whereby they were elaborated in structure, +always with some loss in definiteness and permanence; and that gradually +the groups enlarged by incorporation, while the composite organization +grew complex and variable to meet the ever-changing conditions. +It would also appear that in some cases the corporeal growth +outran the structural or institutional growth, when the bodies—clans, +gentes, tribes, or confederacies—split into two or more fragments which +continued to grow independently; yet that in general the progress of +institutional developmentwent forward through incorporation of peoples +and differentiation of institutions. The same process was followed as +tribal society passed into national society; and it is the same process +which is today exalting national society into world society, and transforming +simple civilization into enlightenment. Thus the evoluffon of +social organization is from the simple and definite toward the complex +and variable; or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the +environment-shaped to the environment-shaping; or from the biotic to +the demotic.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The second postulate, which may be regarded as a corollary of the +first, is that the primary conjugal condition was one of promiscuity, +out of which different forms ot marriage were successively segregated. +Now the wide range in institutional development exemplified by the +American Indians affords unprecedented opportunities for testing this +postulate also. The simplest demotic unit found among the aborigines +is the clan or mother-descent group, in which the normal conjugal relation +is essentially monogamous,<a id="noteref_57" name="noteref_57" href="#note_57"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">57</span></span></a> in which marriage is more or less +strictly regulated by a system of prohibitions, and in which the chief +conjugal regulation is commonly that of exogamy with respect to the +clan; in higher groups, more deeply affected by contact with neighboring +peoples, the simple clan organization is sometimes found to be +modified, (1) by the adoption and subsequent conjugation of captive +men and boys, and, doubtless more profoundly, (2) by the adoption +and polygamous marriage of female captives; and in still more highly +organized groups the mother-descent is lost and polygamy is regular +and limited only by the capacity of the husband as a provider. The +second and third stages are commonly characterized, like the first,<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page202">[pg 202]</span><a name="Pg202" id="Pg202" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +by established prohibitions and by clan exogamy; though with the +advance in organization amicable relations with certain other groups +are usually established, whereby the germ of tribal organization is +implanted and a system of interclan marriage, or tribal endogamy, is +developed. With further advance the mother-descent group is transformed +into a father-descent group, when the clan is replaced by the +gens; and polygamy is a common feature of the gentile organization. +In all of these stages the conjugal and consanguineal regulations are +affected by the militant habits characteristic of primitive groups; more +warriors than women are slain in battle, and there are more female +captives than male; and thus the polygamy is mainly or wholly +polygyny. In many cases civil conditions combine with or partially +replace the militant conditions, yet the tendency of conjugal development +is not changed. Among the Seri Indians, probably the most +primitive tribe in North America, in which the demotic unit is the +clan, there is a rigorous marriage custom under which the would-be +groom is required to enter the family of the girl and demonstrate (1) +his capacity as a provider and (2) his strength of character as a man, +by a year's probation, before he is finally accepted—the conjugal theory +ofr the tribe being monogamy, though the practice, at least during +recent years, has, by reason of conditions, passed into polygyny. +Among several other tribes of more provident and less exclusive habit, +the first of the two conditions recognized by the Seri is met by rich +presents (representing accumulated property) from the groom to the +girl's family, the second condition being usually ignored, the clan +organization remaining in force; among still other tribes the first condition +is more or less vaguely recognized, though the voluntary present +is commuted into, or replaced by, a negotiated value exacted by the +girl's family, when the mother-descent is commonly vestigial; and in +the next stage, which is abundantly exemplified, wife-purchase prevails, +and the clan is replaced by the gens. In this succession the +development of wife-purchase and the decadence of mother-descent +maybe traced, and it is significant that there is a tendency first toward +partial enslavement of the wife and later toward the multiplication of +wives to the limit of the husband's means, and toward transforming +all, or all but one, of the wives into menials. Thus the lines of development +under militant and civil conditions are essentially parallel. It +is possible to project these lines some distance backward into the +unknown, of the exceedingly primitive, when they, are found to define +small discrete bodies—just such as are indicated by the institutional +and linguistic lines—probably family groups, which must have been +essentially, and were perhaps strictly, monogamous. It would appear +that in these groups mating was either between distant members +(under a law of attraction toward the remote and repulsion from the +near, which is shared by mankind and the higher animals), or the result +of accidental meeting between nubile members of different groups; +that in the second case and sometimes in the first the conjugation<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page203">[pg 203]</span><a name="Pg203" id="Pg203" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +produced a new monogamic family; and that sometimes in the first case +(and possibly in the second) the new group retained a more or less +definite connection with the parent group—this connection constituting +the germ of the clan. In passing, it may be noted merely that this +inferential origin of the lines of institutional development is in accord +with the habits of certain higher and incipiently organized animals. +From this hypothetic beginning, primitive marriage may be traced +through the various observed stages of monogamy and polygamy and +concubinage and wife-subordination, through savagery and barbarism +and into civilization, with its curious combination of exoteric monogamy +and esoteric promiscuity. Fortunately the burden of the proof +of this evolution does not now rest wholly on the evidence obtained +among the American aborigines; for Westermarck has recently reviewed +the records of observation among the primitive peoples of many +lands, and has found traces of the same sequence in all.<a id="noteref_58" name="noteref_58" href="#note_58"><span class="tei tei-noteref"><span style="font-size: 60%; vertical-align: super">58</span></span></a> Thus the +evolution of marriage, like that of other human institutions, is from +the simple and definite to the complex and variable; i.e., from approximate +or complete monogamy through polygamy to a mixed status of +undetermined signification; or from the mechanical to the spontaneous; +or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the provincial to the +cosmopolitan.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">As implied in several foregoing paragraphs, and as clearly set forth +in various publications by Powell, tribal society falls into two classes +or stages—(1) clan organization and (2) gentile organization, these +stages corresponding respectively to savagery and barbarism, strictly +defined.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">At the time of discovery, most of the American Indians were in the +upper stages of savagery and the lower stages of barbarism, as defined +by organization; among some tribes descent was reckoned in the female +line, though definite matriarchies have not been discovered; among +several tribes descent was and still is reckoned in the male line, and +among all of the tribes thus far investigated the patriarchal system is +found.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">In tribal society, both clan and gentile, the entire social structure is +based on real or assumed kinship, and a large part of the demotic +devices are designed to establish, perpetuate, and advertise kinship +relations. As already indicated, the conspicuous devices in order of +development are the taboo with the prohibitions growing out of it, +kinship nomenclature and regulations, and a system of ordination by +which incongruous things are brought into association.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Among the American Indians the taboo and derivative prohibitions +are used chiefly in connection with marriage and clan or gentile organization. +Marriage in the clan or gens is prohibited; among many tribes +a vestige of the inferential primitive condition is found in the curious<span class="tei tei-pb" id="page204">[pg 204]</span><a name="Pg204" id="Pg204" class="tei tei-anchor"></a> +prohibition of communications between children-in-law and parents-in-law; +the clan taboos are commonly connected with the tutelar beast-god, +perhaps represented by a totem.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The essential feature of the kinship terminology is the reckoning +from ego, whereby each individual remembers his own relation to every +other member of the clan or tribe; and commonly the kinship terms +are classific rather than descriptive (i.e., a single term expresses the +relation which in English is expressed by the phrase "My elder +brother's second son's wife"). The system is curiously complex and +elaborate. It was not discovered by the earlier and more superficial +observers of the Indians, and was brought out chiefly by Morgan, who +detected numerous striking examples among different tribes; but it +would appear that the system is not equally complete among all of the +tribes, probably because of immature development in some cases and +because of decadence in others.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The system of ordination, like that of kinship, is characterized by +reckoning from the ego and by adventitious associations. It may have +been developed from the kinship system through the need for recognition +and assignment of adopted captives, collective property, and other +things pertaining to the group; yet it bears traces of influence by the +taboo system. Its ramifications are wide: In some cases it emphasizes +kinship by assigning members of the family group to fixed positions +about the camp-fire or in the house; this function develops into the +placement of family groups in fixed order, as exemplified in the Iroquoian +long-house and the Siouan camping circle; or it develops into a +curiously exaggerated direction-concept culminating in the cult of the +Four Quarters and the Here, and this prepares the way for a quinary, +decimal, and vigesimal numeration; this last branch sends off another +in which the cult of the Six Quarters and the Here arises to prepare +the way for the mystical numbers 7, 13, and 7x7, whose vestiges come +down to civilization; both the four-quarter and the six-quarter associations +are sometimes bound up with colors; and there are numberless +other ramifications. Sometimes the function and development of these +curious concepts, which constitute perhaps the most striking characteristic +of prescriptorial culture, are obscure at first glance, and hardly +to be discovered even through prolonged research; yet, so far as they +have been detected and interpreted, they are especially adapted to fixing +demotic relations; and through them the manifold relations of individuals +and groups are crystallized and kept in mind.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Thus the American Indians, including the Siouan stock, are made up +of families organized into clans or gentes, and combined in tribes, +sometimes united in confederacies, all on a basis of kinship, real or +assumed; and the organization is shaped and perpetuated by a series +of devices pertaining to the plane of prescriptorial culture, whereby +each member of the organization is constantly reminded of his position +in the group.</p> +</div> + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-back" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 6.00em"> +<div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> + + + + <div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"> + <h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Footnotes</span></h1> + <dl class="tei tei-list-footnotes"><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_1" name="note_1" href="#noteref_1">1.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Prepared as a complement and introduction to the following paper oil "Siouan Sociology," by the +late James Owen Dorsey.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_2" name="note_2" href="#noteref_2">2.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A synopsis of the Indian tribes ... in North America," Trans, and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., +vol. II, p. 120.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_3" name="note_3" href="#noteref_3">3.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico," Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. 111-118. Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1893-95 edition, vol. VII, p. 546, etc.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_4" name="note_4" href="#noteref_4">4.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Correspondence with the Bureau of Ethnology.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_5" name="note_5" href="#noteref_5">5.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Tutelo tribe and language," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. xxi, 3883, p. 1.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_6" name="note_6" href="#noteref_6">6.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Siouan Tribes of the East; Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1894.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_7" name="note_7" href="#noteref_7">7.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The subdivisions are set forth, in the following treatise on "Siouan Sociology."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_8" name="note_8" href="#noteref_8">8.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Travels in the Interior of North America; Translated by H. Evans Lloyd; London, 1843, p. 194. +In this and other lists of names taken from early writers the original orthography and interpretation +are preserved.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_9" name="note_9" href="#noteref_9">9.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Defined in" The ¢egiha Language," by J. Owen Dorsey, Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VI, 1890, p. xv. Miss +Fletcher, who is intimately acquainted with the Omaha, questions whether the relations between the +tribes are so close as to warrant the maintenance of this division; yet as an expression of linguistic +affinity, at least, the division seems to be useful and desirable.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_10" name="note_10" href="#noteref_10">10.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819-1820. +... under the Command of Major S.H. Long, by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. ii, p. 47 et seq.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_11" name="note_11" href="#noteref_11">11.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corrupted to "Chancers" in early days; cf. James ibid., vol. III, p. 108.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_12" name="note_12" href="#noteref_12">12.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United +States, part I, Philadelphia, 1853, p. 498.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_13" name="note_13" href="#noteref_13">13.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, 4th +edition; London, 1844, vol. I, p. 80.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_14" name="note_14" href="#noteref_14">14.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Travels, op. cit., p. 335.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_15" name="note_15" href="#noteref_15">15.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">History of the Expedition, under the Command of Lewis and Clark, by Elliott Coues, 1893, vol. I, +pp. 182-4. The other two villages enumerated appear to belong rather to the Hidatsa. Prince Maximilian +found but two villages in 1833, Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush and Ruhptare, evidently corresponding +to the first two mentioned by the earlier explorers (op. cit., p. 335).</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_16" name="note_16" href="#noteref_16">16.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indiana; Miscel. Publ. No. 7, U.S. Geol. and Geog. +Survey, 1877, p. 38.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_17" name="note_17" href="#noteref_17">17.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Siouan Tribes of the East, p. 37. Local names derived from the Saponi dialect were recognized and +interpreted by a Kwapa when pronounced by Dorsey.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_18" name="note_18" href="#noteref_18">18.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The leading culture stages are defined in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, +for 1891-92 (1896), p. xxiii et seq.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_19" name="note_19" href="#noteref_19">19.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Cf. Schoolcraft, "Information," etc, op. cit., pt. II, 1852, p. 169. Dorsey was inclined to consider +the number as made up without the Asiniboin.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_20" name="note_20" href="#noteref_20">20.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Riggs-Dorsey: "Dakota Grammar,Texts, and Ethnography," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. IX, 1893, p. 164.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_21" name="note_21" href="#noteref_21">21.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Catlin: "Letters and Notes," op. cit., p. 80.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_22" name="note_22" href="#noteref_22">22.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768; London, +1778, p. 418.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_23" name="note_23" href="#noteref_23">23.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Op.cit., p.278.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_24" name="note_24" href="#noteref_24">24.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in hunting appear to be all of the +same species; they carry their ears erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are +exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will attack the fiercest of the game they +are in pursuit of. They are also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill fed by +them are very troublesome in their huts or tents."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_25" name="note_25" href="#noteref_25">25.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A note adds, "The dogs are not large, +much resemble a wolf, and will haul about 70 pounds each."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_26" name="note_26" href="#noteref_26">26.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River ... under the Command of Stephen +H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H. Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al. Account +of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ... under the Command of Major S.H. +Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al.</p> + +<p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This animal ... is probably the original +of the domestic dog, so common in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs +and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the habit and manners of this +species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, +between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears are universally erect. The +Indians of this nation seek every opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common +with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have preserved their original +form."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_27" name="note_27" href="#noteref_27">27.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince adds, "In shape they differ +very little from the wolf, and are equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others +are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing only by the tail being rather more +turned up. Their voice is not a proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly +descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the daytime, and mix with the dogs" +(cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by +any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. They are rarely of true wolf +color, but generally black or white, or else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie +wolf (<span class="tei tei-hi"><span style="font-style: italic">Canis latrans</span></span>). We likewise found among these animals a brown race, descended from European +pointers; hence the genuine bark of the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western +nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have hard blows and hard fare; in +fact, they are treated just as this fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345).</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_28" name="note_28" href="#noteref_28">28.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks (p. 201) of the Minitari canines +as "semiloup dogs and whelps."</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_29" name="note_29" href="#noteref_29">29.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Keating's "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James' +"Account," op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_30" name="note_30" href="#noteref_30">30.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept owls in their lodges and +regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated +for the sake of his feathers.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_31" name="note_31" href="#noteref_31">31.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. +4, p. 298).</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_32" name="note_32" href="#noteref_32">32.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," 1893, +vol. I, p. 139, note.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_33" name="note_33" href="#noteref_33">33.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. IV. 1881, p. 114.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_34" name="note_34" href="#noteref_34">34.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, +vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp. 55, 72-101, et al.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_35" name="note_35" href="#noteref_35">35.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Op. cit., p. 283 et seq.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_36" name="note_36" href="#noteref_36">36.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ibid., p. 435.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_37" name="note_37" href="#noteref_37">37.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ibid., p. 294.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_38" name="note_38" href="#noteref_38">38.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 +vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, +fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_39" name="note_39" href="#noteref_39">39.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_40" name="note_40" href="#noteref_40">40.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ibid., vol. I, p. 140.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_41" name="note_41" href="#noteref_41">41.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_42" name="note_42" href="#noteref_42">42.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">James' "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et al.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_43" name="note_43" href="#noteref_43">43.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ibid., vol. III, p. 107.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_44" name="note_44" href="#noteref_44">44.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of lassoing wild horses is mentioned), +p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op. cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and +10,000 head, p. 174.)</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_45" name="note_45" href="#noteref_45">45.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Keating in Long's Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152. Riggs' "Dakota-English Dictionary," +Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_46" name="note_46" href="#noteref_46">46.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Op. cit., p. 265.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_47" name="note_47" href="#noteref_47">47.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">"A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by Francis La Flesche, +with a report on the structural peculiarities of the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. +and Eth. papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 (=231-382).</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_48" name="note_48" href="#noteref_48">48.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as defined by Powell, yet relates +especially to the method of reckoning from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of +prescriptorial culture.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_49" name="note_49" href="#noteref_49">49.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree in the Dakota group," +Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_50" name="note_50" href="#noteref_50">50.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for +1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_51" name="note_51" href="#noteref_51">51.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. 1-142, and map.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_52" name="note_52" href="#noteref_52">52.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of +Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the +following pages.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_53" name="note_53" href="#noteref_53">53.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Taken chiefly from notes and manuscripts prepared by Mr Dorsey.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_54" name="note_54" href="#noteref_54">54.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_55" name="note_55" href="#noteref_55">55.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), pp. xliv-xlv.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_56" name="note_56" href="#noteref_56">56.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, illustrated by American examples," +Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. 625-638, especially p. 635.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_57" name="note_57" href="#noteref_57">57.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Neither space nor present occasion warrants discussion of the curious aphrodisian cults found +among many peoples, usually in the barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this +is an aberrant branch from the main stem of institutional growth. The subject is touched briefly in +"The beginning of marriage," American Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896.</p></dd><dt class="tei tei-notelabel"><a id="note_58" name="note_58" href="#noteref_58">58.</a></dt><dd class="tei tei-notetext"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii.</p></dd></dl> + </div> + + +</div> + +<hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 5.00em; margin-top: 5.00em"> +<div id="pgfooter" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 4.00em; margin-top: 4.00em"><pre class="pre tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em">***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** +</pre><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader49" id="rightpageheader49"></a><a name="pgtoc50" id="pgtoc50"></a><a name="pdf51" id="pdf51"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">Credits</span></h1><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr><th class="tei tei-label tei-label-gloss">October 23, 2006 </th></tr><tr><td class="tei tei-item tei-item-gloss"><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item">Posted to Project Gutenberg</td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label"></th><td class="tei tei-item"><span class="tei tei-respStmt"> + <span class="tei tei-name">PM for Bureau of American Ethnology,<br /></span> + <span class="tei tei-name">Joshua Hutchinson and<br /></span> + <span class="tei tei-name">The Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /></span> + <span class="tei tei-name">(This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)</span> + </span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div><hr class="doublepage" /><div class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader52" id="rightpageheader52"></a><a name="pgtoc53" id="pgtoc53"></a><a name="pdf54" id="pdf54"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">A Word from Project Gutenberg</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This file should be named + 19628-h.html or + 19628-h.zip.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This and all associated files of various formats will be found + in: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span><span style="font-size: 90%">/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old + editions will be renamed.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Creating the works from public domain print editions means that + no one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the + Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United + States without permission and without paying copyright royalties. + Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this + license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + to protect the Project Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered + trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, + unless you receive specific permission. If you do not charge + anything for copies of this eBook, complying with the rules is + very easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as + creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research. + They may be modified and printed and given away — you may do + practically <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">anything</span></em> with public domain eBooks. + Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially + commercial redistribution.</p></div><hr class="page" /><div id="pglicense" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 3.00em; margin-top: 3.00em"><a name="rightpageheader55" id="rightpageheader55"></a><a name="pgtoc56" id="pgtoc56"></a><a name="pdf57" id="pdf57"></a><h1 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 3.46em; margin-top: 3.46em"><span style="font-size: 173%">The Full Project Gutenberg License</span></h1><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Please read this before you distribute or use this + work.</span></em></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free + distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing + this work (or any other work associated in any way with the + phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span>), you agree to comply with all the terms + of the Full Project Gutenberg™ License (<a href="#pglicense" class="tei tei-ref">available with this file</a> or online + at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/license" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/license</a>).</p><div id="pglicense1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 1.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works</span></h2><div id="pglicense1A" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.A.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic + work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to + and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual + property (trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree + to abide by all the terms of this agreement, you must cease + using and return or destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works in your possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a + copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not + agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may + obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the + fee as set forth in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8.</a></p></div><div id="pglicense1B" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.B.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or + associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be + bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you + can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying with the + full terms of this agreement. See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1C" class="tei tei-ref">1.C</a> below. There are a lot of things you can + do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this + agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works. See paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E" class="tei tei-ref">1.E</a> below.</p></div><div id="pglicense1C" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.C.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (<span class="tei tei-q">“the Foundation”</span> or PGLAF), owns a compilation + copyright in the collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the + individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the + United States. If an individual work is in the public domain in the + United States and you are located in the United States, we do not claim + a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, + displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as all + references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope that you will support + the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting free access to electronic works by + freely sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this + agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can + easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in + the same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it + without charge with others.</p></div><div id="pglicense1D" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.D.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern + what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in + a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, check + the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this agreement + before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or + creating derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. + The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status + of any work in any country outside the United States.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.E.</span></h3><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p><div id="pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.1.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate + access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever any + copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> + appears, or with which the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> is associated) is + accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed: + + </p><div class="block tei tei-q" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 0.90em"><span style="font-size: 90%">This eBook is for the use of + anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no + restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project + Gutenberg License included with this eBook or + online at </span><a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="tei tei-xref"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p></div></div><div id="pglicense1E2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.2.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from the public + domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with + permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and + distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or + charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with + the phrase <span class="tei tei-q">“Project Gutenberg”</span> associated with or appearing on the work, you + must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 or obtain permission for + the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs + <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.3.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the permission + of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply with both + paragraphs <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> through 1.E.7 and any + additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms will + be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission + of the copyright holder found at the beginning of this work.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.4.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License terms from + this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any other work + associated with Project Gutenberg™.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.5.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this + electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without + prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1</a> with active links or immediate access + to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E6" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.6.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, + compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including + any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access + to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than + <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or other format used in the official + version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), you must, at + no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a copy, a + means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon + request, of the work in its original <span class="tei tei-q">“Plain Vanilla ASCII”</span> or + other form. Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License + as specified in paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E1" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.1.</a></p></div><div id="pglicense1E7" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.7.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, + copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply with + paragraph <a href="#pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-ref">1.E.8</a> or 1.E.9.</p></div><div id="pglicense1E8" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.8.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to + or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that</p><table summary="This is a list." class="tei tei-list" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em; margin-top: 1.00em"><tbody><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you already use to + calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to the owner of the + Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to donate royalties under this + paragraph to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 days + following each date on which you prepare (or are legally required to + prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly + marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">Section 4, <span class="tei tei-q">“Information about donations to the + Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.”</span></a></p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he does + not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. You must require such + a user to return or destroy all copies of the works possessed in a + physical medium and discontinue all use of and all access to other + copies of Project Gutenberg™ works.</p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You provide, in accordance with paragraph <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">1.F.3</a>, a full refund of any money paid for a + work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the electronic work is + discovered and reported to you within 90 days of receipt of the + work.</p></td></tr><tr class="tei tei-labelitem"><th class="tei tei-label">• </th><td class="tei tei-item"><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div id="pglicense1E9" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.E.9.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or + group of works on different terms than are set forth in this agreement, + you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael + Hart, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set + forth in <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">Section 3</a> below.</p></div></div><div id="pglicense1F" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h3 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">1.F.</span></h3><div id="pglicense1F1" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.1.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to identify, + do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain works + in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg™ + electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may + contain <span class="tei tei-q">“Defects,”</span> such as, but not limited to, incomplete, + inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other + intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or other + medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot be + read by your equipment.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.2.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the <span class="tei tei-q">“Right of + Replacement or Refund”</span> described in <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph + 1.F.3</a>, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any + other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, + disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including + legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT + LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE + PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK + OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO + YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL + DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.3.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect in + this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a + refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written + explanation to the person you received the work from. If you received + the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium with your + written explanation. The person or entity that provided you with the + defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a + refund. If you received the work electronically, the person or entity + providing it to you may choose to give you a second opportunity to + receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If the second copy + is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing without further + opportunities to fix the problem.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.4.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in + <a href="#pglicense1F3" class="tei tei-ref">paragraph 1.F.3</a>, this work is provided + to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR + IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR + FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.5.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or + the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any + disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of + the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be + interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by + the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any + provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.</p></div><div id="pglicense1F6" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h4 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em">1.F.6.</h4><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the + trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone + providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this + agreement, and any volunteers associated with the production, promotion + and distribution of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all + liability, costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly + or indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur: + (a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, + modification, or additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any + Defect you cause.</p></div></div></div><div id="pglicense2" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 2.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic works + in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including + obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the + efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks + of life.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the + assistance they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™'s goals and + ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for + generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a + secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn + more about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see + Sections <a href="#pglicense3" class="tei tei-ref">3</a> and <a href="#pglicense4" class="tei tei-ref">4</a> and the Foundation web page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a>.</p></div><div id="pglicense3" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 3.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit 501(c)(3) educational corporation + organized under the laws of the state of Mississippi and granted tax + exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or + federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. Its 501(c)(3) letter + is posted at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf</a>. Contributions + to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by U.S. + federal laws and your state's laws.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. + S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are + scattered throughout numerous locations. Its business office is + located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) + 596-1887, email business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date + contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and + official page at <a href="http://www.pglaf.org" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.pglaf.org</a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">For additional contact information: + + </p><div class="block tei tei-address" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">Dr. Gregory B. Newby</span></span><br /><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">Chief Executive and Director</span></span><br /><span class="tei tei-addrLine"><span style="font-size: 90%">gbnewby@pglaf.org</span></span><br /></div></div><div id="pglicense4" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 4.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread public + support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the number + of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed in + machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment + including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are + particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the + IRS.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating + charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United + States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a + considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up + with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where + we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND + DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular state + visit <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we + have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition + against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who + approach us with offers to donate.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make + any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from + outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods and + addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including + checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please + visit: <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate" class="tei tei-xref">http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate</a></p></div><div id="pglicense5" class="tei tei-div" style="margin-bottom: 2.00em; margin-top: 2.00em"><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: left; margin-bottom: 2.88em; margin-top: 2.88em"><span style="font-size: 144%">Section 5.</span></h2><h2 class="tei tei-head" style="text-align: center; margin-bottom: 2.40em; margin-top: 2.40em"><span style="font-size: 120%">General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic + works.</span></h2><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em"><span class="tei tei-name">Professor Michael S. Hart</span> is the + originator of the Project Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that + could be freely shared with anyone. For thirty years, he produced and + distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer + support.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, all of + which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright + notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in + compliance with any particular paper edition.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's + eBook number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, + compressed (zipped), HTML and others.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Corrected <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">editions</span></em> of our eBooks replace the old file + and take over the old filename and etext number. The replaced older file + is renamed. <em class="tei tei-emph"><span style="font-style: italic">Versions</span></em> based on separate sources are treated + as new eBooks receiving new filenames and etext numbers.</p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search + facility: + + <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org" class="block tei tei-xref" style="margin-bottom: 1.80em; margin-left: 3.60em; margin-top: 1.80em; margin-right: 3.60em"><span style="font-size: 90%">http://www.gutenberg.org</span></a></p><p class="tei tei-p" style="margin-bottom: 1.00em">This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how to + make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and + how to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p></div></div></div> +</div> + +</div> + + </div> +</body></html> diff --git a/19628-page-images.zip b/19628-page-images.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..86d3b27 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-page-images.zip diff --git a/19628-pdf.pdf b/19628-pdf.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56a8b4c --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-pdf.pdf @@ -0,0 +1,5815 @@ +%PDF-1.4 +3 0 obj << +/Length 1302 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -19.8 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -529.134 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(The)-339(Pro)-1(ject)-339(Gutenberg)-339(EBook)-340(of)-339(The)-340(Siouan)-339(Indians)-340(by)-339(W.)-340(J.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(McGee)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td[(This)-380(eBook)-380(is)-381(for)-380(the)-380(use)-380(of)-381(anyone)-380(anywhere)-380(at)-380(no)-380(cost)-381(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-327(almost)-327(no)-327(restrictions)-327(whatsoever.)-481(You)-327(may)-326(cop)-1(y)-326(it,)-347(give)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(it)-400(away)-399(or)-400(re-use)-400(it)-399(under)-400(the)-400(terms)-400(of)-399(the)-400(Project)-400(Gutenberg)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(License)-240(included)-240(with)-240(this)-240(eBook)-240(or)-240(online)-241(at)-240(http://www.guten-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(berg.org/license)]TJ 0 -29.913 Td[(Title:)-500(The)-500(Siouan)-500(Indians)]TJ 0 -27.098 Td[(Author:)-500(W.)-500(J.)-500(McGee)]TJ 0 -27.098 Td[(Release)-500(Date:)-500(October)-500(23,)-500(2006)-500([Ebook)-500(19628])]TJ 0 -27.099 Td[(Language:)-500(English)]TJ 0 -40.647 Td[(***START)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(THE)-500(SIOUAN)-500(INDIANS***)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +2 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 3 0 R +/Resources 1 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +/Annots [ 7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R ] +>> endobj +7 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [83.317 431.687 192.388 441.407] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >> +>> endobj +8 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [247.1 431.687 327.401 441.407] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >> +>> endobj +9 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [46.771 418.138 116.753 427.858] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >> +>> endobj +4 0 obj << +/D [2 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +1 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +14 0 obj << +/Length 126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -510.152 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +13 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 14 0 R +/Resources 12 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +>> endobj +12 0 obj << +/ProcSet [ /PDF ] +>> endobj +17 0 obj << +/Length 782 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 18.959 Tf 46.771 516.375 Td[(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -39.388 Td[(A)-257(Preliminary)-257(Sketch)-257(-)-256(Fifteenth)-257(Annual)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td[(Report)-256(of)-257(the)-256(Bureau)-256(of)-256(Ethnology)-257(to)-256(the)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td[(Secretary)-257(of)-258(the)-257(Smithsonian)-258(Institution,)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td[(1893-1894,)-258(Government)-257(Printing)-257(Office,)]TJ 0 -20.515 Td[(Washington,)-250(1897,)-250(pages)-250(153-204)]TJ/F16 18.959 Tf 0 -43.52 Td[(by)-250(W.)-250(J.)-250(McGee)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -51.933 Td[(Edition)-250(1,)-250(\050October)-250(23,)-250(2006\051)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +16 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 17 0 R +/Resources 15 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +>> endobj +15 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +20 0 obj << +/Length 126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -510.152 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +19 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 20 0 R +/Resources 18 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +>> endobj +18 0 obj << +/ProcSet [ /PDF ] +>> endobj +23 0 obj << +/Length 6227 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 18.959 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td[(Contents)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -32.422 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(STOCK)-501(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 321.947 446.899 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -321.947 -446.899 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 321.947 446.899 Td[(1)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 446.899 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -446.899 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 63.135 433.35 Td[(DEFINITION)-585(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 321.947 433.35 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -321.947 -433.35 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 321.947 433.35 Td[(1)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 433.35 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -433.35 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 419.801 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-312(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 321.947 419.801 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -321.947 -419.801 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 321.947 419.801 Td[(1)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 419.801 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -419.801 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 406.251 Td[(TRIBAL)-250(NOMENCLATURE)-812(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 406.251 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -406.251 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 406.251 Td[(15)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 406.251 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -406.251 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 392.702 Td[(PRINCIPAL)-250(CHARACTERS)-921(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 392.702 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -392.702 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 392.702 Td[(17)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 392.702 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -392.702 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 63.135 379.153 Td[(HABITAT)-362(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 379.153 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -379.153 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 379.153 Td[(45)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 379.153 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -379.153 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 63.135 365.604 Td[(ORGANIZATION)-891(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 365.604 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -365.604 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 365.604 Td[(47)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 365.604 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -365.604 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 63.135 352.055 Td[(HISTORY)-417(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 352.055 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -352.055 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 352.055 Td[(51)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 352.055 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -352.055 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 338.505 Td[(DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN)-286(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 338.505 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -338.505 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 338.505 Td[(51)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 338.505 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -338.505 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 324.956 Td[(\242EGIHA)-340(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 324.956 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -324.956 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 324.956 Td[(53)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 324.956 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -324.956 cm +BT +/F27 10.909 Tf 88.226 311.407 Td[(\207)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 3.753 0 Td[(\206)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.847 0 Td[(IWE'RE)-474(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 311.407 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -311.407 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 311.407 Td[(57)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 311.407 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -311.407 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 297.858 Td[(WINNEBAGO)-785(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 297.858 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -297.858 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 297.858 Td[(60)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 297.858 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -297.858 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 284.309 Td[(MANDAN)-951(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 284.309 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -284.309 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 284.309 Td[(61)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 284.309 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -284.309 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 270.759 Td[(HIDATSA)-312(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 270.759 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -270.759 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 270.759 Td[(62)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 270.759 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -270.759 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 257.21 Td[(THE)-250(EASTERN)-250(AND)-250(SOUTHERN)-250(TRIBES)-562(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 257.21 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -257.21 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 257.21 Td[(64)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 257.21 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -257.21 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 88.226 243.661 Td[(GENERAL)-250(MOVEMENTS)-951(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 243.661 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -243.661 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 243.661 Td[(64)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 243.661 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -243.661 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 230.112 Td[(SOME)-250(FEATURES)-250(OF)-250(INDIAN)-250(SOCIOLOGY)-307(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)-500(.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 316.492 230.112 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -316.492 -230.112 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 316.492 230.112 Td[(66)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 230.112 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -191.33 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +22 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 23 0 R +/Resources 21 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +>> endobj +21 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F27 26 0 R /F28 29 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +32 0 obj << +/Length 126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -510.152 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +31 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 32 0 R +/Resources 30 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 10 0 R +>> endobj +30 0 obj << +/ProcSet [ /PDF ] +>> endobj +33 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index1) >> +endobj +36 0 obj +(THE SIOUAN STOCK) +endobj +37 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index2) >> +endobj +40 0 obj +(DEFINITION) +endobj +41 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index3) >> +endobj +44 0 obj +(EXTENT OF THE STOCK) +endobj +47 0 obj << +/Length 1630 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -19.8 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -529.134 cm +BT +/F16 7.97 Tf 337.795 512.7 Td[([157])]TJ/F16 18.959 Tf -291.024 -64.368 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(INDIANS)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -32.584 Td[(A)-250(PRELIMINARY)-250(SKETCH)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 130.298 3.959 Td[(1)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -118.342 -17.54 Td[(BY)-250(W.J.)-250(McGEE)]TJ/F16 18.959 Tf -11.956 -97.387 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(STOCK)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -77.335 Td[(DEFINITION)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -62.679 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.802 Td[(Out)-328(of)-328(some)-328(s)-1(ixty)-328(aboriginal)-328(stocks)-328(or)-328(families)-328(found)-328(in)-329(North)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(America)-457(above)-456(the)-457(Tropic)-456(of)-456(Ca)-1(ncer,)-508(about)-456(five-sixths)-457(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(confined)-402(to)-402(the)-402(tenth)-402(of)-402(the)-402(territory)-402(bordering)-403(Pacific)-402(ocean;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-412(remaining)-412(nine-tenths)-412(of)-411(the)-412(land)-412(was)-412(occupied)-412(by)-412(a)-412(few)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 52.998 80.91 Td[(1)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[(Prepared)-469(as)-469(a)-469(compl)-1(ement)-469(and)-469(introduction)-469(to)-469(the)-469(following)-470(paper)-469(oil)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[("Siouan)-250(Sociology,")-250(by)-250(the)-250(l)-1(ate)-250(James)-250(Owen)-250(Dorsey.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +46 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 47 0 R +/Resources 45 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +48 0 obj << +/D [46 0 R /XYZ 46.771 518.175 null] +>> endobj +34 0 obj << +/D [46 0 R /XYZ 46.771 374.623 null] +>> endobj +38 0 obj << +/D [46 0 R /XYZ 46.771 263.584 null] +>> endobj +42 0 obj << +/D [46 0 R /XYZ 46.771 194.909 null] +>> endobj +45 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +52 0 obj << +/Length 5046 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(2)-17448(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(strong)-527(stocks,)-595(comprising)-527(the)-526(Algonquian,)-596(Athapascan,)-596(Iro-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(quoian,)-250(Shoshonean,)-250(Siouan,)-250(and)-250(others)-250(of)-250(more)-250(limited)-250(extent.)]TJ 11.956 -13.812 Td[(The)-305(Indians)-305(of)-305(the)-304(Siouan)-305(stock)-305(occupied)-305(the)-305(central)-305(portion)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(of)-321(the)-321(continent.)-464(They)-321(were)-321(preeminently)-321(plains)-322(Indians,)-339(rang-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ing)-302(from)-302(Lake)-302(Michigan)-302(to)-302(the)-302(Rocky)-302(mountains,)-315(and)-302(from)-302(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Arkansas)-247(to)-248(the)-247(Saskatchewan,)-248(while)-247(an)-247(outlying)-247(body)-248(stretched)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-322(the)-323(shores)-322(of)-323(the)-322(Atlantic.)-468(They)-322(were)-323(typical)-322(American)-323(bar-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(barians,)-281(headed)-275(by)-275(hunters)-275(and)-274(warriors)-275(and)-275(grouped)-275(in)-275(shifting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-357(led)-357(by)-357(the)-358(chase)-357(or)-357(driven)-357(by)-357(battle)-357(from)-357(place)-357(to)-358(place)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(over)-335(their)-335(vast)-334(and)-335(naturally)-335(rich)-334(domain,)-356(though)-335(a)-335(crude)-335(agri-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(culture)-298(sprang)-297(up)-298(whenever)-297(a)-298(tribe)-298(tarried)-297(long)-298(in)-297(one)-298(spot.)-393(No)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(native)-248(stock)-247(is)-248(more)-248(interesting)-248(than)-247(the)-248(great)-248(Siouan)-247(group,)-249(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(none)-340(save)-341(the)-340(Algonquian)-340(and)-340(Iroquoian)-341(approach)-340(it)-340(in)-341(wealth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-341(literary)-340(and)-341(historical)-341(records;)-386(for)-341(since)-340(the)-341(advent)-341(of)-341(white)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(men)-218(the)-217(Siouan)-218(Indians)-218(have)-217(played)-218(striking)-218(r\364les)-218(on)-217(the)-218(stage)-218(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(human)-194(development,)-205(and)-194(have)-194(caught)-194(the)-194(eye)-195(of)-194(every)-194(thoughtful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(observer.)]TJ 11.956 -13.812 Td[(The)-239(term)-238(Siouan)-239(is)-238(the)-239(adjective)-239(denoting)-238(the)-239("Sioux")-239(Indians)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(and)-368(cognate)-369(tribes.)-605(The)-368(word)-368("Sioux")-369(has)-368(been)-368(variously)-369(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(vaguely)-224(used.)-241(Originally)-224(it)-224(was)-224(a)-224(corruption)-224(of)-224(a)-224(term)-224(expressing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(enmity)-294(or)-293(contempt,)-304(applied)-294(to)-293(a)-294(part)-293(of)-294(the)-293(plains)-294(tribes)-293(by)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(forest-dwelling)-325(Algonquian)-324(Indians.)-474(According)-325(to)-324(Trumbull,)-344(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-217(the)-216(popular)-217(appellation)-217(of)-217(those)-216(tribes)-217(which)-217(call)-217(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota,)-399(Lakota,)-399(or)-369(Nakota)-369(\050"Friendly,")-369(implying)-370(confederated)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([158])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(or)-295(allied\051,)-305(and)-295(was)-295(an)-294(abbreviation)-295(of)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 168.94 0 Td[(Nadowessioux)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 63.033 0 Td[(,)-306(a)-294(Canadi-)]TJ -231.973 -13.55 Td[(an-French)-282(corruption)-282(of)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 107.981 0 Td[(Nadowe-ssi-wag)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 75.804 0 Td[(\050"the)-282(snake-like)-282(ones")]TJ -183.785 -13.549 Td[(or)-479("enemies"\051,)-536(a)-478(term)-479(rooted)-479(in)-478(the)-479(Algonquian)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 228.543 0 Td[(nadowe)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 39.16 0 Td[(\050"a)]TJ -267.703 -13.549 Td[(snake"\051;)-238(and)-233(some)-233(writers)-232(have)-233(applied)-233(the)-232(designation)-233(to)-233(differ-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ent)-335(portions)-335(of)-334(the)-335(stock,)-356(while)-335(others)-334(have)-335(rejected)-335(it)-335(because)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-268(the)-267(offensive)-268(implication)-267(or)-268(for)-268(other)-267(reasons.)-303(So)-267(long)-268(ago)-268(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(1836,)-235(however,)-235(Gallatin)-231(employed)-231(the)-231(term)-231("Sioux")-231(to)-231(designate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(collectively)-267("the)-268(nations)-267(which)-268(speak)-267(the)-268(Sioux)-267(language,")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 257.477 3.959 Td[(2)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 7.4 -3.959 Td[(and)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 99.77 80.91 Td[(2)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[("A)-220(synopsis)-219(of)-220(the)-220(Indian)-219(trib)-1(es)-219(...)-240(in)-220(North)-219(A)-1(merica,")-219(Trans,)-226(and)-220(Coll.)-240(Am.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Antiq.)-250(Soc.,)-250(vol.)-250(II,)-250(p.)-250(120.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +51 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 52 0 R +/Resources 50 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +53 0 obj << +/D [51 0 R /XYZ 214.121 206.018 null] +>> endobj +50 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +58 0 obj << +/Length 5046 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-14087(3)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(used)-425(an)-424(alternative)-425(term)-424(to)-425(designate)-424(the)-425(subordinate)-425(confed-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eracy)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 23.619 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(i.e.,)-405(he)-374(used)-374(the)-375(term)-374(in)-374(a)-374(systematic)-374(way)-374(for)-374(the)-375(first)]TJ -34.528 -13.549 Td[(time)-406(to)-406(denote)-407(an)-406(ethnic)-406(unit)-406(which)-406(experience)-406(has)-406(shown)-407(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-319(well)-319(defined.)-456(Gallatin's)-319(terminology)-318(was)-319(soon)-319(after)-319(adopted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-324(Prichard)-324(and)-324(others,)-342(and)-324(has)-324(been)-324(followed)-324(by)-324(most)-324(careful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(writers)-256(on)-255(the)-256(American)-256(Indians.)-267(Accordingly)-256(the)-255(name)-256(must)-256(be)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(regarded)-198(as)-197(established)-198(through)-197(priority)-198(and)-197(prescription,)-208(and)-198(has)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(been)-230(used)-229(in)-230(the)-230(original)-229(sense)-230(in)-229(various)-230(standard)-230(publications.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 276.147 3.959 Td[(3)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -264.191 -18.994 Td[(In)-185(colloquial)-185(usage)-186(and)-185(in)-185(the)-185(usage)-186(of)-185(the)-185(ephemeral)-185(press,)-199(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(term)-202("Sioux")-203(was)-202(applied)-202(sometimes)-202(to)-203(one)-202(but)-202(oftener)-202(to)-203(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-309(the)-308(allied)-309(tribes)-309(embraced)-308(in)-309(the)-309(first)-309(of)-308(the)-309(principal)-309(groups)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-335(which)-336(the)-335(stock)-336(is)-335(composed,)-357(i.e.,)-356(the)-336(group)-335(or)-336(confederacy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(styling)-201(themselves)-202(Dakota.)-233(Sometimes)-202(the)-201(term)-201(was)-201(employed)-202(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(its)-280(simple)-281(form,)-288(but)-280(as)-280(explorers)-280(and)-281(pioneers)-280(gained)-280(an)-281(inkling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-291(the)-291(organizatio)-1(n)-291(of)-291(the)-291(group,)-302(it)-291(was)-291(often)-291(compounded)-292(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-300(tribal)-299(name)-300(as)-299("Santee-Sioux,")-300("Yanktonnai-Sioux,")-300("Sisse-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ton-Sioux,")-388(etc.)-663(As)-388(acquaintance)-388(between)-387(white)-388(men)-388(and)-388(red)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(increased,)-200(the)-188(stock)-188(name)-188(was)-187(gradually)-188(displaced)-188(by)-188(tribe)-188(names)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(until)-237(the)-237(colloquial)-237(appellation)-237("Sioux")-237(became)-237(but)-237(a)-237(memory)-237(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tradition)-209(throughout)-209(much)-209(of)-209(the)-209(territory)-209(formerly)-209(dominated)-209(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-181(great)-181(Siouan)-181(stock.)-227(One)-180(of)-181(the)-181(reasons)-181(for)-181(the)-181(abandonment)-181(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-237(name)-237(was)-236(undou)-1(btedly)-236(its)-237(inappropriateness)-237(as)-237(a)-237(designation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(for)-282(the)-281(confed)-1(eracy)-281(occupying)-282(the)-282(plains)-281(of)-282(the)-282(upper)-282(Missouri,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(since)-351(it)-350(was)-351(an)-351(alien)-350(and)-351(opprobrious)-351(designation)-350(for)-351(a)-351(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bearing)-256(a)-256(euphonious)-256(appellation)-256(of)-257(their)-256(own.)-268(Moreover,)-258(collo-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(quial)-337(usage)-338(was)-337(gradually)-337(influenced)-337(by)-338(the)-337(usage)-337(of)-338(scholars,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(who)-322(accepted)-322(the)-322(native)-322(name)-322(for)-322(the)-322(Dakota)-323(\050spelled)-322(Dahcota)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-259(Gallatin\051)-259(confederacy,)-261(as)-259(well)-259(as)-259(the)-259(tribal)-259(names)-259(adopted)-259(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Gallatin,)-263(Prichard,)-262(and)-260(others.)-280(Thus)-260(the)-260(ill-defined)-261(term)-260("Sioux")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(has)-307(dropped)-308(out)-307(of)-307(use)-308(in)-307(the)-307(substantive)-307(form,)-322(and)-307(is)-308(retained,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-344(the)-345(adjective)-344(form)-344(only,)-368(to)-345(designate)-344(a)-345(great)-344(stock)-344(to)-345(which)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 95.892 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -98.482 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 52.998 91.869 Td[(3)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[("Indian)-329(linguistic)-329(families)-328(of)-329(America)-329(north)-328(of)-329(Mexico,")-329(Seventh)-329(Annual)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Report)-200(of)-200(t)-1(he)-200(Bureau)-200(of)-200(Ethnology,)-210(for)-201(1885-86)-200(\0501891\051,)-210(pp.)-234(111-118.)-233(Johnson's)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Cyclopedia,)-250(1893-95)-250(edition)-1(,)-250(vol.)-250(VII,)-250(p.)-250(546,)-250(etc.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +57 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 58 0 R +/Resources 56 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +56 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +63 0 obj << +/Length 4755 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(4)-17448(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(no)-373(other)-372(collective)-373(name,)-403(either)-372(intern)-373(or)-372(alien,)-404(has)-372(ever)-373(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(definitely)-250(and)-250(justly)-250(applied.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td[(The)-482(earlier)-482(students)-482(of)-482(the)-482(Siouan)-482(Indians)-482(recognized)-482(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(plains)-271(tribes)-271(alone)-270(as)-271(belonging)-271(to)-271(that)-271(stock,)-275(and)-271(it)-271(has)-271(only)-271(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cently)-254(been)-254(shown)-254(that)-254(certain)-254(of)-254(the)-254(native)-254(forest-dwellers)-254(long)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ago)-260(encountered)-260(by)-260(English)-260(colonists)-260(on)-260(the)-260(Atlantic)-260(coast)-260(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(closely)-335(akin)-335(to)-335(the)-335(plains)-336(Indians)-335(in)-335(language,)-356(institutions,)-357(and)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([159])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(beliefs.)-525(In)-342(1872)-341(Hale)-342(noted)-342(a)-341(r)-1(esemblance)-341(between)-342(the)-342(Tutelo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-190(Dakota)-191(languages,)-202(and)-191(this)-190(resemblance)-191(was)-190(discussed)-191(orally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-213(in)-213(correspondence)-212(w)-1(ith)-212(several)-213(students)-213(of)-213(Indian)-213(languages,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(but)-195(the)-195(probability)-195(of)-195(direct)-195(connection)-195(seemed)-195(so)-195(remote)-196(that)-195(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(affinity)-214(was)-213(not)-214(generally)-213(accepted.)-238(Even)-214(in)-213(1880,)-221(after)-214(extended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(comparison)-414(with)-413(Dakota)-414(material)-413(\050including)-414(that)-413(collected)-414(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-434(newly)-434(instituted)-435(Bureau)-434(of)-434(Ethnology\051,)-480(this)-435(distinguished)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(investigator)-341(was)-341(able)-341(to)-341(detect)-341(only)-341(certain)-341(ge)-1(neral)-341(similarities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(between)-229(the)-229(Tutelo)-229(tongue)-229(and)-229(the)-229(dialects)-229(of)-230(the)-229(Dakota)-229(tribes.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 276.147 3.958 Td[(4)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -276.147 -17.508 Td[(In)-254(1881)-253(Gatsche)-1(t)-253(made)-254(a)-254(collection)-253(of)-254(linguistic)-254(material)-254(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-275(Catawba)-275(Indians)-275(of)-275(South)-275(Carolina,)-281(and)-275(was)-275(struck)-275(with)-275(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(resemblance)-401(of)-400(many)-401(of)-401(the)-400(vocables)-401(to)-401(Siouan)-400(terms)-401(of)-401(like)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(meaning,)-306(and)-295(began)-295(the)-295(preparation)-295(of)-295(a)-295(comparative)-295(Catawba-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota)-394(vocabulary.)-681(To)-394(this)-394(the)-393(Tutelo,)-430(\242egiha,)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 220.928 0 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.673 0 Td[(iwe\264re,)-430(and)]TJ -229.601 -13.55 Td[(Hotca\361gara)-376(\050Winnebago\051)-376(were)-376(added)-376(by)-375(Dorsey,)-408(who)-376(made)-376(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(critical)-195(examination)-196(of)-195(all)-196(Catawba)-195(material)-196(extant)-195(and)-196(compared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(it)-231(with)-231(several)-231(Dakota)-231(dialects,)-234(with)-231(which)-231(he)-231(was)-231(specially)-231(con-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(versant.)-346(These)-282(examinations)-282(and)-282(comparisons)-283(demonstrated)-282(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(affinity)-348(between)-348(the)-349(Dakota)-348(and)-348(Catawba)-348(tongues)-348(and)-349(showed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(them)-388(to)-388(be)-388(of)-388(common)-388(descent;)-457(and)-388(the)-388(establishment)-388(of)-388(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(relation)-353(made)-353(easy)-353(the)-352(acceptance)-353(of)-353(the)-353(affinity)-353(suggested)-353(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Hale)-250(between)-250(the)-250(Dakota)-250(and)-250(Tutelo.)]TJ 11.956 -17.1 Td[(Up)-313(to)-313(this)-314(time)-313(it)-313(was)-313(supposed)-314(that)-313(the)-313(eastern)-313(tribes)-314("were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(merely)-254(offshoots)-255(of)-254(the)-254(Dakota;")-254(but)-255(in)-254(1883)-254(Hale)-254(observed)-255(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[("while)-211(the)-211(language)-211(of)-211(these)-211(eastern)-211(tribes)-211(is)-211(closely)-211(allied)-211(to)-211(that)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 73.974 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -76.564 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 99.77 69.951 Td[(4)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[(Correspondence)-250(with)-250(the)-250(Bureau)-250(of)-251(Ethnology.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +62 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 63 0 R +/Resources 61 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +64 0 obj << +/D [62 0 R /XYZ 176.019 433.329 null] +>> endobj +61 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F27 26 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +67 0 obj << +/Length 5134 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-14087(5)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(of)-208(the)-209(western)-208(Dakota,)-217(it)-208(bears)-209(evidence)-208(of)-208(being)-209(older)-208(in)-209(form,")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 276.147 3.959 Td[(5)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -276.147 -17.508 Td[(and)-345(consequently)-345(that)-345(the)-345(Siouan)-345(tribes)-345(of)-345(the)-345(interior)-345(seem)-345(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(have)-362(migrated)-362(westward)-362(from)-362(a)-362(common)-362(fatherland)-363(with)-362(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eastern)-324(brethren)-324(bordering)-324(the)-323(Atlantic.)-472(Subsequently)-324(Gatschet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(discovered)-323(that)-323(the)-322(Biloxi)-323(Indians)-323(of)-323(the)-322(Gulf)-323(coast)-323(used)-323(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(terms)-204(common)-205(to)-204(the)-204(Siouan)-205(tongues;)-219(and)-205(in)-204(1891)-204(Dorsey)-205(visited)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(these)-332(Indians)-332(and)-332(procured)-332(a)-332(rich)-332(collection)-332(of)-332(words,)-353(phrases,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-419(myths,)-461(whereby)-419(the)-419(Siouan)-418(affinity)-419(of)-419(these)-419(Indians)-419(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(established.)-867(Meantime)-456(Mooney)-456(began)-456(researches)-456(among)-456(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Cherokee)-316(and)-315(cognate)-316(tribes)-316(of)-315(the)-316(southern)-315(Atlantic)-316(slope)-316(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(found)-248(fresh)-248(evidence)-248(that)-248(their)-248(ancient)-248(neighbors)-248(were)-248(related)-248(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tongue)-301(and)-302(belief)-301(with)-301(the)-301(buffalo)-302(hunters)-301(of)-301(the)-301(plains;)-327(and)-302(he)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(has)-323(recently)-323(set)-323(forth)-323(the)-323(relations)-323(of)-323(the)-323(several)-323(Atlantic)-323(slope)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-405(of)-405(Siouan)-405(affinity)-405(in)-404(full)-405(detail.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 172.857 3.958 Td[(6)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.278 -3.958 Td[(Through)-405(the)-405(addition)]TJ -185.135 -13.55 Td[(of)-384(these)-384(eastern)-384(tribes)-384(the)-384(great)-384(Siouan)-384(stock)-384(is)-384(augmented)-384(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(extent)-340(and)-340(range)-341(and)-340(enhanced)-340(in)-340(interest;)-386(for)-340(the)-340(records)-340(of)-341(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(group)-218(of)-218(cognate)-218(tribes)-218(are)-218(thereby)-218(increased)-218(so)-218(fully)-219(as)-218(to)-218(afford)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(historical)-362(perspective)-362(and)-361(to)-362(indicate,)-390(if)-361(not)-362(clearly)-362(to)-362(display,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(course)-250(of)-250(tribal)-250(differentiation.)]TJ 11.956 -15.976 Td[(According)-221(to)-221(Dorsey,)-226(whose)-221(acquaintance)-221(with)-221(the)-221(Siouan)-221(In-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(dians)-245(was)-245(especially)-245(close,)-245(the)-245(main)-245(portion)-245(of)-245(the)-245(Siouan)-245(stock,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occupying)-442(the)-442(continental)-442(interior,)-490(comprised)-443(seven)-442(principal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(divisions)-271(\050including)-271(the)-271(Biloxi)-270(and)-271(not)-271(distinguishing)-271(the)-271(Asini-)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([160])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(boin\051,)-251(each)-251(composed)-251(of)-251(one)-251(or)-251(more)-251(tribes)-251(or)-250(confederacies,)-252(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(defined)-264(and)-263(classified)-264(by)-264(linguistic,)-267(social,)-267(and)-264(mythologic)-264(rela-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tions;)-364(and)-326(he)-326(and)-326(Mooney)-326(recognize)-326(several)-326(additional)-326(groups,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(denned)-369(by)-368(linguistic)-369(affinity)-369(or)-369(historical)-368(evidence)-369(of)-369(intimate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(relations,)-324(in)-309(the)-309(eastern)-309(part)-309(of)-309(the)-309(country.)-427(So)-309(far)-309(as)-309(made)-309(out)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(through)-251(the)-251(latest)-251(researches,)-252(the)-251(grand)-251(divisions,)-252(confederacies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-455(tribes)-455(of)-454(the)-455(stock,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 108.014 3.958 Td[(7)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.003 -3.958 Td[(with)-455(their)-455(present)-454(condition,)-506(are)-455(as)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 107.256 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -109.846 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 52.998 103.149 Td[(5)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[("The)-260(Tutelo)-260(tribe)-260(and)-260(language,")-260(Proc.)-280(Am.)-280(Philos.)-280(Soc.,)-262(vol.)-280(xxi,)-262(3883,)-263(p.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(1.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 6.227 -7.31 Td[(6)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[(Siouan)-250(Tribes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(East;)-250(Bulletin)-251(of)-250(the)-250(Bureau)-250(of)-250(Ethnology,)-250(1894.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -5.729 -7.311 Td[(7)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[(The)-275(subdivisions)-275(are)-275(set)-275(forth,)-281(in)-275(the)-275(follo)-1(wing)-275(treatise)-275(on)-275("Siouan)-275(Sociol-)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 64.187 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -25.405 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +66 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 67 0 R +/Resources 65 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +68 0 obj << +/D [66 0 R /XYZ 133.976 217.666 null] +>> endobj +65 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +71 0 obj << +/Length 4640 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(6)-17448(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(follows:)]TJ 101.609 -13.769 Td[(1.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.793 0 Td[(Dakota-Asiniboin)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -101.446 -13.769 Td[(Dakota)-361(\050"Friendly"\051)-361(or)-361(Ot\264-ce-ti)-361(ca-ko-wi)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 185.818 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.422 -4.909 Td[(\050"Seven)-361(council-)]TJ -206.196 -13.549 Td[(fires"\051)-250(confederacy,)-250(comprising)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 138.044 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -132.284 -20.102 Td[(A.)-500(Santee,)-382(including)-356(Mde-wa-ka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 147.411 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(\264-ton-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 37.56 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.363 -4.909 Td[(\050"Spirit)-356(Lake)-355(vil-)]TJ -181.758 -13.55 Td[(lage"\051)-209(and)-210(Wa-qpe\264-ku-te)-209(\050"Shoot)-210(among)-209(deciduous)-209(tre)-1(es"\051,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mostly)-388(located)-388(in)-388(Knox)-388(county,)-422(Nebraska,)-423(on)-388(the)-387(f)-1(ormer)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Santee)-454(reservation,)-505(with)-454(some)-454(oa)-454(Fort)-454(Peck)-453(rese)-1(rvation,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Montana.)]TJ -15.459 -13.769 Td[(B.)-500(Sisseton)-232(or)-231(Si-si\264-to)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 101.731 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 16.352 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(\264)-232(\050"Fish-scale)-231(village"\051,)-236(mostly)-231(on)]TJ -111.591 -13.549 Td[(Sisseton)-321(reservation,)-339(South)-321(Dakota,)-338(partly)-321(on)-321(Devils)-321(Lake)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-250(North)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -15.459 -13.769 Td[(C.)-500(Wahpetou)-389(or)-390(Wa\264-qpe\264-to)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 131.789 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 16.353 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.73 -4.909 Td[(\050"Dwellers)-389(among)-390(decid-)]TJ -145.896 -13.549 Td[(uous)-496(trees"\051,)-558(mostly)-497(on)-496(Devils)-496(Lake)-497(reservation,)-558(North)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Dakota.)]TJ -16.059 -13.769 Td[(D.)-500(Yankton)-456(or)-455(I-hank\264-to)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 116.884 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.91 Td[(-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 16.353 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.454 -4.91 Td[(\050"End)-456(village"\051,)-507(in)-456(Yankton)]TJ -131.115 -13.549 Td[(village,)-250(South)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -14.848 -13.769 Td[(E.)-500(Yanktonai)-568(or)-569(I-hank\264-to)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 126.007 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 16.353 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-na)-568(\050"Little)-569(End)-568(village"\051,)]TJ -136.478 -13.549 Td[(comprising)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 49.09 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -40.298 -20.102 Td[(a.)-500(Upper)-182(Yanktonai,)-195(on)-181(Standing)-182(Rock)-181(reservation,)-196(North)]TJ 13.026 -13.55 Td[(Dakota,)-580(with)-514(the)-513(Pa\264-ba-kse)-514(\050"Cut)-514(head"\051)-514(gens)-514(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Devils)-250(Lake)-250(reservation,)-250(North)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -13.637 -13.769 Td[(b.)-500(Lower)-158(Yanktonai,)-177(or)-158(Hu\361kpatina)-159(\050"Campers)-158(at)-158(the)-159(horn)]TJ 13.637 -13.549 Td[([or)-192(end)-192(of)-191(the)-192(camping)-192(circle]"\051,)-203(mostly)-192(on)-192(Crow)-191(C)-1(reek)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-560(South)-499(Dakota,)-560(with)-499(some)-498(on)-499(Standing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Bock)-403(reservation,)-440(North)-403(Dakota,)-441(and)-402(others)-403(on)-403(Fort)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Peck)-250(reservation,)-250(Montana.)]TJ -36.066 -20.103 Td[(F.)-500(Teton)-250(or)-250(Ti\264-to)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 79.691 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 16.353 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 7.21 -4.909 Td[(\050"Prairie)-250(dwellers"\051,)-250(comprising)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 139.484 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -224.181 -20.102 Td[(a.)-500(Brul\351)-217(or)-218(Si-tca)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 76.544 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(\264-xu)-217(\050"Burnt)-218(thighs)-217("\051,)-224(including)-217(Upper)]TJ -68.002 -13.549 Td[(Brul\351,)-320(mostly)-306(on)-306(Rosebud)-306(reservation,)-320(South)-306(Da)-1(kota,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-536(Lower)-536(Brul\351,)-608(on)-536(Lower)-536(Brul\351)-536(reservation,)-608(in)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 72.176 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -74.767 cm +BT +/F16 8.966 Tf 93.543 66.142 Td[(ogy.")]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +70 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 71 0 R +/Resources 69 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 49 0 R +>> endobj +69 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +74 0 obj << +/Length 4160 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-14087(7)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 90.408 518.175 Td[(the)-352(same)-353(state,)-378(with)-352(some)-353(of)-352(both)-353(on)-352(Standing)-353(Rock)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-469(North)-424(Dakota,)-469(and)-425(others)-425(on)-425(Fort)-425(Peck)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-250(Montana.)]TJ -13.637 -14.277 Td[(b.)-500(Sans)-392(Arcs)-391(or)-392(I-ta\264-zip-tco)-392(\050"Without)-391(bows"\051,)-428(largely)]TJ 13.637 -13.549 Td[(on)-379(Cheyenne)-379(reservation,)-411(South)-379(Dakota,)-412(with)-379(others)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-250(Standing)-250(Rock)-250(reservation,)-250(North)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -13.026 -14.277 Td[(c.)-500(Blackfeet)-498(or)-498(Si-ha\264-sa-pa)-498(\050"Black-feet"\051,)-560(mostly)-499(on)]TJ 13.026 -13.549 Td[(Cheyenne)-430(reservation,)-476(South)-430(Dakota,)-475(with)-430(some)-431(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Standing)-250(Eock)-250(reservation,)-250(North)-250(Dakota.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 247.387 0 Td[([161])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -261.023 -14.277 Td[(d.)-500(Minneconjou)-553(or)-552(Mi\264-ni-ko\264-o-ju)-553(\050"Plant)-553(beside)-552(the)]TJ 13.636 -13.549 Td[(stream"\051,)-720(mostly)-626(on)-626(Cheyenne)-626(reservation,)-721(South)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota,)-267(partly)-264(on)-263(Rosebud)-264(reservation,)-267(South)-264(Dakota,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-673(some)-673(on)-672(Standing)-673(Rock)-673(reservation,)-779(North)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Dakota.)]TJ -13.026 -14.276 Td[(e.)-500(Two)-319(Kettles)-319(or)-320(O-o\264-he)-319(no)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 132.378 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(\264-pa)-319(\050"Two)-319(boilings"\051,)-337(on)]TJ -123.836 -13.549 Td[(Cheyenne)-250(reservation,)-250(South)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -11.815 -14.277 Td[(f.)-500(Ogalala)-547(or)-547(O-gla\264-la)-548(\050"She)-547(poured)-547(out)-547(her)-548(own"\051,)]TJ 11.815 -13.549 Td[(mostly)-269(on)-269(Pine)-269(Ridge)-268(reservation,)-274(South)-269(Dakota,)-274(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-455(on)-455(Standing)-456(Rock)-455(reservation,)-506(North)-456(Dakota,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(including)-186(the)-186(Wa-ja\264-ja)-185(\050"Fringed"\051)-186(gens)-186(on)-186(Pine)-186(Ridge)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(reservation,)-273(South)-268(Dakota,)-273(and)-269(Loafers)-268(or)-268(Wa)-1(-glu\264-xe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050"Inbreeders"\051,)-237(mostly)-235(on)-234(Pine)-234(Ridge)-234(reservation,)-238(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-250(on)-250(Rosebud)-250(reservation,)-250(South)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -13.636 -14.277 Td[(g.)-500(Hu\361kpapa)-188(\050"At)-189(the)-188(entrance"\051,)-201(on)-188(Standing)-188(Rock)-188(reser-)]TJ 13.636 -13.549 Td[(vation,)-250(North)-250(Dakota.)]TJ -31.681 -22.64 Td[(Asiuiboin)-320(\050"Cook-with-stones)-321(people")-320(in)-321(Algonquian\051,)-338(com-)]TJ -11.955 -13.55 Td[(monly)-626(called)-627(Nakota)-626(among)-626(themselves,)-721(and)-626(called)-627(Hohe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050"Rebels"\051)-455(by)-456(the)-455(Dakota;)-558(an)-455(offshoot)-456(from)-455(the)-455(Yan)-1(ktonnai;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(not)-409(studied)-409(in)-410(detail)-409(during)-409(recent)-409(years;)-489(partly)-409(on)-409(Fort)-410(Peck)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-472(Montana,)-472(mostly)-427(in)-428(Canada;)-516(comprising)-428(in)-428(1833)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050according)-250(to)-250(Prince)-250(Maximilian\051)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 145.734 3.958 Td[(8)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 4.483 -3.958 Td[(\024)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 52.998 80.91 Td[(8)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[(Travels)-339(in)-340(the)-339(Interior)-339(of)-339(North)-340(America;)-384(Translated)-339(by)-339(H.)-339(Evans)-340(Lloyd;)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(London,)-252(1843,)-252(p.)-253(1)-1(94.)-253(In)-252(this)-251(and)-252(other)-251(lists)-251(of)-252(names)-251(taken)-251(from)-252(early)-251(writers)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 64.187 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -25.405 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +73 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 74 0 R +/Resources 72 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +75 0 obj << +/D [73 0 R /XYZ 46.771 405.949 null] +>> endobj +72 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +79 0 obj << +/Length 4353 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(8)-17448(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 99.303 518.175 Td[(A.)-500(Itscheabin\351)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(des)-250(filles"=Girl)-250(people?\051.)]TJ 0.6 -13.895 Td[(B.)-500(Jatonabin\350)-389(\050"Les)-390(gens)-389(des)-389(roches"=Stone)-390(people\051;)-459(appar-)]TJ 15.459 -13.549 Td[(ently)-250(the)-250(leading)-250(band.)]TJ -15.459 -13.895 Td[(C.)-500(Otopachguato)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(du)-250(large"=Roamers?\051.)]TJ -0.6 -13.895 Td[(D.)-500(Otaopabin\350)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(des)-250(canots"=Canoe)-250(people?\051.)]TJ 1.211 -13.895 Td[(E.)-500(Tschantoga)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(des)-250(bois"=Forest)-250(people\051.)]TJ 0.6 -13.895 Td[(F.)-500(Wat\363pachnato)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(de)-250(l'age"=Ancient)-250(people?\051.)]TJ -1.811 -13.895 Td[(G.)-500(Tanintauei)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(des)-250(osayes"=Bone)-250(people\051.)]TJ 0 -13.895 Td[(H.)-500(Ch\341bin)-250(\050"Les)-250(gens)-250(des)-250(montagnes"=Mountain)-250(people\051.)]TJ 60.439 -20.732 Td[(2.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.443 0 Td[(\242egiha)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 32.6 0 Td[(\050")]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 8.084 0 Td[(People)-266(Dwelling)-267(here)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 95.494 0 Td[("\051)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 8.084 3.959 Td[(9)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -216.144 -24.691 Td[(A.)-500(Omaha)-231(or)-231(U-ma)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 86.53 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-ha)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 13.931 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 7.003 -4.909 Td[(\050"Upstream)-231(people"\051,)-235(located)-231(on)-231(Om-)]TJ -95.888 -13.549 Td[(aha)-337(reservation,)-358(Nebraska,)-358(comprising)-337(in)-337(1819)-336(\050accord)-1(ing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-250(James\051)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 41.509 3.959 Td[(10)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 8.468 -3.959 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -41.185 -20.732 Td[(a.)-500(Honga-sha-no)-250(tribe,)-250(including)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 144.218 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -123.01 -20.732 Td[(1.)-500(Wase-ish-ta)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.895 Td[(2.)-500(Enk-ka-sa-ba)-250(band.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -124.575 0 Td[([162])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 124.575 -13.895 Td[(3.)-500(Wa-sa-ba-eta-je)-180(\050"Those)-180(who)-181(do)-180(not)-180(touch)-180(bears"\051)]TJ 13.636 -13.549 Td[(band.)]TJ -13.636 -13.895 Td[(4.)-500(Ka-e-ta-je)-504(\050"Those)-504(who)-504(do)-504(not)-504(touch)-503(turtles"\051)]TJ 13.636 -13.549 Td[(band.)]TJ -13.636 -13.895 Td[(5.)-500(Wa-jinga-e-ta-je)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.895 Td[(6.)-500(Hun-guh)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.895 Td[(7.)-500(Kon-za)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.895 Td[(8.)-500(Ta-pa-taj-je)-250(band.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 160.169 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -162.759 cm +BT +/F16 8.966 Tf 93.543 154.135 Td[(the)-250(original)-250(orthography)-250(and)-251(interpretation)-250(are)-250(preserved.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 6.227 -7.311 Td[(9)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 5.729 -3.809 Td[("Defined)-279(in")-279(The)-279(\242egiha)-279(La)-1(nguage,")-279(by)-279(J.)-279(Owen)-279(Dorsey,)-286(Cont.)-338(N.A.)-279(Eth.,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(vol.)-569(VI,)-356(1890,)-383(p.)-569(xv.)-569(Miss)-356(Fletcher,)-383(who)-357(is)-356(intimately)-356(acqua)-1(inted)-356(with)-356(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Omaha,)-346(questio)-1(ns)-327(whether)-327(the)-327(relations)-327(between)-327(the)-327(tribes)-327(are)-327(so)-327(close)-327(as)-327(to)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(warrant)-390(the)-390(maintenance)-390(of)-389(this)-390(division;)-460(yet)-390(as)-390(an)-389(expres)-1(sion)-389(of)-390(linguistic)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(affinity,)-250(at)-250(least,)-250(the)-250(division)-250(s)-1(eems)-250(to)-250(be)-250(useful)-250(and)-250(desirable.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(10)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Account)-358(of)-358(an)-358(Expedition)-358(from)-358(Pittsburgh)-358(to)-358(the)-358(Rocky)-358(Mountains,)-385(per-)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(formed)-305(in)-306(the)-305(years)-306(1819-1820.)-416(...)-416(under)-305(the)-306(Command)-305(of)-305(Major)-306(S.H.)-305(Long,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(by)-250(Edwin)-250(James;)-250(London,)-250(18)-1(23,)-250(vol.)-250(ii,)-250(p.)-250(47)-250(et)-250(seq.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +78 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 79 0 R +/Resources 77 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +80 0 obj << +/D [78 0 R /XYZ 93.543 283.341 null] +>> endobj +77 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +83 0 obj << +/Length 4393 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-14087(9)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 76.771 518.175 Td[(b.)-500(Ish-ta-sun-da)-250(\050"Gray)-250(eyes"\051)-250(tribe,)-250(including)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 203.4 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -181.581 -21.453 Td[(1.)-500(Ta-pa-eta-je)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -14.039 Td[(2.)-500(Mon-eka-goh-ha)-250(\050"Earth)-250(makers"\051)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -14.039 Td[(3.)-500(Ta-sin-da)-250(\050"Bison)-250(tail"\051)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -14.039 Td[(4.)-500(Ing-gera-je-da)-250(\050"Red)-250(dung"\051)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -14.039 Td[(5.)-500(Wash-a-tung)-250(band.)]TJ -45.458 -21.452 Td[(B.)-500(Ponka)-305(\050"Medicine"?\051,)-318(mostly)-305(on)-305(Ponca)-305(reservation,)-318(Ind)-1(ian)]TJ 15.458 -13.55 Td[(Territory,)-250(partly)-250(at)-250(Santee)-250(agency,)-250(Nebraska.)]TJ -15.458 -14.039 Td[(C.)-500(Kwapa,)-442(Quapaw,)-442(or)-404(U-)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 122.805 0 Td[(\236)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.454 0 Td[(a\264-qpa)-404(\050"Downstream)-404(people,")-403(a)]TJ -112.801 -13.549 Td[(correlative)-298(of)-297(U-ma)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 87.065 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(\264-ha)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 17.563 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(\051,)-309(the)-298("Arkansa")-298(of)-297(early)-298(writers,)]TJ -113.595 -13.549 Td[(mostly)-247(on)-246(Osage)-247(reservation,)-248(Oklahoma,)-247(partly)-247(on)-246(Q)-1(uapaw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ -16.058 -14.039 Td[(D.)-500(\050D\051)-250(Osage)-250(or)-250(Wa-ca\264-ce)-250(\050"People"\051,)-250(comprising)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 224.279 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -199.429 -21.453 Td[(a.)-500(Big)-253(Osage)-253(or)-254(Pa-he\264-tsi)-253(\050"Campers)-253(on)-253(the)-254(mountain"\051,)]TJ 13.026 -13.549 Td[(on)-250(Osage)-250(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ -13.636 -14.039 Td[(b.)-500(Little)-190(Osage)-190(or)-189(U-)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 91.345 0 Td[(\207)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 3.752 0 Td[(s)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 4.244 0 Td[(\025)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 5.029 0 Td[(e)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.771 0 Td[(\264-ta)-190(\050"Campers)-190(on)-189(the)-190(lowland,"\051)]TJ -96.505 -13.549 Td[(on)-250(Osage)-250(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ -13.026 -14.039 Td[(c.)-500(San-)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 33.022 0 Td[(\207)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 3.753 0 Td[(su\264-)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 16.964 0 Td[(\236)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.454 0 Td[(\242i)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.487 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 4.483 -0.951 Td[(11)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.887 -3.958 Td[(\050"Campers)-313(in)-314(the)-313(highland)-314(grove"\051)-313(or)]TJ -71.024 -13.55 Td[("Arkansa)-307(band,")-308(chiefly)-307(on)-307(Osage)-308(reservation,)-322(Indian)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Territory.)]TJ -36.666 -21.452 Td[(E.)-500(Kansa)-373(or)-373(Ka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 72.054 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(\264-ze)-373(\050refers)-373(to)-373(winds,)-404(though)-373(precise)-373(signif-)]TJ -61.689 -13.55 Td[(icance)-495(is)-494(unknown;)-617(frequently)-495(called)-495(Kaw\051,)-556(on)-495(Kansas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ 47.856 -21.453 Td[(3.)]TJ/F38 10.909 Tf 11.478 0 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 7.876 0 Td[(iwe\264re)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 30.79 0 Td[(\050")]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 8.083 0 Td[(People)-267(of)-268(this)-267(place)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 86.925 0 Td[("\051)]TJ -209.066 -21.452 Td[(A.)-500(Iowa)-703(or)-703(P\341-qo-tce)-703(\050"Dusty-heads"\051,)-816(chiefly)-703(on)-703(Gre)-1(at)]TJ 16.058 -13.55 Td[(Nemaha)-359(reservation,)-385(Kansas)-359(and)-359(Nebraska,)-385(partly)-359(on)-359(Sac)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(Fox)-250(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ -15.458 -14.039 Td[(B.)-500(Oto)-521(or)-520(Wa-to\264-ta)-521(\050"Aphrodisian"\051,)-588(on)-521(Otoe)-520(reserv)-1(ation,)]TJ 15.458 -13.549 Td[(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 73.974 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -76.564 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 69.951 Td[(11)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Corrupted)-250(to)-250("Chancers")-250(in)-250(early)-250(da)-1(ys;)-250(cf.)-250(James)-250(ibid.,)-250(vol.)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(108.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +82 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 83 0 R +/Resources 81 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +81 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F27 26 0 R /F28 29 0 R /F38 86 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +89 0 obj << +/Length 3347 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(10)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 99.903 518.175 Td[(C.)-500(Missouri)-327(or)-327(Ni-u\264-t'a-tci)-327(\050exact)-327(meaning)-326(uncertain;)-366(said)-327(to)]TJ 15.459 -13.549 Td[(refer)-159(to)-158(drowning)-159(of)-159(people)-159(in)-158(a)-159(stream;)-189(possibly)-159(a)-158(corrup)-1(tion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-203(Ni-shu\264-dje,)-213("Smoky)-203(water,")-203(the)-203(name)-203(of)-203(Missouri)-203(riv)-1(er\051;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-250(Otoe)-250(reservation,)-250(Indian)-250(Territory.)]TJ 93.664 -19.565 Td[(4.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.929 0 Td[(Winnebago)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -115.456 -13.662 Td[(Winnebago)-261(\050Algonquian)-261(designation,)-264(meaning)-261("Turbid)-261(water)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(people"?\051)-901(or)-467(Ho-tca\361-ga-ra)-467(\050"People)-467(of)-467(the)-468(parent)-467(speech"\051,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([163])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(mostly)-409(on)-409(Winnebago)-409(reservation)-409(in)-409(Nebraska,)-449(some)-409(in)-409(Wis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(consin,)-477(and)-432(a)-431(few)-432(in)-431(Michigan;)-522(composition)-432(never)-432(definitely)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ascertained;)-650(comprised)-516(in)-516(1850)-517(\050according)-516(to)-516(Schoolcraft)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 268.529 3.959 Td[(12)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.468 -3.959 Td[(\051)]TJ -276.997 -13.549 Td[(twenty-one)-250(bands,)-250(all)-250(west)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Mississippi,)-250(viz.:)]TJ 8.793 -19.565 Td[(a.)-500(Little)-250(Mills')-250(band.)]TJ -0.611 -13.661 Td[(b.)-500(Little)-250(Dekonie's)-250(band.)]TJ 0.611 -13.661 Td[(c.)-500(Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ -0.611 -13.662 Td[(d.)-500(Ho-pee-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 0.611 -13.661 Td[(e.)-500(Waw-kon-haw-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 1.211 -13.662 Td[(f.)-500(Baptiste's)-250(band.)]TJ -1.822 -13.661 Td[(g.)-500(Wee-noo-shik's)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.662 Td[(h.)-500(Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 2.422 -13.661 Td[(i.)-500(Paw-sed-ech-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.661 Td[(j.)-500(Taw-nu-nuk's)-250(band.)]TJ -2.422 -13.662 Td[(k.)-500(Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 2.422 -13.661 Td[(l.)-500(Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ -5.455 -13.662 Td[(m.)-500(Watch-ha-ta-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 3.033 -13.661 Td[(n.)-500(Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.662 Td[(o.)-500(Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.661 Td[(p.)-500(Good)-250(Thunder's)-250(band.)]TJ 0 -13.662 Td[(q.)-500(Koog-ay-ray-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 1.822 -13.661 Td[(r.)-500(Black)-250(Hawk's)-250(band.)]TJ -0.611 -13.661 Td[(s.)-500(Little)-250(Thunder's)-250(band.)]TJ 1.211 -13.662 Td[(t.)-500(Naw-key-ku-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td[(12)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Information)-237(Respecting)-236(the)-237(History,)-239(Condition,)-239(an)-1(d)-236(Prospects)-237(of)-236(the)-237(Indian)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Tribes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States,)-250(pa)-1(rt)-250(I,)-250(Philadelphia,)-250(1853,)-250(p.)-250(498.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +88 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 89 0 R +/Resources 87 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +90 0 obj << +/D [88 0 R /XYZ 374.173 430.752 null] +>> endobj +87 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +93 0 obj << +/Length 4821 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-13587(11)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 54.953 518.175 Td[(u.)-500(O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's)-250(band.)]TJ 113.934 -20.638 Td[(5.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.994 0 Td[(Mandan)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -122.154 -13.876 Td[(Mandan)-416(\050their)-415(own)-416(name)-416(is)-416(questionable;)-498(Catlin)-416(says)-416(they)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(called)-225(themselves)-224(See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee,)-230("People)-225(of)-225(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pheasants;")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 49.899 3.959 Td[(13)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.527 -3.959 Td[(Prince)-189(Maximilian)-188(says)-189(they)-189(called)-189(themselves)-189(Nu-)]TJ -60.426 -13.549 Td[(mangkake,)-268("Men,")-264(adding)-264(usually)-264(the)-264(name)-265(of)-264(their)-264(village,)-268(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-267(another)-266(name)-267(is)-266(Mahna-Narra,)-271("The)-266(Sulky)-267([Ones],")-267(applied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(because)-410(they)-409(separated)-410(from)-410(the)-409(rest)-410(of)-410(their)-409(nation;)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 239.936 3.959 Td[(14)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.807 -3.959 Td[(of)-410(the)]TJ -253.743 -13.549 Td[(latter)-260(name)-260(their)-260(common)-260(appellation)-260(seems)-260(to)-260(be)-260(a)-260(corruption\051;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(on)-264(Fort)-263(Berthold)-264(reservation,)-267(North)-263(Dakota,)-267(comprising)-264(in)-264(1804)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050according)-250(to)-250(Lewis)-250(and)-250(Clark)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 132.698 3.959 Td[(15)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.469 -3.959 Td[(\051)-250(three)-250(villages)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 64.832 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -197.206 -20.638 Td[(a.)-500(Matootonha.)]TJ -0.611 -13.876 Td[(b.)-500(Rooptahee.)]TJ 0.611 -13.876 Td[(c.)-500(__________\050Eapanopa's)-250(village\051.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 282.231 -9.141 Td[([164])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -168.007 -11.498 Td[(6.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 12.003 0 Td[(Hidatsa)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -129.26 -20.638 Td[(A.)-500(Hidatsa)-197(\050their)-197(own)-197(name,)-208(the)-197(meaning)-197(of)-197(which)-197(is)-198(uncertain,)]TJ 16.059 -13.549 Td[(but)-174(appears)-174(to)-173(refer)-174(to)-174(a)-174(traditional)-174(buffalo)-174(pannch)-173(conn)-1(ected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-358(the)-359(division)-358(of)-358(the)-359(group,)-385(though)-359(supposed)-358(by)-359(some)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-283(refer)-283(to)-283("willows"\051;)-300(formerly)-283(called)-283(Minitari)-283(\050"Cross)-283(th)-1(e)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(water,")-339(or,)-360(objectionally,)-361(Gros)-339(Ventres\051;)-382(on)-339(Fort)-338(Berth)-1(old)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation,)-347(North)-328(Dakota,)-348(comprising)-328(in)-328(1796)-327(\050acc)-1(ording)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-250(information)-250(gained)-250(by)-250(Matthews)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 153.927 3.959 Td[(16)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.468 -3.959 Td[(\051)-250(three)-250(villages)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 64.832 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -218.435 -20.638 Td[(a.)-500(Hidatsa.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 173.17 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -175.76 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 169.147 Td[(13)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Letters)-346(and)-346(Not)-1(es)-346(on)-346(the)-346(Manners,)-370(Cus)-1(toms,)-370(and)-346(Condition)-346(of)-347(the)-346(North)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(American)-250(Indians,)-250(4th)-250(edition)-1(;)-250(London,)-250(1844,)-250(vol.)-250(I,)-250(p.)-250(80.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(14)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Travels,)-250(op.)-250(cit.,)-250(p.)-250(335.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.394 Td[(15)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(History)-395(of)-394(the)-395(Expedition,)-431(under)-394(the)-395(Command)-394(of)-395(Lewis)-394(an)-1(d)-394(Clark,)-431(by)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Elliott)-287(Cou)-1(es,)-296(1893,)-297(vol.)-362(I,)-287(pp.)-362(182-4.)-362(The)-288(other)-287(two)-287(villages)-288(enumerated)-287(ap-)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(pear)-250(to)-249(be)-1(long)-249(rather)-250(to)-250(the)-249(Hidatsa.)-250(Prince)-250(Maximilian)-250(found)-250(but)-249(two)-250(villages)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(in)-299(1833,)-311(Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush)-298(an)-1(d)-298(Ruhptare,)-311(evidently)-299(corresponding)-299(to)-298(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(first)-250(two)-250(mentioned)-250(by)-250(the)-250(ea)-1(rlier)-250(explorers)-250(\050op.)-250(cit.,)-250(p.)-250(335\051.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td[(16)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ethnography)-329(and)-329(Philology)-329(of)-329(the)-328(Hidatsa)-329(Indiana;)-369(Miscel.)-486(Publ.)-486(No.)-487(7,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(U.S.)-250(Geol.)-250(and)-250(Geog.)-250(Survey)-1(,)-250(1877,)-250(p.)-250(38.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +92 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 93 0 R +/Resources 91 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +94 0 obj << +/D [92 0 R /XYZ 46.771 317.736 null] +>> endobj +91 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +97 0 obj << +/Length 3730 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(12)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 123.543 518.175 Td[(b.)-500(Amat\354lia)-250(\050"Earth-lodge)-250([village]"?\051.)]TJ 0.611 -13.558 Td[(c.)-500(Amaliami)-250(\050"Mountain-country)-250([people]"?\051.)]TJ -24.251 -19.05 Td[(B.)-500(Crow)-250(or)-250(Ab-sa\264-ru-ke,)-250(on)-250(the)-250(Crow)-250(reservation,)-250(Montana.)]TJ 120.879 -19.049 Td[(7.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 12.046 0 Td[(Biloxi)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -133.525 -19.049 Td[(A.)-500(Biloxi)-315(\050"Trifling")-315(or)-316("Worthless")-315(in)-315(Choctaw\051)-315(or)-316(Ta-neks\264)]TJ 16.059 -13.55 Td[(Ha)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 12.72 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(-ya-di\264)-196(\050"Original)-196(people")-197(in)-196(their)-196(own)-196(language\051;)-215(partly)]TJ -17.203 -13.549 Td[(in)-182(Rapides)-182(parish,)-195(Louisiana;)-205(partly)-181(in)-182(Indian)-182(Territory,)-196(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(Choctaw)-250(and)-250(Caddo.)]TJ -15.459 -13.558 Td[(B.)-500(Paskagula)-250(\050"Bread)-250(people")-250(in)-250(Choctaw\051,)-250(probably)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0 -13.559 Td[(C.)-500(?Moctobi)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -0.6 -13.558 Td[(D.)-500(?Chozetta)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 113.946 -19.049 Td[(8.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.971 0 Td[(Monakan)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -119.721 -13.559 Td[(Monakan)-250(confederacy.)]TJ -6.196 -19.049 Td[(A.)-500(Monakan)-250(\050"Country)-250([people)-250(of?]"\051,)-250(?)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0.6 -13.558 Td[(B.)-500(Meipontsky)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0 -13.559 Td[(C.)-500(?Mahoc)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -0.6 -13.558 Td[(D.)-500(Nuntaneuck)-250(or)-250(Nuntaly)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 1.211 -13.558 Td[(E.)-500(Mohetan)-250(\050"People)-250(of)-250(the)-250(earth"?\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 4.985 -19.05 Td[(Tutelo.)]TJ -6.196 -19.049 Td[(A.)-500(Tutelo)-250(or)-250(Ye-sa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 84.524 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(\264)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(probably)-250(extinct.)]TJ -88.407 -13.559 Td[(B.)-500(Saponi)-324(\050meaning)-323(unknown\051,)-342(probably)-324(extinct.)-471(\050According)]TJ 15.459 -13.549 Td[(to)-382(Mooney,)-415(the)-381(Tutelo)-382(and)-382(Saponi)-382(tribes)-382(were)-381(intim)-1(ately)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(connected)-490(or)-490(identical,)-550(and)-490(the)-490(names)-490(were)-490(used)-490(inte)-1(r-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(changeably,)-261(the)-259(former)-258(becoming)-259(more)-259(prominent)-259(after)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(removal)-371(of)-371(the)-371(tribal)-371(remnant)-371(from)-371(the)-371(Carolinas)-371(to)-371(N)-1(ew)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(York.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 25.145 3.959 Td[(17)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.468 -3.959 Td[(\051)]TJ -49.072 -13.558 Td[(C.)-500(Occanichi)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(probably)-250(extinct.)]TJ 5.596 -19.049 Td[(?Manahoac)-250(confederacy,)-250(extinct.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 95.892 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -98.482 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 91.869 Td[(17)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Siouan)-363(Tribes)-362(of)-363(the)-363(East,)-391(p.)-587(37.)-588(Local)-363(names)-363(derived)-362(from)-363(the)-363(Saponi)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(dialect)-436(we)-1(re)-436(recognized)-436(and)-437(interpreted)-436(by)-437(a)-436(Kwapa)-436(when)-437(pronounced)-436(by)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Dorsey.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +96 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 97 0 R +/Resources 95 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 76 0 R +>> endobj +95 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +100 0 obj << +/Length 3235 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(EXTENT)-250(OF)-250(THE)-250(STOCK)-13587(13)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 52.531 518.175 Td[(A.)-500(Manahoac)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0.601 -13.549 Td[(B.)-500(Stegarake)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(C.)-500(Shackakoni)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ -0.601 -13.549 Td[(D.)-500(Tauxitania)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 285.264 0 Td[([165])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -284.053 -13.55 Td[(E.)-500(Ontponi)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0.6 -13.549 Td[(F.)-500(Tegniati)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ -1.811 -13.549 Td[(G.)-500(Whonkenti)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(H.)-500(Hasinninga)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 70.323 -18.884 Td[(9.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 11.541 0 Td[(Catawba)-269(or)-270(Ni-ya)-269(\050"People"\051)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -81.864 -18.884 Td[(A.)-500(Catawba)-227(\050meaning)-226(unknown;)-235(they)-226(called)-227(themselves)-227(Ni-ya,)]TJ 16.059 -13.549 Td[("Men")-250(in)-250(the)-250(comprehensive)-250(sense\051,)-250(nearly)-250(extinct.)]TJ -15.458 -13.549 Td[(B.)-500(Woccon)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(C.)-500(?)-250(Sissipahaw)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -0.601 -13.549 Td[(D.)-500(?)-250(Cape)-250(Fear)-250(\050proper)-250(name)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 1.211 -13.549 Td[(E.)-500(?)-250(Warrennuncock)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0.6 -13.549 Td[(F.)-500(?)-250(Adshusheer)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -1.811 -13.549 Td[(G.)-500(?)-250(Eno)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(H.)-500(?)-250(Shocco)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ 4.244 -13.55 Td[(I.)-500(?)-250(Waxhaw)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -0.611 -13.549 Td[(J.)-500(?)-250(Sugeri)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051,)-250(extinct.)]TJ -3.633 -13.549 Td[(K.)-500(Santee)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 1.211 -13.549 Td[(L.)-500(Wateree)-234(\050derived)-234(from)-235(the)-234(Catawba)-234(word)-234(wat)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 213.741 0 Td[(\025)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.029 0 Td[(r)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 3.633 0 Td[(\003)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.996 0 Td[(n,)-237("to)-235(float)]TJ -212.551 -13.549 Td[(in)-250(the)-250(water"\051.)]TJ -17.88 -13.55 Td[(M.)-500(Sewee)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 1.821 -13.549 Td[(N.)-500(Congaree)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 101.881 -18.884 Td[(10.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 17.306 0 Td[(Sara)-279(\050extinct\051)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -119.187 -18.884 Td[(A.)-500(Sara)-250(\050"Tall)-250(grass"\051.)]TJ 0.6 -13.549 Td[(B.)-500(Keyauwi)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 93.783 -18.884 Td[(11.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 17.232 0 Td[(?)-330(Pedee)-276(\050extinct\051)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -111.615 -18.883 Td[(A.)-500(Pedee)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0.6 -13.55 Td[(B.)-500(Waccamaw)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(C.)-500(Winyaw)-250(\050meaning)-250(unknown\051.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +99 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 100 0 R +/Resources 98 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +101 0 obj << +/D [99 0 R /XYZ 46.771 475.149 null] +>> endobj +98 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R /F28 29 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +103 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index4) >> +endobj +106 0 obj +(TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE) +endobj +109 0 obj << +/Length 4531 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(14)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 99.303 518.175 Td[(D.)-500("Hooks")-250(and)-250("Backhooks"\050?\051.)]TJ 6.196 -18.459 Td[(The)-355(definition)-355(of)-356(the)-355(first)-355(six)-355(of)-356(these)-355(divisions)-355(is)-355(based)-356(on)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(extended)-347(researches)-347(among)-346(the)-347(tribes)-347(and)-346(in)-347(the)-347(literature)-347(rep-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(resenting)-286(the)-287(work)-286(of)-286(earlier)-286(observers,)-296(and)-286(may)-286(be)-286(regarded)-287(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(satisfactory.)-276(In)-259(some)-259(cases,)-261(notably)-259(the)-259(Dakota)-259(confederacy,)-261(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(constitution)-216(of)-215(the)-216(divisions)-215(is)-216(also)-215(satisfactory,)-223(though)-215(in)-216(others,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(including)-207(the)-208(Asiniboin,)-215(Mandan,)-216(and)-207(Winneb)-1(ago,)-215(the)-208(tabulation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(represents)-414(little)-413(more)-414(than)-414(superficial)-413(enumeration)-414(of)-414(villages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-373(bands,)-405(generally)-373(by)-373(observers)-374(possessing)-373(little)-374(knowledge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-457(Indian)-456(sociology)-457(or)-456(language.)-870(So)-456(far)-457(as)-457(the)-456(survivors)-457(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-408(Biloxi)-407(are)-408(concerned)-407(the)-408(classification)-408(is)-407(satisfactory;)-487(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(there)-313(is)-313(doubt)-312(concerning)-313(the)-313(former)-313(limits)-313(of)-312(the)-313(division,)-329(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(also)-306(concerning)-307(the)-306(relations)-306(of)-307(the)-306(extinct)-307(tribes)-306(referred)-306(to)-307(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(slender,)-223(yet)-216(the)-216(best)-216(available,)-223(evidence.)-238(The)-217(classification)-216(of)-216(the)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([166])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(extinct)-238(and)-238(nearly)-238(extinct)-238(Siouan)-237(Indians)-238(of)-238(the)-238(east)-238(is)-238(much)-238(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(satisfactory.)-541(In)-347(several)-347(cases)-347(languages)-347(are)-347(utterly)-347(lost,)-372(and)-347(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(others)-258(a)-257(few)-258(doubtful)-258(terms)-257(alone)-258(remain.)-273(In)-257(these)-258(cases)-258(affinity)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-264(inferred)-265(in)-264(part)-264(from)-265(geographic)-264(relation,)-268(but)-264(chiefly)-264(from)-265(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(recorded)-306(f)-1(ederation)-306(of)-306(tribes)-307(and)-306(union)-307(of)-306(remnants)-307(as)-306(the)-307(abo-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(riginal)-292(population)-293(faded)-292(under)-292(the)-293(light)-292(of)-292(brighter)-293(intelligence;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-253(in)-253(all)-253(such)-254(instances)-253(it)-253(has)-253(been)-253(assumed)-253(that)-253(federation)-254(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(union)-406(grew)-406(out)-406(of)-406(that)-406(conformity)-406(in)-406(mode)-406(of)-406(thought)-406(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-307(characteristic)-306(of)-307(peoples)-306(speaking)-307(identical)-306(or)-307(closely)-307(related)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tongues.)-349(Accordingly,)-292(while)-283(the)-283(grouping)-283(of)-283(eastern)-283(tribes)-284(rests)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-394(part)-395(on)-394(meager)-394(testimony)-395(and)-394(is)-394(open)-395(to)-394(question)-394(at)-395(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(points,)-251(it)-250(is)-251(perhaps)-250(the)-251(best)-250(that)-251(can)-250(be)-251(devised,)-251(and)-250(suffices)-251(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(convenience)-322(of)-323(statement)-322(if)-323(not)-322(as)-322(a)-323(final)-322(classification.)-467(So)-323(far)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-366(practicable)-365(the)-366(names)-366(adopted)-366(for)-365(the)-366(tribes,)-395(confederacies,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-259(other)-259(groups)-258(are)-259(those)-259(in)-258(common)-259(use,)-261(the)-259(aboriginal)-259(desig-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nations,)-270(when)-267(distinct,)-270(being)-267(added)-266(in)-266(those)-267(cases)-266(in)-266(which)-267(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-250(known.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(The)-385(present)-385(population)-385(of)-385(the)-385(Siouan)-385(stock)-385(is)-385(probably)-385(be-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(tween)-506(40,000)-507(and)-506(45,000,)-571(including)-506(2,000)-507(or)-506(more)-507(\050mainly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Asiniboin\051)-250(in)-250(Canada.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +108 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 109 0 R +/Resources 107 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +110 0 obj << +/D [108 0 R /XYZ 358.486 337.126 null] +>> endobj +107 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +113 0 obj << +/Length 4716 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(TRIBAL)-250(NOMENCLATURE)-12587(15)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 13.151 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(TRIBAL)-250(NOMENCLATURE)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -27.441 Td[(In)-320(the)-320(Siouan)-319(stock,)-338(as)-319(among)-320(the)-320(American)-320(Indians)-320(generally,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-180(accepted)-180(appellations)-180(for)-180(tribes)-180(and)-180(other)-180(groups)-180(are)-180(variously)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(derived.)-249(Many)-248(of)-248(the)-248(Siouan)-248(tribal)-248(names)-248(were,)-249(like)-248(the)-248(name)-248(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-319(stock,)-336(given)-319(by)-318(alien)-319(peoples,)-336(including)-319(white)-319(men,)-336(though)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(most)-328(are)-328(founded)-328(on)-327(the)-328(descriptive)-328(or)-328(other)-328(designations)-328(used)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-328(the)-328(groups)-328(to)-328(which)-328(they)-328(pertain.)-484(At)-328(first)-328(glance,)-348(the)-328(names)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(seem)-225(to)-225(be)-226(loosely)-225(applied)-225(and)-225(perhaps)-225(vaguely)-225(defined,)-230(and)-226(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(laxity)-232(in)-231(application)-232(and)-232(definition)-231(does)-232(not)-232(disappear,)-235(but)-232(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(increases,)-250(with)-250(closer)-250(examination.)]TJ 11.956 -13.71 Td[(There)-496(are)-496(special)-496(reasons)-496(for)-496(the)-496(indefiniteness)-497(of)-496(Indian)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(nomenclature:)-247(The)-244(aborigin)-1(es)-244(were)-244(at)-244(the)-245(time)-244(of)-244(discovery,)-246(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(indeed)-401(most)-401(of)-400(them)-401(remain)-401(today,)-438(in)-401(the)-401(prescriptorial)-401(stage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-312(culture,)-328(i.e.,)-327(the)-312(stage)-313(in)-312(which)-312(ideas)-312(are)-312(crystallized,)-328(not)-312(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(means)-377(of)-377(arbitrary)-377(symbols,)-408(but)-377(by)-377(means)-377(of)-377(arbitrary)-377(associ-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ations,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 28.789 3.959 Td[(18)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.886 -3.959 Td[(and)-374(in)-374(this)-374(stage)-374(names)-374(are)-374(connotive)-373(or)-374(descriptive,)]TJ -41.675 -13.549 Td[(rather)-234(than)-234(denotive)-234(as)-233(in)-234(the)-234(scriptorial)-234(stage.)-245(Moreover,)-237(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-371(Indians,)-400(as)-371(among)-371(all)-370(other)-371(prescriptorial)-370(peoples,)-401(the)-371(ego)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-359(paramount,)-386(and)-359(all)-359(things)-359(are)-359(described,)-386(much)-359(more)-359(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-232(among)-232(cultured)-232(peoples,)-236(with)-232(reference)-232(to)-232(the)-232(describer)-233(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-429(position)-429(which)-429(he)-429(occupies)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 142.346 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(Self)-429(and)-429(Here,)-474(and,)-474(if)-429(need)]TJ -153.255 -13.549 Td[(be,)-401(Now)-370(and)-371(Thus,)-401(are)-370(the)-371(fundamental)-370(elements)-371(of)-371(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(conception)-301(and)-302(description,)-314(and)-301(these)-302(elements)-301(are)-301(implied)-302(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(exemplified,)-501(rather)-451(than)-451(expressed,)-502(in)-451(thought)-451(and)-451(utterance.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Accordingly)-329(there)-329(is)-329(a)-329(notable)-328(paucity)-329(in)-329(names,)-349(especially)-329(for)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(themselves,)-227(among)-222(the)-221(Indian)-222(tribes,)-227(while)-222(the)-221(descriptive)-222(desig-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nations)-278(applied)-279(to)-278(a)-278(given)-279(group)-278(by)-279(neighboring)-278(tribes)-278(are)-279(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(diverse.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([167])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -279.068 -13.709 Td[(The)-249(principles)-249(controlling)-249(nomenclature)-249(in)-249(its)-249(inchoate)-249(stages)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(are)-369(illustrated)-368(among)-369(the)-368(Siouan)-369(peoples.)-605(So)-369(far)-369(as)-368(their)-369(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tongues)-467(were)-466(concerned,)-521(the)-467(stock)-466(was)-467(nameless,)-521(and)-467(could)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 80.91 Td[(18)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(The)-305(lea)-1(ding)-305(culture)-306(stages)-305(are)-306(defined)-305(in)-306(the)-305(Thirteenth)-306(Annual)-305(Report)-306(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(the)-250(Bureau)-250(of)-250(Ethnology,)-250(for)-251(1891-92)-250(\0501896\051,)-250(p.)-250(xxiii)-250(et)-250(seq.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +112 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 113 0 R +/Resources 111 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +104 0 obj << +/D [112 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +114 0 obj << +/D [112 0 R /XYZ 46.771 138.153 null] +>> endobj +111 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +117 0 obj << +/Length 5262 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(16)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(not)-392(be)-392(designated)-392(save)-392(through)-392(integral)-392(parts.)-676(Even)-393(the)-392(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota)-423(confederacy,)-466(one)-423(of)-422(the)-423(most)-423(extensive)-423(and)-423(powerful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(aboriginal)-295(organizations,)-305(bore)-295(no)-294(better)-295(designation)-294(tha)-1(n)-294(a)-295(term)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(probably)-327(applied)-327(originally)-327(to)-327(associated)-327(tribes)-327(in)-328(a)-327(descriptive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(way)-425(and)-425(perhaps)-425(used)-425(as)-425(a)-425(greeting)-425(or)-425(countersign,)-469(although)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(there)-225(was)-224(an)-225(alternative)-225(proper)-224(descriptive)-225(term.)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 208.885 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[("Seven)-225(Coun-)]TJ -219.794 -13.549 Td[(cil-fires")]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 38.378 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(apparently)-207(of)-208(considerable)-207(antiquity,)-216(since)-207(it)-207(seems)-207(to)]TJ -49.288 -13.549 Td[(have)-297(been)-297(originally)-298(applied)-297(before)-297(the)-297(separation)-297(of)-297(the)-298(Asini-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(boin.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 22.124 3.958 Td[(19)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 17.277 -3.958 Td[(In)-436(like)-436(manner)-436(the)-435(\242egiha,)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 127.588 0 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.673 0 Td[(iwe're,)-482(and)-436(Hotca\361gara)]TJ -175.662 -13.55 Td[(groups,)-390(and)-362(perhaps)-362(the)-362(Niya,)-390(were)-362(without)-362(denotive)-362(designa-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tions)-272(for)-272(themselves,)-278(merely)-272(styling)-272(themselves)-272("Local)-273(People,")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[("Men,")-311("Inhabitants,")-311(or,)-326(still)-311(more)-311(ambitiously,)-327("People)-311(of)-311(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Parent)-243(Speech,")-242(in)-243(terms)-243(which)-243(are)-242(variously)-243(rendered)-243(by)-243(differ-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ent)-357(interpreters;)-409(they)-357(were)-357(lords)-356(in)-357(their)-356(own)-357(domain,)-383(and)-357(felt)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(no)-311(need)-310(for)-311(special)-310(title.)-432(Different)-310(Dakota)-311(tribes)-310(went)-311(so)-310(far)-311(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-317(claim)-318(that)-317(their)-317(respective)-317(habitats)-318(marked)-317(the)-317(middle)-317(of)-318(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(world,)-251(so)-251(that)-251(each)-251(insisted)-251(on)-251(precedence)-251(as)-251(the)-250(leading)-251(tribe,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td[(20)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td[(and)-334(it)-334(was)-334(the)-334(boast)-333(of)-334(the)-334(Mandan)-334(that)-334(they)-334(were)-334(the)-334(original)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(people)-211(of)-212(the)-211(earth.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 82.954 3.958 Td[(21)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.056 -3.958 Td[(In)-211(the)-212(more)-211(carefully)-212(studied)-211(confederacies)]TJ -94.01 -13.55 Td[(the)-445(constituent)-446(groups)-445(generally)-446(bore)-445(designations)-446(apparently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(used)-291(for)-292(convenient)-291(distinction)-292(in)-291(the)-291(confederation;)-313(sometimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-462(were)-462(purely)-462(descriptive,)-515(as)-462(in)-462(the)-462(case)-462(of)-463(the)-462(Sisseton,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Wahpeton,)-295(Sans)-286(Arcs,)-295(Blackfeet,)-295(Oto,)-295(and)-286(several)-286(others;)-304(again)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-295(referred)-295(to)-294(the)-295(federate)-295(organization)-295(\050probably,)-306(possibly)-295(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(relative)-325(position)-324(of)-325(habitat\051,)-343(as)-325(in)-324(the)-325(Yankton,)-343(Yanktonai,)-344(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Hu\361kpapa;)-271(more)-264(freque)-1(ntly)-264(they)-264(referred)-264(to)-264(geographic)-264(or)-265(topo-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(graphic)-215(position,)-221(e.g.,)-222(Teton,)-221(Omaha,)-222(Pahe'tsi,)-222(Kwapa,)-221(etc;)-227(while)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-220(appear)-219(to)-220(have)-219(had)-220(a)-219(figurative)-220(or)-219(symbolic)-220(connotation,)-226(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Brul\351,)-338(Ogalala,)-339(and)-320(Ponka.)-462(Usually)-321(the)-321(designations)-321(employed)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 118.131 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -120.721 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 114.108 Td[(19)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Cf.)-456(Scho)-1(olcraft,)-336("Information,")-319(etc,)-336(op.)-456(cit.,)-336(pt.)-457(II,)-319(1852,)-336(p.)-456(169.)-457(Dorsey)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(was)-250(inclined)-250(to)-250(consider)-250(the)-250(n)-1(umber)-250(as)-250(made)-250(up)-250(without)-250(the)-250(Asiniboin.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.31 Td[(20)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Riggs-Dorsey:)-547("Dak)-1(ota)-398(Grammar,Texts,)-436(and)-399(Ethnography,")-399(Cont.)-696(N.A.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Eth.,)-250(vol.)-250(IX,)-250(1893,)-250(p.)-250(164.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(21)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Catlin:)-250("Letters)-250(and)-250(Notes,")-250(op.)-250(cit.,)-251(p.)-250(80.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +116 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 117 0 R +/Resources 115 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +115 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F27 26 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +118 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index5) >> +endobj +121 0 obj +(PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS) +endobj +122 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index6) >> +endobj +125 0 obj +(PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS) +endobj +128 0 obj << +/Length 3930 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(PRINCIPAL)-250(CHARACTERS)-12696(17)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(by)-243(alien)-243(peoples)-243(were)-243(more)-243(definite)-243(than)-243(those)-243(used)-243(in)-244(the)-243(group)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(designated,)-532(as)-476(illustrated)-476(by)-476(the)-476(stock)-476(name,)-532(Asiniboin,)-533(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Iowa.)-310(Comm)-1(only)-270(the)-270(alien)-270(appellations)-270(were)-270(terms)-270(of)-271(reproach;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(thus)-400(Sioux,)-436(Biloxi,)-437(and)-400(Hohe)-399(\050the)-400(Dakota)-400(designation)-399(for)-400(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Asiniboin\051)-210(are)-210(clearly)-210(opprobrious,)-218(while)-210(Paskagula)-210(might)-210(easily)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-317(opprobrious)-317(among)-317(hunters)-317(and)-316(warriors,)-334(and)-317(Iowa)-317(and)-317(Oto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(appear)-187(to)-186(be)-187(derogatory)-187(or)-186(contemptuous)-187(expressions.)-229(The)-187(names)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(applied)-397(by)-396(the)-397(whites)-397(were)-396(so)-1(metimes)-396(taken)-397(from)-397(geographic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(positions,)-235(as)-231(in)-230(the)-231(case)-231(of)-231(Upper)-231(Yanktonai)-231(and)-231(Cape)-231(Fear)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 256.39 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td[(geographic)-275(names)-275(themselves)-274(being)-275(frequently)-275(of)-275(Indian)-275(origin.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Some)-180(of)-180(the)-180(current)-179(names)-180(represent)-180(translations)-180(of)-180(the)-180(aboriginal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(terms)-290(either)-290(into)-290(English)-290(\050"Blackfeet,")-290("Two)-290(Kettles,")-290("Crow,"\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-226(into)-225(French)-226(\050"Sans)-225(Arcs,")-226("Brul\351",")-226("Gros)-225(Ventres"\051;)-234(yet)-226(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-243(the)-243(names,)-244(at)-243(least)-242(of)-243(the)-243(prairie)-243(tribes,)-244(are)-243(simply)-243(corruptions)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-402(the)-402(aboriginal)-402(terms,)-440(though)-402(frequently)-402(the)-403(modification)-402(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(so)-348(complete)-348(as)-348(to)-348(render)-348(identification)-348(and)-349(interpretation)-348(diffi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cult)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 16.364 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(it)-237(is)-237(not)-237(easy)-237(to)-237(find)-237(Waca'ce)-237(in)-237("Osage")-237(\050so)-237(spelled)-237(by)-237(the)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 263.751 0 Td[([168])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(French,)-280(whose)-274(orthography)-274(was)-274(adopted)-274(and)-274(mispronounced)-274(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(English-speaking)-250(pioneers\051,)-250(or)-250(Pa'qotce)-250(in)-250("Iowa.")]TJ 11.956 -13.813 Td[(The)-238(meanings)-237(of)-238(most)-237(of)-238(the)-238(eastern)-237(names)-238(are)-238(lost;)-241(yet)-238(so)-238(far)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(as)-225(they)-225(are)-225(preserved)-225(they)-225(are)-225(of)-225(a)-225(kind)-225(with)-225(those)-225(of)-226(the)-225(interior.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(So,)-250(too,)-250(are)-250(the)-250(subtribal)-250(names)-250(enumerated)-250(by)-250(Dorsey.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -48.924 Td[(PRINCIPAL)-250(CHARACTERS)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -51.887 Td[(PHONETIC)-250(AND)-250(GRAPHIC)-250(ARTS)]TJ 0 -25.777 Td[(The)-244(Siouan)-244(stock)-245(is)-244(defined)-244(by)-244(linguistic)-244(characters.)-248(The)-245(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-245(and)-246(larger)-245(and)-245(smaller)-245(groups)-246(speak)-245(dialects)-245(so)-245(closely)-246(re-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(lated)-231(as)-231(to)-230(imply)-231(occasional)-231(or)-231(habitual)-230(association,)-235(and)-231(hence)-231(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(indicate)-229(community)-229(in)-228(interests)-229(and)-229(affinity)-229(in)-229(development;)-236(and)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +127 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 128 0 R +/Resources 126 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +129 0 obj << +/D [127 0 R /XYZ 80.11 301.388 null] +>> endobj +119 0 obj << +/D [127 0 R /XYZ 46.771 213.581 null] +>> endobj +123 0 obj << +/D [127 0 R /XYZ 46.771 158.173 null] +>> endobj +126 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +132 0 obj << +/Length 4490 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(18)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(while)-203(the)-202(arts)-203(\050reflecting)-203(as)-202(they)-203(did)-203(the)-203(varying)-202(environment)-203(of)-203(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(wide)-190(territorial)-191(range\051)-190(were)-191(diversified,)-202(the)-191(similarity)-190(in)-191(language)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was,)-386(as)-358(is)-359(usual,)-385(accompanied)-359(by)-358(similarity)-359(in)-358(institutions)-359(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(beliefs.)-426(Nearly)-309(all)-309(of)-309(the)-308(known)-309(dialects)-309(are)-309(eminently)-309(vocalic,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-253(the)-254(tongues)-253(of)-253(the)-253(plains,)-254(which)-254(have)-253(been)-253(most)-254(extensively)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(studied,)-429(are)-394(notably)-393(melodious;)-465(thus)-393(the)-394(leading)-393(languages)-394(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-423(group)-424(display)-423(moderately)-424(high)-423(phonetic)-423(development.)-771(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(grammatic)-404(structure)-403(the)-404(better-known)-404(dialects)-404(are)-403(not)-404(so)-404(well)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(developed;)-446(the)-381(structure)-381(is)-381(complex,)-414(chiefly)-381(through)-381(the)-381(large)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(use)-434(of)-433(inflection,)-480(though)-433(agglutination)-434(sometimes)-434(occurs.)-801(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-340(cases)-339(the)-340(germ)-339(of)-340(organization)-339(is)-340(found)-339(in)-340(fairly)-340(definite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(juxtaposition)-316(or)-315(placement.)-447(The)-315(vocabulary)-316(is)-315(moderately)-316(rich,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-342(of)-343(course)-342(represents)-343(the)-342(daily)-343(needs)-342(of)-343(a)-342(primitive)-343(people,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(their)-394(surroundings,)-430(their)-394(avocations,)-430(and)-394(their)-394(thoughts,)-430(while)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(expressing)-296(little)-296(of)-295(the)-296(richer)-296(ideation)-296(of)-296(cultured)-296(cosmopolites.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(On)-384(the)-385(whole,)-417(the)-385(speech)-384(of)-384(the)-384(Siouan)-385(stock)-384(may)-384(be)-384(said)-385(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(have)-279(been)-280(fairly)-279(developed,)-287(and)-279(may,)-286(with)-280(the)-279(Algonquian,)-287(Iro-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(quoian,)-342(and)-324(Shoshonean,)-343(be)-323(regarded)-324(as)-324(typical)-324(for)-324(the)-324(portion)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-242(North)-241(America)-242(lying)-242(north)-242(of)-241(Mexico.)-247(Fortuna)-1(tely)-241(it)-242(has)-242(been)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(extensively)-302(studied)-301(by)-302(Riggs,)-314(Hale,)-314(Dorsey,)-315(and)-301(several)-302(others,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(including)-212(distinguished)-211(representatives)-212(of)-211(some)-211(of)-212(the)-211(tribes,)-220(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-250(thus)-251(accessible)-250(to)-251(students.)-251(The)-250(high)-251(phonetic)-250(development)-251(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-295(Siouan)-295(tongues)-296(reflects)-295(the)-295(needs)-295(and)-295(records)-295(the)-295(history)-296(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-232(hunter)-232(and)-232(warrior)-232(tribes,)-236(whose)-232(phonetic)-232(symbols)-232(were)-232(nec-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(essarily)-241(so)-241(differentiated)-242(as)-241(to)-241(be)-241(intelligible)-241(in)-242(whisper,)-243(oratory,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-273(war)-272(cry,)-278(as)-273(well)-272(as)-273(in)-272(ordinary)-273(converse,)-278(while)-272(the)-273(complex)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(structure)-404(is)-403(in)-404(harmony)-403(with)-404(the)-403(elaborate)-404(social)-404(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(ritual)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Siouan)-250(people.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(Many)-247(of)-246(the)-247(Siouan)-246(Indians)-247(were)-246(adepts)-247(in)-246(the)-247(sign)-247(language;)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(indeed,)-289(this)-281(mode)-281(of)-281(conveying)-281(intelligence)-281(attained)-281(perhaps)-281(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(highest)-194(development)-194(among)-193(some)-194(of)-194(the)-193(tribes)-194(of)-194(this)-194(stock,)-205(who,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-226(other)-225(plains)-226(Indians,)-231(developed)-225(pantomime)-226(and)-226(gesture)-226(into)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-334(surprisingly)-334(perfect)-335(art)-334(of)-334(expression)-334(adapted)-334(to)-334(the)-334(needs)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(huntsmen)-250(and)-250(warriors.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +131 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 132 0 R +/Resources 130 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 102 0 R +>> endobj +130 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +135 0 obj << +/Length 5053 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(PHONETIC)-250(AND)-250(GRAPHIC)-250(ARTS)-9920(19)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 58.727 518.175 Td[(Most)-159(of)-160(the)-159(tribes)-160(were)-159(fairly)-160(proficient)-159(in)-160(pictography;)-190(totemic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(and)-297(other)-297(designs)-296(were)-297(inscribed)-297(on)-297(bark)-297(and)-296(wood,)-309(painted)-297(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(skins,)-390(wrought)-361(into)-362(domestic)-362(wares,)-389(and)-362(sometimes)-362(carved)-362(on)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([169])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(rocks.)-477(Jonathan)-326(Carver)-326(gives)-326(an)-325(example)-326(of)-326(picture-writing)-326(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-276(tree,)-283(in)-276(charcoal)-276(mixed)-276(with)-276(bear's)-276(grease,)-282(designed)-277(to)-276(convey)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(information)-372(from)-371(the)-372("Chipe'ways")-372(\050Algonquian\051)-371(to)-372(the)-372("Nau-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dowessies,")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 51.415 3.959 Td[(22)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.234 -3.959 Td[(and)-345(other)-345(instances)-346(of)-345(intertribal)-345(communication)]TJ -63.649 -13.549 Td[(by)-256(means)-256(of)-256(pictography)-256(are)-255(on)-256(record.)-268(Personal)-256(decoration)-256(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(common,)-472(and)-427(was)-428(largely)-427(symbolic;)-516(the)-427(face)-428(and)-427(body)-428(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(painted)-275(in)-275(distinctive)-275(ways)-275(when)-275(going)-275(on)-275(the)-275(warpath,)-281(in)-275(orga-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nizing)-242(the)-242(hunt,)-243(in)-242(mourning)-242(the)-242(dead,)-243(in)-242(celebrating)-242(the)-242(victory,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-257(in)-257(performing)-257(various)-257(ceremonials.)-271(Scarification)-257(and)-257(maim-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ing)-320(were)-320(practiced)-319(by)-320(some)-320(of)-319(the)-320(tribes,)-337(always)-320(in)-320(a)-320(symbolic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(way.)-555(Among)-352(the)-352(Mandan)-352(and)-351(Hidatsa)-352(scars)-352(were)-352(produced)-352(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(cruel)-183(ceremonials)-184(originally)-183(connected)-183(with)-183(war)-184(and)-183(hunting,)-197(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(served)-240(as)-239(enduring)-240(witnesses)-239(of)-240(courage)-239(and)-240(fortitude.)-247(Symbolic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tattooing)-259(was)-259(fairly)-259(common)-258(among)-259(the)-259(westernmost)-259(tribes.)-277(Ea-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(gle)-214(and)-214(other)-213(feathers)-214(were)-214(worn)-214(as)-214(insignia)-213(of)-214(rank)-214(and)-214(for)-214(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(symbolic)-311(purposes,)-326(while)-311(bear)-311(claws)-310(and)-311(the)-311(scalps)-311(of)-311(enemies)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(were)-426(worn)-426(as)-425(symbols)-426(of)-426(the)-425(chase)-426(and)-426(battle.)-777(Some)-426(of)-426(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-355(recorded)-354(current)-355(history)-355(by)-354(means)-355(of)-354("winter)-355(counts")-355(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(calendaric)-297(inscriptions,)-309(though)-297(their)-297(arithmetic)-297(was)-297(meager)-297(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(crude,)-226(and)-219(their)-220(calendar)-220(proper)-219(was)-220(limited)-220(to)-219(recognition)-220(of)-220(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(year,)-227(lunation,)-226(and)-221(day)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 98.851 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(or,)-227(as)-221(among)-221(so)-220(many)-221(primitive)-221(people,)]TJ -109.76 -13.55 Td[(the)-240("snow,")-239("dead)-240(moon,")-239(and)-240("night,")]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 167.943 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(with)-240(no)-239(definite)-240(system)]TJ -178.852 -13.549 Td[(of)-350(fitting)-350(lunations)-350(to)-350(the)-349(annual)-350(seasons.)-550(Most)-350(of)-350(the)-350(graphic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(records)-432(were)-432(perishable,)-478(and)-432(have)-432(long)-432(ago)-432(disappeared;)-523(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(during)-295(recent)-295(decades)-295(several)-295(untutored)-295(tribesmen)-296(have)-295(execut-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ed)-303(vigorous)-302(drawings)-303(representing)-302(hunting)-303(scenes)-302(and)-303(conflicts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-318(white)-319(soldiery,)-335(which)-319(have)-318(been)-319(preserved)-318(or)-319(reproduced.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(These)-280(crud)-1(e)-280(essays)-280(in)-281(graphic)-280(art)-281(were)-280(the)-281(germ)-280(of)-281(writing,)-288(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(indicate)-233(that,)-237(at)-234(the)-233(time)-233(of)-234(discovery,)-236(several)-234(Siouan)-233(tribes)-234(were)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 80.91 Td[(22)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Travels)-374(Through)-373(the)-374(Interior)-374(Parts)-374(of)-373(North)-374(America)-374(in)-373(the)-374(Years)-374(1766,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(1767,)-250(and)-250(1768;)-250(London,)-250(17)-1(78,)-250(p.)-250(418.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +134 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 135 0 R +/Resources 133 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +136 0 obj << +/D [134 0 R /XYZ 71.928 491.077 null] +>> endobj +133 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +140 0 obj << +/Length 4564 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(20)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(near)-212(the)-212(gateway)-212(opening)-212(into)-212(the)-212(broader)-212(field)-212(of)-212(scriptorial)-212(cul-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ture.)-292(So)-264(far)-264(as)-265(it)-264(extends,)-267(the)-264(crude)-264(graphic)-264(symbolism)-265(betokens)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(warlike)-389(habit)-388(and)-389(militant)-389(organization,)-423(which)-389(were)-389(doubtless)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(measurably)-250(inimical)-250(to)-250(further)-250(progress.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(It)-465(would)-464(appear)-465(that,)-519(in)-464(connection)-465(with)-465(their)-465(proficiency)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(in)-362(gesture)-362(speech)-362(and)-362(their)-362(meager)-362(graphic)-362(art,)-390(the)-362(Siouan)-362(In-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dians)-396(had)-395(becom)-1(e)-395(masters)-396(in)-396(a)-395(vaguely)-396(understood)-396(system)-396(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dramaturgy)-437(or)-436(symbolized)-437(conduct.)-810(Among)-437(them)-436(the)-437(use)-437(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-377(peace-pipe)-377(was)-376(general;)-441(among)-376(several)-377(and)-377(perhaps)-377(all)-377(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-499(tribes)-499(the)-499(definite)-499(use)-499(of)-499(insignia)-499(was)-499(common;)-624(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(them)-446(the)-445(customary)-446(hierarchic)-445(organization)-446(of)-445(the)-446(aborigines)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(was)-307(remarkably)-306(developed)-307(and)-307(was)-307(maintained)-306(by)-307(an)-307(elaborate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-334(strict)-335(code)-334(of)-335(etiquette)-334(whose)-334(observance)-335(was)-334(exacted)-335(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(yielded)-408(by)-408(every)-407(tribesman.)-724(Thus)-408(the)-408(warriors,)-447(habituated)-408(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(expressing)-216(and)-216(recognizing)-216(tribal)-216(affiliation)-216(and)-216(status)-217(in)-216(address)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-310(deportment,)-324(were)-309(notably)-310(observant)-309(of)-310(social)-309(minuti\346,)-325(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(this)-299(habit)-299(extended)-299(into)-300(every)-299(activity)-299(of)-299(their)-299(lives.)-397(They)-300(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ceremonious)-227(among)-226(themselves)-227(and)-227(crafty)-227(toward)-226(enemies,)-232(tact-)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([170])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(ful)-335(diplomatists)-334(as)-335(well)-334(as)-335(brave)-335(soldiers,)-355(shrewd)-335(strategists)-335(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(well)-288(as)-288(fierce)-288(fighters;)-307(ever)-288(they)-288(were)-288(skillful)-288(readers)-288(of)-288(human)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nature,)-353(even)-332(when)-332(ruthless)-332(takers)-332(of)-332(human)-332(life.)-496(Am)-1(ong)-332(some)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-290(the)-289(tribes)-290(every)-290(movement)-289(and)-290(gesture)-290(and)-289(expression)-290(of)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(male)-367(adult)-368(seems)-367(to)-368(have)-367(been)-368(affected)-367(or)-368(controlled)-367(with)-368(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(view)-219(of)-218(impressing)-219(spectators)-219(and)-218(auditors,)-225(and)-219(through)-219(constant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(schooling)-276(the)-275(warriors)-276(became)-276(most)-275(consummate)-276(actors.)-327(To)-276(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(casual)-437(observer,)-484(they)-437(were)-437(stoics)-437(or)-437(stupids)-437(according)-437(to)-437(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(conditions)-311(of)-311(observation;)-342(to)-311(many)-311(observers,)-326(they)-311(were)-312(cheats)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(or)-217(charlatans;)-228(to)-217(scientific)-216(students,)-224(their)-217(eccentrically)-217(developed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(volition)-309(and)-309(the)-310(thaumaturgy)-309(by)-309(which)-309(it)-309(was)-309(normally)-310(accom-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(panied)-268(suggests)-268(early)-268(stages)-268(in)-268(that)-268(curious)-268(d)-1(evelopment)-268(which,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-310(the)-311(Orient,)-325(culminates)-310(in)-310(necromancy)-311(and)-310(occultism.)-431(Unfor-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tunately)-396(this)-396(phase)-396(of)-396(the)-396(Indian)-396(character)-396(\050which)-397(was)-396(shared)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-368(various)-368(tribes\051)-369(was)-368(little)-368(appreciated)-368(by)-368(the)-368(early)-369(travelers,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-255(little)-255(record)-255(of)-255(it)-255(remains;)-257(yet)-255(there)-255(is)-255(enough)-255(to)-255(indicate)-255(the)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +139 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 140 0 R +/Resources 138 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +141 0 obj << +/D [139 0 R /XYZ 250.635 282.929 null] +>> endobj +138 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +142 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index7) >> +endobj +145 0 obj +(INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS) +endobj +148 0 obj << +/Length 4883 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)-8532(21)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(importance)-181(of)-182(constantly)-181(studied)-182(ceremony,)-195(or)-181(symbolic)-182(conduct,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-374(them.)-623(The)-374(development)-375(of)-374(affectation)-374(and)-375(self-control)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-216(the)-216(Siouan)-216(tribesmen)-216(was)-216(undoubtedly)-216(shaped)-216(by)-216(warlike)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(disposition,)-280(and)-274(their)-274(stoicism)-274(was)-274(displayed)-274(largely)-275(in)-274(war)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 260.634 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(as)]TJ -271.543 -13.55 Td[(when)-194(the)-194(captured)-194(warrior)-194(went)-194(exultingly)-194(to)-194(the)-193(torture,)-206(taunting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-211(tempting)-212(his)-211(captors)-211(to)-212(multiply)-211(their)-212(atrocities)-211(even)-211(until)-212(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tongue)-305(was)-304(torn)-305(from)-305(its)-304(roots,)-318(in)-305(order)-305(that)-304(his)-305(fortitude)-305(might)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-393(proved;)-466(but)-393(the)-393(habit)-394(was)-393(firmly)-393(fixed)-394(and)-393(found)-394(constant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(expression)-250(in)-250(commonplace)-250(as)-250(well)-250(as)-250(in)-250(more)-250(dramatic)-250(actions.)]TJ 0 -35.515 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)]TJ 0 -24.54 Td[(Since)-445(the)-446(arts)-445(of)-445(primitive)-446(people)-445(reflect)-445(environmental)-446(con-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ditions)-401(with)-400(close)-401(fidelity,)-438(and)-401(since)-401(the)-400(Siouan)-401(Indians)-401(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(distributed)-244(over)-243(a)-244(vast)-244(territory)-243(varying)-244(in)-244(climate,)-245(hydrography,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(geology,)-379(fauna,)-379(and)-354(flora,)-379(their)-353(industrial)-354(and)-353(esthetic)-353(arts)-354(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(hardly)-419(be)-419(regarded)-419(as)-420(distinctive,)-461(and)-419(were)-419(indeed)-419(shared)-420(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-250(tribes)-250(of)-250(all)-250(neighboring)-250(stocks.)]TJ 11.956 -13.566 Td[(The)-531(best)-531(developed)-531(industries)-531(were)-531(hunting)-532(and)-531(warfare,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(though)-308(all)-309(of)-308(the)-308(tribes)-309(subsisted)-308(in)-308(part)-309(on)-308(fruits,)-323(nuts,)-323(berries,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tubers,)-343(grains,)-344(and)-325(other)-324(vegetal)-325(products,)-343(largely)-325(wild,)-344(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sometimes)-442(planted)-443(and)-442(even)-442(cultivated)-442(in)-443(rude)-442(fashion.)-827(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(southwestern)-203(tribes,)-212(and)-202(to)-203(some)-202(extent)-203(all)-202(of)-203(the)-202(prairie)-203(denizens)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-221(probably)-221(the)-221(eastern)-221(remnant,)-227(grew)-221(maize,)-227(beans,)-227(pumpkins,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(melons,)-420(squashes,)-421(sunflowers,)-420(and)-386(tobacco,)-420(though)-386(their)-387(agri-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(culture)-393(seems)-393(always)-393(to)-392(have)-393(been)-393(subordinated)-393(to)-393(the)-393(chase.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Aboriginally,)-334(they)-316(appear)-317(to)-317(have)-317(had)-316(no)-317(domestic)-317(animals)-317(ex-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cept)-377(dogs,)-408(which,)-408(according)-376(to)-377(Carver)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 173.308 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(one)-377(of)-376(the)-376(first)-377(white)]TJ -184.217 -13.55 Td[(men)-262(seen)-261(by)-262(the)-262(prairie)-261(tribes,)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 132.123 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(were)-262(kept)-261(for)-262(their)-262(flesh,)-264(which)]TJ -143.032 -13.549 Td[(was)-263(eaten)-264(ceremonially,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 105.413 3.959 Td[(23)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.378 -3.959 Td[(and)-263(for)-264(use)-263(in)-264(the)-263(chase.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 106.157 3.959 Td[(24)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.635 -3.959 Td[(According)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 107.011 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -109.602 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 102.988 Td[(23)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Op.cit.,)-250(p.278.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td[(24)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Op.)-242(cit.,)-232(p.)-242(445.)-242(Carver)-227(says,)-232("The)-227(dogs)-226(emp)-1(loyed)-226(by)-227(the)-227(Indians)-227(in)-227(hunting)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(appear)-352(to)-352(be)-352(all)-352(of)-352(the)-351(same)-352(species;)-403(they)-352(carry)-352(their)-352(ears)-352(erect,)-377(and)-352(greatly)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(resemble)-293(a)-292(wolf)-293(about)-293(the)-292(head.)-378(They)-292(ar)-1(e)-292(exceedingly)-293(useful)-292(to)-293(them)-293(in)-292(their)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 64.187 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -25.405 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +147 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 148 0 R +/Resources 146 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +143 0 obj << +/D [147 0 R /XYZ 46.771 396.44 null] +>> endobj +146 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +151 0 obj << +/Length 5139 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(22)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(to)-455(Lewis)-455(and)-455(Clark)-455(\0501804-1806\051,)-506(they)-455(were)-456(used)-455(for)-455(burden)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([171])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(and)-386(draft;)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 43.596 3.959 Td[(25)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.426 -3.959 Td[(according)-386(to)-387(the)-386(naturalists)-386(accompanying)-387(Long's)]TJ -57.022 -13.549 Td[(expedition)-355(\0501819-20\051,)-382(for)-356(flesh)-355(\050eaten)-355(ceremonially)-356(and)-355(on)-356(or-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dinary)-276(occasions\051,)-282(draft,)-283(burden,)-282(and)-276(the)-276(chase,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 207.304 3.958 Td[(26)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.549 -3.958 Td[(and)-276(according)]TJ -218.853 -13.55 Td[(to)-365(Prince)-365(Maximilian,)-393(for)-365(food)-365(and)-364(draft,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 185.981 3.959 Td[(27)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.76 -3.959 Td[(all)-365(these)-365(functions)]TJ -198.741 -13.549 Td[(indicating)-338(long)-337(familiarity)-338(with)-337(the)-338(canines.)-513(Catlin,)-359(too,)-360(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[("dog's)-366(meat)-366(...)-597(the)-366(most)-366(honorable)-366(food)-366(that)-366(can)-366(be)-366(presented)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-266(a)-265(stranger;")-266(it)-265(was)-266(eaten)-265(ceremonially)-266(and)-265(on)-266(important)-266(occa-)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 291.92 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -294.511 cm +BT +/F16 8.966 Tf 93.543 285.886 Td[(hunting)-284(excursions)-284(and)-284(will)-284(a)-1(ttack)-284(the)-284(fiercest)-284(of)-284(the)-284(game)-284(they)-284(are)-284(in)-284(pursuit)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(of.)-248(They)-244(are)-243(also)-244(remarkable)-243(for)-244(their)-244(fidelity)-243(to)-244(their)-243(m)-1(asters,)-244(but)-244(being)-244(ill)-243(fed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(by)-250(them)-250(are)-250(very)-250(troublesome)-251(in)-250(their)-250(huts)-250(or)-250(tents.")]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td[(25)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("Coues,)-317("Hi)-1(story)-303(o)-1(f)-303(the)-304(Expedit)-1(ion,")-303(o)-1(p.)-411(cit.,)-318(vol.)-411(I,)-304(p.)-412(140.)-412(A)-304(note)-304(adds,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[("The)-251(dogs)-250(are)-251(not)-250(large,)-251(much)-250(resemble)-251(a)-250(wolf,)-251(and)-250(will)-251(haul)-250(about)-251(70)-250(pounds)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(each.")]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(26)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Narrative)-308(of)-308(an)-308(Expedition)-308(to)-308(the)-308(Source)-308(of)-308(St.)-423(Peter's)-308(River)-308(...)-424(under)-308(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Command)-381(of)-381(Stephen)-381(H.)-380(Long,)-414(U.S.T.E.,)-413(b)-1(y)-380(William)-381(H.)-381(Keating;)-446(London,)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(1825,)-395(v)-1(ol.)-598(I,)-367(p.)-599(451;)-424(vol.)-599(II,)-366(p.)-599(44,)-396(et)-366(al.)-599(Account)-366(of)-366(an)-367(Expedition)-366(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Pittsburgh)-203(to)-203(the)-203(Rocky)-203(Mountains)-203(...)-234(under)-203(the)-203(Command)-203(of)-202(Majo)-1(r)-202(S.H.)-203(Long,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(U.S.T.E.,)-250(by)-250(Edwin)-250(James;)-250(Lo)-1(ndon,)-250(1823,)-250(vol.)-250(I,)-250(pp.)-250(155,)-250(182,)-250(et)-250(al.)]TJ 11.956 -10.959 Td[(Say)-301(remarks)-301(\050James,)-314(loc.)-403(cit.,)-313(p.)-403(155\051)-301(of)-301(the)-301(coyote\050?\051,)-314("This)-301(animal)-301(...)-403(is)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(probably)-340(the)-340(original)-340(of)-339(the)-340(domestic)-340(dog,)-362(so)-340(common)-340(in)-340(the)-340(villages)-339(of)-340(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Indians)-236(of)-235(this)-236(region)-236([about)-235(Co)-1(uncil)-235(Bluffs)-236(and)-236(Omaha],)-238(some)-236(of)-236(the)-235(varieties)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(of)-225(which)-224(still)-225(retain)-225(much)-224(of)-225(the)-225(habit)-224(and)-225(manners)-225(of)-224(this)-225(species.")-225(James)-224(says)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(\050loc.)-507(cit.,)-357(vol.)-507(II,)-336(p.)-507(13\051,)-357("The)-336(dogs)-335(of)-336(the)-336(Konzas)-335(are)-336(generally)-336(of)-336(a)-335(mixed)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(breed,)-240(between)-237(our)-236(do)-1(gs)-236(with)-237(pendent)-237(ears)-237(and)-237(the)-237(native)-237(dogs,)-239(whose)-237(ears)-237(are)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(universally)-338(erect.)-512(The)-337(Indians)-338(of)-337(this)-338(nation)-337(seek)-338(every)-337(opportunity)-338(to)-337(cross)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(the)-313(breed.)-438(These)-313(mongrel)-313(dogs)-313(are)-312(less)-313(common)-313(with)-313(the)-313(Omawhaws,)-328(while)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(the)-250(dogs)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Pawnees)-250(gene)-1(rally)-250(have)-250(preserved)-250(their)-250(original)-250(form.")]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(27)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Travels)-288(in)-289(the)-288(Interior)-288(of)-288(N)-1(orth)-288(America;)-307(London,)-298(1843.)-365(The)-288(Prince)-289(adds,)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 64.896 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -26.114 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +150 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 151 0 R +/Resources 149 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +152 0 obj << +/D [150 0 R /XYZ 102.031 518.175 null] +>> endobj +149 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +155 0 obj << +/Length 5300 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)-8532(23)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(sions.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 25.157 3.959 Td[(28)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.332 -3.959 Td[(Moreover,)-370(the)-346(terms)-346(used)-345(for)-346(the)-346(dog)-346(and)-346(his)-346(harness)]TJ -39.489 -13.549 Td[(are)-367(ancient)-368(and)-367(even)-367(archaic,)-397(and)-367(some)-368(of)-367(the)-367(most)-368(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ceremonials)-312(were)-313(connected)-312(with)-312(this)-312(animal,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 202.747 3.959 Td[(29)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.044 -3.959 Td[(implying)-312(long-)]TJ -214.791 -13.549 Td[(continued)-350(association.)-549(Casual)-349(references)-350(indicate)-349(that)-350(some)-350(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-470(tribes)-470(lived)-470(in)-470(mutual)-470(tolerance)-470(with)-469(severa)-1(l)-469(birds)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 251.283 3.959 Td[(30)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.594 -3.959 Td[(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td[(mammals)-297(not)-297(yet)-297(domesticated)-297(\050indeed)-297(the)-297(buffalo)-297(may)-297(be)-297(said)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-366(have)-366(been)-366(in)-367(this)-366(condition\051,)-395(so)-366(that)-366(the)-366(people)-366(were)-366(at)-367(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(threshold)-250(of)-250(zooculture.)]TJ 11.956 -53.002 Td[(The)-182(chief)-181(implements)-182(and)-181(weapons)-182(were)-181(of)-182(stone,)-195(wood,)-196(bone,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(horn,)-356(and)-334(antler.)-504(According)-334(to)-335(Carver,)-356(the)-334("Nadowessie")-335(were)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 291.837 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -294.427 cm +BT +/F16 8.966 Tf 46.771 285.802 Td[("In)-227(shape)-226(they)-227(differ)-226(very)-227(little)-226(from)-227(the)-226(wolf,)-232(and)-226(are)-227(equally)-226(large)-227(and)-226(strong.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Some)-274(are)-274(of)-274(the)-274(real)-274(wolf)-274(col)-1(or;)-286(others)-274(are)-274(black,)-280(white,)-280(or)-274(spotted)-274(with)-274(black)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(and)-337(white,)-360(and)-337(differing)-337(only)-338(by)-337(the)-337(tail)-338(being)-337(rather)-338(more)-337(turned)-337(up.)-512(Their)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(voice)-279(is)-278(not)-279(a)-278(proper)-279(barking,)-285(but)-279(a)-278(howl)-279(like)-278(that)-279(of)-278(the)-279(wolf,)-285(and)-279(they)-278(partly)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(descend)-349(from)-349(wolves,)-374(which)-349(approach)-349(the)-349(Indian)-349(huts,)-373(even)-349(in)-349(the)-349(daytime,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(and)-303(mix)-302(with)-303(the)-302(dogs")-303(\050cf.)-408(p.)-407(203)-303(et)-302(al.\051.)-408(Writing)-303(at)-302(the)-303(Mandan)-302(v)-1(illage,)-315(he)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(says,)-379("The)-353(Mandans)-353(and)-352(M)-1(anitaries)-352(ha)-1(ve)-352(not,)-379(by)-353(any)-353(means,)-378(so)-353(many)-353(dogs)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(as)-329(the)-328(Assiniboin,)-348(Crow)-1(s,)-348(and)-328(Blackfeet.)-486(They)-328(are)-329(rarely)-329(of)-328(true)-329(wolf)-328(color,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(but)-252(generally)-252(black)-252(or)-252(white,)-253(or)-252(else)-252(resemble)-252(the)-252(wolf,)-252(but)-252(here)-252(they)-252(are)-252(more)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(like)-278(the)-277(prairie)-278(wolf)-277(\050)]TJ/F36 8.966 Tf 77.182 0 Td[(Canis)-278(latrans)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 48.826 0 Td[(\051.)-332(We)-278(likewise)-278(found)-277(among)-278(these)-277(animals)]TJ -126.008 -10.959 Td[(a)-324(brown)-323(race,)-342(descended)-324(from)-323(European)-324(pointers;)-360(hence)-324(the)-323(genuine)-324(bark)-323(of)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(the)-391(dog)-391(is)-390(more)-391(frequently)-391(heard)-391(here,)-426(whereas)-391(among)-391(the)-390(western)-391(nations)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(they)-301(only)-301(howl.)-403(The)-301(Indian)-301(dogs)-301(are)-301(worked)-301(very)-301(hard,)-314(have)-301(hard)-301(blows)-301(and)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(hard)-277(fare;)-289(in)-277(fact,)-283(they)-276(are)-277(treated)-276(just)-277(as)-276(this)-277(fine)-276(animal)-277(is)-276(treated)-277(among)-276(the)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Esquimaux")-250(\050p.)-250(345\051.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(28)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("Letters)-245(and)-244(Notes,")-245(etc,)-246(vol.)-248(I,)-244(p.)-249(14;)-246(of.)-248(p.)-248(230)-245(et)-245(al.)-248(He)-244(speaks)-245(\050p.)-248(201\051)-245(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(the)-250(Minitari)-250(canines)-250(as)-250("semil)-1(oup)-250(dogs)-250(and)-250(whelps.")]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(29)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Keating's)-305("Narrative,")-305(op.)-416(cit.,)-319(vol.)-415(II,)-305(p.)-415(452;)-333(James')-305("Account,")-305(op)-1(.)-415(cit.,)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td[(vol.)-250(I,)-250(p.127)-250(et)-250(al.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(30)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(According)-288(to)-287(Prince)-288(Maximilian,)-297(both)-287(the)-288(Mandan)-287(and)-288(Minitari)-287(kept)-288(owls)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(in)-280(their)-280(lodges)-280(and)-280(regarded)-280(them)-280(as)-280(sooth)-1(sayers)-280(\050"Travels,")-280(op.)-340(cit.,)-287(pp.)-340(383,)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 64.187 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -25.405 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +154 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 155 0 R +/Resources 153 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +153 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +158 0 obj << +/Length 4910 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(24)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(skillful)-364(bowmen,)-393(using)-364(also)-364(the)-364("casse-t\352te")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 197.232 3.959 Td[(31)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.439 -3.959 Td[(or)-364(warclub,)-393(and)]TJ -209.671 -13.549 Td[(a)-337(flint)-336(scalping-knife.)-510(Catlin)-336(was)-337(impressed)-336(with)-337(the)-337(shortness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-290(the)-290(bows)-290(used)-290(by)-290(the)-290(prairie)-290(tribes,)-300(though)-290(among)-290(the)-290(south-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(western)-392(tribes)-392(they)-392(were)-392(longer.)-676(Many)-392(of)-392(the)-393(Siouan)-392(Indians)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(used)-400(the)-401(lance,)-438(javelin,)-438(or)-400(spear.)-701(The)-401(domestic)-400(utensils)-401(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(scant)-235(and)-235(simple,)-238(as)-234(became)-235(wanderers)-235(and)-235(fighters,)-238(wood)-235(being)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-355(common)-356(material,)-381(though)-355(crude)-356(pottery)-355(and)-355(basketry)-356(were)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.756 0 Td[([172])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td[(manufactured,)-288(together)-281(with)-281(bags)-280(and)-281(bottles)-281(of)-280(skins)-281(or)-281(animal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(intestines.)-315(Ceremonial)-271(objects)-272(were)-271(common,)-277(the)-272(most)-272(conspic-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(uous)-373(being)-372(the)-373(calumet,)-403(carved)-373(out)-373(of)-373(the)-372(sacred)-373(pipestone)-373(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(catlinite)-212(quarried)-211(for)-212(many)-212(generations)-211(in)-212(the)-212(midst)-211(of)-212(the)-212(Siouan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(territory.)-706(Frequently)-403(the)-402(pipes)-402(were)-402(fashioned)-402(in)-402(the)-402(form)-403(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tomahawks,)-352(when)-331(they)-332(carried)-331(a)-332(double)-331(symbolic)-332(significance,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(standing)-340(alike)-340(for)-341(peace)-340(and)-340(war,)-363(and)-340(thus)-340(expressing)-340(well)-341(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dominant)-470(idea)-470(of)-470(the)-469(Siouan)-470(mind.)-910(Tobacco)-470(and)-470(kinnikinic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050a)-383(mixture)-383(of)-382(tobacco)-383(with)-383(shredded)-383(bark,)-416(leaves,)-416(etc)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 243.157 3.959 Td[(32)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.469 -3.959 Td[(\051)-383(were)]TJ -251.626 -13.549 Td[(smoked.)]TJ 11.956 -18.846 Td[(Aboriginally)-268(the)-268(Siouan)-268(apparel)-269(was)-268(scanty,)-272(commonly)-269(com-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(prising)-184(breechclout,)-197(moccasins,)-197(leggings,)-197(and)-184(robe,)-197(and)-184(consisted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(chiefly)-297(of)-296(dressed)-297(skins,)-308(though)-297(several)-297(of)-297(the)-296(tribes)-297(made)-297(sim-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ple)-400(fabrics)-401(of)-400(bast,)-438(rushes,)-438(and)-401(other)-400(vegetal)-400(substances.)-702(Fur)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(robes)-280(and)-281(rush)-280(mats)-281(commonly)-280(served)-280(for)-281(bedding,)-288(some)-280(of)-281(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-362(using)-362(rude)-362(bedsteads.)-585(The)-362(buffalo-hunting)-362(prairie)-362(tribes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(depended)-324(largely)-324(for)-324(apparel,)-342(bedding,)-342(and)-324(habitations,)-343(as)-324(well)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(as)-225(for)-224(food,)-230(on)-225(the)-224(great)-225(beast)-224(to)-225(whose)-225(comings)-224(and)-225(goings)-225(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(movements)-189(were)-188(adjusted.)-230(Like)-188(other)-189(Indians,)-201(the)-188(Siouan)-189(hunters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-246(their)-246(consorts)-246(quickly)-246(availed)-246(themselves)-246(of)-246(the)-247(white)-246(man's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stuffs,)-330(as)-314(well)-314(as)-313(his)-314(metal)-314(implements,)-330(and)-314(the)-314(primitive)-314(dress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-250(soon)-250(modified.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 116.333 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -118.924 cm +BT +/F16 8.966 Tf 93.543 110.299 Td[(403\051,)-250(and)-250(the)-250(eagle)-250(was)-250(appar)-1(ently)-250(tolerated)-250(for)-250(the)-250(sake)-250(of)-250(his)-250(feathers.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(31)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("Cassa)-408(Ta)-1(te,)-448(the)-408(antient)-409(tomahawk")-408(on)-409(the)-408(plate)-409(illustrating)-408(the)-409(objects)]TJ -11.956 -10.958 Td[(\050"Travels,")-250(op.)-250(cit.,)-250(pl.)-250(4,)-250(p.)-250(29)-1(8\051.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(32)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Described)-378(by)-378(Coues,)-410("History)-377(o)-1(f)-377(the)-378(Expedition)-378(under)-378(the)-378(Command)-378(of)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Lewis)-250(and)-250(Clark,")-250(1893,)-250(vol.)-251(I,)-250(p.)-250(139,)-250(note.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +157 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 158 0 R +/Resources 156 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 137 0 R +>> endobj +159 0 obj << +/D [157 0 R /XYZ 288.637 436.88 null] +>> endobj +156 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +162 0 obj << +/Length 4856 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)-8532(25)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 58.727 518.175 Td[(The)-337(woodland)-337(habitations)-337(were)-337(chiefly)-337(te)-1(nt-shape)-337(structures)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(of)-332(saplings)-332(covered)-332(with)-332(bark,)-352(rush)-332(mats,)-352(skins,)-353(or)-332(bushes;)-373(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(prairie)-285(habitations)-285(were)-285(mainly)-284(earth)-285(lodges)-285(for)-285(winter)-285(and)-285(buf-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(falo-skin)-432(tipis)-433(for)-432(summer.)-796(Among)-433(many)-432(of)-432(the)-432(tribes)-433(these)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(domiciles,)-300(simple)-291(as)-290(they)-290(were,)-301(were)-290(constructed)-290(in)-291(accordance)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-194(an)-194(elaborate)-194(plan)-195(controlled)-194(by)-194(ritual.)-231(According)-194(to)-195(Morgan,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-359(framework)-359(of)-359(the)-358(aboriginal)-359(Dakota)-359(house)-359(consisted)-359(of)-359(13)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(poles;)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 26.062 3.959 Td[(33)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.712 -3.959 Td[(and)-183(Dorsey)-184(describes)-183(the)-184(systematic)-183(grouping)-184(of)-183(the)-184(tipis)]TJ -36.774 -13.549 Td[(belonging)-240(to)-240(different)-240(gentes)-239(and)-240(tribes.)-247(Sudatories)-240(were)-240(charac-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(teristic)-204(in)-204(most)-205(of)-204(the)-204(tribes,)-214(menstrual)-204(lodges)-204(were)-204(common,)-214(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(most)-362(of)-362(the)-361(more)-362(sedentary)-362(tribes)-362(had)-361(council)-362(houses)-362(or)-362(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(communal)-325(structures.)-474(The)-325(Siouan)-324(domiciles)-325(were)-325(thus)-325(adapted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-217(remarkable)-217(closeness)-216(to)-217(the)-217(daily)-216(habits)-217(and)-217(environment)-217(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-242(tribesmen,)-244(while)-242(at)-242(the)-243(same)-242(time)-242(they)-242(reflected)-242(the)-243(complex)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(social)-258(organization)-257(growing)-258(out)-258(of)-258(their)-257(prescriptorial)-258(status)-258(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(militant)-250(disposition.)]TJ 11.956 -13.812 Td[(Most)-183(of)-183(the)-182(Siouan)-183(men,)-196(women,)-197(and)-182(children)-183(were)-183(fine)-183(swim-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(mers,)-281(though)-274(they)-275(did)-274(not)-275(compare)-274(well)-275(with)-274(neighboring)-275(tribes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-201(makers)-200(and)-201(managers)-200(of)-201(water)-200(craft.)-234(The)-200(Dakota)-201(women)-201(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(coracles)-308(of)-308(buffalo)-308(hides,)-323(in)-308(which)-308(they)-308(transported)-309(themselves)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-251(their)-250(householdry,)-251(but)-251(the)-251(use)-250(of)-251(these)-251(and)-250(other)-251(craft)-251(seems)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-293(have)-292(been)-293(regarded)-292(as)-293(little)-292(better)-293(than)-292(a)-293(feminine)-293(weakness.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Other)-330(tribes)-330(were)-330(better)-329(boatmen;)-370(for)-330(the)-330(Siouan)-330(Indian)-330(gener-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ally)-371(preferred)-371(land)-371(travel)-371(to)-371(journeying)-371(by)-371(water,)-402(and)-371(avoided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-411(burden)-410(of)-411(vehicles)-410(by)-411(which)-410(his)-411(ever-varying)-411(movements)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([173])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td[(in)-301(pursuit)-300(of)-301(game)-300(or)-301(in)-300(waylaying)-301(and)-300(evading)-301(enemies)-301(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(have)-250(been)-250(limited)-250(and)-250(handicapped.)]TJ 11.956 -13.812 Td[(There)-392(are)-392(many)-392(indications)-392(and)-392(some)-393(suggestive)-392(evidences)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(that)-163(the)-164(chief)-163(arts)-164(and)-163(certain)-164(institutions)-163(and)-164(beliefs,)-180(as)-164(well)-163(as)-164(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(geographic)-190(distribution,)-203(of)-190(the)-190(principal)-191(Siouan)-190(tribes)-190(were)-191(deter-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mined)-223(by)-223(a)-223(single)-223(conspicuous)-223(feature)-223(in)-223(their)-223(environment)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 256.39 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(the)]TJ -267.299 -13.55 Td[(buffalo.)-717(As)-406(Riggs,)-444(Hale,)-445(and)-406(Dorsey)-405(have)-406(demonstrated,)-445(the)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 84.933 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -87.523 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 80.91 Td[(33)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("Houses)-227(and)-228(House-life)-227(of)-227(the)-227(Americ)-1(an)-227(Aborigines,")-227(Cont.)-243(N.A.)-227(Eth.,)-232(vol.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(IV.)-250(1881,)-250(p.)-250(114.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +161 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 162 0 R +/Resources 160 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +163 0 obj << +/D [161 0 R /XYZ 212.407 192.731 null] +>> endobj +160 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +167 0 obj << +/Length 5056 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(26)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(original)-384(home)-385(of)-384(the)-384(Siouan)-385(stock)-384(lay)-384(on)-385(the)-384(eastern)-384(slope)-385(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-289(Appalachian)-289(mountains,)-299(stretching)-289(down)-289(over)-289(the)-289(Piedmont)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-328(Coastplain)-328(provinces)-328(to)-327(the)-328(shores)-328(of)-328(the)-328(Atlantic)-328(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-262(Potomac)-262(and)-261(the)-262(Savannah.)-286(As)-261(shown)-262(by)-262(Allen,)-265(the)-262(buffalo,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[("prior)-296(to)-296(the)-297(year)-296(1800,")-296(spread)-296(eastward)-296(across)-296(the)-297(Appalachi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ans)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 14.542 3.959 Td[(34)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.298 -3.959 Td[(and)-443(into)-442(the)-443(priscan)-443(territory)-442(of)-443(the)-443(Siouan)-443(tribes.)-828(As)]TJ -27.84 -13.549 Td[(suggested)-219(by)-220(Shaler,)-225(the)-220(presence)-219(of)-219(this)-220(ponderous)-219(and)-220(peaceful)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(animal)-301(materially)-302(affected)-301(the)-301(vocations)-302(of)-301(the)-301(Indians,)-315(tending)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-394(discourage)-395(agriculture)-394(and)-394(encourage)-394(the)-395(chase;)-466(and)-394(it)-395(can)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(hardly)-299(be)-298(doubted)-299(that)-298(the)-299(bison)-299(was)-298(the)-299(bridge)-298(that)-299(carried)-299(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ancestors)-401(of)-401(the)-401(western)-400(tribes)-401(from)-401(the)-401(crest)-401(of)-401(the)-401(Alleghe-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nies)-309(to)-308(the)-309(C\364teau)-308(des)-309(Prairies)-309(and)-308(enabled)-309(them)-308(to)-309(disperse)-309(so)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(widely)-387(over)-386(the)-387(plains)-386(beyond.)-660(Certainly)-386(the)-387(toothsome)-387(flesh)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-217(useful)-216(skins)-217(must)-216(hav)-1(e)-216(attracted)-217(the)-216(valiant)-217(huntsmen)-217(among)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-382(Appalachians;)-447(certainly)-382(the)-382(feral)-381(herds)-382(must)-382(have)-382(become)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(constantly)-358(larger)-358(and)-358(more)-358(numerous)-358(westward,)-386(thus)-358(tempting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-190(pursuers)-190(down)-191(the)-190(waterways)-190(toward)-190(the)-190(great)-190(river;)-211(certainly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-348(vast)-348(herds)-347(beyond)-348(the)-348(Mississippi)-348(gave)-348(stronger)-348(incentives)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-201(richer)-201(rewards)-201(than)-201(the)-201(hunters)-201(of)-201(big)-201(game)-201(found)-201(elsewhere;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-341(certainly)-341(when)-341(the)-341(prairie)-341(tribes)-342(were)-341(discovered,)-364(the)-341(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-185(animals)-186(lived)-185(in)-185(constant)-186(interaction,)-198(and)-186(many)-185(of)-185(the)-186(hunters)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(acted)-194(and)-195(thought)-194(only)-194(as)-194(they)-195(were)-194(moved)-194(by)-195(their)-194(easy)-194(prey.)-232(As)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-229(Spanish)-230(horse)-229(spread)-229(northward)-229(over)-230(the)-229(Llano)-229(Estacado)-230(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(overflowed)-275(across)-276(the)-275(mountains)-276(from)-275(the)-275(plains)-276(of)-275(the)-276(Cayuse,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-248(Dakota)-248(a)-1(nd)-248(other)-248(tribes)-248(found)-248(a)-249(new)-248(means)-248(of)-248(conquest)-249(over)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-335(herds,)-356(and)-335(entered)-335(on)-335(a)-335(career)-335(so)-335(facile)-335(that)-335(they)-335(increased)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(multiplied)-250(despite)-250(strife)-250(and)-250(imported)-250(disease.)]TJ 11.956 -14.93 Td[(The)-341(horse)-341(was)-342(acquired)-341(by)-341(the)-342(prairie)-341(tribes)-341(toward)-341(the)-342(end)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(of)-348(the)-348(last)-348(century.)-544(Carver)-348(\0501766-1768\051)-348(describes)-348(the)-348(methods)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-399(hunting)-398(among)-399(the)-399("Naudowessie")-399(without)-398(referring)-399(to)-399(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(horse,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 26.357 3.959 Td[(35)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.089 -3.959 Td[(though)-389(he)-389(gives)-389(their)-388(name)-389(for)-389(the)-389(animal)-389(in)-389(his)-389(vo-)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 96.136 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -98.726 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 92.113 Td[(34)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("The)-241(American)-240(Bisons,)-243(Living)-240(and)-241(Extinct,")-241(by)-240(J.A.)-241(Allen;)-244(Memoirs)-240(of)-241(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Geol.)-250(Survey)-250(of)-250(Kentucky,)-250(vo)-1(l.)-250(1,)-250(pt.)-250(ii,)-250(1876,)-250(map;)-250(also)-250(pp.)-250(55,)-250(72-101,)-250(et)-250(al.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td[(35)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Op.)-250(cit.,)-250(p.)-250(283)-250(et)-250(seq.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +166 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 167 0 R +/Resources 165 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +165 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +170 0 obj << +/Length 6582 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)-8532(27)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(cabulary,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 40.288 3.959 Td[(36)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.88 -3.959 Td[(and)-374(describes)-373(their)-374(mode)-373(of)-374(warfare)-373(with)-374("Indians)]TJ -53.168 -13.549 Td[(that)-245(inhabit)-245(still)-245(farther)-245(to)-245(the)-245(westward)-245(a)-245(country)-246(which)-245(extends)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-295(the)-295(South)-295(Sea,")-295(having)-295("great)-295(plenty)-295(of)-294(horses.")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 223.313 3.959 Td[(37)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.685 -3.959 Td[(Lewis)-295(and)]TJ -234.998 -13.549 Td[(Clark)-279(\0501804-1806\051)-279(mention)-279(that)-279(the)-279("Sioux)-279(of)-279(the)-279(Teton)-280(tribe)-279(...)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(frequently)-266(make)-266(excursions)-266(to)-266(steal)-266(horses")-266(from)-266(the)-266(Mandan,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 272.162 3.959 Td[(38)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td[(and)-256(ma)-1(ke)-256(other)-256(references)-257(indicating)-256(that)-257(the)-256(horse)-257(was)-256(in)-257(fairly)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([174])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(common)-318(use)-318(among)-319(some)-318(of)-318(the)-318(Siouan)-318(tribes,)-335(though)-318(the)-319(ani-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mal)-252(was)-251("confined)-252(principally)-251(to)-252(the)-251(nations)-252(inhabiting)-251(the)-252(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(plains)-335(of)-335(the)-335(Columbia,")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 109.652 3.958 Td[(39)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.121 -3.958 Td[(and)-335(dogs)-335(were)-335(still)-334(used)-335(for)-335(burden)]TJ -121.773 -13.55 Td[(and)-382(draft.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 43.246 3.959 Td[(40)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.522 -3.959 Td[(Grinnell)-382(learned)-382(from)-383(an)-382(aged)-382(Indian)-382(that)-382(horses)]TJ -58.768 -13.549 Td[(came)-438(into)-438(the)-439(hands)-438(of)-438(the)-438(neighboring)-438(Piegan)-439(\050Algonquian\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(about)-294(1804-1806.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 77.447 3.959 Td[(41)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.646 -3.959 Td[(Long's)-294(naturalists)-295(found)-294(the)-294(horse,)-306(ass,)-305(and)]TJ -90.093 -13.549 Td[(mule)-313(in)-313(use)-313(among)-314(the)-313(Kansa)-313(and)-313(other)-313(tribes,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 207.601 3.959 Td[(42)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.057 -3.959 Td[(and)-313(described)]TJ -219.658 -13.549 Td[(the)-352(mode)-352(of)-353(capture)-352(of)-352(wild)-352(horses)-352(by)-353(the)-352(Osage;)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 224.233 3.958 Td[(43)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.868 -3.958 Td[(yet)-352(when,)]TJ -237.101 -13.55 Td[(two-thirds)-450(of)-449(a)-450(century)-449(after)-450(Carver,)-499(Catlin)-450(\0501832-1839\051)-450(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Prince)-366(Maximilian)-365(\0501833-34\051)-366(visited)-365(the)-366(Siouan)-365(territory,)-395(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(found)-428(the)-429(horse)-428(established)-428(and)-429(in)-428(common)-429(use)-428(in)-428(the)-429(chase)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-383(in)-383(war.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 51.679 3.959 Td[(44)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.551 -3.959 Td[(It)-383(is)-383(significant)-383(that)-383(the)-383(Dakota)-384(word)-383(for)-383(horse)]TJ -67.23 -13.549 Td[(\050)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 3.633 0 Td[([)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.211 0 Td[(uk-ta)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 22.418 0 Td[(r)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.957 0 Td[('-ka)-447(or)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 34.724 0 Td[([)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.211 0 Td[(u)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 5.455 0 Td[(r)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.956 0 Td[(-ka'-wa-ka)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 46.178 0 Td[(r)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.957 0 Td[(\051)-447(is)-446(composed)-447(of)-446(the)-447(word)-446(for)]TJ -138.7 -13.55 Td[(dog)-305(\050)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 23.322 0 Td[([)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.211 0 Td[(u)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 5.454 0 Td[(r)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.957 0 Td[('-ka\051,)-318(with)-305(an)-305(affix)-305(indicating)-305(greatness,)-318(sacredness,)-319(or)]TJ -38.944 -13.549 Td[(mystery,)-300(so)-290(that)-290(the)-290(horse)-290(is)-290(literally)-290("great)-290(mysterious)-291(dog,")-290(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[("ancient)-205(s)-1(acred)-205(dog,")-205(and)-206(that)-205(several)-206(terms)-205(for)-206(harness)-205(and)-206(other)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 217.725 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -220.316 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 213.702 Td[(36)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ibid.,)-250(p.)-250(435.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td[(37)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ibid.,)-250(p.)-250(294.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td[(38)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("History)-312(of)-312(the)-312(Expedition)-312(under)-311(the)-312(Command)-312(of)-312(Lewis)-312(and)-312(Clark,")-312(etc,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(by)-229(Elliott)-229(Coues,)-234(1893)-229(vol.)-243(1,)-233(p.)-243(175.)-243(It)-229(is)-229(note)-1(d)-229(that)-229(in)-229(winter)-229(the)-229(Mandan)-229(kept)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(their)-343(horses)-343(in)-343(their)-344(lodges)-343(at)-343(night,)-366(and,)-367(fed)-343(them)-343(on)-343(cottonwood)-343(branches.)]TJ 0 -10.958 Td[(Ibid.,)-250(pp.)-250(220,)-250(233,)-250(et)-250(al.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.311 Td[(39)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Coues,)-250(Expedition)-250(of)-250(Lewis)-250(and)-250(Cl)-1(ark,)-250(vol.)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(839.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td[(40)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ibid.,)-250(vol.)-250(I,)-250(p.)-250(140.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td[(41)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("The)-250(Story)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Indian,")-250(1895,)-250(p.)-251(237.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td[(42)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(James')-250("Account,")-250(op.)-250(cit.,)-250(vol.)-250(I,)-250(p)-1(p.)-250(126,)-250(148;)-250(vol.)-250(II,)-250(p.)-250(12)-250(et)-250(al.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.311 Td[(43)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ibid.,)-250(vol.)-250(III,)-250(p.)-250(107.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf -8.718 -7.31 Td[(44)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("Letters)-270(and)-269(Notes,")-270(op.)-308(cit.,)-275(vol.)-309(I,)-269(pp.)-309(142)-269(\050where)-270(the)-269(m)-1(anner)-269(of)-270(lassoing)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(wild)-287(horses)-286(is)-287(mentioned\051,)-295(p.)-360(251)-286(et)-286(a)-1(l.;)-304("Travels,")-287(op.)-359(cit.,)-296(p.)-359(149)-286(et)-287(al.)-359(\050The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Crow)-250(were)-250(said)-250(to)-250(have)-250(betw)-1(een)-250(9,000)-250(and)-250(10,000)-250(head,)-250(p.)-250(174.\051)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +169 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 170 0 R +/Resources 168 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +171 0 obj << +/D [169 0 R /XYZ 269.929 450.429 null] +>> endobj +168 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F28 29 0 R /F27 26 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +174 0 obj << +/Length 4941 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(28)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(appurtenances)-218(correspond)-217(with)-218(those)-217(used)-218(for)-217(the)-218(gear)-217(of)-218(the)-218(dog)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(when)-365(used)-364(as)-365(a)-365(draft)-365(animal.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 130.468 3.959 Td[(45)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.95 -3.959 Td[(This)-365(terminology)-364(c)-1(orroborates)]TJ -145.418 -13.549 Td[(the)-262(direct)-262(evidence)-261(that)-262(the)-262(dog)-262(was)-261(domesticated)-262(by)-262(the)-262(Siouan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(aborigines)-250(long)-250(before)-250(the)-250(advent)-250(of)-250(the)-250(horse.)]TJ 11.956 -13.889 Td[(Among)-422(the)-423(Siouan)-422(tribes,)-465(as)-423(among)-422(other)-422(Indians,)-466(amuse-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(ments)-238(absorbed)-238(a)-238(considerable)-239(part)-238(of)-238(the)-238(time)-238(and)-238(energy)-238(of)-239(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(old)-343(and)-344(young)-343(of)-343(both)-343(sexes.)-530(Among)-343(the)-344(young,)-366(the)-344(gambols,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(races,)-357(and)-336(other)-335(sports)-336(were)-336(chiefly)-335(or)-336(wholly)-336(diversional,)-357(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(commonly)-442(mimicked)-442(the)-442(avocations)-442(of)-442(the)-442(adults.)-827(The)-442(girls)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(played)-304(at)-304(the)-303(building)-304(and)-304(care)-304(of)-303(houses)-304(and)-304(were)-304(absorbed)-304(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dolls,)-331(while)-316(the)-315(boys)-315(played)-315(at)-315(archery,)-332(foot)-315(racing,)-331(and)-316(mimic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(hunting,)-396(which)-367(soon)-367(grew)-367(into)-367(the)-367(actual)-367(cha)-1(se)-367(of)-367(small)-367(birds)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-281(animals.)-342(Some)-281(of)-280(the)-281(sports)-281(of)-280(the)-281(elders)-281(were)-281(unorganized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(diversions,)-519(leaping,)-519(racing,)-519(wrestling,)-518(and)-465(oth)-1(er)-465(spontaneous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(expressions)-359(of)-358(exuberance.)-576(Certa)-1(in)-358(diversions)-359(were)-359(controlled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-237(more)-236(persistent)-236(motive)-1(,)-239(as)-236(when)-237(the)-236(idle)-237(warrior)-236(occupied)-237(his)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(leisure)-335(in)-334(meaningless)-335(ornamentation)-334(of)-335(his)-335(garment)-334(or)-335(tipi,)-356(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(spent)-301(hours)-300(of)-301(leisure)-300(in)-301(esthetic)-300(modification)-301(of)-300(his)-301(weapon)-301(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ceremonial)-236(badge,)-239(and)-237(to)-236(this)-236(purposeless)-236(activity,)-239(which)-237(engen-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dered)-318(design)-319(with)-318(its)-318(own)-319(progress,)-335(the)-319(incipient)-318(graphic)-318(art)-319(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-218(tribes)-217(was)-218(largely)-218(due.)-239(The)-218(more)-217(important)-218(and)-218(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(sports)-342(were)-343(organized)-342(and)-342(interwove)-1(n)-342(with)-342(social)-343(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-354(belief)-355(so)-354(as)-354(commonly)-355(to)-354(take)-354(the)-355(form)-354(of)-354(elaborate)-355(cere-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(monial,)-363(in)-341(which)-341(dancing,)-363(feasting,)-364(fasting,)-363(symbolic)-341(painting,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(song,)-333(and)-316(sacrifice)-317(played)-316(important)-316(parts,)-333(and)-316(these)-317(organized)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sports)-281(were)-281(largely)-280(fiducial.)-343(To)-281(many)-280(of)-281(the)-281(early)-281(observers)-281(the)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.756 0 Td[([175])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.756 -13.55 Td[(observances)-188(were)-189(nothing)-188(more)-189(than)-188(meaningless)-189(mummeries;)-209(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-296(they)-296(were)-296(sacrilegious,)-308(to)-296(others)-296(sortilegious;)-319(to)-296(the)-297(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(careful)-182(students,)-195(like)-181(Carver,)-195(wh)-1(ose)-181(notes)-182(are)-181(of)-182(especial)-181(value)-182(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reason)-230(of)-229(the)-230(author's)-230(clear)-229(insight)-230(into)-230(the)-229(Indian)-230(character,)-234(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-261(invocations,)-263(expiations,)-263(propitiations,)-263(expressing)-261(profound)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-287(overpowering)-286(d)-1(evotion.)-360(Carver)-286(says)-287(of)-287(the)-287("Naudowessie,")]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 85.017 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.607 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td[(45)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Keating)-343(in)-342(Long's)-343(Expedition,)-366(op.)-527(cit.,)-366(vol.)-528(II,)-342(a)-1(ppendix,)-365(p.)-528(152.)-528(Riggs')]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[("Dakota-English)-250(Dictionary,")-251(Cont.)-250(N.A.)-250(Eth.,)-250(vol.)-250(VII,)-250(1890.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +173 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 174 0 R +/Resources 172 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +175 0 obj << +/D [173 0 R /XYZ 259.498 179.105 null] +>> endobj +172 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +178 0 obj << +/Length 4735 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INDUSTRIAL)-250(AND)-250(ESTHETIC)-250(ARTS)-8532(29)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[("They)-360(usually)-361(dance)-360(either)-360(before)-360(or)-361(after)-360(every)-360(meal;)-415(and)-361(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(this)-419(cheerfulness,)-461(probably,)-461(render)-419(the)-419(Great)-419(Spirit,)-462(to)-419(whom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-413(consider)-413(themselves)-413(as)-413(indebted)-413(for)-413(every)-413(good,)-454(a)-413(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(acceptable)-422(sacrifice)-422(than)-422(a)-422(formal)-422(and)-422(unanimated)-422(thanksgiv-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ing;")]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 21.426 3.959 Td[(46)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.73 -3.959 Td[(and)-299(he)-299(proceeds)-299(to)-299(describe)-299(the)-299(informal)-299(dances)-299(as)-299(well)]TJ -33.156 -13.549 Td[(as)-433(the)-433(more)-433(formal)-432(ceremonials)-433(preparatory)-433(to)-433(joining)-433(in)-433(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(chase)-238(or)-237(setting)-238(out)-238(on)-238(the)-237(warpath.)-246(The)-238(ceremonial)-238(observances)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-415(the)-414(Siouan)-415(tribes)-415(were)-414(not)-415(different)-415(in)-415(kind)-414(from)-415(those)-415(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(neighboring)-320(contemporaries,)-338(yet)-320(some)-320(of)-320(them)-320(were)-320(developed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(in)-349(remarkable)-348(degree)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 94.235 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(for)-349(example,)-373(the)-349(bloody)-348(rites)-349(by)-348(which)]TJ -105.144 -13.549 Td[(youths)-269(were)-269(raised)-270(to)-269(the)-269(rank)-269(of)-270(warriors)-269(in)-269(some)-269(of)-269(the)-270(prairie)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-291(were)-291(without)-291(parallel)-290(in)-291(severity)-291(among)-291(the)-291(aborigines)-291(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(America,)-469(or)-424(e)-1(ven)-424(among)-425(the)-425(known)-425(primitive)-425(peoples)-425(of)-425(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(world.)-258(So)-253(the)-253(sports)-252(of)-253(the)-253(Siouan)-252(Indians)-253(were)-253(both)-253(diversional)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-254(divinatory,)-254(and)-253(the)-254(latter)-253(were)-254(highly)-253(organized)-254(in)-253(a)-254(manner)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reflecting)-222(the)-221(environment)-222(of)-222(the)-221(tribes,)-228(their)-221(culture-status,)-228(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(belief,)-182(and)-165(especially)-165(the)-1(ir)-165(disposition)-165(toward)-165(bloodshed;)-193(for)-166(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(most)-389(characteristic)-390(ceremonials)-389(were)-389(connected,)-424(genetically)-390(if)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(not)-250(immediately,)-250(with)-250(warfare)-250(and)-250(the)-250(chase.)]TJ 11.956 -18.622 Td[(Among)-439(many)-438(of)-439(the)-438(Siouan)-439(tribes,)-486(games)-438(of)-439(chance)-439(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(played)-323(habitually)-322(and)-323(with)-322(great)-323(avidity,)-341(both)-322(men)-323(and)-323(women)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(becoming)-251(so)-250(absorbed)-251(as)-251(to)-251(forget)-250(avocations)-251(and)-251(food,)-251(mothers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(even)-432(neglecting)-431(their)-432(children;)-523(for,)-477(as)-431(among)-432(other)-432(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(peoples,)-424(the)-389(charm)-389(of)-390(hazard)-389(was)-389(greater)-389(than)-389(among)-389(the)-390(en-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(lightened.)-561(The)-354(games)-353(were)-354(not)-354(specially)-353(distinctive,)-380(and)-354(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(less)-218(widely)-217(differentiated)-218(than)-217(in)-218(certain)-217(other)-218(Indian)-217(stocks.)-240(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sport)-293(or)-294(game)-293(of)-294(chungke)-293(stood)-294(high)-293(in)-293(favor)-294(among)-293(the)-294(young)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(men)-322(in)-322(many)-321(of)-322(the)-322(tribes,)-340(and)-322(was)-322(played)-321(as)-322(a)-322(game)-322(partly)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(chance,)-273(partly)-269(of)-268(skill;)-278(but)-269(dice)-268(games)-269(\050played)-268(with)-269(plum)-269(stones)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-252(the)-251(southwestern)-252(prairie)-251(tribes\051)-252(were)-251(generally)-252(preferred,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(especially)-333(by)-333(the)-332(women,)-354(children,)-353(and)-333(older)-333(men.)-498(The)-333(games)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-344(partly,)-367(sometimes)-344(wholly,)-367(diversiona)-1(l,)-367(but)-344(generally)-344(they)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 73.974 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -76.564 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 69.951 Td[(46)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Op.)-250(cit.,)-250(p.)-250(265.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +177 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 178 0 R +/Resources 176 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +176 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +179 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index8) >> +endobj +182 0 obj +(INSTITUTIONS) +endobj +185 0 obj << +/Length 4853 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(30)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(were)-353(in)-353(large)-353(part)-353(divinatory,)-379(and)-353(thus)-353(reflected)-353(the)-354(hazardous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occupations)-200(and)-200(low)-200(culture-status)-201(of)-200(the)-200(people.)-233(One)-200(of)-200(the)-201(evils)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(resulting)-323(from)-323(the)-322(advent)-323(of)-323(the)-323(whites)-322(was)-323(the)-323(introduction)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(new)-256(game)-1(s)-256(of)-256(chance)-257(which)-256(tended)-257(further)-256(to)-257(pervert)-256(the)-257(simple)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Siouan)-345(mind;)-392(but)-345(in)-345(time)-344(the)-345(evil)-345(brought)-345(its)-344(own)-345(remedy,)-369(for)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(association)-231(with)-231(white)-230(gamblers)-231(taught)-231(the)-231(ingenuous)-231(sortilegers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-309(there)-308(is)-309(nothing)-308(divine)-309(or)-309(sacred)-308(about)-309(the)-308(gaming)-309(table)-309(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(conduct)-250(of)-250(its)-250(votaries.)]TJ 11.956 -16.037 Td[(The)-191(primitive)-191(Siouan)-191(music)-190(was)-191(limited)-191(to)-191(the)-191(chant)-191(and)-191(rather)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(simple)-384(vocal)-384(melody,)-418(accompanied)-384(by)-384(rattle,)-417(drum,)-418(and)-384(flute,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-356(drum)-356(among)-356(the)-356(northwestern)-356(tribes)-356(being)-356(a)-356(skin)-357(bottle)-356(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bag)-366(of)-366(water.)-598(The)-366(music)-366(of)-366(the)-366(Omaha)-366(and)-366(some)-366(other)-366(tribes)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([176])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(has)-311(been)-310(most)-311(appreciatively)-311(studied)-311(by)-310(Miss)-311(Fletcher,)-326(and)-311(her)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(memoir)-231(ranks)-231(among)-231(the)-231(Indian)-231(classics.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 177.117 3.958 Td[(47)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.126 -3.958 Td[(In)-231(general)-231(the)-231(Siouan)]TJ -188.243 -13.55 Td[(music)-284(was)-284(typical)-284(for)-284(the)-284(aboriginal)-284(stocks)-284(of)-284(the)-284(northern)-284(inte-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(rior.)-429(Its)-309(dominant)-310(feature)-309(was)-310(rhythm,)-324(by)-310(which)-309(the)-310(dance)-310(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(controlled,)-233(though)-229(melody)-229(was)-228(inchoate,)-233(while)-229(harmony)-229(was)-229(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(yet)-250(developed.)]TJ 11.956 -16.037 Td[(The)-352(germ)-353(of)-352(painting)-352(was)-353(revealed)-352(in)-353(the)-352(calendars)-352(and)-353(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(seed)-415(of)-415(sculpture)-415(in)-415(the)-414(carvings)-415(of)-415(the)-415(Sionan)-415(Indians.)-745(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pictographic)-223(paintings)-223(comprised)-223(not)-223(only)-223(recognizable)-224(but)-223(even)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(vigorous)-335(representations)-335(of)-335(men)-335(and)-335(animals,)-356(depicted)-335(in)-335(form)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-175(color)-175(though)-175(without)-175(perspective,)-190(while)-175(the)-175(calumet)-175(of)-175(catlin-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ite)-236(was)-237(sometimes)-236(chiseled)-237(into)-236(striking)-237(verisimilitude)-236(of)-237(human)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-224(animal)-225(forms)-224(in)-224(miniature.)-242(To)-224(the)-224(collector)-224(these)-225(representa-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tions)-219(suggest)-220(fairly)-219(developed)-220(art,)-225(though)-220(to)-219(the)-220(Indian)-219(they)-220(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mainly,)-237(if)-234(not)-233(wholly,)-237(symbolic;)-239(for)-234(everything)-233(indicates)-234(that)-234(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(primitive)-365(artisan)-365(had)-365(not)-364(yet)-365(broken)-365(the)-365(shackles)-365(of)-365(fetichistic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(symbolism,)-311(and)-298(had)-299(little)-298(conception)-299(of)-298(artistic)-299(portrayal)-298(for)-299(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(own)-250(sake.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 106.851 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -109.441 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 102.828 Td[(47)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[("A)-261(study)-262(of)-261(Omaha)-261(Indian)-262(Music,)-264(by)-261(Alice)-262(C.)-261(Fletcher)-261(...)-284(aided)-261(by)-262(Francis)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(La)-295(Flesche,)-307(with)-295(a)-295(report)-295(on)-295(the)-295(structural)-295(peculiarities)-296(of)-295(the)-295(music,)-306(by)-295(John)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(Comfort)-245(Fillmore,)-245(A.M.;")-245(Arch.)-248(and)-244(Eth.)-249(papers)-244(of)-245(the)-244(Peabody)-245(Museum,)-245(vol.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(I,)-250(No.)-250(5,)-250(1893,)-250(pp.)-250(i-vi)-250(+)-250(7-15)-1(2)-250(\050=231-382\051.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +184 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 185 0 R +/Resources 183 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 164 0 R +>> endobj +186 0 obj << +/D [184 0 R /XYZ 153.324 366.646 null] +>> endobj +183 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +189 0 obj << +/Length 4815 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INSTITUTIONS)-17893(31)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(INSTITUTIONS)]TJ 0 -29.279 Td[(Among)-274(civilized)-273(peoples,)-280(institutions)-273(are)-274(crystallized)-273(in)-274(statutes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(about)-511(nuclei)-510(of)-511(common)-511(law)-510(or)-511(custom;)-641(among)-511(peoples)-511(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-328(prescriptorial)-328(culture-stage)-327(statutes)-328(are)-328(unborn,)-347(and)-328(various)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mnemonic)-477(devices)-477(ar)-1(e)-477(employed)-477(for)-477(fixing)-477(and)-478(perpetuating)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(institutions;)-447(and,)-415(as)-381(is)-382(usual)-381(in)-382(this)-381(stage,)-415(the)-381(devices)-382(involve)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(associations)-201(which)-202(appear)-201(to)-202(be)-201(essentially)-201(arbitrary)-202(at)-201(the)-202(outset,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(though)-323(they)-323(tend)-322(to)-323(become)-323(natural)-323(through)-322(the)-323(survival)-323(of)-323(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(fittest.)-310(A)-270(favorite)-270(device)-270(for)-270(perpetuating)-270(institutions)-270(among)-270(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(primitive)-260(peoples)-260(of)-259(many)-260(districts)-260(on)-259(different)-260(continents)-260(is)-260(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(taboo,)-386(or)-358(prohibition,)-386(which)-358(is)-359(commonly)-358(fiducial)-359(but)-358(is)-359(often)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-261(general)-260(application.)-282(This)-261(device)-260(finds)-261(its)-260(best)-261(development)-261(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-324(earlier)-324(stages)-323(in)-324(the)-324(development)-324(of)-324(belief,)-342(and)-324(is)-324(normally)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(connected)-290(with)-290(totemism.)-369(Another)-289(device,)-300(which)-290(is)-290(remarkably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(widespread,)-247(as)-247(shown)-247(by)-247(Morgan,)-247(is)-247(kinship)-247(nomenclature.)-249(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(device)-413(rests)-413(on)-413(a)-413(natural)-413(and)-413(easily)-413(ascertained)-413(basis,)-454(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(its)-295(applications)-295(are)-296(arbitrary)-295(and)-295(vary)-295(widely)-295(from)-295(tribe)-295(to)-296(tribe)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-310(from)-311(culture-status)-310(to)-310(culture-status.)-431(A)-310(third)-310(device,)-326(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(found)-355(much)-355(favor)-355(among)-355(the)-355(American)-355(aborigines)-356(and)-355(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-329(other)-330(primitive)-329(peoples,)-350(may)-329(be)-329(called)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 202.012 0 Td[(ordination)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 46.069 0 Td[(,)-349(or)-330(the)]TJ -248.081 -13.549 Td[(arrangement)-341(of)-341(individuals)-342(and)-341(groups)-341(classified)-341(from)-341(the)-342(pre-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(scriptorial)-265(point)-265(of)-264(view)-265(of)-265(Self,)-268(Here,)-269(and)-265(Now,)-268(with)-265(respect)-265(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(each)-248(other)-248(or)-247(to)-248(some)-248(dominant)-248(personage)-248(or)-248(group.)-249(This)-248(device)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(seems)-315(to)-314(have)-315(grown)-315(out)-314(of)-315(the)-315(kin-name)-314(system,)-331(in)-315(which)-315(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Ego)-400(is)-400(the)-400(basis)-400(from)-400(which)-400(relation)-400(is)-400(reckoned.)-700(It)-400(tends)-400(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(develop)-279(into)-278(federate)-279(organization)-278(on)-279(the)-278(one)-279(hand)-278(o)-1(r)-278(into)-279(caste)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-234(the)-234(other)-234(hand,)-237(according)-234(to)-234(the)-234(attendant)-234(conditions.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 244.053 3.959 Td[(48)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.137 -3.959 Td[(There)]TJ -255.19 -13.549 Td[(are)-258(various)-257(other)-258(devices)-258(for)-258(fixing)-257(and)-258(perpetuating)-258(institutions)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([177])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(or)-295(for)-294(expressing)-295(the)-295(laws)-294(embodied)-295(therein.)-384(Some)-294(of)-295(these)-295(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(connected)-178(with)-177(thaumaturgy)-178(and)-177(shamanism,)-192(some)-178(are)-178(connected)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 95.892 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -98.482 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 91.869 Td[(48)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Ordination,)-234(as)-229(the)-230(term)-230(is)-229(here)-230(used,)-234(comprehends)-229(regimentatio)-1(n)-229(as)-230(defined)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(by)-193(Powell,)-205(yet)-193(relates)-194(especially)-193(to)-193(the)-194(method)-193(of)-193(reckoning)-194(from)-193(the)-193(constantly)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(recognized)-250(but)-250(ever)-250(varying)-251(standpoint)-250(of)-250(prescriptorial)-250(culture.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +188 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 189 0 R +/Resources 187 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +180 0 obj << +/D [188 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +190 0 obj << +/D [188 0 R /XYZ 120.248 136.617 null] +>> endobj +187 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +194 0 obj << +/Length 4642 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(32)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(with)-330(the)-329(powers)-329(of)-330(nature,)-349(and)-330(the)-329(several)-330(devices)-329(overlap)-330(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(interlace)-250(in)-250(puzzling)-250(fashion.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(Among)-340(the)-340(Siouan)-340(Indians)-340(the)-340(devices)-340(of)-340(taboo,)-363(kin-names,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(and)-278(ordination)-279(are)-278(found)-278(in)-278(such)-278(relation)-279(as)-278(to)-278(throw)-278(some)-279(light)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-242(the)-241(growth)-241(of)-242(primitive)-241(institutions.)-248(While)-241(they)-242(blend)-241(and)-242(are)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(measurably)-312(involved)-313(with)-312(thaumaturgic)-312(devices,)-328(there)-312(are)-313(indi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cations)-237(that)-237(in)-236(a)-237(general)-237(way)-237(the)-237(three)-236(devices)-237(stand)-237(for)-237(stages)-237(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-251(development)-250(of)-251(law.)-251(Among)-251(the)-250(best-known)-251(tribes)-250(the)-251(taboo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pertained)-244(to)-243(the)-244(clan,)-244(and)-244(was)-243(used)-244(\050in)-243(a)-244(much)-244(more)-243(limited)-244(way)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-202(among)-203(some)-202(other)-202(peoples\051)-203(to)-202(commemorate)-202(and)-203(perpetuate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-273(clan)-273(organization;)-285(kin-names,)-279(which)-273(were)-273(partly)-273(natural)-274(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(thus)-251(normal)-250(to)-251(the)-250(clan)-250(orga)-1(nization,)-250(and)-251(at)-250(the)-251(same)-250(time)-251(partly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(artificial)-351(and)-351(thus)-350(characteristic)-351(of)-351(gentile)-351(organization,)-376(served)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-223(commemorate)-223(and)-223(perpetuate)-222(not)-223(only)-223(the)-223(family)-223(relations)-223(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-206(relations)-207(of)-206(the)-206(constituent)-206(elements)-207(of)-206(the)-206(tribe;)-221(while)-206(the)-207(or-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dination,)-260(expressed)-259(in)-258(the)-258(camping)-259(circle,)-260(in)-259(the)-258(phratries,)-260(in)-259(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ceremonials,)-357(and)-336(in)-336(many)-336(other)-336(ways,)-357(served)-336(to)-336(commemorate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(intertribal)-323(as)-322(well)-323(as)-322(intergentile)-323(relations,)-341(and)-322(thus)-323(to)-323(promote)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(peace)-258(and)-257(harmonious)-257(action.)-273(It)-257(is)-258(significant)-257(that)-258(the)-257(taboo)-258(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(less)-383(potent)-383(among)-384(the)-383(Siouan)-383(Indians)-383(than)-383(among)-383(some)-384(other)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(stocks,)-369(and)-345(that)-345(among)-345(some)-344(tribes)-345(it)-345(has)-345(not)-345(been)-345(found;)-393(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(it)-323(is)-322(especially)-323(significant)-323(that)-322(in)-323(some)-323(instances)-322(the)-323(taboo)-323(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(apparently)-435(inversely)-435(related)-434(to)-435(kin-naming)-435(and)-435(ordination,)-481(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-389(the)-389(Biloxi,)-423(where)-389(the)-389(taboo)-388(is)-389(exceptionally)-389(weak)-389(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(kin-naming)-284(exceptionally)-284(strong,)-293(and)-284(among)-285(the)-284(Dakota,)-293(where)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-341(system)-341(of)-341(ordination)-341(attained)-341(perhaps)-341(its)-341(highest)-341(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(development)-381(in)-381(domiciliary)-381(arrangement,)-414(while)-381(the)-381(taboo)-382(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(limited)-298(in)-298(function;)-322(for)-298(the)-298(relations)-298(indicate)-298(that)-298(the)-299(taboo)-298(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(archaic)-181(or)-180(even)-181(vestigial.)-227(It)-181(is)-180(noteworthy)-181(also)-181(that)-180(among)-181(most)-181(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-251(Siouan)-250(tribes)-251(the)-250(kin-name)-251(system)-250(was)-251(less)-250(elaborate)-251(than)-251(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(many)-231(other)-230(stocks,)-235(while)-231(the)-230(system)-231(of)-231(ordination)-230(is)-231(so)-231(elaborate)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(as)-250(to)-250(constitute)-250(one)-250(of)-250(the)-250(leading)-250(characteristics)-250(of)-250(the)-250(stock.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(At)-226(the)-226(time)-225(of)-226(the)-226(discovery,)-231(most)-226(of)-225(the)-226(Siouan)-226(tribes)-226(had)-226(ap-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(parently)-219(passed)-218(into)-219(gentile)-219(organization,)-225(though)-218(vestiges)-219(of)-219(clan)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +193 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 194 0 R +/Resources 192 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +192 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +197 0 obj << +/Length 4896 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(INSTITUTIONS)-17893(33)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(organization)-243(were)-243(found)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 106.481 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(e.g.,)-244(among)-243(the)-243(best-known)-243(tribes)-243(the)]TJ -117.39 -13.549 Td[(man)-230(was)-230(the)-230(head)-230(of)-229(the)-230(family,)-234(though)-230(the)-230(tipi)-230(usually)-230(belonged)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-217(the)-216(w)-1(oman.)-238(Thus,)-224(as)-217(defined)-216(by)-217(institutions,)-223(the)-217(stock)-217(was)-217(just)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(above)-368(savagery)-368(and)-368(just)-368(within)-368(the)-368(lower)-368(stages)-369(of)-368(barbarism.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Accordingly)-327(the)-326(governmental)-327(functions)-326(were)-327(hereditary)-326(in)-327(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(male)-373(line,)-403(yet)-372(the)-373(law)-372(of)-373(heredity)-372(was)-373(subject)-372(to)-373(modification)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-453(suspension)-453(at)-452(the)-453(will)-453(of)-453(the)-453(group,)-503(commonly)-453(at)-453(the)-453(in-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stance)-331(of)-332(rebels)-331(or)-331(usurpers)-331(of)-332(marked)-331(prowess)-331(or)-332(shrewdness.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-297(property)-296(regulations)-297(were)-297(definite)-296(and)-297(strictly)-297(observed;)-320(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(among)-407(other)-407(barbarous)-407(peoples,)-446(the)-406(land)-407(was)-407(common)-407(to)-407(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribe)-248(or)-248(other)-248(group)-248(occupying)-248(it,)-248(yet)-248(was)-248(defended)-248(against)-248(alien)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(invasion;)-251(the)-251(ownership)-250(of)-251(movable)-251(property)-250(was)-251(a)-251(combination)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-437(communalism)-437(and)-437(individualism)-437(delicately)-437(adjusted)-437(to)-437(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(needs)-347(and)-347(habits)-347(of)-347(the)-347(several)-347(tribes)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 166.922 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.694 0 Td[(in)-347(general,)-371(evanescent)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 109.408 0 Td[([178])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td[(property,)-410(such)-377(as)-378(food)-378(and)-377(fuel,)-410(was)-378(shared)-377(in)-378(common)-378(\050sub-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ject)-358(to)-358(carefully)-359(regulated)-358(individual)-358(claims\051,)-385(while)-359(permanent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(property,)-269(such)-265(as)-265(tipis,)-269(dogs,)-269(apparel,)-269(weapons,)-269(etc,)-268(was)-266(held)-265(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(individuals.)-609(As)-370(among)-369(other)-370(tribes,)-400(the)-369(more)-370(strictly)-370(personal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(property)-203(was)-202(usually)-203(destroyed)-202(on)-203(the)-202(death)-203(of)-202(the)-203(owner,)-212(though)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-293(real)-292(reason)-293(for)-292(the)-293(custom)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 131.681 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(the)-293(prevention)-292(of)-293(dispute)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 110.167 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(was)]TJ -263.667 -13.549 Td[(shrouded)-250(in)-250(a)-250(mantle)-250(of)-250(mysticism.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(Although)-305(of)-305(primary)-305(importance)-305(in)-305(shaping)-305(the)-305(career)-305(of)-305(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(Siouan)-291(tribes,)-301(the)-291(marital)-291(institutions)-291(of)-291(the)-292(stock)-291(were)-291(not)-291(spe-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cially)-306(distinctive.)-419(Marriage)-306(was)-307(usually)-306(effected)-306(by)-307(negotiation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(through)-378(parents)-377(or)-378(elders;)-441(among)-378(some)-377(of)-378(the)-377(tribes)-378(the)-378(bride)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-275(purchased,)-281(while)-275(among)-275(others)-275(there)-275(w)-1(as)-275(an)-275(interchange)-275(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(presents.)-686(Polygyny)-395(was)-396(common;)-468(in)-395(several)-396(of)-395(the)-395(tribes)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(bride's)-385(siste)-1(rs)-385(became)-385(subordinate)-386(wives)-385(of)-386(the)-385(husband.)-657(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(regulations)-350(concerning)-350(divorce)-350(and)-350(the)-350(punishment)-351(of)-350(infideli-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ty)-463(were)-463(somewhat)-463(variable)-463(among)-463(the)-463(different)-463(tribes,)-517(some)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-409(whom)-409(furnished)-410(temporary)-409(wives)-409(to)-409(distinguished)-410(visitors.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Generally)-254(there)-254(were)-255(sanctions)-254(for)-254(marriage)-254(by)-254(elopement)-254(or)-255(in-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dividual)-223(choice.)-241(In)-223(every)-223(tribe,)-228(so)-223(far)-223(as)-222(known,)-229(gentile)-223(exogamy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(prevailed)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 40.593 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(i.e.,)-317(marriage)-303(in)-303(the)-303(gens)-304(was)-303(forbidden,)-316(under)-304(pain)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +196 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 197 0 R +/Resources 195 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +198 0 obj << +/D [196 0 R /XYZ 224.602 342.036 null] +>> endobj +195 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +199 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index9) >> +endobj +202 0 obj +(BELIEFS) +endobj +203 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index10) >> +endobj +206 0 obj +(THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY) +endobj +209 0 obj << +/Length 3589 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(34)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(of)-181(ostracism)-182(or)-181(still)-181(heavier)-182(penalty,)-195(while)-181(the)-181(gentes)-182(intermarried)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-229(o)-1(ne)-229(another;)-236(in)-230(some)-229(cases)-230(intermarriage)-229(between)-230(certain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-218(was)-219(regarded)-218(with)-218(special)-219(favor.)-239(There)-219(seems)-218(to)-218(have)-219(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(no)-311(system)-311(of)-311(marriage)-311(by)-311(capture,)-326(though)-311(captive)-311(women)-311(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(usually)-429(espoused)-429(by)-430(the)-429(successful)-429(tribesmen,)-474(and)-429(girls)-430(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sometimes)-253(a)-1(bducted.)-260(In)-253(general)-254(it)-253(would)-254(appear)-253(that)-254(intergentile)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-452(intertribal)-453(marriage)-452(was)-453(practiced)-452(and)-453(sanctioned)-452(by)-453(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sages,)-430(and)-394(that)-394(it)-394(tended)-394(toward)-394(harmony)-394(and)-395(federation,)-430(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(thus)-322(contributed)-321(m)-1(uch)-321(toward)-322(the)-322(increase)-321(and)-322(diffusion)-322(of)-322(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(great)-250(Siouan)-250(stock.)]TJ 11.956 -14.336 Td[(As)-346(set)-345(forth)-346(in)-345(some)-346(detail)-346(by)-345(Dorsey,)-370(the)-345(ordination)-346(of)-346(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(Siouan)-406(tribes)-406(extended)-405(beyond)-406(the)-406(hierarchic)-406(organization)-406(in-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-372(families,)-402(subgentes,)-402(gentes,)-403(tribes,)-402(and)-372(confederacies;)-433(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-366(also)-366(phratries,)-395(sometimes)-366(\050perhaps)-366(typically\051)-367(arranged)-366(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pairs;)-369(there)-329(were)-329(societies)-330(or)-329(associations)-329(established)-329(on)-330(social)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-377(fiducial)-377(bases;)-440(there)-377(was)-376(a)-377(general)-377(arrangement)-377(or)-377(classifi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cation)-404(of)-403(each)-404(group)-403(on)-404(a)-403(military)-404(basis,)-442(as)-403(into)-404(soldiers)-404(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(two)-317(or)-317(more)-318(classes)-317(of)-317(noncombatants,)-334(etc.)-451(Among)-317(the)-318(Siouan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(peoples,)-348(too,)-348(the)-329(individual)-328(brotherhood)-329(of)-328(the)-329(David-Jonathan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-338(Damon-Pythias)-337(type)-338(was)-338(characteristically)-338(developed.)-513(Thus)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-202(corporate)-202(institutions)-203(were)-202(interwoven)-202(and)-202(superimposed)-202(in)-203(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(manner)-190(nearly)-191(as)-190(complex)-190(as)-191(that)-190(found)-190(in)-191(the)-190(national,)-202(state,)-203(mu-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(nicipal,)-294(and)-285(minor)-285(institutions)-285(of)-286(civilization;)-302(yet)-285(the)-286(ordination)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(preserved)-344(by)-344(means)-343(of)-344(the)-344(camping)-344(circle,)-367(the)-344(kinship)-344(system,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-395(simple)-394(series)-395(of)-395(taboos,)-431(and)-394(the)-395(elaborate)-395(symbolism)-395(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(apparently)-211(so)-210(com)-1(plete)-210(as)-211(to)-211(meet)-210(every)-211(social)-211(and)-211(governmental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(demand.)]TJ 0 -42.454 Td[(BELIEFS)]TJ 0 -56.513 Td[(THE)-250(DEVELOPMENT)-250(OF)-250(MYTHOLOGY)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +208 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 209 0 R +/Resources 207 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +200 0 obj << +/D [208 0 R /XYZ 93.543 150.952 null] +>> endobj +204 0 obj << +/D [208 0 R /XYZ 93.543 94.396 null] +>> endobj +207 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +212 0 obj << +/Length 4652 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(THE)-250(DEVELOPMENT)-250(OF)-250(MYTHOLOGY)-6922(35)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(As)-263(explained)-262(by)-263(Powell,)-266(philosophies)-262(and)-263(beliefs)-262(may)-263(be)-263(seriat-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ed)-310(in)-311(four)-310(stages:)-371(The)-310(first)-311(stage)-310(is)-310(hecastotheism;)-341(in)-310(this)-311(stage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(extranatural)-258(or)-257(mysterious)-258(potencies)-258(are)-258(imputed)-257(to)-258(objects)-258(both)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(animate)-260(and)-260(inanimate.)-280(The)-260(second)-260(stage)-260(is)-260(zootheism;)-266(within)-260(it)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([179])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td[(the)-266(powers)-267(of)-266(animate)-267(forms)-266(are)-266(exaggerated)-267(and)-266(amplified)-267(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-328(realm)-328(of)-328(the)-327(supernal,)-348(and)-328(certain)-327(animals)-328(are)-328(deified.)-484(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(third)-225(stage)-225(is)-224(that)-225(of)-225(physitheism,)-230(in)-224(whic)-1(h)-224(the)-225(agencies)-225(of)-225(nature)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-292(per)-1(sonified)-292(and)-292(exalted)-293(unto)-292(omnipotence.)-378(The)-292(fourth)-293(stage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-316(that)-317(of)-316(psychotheism,)-333(which)-317(includes)-316(the)-317(domain)-316(of)-317(spiritual)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(concept.)-267(In)-256(general)-256(the)-256(development)-255(of)-256(belief)-256(coincides)-256(with)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(growth)-222(of)-222(abstraction;)-231(yet)-222(it)-222(is)-221(to)-222(be)-222(remembered)-222(that)-222(this)-222(growth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(represents)-230(incre)-1(ase)-230(in)-230(definiteness)-231(of)-230(the)-231(abstract)-230(concepts)-231(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-348(augmentation)-348(in)-348(numbers)-347(and)-348(kinds)-348(of)-348(subjective)-348(impres-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sions,)-528(i.e.,)-529(the)-472(advance)-473(is)-472(in)-473(quality)-473(rather)-472(than)-473(in)-473(quantity;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(indeed,)-491(it)-443(would)-443(almost)-443(appear)-442(that)-443(the)-443(vague)-443(and)-443(indefinite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(abstraction)-446(of)-445(hecastotheism)-446(is)-445(more)-446(pervasive)-445(and)-446(prevalent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-256(the)-256(clearer)-256(abstraction)-256(of)-255(higher)-256(stages.)-268(Appreciation)-256(of)-256(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(fundamental)-217(characteristics)-217(of)-217(belief)-216(is)-217(essential)-217(to)-217(even)-217(the)-217(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(general)-290(understanding)-291(of)-290(the)-290(India)-1(n)-290(mythology)-290(and)-291(philosophy,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-401(even)-401(after)-400(careful)-401(study)-401(it)-401(is)-400(difficult)-401(for)-401(thinkers)-401(trained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-384(the)-384(higher)-384(methods)-383(of)-384(thought)-384(to)-384(understand)-384(the)-384(crude)-384(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(confused)-250(ideation)-250(of)-250(the)-250(primitive)-250(thinker.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(In)-265(hecastotheism)-265(the)-265(believer)-265(finds)-265(mysterious)-265(properties)-265(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(potencies)-291(everywhere.)-373(To)-291(his)-291(mind)-291(every)-291(object)-291(is)-292(endued)-291(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occult)-300(power,)-313(moved)-301(by)-300(a)-300(va)-1(gue)-300(volition,)-313(actuated)-300(by)-301(shadowy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(motive)-325(ranging)-326(capriciously)-325(from)-325(malevolence)-325(to)-326(benevolence;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-478(his)-479(lax)-478(estimation)-478(some)-478(objects)-479(are)-478(more)-478(potent)-478(or)-479(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(mysterious)-331(than)-332(others,)-351(the)-332(strong,)-351(the)-332(sharp,)-351(the)-332(hard,)-351(and)-332(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(swift-moving)-263(rising)-264(superior)-263(to)-263(the)-264(feeble,)-267(the)-263(dull,)-267(the)-263(soft,)-267(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-336(slow.)-508(Commonly)-335(he)-336(singles)-336(out)-336(some)-336(special)-336(object)-336(as)-336(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(personal,)-358(family,)-358(or)-336(tribal)-337(mystery-symbol)-336(or)-336(fetich,)-358(the)-337(object)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(usually)-402(representing)-402(that)-402(which)-402(is)-402(most)-402(feared)-402(or)-402(worst)-402(hated)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(among)-386(his)-387(surroundings.)-659(Vaguely)-386(realizing)-387(from)-386(the)-387(memory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-401(accidents)-401(or)-400(unforeseen)-401(events)-401(that)-401(he)-400(is)-401(dependent)-401(on)-401(his)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +211 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 212 0 R +/Resources 210 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +213 0 obj << +/D [211 0 R /XYZ 81.31 477.528 null] +>> endobj +210 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +216 0 obj << +/Length 4802 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(36)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(surroundings,)-356(he)-335(invests)-335(every)-335(feature)-335(of)-335(his)-335(environment)-335(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-317(capricious)-316(humor)-317(reflecting)-316(his)-317(own)-316(disposition,)-334(and)-316(gives)-317(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(each)-383(and)-384(all)-383(a)-383(subtlety)-383(and)-384(inscrutability)-383(corresponding)-383(to)-384(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(exalted)-357(estimation)-357(of)-357(his)-357(own)-357(craft)-357(in)-356(the)-357(chase)-357(and)-357(war;)-411(and,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(conceiving)-379(himself)-380(to)-379(live)-379(and)-379(move)-379(only)-380(at)-379(the)-379(mercy)-379(of)-380(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(multitudinous)-396(associates,)-433(he)-396(becomes)-396(a)-396(fatalist)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 211.98 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(kismet)-396(is)-396(his)]TJ -222.889 -13.549 Td[(watchword,)-262(and)-259(he)-260(meets)-260(defeat)-259(and)-260(death)-259(with)-260(resignation,)-262(just)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-250(he)-250(goes)-250(to)-250(victory)-250(with)-250(complacence;)-250(for)-250(so)-250(it)-250(was)-250(ordained.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(Zootheism)-399(is)-399(the)-399(offspring)-400(of)-399(hecastotheism.)-697(As)-399(the)-400(prim-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(itive)-371(believer)-371(assigns)-371(special)-371(potency)-371(or)-371(mystery)-371(to)-371(the)-371(strong)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-383(the)-384(swift,)-417(he)-383(gradually)-383(comes)-384(to)-383(give)-384(exceptional)-383(rank)-384(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(self-moving)-236(animals;)-241(as)-236(his)-236(experience)-236(of)-236(the)-236(strength,)-239(alertness,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(swiftness,)-323(and)-308(courage)-308(of)-308(his)-308(animate)-308(enemy)-308(or)-308(prey)-308(increases,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(these)-334(animals)-334(are)-335(invested)-334(with)-334(successively)-334(higher)-334(and)-335(higher)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(attributes,)-331(each)-315(reflecting)-315(the)-314(mental)-315(operations)-315(of)-315(the)-315(mystical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(huntsman,)-506(and)-454(in)-455(time)-454(the)-455(animals)-454(with)-455(which)-454(the)-455(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(believers)-285(are)-285(most)-285(intimately)-284(associated)-285(come)-285(to)-285(be)-285(regarded)-285(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tutelary)-253(daim)-1(ons)-253(of)-253(supernatural)-254(power)-253(and)-254(intelligence.)-260(At)-254(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-200(animals,)-209(like)-200(the)-200(undifferentiated)-199(things)-200(of)-200(hecastotheism,)-210(are)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([180])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(regarded)-286(in)-287(fear)-286(or)-286(awe)-287(by)-286(reason)-286(of)-287(their)-286(strength)-286(and)-287(ferocity,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-349(this)-349(regard)-349(grows)-349(into)-349(an)-349(incipient)-349(worship)-349(in)-349(the)-349(form)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(sacrifice)-282(or)-282(other)-283(ceremonial;)-298(meanwhile,)-290(inanimate)-282(things,)-291(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-312(due)-313(season)-312(rare)-312(and)-312(unimportant)-313(animals,)-327(are)-313(neglected,)-328(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-286(half)-287(dozen,)-295(a)-287(dozen,)-295(or)-286(a)-287(score)-286(of)-286(the)-287(well-known)-286(animals)-287(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(exalted)-340(into)-340(a)-340(hierarchy)-340(of)-341(petty)-340(gods,)-362(headed)-340(by)-340(the)-341(strongest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(like)-359(the)-359(bear,)-387(the)-359(swiftest)-359(like)-359(the)-360(deer,)-386(the)-359(most)-359(majestic)-360(like)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-326(eagle,)-345(the)-326(most)-326(cunning)-326(like)-326(the)-326(fox)-326(or)-326(coyote,)-345(or)-326(the)-326(most)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(deadly)-322(like)-322(the)-322(rattlesnake.)-467(Commonly)-322(the)-322(arts)-322(and)-322(the)-322(skill)-323(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-327(mystical)-327(huntsman)-327(improve)-327(from)-327(youth)-327(to)-328(adolescence)-327(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-237(generation)-236(to)-237(generation,)-239(so)-237(that)-236(the)-237(later)-236(animals)-237(appear)-237(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-254(easier)-253(snared)-254(or)-253(slain)-253(than)-254(the)-253(earlier;)-256(moreover,)-254(the)-254(accounts)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-390(conflicts)-389(between)-390(men)-390(and)-389(animals)-390(grow)-389(by)-390(repetition)-390(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(are)-309(gilded)-308(by)-309(imagination)-309(as)-309(memory)-308(grows)-309(dim;)-338(and)-309(for)-309(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-328(other)-329(reasons)-328(the)-328(notion)-329(grows)-328(up)-329(that)-328(the)-328(ancient)-329(animals)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +215 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 216 0 R +/Resources 214 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 191 0 R +>> endobj +217 0 obj << +/D [215 0 R /XYZ 358.565 269.38 null] +>> endobj +214 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +220 0 obj << +/Length 4657 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(THE)-250(DEVELOPMENT)-250(OF)-250(MYTHOLOGY)-6922(37)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(were)-251(stronger,)-251(swifter,)-251(slier,)-252(statelier,)-251(deadlier)-251(than)-251(their)-251(modern)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(representatives,)-379(and)-353(the)-352(hierarchy)-353(of)-353(petty)-353(gods)-353(is)-353(exalted)-353(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(an)-343(omnipotent)-342(thearchy.)-528(Eventually,)-365(in)-343(the)-343(most)-342(highly)-343(devel-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(oped)-369(zootheistic)-368(systems,)-399(the)-368(leading)-369(beast-god)-368(is)-369(regarded)-369(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-401(creator)-401(of)-401(the)-401(lesser)-401(deities)-401(of)-401(the)-401(earth,)-438(sun,)-439(and)-401(sky,)-439(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-384(mythic)-383(under-world)-384(and)-383(its)-384(real)-383(counterpart)-384(the)-383(ground)-384(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mid-world,)-408(as)-376(well)-376(as)-376(the)-376(visionary)-376(upper-world,)-407(of)-376(men,)-408(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-375(the)-374(ignoble)-375(animals;)-437(sometimes)-375(the)-374(most)-375(exalted)-375(beast-god)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-378(worsh)-1(iped)-378(especially)-378(by)-379(the)-378(great)-379(man)-378(or)-379(leading)-378(class)-379(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(incidentally)-231(by)-231(all,)-234(while)-231(other)-231(men)-231(and)-230(groups)-231(choose)-231(the)-231(lesser)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(beast-gods,)-532(according)-476(to)-475(their)-476(rank,)-532(for)-475(special)-476(worship.)-927(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(hecastotheism)-303(the)-303(potencies)-302(revered)-303(or)-303(worshiped)-303(are)-303(polymor-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(phic,)-386(while)-359(their)-359(attributes)-359(reflect)-358(the)-359(mental)-359(operations)-359(of)-359(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(believers;)-440(in)-377(zootheism)-377(the)-376(deities)-377(worshiped)-377(are)-377(zoomorphic,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-250(their)-250(attributes)-250(continue)-250(to)-250(reflect)-250(the)-250(human)-250(mind.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td[(Physitheism,)-450(in)-409(its)-410(turn,)-449(springs)-410(from)-410(zootheism.)-729(Through)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(contemplation)-405(of)-405(the)-405(strong)-405(the)-405(idea)-406(of)-405(strength)-405(arises,)-444(and)-405(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(means)-287(is)-286(found)-287(for)-287(bringing)-286(the)-287(bear)-287(into)-286(analogy)-287(with)-287(thunder,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-336(the)-337(sun,)-358(or)-336(with)-336(the)-337(avalanche-bearing)-336(mountain;)-380(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(contemplation)-408(of)-408(the)-408(swift)-408(the)-408(concept)-408(of)-408(swiftness)-409(is)-408(engen-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dered,)-242(and)-241(comparison)-240(of)-241(the)-240(deer)-240(w)-1(ith)-240(the)-240(wind)-241(or)-240(rushing)-241(river)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(is)-277(made)-277(easy;)-291(through)-277(contemplation)-277(of)-277(the)-277(deadly)-277(stroke)-277(of)-277(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(rattlesnake)-191(the)-190(notion)-190(of)-191(death-dealing)-190(power)-191(assumes)-190(shape,)-203(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(comparison)-367(of)-367(the)-368(snake)-367(bite)-367(and)-367(the)-367(lightning)-367(stroke)-367(is)-368(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(possible;)-489(and)-409(in)-410(every)-409(case)-409(it)-409(is)-410(inevitably)-409(perceived)-409(that)-410(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(agency)-266(is)-266(stronger,)-270(swifter,)-271(deadlier)-266(than)-266(the)-266(animal.)-298(At)-266(first)-267(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(agency)-254(is)-254(not)-254(abstracted)-254(or)-254(dissociated)-254(from)-254(the)-254(parent)-254(zootheis-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tic)-290(concept,)-300(and)-290(the)-289(sun)-290(is)-290(the)-290(mightiest)-290(animal)-290(as)-290(among)-290(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(peoples,)-313(the)-300(thunder)-300(is)-300(the)-300(voice)-300(of)-300(the)-300(bear)-300(as)-300(among)-301(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(woodland)-253(tribes)-253(or)-253(the)-254(flapping)-253(of)-253(the)-253(wings)-253(of)-253(the)-253(great)-254(ancient)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eagle)-383(as)-384(among)-383(the)-383(Dakota)-384(and)-383(\242egiha,)-417(while)-383(lightning)-383(is)-384(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(great)-197(serpent)-197(of)-197(the)-196(sky)-197(as)-197(among)-197(the)-197(Zu\361i.)-232(Subsequently)-197(the)-197(zoic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(concept)-226(fades,)-231(and)-226(the)-226(constant)-226(association)-226(of)-226(human)-226(intellectual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(qualities)-240(engenders)-241(an)-240(anthropic)-240(concept,)-243(when)-240(the)-240(sun)-241(becomes)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +219 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 220 0 R +/Resources 218 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +218 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +224 0 obj << +/Length 4758 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(38)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(an)-301(anthro)-1(pomorphic)-301(deity)-301(\050perhaps)-302(bearing)-301(a)-302(dazzling)-301(mask,)-315(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-302(the)-302(Zu\361i\051,)-315(and)-301(thunder)-302(is)-302(the)-302(rumbling)-302(of)-302(quoits)-302(pitched)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([181])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(by)-335(the)-335(shades)-334(of)-335(old-time)-335(giants,)-356(as)-335(among)-335(different)-335(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes.)-313(Eventually)-271(all)-271(the)-271(leading)-271(agencies)-271(of)-271(nature)-271(are)-271(personi-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(fied)-205(in)-206(anthropic)-205(form,)-215(and)-205(retain)-206(the)-205(human)-206(attributes)-205(of)-206(caprice,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(love,)-250(and)-250(hate)-250(which)-250(are)-250(found)-250(in)-250(the)-250(minds)-250(of)-250(the)-250(believers.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(Psychotheism)-280(is)-281(born)-280(of)-280(physitheism)-281(as)-280(the)-281(anthropomorphic)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(element)-388(in)-389(the)-388(concept)-388(of)-388(natural)-389(agency)-388(gradually)-388(fades;)-458(but)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(since)-423(none)-423(of)-423(the)-422(aborigines)-423(of)-423(the)-423(United)-423(States)-423(had)-423(passed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(into)-405(the)-405(higher)-405(stage,)-444(the)-405(mode)-405(of)-405(transition)-405(does)-405(not)-405(require)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(consideration.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(It)-391(is)-390(to)-391(be)-390(borne)-391(in)-390(mind)-391(that)-390(throughout)-391(the)-391(course)-390(of)-391(de-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(velopment)-362(of)-361(belief,)-390(from)-362(the)-361(beginning)-362(of)-362(hecastotheism)-362(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-366(borderland)-366(of)-365(psychotheism,)-395(the)-366(dominant)-366(characteristic)-366(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-345(vague)-346(notion)-345(of)-346(mystery.)-536(At)-345(first)-345(the)-346(mystery)-345(pervades)-346(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(things)-382(and)-382(extends)-382(in)-382(all)-382(directions,)-415(representing)-382(an)-382(indefinite)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ideal)-310(world,)-325(which)-310(is)-309(the)-310(counterpart)-310(of)-310(the)-310(real)-310(world)-310(with)-310(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(addition)-322(of)-321(human)-322(qualities.)-465(Gradually)-321(the)-322(mystery)-322(segregates,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(deepening)-244(with)-244(respect)-244(to)-244(animals)-244(and)-244(disappearing)-244(with)-244(respect)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-247(inanimate)-247(things;)-249(and)-247(at)-247(length)-247(the)-247(slowly)-247(changing)-248(mysteries)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(shape)-247(themselves)-247(into)-246(semiabstractions)-247(having)-247(a)-247(strong)-247(anthrop-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ic)-335(cast,)-356(while)-334(the)-335(remainder)-335(of)-334(the)-335(earth)-335(and)-334(the)-335(things)-335(thereof)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(gradually)-329(become)-329(real,)-348(though)-329(they)-329(remain)-329(under)-329(the)-329(spell)-329(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dominion)-346(of)-347(the)-346(mysterious.)-539(Thus)-346(at)-347(every)-346(stage)-346(the)-347(primitive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(believer)-351(is)-351(a)-351(mystic)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 87.838 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(a)-351(fatalist)-351(in)-351(one)-351(stage,)-376(a)-351(beast)-351(worshiper)]TJ -98.747 -13.549 Td[(in)-314(another,)-331(a)-314(thaumaturgist)-314(in)-314(a)-315(third,)-330(yet)-314(ever)-315(and)-314(first)-314(of)-314(all)-315(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(mystic.)-226(It)-179(is)-178(also)-178(to)-179(be)-178(borne)-178(in)-179(mind)-178(\050and)-178(the)-179(more)-178(firmly)-179(because)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-240(a)-240(widespread)-241(misapprehension\051)-240(that)-240(the)-240(primitive)-240(believer,)-243(up)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-362(the)-361(highest)-362(stage)-362(attained)-361(by)-362(the)-362(North)-361(American)-362(Indian,)-390(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(not)-338(a)-338(psychothe)-1(ist,)-360(much)-338(less)-338(a)-338(monotheist.)-515(His)-338("Great)-339(Spirit")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-229(simply)-229(a)-229(great)-229(mystery,)-233(perhaps)-229(vaguely)-228(anthropomorphic,)-234(of-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tener)-217(zoomorphic,)-223(yet)-216(not)-217(a)-217(spirit,)-223(which)-216(he)-217(is)-216(unable)-217(to)-217(conceive)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(save)-334(by)-334(reflection)-334(of)-334(the)-334(white)-334(man's)-334(concept)-334(and)-335(inquiry;)-376(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(his)-330(departed)-330(spirit)-329(is)-330(but)-330(a)-330(shade,)-350(much)-329(like)-330(that)-330(of)-330(the)-330(ancient)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +223 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 224 0 R +/Resources 222 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +225 0 obj << +/D [223 0 R /XYZ 236.498 504.626 null] +>> endobj +222 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +226 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index11) >> +endobj +229 0 obj +(THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY) +endobj +232 0 obj << +/Length 4363 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(MYTHOLOGY)-12061(39)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(Greeks,)-250(the)-250(associate)-250(and)-250(often)-250(the)-250(inferior)-250(of)-250(animal)-250(shades.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(While)-441(the)-441(four)-441(stages)-440(in)-441(development)-441(of)-441(belief)-441(are)-441(funda-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(mentally)-362(distinct,)-390(they)-361(nevertheless)-362(overlap)-362(in)-362(such)-362(manner)-362(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(apparently,)-223(and)-217(in)-217(a)-216(measure)-217(really,)-223(to)-217(coexist)-216(and)-217(blend.)-239(Culture)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(progress)-316(is)-317(slow.)-449(In)-316(biotic)-316(development)-317(the)-316(effect)-316(of)-317(beneficial)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(modification)-269(is)-268(felt)-269(immediately,)-273(and)-268(the)-269(modified)-269(organs)-268(or)-269(or-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ganisms)-226(are)-227(stimulated)-226(and)-226(strengthened)-226(cumulatively,)-231(while)-227(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(unmodified)-390(are)-391(enfeebled)-390(and)-390(paralyzed)-390(cumulatively)-391(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(inactivity)-276(and)-275(quickly)-275(pass)-276(toward)-275(atrophy)-276(and)-275(extinction.)-327(Con-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(versely)-342(in)-342(demotic)-342(development,)-364(which)-342(is)-342(characterized)-342(by)-342(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(persistence)-340(of)-339(the)-339(organisms)-340(and)-339(by)-340(the)-339(elimination)-340(of)-339(the)-340(bad)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-256(the)-255(preservation)-255(of)-256(the)-255(good)-256(among)-255(qualities)-256(only,)-257(there)-255(is)-256(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(constant)-208(tendency)-207(toward)-208(retardation)-208(of)-207(progress;)-222(for)-208(in)-208(savagery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-212(barbarism)-212(as)-211(in)-212(civilization,)-219(age)-212(commonly)-212(produces)-212(conser-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(vatism,)-216(and)-208(at)-208(the)-208(same)-208(time)-208(brings)-208(responsibility)-208(for)-208(the)-208(conduct)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-385(old)-384(and)-385(young,)-418(so)-385(that)-385(modification,)-418(howsoever)-385(beneficial,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-384(measurably)-384(held)-384(in)-384(check,)-418(and)-384(so)-384(that)-384(the)-384(progress)-384(of)-384(each)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([182])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(generation)-323(buds)-322(in)-323(the)-322(springtime)-323(of)-322(youth)-323(yet)-322(is)-323(not)-323(permitted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-304(fruit)-304(until)-303(the)-304(winter)-304(of)-304(old)-304(age)-303(approaches.)-412(Accordingly)-304(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(mean)-367(of)-368(demotic)-367(progress)-367(tends)-367(to)-368(lag)-367(far)-367(behind)-367(its)-368(foremost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(advances,)-259(and)-257(modes)-256(of)-257(action)-257(and)-257(especially)-257(of)-257(thought)-257(change)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(slowly.)-686(This)-396(is)-395(especially)-396(true)-395(of)-396(beliefs,)-431(which,)-432(during)-396(each)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(generation,)-346(are)-327(largely)-327(vestigial.)-481(So)-327(the)-328(stages)-327(in)-327(the)-327(evolution)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-329(mythologic)-329(philosophy)-329(overlap)-329(widely;)-368(there)-329(is)-329(probably)-329(no)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tribe)-264(now)-265(living)-264(among)-264(whom)-264(zootheism)-265(has)-264(not)-264(yet)-264(taken)-265(root,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(though)-255(hecastotheism)-255(has)-254(been)-255(found)-255(dominant)-255(among)-255(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes;)-354(there)-319(is)-320(probably)-319(no)-319(people)-319(in)-320(the)-319(zootheistic)-319(stage)-320(who)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-342(completely)-343(divested)-342(of)-342(hecastotheistic)-343(vestiges;)-388(and)-342(one)-343(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-285(curious)-284(fe)-1(atures)-284(of)-285(even)-285(the)-284(most)-285(advanced)-285(psychotheism)-285(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-322(occasional)-322(outcropping)-322(of)-321(features)-322(inherited)-322(from)-322(all)-322(of)-322(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(earlier)-336(stages.)-508(Yet)-336(it)-336(is)-336(none)-336(the)-336(less)-336(important)-337(to)-336(discriminate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(stages.)]TJ 0 -32.008 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(MYTHOLOGY)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +231 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 232 0 R +/Resources 230 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +233 0 obj << +/D [231 0 R /XYZ 54.048 301.388 null] +>> endobj +227 0 obj << +/D [231 0 R /XYZ 46.771 86.542 null] +>> endobj +230 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +236 0 obj << +/Length 6175 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(40)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(It)-223(was)-222(partly)-223(through)-223(pioneer)-222(study)-223(of)-223(the)-223(Siouan)-222(Indians)-223(that)-223(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(popular)-329(fallacy)-329(concerning)-329(the)-329(aboriginal)-329("Great)-329(Spirit")-329(gained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(currency;)-204(and)-180(it)-180(was)-181(partly)-180(through)-181(the)-180(work)-180(of)-181(Dorsey)-180(among)-181(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\242egiha)-286(and)-286(Dakota)-286(tribes,)-295(first)-286(as)-286(a)-286(missionary)-286(and)-287(afterward)-286(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-255(linguist,)-257(that)-255(the)-255(early)-255(error)-255(was)-256(corrected.)-265(Among)-255(these)-256(tribes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-314(creation)-314(and)-314(control)-314(of)-313(the)-314(world)-314(and)-314(the)-314(things)-314(thereof)-314(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ascribed)-299(to)-299("wa-ka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 82.463 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(-da")-299(\050the)-299(term)-299(varying)-299(somewhat)-299(from)-299(tribe)]TJ -86.947 -13.549 Td[(to)-293(tribe\051,)-303(just)-292(as)-293(among)-292(the)-293(Algonquian)-292(tribes)-293(omnipotence)-293(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(assigned)-185(to)-185("ma-ni-do")-185(\050"Manito)-185(the)-185(Mighty")-185(of)-185("Hiawatha"\051;)-207(yet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(inquiry)-229(shows)-230(that)-229(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 105.674 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-229(assumes)-230(various)-229(forms,)-233(and)-230(is)-229(rather)]TJ -110.157 -13.549 Td[(a)-290(quality)-290(than)-291(a)-290(definite)-290(entity.)-371(Thus,)-300(among)-290(many)-290(of)-290(the)-291(tribes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-296(sun)-295(is)-296(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 68.453 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 10.298 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(not)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 17.166 0 Td[(the)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 16.556 0 Td[(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 23.018 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-296(or)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 25.836 0 Td[(a)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.679 0 Td[(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 23.018 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da,)-307(but)-296(simply)]TJ -217.383 -13.549 Td[(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 23.018 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(da;)-209(and)-188(among)-188(the)-188(same)-188(tribes)-188(the)-188(moon)-188(is)-188(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 205.931 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da,)-200(and)-188(so)]TJ -237.916 -13.549 Td[(is)-268(thunder,)-272(lightning,)-272(the)-268(stars,)-272(the)-268(winds,)-272(the)-268(cedar,)-272(and)-268(various)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(other)-212(things;)-225(even)-213(a)-212(man,)-220(especially)-212(a)-213(shaman,)-220(might)-212(be)-213(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 265.849 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.91 Td[(da)]TJ -270.332 -13.549 Td[(or)-168(a)-168(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 40.61 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da.)-223(In)-167(addition)-168(the)-168(term)-168(was)-168(applied)-167(to)-168(mythic)-168(monsters)]TJ -45.093 -13.549 Td[(of)-289(the)-289(earth,)-299(air,)-299(and)-289(waters;)-309(according)-289(to)-289(some)-289(of)-289(the)-289(sages)-290(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ground)-280(or)-281(earth,)-287(the)-281(mythic)-280(under-world,)-288(the)-280(ideal)-281(upper-world,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(darkness,)-333(etc,)-333(were)-317(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 111.283 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-317(or)-316(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 49.31 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(das.)-450(So,)-333(too,)-333(the)-317(fetiches)]TJ -169.559 -13.55 Td[(and)-200(the)-200(ceremonial)-199(ob)-1(jects)-199(and)-200(decorations)-200(were)-200(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 233.974 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.91 Td[(da)-200(among)]TJ -238.458 -13.549 Td[(different)-266(tribes.)-297(Among)-265(some)-266(of)-266(the)-266(groups)-265(various)-266(animals)-266(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-240(trees)-239(besides)-240(the)-239(sp)-1(ecially)-239(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 163.331 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-240(cedar)-239(were)-240(regarded)-240(as)]TJ -167.814 -13.549 Td[(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 23.018 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(das;)-315(as)-293(already)-293(noted,)-303(the)-294(horse,)-303(among)-293(the)-293(prairie)-294(tribes,)]TJ -27.502 -13.549 Td[(was)-302(the)-302(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 59.903 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-302(dog.)-406(In)-302(like)-302(manner)-302(many)-302(natural)-302(objects)-302(and)]TJ -64.386 -13.549 Td[(places)-296(of)-296(striking)-296(character)-296(were)-296(considered)-296(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 220.508 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(da.)-388(Thus)-296(the)]TJ -224.992 -13.55 Td[(term)-285(was)-284(applied)-285(to)-284(all)-284(sorts)-285(of)-284(entities)-285(and)-284(ideas,)-294(and)-284(was)-285(used)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050with)-263(or)-262(without)-263(inflectional)-262(variations\051)-263(indiscriminately)-262(as)-263(sub-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stantive)-299(and)-298(adjective,)-311(and)-299(with)-298(slight)-299(modification)-298(as)-299(verb)-299(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(adverb.)-233(Manifestly)-201(a)-200(term)-200(so)-200(protean)-200(is)-200(not)-200(susceptible)-200(of)-201(transla-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tion)-275(into)-275(the)-275(more)-275(highly)-275(differentiated)-275(language)-275(of)-275(civilization.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Manifestly,)-254(too,)-254(the)-253(idea)-253(expressed)-253(by)-253(the)-253(term)-254(is)-253(indefinite,)-254(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(can)-381(not)-381(justly)-381(be)-380(rendered)-381(into)-381("spirit,")-381(much)-381(less)-381(into)-381("Great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Spirit;")-260(though)-259(it)-260(is)-259(easy)-260(to)-259(understand)-260(stand)-259(how)-260(the)-260(superficial)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.756 0 Td[([183])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.756 -13.549 Td[(inquirer,)-411(dominated)-380(by)-379(definite)-379(spiritual)-379(concept,)-412(handicapped)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +235 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 236 0 R +/Resources 234 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +237 0 obj << +/D [235 0 R /XYZ 261.655 84.601 null] +>> endobj +234 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +240 0 obj << +/Length 5200 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(MYTHOLOGY)-12061(41)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(by)-281(unfamiliarity)-280(with)-281(the)-280(Indian)-281(tongue,)-288(misled)-281(by)-280(ignorance)-281(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-233(vague)-234(prescriptorial)-233(ideation,)-237(and)-233(perhaps)-234(deceived)-233(by)-234(crafty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(native)-219(informants)-219(or)-218(mischievous)-219(interpreters,)-225(came)-219(to)-219(adopt)-219(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(perpetuate)-293(the)-292(erroneous)-293(interpretation.)-377(The)-293(term)-292(may)-293(be)-293(trans-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(lated)-392(into)-391("mystery")-392(perhaps)-392(more)-392(satisfactorily)-391(than)-392(into)-392(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-270(single)-270(English)-270(word,)-276(yet)-270(this)-270(rendering)-270(is)-270(at)-270(the)-270(same)-271(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(much)-284(too)-285(limited)-284(and)-285(much)-284(too)-285(definite.)-353(As)-284(used)-285(by)-284(the)-285(Siouan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Indian,)-337(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 57.291 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)-319(vaguely)-320(connotes)-319(also)-319("power,")-320("sacred,")-319("an-)]TJ -61.774 -13.549 Td[(cient,")-301("grandeur,")-302("animate,")-301("immortal,")-302(and)-301(other)-301(words,)-315(yet)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(does)-345(not)-346(express)-345(with)-345(any)-345(degree)-346(of)-345(fullness)-345(and)-345(clearness)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ideas)-386(conveyed)-386(by)-385(these)-386(terms)-386(singly)-386(or)-386(collectively)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 237.91 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(indeed,)]TJ -248.819 -13.549 Td[(no)-362(English)-362(sentence)-361(of)-362(reasonable)-362(length)-362(can)-361(do)-362(justice)-362(to)-362(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(aboriginal)-250(idea)-250(expressed)-250(by)-250(the)-250(term)-250(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 189.044 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da.)]TJ -181.571 -15.293 Td[(While)-219(the)-219(beliefs)-219(of)-219(many)-219(of)-219(the)-219(Siouan)-219(tribes)-219(are)-220(lost)-219(through)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(the)-272(extinction)-271(of)-272(the)-272(tribesmen)-271(or)-272(transformed)-272(through)-272(accultur-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ation,)-274(it)-270(is)-270(fortunate)-269(that)-270(a)-269(large)-270(body)-269(of)-270(information)-270(concerning)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-452(myths)-451(and)-452(ceremonials)-451(of)-452(several)-451(prairie)-452(tribes)-451(has)-452(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(collected.)-380(The)-293(records)-293(of)-293(Carver,)-304(Lewis)-293(and)-294(Clark,)-304(Say,)-304(Catlin,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-396(Prince)-396(Maximilian)-396(are)-396(of)-396(great)-396(value)-396(when)-396(interpreted)-396(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-266(light)-266(of)-266(modern)-266(knowledge.)-297(More)-266(recent)-266(researches)-266(by)-266(Miss)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Fletcher)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 35.749 3.958 Td[(49)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.774 -3.958 Td[(and)-395(by)-394(Dorsey)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 66.779 3.958 Td[(50)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.773 -3.958 Td[(are)-395(of)-394(especial)-395(value,)-431(not)-395(only)-394(as)]TJ -128.075 -13.55 Td[(direct)-306(sources)-307(of)-306(information)-306(but)-306(as)-307(a)-306(means)-306(of)-306(interpreting)-307(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(earlier)-307(writings.)-422(From)-307(these)-307(records)-307(it)-307(appears)-308(that,)-321(in)-307(so)-307(far)-308(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-269(grasped)-269(the)-268(theistic)-269(concept,)-274(the)-268(Siouan)-269(Indians)-269(were)-269(poly-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(theists;)-322(that)-298(their)-299(mysteries)-298(or)-298(deities)-298(varied)-298(in)-298(rank)-298(and)-299(power;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-259(some)-259(were)-259(good)-258(but)-259(more)-259(were)-259(bad,)-261(while)-259(others)-259(combined)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(bad)-251(and)-250(good)-251(attributes;)-251(that)-250(they)-251(assumed)-250(various)-251(forms,)-251(actual)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-207(imaginary;)-221(and)-207(that)-207(their)-207(disposition)-1(s)-207(and)-207(motives)-207(resembled)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(those)-250(found)-250(among)-250(mankind.)]TJ 11.956 -15.293 Td[(The)-447(organization)-448(of)-447(the)-447(vague)-448(Siouan)-447(thearchy)-447(appears)-448(to)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 107.095 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -109.685 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 103.072 Td[(49)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Several)-283(of)-282(the)-1(se)-282(are)-283(summarized)-283(in)-283("The)-282(emblematic)-283(use)-283(of)-283(the)-282(tree)-283(in)-283(the)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(Dakota)-250(group,")-250(Science,)-250(n.s.,)-251(vol.)-250(IV,)-250(1896,)-250(pp.)-250(475-487.)]TJ/F16 5.978 Tf 3.238 -7.394 Td[(50)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Notably)-279("A)-279(Study)-279(of)-278(Siou)-1(an)-278(Cults,")-279(Seventh)-279(Annual)-279(Report)-279(of)-279(the)-279(Bureau)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(of)-250(Ethnology)-250(for)-250(1889-0*0)-250(\0501)-1(894\051,)-250(pp.)-250(351-544.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +239 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 240 0 R +/Resources 238 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +238 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +243 0 obj << +/Length 4998 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(42)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(have)-259(varied)-259(from)-259(group)-259(to)-259(group.)-277(Among)-259(all)-259(of)-259(the)-260(tribes)-259(whose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(beliefs)-333(are)-334(known,)-354(the)-333(sun)-333(was)-334(an)-333(important)-333(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 225.331 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da,)-354(perhaps)]TJ -229.814 -13.549 Td[(the)-415(leading)-416(one)-415(potentially,)-457(though)-415(usually)-416(of)-415(less)-416(immediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(consideration)-466(than)-465(certain)-466(others,)-519(such)-466(as)-465(thunder,)-520(lightning,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-398(the)-398(cedar)-398(tree;)-472(among)-398(the)-398(Osage)-398(the)-398(sun)-398(was)-399(invoked)-398(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[("grandfather,")-264(and)-264(among)-263(v)-1(arious)-263(tribes)-264(there)-264(were)-264(sun)-264(ceremo-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nials,)-248(some)-248(of)-247(which)-248(are)-248(still)-247(maintained;)-249(among)-247(the)-248(Omaha)-248(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Ponka,)-215(according)-207(to)-207(Miss)-207(Fletcher,)-215(the)-207(mythic)-207(thunder-bird)-207(plays)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-330(prominent,)-350(perhaps)-331(dominant)-330(r\364le,)-350(and)-330(the)-330(cedar)-330(tree)-330(or)-331(pole)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(is)-279(deified)-279(as)-279(its)-279(tangible)-279(representative.)-337(The)-279(moon)-279(was)-279(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 265.849 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(da)]TJ -270.332 -13.549 Td[(among)-376(the)-375(Osage)-376(and)-376(the)-375(stars)-376(among)-376(the)-375(Omaha)-376(and)-376(Ponka,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(yet)-253(they)-254(seem)-253(to)-254(have)-253(occupied)-254(subordinate)-253(positions;)-255(the)-254(winds)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-380(the)-379(four)-380(quarters)-380(were)-379(apparently)-380(given)-379(h)-1(igher)-379(rank;)-445(and,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-366(individual)-366(cases,)-394(the)-366(mythic)-366(water-monsters)-366(or)-366(earth-deities)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(seem)-305(to)-305(have)-304(o)-1(ccupied)-304(leading)-305(positions.)-415(On)-304(the)-305(whole,)-319(it)-305(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-421(safe)-422(to)-421(consider)-422(the)-421(sun)-421(as)-422(the)-421(Siouan)-421(arch-mystery,)-465(with)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([184])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(the)-345(mythic)-345(thunder-bird)-345(or)-345(family)-345(of)-345(thunder-birds)-345(as)-345(a)-346(sort)-345(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mediate)-422(link)-423(between)-422(the)-422(mysteries)-423(and)-422(men,)-465(possessing)-423(less)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(power)-414(but)-414(displaying)-415(more)-414(activity)-414(in)-414(human)-414(affairs)-414(than)-415(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(remoter)-368(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 60.962 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.91 Td[(da)-368(of)-368(the)-368(heavens.)-605(Under)-368(these)-368(controlling)-368(wa-)]TJ -65.445 -13.549 Td[(ka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 10.299 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(das,)-338(other)-321(members)-321(of)-320(the)-321(series)-321(were)-320(vaguely)-321(and)-321(variably)]TJ -14.782 -13.549 Td[(arranged.)-568(Somewhere)-356(in)-357(the)-356(lower)-356(ranks,)-382(sacred)-357(animals)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 257.001 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(es-)]TJ -267.91 -13.549 Td[(pecially)-426(sports,)-470(such)-426(as)-426(the)-426(white)-426(buffalo)-426(cow)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 212.677 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(were)-426(placed,)]TJ -223.586 -13.549 Td[(and)-347(still)-347(lower)-347(came)-347(totems)-348(and)-347(shamans,)-371(which,)-371(according)-348(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Dorsey,)-245(were)-244(reverenced)-243(rather)-244(than)-243(worshiped.)-248(It)-244(is)-244(noteworthy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-358(this)-359(thearchic)-358(arrangement)-358(corresp)-1(onded)-358(in)-358(many)-359(respects)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-250(the)-250(hierarchic)-250(social)-250(organization)-250(of)-250(the)-250(stock.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(The)-391(Siouan)-392(thearchy)-391(was)-392(invoked)-391(and)-391(adored)-392(by)-391(means)-392(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(forms)-480(and)-480(ceremonies,)-538(as)-480(well)-481(as)-480(through)-480(orisons.)-940(The)-481(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(observances)-270(were)-269(highly)-270(elaborate;)-280(they)-269(comprised)-270(dancing)-270(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(chanting,)-372(feasting)-347(and)-347(fasting,)-372(and)-347(in)-348(some)-347(cases)-347(sacrifice)-348(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(torture,)-288(the)-281(shocking)-281(atrocities)-280(of)-281(the)-281(Mandan)-280(and)-281(Minitari)-281(rites)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(being)-448(especially)-449(impressive.)-844(From)-449(these)-448(great)-448(collective)-449(de-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(votions)-438(the)-437(ceremonials)-438(graded)-438(down)-437(through)-438(war-dance)-438(and)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +242 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 243 0 R +/Resources 241 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 221 0 R +>> endobj +244 0 obj << +/D [242 0 R /XYZ 198.57 314.937 null] +>> endobj +241 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +247 0 obj << +/Length 4777 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(THE)-250(SIOUAN)-250(MYTHOLOGY)-12061(43)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(hunting-feast)-281(to)-282(the)-281(terpsichorean)-281(grace)-282(extolled)-281(by)-281(Carver,)-290(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-292(individual)-293(fetich)-292(worship.)-377(In)-293(general)-292(the)-292(adoration)-293(expressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(fear)-260(of)-260(the)-260(evil)-260(rather)-259(than)-260(love)-260(of)-260(the)-260(good)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 188.496 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(but)-260(this)-260(can)-260(hardly)]TJ -199.406 -13.549 Td[(be)-250(regarded)-250(as)-250(a)-250(distinctive)-250(feature,)-250(much)-250(less)-250(a)-250(peculiar)-250(one.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(Some)-378(of)-377(the)-378(mystery)-378(places)-377(were)-378(especially)-378(distinctive)-378(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(noteworthy.)-752(Foremost)-417(among)-417(them)-418(was)-417(the)-417(sacred)-418(pipestone)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(quarry)-206(near)-206(Big)-207(Sioux)-206(river,)-215(whence)-206(the)-206(material)-206(for)-206(the)-207(waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 265.849 4.91 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.91 Td[(da)]TJ -270.332 -13.549 Td[(calumet)-297(was)-296(obtained;)-320(another)-296(was)-297(the)-296(far-famed)-297(Minne-waka)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 276.147 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -276.147 -18.458 Td[(of)-395(North)-395(Dakota,)-432(not)-395(inaptly)-395(translated)-395("Devil's)-395(lake;")-395(a)-396(third)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-322(the)-322(mystery-rock)-322(or)-322(medicine-rock)-322(of)-322(the)-322(Mandan)-322(and)-322(Hi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(datsa)-234(near)-233(Yellowstone)-234(river;)-239(and)-234(there)-234(were)-233(many)-234(others)-234(of)-234(less)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(importance.)-544(About)-348(all)-348(of)-348(these)-348(places)-348(picturesque)-348(legends)-348(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(myths)-250(clustered.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td[(The)-188(Siouan)-187(mythology)-188(is)-187(especially)-188(instructive,)-200(partly)-188(because)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(so)-313(well)-313(recorded,)-329(partly)-314(because)-313(it)-313(so)-313(clearly)-313(reflects)-313(the)-314(habits)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-195(customs)-195(of)-195(the)-195(tribesmen)-195(and)-195(thus)-195(gives)-195(an)-196(indirect)-195(reflection)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-283(a)-282(well-marked)-283(environment.)-348(As)-283(among)-282(so)-283(many)-283(peoples,)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sun)-367(is)-367(a)-367(prominent)-367(element;)-425(the)-367(ice-monsters)-367(of)-367(the)-367(north)-367(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-351(rain-myths)-351(of)-352(the)-351(arid)-351(region)-351(are)-352(lacking,)-376(and)-351(are)-352(replaced)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-228(the)-229(frequent)-228(thunder)-229(and)-228(the)-229(trees)-228(shaken)-229(by)-228(the)-229(storm-winds;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-323(mythic)-323(creatures)-323(are)-323(shaped)-323(in)-323(the)-323(image)-323(of)-323(the)-323(indigenous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(animals)-212(and)-211(birds;)-224(the)-212(myths)-211(center)-212(in)-212(the)-211(local)-212(rocks)-211(and)-212(waters;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-386(mysterious)-386(thearchy)-386(corresponds)-386(with)-386(the)-386(tribal)-386(hierarchy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-303(the)-304(attributes)-303(ascribed)-304(to)-303(the)-303(deities)-304(are)-303(those)-304(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-250(warriors)-250(and)-250(hunters.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td[(Considering)-292(the)-292(mythology)-293(in)-292(relation)-292(to)-292(the)-292(stages)-292(in)-293(devel-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(opment)-314(of)-315(mythologic)-314(philosophy,)-330(it)-315(appears)-314(that)-314(the)-315(dominant)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(beliefs,)-266(such)-263(as)-262(those)-263(pertaining)-262(to)-263(the)-263(sun)-262(and)-263(the)-263(winds,)-266(repre-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sent)-328(a)-328(crude)-328(physitheism,)-348(while)-328(vestiges)-328(of)-328(hecastotheism)-329(crop)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(out)-235(in)-236(the)-235(object-worship)-235(and)-235(place-worship)-236(of)-235(the)-235(leading)-236(tribes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-281(in)-281(other)-281(features.)-343(At)-281(the)-281(same)-281(time)-281(well-marked)-281(zootheistic)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([185])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(features)-334(are)-334(found)-334(in)-334(the)-334(mythic)-334(thunder-birds)-334(and)-334(in)-335(the)-334(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(or)-263(less)-262(complete)-263(deification)-262(of)-263(various)-263(animals,)-265(in)-263(the)-263(exaltation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-351(the)-351(horse)-351(into)-351(the)-352(rank)-351(of)-351(the)-351(mythic)-351(dog)-351(father,)-376(and)-351(in)-352(the)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +246 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 247 0 R +/Resources 245 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +248 0 obj << +/D [246 0 R /XYZ 170.924 106.79 null] +>> endobj +245 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +250 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index12) >> +endobj +253 0 obj +(SOMATOLOGY) +endobj +256 0 obj << +/Length 4155 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(44)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(animal)-382(forms)-381(of)-382(the)-381(water-monsters)-382(and)-382(earth-beings;)-447(and)-382(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(living)-352(application)-353(of)-352(zootheism)-352(is)-352(found)-353(in)-352(the)-352(animal)-353(fetiches)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-382(totems.)-647(On)-382(the)-383(whole,)-415(it)-382(seems)-383(just)-382(to)-382(assign)-382(the)-383(Siouan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mythology)-467(to)-466(the)-467(upper)-466(strata)-467(of)-467(zootheism,)-520(just)-467(verging)-467(on)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(physitheism,)-250(with)-250(vestigial)-250(traces)-250(of)-250(hecastotheism.)]TJ 0 -43.615 Td[(SOMATOLOGY)]TJ 0 -29.04 Td[(The)-415(vigorous)-414(avo)-1(cations)-414(of)-415(the)-415(chase)-414(and)-415(war)-415(were)-415(reflected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-359(fine)-359(stature,)-387(broad)-359(and)-359(deep)-359(chests,)-386(strong)-359(and)-359(clean)-360(limbs,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-403(sound)-403(constitution)-404(among)-403(the)-403(Siouan)-403(tribesmen)-403(and)-404(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(consorts.)-480(The)-326(skin)-327(was)-326(of)-327(the)-326(usual)-327(coppery)-326(cast)-327(characteristic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-242(the)-242(native)-242(American;)-245(the)-242(teeth)-242(were)-242(strong,)-244(indicating)-242(and)-242(be-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(fitting)-245(a)-245(largely)-244(carnivorous)-245(diet,)-246(little)-245(worn)-244(by)-245(sandy)-245(foods,)-246(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(seldom)-289(mutilated;)-308(the)-288(hands)-289(and)-289(feet)-289(were)-288(commonly)-289(large)-289(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(sinewy.)-493(The)-332(Siouan)-331(Indians)-331(were)-331(among)-331(those)-331(who)-332(impressed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(white)-284(pioneers)-284(by)-283(the)-284(parallel)-284(placing)-284(of)-283(the)-284(feet;)-301(for,)-292(as)-284(among)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-367(walkers)-367(and)-367(runners,)-396(who)-367(rest)-367(sitting)-367(and)-367(lying,)-397(the)-367(feet)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(assumed)-192(the)-191(pedestrian)-192(attitude)-191(of)-192(approximate)-191(parallelism)-192(rather)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-327(the)-326(standing)-327(attitude)-326(of)-327(divergence)-326(forward.)-480(The)-326(hair)-327(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(luxuriant,)-329(stiff,)-329(straight,)-329(and)-313(more)-313(uniformly)-313(jet)-313(black)-313(than)-314(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-222(the)-222(southerly)-221(stocks;)-232(it)-221(was)-222(worn)-222(long)-222(by)-221(the)-222(women)-222(and)-222(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-354(the)-354(men,)-380(though)-355(partly)-354(clipped)-354(or)-354(shaved)-354(in)-354(some)-354(tribes)-355(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-272(warriors)-272(as)-272(well)-271(as)-272(the)-272(worthless)-272(dandies,)-277(who,)-278(according)-272(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Catlin,)-222(spent)-214(more)-215(time)-214(over)-215(their)-214(toilets)-215(than)-214(ever)-215(did)-214(the)-215(grande)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dame)-364(of)-364(Paris.)-593(The)-364(women)-364(were)-364(beardless)-364(and)-364(the)-364(men)-365(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-345(less)-344(nearly)-345(so;)-392(commonly)-344(the)-345(men)-344(plucked)-345(out)-344(by)-345(the)-345(roots)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-354(scanty)-354(hair)-355(springing)-354(on)-354(their)-354(faces,)-381(as)-354(did)-354(both)-354(sexes)-355(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-355(other)-355(parts)-355(of)-355(the)-354(body.)-565(The)-355(crania)-355(were)-355(seldom)-355(deformed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(artificially)-268(save)-268(through)-268(cradle)-268(accident,)-272(and)-268(while)-268(varying)-268(con-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(siderably)-395(in)-394(capacity)-395(and)-394(in)-395(the)-394(ratio)-395(of)-394(length)-395(to)-394(width)-395(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(usually)-273(mesocephalic.)-319(The)-273(facial)-273(features)-273(were)-273(strong,)-279(yet)-273(in)-273(no)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(way)-250(distinctly)-250(unlike)-250(those)-250(found)-250(among)-250(neighboring)-250(peoples.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +255 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 256 0 R +/Resources 254 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +251 0 obj << +/D [255 0 R /XYZ 93.543 447.025 null] +>> endobj +254 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +257 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index13) >> +endobj +260 0 obj +(HABITAT) +endobj +263 0 obj << +/Length 3933 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(HABITAT)-20337(45)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 58.727 518.175 Td[(Since)-197(the)-196(advent)-197(of)-197(white)-196(men)-197(the)-197(characteristics)-196(of)-197(the)-197(Siouan)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(Indians,)-214(like)-206(those)-206(of)-205(other)-206(tribes,)-214(have)-206(been)-205(somewhat)-206(modified,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(partly)-327(through)-327(infusion)-327(of)-327(Caucasian)-327(blood)-327(but)-327(chiefly)-327(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(acculturation.)-660(With)-387(the)-387(abandonment)-387(of)-386(hunting)-387(and)-387(war)-387(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-316(tardy)-316(adoption)-316(of)-316(a)-316(slothful,)-333(semidependent)-316(agriculture,)-333(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(frame)-193(has)-193(lost)-193(something)-193(of)-193(its)-193(stalwart)-193(vigor;)-212(with)-193(the)-193(adaptation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-188(the)-188(white)-188(man's)-188(costume)-188(and)-188(the)-188(incomplete)-188(assimilation)-188(of)-188(his)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(hygiene,)-212(various)-202(weaknesses)-202(and)-203(disorders)-202(have)-202(been)-203(developed;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-421(through)-420(imitation)-421(the)-421(erstwhile)-421(luxuriant)-420(hair)-421(is)-421(cropped,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-228(the)-228(beard,)-233(made)-228(scanty)-228(through)-229(generations)-228(of)-228(extirpation,)-233(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(commonly)-331(cultivated.)-492(Although)-331(the)-330(accultural)-331(condition)-331(of)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Siouan)-306(survivors)-306(ranges)-306(from)-306(the)-306(essentially)-306(primitive)-307(status)-306(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-192(Asiniboin)-192(to)-192(the)-192(practical)-192(civilization)-192(of)-192(the)-193(representatives)-192(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(several)-203(tribes,)-212(it)-203(is)-202(fair)-203(to)-203(consider)-202(the)-203(stock)-203(in)-202(a)-203(state)-203(of)-203(transition)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([186])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.55 Td[(from)-365(barbarism)-364(to)-365(civilization;)-422(and)-365(many)-365(of)-364(the)-365(tribesmen)-365(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(losing)-398(the)-397(characteristics)-398(of)-398(activity)-397(and)-398(somatic)-398(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(normal)-443(to)-442(primitive)-443(life,)-491(while)-442(they)-443(have)-442(not)-443(yet)-443(assimilated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-293(activities)-292(and)-293(acquired)-292(the)-293(somatic)-292(characteristics)-293(normal)-293(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(peaceful)-250(sedentary)-250(life.)]TJ 11.956 -13.55 Td[(Briefly,)-384(certain)-357(somatic)-357(features)-357(of)-357(the)-358(Siouan)-357(Indians,)-384(past)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(and)-220(present,)-226(may)-220(be)-220(traced)-220(to)-220(their)-220(causes)-220(in)-220(custom)-220(and)-220(exercise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-398(function;)-473(yet)-398(by)-398(far)-398(the)-398(greater)-399(number)-398(of)-398(the)-398(features)-399(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(common)-340(to)-339(the)-339(American)-340(people)-339(or)-340(to)-339(all)-340(mankind,)-362(and)-339(are)-340(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ill-understood)-240(significance.)-247(The)-239(few)-240(features)-240(of)-240(known)-240(cause)-240(in-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dicate)-247(that)-248(special)-247(somatic)-247(character)-1(istics)-247(are)-247(determined)-248(largely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-197(wholly)-197(by)-196(industrial)-197(and)-197(other)-197(arts,)-207(which)-197(are)-197(primarily)-197(shaped)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-250(environment.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -57.312 Td[(HABITAT)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -28.893 Td[(Excepting)-330(the)-329(Asiniboin,)-350(who)-330(are)-329(chiefly)-330(in)-329(Canada,)-350(nearly)-330(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-340(the)-339(Siouan)-340(Indians)-340(are)-339(now)-340(gathered)-340(on)-339(the)-340(reservations)-340(in-)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +262 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 263 0 R +/Resources 261 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +264 0 obj << +/D [262 0 R /XYZ 250.47 342.036 null] +>> endobj +258 0 obj << +/D [262 0 R /XYZ 46.771 142.065 null] +>> endobj +261 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +267 0 obj << +/Length 4862 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(46)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(dicated)-275(on)-274(earlier)-275(pages,)-281(most)-275(of)-274(these)-275(reservations)-275(lying)-275(within)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(aboriginal)-250(territory)-250(of)-250(the)-250(stock.)]TJ 11.956 -13.732 Td[(At)-271(the)-271(advent)-271(of)-271(white)-271(men,)-276(the)-271(Siouan)-272(territory)-271(was)-271(vaguely)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(defined,)-244(and)-242(its)-242(limits)-242(were)-242(found)-242(to)-242(vary)-242(somewhat)-242(from)-243(explo-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ration)-331(to)-331(exploration.)-493(This)-331(vagueness)-331(and)-331(variability)-332(of)-331(habitat)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(grew)-281(out)-280(of)-281(the)-280(characteristics)-281(of)-281(the)-280(tribesmen.)-342(Of)-280(all)-281(the)-281(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stocks)-351(south)-351(of)-351(the)-350(Arctic,)-376(the)-351(Siouan)-351(was)-351(perhaps)-351(least)-351(given)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-381(agriculture,)-414(most)-382(influenced)-381(by)-381(hunting,)-414(and)-381(most)-382(addicted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-350(warfare;)-399(thus)-350(most)-350(of)-349(the)-350(tribes)-350(were)-349(but)-350(feebly)-350(attached)-350(to)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-351(soil,)-376(and)-351(freely)-351(followed)-351(the)-351(movements)-352(of)-351(the)-351(feral)-351(fauna)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-295(it)-295(shifted)-295(with)-295(climatic)-295(vicissitudes)-295(or)-295(was)-295(driven)-295(from)-295(place)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-329(place)-329(by)-330(excessive)-329(hunting)-329(or)-329(by)-330(fires)-329(set)-329(to)-329(destroy)-329(the)-330(un-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dergrowth)-397(in)-397(the)-397(interests)-397(of)-398(the)-397(chase;)-470(at)-397(the)-398(same)-397(time,)-434(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(borderward)-248(tribes)-248(were)-248(alternately)-248(driven)-248(and)-248(led)-248(back)-249(and)-248(forth)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(through)-309(strife)-309(against)-309(the)-309(tribes)-309(of)-309(neighboring)-309(stocks.)-427(Accord-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ingly)-234(the)-234(Siouan)-233(habitat)-234(can)-234(be)-234(outlined)-233(only)-234(in)-234(approximate)-234(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(somewhat)-250(arbitrary)-250(fashion.)]TJ 11.956 -13.732 Td[(The)-453(difficulty)-453(in)-453(defining)-452(the)-453(priscan)-453(home)-453(of)-453(the)-453(Siouan)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-325(is)-324(increased)-325(by)-324(its)-325(vast)-324(extent)-325(and)-324(scant)-325(peopling,)-343(by)-325(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(length)-365(of)-365(the)-365(period)-365(intervening)-365(between)-365(discovery)-365(in)-365(the)-365(east)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-203(complete)-202(exploration)-203(in)-202(the)-203(west,)-212(and)-202(by)-203(the)-202(internal)-203(changes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-336(migrations)-337(which)-336(occurred)-337(during)-336(this)-337(period.)-509(The)-336(task)-337(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(collating)-223(the)-223(records)-224(of)-223(exploration)-223(and)-223(pioneer)-223(observation)-224(con-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cerning)-251(the)-250(Siouan)-251(and)-251(other)-250(stocks)-251(was)-251(undertaken)-250(by)-251(Powell)-251(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(few)-313(years)-313(ago,)-329(and)-313(was)-313(found)-313(to)-313(be)-313(of)-313(great)-313(magnitude.)-439(It)-313(was)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(at)-435(length)-435(successfully)-435(accomplished,)-481(and)-435(the)-436(respective)-435(areas)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occupied)-250(by)-250(the)-250(several)-250(stocks)-250(were)-250(approximately)-250(mapped.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 262.364 3.959 Td[(51)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -250.408 -17.691 Td[(As)-300(shown)-300(on)-300(Powell's)-300(map,)-313(the)-300(chief)-300(part)-300(of)-300(the)-300(Sio)-1(uan)-300(area)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(comprised)-462(a)-461(single)-462(body)-462(covering)-461(most)-462(of)-462(the)-461(region)-462(of)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Great)-341(plains,)-363(stretching)-340(from)-341(the)-340(Rocky)-341(mountains)-341(to)-340(the)-341(Mis-)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([187])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(sissippi)-396(and)-395(from)-396(the)-396(Arkansas-Red)-396(river)-395(divide)-396(nearly)-396(to)-396(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Saskatchewan,)-248(with)-247(an)-247(arm)-247(crossing)-247(the)-247(Mississippi)-247(and)-248(extend-)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 85.017 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.607 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td[(51)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Seventh)-345(Annual)-344(Report)-345(of)-344(the)-345(Bureau)-345(of)-344(Ethnology,)-368(fo)-1(r)-344(1885-86)-345(\0501891\051,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(pp.)-250(1-142,)-250(and)-250(map.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +266 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 267 0 R +/Resources 265 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +268 0 obj << +/D [266 0 R /XYZ 150.276 124.7 null] +>> endobj +265 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +269 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index14) >> +endobj +272 0 obj +(ORGANIZATION) +endobj +275 0 obj << +/Length 3982 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(ORGANIZATION)-17116(47)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(ing)-396(to)-397(Lake)-396(Michigan.)-689(In)-397(addition)-396(there)-396(were)-397(a)-396(few)-397(outlying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bodies,)-323(the)-308(largest)-308(and)-308(easternmost)-308(bordering)-308(the)-308(Atlantic)-308(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Santee)-281(river)-281(nearly)-280(to)-281(Capes)-281(Lookout)-281(and)-280(Hatteras,)-289(and)-281(skirting)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-289(Appalachian)-289(range)-288(northward)-289(to)-289(the)-289(Potomac;)-308(the)-289(next)-289(con-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(siderable)-307(area)-306(lay)-306(on)-307(the)-306(Gulf)-307(coast)-306(about)-307(Pascagoula)-306(river)-307(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bay,)-396(stretching)-367(nearly)-367(from)-367(the)-367(Pearl)-367(to)-366(the)-367(Mobile;)-426(and)-367(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-351(one)-351(or)-351(two)-352(unimportant)-351(areas)-351(on)-351(Ohio)-351(river,)-376(which)-352(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(temporarily)-299(occupied)-299(by)-300(small)-299(groups)-299(of)-299(Siouan)-299(Indians)-300(during)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(recent)-250(times.)]TJ 11.956 -15.011 Td[(There)-486(is)-486(little)-486(pro)-1(bability)-486(that)-486(the)-486(Siouan)-486(habitat,)-545(as)-487(thus)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(outlined,)-510(ran)-458(far)-458(into)-458(the)-458(prehistoric)-458(age.)-874(As)-459(already)-458(noted,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-404(Siouan)-403(Indians)-404(of)-403(the)-404(plains)-403(were)-404(undoubtedly)-404(descended)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(from)-415(the)-415(Siouan)-414(tribes)-415(of)-415(the)-415(east)-414(\050indeed)-415(the)-415(Mandan)-415(had)-415(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tradition)-245(to)-245(that)-245(effect\051;)-247(and)-245(reason)-245(has)-245(been)-245(given)-245(for)-245(supposing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-322(the)-321(ance)-1(stors)-321(of)-322(the)-322(prairie)-321(hunters)-322(followed)-322(the)-322(straggling)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(buffalo)-250(throug)-1(h)-250(the)-250(cis-Mississippi)-251(forests)-250(into)-251(his)-250(normal)-251(trans-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Mississippi)-457(habitat)-458(and)-457(spread)-457(over)-457(his)-458(domain)-457(save)-457(as)-458(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-400(held)-400(in)-399(check)-400(by)-400(alien)-400(huntsmen,)-437(chiefly)-400(of)-400(the)-400(warlike)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Caddoan)-367(and)-367(Kiowan)-367(tribes;)-426(and)-367(the)-367(buffalo)-367(itself)-367(was)-367(a)-368(geo-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(logically)-265(recent)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 67.721 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(indeed)-265(essentially)-265(post-glacial)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 131.82 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(animal.)-294(Little)]TJ -221.359 -13.549 Td[(if)-294(any)-293(definite)-294(trace)-294(of)-293(Siouan)-294(occupancy)-294(has)-294(been)-293(found)-294(in)-294(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(more)-403(ancient)-404(prehistoric)-403(works)-403(of)-403(the)-404(Mississippi)-403(valley.)-710(On)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-348(whole)-348(it)-348(appears)-348(probable)-348(that)-348(the)-348(pr)-1(ehistoric)-348(development)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-425(the)-425(Siouan)-424(stock)-425(and)-425(habitat)-425(was)-424(exceptionally)-425(rapid,)-469(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-306(Siouan)-307(Indians)-306(were)-306(a)-306(vigorous)-307(and)-306(virile)-306(people)-306(that)-307(arose)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(quickly)-321(under)-322(the)-321(stimulus)-321(of)-321(strong)-322(vitality)-321(\050the)-321(acquisition)-322(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(which)-275(need)-274(not)-275(here)-274(be)-275(considered\051,)-280(coupled)-275(with)-275(exceptionally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(favorable)-342(opportunity,)-364(to)-342(a)-341(power)-342(and)-341(glory)-342(culminating)-342(about)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-250(time)-250(of)-250(discovery.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -71.194 Td[(ORGANIZATION)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +274 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 275 0 R +/Resources 273 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +270 0 obj << +/D [274 0 R /XYZ 46.771 107.295 null] +>> endobj +273 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +278 0 obj << +/Length 5121 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(48)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(The)-200(demotic)-199(organization)-200(of)-200(the)-199(Siouan)-200(peoples,)-210(so)-199(far)-200(as)-200(known,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-299(set)-300(forth)-299(in)-300(considerable)-299(detail)-300(in)-299(Mr)-299(Dorsey's)-300(treatises)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 253.143 3.959 Td[(52)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.734 -3.959 Td[(and)]TJ -264.877 -13.549 Td[(in)-284(the)-283(foregoing)-284(enumeration)-284(of)-284(tribes,)-292(confederacies,)-292(and)-284(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(linguistic)-250(groups.)]TJ 11.956 -14.33 Td[(Like)-240(the)-239(other)-240(aborigines)-240(north)-240(of)-239(Mexico,)-242(the)-240(Siouan)-240(Indians)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(were)-206(organized)-206(on)-206(the)-206(basis)-206(of)-205(kinship,)-215(and)-206(were)-206(thus)-206(in)-206(the)-206(stage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-327(tribal)-327(society.)-481(All)-327(of)-327(the)-327(best-known)-327(tribes)-327(had)-327(reached)-327(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(plane)-307(in)-306(organization)-307(characterized)-306(by)-307(descent)-306(in)-307(the)-306(male)-307(line,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(though)-215(many)-215(vestiges)-215(and)-215(some)-215(relatively)-215(unimportant)-215(examples)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-219(descent)-218(in)-219(the)-218(female)-219(line)-219(have)-218(been)-219(discovered.)-239(Thus)-219(the)-219(clan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(system)-251(was)-250(obsolescent)-251(and)-251(the)-250(gen)-1(tile)-250(system)-251(fairly)-251(developed;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(i.)-249(e.,)-249(the)-248(people)-249(were)-248(practically)-249(out)-248(of)-248(the)-249(stage)-248(of)-248(savagery)-249(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(well)-250(advanced)-250(in)-250(the)-250(stage)-250(of)-250(barbarism.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([188])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 84.711 -14.33 Td[(Confederation)-267(for)-267(defense)-267(and)-267(offense)-267(was)-267(fairly)-268(defined)-267(and)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(was)-209(strengthened)-210(by)-209(intermarriage)-210(between)-209(tribes)-210(and)-209(gentes)-210(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-259(prohibition)-260(of)-259(marriage)-259(within)-260(the)-259(gens;)-264(yet)-259(the)-260(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-260(such)-260(as)-260(to)-260(maintain)-260(tribal)-260(autonomy)-260(in)-260(considerable)-260(degree;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(i.e.,)-253(the)-253(social)-253(structure)-253(was)-252(such)-253(as)-253(to)-253(facilitate)-252(union)-253(in)-253(time)-253(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(war)-322(and)-323(division)-322(into)-323(small)-322(groups)-323(adapted)-322(to)-323(hunting)-322(in)-323(times)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-221(peace.)-241(No)-221(indication)-221(of)-221(feudalism)-221(has)-221(been)-221(found)-221(in)-221(the)-222(stock.)]TJ 11.956 -14.33 Td[(The)-506(government)-506(was)-506(autocratic,)-570(largely)-506(by)-506(military)-506(lead-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(ers)-536(sometimes)-535(\050particularly)-536(in)-536(peace\051)-536(advised)-535(by)-536(the)-536(elders)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-421(priests;)-506(the)-420(leadership)-421(was)-421(determined)-420(primarily)-421(by)-421(abil-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ity)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 11.52 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(prowess)-434(in)-434(war)-434(and)-434(the)-434(chase)-434(and)-434(wisdom)-434(in)-434(the)-434(coun-)]TJ -22.429 -13.55 Td[(cil,)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 13.637 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(and)-368(was)-368(thus)-368(hered)-1(itary)-368(only)-368(a)-368(little)-368(further)-368(than)-369(charac-)]TJ -24.546 -13.549 Td[(teristics)-337(were)-337(inherited;)-380(indeed,)-358(excepting)-337(slight)-337(recognition)-337(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-270(divinity)-271(that)-270(doth)-271(hedge)-270(about)-270(a)-271(king,)-275(the)-271(leaders)-270(were)-271(prac-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tically)-308(self-chosen,)-323(arising)-308(gradually)-308(to)-308(the)-308(level)-308(determined)-308(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(their)-283(abilities.)-348(The)-283(germ)-283(of)-283(theocracy)-283(was)-283(fairly)-283(developed,)-291(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(apparently)-378(burgeoned)-378(vigoro)-1(usly)-378(during)-378(each)-378(period)-378(of)-379(peace,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(only)-340(to)-339(be)-340(checked)-340(and)-339(withered)-340(during)-340(the)-339(ensuing)-340(war)-340(when)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 95.975 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -98.566 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 91.869 Td[(52)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Chiefly)-415("Omaha)-415(Sociology,")-415(Third)-414(Ann.)-745(Rep.)-744(Bur.)-744(Eth.,)-456(for)-415(1881-82)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(\0501884\051,)-253(pp.)-255(205-370;)-253("A)-252(study)-252(of)-252(Siouan)-252(cults,")-252(Eleventh)-252(Ann.)-256(Rep.)-256(Bur.)-255(Eth.,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(for)-250(1889-90)-250(\0501894\051,)-250(pp.)-250(351-)-1(544,)-250(and)-250(that)-250(printed)-250(on)-250(the)-250(following)-250(pages.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +277 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 278 0 R +/Resources 276 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 249 0 R +>> endobj +279 0 obj << +/D [277 0 R /XYZ 93.543 352.426 null] +>> endobj +276 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +282 0 obj << +/Length 4796 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(ORGANIZATION)-17116(49)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(the)-250(shamans)-250(and)-250(their)-250(craft)-250(were)-250(forced)-250(into)-250(the)-250(background.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(During)-428(recent)-429(years,)-472(since)-429(the)-428(tribes)-428(began)-429(to)-428(yield)-428(to)-429(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(domination)-212(of)-212(the)-211(peace-loving)-212(whites,)-219(the)-212(government)-212(and)-212(elec-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tion)-243(are)-243(determined)-243(chiefly)-243(by)-243(kinship,)-245(as)-243(appears)-243(from)-243(Dorsey's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(researches;)-467(yet)-395(definite)-395(traces)-395(of)-394(the)-395(militant)-395(organization)-395(ap-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pear,)-311(and)-299(any)-299(man)-300(can)-299(win)-299(name)-299(and)-299(rank)-299(in)-299(his)-299(gens,)-311(tribe,)-312(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(confederacy)-250(by)-250(bravery)-250(or)-250(generosity.)]TJ 11.956 -15.185 Td[(The)-287(institutional)-287(connection)-288(between)-287(the)-287(Siouan)-287(tribes)-287(of)-288(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(plains)-470(and)-470(those)-470(of)-471(the)-470(Atlantic)-470(slope)-470(and)-470(the)-470(Gulf)-470(coast)-471(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(completely)-299(lost,)-311(and)-298(it)-299(is)-299(doubtful)-298(whether)-299(the)-299(several)-299(branches)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(have)-311(ever)-311(been)-311(united)-310(in)-311(a)-311(single)-311(confederation)-311(\050or)-311("nation,")-311(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-344(language)-345(of)-344(the)-344(pioneer)-1(s\051,)-367(at)-345(least)-344(since)-345(the)-344(division)-344(in)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Appalachian)-266(region)-266(perhaps)-266(five)-266(or)-265(ten)-266(centuries)-266(ago.)-298(Since)-266(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(division)-219(the)-220(tribes)-219(have)-220(separated)-219(widely,)-226(and)-219(some)-220(of)-219(the)-220(blood-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(iest)-289(wars)-288(of)-289(the)-288(region)-289(in)-289(the)-288(historic)-289(period)-288(have)-289(been)-289(between)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Siouan)-296(tribes;)-319(the)-296(most)-296(extensive)-296(union)-296(possessing)-296(the)-296(slightest)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(claim)-269(to)-268(federal)-269(organization)-269(was)-269(the)-268(great)-269(Dakota)-269(confederacy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(which)-209(was)-208(grown)-209(into)-209(instability)-208(and)-209(partial)-209(disruption;)-222(and)-209(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-250(the)-250(tribal)-250(unions)-250(and)-250(coalitions)-250(were)-250(of)-250(temporary)-250(character.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(Although)-214(highly)-214(elaborate)-213(\050perhaps)-214(because)-214(of)-214(this)-214(character\051,)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(the)-329(Siouan)-329(organization)-329(was)-329(highly)-329(unstable;)-369(with)-329(every)-329(shock)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-369(conflict,)-398(whether)-369(intestine)-368(or)-369(external,)-398(some)-369(autocrats)-369(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(displaced)-287(or)-287(slain;)-305(and)-287(after)-287(each)-287(important)-287(event)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 217.817 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(great)-287(battle,)]TJ -228.726 -13.549 Td[(epidemic,)-384(emigration,)-384(or)-357(destructive)-357(flood)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 188.863 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(new)-357(combinations)]TJ -199.772 -13.549 Td[(were)-295(formed.)-386(The)-295(undoubtedly)-295(rapid)-295(development)-295(of)-295(the)-296(stock,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(especially)-288(after)-288(the)-287(passage)-288(of)-288(the)-288(Mississippi,)-297(indicates)-288(growth)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-383(conquest)-384(and)-383(assimilation)-383(as)-383(well)-384(as)-383(by)-383(direct)-384(propagation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050it)-334(is)-334(known)-334(that)-334(the)-334(Dakota)-334(and)-334(perhaps)-334(other)-334(groups)-334(adopted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(aliens)-415(regularly\051;)-496(and,)-456(doubtless)-415(for)-414(this)-415(reason)-414(in)-415(part,)-456(there)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-327(a)-327(strong)-328(tendency)-327(toward)-327(differentiation)-327(and)-327(dichotomy)-328(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-302(demotic)-301(growth.)-405(In)-302(some)-301(groups)-302(the)-301(history)-302(is)-301(too)-302(vague)-302(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(indicate)-353(this)-353(tendency)-353(with)-353(certainty;)-404(in)-353(others)-353(the)-353(tendency)-353(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(clear.)-524(Perhaps)-341(the)-341(best)-341(example)-342(is)-341(found)-341(in)-341(the)-342(Cegiha,)-364(which)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([189])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(divided)-264(into)-265(two)-264(great)-264(branches,)-268(the)-264(stronger)-265(of)-264(which)-264(threw)-265(off)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +281 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 282 0 R +/Resources 280 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +283 0 obj << +/D [281 0 R /XYZ 70.695 79.691 null] +>> endobj +280 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +287 0 obj << +/Length 4575 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(50)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(minor)-226(branches)-226(in)-226(the)-226(Osage)-226(and)-226(Kansa,)-231(and)-226(afterward)-226(separated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(into)-191(the)-192(Omaha)-191(and)-191(Ponka,)-203(while)-191(the)-192(feebler)-191(branch)-191(also)-192(ramified)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(widely;)-338(and)-309(only)-309(less)-308(notable)-309(is)-309(the)-308(example)-309(of)-309(the)-309(Winnebago)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(trunk,)-357(with)-336(its)-335(three)-336(great)-336(branches)-335(in)-336(the)-336(Iowa,)-357(Oto,)-357(and)-336(Mis-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(souri.)-651(This)-384(strong)-384(divergent)-384(tendency)-383(in)-384(itself)-384(suggests)-384(rapid,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(perhaps)-456(abnormally)-455(rapid,)-508(growth)-455(in)-456(the)-456(stock;)-558(for)-456(it)-456(outran)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-406(partially)-406(concealed)-407(the)-406(tendency)-406(toward)-406(convergence)-407(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ultimate)-250(coalescence)-250(which)-250(characterizes)-250(demotic)-250(phenomena.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(The)-399(half-dozen)-399(eastern)-399(stocks)-399(occupying)-399(by)-399(far)-399(the)-399(greater)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(part)-369(of)-369(North)-369(America)-369(contrast)-369(strongly)-369(with)-369(the)-369(half-hundred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(local)-346(stocks)-346(covering)-346(the)-345(Pacif)-1(ic)-345(coast;)-394(and)-346(none)-346(of)-346(the)-346(strong)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Atlantic)-366(stocks)-366(is)-366(more)-366(characteristic,)-395(more)-366(sharply)-366(contrasted)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-394(the)-395(limited)-394(groups)-394(of)-394(the)-395(western)-394(coast,)-430(or)-394(better)-395(under-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stood)-369(as)-368(reg)-1(ards)-368(organization)-369(and)-369(development,)-398(than)-369(the)-369(great)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Siouan)-430(stock)-430(of)-429(the)-430(northern)-430(interior.)-789(There)-430(is)-430(promise)-430(that,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-353(the)-353(demology)-353(of)-353(aboriginal)-352(America)-353(is)-353(pushed)-353(forward,)-379(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(records)-439(relating)-439(to)-439(the)-439(Siouan)-439(Indians)-439(and)-439(especially)-439(to)-439(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(structure)-247(and)-247(institutions)-248(will)-247(aid)-247(in)-247(explaining)-247(why)-247(some)-248(stocks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-419(limited)-419(and)-419(others)-419(extensive,)-461(why)-419(large)-419(stocks)-419(in)-419(general)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(characterize)-389(the)-389(interior)-389(and)-389(small)-389(stocks)-389(the)-389(coasts,)-424(and)-389(why)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-445(dominant)-445(peoples)-446(of)-445(the)-445(fifteenth)-445(and)-445(sixteenth)-446(centuries)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(were)-265(successful)-265(in)-264(displacin)-1(g)-264(the)-265(preexistent)-265(and)-265(probably)-265(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(primitive)-371(peoples)-372(of)-371(the)-372(Mississippi)-371(valley.)-614(While)-372(the)-371(time)-372(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(not)-312(yet)-311(ripe)-312(for)-311(making)-312(final)-312(answer)-311(to)-312(these)-311(inquiries,)-327(it)-312(is)-312(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(premature)-279(to)-279(suggest)-278(a)-279(relation)-279(between)-279(a)-279(peculiar)-279(development)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-237(the)-237(aboriginal)-237(stocks)-237(and)-237(a)-237(peculiar)-237(geograph)-1(ic)-237(conformation:)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(In)-226(general)-225(the)-226(coastward)-226(stocks)-225(are)-226(small,)-230(indicating)-226(a)-226(provincial)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(shoreland)-198(habit,)-208(yet)-197(their)-198(population)-197(and)-198(area)-197(commonly)-198(increase)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(toward)-175(those)-175(shores)-175(indented)-175(by)-175(deep)-175(bays,)-190(along)-175(which)-175(maritime)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-309(inland)-310(industries)-309(naturally)-309(blend;)-339(so)-309(\050confining)-309(attention)-310(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eastern)-239(United)-239(States\051)-239(the)-239(extensive)-239(Muskhogean)-240(stock)-239(stretches)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(inland)-233(from)-233(the)-233(deep-bayed)-233(eastern)-233(Gulf)-232(coast;)-239(and)-233(so,)-236(too,)-237(three)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-385(the)-386(largest)-385(stocks)-385(on)-386(the)-385(continent)-385(\050Algonquian,)-420(Iroquoian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Siouan\051)-373(stretch)-373(far)-372(into)-373(the)-373(interior)-373(from)-372(the)-373(still)-373(more)-373(deeply)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +286 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 287 0 R +/Resources 285 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +285 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +288 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index15) >> +endobj +291 0 obj +(HISTORY) +endobj +292 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index16) >> +endobj +295 0 obj +(DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN) +endobj +298 0 obj << +/Length 3720 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(HISTORY)-20392(51)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(indented)-387(Atlantic)-387(coast.)-661(In)-387(two)-387(of)-387(these)-387(cases)-388(\050Iroquoian)-387(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Siouan\051)-350(history)-350(and)-349(tradition)-350(indicate)-350(expansion)-350(and)-350(migration)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-381(the)-382(land)-381(of)-381(bays)-381(between)-382(Cape)-381(Lookout)-381(and)-381(Cape)-382(May,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(while)-251(in)-250(the)-251(third)-251(there)-250(are)-251(similar)-251(\050though)-250(perhaps)-251(less)-251(definite\051)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(indications)-228(of)-229(an)-228(inland)-228(drift)-229(from)-228(the)-229(northern)-228(Atlantic)-228(bays)-229(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(along)-250(the)-250(Laurentian)-250(river)-250(and)-250(lakes.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -58.138 Td[(HISTORY)]TJ/F16 11.047 Tf 68.379 6.247 Td[(53)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf -68.379 -68.645 Td[(DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.693 Td[(The)-412(Dakota)-412(are)-411(mentioned)-412(in)-412(the)-412(Jesuit)-411(Relations)-412(as)-412(early)-412(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1639-40;)-240(the)-234(tradition)-235(is)-234(noted)-235(that)-234(the)-235(Ojibwa,)-237(on)-235(arriving)-234(at)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Great)-351(Lakes)-351(in)-351(an)-351(early)-351(migration)-351(from)-351(the)-351(Atlantic)-351(coast,)-377(en-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(countered)-269(representatives)-268(of)-269(the)-269(great)-269(confederacy)-268(of)-269(the)-269(plains.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([190])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(In)-217(1641)-216(the)-217(French)-216(v)-1(oyageurs)-216(met)-217(the)-216(Potawatomi)-217(Indians)-217(flying)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-336(a)-336(nation)-336(called)-336(Nadawessi)-336(\050enemies\051;)-379(and)-336(the)-336(Frenchmen)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(adopted)-341(the)-341(alien)-341(name)-341(for)-340(the)-341(warlike)-341(prairie)-341(tribes.)-523(By)-341(1658)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-267(Jesuits)-268(had)-267(learned)-267(of)-268(the)-267(existence)-268(of)-267(thirty)-267(Dakota)-268(villages)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(west-northwest)-296(from)-296(the)-296(Potawatomi)-296(mission)-296(St)-296(Michel;)-320(and)-296(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1689)-196(they)-195(recorded)-196(the)-196(presence)-196(of)-195(tribes)-196(apparently)-196(representing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-213(Dakota)-213(confederacy)-213(on)-213(the)-213(upper)-212(Mississippi,)-221(near)-213(the)-213(mouth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-421(the)-421(St)-421(Croix.)-763(According)-421(to)-421(Croghan's)-421(History)-421(of)-421(Western)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Pennsylvania,)-254(the)-253("Sue")-253(Indians)-253(occupied)-253(the)-253(country)-254(southwest)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-187(Lake)-187(Superior)-187(about)-187(1759;)-208(and)-187(Dr)-187(T.S.)-187(Williamson,)-200("the)-187(father)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-246(the)-246(Dakota)-246(mission,")-245(states)-246(that)-246(the)-246(Dakota)-246(must)-246(have)-246(resided)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(about)-273(the)-272(confluence)-273(of)-273(the)-272(Mississippi)-273(and)-273(the)-272(Minnesota)-273(or)-273(St)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Peters)-250(for)-250(at)-250(least)-250(two)-250(hundred)-250(years)-250(prior)-250(to)-250(1860.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 74.058 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -76.648 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 69.951 Td[(53)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Taken)-250(chiefly)-250(from)-250(notes)-250(and)-250(manu)-1(scripts)-250(prepared)-250(by)-250(Mr)-250(Dorsey.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +297 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 298 0 R +/Resources 296 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +289 0 obj << +/D [297 0 R /XYZ 46.771 426.19 null] +>> endobj +293 0 obj << +/D [297 0 R /XYZ 46.771 359.928 null] +>> endobj +299 0 obj << +/D [297 0 R /XYZ 158.15 262.552 null] +>> endobj +296 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +302 0 obj << +/Length 4516 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(52)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 105.499 518.175 Td[(According)-343(to)-344(traditions)-343(collected)-344(by)-343(Dorsey,)-367(the)-343(Teton)-344(took)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(possession)-257(of)-256(the)-257(Black)-256(Hills)-257(region,)-258(which)-256(had)-257(previously)-257(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occupied)-236(by)-236(the)-236(Crow)-236(India)-1(ns,)-238(long)-236(b)-1(efore)-236(white)-236(men)-236(came;)-241(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-244(Yankton)-245(and)-244(Yanktonnai,)-246(which)-244(were)-244(found)-245(on)-244(the)-245(Missouri)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-411(Lewis)-410(and)-411(Clark,)-450(were)-411(not)-410(long)-411(removed)-411(from)-410(the)-411(region)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(about)-412(Minnesota)-413(river.)-736(In)-412(1862)-413(the)-412(Santee)-412(and)-412(other)-413(Dakota)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribes)-264(united)-265(in)-264(a)-265(formidable)-264(outbreak)-265(in)-264(which)-265(more)-264(than)-265(1,000)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(whites)-286(were)-286(massacred)-286(or)-286(slain)-286(in)-286(battle.)-358(Through)-286(this)-286(outbreak)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-293(the)-292(consequent)-293(governmental)-292(action)-293(toward)-292(the)-293(control)-293(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(settlement)-194(of)-195(the)-194(tribes,)-205(much)-195(was)-194(learned)-194(concerning)-194(the)-195(charac-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(teristics)-200(of)-201(the)-200(people,)-211(and)-200(various)-200(Indian)-201(leaders)-200(became)-201(known;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Spotted)-349(Tail,)-374(Red)-349(Cloud,)-374(Crazy)-349(Horse,)-374(Sitting)-349(Bull,)-374(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Horse,)-233(and)-229(Even-his-horse-is-feared)-228(\050commonly)-229(miscalled)-229(Man-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(afraid-of-his-horses\051)-279(were)-279(am)-1(ong)-279(the)-279(famous)-279(Dakota)-279(chiefs)-280(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(warriors,)-239(notable)-237(representatives)-237(of)-236(a)-237(passing)-237(race,)-239(whose)-237(names)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-417(prominent)-418(in)-417(the)-417(history)-417(of)-417(the)-418(country.)-751(Other)-418(outbreaks)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(occurred,)-274(the)-268(last)-269(of)-269(note)-269(resulting)-269(from)-269(the)-269(ghost-dance)-269(fantasy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-231(1890-91,)-234(which)-231(fortunately)-231(was)-231(quickly)-230(suppressed.)-244(Yet,)-235(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(slight)-305(interruptions,)-318(the)-304(Dakota)-305(tribes)-304(in)-305(the)-304(United)-305(States)-305(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(steadily)-306(gathered)-306(on)-306(reservations.)-418(Some)-306(800)-306(or)-306(mor)-1(e)-306(still)-306(roam)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-174(prairies)-174(north)-174(of)-175(the)-174(international)-174(boundary,)-189(but)-174(the)-174(great)-175(body)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-307(the)-306(confederacy,)-321(numbering)-306(nearly)-307(28,000,)-321(are)-306(domiciled)-307(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservations)-324(\050already)-324(noted\051)-324(in)-324(Minnesota,)-342(Montana,)-343(Nebraska,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(North)-250(Dakota,)-250(and)-250(South)-250(Dakota.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(The)-330(separation)-329(of)-330(the)-329(Asiniboin)-330(from)-330(the)-329(Wazi-kute)-330(gens)-330(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(the)-260(Yanktonai)-261(apparently)-260(occurred)-260(before)-260(the)-261(middle)-260(of)-260(the)-261(sev-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(enteenth)-301(century,)-314(since)-301(the)-301(Jesuit)-301(relation)-301(of)-301(1658)-302(distinguishes)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(between)-216(the)-217(Poualak)-216(or)-216(Guerriers)-217(\050undoubtedly)-216(the)-216(Dakota)-217(prop-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(er\051)-281(and)-281(the)-281(Assiuipoualak)-281(or)-281(Guerriers)-281(de)-281(pierre.)-344(The)-281(Asiniboin)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-293(undoubtedly)-292(the)-293(Essanape)-293(\050Essanapi)-293(or)-292(Assinapi\051)-293(who)-293(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(next)-421(to)-420(the)-421(Makatapi)-420(\050)-1(Dakota\051)-420(in)-421(the)-420(Walam-Olum)-421(record)-421(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-365(Lenni-Lenape)-365(or)-365(Delaware.)-594(In)-365(1680)-365(Hennepin)-365(located)-365(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Asiniboin)-328(northeast)-328(of)-328(the)-328(Issati)-328(\050Isanyati)-328(or)-328(Santee\051)-328(who)-328(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-346(Knife)-346(lake)-346(\050Minnesota\051;)-393(and)-346(the)-346(Jesuit)-346(map)-346(of)-346(1681)-346(placed)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +301 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 302 0 R +/Resources 300 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +300 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +303 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index17) >> +endobj +306 0 obj +(CEGIHA) +endobj +309 0 obj << +/Length 4080 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(\242EGIHA)-21115(53)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(them)-383(on)-383(Lake-of-the-Woods,)-416(then)-383(called)-383("L.)-383(Assinepoualacs.")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(La)-223(Hontan)-223(claimed)-223(to)-223(have)-223(visited)-223(the)-223(Eokoro)-223(\050Arikara\051)-223(in)-223(1689-)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([191])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(90,)-392(when)-363(the)-364(Essanape)-363(were)-363(sixty)-364(leagues)-363(above;)-420(and)-364(Perrot's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(M\351moire)-334(refers)-335(to)-334(the)-335(Asiniboin)-334(as)-334(a)-335(Sioux)-334(tribe)-335(which,)-355(in)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(seventeenth)-315(century,)-331(seceded)-315(from)-315(their)-315(nation)-316(and)-315(took)-315(refuge)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-359(the)-358(rocks)-359(of)-359(Lake-of-the-Woods.)-576(Chauvignerie)-359(located)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(some)-320(of)-320(the)-320(tribe)-320(south)-320(of)-320(Ounipigan)-320(\050Winnipeg\051)-320(lake)-320(in)-320(1736,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-383(they)-384(were)-383(near)-383(Lake-of-the-Woods)-383(as)-384(late)-383(as)-383(1766,)-417(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-318(were)-318(said)-318(to)-318(have)-318(1,500)-317(warriors.)-454(It)-318(is)-318(well)-318(known)-318(that)-318(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(1829)-316(they)-315(oc)-1(cupied)-315(a)-316(considerable)-316(territory)-315(west)-316(of)-316(the)-316(Dakota)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-205(north)-205(of)-205(Missouri)-205(river,)-214(with)-205(a)-205(population)-205(estimated)-206(at)-205(8,000;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-245(Drake)-244(estimated)-245(their)-245(number)-244(at)-245(10,000)-244(before)-245(the)-245(smallpox)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(epidemic)-267(of)-268(1838,)-271(which)-267(is)-268(said)-267(to)-267(have)-267(carried)-268(off)-267(4,000.)-302(From)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(this)-240(blow)-241(the)-240(tribe)-241(seems)-240(never)-241(to)-240(have)-240(fully)-241(recovered,)-242(and)-241(now)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(numbers)-251(probably)-250(no)-251(more)-250(than)-251(3,000,)-251(mostly)-250(in)-251(Canada,)-251(where)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-339(continue)-339(to)-339(roam)-339(the)-339(plains)-339(they)-339(have)-339(occupied)-340(for)-339(half)-339(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(century.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.194 Td[(\242EGIHA)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.462 Td[(According)-268(to)-267(tribal)-268(traditions)-268(collected)-267(by)-268(Dorsey,)-272(the)-268(ancestors)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-221(the)-220(Omaha,)-227(Ponka,)-226(Elwapa,)-226(Osage,)-227(and)-220(Kansa)-221(were)-221(originally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(one)-317(people)-317(dwelling)-316(on)-317(Ohio)-317(and)-317(Wabash)-316(rivers,)-334(but)-317(gradually)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(working)-286(westward.)-358(The)-286(first)-286(separation)-286(took)-286(place)-286(at)-286(the)-286(mouth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-242(the)-242(Ohio,)-244(when)-242(those)-242(who)-242(went)-242(down)-242(the)-242(Mississippi)-242(became)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-376(Kwapa)-375(or)-376(Downstream)-375(People,)-407(while)-376(those)-375(who)-376(ascended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-377(great)-377(river)-377(became)-377(the)-377(Omaha)-377(or)-377(Up-stream)-377(People.)-632(This)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(separation)-290(must)-291(have)-290(occurred)-290(at)-290(least)-290(as)-291(early)-290(as)-290(1500,)-300(since)-291(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(preceded)-250(De)-250(Soto's)-250(discovery)-250(of)-250(the)-250(Mississippi.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(The)-267(Omaha)-267(group)-267(\050from)-267(whom)-267(the)-267(Osage,)-271(Kansa,)-272(and)-267(Ponka)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(were)-353(not)-352(yet)-353(separated\051)-352(ascended)-353(the)-352(Mississippi)-353(to)-352(the)-353(mouth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-423(the)-423(Missouri,)-467(where)-423(they)-423(remained)-423(for)-423(some)-423(time,)-467(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(war)-205(and)-204(hunting)-205(parties)-205(explored)-204(the)-205(country)-205(northwestward,)-214(and)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +308 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 309 0 R +/Resources 307 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +310 0 obj << +/D [308 0 R /XYZ 288.599 504.626 null] +>> endobj +304 0 obj << +/D [308 0 R /XYZ 46.771 282.824 null] +>> endobj +307 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +313 0 obj << +/Length 4587 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(54)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(the)-311(body)-310(of)-311(the)-311(tribe)-311(gradually)-310(followed)-311(these)-311(pioneers,)-326(though)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-382(Osage)-382(and)-382(Kansa)-382(were)-382(successively)-382(left)-382(behind.)-647(Some)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-362(pioneer)-362(parties)-362(discovered)-362(the)-362(pipestone)-362(quarry,)-391(and)-362(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(traditions)-411(cling)-411(about)-411(this)-411(landmark.)-733(Subsequently)-411(they)-411(were)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(driven)-334(across)-335(the)-334(Big)-335(Sioux)-334(by)-335(the)-334(Yankton)-335(Indians,)-355(who)-335(then)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(lived)-351(toward)-352(the)-351(confluence)-351(of)-352(the)-351(Minnesota)-351(and)-352(Mississippi.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-358(group)-358(gradually)-358(differentiated)-358(and)-358(finally)-359(divided)-358(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-373(separation)-372(of)-373(the)-372(Ponka,)-403(probably)-373(about)-372(the)-373(middle)-372(of)-373(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(seventeenth)-228(century.)-243(The)-228(Omaha)-229(gathered)-228(south)-228(of)-228(the)-229(Missouri,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(between)-270(the)-269(mouths)-270(of)-269(the)-270(Platte)-269(and)-270(Niobrara,)-274(while)-270(the)-270(Ponka)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(pushed)-250(into)-250(the)-250(Black)-250(Hills)-250(country.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-297(Omaha)-296(tribe)-297(remained)-297(within)-296(the)-297(great)-297(bend)-296(of)-297(the)-297(Mis-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(souri,)-482(opposite)-435(the)-435(mouth)-436(of)-435(the)-435(Big)-435(Sioux,)-482(until)-435(white)-436(men)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(came.)-364(Their)-287(hunting)-288(ground)-288(extended)-288(westward)-288(and)-288(southwest-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ward,)-374(chiefly)-350(north)-350(of)-349(the)-350(Platte)-349(and)-350(along)-349(the)-350(Elkhorn,)-374(to)-350(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(territory)-335(of)-336(the)-335(Ponka)-335(and)-335(the)-336(Pawnee)-335(\050Caddoan\051;)-378(and)-335(in)-336(1766)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Carver)-398(met)-398(their)-398(hunting)-397(parties)-398(on)-398(Minnesota)-398(river.)-694(Toward)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-279(end)-278(of)-279(the)-279(eighteenth)-278(century)-279(they)-279(were)-278(nearly)-279(destroyed)-279(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(smallpox,)-360(their)-339(number)-338(having)-338(been)-339(reduced)-338(from)-338(about)-339(3,500)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-225(but)-225(little)-225(over)-225(300)-225(when)-225(they)-225(were)-225(visited)-225(by)-225(Lewis)-225(and)-225(Clark,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([192])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.55 Td[(their)-345(famous)-346(chief)-345(Blackbird)-345(being)-345(one)-346(of)-345(those)-345(carried)-345(off)-346(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-290(epidemic.)-371(Subsequently)-290(they)-290(increased)-290(in)-290(numbers;)-310(in)-291(1890)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(their)-251(population)-250(was)-251(about)-250(1,200.)-252(They)-251(are)-250(now)-251(on)-251(reservations,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mostly)-313(owning)-313(land)-313(in)-313(severalty,)-328(and)-313(are)-313(citizens)-313(of)-313(the)-313(United)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(States)-250(and)-250(of)-250(the)-250(state)-250(of)-250(Nebraska.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(Although)-403(the)-404(name)-404(Ponka)-403(did)-404(not)-403(appear)-404(in)-403(history)-404(before)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(1700)-275(it)-275(must)-275(have)-276(been)-275(used)-275(for)-275(many)-275(generations)-275(earlier,)-282(since)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(it)-186(is)-186(an)-186(archaic)-186(designation)-186(connected)-186(with)-186(the)-186(social)-186(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-241(several)-241(tribes)-240(and)-241(the)-241(secret)-241(societies)-240(of)-241(the)-241(Osage)-241(and)-241(Kansa,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-324(well)-324(as)-324(the)-324(Ponka.)-471(In)-324(1700)-324(the)-324(Ponka)-324(were)-324(indicated)-324(on)-324(De)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(l'Isle's)-372(map,)-403(though)-372(they)-372(were)-372(not)-372(then)-372(segregated)-373(territorially)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-275(the)-275(Omaha.)-324(They,)-281(too,)-281(suffered)-274(terribly)-275(from)-275(the)-275(smallpox)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(epidemic,)-288(and)-280(when)-281(met)-280(by)-281(Lewis)-280(and)-280(Clark)-281(in)-280(1804)-281(numbered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(only)-327(about)-327(200.)-482(They)-327(increased)-327(rapidly,)-346(reaching)-327(about)-327(600)-328(in)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +312 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 313 0 R +/Resources 311 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 284 0 R +>> endobj +314 0 obj << +/D [312 0 R /XYZ 326.545 258.286 null] +>> endobj +311 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +317 0 obj << +/Length 4638 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(\242EGIHA)-21115(55)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(1829)-204(and)-205(some)-204(800)-204(in)-205(1842;)-219(in)-205(1871,)-213(when)-205(they)-204(were)-204(first)-205(visited)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-324(Dorsey,)-342(they)-324(numbered)-323(747.)-471(Up)-324(to)-324(this)-323(time)-324(the)-324(Ponka)-324(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota)-297(were)-296(amicable;)-320(but)-297(a)-296(dispute)-297(grew)-296(out)-297(of)-296(the)-297(cession)-297(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(lands,)-368(and)-344(the)-344(Teton)-345(made)-344(annual)-344(raids)-345(on)-344(the)-344(Ponka)-344(until)-345(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(enforced)-345(removal)-346(of)-345(the)-345(tribe)-345(to)-346(Indian)-345(Territory)-345(took)-345(place)-346(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1877.)-538(Through)-346(this)-345(warfare,)-370(more)-346(than)-346(a)-346(quarter)-346(of)-346(the)-346(Ponka)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(lost)-262(their)-262(lives.)-286(The)-262(displacement)-262(of)-262(this)-262(tribe)-262(from)-262(lands)-262(owned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-259(them)-258(in)-259(fee)-259(simple)-258(attracted)-259(attention,)-261(and)-258(a)-259(commission)-259(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(appointed)-256(by)-256(President)-256(Hayes)-256(in)-256(1880)-256(to)-256(inquire)-256(into)-256(the)-256(matter;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-409(commission,)-448(consisting)-409(of)-409(Generals)-408(Crook)-409(and)-409(Miles)-409(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Messrs)-382(William)-382(Stickney)-382(and)-381(Walter)-382(Allen,)-415(visited)-382(the)-382(Ponka)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(settlements)-195(in)-196(Indian)-195(Territory)-195(and)-196(on)-195(the)-196(Niobrara)-195(and)-195(effected)-196(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(satisfactory)-201(arrangement)-200(of)-201(the)-200(affairs)-201(of)-200(the)-201(tribe,)-210(through)-201(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-456(greater)-456(portion)-455(\050so)-1(me)-455(600\051)-456(remained)-456(in)-456(Indian)-456(Territory,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(while)-250(some)-250(225)-250(kept)-250(their)-250(reservation)-250(in)-250(Nebraska.)]TJ 11.956 -18.458 Td[(When)-365(the)-366(\242egiha)-365(divided)-366(at)-365(the)-366(mouth)-365(of)-365(the)-366(Ohio,)-394(the)-366(an-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(cestors)-341(of)-340(the)-341(Osage)-340(and)-341(Kansa)-340(accompanied)-341(the)-340(main)-341(Omaha)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(body)-297(up)-298(the)-297(Mississippi)-297(to)-298(the)-297(mouth)-298(of)-297(Osage)-297(river.)-392(There)-298(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Osage)-226(separated)-226(from)-226(the)-225(group,)-231(ascending)-226(the)-226(river)-226(which)-226(bears)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(their)-357(name.)-569(They)-357(were)-357(distinguished)-356(by)-357(Marquette)-356(in)-357(1673)-357(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-391("Ouchage")-390(and)-391("Autrechaha,")-390(and)-391(by)-390(Penicaut)-391(in)-390(1719)-391(as)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-215("Huzzau,")-215("Ous,")-215(and)-215("Wawha.")-215(According)-215(to)-215(Croghan,)-222(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were,)-401(in)-371(1759,)-402(on)-371("White)-371(creek,)-401(a)-371(branch)-371(of)-372(the)-371(Mississippi,")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-221(the)-221("Grand)-221(Tuc;")-221(but"White)-221(creek")-221(\050or)-221(White)-221(water\051)-222(was)-221(an)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(old)-314(designation)-314(for)-314(Osage)-314(river,)-330(and)-314("Grand)-314(Tuc")-315(is,)-330(according)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-218(Mooney,)-224(a)-217(corruption)-218(of)-217("Grandes)-218(Eaux,")-217(or)-218(Great)-217(Osage;)-229(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(there)-279(is)-278(accordingly)-279(no)-278(sufficient)-279(reason)-278(for)-279(supposing)-278(that)-279(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(returned)-316(to)-316(the)-316(Mississippi.)-449(Toward)-316(the)-316(close)-316(of)-316(the)-317(eighteenth)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(century)-404(the)-404(Osage)-404(and)-404(Kansa)-404(encountered)-404(the)-404(Comanche)-404(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(perhaps)-302(other)-301(Shoshonean)-301(peoples,)-315(and)-301(their)-302(course)-301(was)-302(turned)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(southward;)-389(and)-342(in)-342(1817,)-366(according)-342(to)-342(Brown,)-366(the)-342(Great)-343(Osage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-292(Little)-291(Osage)-292(were)-291(chiefly)-292(on)-291(Osage)-292(and)-291(Arkansas)-292(rivers,)-302(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(four)-204(villages.)-235(In)-204(1829)-204(Porter)-204(described)-204(their)-204(country)-204(as)-205(beginning)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(25)-324(miles)-323(west)-324(of)-323(the)-324(Missouri)-324(line)-323(and)-324(running)-323(to)-324(the)-324(Mexican)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +316 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 317 0 R +/Resources 315 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +315 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +321 0 obj << +/Length 4705 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(56)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(line)-340(of)-340(that)-339(date,)-363(being)-339(50)-340(miles)-340(wide;)-385(and)-339(he)-340(gave)-340(their)-340(num-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ber)-375(as)-376(5,000.)-626(According)-375(to)-375(Schoolcraft,)-407(they)-375(numbered)-376(3,758)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([193])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(in)-364(April,)-392(1853,)-393(but)-364(this)-364(was)-364(after)-364(the)-364(removal)-364(of)-364(an)-364(important)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(branch)-191(known)-192(as)-191(Black)-192(Dog's)-191(band)-192(to)-191(a)-191(new)-192(locality)-191(farther)-192(down)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Verdigris)-276(river.)-329(In)-276(1850)-276(the)-277(Osage)-276(occupied)-276(at)-276(least)-276(seven)-277(large)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(villages,)-245(besides)-243(numerous)-243(small)-244(ones,)-245(on)-243(Neosho)-243(and)-244(Verdigris)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(rivers.)-716(In)-405(1873,)-444(when)-405(visited)-406(by)-405(Dorsey,)-444(they)-405(were)-406(gathered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-373(their)-373(reservations)-373(in)-374(what)-373(is)-373(now)-373(Oklahoma.)-619(In)-373(1890)-374(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(numbered)-250(158.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-243(Kansa)-244(remained)-243(with)-243(the)-243(Up-stream)-244(People)-243(in)-243(their)-244(grad-)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(ual)-327(ascent)-327(of)-327(the)-327(Missouri)-326(to)-327(the)-327(mouth)-327(of)-327(the)-327(Kaw)-327(or)-327(Kansas,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(when)-176(they)-176(diverged)-176(westward;)-201(but)-176(they)-176(soon)-176(came)-176(in)-176(contact)-176(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(inimical)-371(peoples,)-402(and,)-402(like)-371(the)-372(Osage,)-402(were)-371(driven)-372(southward.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-225(date)-224(of)-225(this)-224(divergence)-225(is)-224(not)-225(fixed,)-229(but)-225(it)-224(must)-225(have)-224(been)-225(af-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ter)-234(1723,)-237(when)-233(Bourgmont)-234(mentioned)-234(a)-233(larg)-1(e)-233(village)-234(of)-234("Quans")]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(located)-285(on)-284(a)-285(small)-285(river)-285(flowing)-284(northward)-285(thirty)-285(leagues)-285(above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Kaw)-396(river,)-433(near)-397(the)-396(Missouri.)-689(After)-396(the)-397(cession)-396(of)-397(Louisiana)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-293(the)-292(United)-293(States,)-303(a)-292(treaty)-293(was)-292(made)-293(with)-293(the)-292(Kansa)-293(Indians,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(who)-273(were)-273(then)-272(on)-273(Kaw)-273(river,)-278(at)-273(the)-273(mouth)-273(of)-272(the)-273(Saline,)-279(having)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(been)-378(forced)-377(back)-378(from)-378(the)-377(Missouri)-378(by)-378(the)-377(Dakota;)-442(they)-378(then)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(numbered)-234(about)-234(1,500)-234(and)-234(occupied)-235(about)-234(thirty)-234(earth)-234(lodges.)-245(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1825)-270(they)-270(ceded)-270(their)-270(lands)-270(on)-270(the)-270(Missouri)-270(to)-270(the)-270(Government,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(retaining)-299(a)-299(reservation)-299(on)-299(the)-299(Kaw,)-311(where)-300(they)-299(were)-299(constantly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(subjected)-335(to)-335(attacks)-334(from)-335(the)-335(Pawnee)-335(and)-335(other)-335(tribes,)-356(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(which)-309(large)-308(numbers)-309(of)-308(their)-309(warriors)-308(were)-309(slain.)-425(In)-309(1846)-309(they)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(again)-184(ceded)-185(their)-184(lands)-184(and)-185(received)-184(a)-185(new)-184(reservation)-184(on)-185(Neosho)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(river)-233(in)-232(Kansas.)-244(This)-233(was)-232(soon)-233(overrun)-232(by)-233(settlers,)-236(when)-233(another)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reservation)-371(was)-371(assigned)-371(to)-371(them)-371(in)-371(Indian)-371(Territory,)-401(near)-371(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Osage)-250(country.)-250(By)-250(1890)-250(their)-250(population)-250(was)-250(reduced)-250(to)-250(214.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-219(Kwapa)-219(were)-219(found)-219(by)-219(De)-219(Soto)-219(in)-219(1541)-219(on)-219(the)-219(Mississippi)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(above)-238(the)-237(mouth)-238(of)-238(the)-237(St)-238(Francis,)-240(and,)-240(according)-238(to)-238(Marquette's)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(map,)-342(they)-324(were)-324(partly)-323(east)-324(of)-324(the)-323(Mississippi)-324(in)-324(1673.)-471(In)-324(1681)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(La)-284(Salle)-284(found)-283(them)-284(in)-284(three)-284(villages)-283(distributed)-284(along)-284(the)-284(Mis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sissippi,)-283(and)-277(soon)-277(afterward)-277(Tonty)-277(mentioned)-276(four)-277(villages,)-284(one)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +320 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 321 0 R +/Resources 319 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +322 0 obj << +/D [320 0 R /XYZ 217.48 504.626 null] +>> endobj +319 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +323 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index18) >> +endobj +326 0 obj +(TCIWE'RE) +endobj +329 0 obj << +/Length 4614 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F27 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(\207)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 3.753 0 Td[(\206)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.847 0 Td[(IWE'RE)-20499(57)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(\050Kappa)-464(=)-464(U)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 56.256 0 Td[(\236)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.454 0 Td[(aqpaqti,)-517("Real)-464(Kwapa"\051)-464(on)-464(the)-464(Mississippi)-464(and)]TJ -61.71 -13.549 Td[(three)-262(\050Toyengan)-261(=)-262(Ta)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 95.289 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.483 -4.909 Td[(wa)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 12.72 4.909 Td[(n)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.484 -4.909 Td[(-ji)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 9.698 0 Td[(\236)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.454 0 Td[(a,)-265("Small)-261(Village";)-268(Toriman)-261(=)-262(Ti-)]TJ -132.128 -13.549 Td[(uad\242iman,)-375(and)-350(Osotonoy)-349(=)-350(Uzutiuwe\051)-350(inland;)-400(this)-350(observation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-198(verified)-197(by)-198(Dorsey)-197(in)-198(1883)-198(by)-197(the)-198(discovery)-197(that)-198(these)-198(names)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(are)-194(still)-193(in)-193(use.)-232(In)-193(early)-194(days)-193(the)-194(Kwapa)-193(were)-194(known)-193(as)-194("Akansa,")]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-362(Arkansa,)-389(first)-362(noted)-361(by)-362(La)-361(Metairie)-362(in)-362(1682.)-584(It)-362(is)-362(probable)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-285(this)-284(name)-285(was)-284(an)-285(Algonquian)-285(designation)-284(given)-285(because)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(confusion)-219(with,)-225(or)-219(recognition)-219(of)-219(affinity)-219(to,)-225(the)-219(Kansa)-219(or)-219(Kanze,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-296(prefix)-295("a")-296(being)-296(a)-296(common)-295(one)-296(in)-296(Algouquian)-296(appellations.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(In)-403(1687)-403(Joutel)-404(located)-403(two)-403(of)-403(the)-404(villages)-403(of)-403(the)-403(tribe)-403(on)-404(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Arkansas)-295(and)-295(two)-295(on)-294(the)-295(Mississippi,)-306(one)-295(of)-295(the)-295(latter)-295(being)-295(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-418(eastern)-419(side.)-755(According)-418(to)-419(St)-418(Cosme,)-460(the)-419(greater)-418(part)-419(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-348(tribe)-348(died)-348(of)-348(smallpox)-348(in)-348(October,)-372(1699.)-544(In)-348(1700)-348(De)-348(l'Isle)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(placed)-416(the)-417(principal)-416("Acansa")-416(village)-416(on)-417(the)-416(southern)-416(side)-417(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Arkansas)-365(river;)-422(and,)-394(according)-365(to)-364(Gravier,)-394(there)-365(were)-365(in)-365(1701)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(five)-331(villages,)-350(the)-331(largest,)-350(Imaha)-331(\050Omaha\051,)-350(being)-331(highest)-330(on)-331(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Arkansas.)-317(In)-273(1805)-272(Sibley)-273(placed)-272(the)-272("Arkensa")-273(in)-272(three)-273(villages)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([194])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(on)-394(the)-395(southern)-394(side)-394(of)-394(Arkansas)-395(river,)-430(about)-394(12)-394(miles)-395(above)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Arkansas)-372(post.)-615(They)-372(claimed)-372(to)-371(be)-372(the)-372(original)-372(proprietors)-372(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-335(country)-334(bordering)-335(the)-334(Arkansas)-335(for)-334(300)-335(miles,)-355(or)-335(up)-334(to)-335(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(confluence)-362(of)-362(the)-362(Cadwa,)-390(above)-362(which)-362(lay)-362(the)-362(territory)-362(of)-362(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Osage.)-360(Subsequently)-287(the)-287(Kwapa)-287(affiliated)-286(with)-287(the)-287(Caddo)-287(Indi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ans,)-370(though)-347(of)-346(another)-346(stock;)-394(according)-347(to)-346(Porter)-346(they)-346(were)-347(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-220(Caddo)-220(country)-220(in)-220(1829.)-240(As)-220(reservations)-220(were)-221(established,)-226(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Kwapa)-207(were)-207(re-segregated,)-216(and)-207(in)-207(1877)-207(were)-207(on)-207(their)-208(reservation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-414(northwestern)-414(Indian)-415(Territory;)-496(but)-414(most)-414(of)-414(them)-415(afterward)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(scattered,)-246(chiefly)-245(to)-245(the)-246(Osage)-245(country,)-246(where)-245(in)-245(1890)-245(they)-246(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(found)-250(to)-250(number)-250(232.)]TJ/F27 13.151 Tf 0 -46.194 Td[(\207)]TJ/F28 13.151 Tf 4.524 0 Td[(\206)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 7.049 0 Td[(IWE'RE)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -11.573 -26.462 Td[(The)-306(ancestry)-307(and)-306(prehistoric)-306(movements)-307(of)-306(the)-306(tribes)-307(constitut-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ing)-311(this)-310(group)-311(are)-310(involved)-310(in)-311(considerable)-310(obscu)-1(rity,)-325(though)-311(it)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +328 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 329 0 R +/Resources 327 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +330 0 obj << +/D [328 0 R /XYZ 254.254 301.388 null] +>> endobj +324 0 obj << +/D [328 0 R /XYZ 46.771 136.02 null] +>> endobj +327 0 obj << +/Font << /F27 26 0 R /F28 29 0 R /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +333 0 obj << +/Length 4585 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(58)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(is)-373(known)-372(from)-373(tradition)-372(as)-373(well)-372(as)-373(linguistic)-372(affinity)-373(that)-373(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sprung)-250(from)-250(the)-250(Winnebago.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(Since)-435(the)-434(days)-435(of)-435(Marquette)-435(\0501673\051)-434(the)-435(Iowa)-435(have)-435(ranged)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(over)-231(the)-230(country)-231(between)-230(the)-231(Mississippi)-230(and)-231(Missouri,)-234(up)-231(to)-231(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(latitude)-251(of)-251(Oneota)-252(\050formerly)-251(upper)-251(Iowa\051)-251(river,-)-251(and)-251(even)-252(across)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-231(Missouri)-230(about)-231(the)-230(mouth)-231(of)-230(the)-231(Platte.)-243(Chauvignerie)-231(located)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(them,)-461(in)-418(1736)-419(west)-418(of)-419(the)-418(Mississippi)-419(and)-418(\050probably)-419(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(error)-371(in)-371(identification)-371(of)-371(the)-371(waterway\051)-371(south)-371(of)-372(the)-371(Missouri;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-229(in)-228(1761)-229(Jefferys)-228(placed)-229(them)-228(between)-229(Missouri)-228(river)-229(and)-229(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(headwaters)-346(of)-345(Des)-346(Moines)-346(river,)-369(above)-346(the)-346(Oto)-345(and)-346(below)-346(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Maha)-262(\050Omaha\051.)-285(In)-262(1805,)-265(according)-262(to)-261(Drake,)-265(they)-262(dwelt)-262(on)-262(Des)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Moines)-257(river,)-258(forty)-256(leagues)-257(above)-256(its)-257(mouth,)-258(and)-256(numbered)-257(800.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(In)-199(181)-1(1)-199(Pike)-199(found)-200(them)-199(in)-200(two)-199(villages)-200(on)-199(Des)-200(Moines)-199(and)-200(Iowa)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(rivers.)-415(In)-305(1815)-305(they)-304(were)-305(decimated)-305(by)-305(smallpox,)-319(and)-305(also)-305(lost)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(heavily)-202(through)-201(war)-202(against)-202(the)-201(tribes)-202(of)-201(the)-202(Dakota)-202(confederacy.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(In)-329(1829)-330(Porter)-329(placed)-329(them)-330(on)-329(the)-329(Little)-330(Platte,)-349(some)-329(15)-330(miles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-232(the)-231(Missouri)-232(line,)-235(and)-232(about)-232(1853)-231(Schoolcraft)-232(located)-232(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-259(Nemaha)-259(river,)-261(their)-259(principal)-258(village)-259(being)-259(near)-259(the)-259(mouth)-259(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-352(Great)-352(Nemaha.)-555(In)-352(1848)-352(they)-352(suffered)-352(another)-352(epidemic)-352(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(smallpox,)-312(by)-300(which)-300(100)-299(warriors,)-312(besides)-300(women)-300(and)-300(children,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(were)-275(carried)-276(off.)-326(As)-275(the)-276(country)-275(settled,)-282(the)-275(Iowa,)-282(like)-275(the)-276(other)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Indians)-311(of)-311(the)-311(stock,)-326(were)-311(collected)-311(on)-311(reservations)-311(which)-311(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(still)-427(occupy)-428(in)-427(Kansas)-427(and)-427(Oklahoma.)-782(According)-427(to)-427(the)-428(last)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(census)-250(their)-250(population)-250(was)-250(273.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-263(Missouri)-262(were)-263(first)-262(se)-1(en)-262(by)-263(Tonty)-262(about)-263(1670;)-269(they)-263(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(located)-374(near)-374(the)-374(Mississippi)-374(on)-374(Marquette's)-374(map)-375(\0501673\051)-374(under)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-299(name)-299(of)-298(Ouemessou)-1(rit,)-311(probably)-298(a)-299(corruption)-299(of)-299(their)-299(name)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(by)-358(the)-359(Illinois)-358(tribe,)-386(with)-358(the)-359(characteristic)-358(Algonquian)-359(prefix.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-361(name)-362(Missouri)-361(was)-362(first)-361(used)-362(by)-361(Joutel)-361(in)-362(1687.)-584(In)-362(1723)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Bourgmont)-230(located)-230(their)-230(principal)-230(village)-230(30)-230(leagues)-230(below)-230(Kaw)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(river)-379(and)-378(60)-379(leagues)-378(below)-379(the)-378(chief)-379(settlement)-378(of)-379(the)-379(Kansa;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(according)-213(to)-213(Groghan,)-220(they)-213(were)-213(located)-213(on)-213(Mississippi)-213(river)-213(op-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(posite)-281(the)-280(Illinois)-281(country)-280(in)-281(1759.)-342(Although)-280(the)-281(early)-281(locations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(are)-287(somewhat)-287(indefinite,)-296(it)-287(seems)-286(certain)-287(that)-287(the)-287(tribe)-287(formerly)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +332 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 333 0 R +/Resources 331 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +331 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +336 0 obj << +/Length 4902 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F27 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(\207)]TJ/F28 10.909 Tf 3.753 0 Td[(\206)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 5.847 0 Td[(IWE'RE)-20499(59)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(dwelt)-340(on)-339(the)-340(Mississippi)-340(about)-339(the)-340(mouth)-339(of)-340(the)-340(Missouri,)-362(and)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([195])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(that)-353(they)-353(gradually)-353(ascended)-353(the)-353(latter)-353(stream,)-379(remaining)-353(for)-353(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(time)-248(between)-247(Grand)-248(and)-248(Chariton)-247(rivers)-248(and)-247(establishing)-248(a)-248(town)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-359(the)-360(left)-359(bank)-359(of)-360(the)-359(Missouri)-359(near)-359(the)-360(mouth)-359(of)-359(the)-360(Grand.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(There)-379(they)-379(were)-379(found)-380(by)-379(French)-379(traders,)-411(who)-379(built)-379(a)-379(fort)-380(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(an)-462(island)-461(quite)-462(near)-462(their)-461(village)-462(about)-462(the)-461(beginning)-462(of)-462(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eighteenth)-405(century.)-717(Soon)-405(afterward)-405(they)-406(were)-405(conquered)-406(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dispersed)-271(by)-270(a)-271(combination)-271(of)-270(Sac,)-276(Fox,)-276(and)-271(other)-271(Indians;)-281(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(also)-282(suffered)-282(from)-282(smallpox.)-347(On)-282(the)-282(division,)-290(five)-282(or)-282(six)-283(lodges)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(joined)-306(the)-306(Osage)-1(,)-320(two)-306(or)-306(three)-306(took)-307(refuge)-306(with)-306(the)-306(Kansa,)-321(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(most)-230(of)-230(the)-229(remainder)-230(amalgamated)-230(with)-230(the)-230(Oto.)-243(In)-230(1805)-230(Lewis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-282(Clark)-282(found)-282(a)-282(part)-281(of)-282(the)-282(tribe,)-290(numbering)-282(about)-282(300,)-290(south)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-392(Platte)-391(river.)-675(The)-392(only)-391(known)-392(survivors)-392(in)-391(1829)-392(were)-392(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-357(Oto,)-385(when)-357(they)-357(numbered)-358(no)-357(more)-357(than)-358(80.)-572(In)-357(1842)-358(their)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(village)-344(stood)-344(on)-344(the)-344(southern)-344(bank)-344(of)-344(Platte)-344(river)-344(near)-344(the)-344(Oto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(settlement,)-296(and)-287(they)-286(followed)-287(the)-287(latter)-286(tribe)-287(to)-287(Indian)-287(Territory)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-250(1882.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(According)-224(to)-225(Winnebago)-224(tradition,)-230(the)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 170.147 0 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.673 0 Td[(iwe're)-224(tribes)-225(separat-)]TJ -190.776 -13.549 Td[(ed)-346(from)-346(that)-346("People)-346(of)-346(the)-346(parent)-346(speech")-346(long)-346(ago,)-371(the)-346(Iowa)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(being)-380(the)-380(first)-380(and)-380(the)-380(Oto)-380(the)-380(last)-380(to)-380(leave.)-640(In)-380(1673)-380(the)-380(Oto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-317(located)-317(by)-317(Marquette)-317(west)-317(of)-317(Missouri)-317(river,)-334(between)-317(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(fortieth)-347(and)-347(fortyfirst)-348(parallels;)-396(in)-347(1680)-347(they)-347(were)-347(130)-348(leagues)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-310(the)-311(Illinois,)-325(almost)-310(opposite)-310(the)-311(mouth)-310(of)-310(the)-311(Miskoncing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050Wisconsin\051,)-316(and)-302(in)-303(1687)-303(they)-302(were)-303(on)-302(Osage)-303(river.)-408(According)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-446(La)-447(Hontan)-446(they)-447(were,)-495(in)-447(1690,)-495(on)-447(Otontas)-446(\050Osage\051)-447(river;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-310(in)-311(1698)-310(Hennepin)-310(placed)-311(them)-310(ten)-311(days')-310(journey)-310(from)-311(Fort)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Cr\350ve)-319(C)]TJ/F46 10.909 Tf 36.812 0 Td[(S)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 7.876 0 Td[(ur.)-458(Iberville,)-337(in)-319(1700,)-337(located)-320(the)-319(Iowa)-319(and)-320(Oto)-319(with)]TJ -44.688 -13.55 Td[(the)-316(Omaha,)-333(between)-316(Wisconsin)-316(and)-316(Missouri)-316(rivers,)-333(about)-316(100)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(leagues)-215(from)-214(the)-215(Illinois)-214(tribe;)-227(and)-214(Charlevoix,)-222(in)-214(1721,)-222(fixed)-215(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Oto)-214(habitat)-215(as)-214(below)-214(that)-214(of)-215(the)-214(Iowa)-214(and)-214(a)-1(bove)-214(that)-214(of)-214(the)-215(Kansa)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-318(the)-317(western)-318(side)-317(of)-318(the)-317(Missouri.)-453(Dupratz)-317(m)-1(entions)-317(the)-318(Oto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-275(a)-275(small)-276(nation)-275(on)-275(Missouri)-275(river)-275(in)-276(1758,)-281(and)-275(Jefferys)-276(\0501761\051)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(described)-451(them)-452(as)-451(occupying)-451(the)-451(southern)-452(bank)-451(of)-451(the)-452(Panis)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050Platte\051)-329(between)-330(its)-329(mouth)-329(and)-329(the)-329(Pawnee)-330(territory;)-369(according)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +335 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 336 0 R +/Resources 334 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +337 0 obj << +/D [335 0 R /XYZ 245.439 518.175 null] +>> endobj +334 0 obj << +/Font << /F27 26 0 R /F28 29 0 R /F16 6 0 R /F46 339 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +340 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index19) >> +endobj +343 0 obj +(WINNEBAGO) +endobj +346 0 obj << +/Length 4361 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(60)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(to)-400(Porter,)-438(they)-400(occupied)-400(the)-400(same)-400(position)-400(in)-400(1829.)-700(The)-400(Oto)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(claimed)-373(the)-373(land)-372(bordering)-373(the)-373(Platte)-373(from)-372(their)-373(village)-373(to)-373(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(mouth)-334(of)-334(the)-335(river,)-355(and)-334(also)-334(that)-335(on)-334(both)-334(sides)-334(of)-334(the)-335(Missouri)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-387(far)-388(as)-387(the)-387(Big)-388(Nemaha.)-662(In)-387(1833)-387(Catlin)-388(found)-387(the)-387(Oto)-388(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Missouri)-283(together)-283(in)-282(the)-283(Pawnee)-283(country;)-299(about)-283(1841)-283(they)-283(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(gathered)-265(in)-266(four)-265(villages)-265(on)-266(the)-265(southern)-265(side)-266(of)-265(the)-265(Platte,)-270(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(5)-207(to)-206(18)-207(miles)-206(abo)-1(ve)-206(its)-207(mouth.)-235(In)-207(1880)-207(a)-206(part)-207(of)-206(the)-207(tribe)-207(removed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-346(the)-345(Sac)-346(and)-345(Fox)-346(reservation)-345(in)-346(Indian)-346(Territory,)-369(where)-346(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(still)-250(remain;)-251(in)-250(1882)-251(the)-250(rest)-250(of)-251(the)-250(tribe,)-250(with)-251(the)-250(remnant)-250(of)-251(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Missouri,)-310(emigrated)-299(to)-298(the)-298(Pouka,)-311(Pawnee,)-310(and)-298(Oto)-299(reservation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-409(the)-410(present)-409(Oklahoma,)-449(where,)-450(in)-409(1890)-409(they)-410(were)-409(found)-410(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(number)-250(400.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.194 Td[(WINNEBAGO)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.462 Td[(Linguistically)-327(the)-327(Winnebago)-328(Indians)-327(are)-327(closely)-327(related)-327(to)-328(the)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 0 -13.549 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.673 0 Td[(iwe're)-318(on)-318(the)-317(one)-318(side)-318(and)-318(to)-317(the)-318(Mandan)-318(on)-318(the)-317(other.)-454(They)]TJ -8.673 -13.549 Td[(were)-318(first)-318(mentioned)-318(in)-319(the)-318(Jesuit)-318(Relation)-318(of)-318(1636,)-335(though)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(earliest)-195(known)-195(use)-195(o)-1(f)-195(the)-195(name)-195(Winnebago)-195(occurs)-195(in)-195(the)-196(Relation)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([196])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(of)-284(1640;)-301(Nicollet)-283(found)-284(them)-284(on)-284(Green)-284(bay)-283(in)-284(1639.)-352(According)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-311(Shea,)-325(the)-311(Winnebago)-311(were)-310(almost)-311(annihilated)-310(by)-311(the)-311(Illinois)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050Algonquian\051)-371(tribe)-371(in)-370(early)-371(days,)-401(and)-371(the)-371(historical)-371(group)-371(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(made)-182(up)-183(of)-182(the)-182(survivors)-183(of)-182(the)-182(early)-183(battles.)-227(Cbauvignerie)-183(placed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-293(Winnebago)-293(on)-293(Lake)-293(Superior)-293(in)-294(1736,)-303(and)-293(Jeffery)-1(s)-293(referred)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-219(them)-219(and)-218(the)-219(Sac)-219(as)-219(living)-218(near)-219(the)-219(head)-219(of)-218(Green)-219(bay)-219(in)-219(1761;)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Carver)-262(mentions)-262(a)-261(Winnebago)-262(village)-262(on)-262(a)-261(small)-262(island)-262(near)-262(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eastern)-281(end)-281(of)-281(Winnebago)-281(lake)-281(in)-281(1778.)-343(Pike)-282(enumerated)-281(seven)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Winnebago)-228(villages)-228(existing)-228(in)-228(1811;)-235(and)-228(in)-228(1822)-228(the)-228(population)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-200(the)-200(tribe)-200(was)-200(estimated)-200(at)-200(5,800)-200(\050including)-200(900)-200(warriors\051)-201(in)-200(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(country)-263(about)-263(Winnebago)-263(lake)-263(and)-263(extending)-263(thence)-263(southwest-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ward)-234(to)-235(the)-234(Mississippi.)-245(By)-234(treaties)-234(in)-234(1825)-235(and)-234(1832)-234(they)-235(ceded)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(their)-323(lands)-323(south)-323(of)-322(Wisconsin)-323(and)-323(Fox)-323(rivers)-323(for)-323(a)-323(reservation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-409(the)-409(Mississippi)-409(above)-409(the)-410(Oneota;)-488(one)-409(of)-409(their)-409(villages)-410(in)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +345 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 346 0 R +/Resources 344 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 318 0 R +>> endobj +341 0 obj << +/D [345 0 R /XYZ 93.543 352.807 null] +>> endobj +347 0 obj << +/D [345 0 R /XYZ 125.049 255.831 null] +>> endobj +344 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F27 26 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +348 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index20) >> +endobj +351 0 obj +(MANDAN) +endobj +354 0 obj << +/Length 4146 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(MANDAN)-20226(61)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(1832)-296(was)-296(at)-296(Prairie)-297(la)-296(Grosse.)-388(They)-296(suffered)-296(several)-297(visitations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-261(smallpox;)-266(the)-261(third,)-263(which)-261(occurred)-261(in)-261(1836,)-263(carried)-261(off)-261(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(than)-328(a)-328(quarter)-328(of)-328(the)-328(tribe.)-484(A)-328(part)-328(of)-328(the)-328(people)-328(long)-328(remained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(widely)-291(distributed)-290(over)-291(their)-290(old)-291(country)-290(east)-291(of)-290(the)-291(Mississippi)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-264(along)-263(tha)-1(t)-263(river)-264(in)-264(Iowa)-263(and)-264(Minnesota;)-271(in)-263(1840)-264(most)-264(of)-264(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribe)-243(removed)-243(to)-243(the)-243(neutral)-243(ground)-243(in)-243(the)-243(then)-243(territory)-244(of)-243(Iowa;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-273(1846)-272(they)-273(surrendered)-273(their)-272(reservation)-273(for)-272(another)-273(above)-273(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Minnesota,)-284(and)-277(in)-277(1856)-277(they)-277(were)-277(removed)-277(to)-277(Blue)-277(Earth,)-284(Min-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nesota.)-561(Here)-354(they)-354(were)-354(mastering)-353(agriculture,)-380(when)-354(the)-354(Sioux)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(war)-342(broke)-341(out)-342(and)-341(the)-342(settlers)-342(demanded)-341(their)-342(removal.)-525(Those)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(who)-289(had)-289(taken)-288(up)-289(farms,)-299(thereby)-289(abandoning)-288(tribal)-289(rights,)-299(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(allowed)-211(to)-212(remain,)-219(but)-211(the)-211(others)-211(were)-212(transferred)-211(to)-211(Crow)-212(creek,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(on)-327(Missouri)-326(river,)-346(whence)-326(they)-327(soon)-326(escaped.)-480(Their)-327(privations)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-343(sufferings)-344(were)-343(terrible;)-390(out)-344(of)-343(2,000)-343(taken)-344(to)-343(Crow)-344(creek)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(only)-216(1,200)-216(reached)-216(the)-216(Omaha)-216(reservation,)-223(whither)-216(most)-217(of)-216(them)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(fled.)-248(They)-245(were)-245(assigned)-245(a)-245(new)-245(res)-1(ervation)-245(on)-245(the)-245(Omaha)-245(lands,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(where)-227(they)-227(now)-227(remain,)-231(occupying)-227(lands)-227(allotted)-227(in)-227(severalty.)-243(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1890)-248(there)-248(were)-247(1,215)-248(Winnebago)-248(on)-248(the)-248(reservation,)-248(but)-248(nearly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(an)-271(equal)-271(number)-270(were)-271(scattered)-271(over)-271(Minnesota,)-276(Iowa,)-276(Wiscon-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(sin,)-353(and)-333(Michigan,)-353(where)-333(they)-332(now)-333(live)-332(chiefly)-333(by)-333(agriculture,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-250(a)-250(strong)-250(predilection)-250(for)-250(hunting.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.194 Td[(MANDAN)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.461 Td[(The)-206(Mandan)-207(had)-206(a)-206(vague)-207(tradition)-206(of)-207(emigration)-206(from)-206(the)-207(eastern)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(part)-385(of)-385(the)-385(country,)-419(and)-385(Lewis)-385(and)-386(Clark,)-418(Prince)-386(Maximilian,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-355(others)-355(found)-356(traces)-355(of)-355(Mandan)-355(house-structures)-355(at)-356(various)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(points)-394(along)-394(the)-394(Missouri;)-465(thus)-394(they)-394(appear)-394(to)-394(have)-394(ascended)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-236(stream)-236(before)-236(the)-236(advent)-236(of)-236(the)-235(\242egiha.)-246(During)-236(the)-236(historical)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(period)-324(their)-323(movements)-324(were)-324(limited;)-360(they)-324(were)-323(first)-324(visited)-324(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-359(upper)-359(Missouri)-359(country)-359(by)-359(Sieur)-359(de)-359(la)-359(Verendrye)-359(in)-359(1738.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(About)-420(1750)-421(they)-420(established)-420(two)-420(villages)-421(on)-420(the)-420(eastern)-421(side)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-335(seven)-334(on)-335(the)-334(western)-335(side)-334(of)-334(the)-335(Missouri,)-356(near)-334(the)-335(mouth)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +353 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 354 0 R +/Resources 352 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +349 0 obj << +/D [353 0 R /XYZ 46.771 228.628 null] +>> endobj +352 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +356 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index21) >> +endobj +359 0 obj +(HIDATSA) +endobj +362 0 obj << +/Length 4254 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(62)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(of)-387(Heart)-388(river.)-661(H)-1(ere)-387(they)-387(were)-387(assailed)-388(by)-387(the)-387(Asiniboin)-388(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Dakota)-257(and)-256(attacked)-257(by)-257(smallpox,)-258(and)-256(were)-257(greatly)-257(reduced;)-260(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(two)-207(eastern)-206(villages)-207(consolidated,)-215(and)-206(the)-207(people)-207(migrated)-206(up)-207(the)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([197])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(Missouri)-220(to)-219(a)-220(point)-220(1,430)-219(miles)-220(above)-220(its)-219(mouth)-220(\050as)-220(subsequently)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(determined)-336(by)-335(Lewis)-336(and)-335(Clark\051;)-378(the)-336(seven)-336(villages)-335(were)-336(soon)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reduced)-395(to)-394(five,)-431(and)-394(these)-395(people)-394(also)-395(ascended)-395(the)-394(river)-395(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(formed)-281(two)-280(villages)-281(in)-280(the)-281(Arikara)-281(country,)-288(near)-280(the)-281(Mandan)-281(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-377(eastern)-376(side,)-408(where)-377(they)-376(remained)-377(until)-376(about)-376(1766,)-409(when)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(they)-376(also)-375(consolidated.)-627(Thus)-375(the)-376(once)-375(powerful)-376(and)-376(populous)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tribe)-253(was)-253(reduced)-253(to)-253(two)-253(villages)-253(which,)-254(in)-253(1804,)-254(were)-253(found)-253(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Lewis)-194(and)-194(Clark)-193(on)-194(opposite)-194(banks)-194(of)-193(the)-194(Missouri,)-205(about)-194(4)-194(miles)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(below)-246(Knife)-245(river.)-249(Here)-245(for)-246(a)-245(time)-246(the)-245(tribe)-246(waxed)-245(and)-246(promised)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-375(regain)-376(the)-375(early)-375(prestige,)-407(reaching)-375(a)-376(population)-375(of)-375(1,600)-376(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1837;)-269(but)-263(in)-262(that)-263(year)-263(they)-262(were)-263(again)-263(attacked)-262(by)-263(smallpox)-263(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(almost)-335(annihilated,)-356(the)-335(survivors)-335(numbering)-335(only)-335(31)-335(according)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-387(one)-386(account,)-421(or)-387(125)-387(to)-387(145)-386(according)-387(to)-387(others.)-660(After)-387(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(visitation)-266(they)-265(united)-266(in)-265(one)-266(village.)-297(When)-265(the)-266(Hidatsa)-266(removed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-425(Knife)-425(river)-425(in)-425(1845,)-469(some)-425(of)-425(the)-425(Mandan)-425(accompanied)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(them,)-236(and)-232(others)-232(followed)-232(at)-233(intervals)-232(as)-232(late)-232(as)-233(1858,)-235(when)-233(only)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-387(few)-388(still)-387(remained)-387(at)-387(their)-388(old)-387(home.)-662(In)-387(1872)-387(a)-388(reservation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-354(set)-355(apart)-354(for)-354(the)-355(Hidatsa)-354(and)-354(Arikara)-355(and)-354(the)-354(survivors)-355(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-309(Mandan)-310(on)-309(Missouri)-309(and)-309(Yellowstone)-310(rivers)-309(in)-309(Dakota)-310(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Montana,)-248(but)-248(in)-247(1886)-247(the)-248(reservation)-247(was)-248(reduced.)-249(According)-248(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(census)-250(returns,)-250(the)-250(Mandan)-250(numbered)-250(252)-250(in)-250(1890.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.194 Td[(HIDATSA)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.462 Td[(There)-376(has)-376(been)-376(much)-376(confusion)-376(concerning)-376(the)-376(definition)-376(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(designation)-309(of)-309(the)-309(Hidatsa)-309(Indians.)-427(They)-309(were)-310(formerly)-309(known)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-291(Minitari)-291(or)-291(Gros)-291(Ventres)-291(of)-291(the)-291(Missouri,)-302(in)-291(distinction)-291(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-413(Gros)-413(Ventres)-414(of)-413(the)-413(plains,)-454(who)-413(belong)-413(to)-413(another)-414(stock.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(The)-329(origin)-330(of)-329(the)-329(term)-329(Gros)-330(Ventres)-329(is)-329(somewhat)-329(obscure)-1(,)-349(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(various)-258(observers)-259(have)-258(pointed)-258(out)-259(its)-258(inapplicability,)-261(especially)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +361 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 362 0 R +/Resources 360 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +363 0 obj << +/D [361 0 R /XYZ 304.392 491.077 null] +>> endobj +357 0 obj << +/D [361 0 R /XYZ 93.543 188.842 null] +>> endobj +360 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +366 0 obj << +/Length 4727 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(HIDATSA)-20337(63)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(to)-267(the)-267(well-formed)-267(Hidatsa)-267(tribesmen.)-301(According)-267(to)-266(Dorsey,)-272(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(French)-297(pioneers)-298(probably)-297(translated)-297(a)-297(native)-298(term)-297(referring)-297(to)-298(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(traditional)-274(buffalo)-275(paunch,)-280(which)-275(occupies)-274(a)-275(prominent)-274(place)-275(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-222(Hidatsa)-221(mythology)-222(and)-221(which,)-228(in)-221(early)-222(times,)-227(led)-221(to)-222(a)-222(dispute)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-299(the)-298(separation)-299(of)-298(the)-299(Crow)-298(from)-299(the)-298(main)-299(group)-298(some)-299(time)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-250(the)-250(eighteenth)-250(century.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-371(earlier)-370(legends)-371(of)-371(the)-370(Hidatsa)-371(are)-371(vague,)-401(but)-370(there)-371(is)-371(a)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(definite)-235(tradition)-234(of)-234(a)-235(migration)-234(northward,)-238(about)-235(1765,)-237(from)-235(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(neighborhood)-369(of)-369(Heart)-369(river,)-399(where)-369(they)-369(were)-369(associated)-369(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-275(Mandan,)-282(to)-275(Knife)-276(river.)-325(At)-276(least)-275(as)-275(early)-276(as)-275(1796,)-282(according)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-264(Matthews,)-268(there)-264(were)-264(three)-264(villages)-264(belonging)-264(to)-264(this)-264(tribe)-265(on)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Knife)-346(river)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 49.211 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(one)-346(at)-346(the)-346(mouth,)-370(another)-346(half)-346(a)-346(mile)-346(above,)-370(and)]TJ -60.12 -13.549 Td[(the)-349(third)-349(and)-348(largest)-349(3)-349(miles)-348(from)-349(the)-349(mouth.)-546(Here)-349(the)-349(people)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-246(found)-245(by)-246(Lewis)-245(and)-246(Clark)-246(in)-245(1804,)-247(and)-245(here)-246(they)-246(remained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(until)-325(1837,)-343(when)-324(the)-325(scourge)-324(of)-325(smallpox)-324(fell)-325(and)-325(many)-324(of)-325(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(people)-278(perished,)-284(the)-277(survivors)-278(uniting)-278(in)-277(a)-278(single)-277(village.)-333(About)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1845)-359(the)-360(Hidatsa)-359(and)-359(a)-359(part)-359(of)-360(the)-359(Mandan)-359(again)-359(migrated)-360(up)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-300(Missouri,)-312(and)-300(established)-299(a)-300(village)-300(30)-300(miles)-299(by)-300(land)-300(and)-300(60)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(miles)-344(by)-344(water)-345(above)-344(their)-344(old)-344(home,)-368(within)-344(what)-344(is)-344(now)-345(Fort)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Berthold)-442(reservation.)-825(Their)-442(population)-442(has)-442(apparently)-442(varied)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(greatly,)-316(partly)-302(by)-303(reason)-303(of)-302(the)-303(ill)-303(definition)-302(of)-303(the)-302(tribe)-303(by)-303(dif-)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([198])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(ferent)-278(enumerators,)-285(partly)-278(by)-277(reason)-278(of)-278(the)-278(inroads)-278(of)-278(smallpox.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(In)-250(1890)-250(they)-250(numbered)-250(522.)]TJ 11.956 -16.004 Td[(The)-236(Crow)-235(people)-236(are)-236(known)-235(by)-236(the)-236(Hidatsa)-235(as)-236(Kihatsa)-236(\050They-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(refused-the-paunch\051,)-288(according)-280(to)-280(Matthews;)-295(and)-280(Dorsey)-280(points)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(out)-296(that)-295(their)-296(own)-295(name,)-307(Absaruke,)-307(does)-295(no)-1(t)-295(mean)-296(")-295(crow,")-296(but)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(refers)-316(to)-316(a)-316(variety)-316(of)-316(hawk.)-448(Lewis)-316(and)-316(Clark)-316(found)-317(the)-316(tribe)-316(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(four)-193(bands.)-231(In)-193(1817)-193(Brown)-193(located)-193(them)-193(on)-193(Yello)-1(wstone)-193(river.)-231(In)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(1829)-180(they)-180(were)-180(described)-179(by)-180(Porter)-180(as)-180(ranging)-180(along)-180(Yellowstone)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(river)-264(on)-264(the)-265(eastern)-264(side)-264(of)-264(the)-264(Bocky)-265(mountains,)-267(and)-265(numbered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(at)-319(4,000;)-353(while)-319(in)-319(1834,)-336(according)-318(to)-319(Drake,)-336(they)-319(occupied)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(southern)-402(branch)-403(of)-402(the)-402(Yellowstone,)-441(about)-402(the)-402(fortysixth)-403(par-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(allel)-351(and)-351(one)-351(hundred)-350(and)-351(fifth)-351(meridian,)-376(with)-351(a)-351(population)-351(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(4,500.)-551(In)-350(1842)-350(their)-350(number)-350(w)-1(as)-350(estimated)-350(at)-350(4,000,)-375(and)-351(they)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +365 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 366 0 R +/Resources 364 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +367 0 obj << +/D [365 0 R /XYZ 122.899 244.736 null] +>> endobj +364 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +368 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index22) >> +endobj +371 0 obj +(THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES) +endobj +372 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index23) >> +endobj +375 0 obj +(GENERAL MOVEMENTS) +endobj +378 0 obj << +/Length 3804 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(64)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(were)-248(described)-247(as)-248(inhabiting)-247(the)-248(headwaters)-247(of)-248(the)-248(Yellowstone.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(They)-415(have)-414(since)-415(been)-414(duly)-415(gathered)-414(on)-415(the)-414(Crow)-415(reservation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-317(Montana,)-334(and)-317(are)-317(slowly)-317(adopting)-317(civilization.)-451(In)-318(1890)-317(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(numbered)-250(2,287.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.816 Td[(THE)-250(EASTERN)-250(AND)-250(SOUTHERN)-250(TRIBES)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.787 Td[(The)-273(history)-273(of)-273(the)-273(Monakan,)-279(Oatawba,)-279(Sara,)-279(Pedee,)-279(and)-273(Santee,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-311(incidentally)-311(that)-310(of)-311(the)-311(Biloxi,)-326(has)-311(been)-311(carefully)-311(reviewed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-476(a)-475(recent)-476(publication)-476(by)-475(Mooney)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 162.288 3.959 Td[(54)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.657 -3.959 Td[(,)-532(and)-476(does)-476(not)-475(require)]TJ -175.945 -13.549 Td[(repetition.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -46.815 Td[(GENERAL)-250(MOVEMENTS)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -26.787 Td[(On)-279(reviewing)-279(the)-278(records)-279(of)-279(explorers)-279(and)-278(pioneers)-279(and)-279(the)-279(few)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(traditions)-163(which)-162(have)-163(been)-162(preserved,)-180(the)-163(course)-162(of)-163(Siouan)-163(migra-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tion)-276(and)-276(development)-275(becomes)-276(clear.)-327(In)-276(general)-276(the)-276(movements)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(were)-298(westward)-298(and)-299(northwestward.)-394(The)-298(Dakota)-298(tribes)-298(have)-299(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(been)-403(traced)-403(far,)-441(though)-403(several)-403(of)-403(them,)-441(like)-403(the)-403(Yanktonnai,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(migrated)-297(hundreds)-297(of)-297(miles)-297(from)-297(the)-297(period)-297(of)-297(first)-297(observation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-270(the)-269(end)-270(of)-270(the)-269(eighteenth)-270(century;)-279(then)-270(came)-269(the)-270(Mandan,)-275(ac-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(cording)-264(to)-264(their)-264(tradition,)-268(and)-264(as)-264(they)-264(ascended)-264(the)-264(Missouri)-265(left)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(traces)-189(of)-189(their)-190(occupancy)-189(scattered)-189(over)-189(1,000)-189(miles)-189(of)-190(migration;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(next)-212(the)-212(\242egiha)-212(descended)-211(the)-212(Ohio)-212(and)-212(passed)-212(from)-212(the)-212(cis-Mis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sissippi)-389(forests)-390(over)-389(the)-390(trans-Mississippi)-389(plains)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 216.393 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(the)-389(stronger)]TJ -227.302 -13.549 Td[(branch)-238(following)-239(the)-238(Mandan,)-240(while)-239(the)-238(lesser)-238(at)-238(first)-239(descended)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-258(great)-259(river)-258(and)-258(then)-259(worked)-258(up)-258(the)-259(Arkansas)-258(into)-258(the)-259(buffalo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(country)-398(until)-398(checked)-397(and)-398(diverted)-398(by)-398(antagonistic)-397(tribes.)-694(So)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(also)-456(the)]TJ/F27 10.909 Tf 40.861 0 Td[(\207T)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.673 0 Td[(iwe're,)-508(first)-456(recorded)-456(near)-457(the)-456(Mississippi,)-508(pushed)]TJ -49.534 -13.549 Td[(300)-299(miles)-299(westward;)-324(while)-299(the)-299(Winnebago)-299(gradually)-299(emigrated)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 74.058 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -76.648 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 69.951 Td[(54)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Sionan)-250(Tribes)-250(of)-250(the)-250(East,)-250(1894.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +377 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 378 0 R +/Resources 376 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +369 0 obj << +/D [377 0 R /XYZ 93.543 459.53 null] +>> endobj +373 0 obj << +/D [377 0 R /XYZ 93.543 344.429 null] +>> endobj +376 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F27 26 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +381 0 obj << +/Length 4628 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(GENERAL)-250(MOVEMENTS)-13476(65)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(from)-414(the)-414(region)-415(of)-414(the)-414(Great)-414(Lakes)-414(into)-414(the)-415(trans-Mississippi)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(country)-342(even)-341(before)-342(their)-341(movements)-342(were)-341(affected)-342(by)-342(contact)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-310(white)-311(men.)-431(In)-310(like)-310(manner)-311(the)-310(Hidatsa)-311(are)-310(known)-310(to)-311(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(flowed)-296(northwestward)-297(many)-296(scores)-297(of)-296(miles;)-320(and)-296(the)-297(Asiniboin)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(swept)-445(more)-445(rapidly)-446(across)-445(the)-445(plains)-445(from)-445(the)-445(place)-445(of)-446(their)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(rebellion)-236(against)-236(the)-236(Yanktonnai,)-239(on)-236(the)-236(Mississippi,)-239(before)-236(they)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(found)-262(final)-262(resting)-261(place)-262(on)-262(the)-262(Saskatchewan)-261(plains)-262(500)-262(or)-262(800)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([199])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(miles)-297(away.)-393(All)-297(of)-298(the)-297(movements)-297(were)-298(consistent)-297(and,)-310(despite)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(intertribal)-284(friction)-283(and)-284(strife,)-292(measurably)-284(harmonious.)-351(The)-284(lines)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-331(movement,)-351(so)-331(far)-330(as)-331(they)-331(can)-331(be)-330(restored,)-351(are)-331(in)-331(full)-331(accord)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(with)-284(the)-284(lines)-284(of)-283(linguistic)-284(evolution)-284(traced)-284(by)-284(Hale)-284(and)-284(Dorsey)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-186(Gatschet,)-198(and)-185(indicate)-186(that)-185(some)-186(five)-185(hundred)-186(or)-185(possibly)-186(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(thousand)-265(years)-265(ago)-264(th)-1(e)-264(tribesmen)-265(pushed)-265(over)-265(the)-265(Appalachians)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-374(the)-374(Ohio)-374(and)-375(followed)-374(that)-374(stream)-374(and)-374(its)-374(tributaries)-374(to)-375(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(Mississippi)-328(\050though)-327(there)-328(are)-328(faint)-327(indications)-328(that)-327(some)-328(of)-328(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(early)-229(emigrants)-230(ascended)-229(the)-229(northern)-229(tributaries)-230(to)-229(the)-229(region)-230(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-292(Great)-291(Lakes\051;)-313(and)-291(that)-292(the)-292(human)-291(flood)-292(gained)-291(volume)-292(as)-292(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(advanced)-293(and)-292(expanded)-293(to)-292(cover)-293(the)-292(entire)-293(region)-292(of)-293(the)-293(plains.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-186(records)-186(concerning)-186(the)-186(movement)-186(of)-186(this)-186(great)-187(human)-186(stream)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(find)-233(support)-234(in)-233(the)-234(manifest)-233(reason)-233(for)-234(the)-233(movement;)-239(the)-234(reason)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-339(the)-339(food)-339(quest)-338(by)-339(which)-339(all)-339(primitive)-339(men)-339(are)-339(led,)-361(and)-339(its)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(end)-308(was)-307(the)-308(abundant)-308(fauna)-308(of)-307(the)-308(prairieland,)-322(with)-308(the)-308(buffalo)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(at)-250(its)-250(head.)]TJ 11.956 -18.459 Td[(While)-408(the)-409(early)-408(population)-408(of)-409(the)-408(Siouan)-408(stock,)-448(when)-409(first)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(the)-283(huntsmen)-283(crossed)-282(the)-283(Appalachians,)-291(may)-283(not)-283(be)-283(known,)-291(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(lines)-383(of)-384(migration)-383(indicate)-384(that)-383(the)-383(people)-384(increased)-383(and)-384(mul-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tiplied)-329(amain)-328(during)-329(their)-328(long)-329(journey,)-348(and)-329(that)-328(their)-329(numbers)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(culminated,)-441(despite)-403(external)-402(conflict)-403(and)-403(internal)-403(strife,)-441(about)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-415(beginning)-416(of)-415(written)-416(history,)-456(when)-416(the)-415(Siouan)-416(population)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(may)-385(have)-385(been)-385(100,000)-385(or)-385(more.)-655(Then)-385(came)-385(war)-385(against)-385(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(whites)-238(and)-238(the)-238(still)-238(more)-238(deadly)-237(smallpox,)-241(whereby)-238(the)-238(vigorous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stock)-418(was)-417(checked)-418(and)-417(crippled)-418(and)-417(the)-418(population)-418(gradually)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(reduced;)-431(but)-370(since)-371(the)-371(first)-370(shock,)-401(which)-370(occurred)-371(at)-371(different)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dates)-189(in)-189(different)-189(parts)-189(of)-189(the)-189(great)-189(region,)-201(the)-190(Siouan)-189(people)-189(have)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +380 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 381 0 R +/Resources 379 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +382 0 obj << +/D [380 0 R /XYZ 248.103 436.88 null] +>> endobj +379 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +383 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index24) >> +endobj +386 0 obj +(SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY) +endobj +389 0 obj << +/Length 3451 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(66)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(fairly)-281(held)-280(their)-281(own,)-288(and)-281(some)-280(branches)-281(are)-280(perhaps)-281(gaining)-281(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(strength.)]TJ/F16 18.959 Tf 0 -102.958 Td[(SOME)-258(FEATURES)-258(O)1(F)-258(INDIAN)]TJ 0 -24.647 Td[(SOCIOLOGY)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -34.435 Td[(As)-194(shown)-194(by)-193(Powell,)-206(there)-193(are)-194(two)-194(fundamentally)-194(distinct)-194(classes)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(or)-353(stages)-352(in)-353(human)-352(society)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 120.218 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(\0501\051)-353(tribal)-352(society)-353(and)-352(\0502\051)-353(national)]TJ -131.127 -13.549 Td[(society.)-458(National)-319(society)-320(characterizes)-319(civilization;)-354(primarily)-320(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-214(organized)-213(on)-214(a)-214(territorial)-214(basis,)-221(but)-213(as)-214(enlightenment)-214(grows)-214(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bases)-281(are)-282(multiplied.)-344(Tribal)-281(society)-282(is)-281(characteristic)-281(of)-282(savagery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-248(barbarism;)-249(so)-248(far)-247(a)-1(s)-247(known,)-249(all)-248(tribal)-248(societies)-248(are)-248(organized)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(on)-213(the)-213(basis)-213(of)-213(kinship.)-237(The)-213(transfer)-213(from)-213(tribal)-213(society)-213(to)-213(nation-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(al)-279(society)-279(is)-279(often,)-287(perhaps)-279(always,)-286(through)-279(feudalism,)-287(in)-279(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-267(territorial)-267(motive)-267(takes)-267(root)-267(and)-267(in)-267(which)-267(the)-268(kinship)-267(motive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(withers.)]TJ 11.956 -13.952 Td[(All)-297(of)-296(the)-297(American)-296(aborigines)-297(north)-296(of)-297(Mexico)-296(and)-297(most)-297(of)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(those)-284(farther)-284(southward)-285(were)-284(in)-284(the)-284(stage)-284(of)-284(tribal)-284(society)-285(when)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-194(continents)-194(were)-194(discovered,)-205(though)-194(feudalism)-194(was)-194(apparently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(budding)-259(in)-260(South)-259(America,)-262(Central)-260(America,)-261(and)-260(parts)-259(of)-260(Mexi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(co.)-311(The)-271(partly)-270(developed)-270(transitional)-271(stage)-270(may,)-276(for)-270(the)-271(present,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-233(neglected,)-237(and)-233(American)-233(Indian)-234(sociology)-233(may)-233(be)-234(considered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-250(representing)-250(tribal)-250(society)-250(or)-250(kinship)-250(organization.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.756 0 Td[([200])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 84.712 -13.952 Td[(The)-513(fundamental)-513(principles)-512(of)-513(tribal)-513(organization)-513(through)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(kinship)-250(have)-250(been)-250(formulated)-250(by)-250(Powell;)-250(they)-250(are)-250(as)-250(follows:)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 266.934 3.959 Td[(55)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 85.017 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.607 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td[(55)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Third)-291(Annual)-291(Report)-291(of)-290(the)-291(Bureau)-291(of)-291(Ethnology,)-301(for)-291(1881-82)-291(\0501884\051,)-301(pp.)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(xliv-xlv.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +388 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 389 0 R +/Resources 387 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 355 0 R +>> endobj +384 0 obj << +/D [388 0 R /XYZ 93.543 473.364 null] +>> endobj +390 0 obj << +/D [388 0 R /XYZ 93.543 123.017 null] +>> endobj +387 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +393 0 obj << +/Length 4128 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(SOME)-250(FEATURES)-250(OF)-250(INDIAN)-250(SOCIOLOGY)-5282(67)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 56.775 518.175 Td[(I.)-500(A)-420(body)-420(of)-420(kindred)-420(constituting)-420(a)-420(distinct)-420(body)-420(politic)-420(is)]TJ 11.815 -13.549 Td[(divided)-523(into)-523(groups,)-592(the)-523(males)-523(into)-523(groups)-523(of)-524(brothers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-401(the)-400(females)-401(into)-400(groups)-401(of)-400(sisters,)-438(on)-401(distinctions)-401(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(generations,)-223(regardless)-217(of)-217(degrees)-217(of)-217(consanguinity;)-228(and)-217(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(kinship)-247(terms)-247(used)-247(express)-247(relative)-247(age.)-249(In)-247(civilized)-247(soc)-1(iety)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(kinships)-388(are)-389(classified)-388(on)-388(distinctions)-388(of)-389(sex,)-423(distinctions)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-481(generations,)-538(and)-481(distinctions)-480(arising)-481(from)-481(degrees)-481(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(consanguinity.)]TJ -15.448 -15.175 Td[(II.)-500(When)-544(descent)-544(is)-543(in)-544(the)-544(female)-544(line,)-617(the)-544(brother-group)]TJ 15.448 -13.549 Td[(consists)-308(of)-308(natal)-308(brothers,)-322(together)-308(with)-308(all)-308(the)-308(materte)-1(rate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(male)-421(cousins)-420(of)-421(whatever)-420(degree.)-762(Thus)-421(mother's)-421(sisters')]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(sons)-284(and)-283(mother's)-284(mother's)-283(sisters')-284(daughters')-284(sons,)-292(etc,)-292(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(included)-285(in)-285(a)-286(group)-285(with)-285(natal)-285(brothers.)-356(In)-285(like)-285(manner)-286(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sister-group)-328(is)-328(composed)-328(of)-328(natal)-328(sisters,)-348(together)-328(with)-328(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(materterate)-250(female)-250(cousins)-250(of)-250(whatever)-250(degree.)]TJ -19.08 -15.175 Td[(III.)-500(When)-497(descent)-497(is)-497(in)-496(the)-497(male)-497(line,)-559(the)-497(brother-group)-497(is)]TJ 19.08 -13.549 Td[(composed)-268(of)-267(natal)-268(brothers,)-272(together)-268(with)-267(all)-268(patruate)-268(male)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cousins)-389(of)-389(whatever)-389(degree,)-424(and)-389(the)-389(sister-group)-389(is)-389(com-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(posed)-476(of)-477(natal)-476(sisters,)-533(together)-476(with)-477(all)-476(patruate)-477(female)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(cousins)-250(of)-250(whatever)-250(degree.)]TJ -19.691 -15.174 Td[(IV.)-500(The)-314(son)-314(of)-314(a)-314(member)-314(of)-314(a)-314(brother-group)-314(calls)-314(each)-314(one)-314(of)]TJ 19.691 -13.55 Td[(the)-236(group,)-239(father;)-241(the)-237(father)-236(of)-236(a)-237(member)-236(of)-236(a)-236(brothe)-1(r-group)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(calls)-485(each)-485(one)-486(of)-485(the)-485(group,)-544(son.)-956(Thus)-485(a)-485(f)-1(ather-group)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-376(coextensive)-376(with)-375(the)-376(brother-group)-376(to)-376(which)-376(the)-376(father)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(belongs.)-233(A)-198(brother-group)-199(may)-198(also)-199(constitute)-198(a)-198(fath)-1(er-group)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-296(grandfather-group,)-307(a)-296(son-group)-296(and)-296(a)-295(gra)-1(ndson-group.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(It)-356(may)-356(also)-355(be)-356(a)-356(patruate-group)-356(and)-356(an)-356(avunculate)-356(group.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(It)-353(may)-352(also)-353(be)-353(a)-353(patruate)-352(cousin-group)-353(and)-353(an)-352(a)-1(vunculate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cousin-group;)-380(and)-337(in)-336(general,)-359(every)-336(member)-337(of)-337(a)-337(brother-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(group)-160(has)-161(the)-160(same)-161(consanguineal)-160(relation)-161(to)-160(persons)-161(outside)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-250(the)-250(group)-250(as)-250(that)-250(of)-250(every)-250(other)-250(member.)]TJ -9.863 -27.132 Td[(Two)-220(postulates)-221(concerning)-220(primitive)-221(society,)-226(adopted)-220(by)-221(vari-)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td[(ous)-190(ethnologic)-191(students)-190(of)-190(other)-191(countries,)-202(have)-190(been)-190(e)-1(rroneously)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +392 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 393 0 R +/Resources 391 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +391 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +397 0 obj << +/Length 4844 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(68)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(applied)-298(to)-299(the)-298(American)-298(aborigines;)-322(at)-299(the)-298(same)-298(time)-298(they)-299(have)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(been)-250(so)-250(widely)-250(accepted)-250(as)-250(to)-250(demand)-250(consideration.)]TJ 11.956 -14.999 Td[(The)-187(first)-188(postulate)-187(is)-188(that)-187(primitive)-187(men)-188(were)-187(originally)-188(assem-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(bled)-226(in)-225(chaotic)-226(hordes,)-230(and)-226(that)-226(organized)-225(society)-226(was)-226(developed)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(out)-251(of)-250(the)-251(chaotic)-250(mass)-251(by)-250(the)-251(segregation)-250(of)-251(groups)-250(an)-1(d)-250(the)-251(dif-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ferentiation)-298(of)-298(functions)-298(within)-298(each)-298(group.)-394(Now)-298(the)-298(American)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(aborigines)-346(collectively)-347(represent)-346(a)-346(wide)-347(range)-346(in)-347(development,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(extending)-303(from)-303(a)-304(condition)-303(about)-303(as)-303(primitive)-303(as)-303(ever)-304(observed)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(well)-269(toward)-269(the)-268(verge)-269(of)-269(feudalism,)-273(and)-269(thus)-269(offer)-269(opportunities)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(for)-272(testing)-272(the)-273(postulate;)-283(and)-272(it)-272(has)-273(been)-272(found)-272(that)-272(when)-273(higher)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-293(lower)-292(stages)-293(representing)-292(any)-293(portion)-292(of)-293(the)-293(developmental)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(succession)-342(are)-342(compared,)-365(the)-342(social)-342(organizations)-342(of)-342(the)-342(lower)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(grade)-256(are)-256(no)-256(less)-257(definite,)-257(perhaps)-256(more)-257(definite,)-257(than)-256(those)-257(per-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(taining)-296(to)-297(the)-296(higher)-296(grade;)-320(so)-296(that)-296(when)-297(the)-296(history)-296(of)-297(demotic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(growth)-269(among)-269(the)-269(American)-269(Indians)-269(is)-269(traced)-269(backward,)-274(the)-269(or-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ganizations)-253(are)-254(found)-253(on)-254(the)-253(whole)-253(to)-254(grow)-253(more)-253(definite,)-255(albeit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(more)-178(simple.)-225(When)-178(the)-178(lines)-177(of)-178(development)-177(revealed)-178(through)-178(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(search)-213(are)-213(projected)-213(still)-214(farther)-213(toward)-213(their)-213(origin,)-220(they)-214(indicate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(an)-372(initial)-371(condition,)-402(directly)-372(antithetic)-372(to)-371(the)-372(postulated)-372(horde,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-340(which)-340(the)-341(scant)-340(population)-340(was)-340(segregated)-340(in)-340(small)-341(discrete)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(bodies,)-267(probably)-263(family)-264(groups;)-270(and)-263(that)-264(in)-263(each)-264(of)-263(these)-264(bodies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(there)-317(was)-317(a)-317(definite)-317(organization,)-334(while)-317(each)-317(group)-317(wa)-1(s)-317(practi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cally)-274(independent)-274(of,)-280(and)-274(probably)-274(inimical)-274(to,)-280(all)-274(other)-274(groups.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([201])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(The)-417(testimony)-417(of)-418(the)-417(observed)-417(institutions)-417(is)-417(corroborated)-418(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-244(testimony)-245(of)-244(language,)-246(which,)-245(as)-244(clearly)-245(shown)-244(by)-244(Powell,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 272.162 3.958 Td[(56)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -272.162 -17.508 Td[(represents)-251(progressive)-252(combination)-251(rather)-252(than)-251(continued)-252(differ-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(entiation,)-266(a)-263(process)-263(of)-262(involution)-263(rather)-263(than)-263(evolution.)-288(It)-263(would)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(appear)-247(that)-247(the)-247(original)-247(definitely)-247(organized)-247(gro)-1(ups)-247(occasionally)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(met)-389(and)-390(coalesced,)-424(whereby)-389(changes)-390(in)-389(organization)-389(were)-390(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(quired;)-248(that)-247(these)-246(compound)-247(groups)-247(occasionally)-247(coalesced)-247(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(other)-395(groups,)-430(both)-395(simple)-394(and)-395(compound,)-431(whereby)-394(they)-395(were)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 95.975 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.591 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -98.566 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 91.869 Td[(56)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Notably)-388(in)-389("Relation)-388(of)-389(primitive)-388(peoples)-389(to)-388(environment,)-423(illustrated)-389(by)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(American)-244(examples,")-244(Smithsonian)-243(Report)-244(for)-244(1896,)-245(pp.)-248(625-638,)-245(especially)-243(p.)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(635.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +396 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 397 0 R +/Resources 395 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +398 0 obj << +/D [396 0 R /XYZ 246.442 218.643 null] +>> endobj +395 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +401 0 obj << +/Length 4988 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(SOME)-250(FEATURES)-250(OF)-250(INDIAN)-250(SOCIOLOGY)-5282(69)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(elaborated)-402(in)-402(structure,)-441(always)-402(with)-402(some)-402(loss)-402(in)-403(definiteness)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-324(permanence;)-361(and)-324(that)-324(gradually)-324(the)-324(groups)-324(enlarged)-324(by)-324(in-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(corporation,)-212(while)-202(the)-202(composite)-202(organization)-202(grew)-202(complex)-202(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(variable)-420(to)-420(meet)-420(the)-420(ever-changing)-420(conditions.)-760(It)-421(would)-420(also)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(appear)-268(that)-267(in)-268(some)-267(cases)-268(the)-267(corporeal)-268(growth)-267(outra)-1(n)-267(the)-268(struc-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tural)-428(or)-429(institutional)-428(growth,)-473(when)-428(the)-429(bodies)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 208.817 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(clans,)-473(gentes,)]TJ -219.726 -13.549 Td[(tribes,)-231(or)-226(confederacies)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 101.004 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(split)-226(into)-226(two)-226(or)-226(more)-226(fragments)-226(which)]TJ -111.914 -13.549 Td[(continued)-215(to)-216(grow)-215(independently;)-227(yet)-216(that)-215(in)-216(general)-215(the)-216(progress)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-268(institutional)-267(developmentwent)-268(forward)-268(through)-268(incorporation)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-303(peoples)-304(and)-303(differentiation)-303(of)-304(institutions.)-410(The)-303(same)-304(process)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(was)-228(followed)-227(as)-228(tribal)-227(society)-228(passed)-227(into)-228(national)-227(society;)-235(and)-228(it)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-262(the)-261(same)-262(process)-261(which)-262(is)-261(today)-262(exalting)-261(national)-262(society)-262(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(world)-266(society,)-270(and)-265(transforming)-266(simple)-266(civilization)-266(into)-266(enlight-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(enment.)-570(Thus)-356(the)-357(evoluffon)-357(of)-356(social)-357(organization)-356(is)-357(from)-357(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(simple)-216(and)-216(d)-1(efinite)-216(toward)-216(the)-216(complex)-216(and)-217(variable;)-227(or)-216(from)-217(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(involuntary)-257(to)-257(the)-257(voluntary;)-261(or)-257(from)-257(the)-257(environment-shaped)-258(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(environment-shaping;)-250(or)-250(from)-250(the)-250(biotic)-250(to)-250(the)-250(demotic.)]TJ 11.956 -18.329 Td[(The)-325(second)-324(postulate,)-344(which)-324(may)-325(be)-325(regarded)-324(as)-325(a)-325(corollary)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(of)-497(the)-497(first,)-559(is)-497(that)-497(the)-497(primary)-497(conjugal)-497(condition)-498(was)-497(one)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-359(promiscuity,)-386(out)-359(of)-359(which)-359(different)-359(forms)-359(ot)-359(marriage)-359(were)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(successively)-424(segregated.)-770(Now)-424(the)-423(wide)-424(range)-423(in)-424(institutional)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(development)-358(exemplified)-359(by)-358(the)-358(American)-358(Indians)-358(affords)-359(un-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(precedented)-423(opportunities)-424(for)-423(testing)-424(this)-423(postulate)-423(also.)-771(The)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(simplest)-402(demotic)-401(unit)-402(found)-402(among)-401(the)-402(aborigines)-401(is)-402(the)-402(clan)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-295(mother-descent)-294(group,)-306(in)-294(which)-295(the)-294(normal)-295(conjugal)-295(relation)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-287(essentially)-286(monogamous,)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 121.106 3.959 Td[(57)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.695 -3.959 Td[(in)-287(which)-286(marriage)-287(is)-287(more)-286(or)-287(less)]TJ -132.801 -13.549 Td[(strictly)-318(regulated)-318(by)-319(a)-318(system)-318(of)-318(prohibitions,)-335(and)-318(in)-318(which)-319(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(chief)-438(conjugal)-438(regulation)-438(is)-438(commonly)-438(that)-438(of)-439(exogamy)-438(with)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 128.852 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -131.442 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 50.009 124.746 Td[(57)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(Neither)-491(space)-490(no)-1(r)-490(present)-491(occasion)-491(warrants)-491(discussion)-490(of)-491(the)-491(curious)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(aphrodisian)-391(cults)-391(found)-390(among)-391(many)-391(peoples,)-425(u)-1(sually)-390(in)-391(the)-391(barbaric)-390(stage)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(of)-328(development;)-367(it)-328(may)-328(be)-328(n)-1(oted)-328(merely)-328(that)-328(this)-328(is)-328(an)-328(aberrant)-328(branch)-328(from)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(the)-312(main)-312(stem)-311(of)-312(institutional)-312(growth.)-435(The)-312(subject)-312(is)-312(touched)-312(briefly)-311(in)-312("The)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(beginning)-232(of)-231(marriag)-1(e,")-231(American)-232(Anthropologist,)-235(vol.)-244(IX,)-232(pp.)-244(371-383,)-235(Nov.,)]TJ 0 -10.959 Td[(1896.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +400 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 401 0 R +/Resources 399 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +399 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +404 0 obj << +/Length 4749 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(70)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(respect)-362(to)-362(the)-362(clan;)-417(in)-362(higher)-362(groups,)-390(more)-362(deeply)-362(affected)-362(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(contact)-335(with)-335(neighboring)-335(peoples,)-356(the)-335(sim)-1(ple)-335(clan)-335(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-448(sometimes)-448(found)-449(to)-448(be)-448(modified,)-498(\0501\051)-448(by)-448(the)-448(adoption)-449(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(subsequent)-257(conjugation)-257(of)-257(captive)-258(men)-257(and)-257(boys,)-259(and,)-259(doubtless)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(more)-274(profoundly,)-281(\0502\051)-274(by)-274(the)-275(adoption)-274(and)-274(polygamous)-275(marriage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-394(female)-394(captives;)-466(and)-393(in)-394(still)-394(more)-394(highly)-394(organized)-394(groups)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-402(mother-descent)-402(is)-401(lost)-402(and)-402(polygamy)-401(is)-402(regular)-402(and)-402(limit-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ed)-469(only)-468(by)-469(the)-468(capacity)-469(of)-468(the)-469(husband)-468(as)-469(a)-468(provider.)-906(The)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(second)-416(and)-416(third)-416(stages)-416(are)-416(commonly)-416(characterized,)-458(like)-416(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(first,)-358(by)-336(established)-336(prohibitions)-336(and)-336(by)-336(clan)-336(exogamy;)-380(though)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf -72.755 0 Td[([202])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 72.755 -13.549 Td[(with)-411(the)-410(advance)-411(in)-411(organization)-411(amicable)-410(relations)-411(with)-411(cer-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tain)-341(other)-341(groups)-341(are)-341(usually)-340(established,)-364(whereby)-341(the)-341(germ)-341(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribal)-340(organization)-340(is)-341(implanted)-340(and)-340(a)-340(system)-340(of)-340(interclan)-341(mar-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(riage,)-380(or)-354(tribal)-354(endogamy,)-380(is)-354(developed.)-562(With)-354(further)-354(advance)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-406(mother-descent)-406(group)-406(is)-406(transformed)-406(into)-406(a)-406(father-descent)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(group,)-339(when)-322(the)-321(clan)-322(is)-321(replaced)-322(by)-321(the)-322(gens;)-357(and)-321(polygamy)-322(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-396(com)-1(mon)-396(feature)-396(of)-397(the)-396(gentile)-397(organization.)-689(In)-397(all)-396(of)-397(these)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(stages)-366(the)-367(conjugal)-366(and)-366(consanguin)-1(eal)-366(regulations)-366(are)-367(affected)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-381(the)-382(militant)-381(habits)-381(characteristic)-381(of)-381(primitive)-382(groups;)-447(more)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(warriors)-460(than)-459(women)-460(are)-459(slain)-460(in)-459(battle,)-512(and)-460(there)-459(are)-460(more)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(female)-314(captives)-314(than)-314(male;)-346(and)-314(thus)-314(the)-314(polygamy)-314(is)-314(mainly)-314(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(wholly)-309(polygyny.)-426(In)-308(many)-309(cases)-309(civil)-308(conditions)-309(combine)-309(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-335(partially)-334(replace)-335(the)-335(militant)-335(conditions,)-355(yet)-335(the)-335(tendency)-335(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(conjugal)-306(development)-306(is)-306(not)-306(changed.)-418(Among)-306(the)-307(Seri)-306(Indians,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(probably)-383(the)-382(most)-383(primitive)-382(tribe)-383(in)-383(North)-382(America,)-416(in)-383(which)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-275(demotic)-275(unit)-276(is)-275(the)-275(clan,)-282(there)-275(is)-275(a)-275(rigorous)-275(marriage)-276(custom)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(under)-278(whic)-1(h)-278(the)-278(would-be)-279(groom)-278(is)-279(required)-278(to)-279(enter)-278(the)-279(family)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-251(the)-250(girl)-251(and)-251(demonstrate)-251(\0501\051)-250(his)-251(capacity)-251(as)-250(a)-251(provider)-251(and)-251(\0502\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(his)-291(strength)-291(of)-290(character)-291(as)-291(a)-290(man,)-301(by)-291(a)-291(year's)-291(probation,)-301(before)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(he)-371(is)-371(finally)-372(accepted)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 96.365 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(the)-371(conjugal)-371(theory)-371(ofr)-372(the)-371(tribe)-371(being)]TJ -107.275 -13.55 Td[(monogamy,)-227(though)-221(the)-221(practice,)-227(at)-221(least)-221(during)-222(recent)-221(years,)-227(has,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-326(reason)-327(of)-326(conditions,)-346(passed)-326(into)-326(polygyny.)-479(Among)-327(several)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-291(tribes)-291(of)-292(more)-291(provident)-291(and)-291(less)-292(exclusive)-291(habit,)-301(the)-292(first)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-460(the)-460(two)-460(conditions)-460(recognized)-460(by)-460(the)-460(Seri)-460(is)-460(met)-461(by)-460(rich)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +403 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 404 0 R +/Resources 402 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +405 0 obj << +/D [403 0 R /XYZ 113.845 396.232 null] +>> endobj +402 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +408 0 obj << +/Length 4913 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(SOME)-250(FEATURES)-250(OF)-250(INDIAN)-250(SOCIOLOGY)-5282(71)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(presents)-263(\050representing)-263(accumulated)-263(property\051)-263(from)-263(the)-264(groom)-263(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-252(girl's)-252(family,)-252(the)-252(second)-252(condition)-252(being)-252(usually)-252(ignored,)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(clan)-241(organization)-241(remaining)-241(in)-241(force;)-244(among)-241(still)-241(other)-242(tribes)-241(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(first)-383(condition)-382(is)-383(more)-383(or)-383(less)-382(vaguely)-383(recognized,)-416(though)-383(the)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(voluntary)-248(present)-247(is)-248(commuted)-247(into,)-248(or)-248(replaced)-247(by,)-248(a)-248(negotiated)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(value)-357(exacted)-358(by)-357(the)-358(girl's)-357(family,)-384(when)-358(the)-357(mother-descent)-358(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(commonly)-302(vestigial;)-327(and)-302(in)-301(the)-302(next)-302(stage,)-314(which)-302(is)-302(abundantly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(exemplified,)-284(wife-purchase)-277(prevails,)-284(and)-278(the)-277(clan)-277(is)-277(replaced)-278(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-348(gens.)-544(In)-348(this)-348(succession)-348(the)-348(development)-348(of)-348(wife-purchase)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(and)-237(the)-237(decadence)-236(of)-237(mother-descent)-237(maybe)-237(traced,)-239(and)-237(it)-237(is)-237(sig-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(nificant)-279(that)-278(there)-279(is)-278(a)-279(tendency)-279(first)-278(toward)-279(partial)-279(enslavement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-354(the)-354(wife)-354(and)-354(later)-354(toward)-354(the)-354(multiplication)-354(of)-354(wives)-355(to)-354(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(limit)-260(of)-260(the)-259(husband's)-260(means,)-262(and)-260(toward)-260(transforming)-260(all,)-262(or)-260(all)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(but)-209(one,)-218(of)-209(the)-209(wives)-210(into)-209(menials.)-236(Thus)-210(the)-209(lines)-209(of)-210(development)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(under)-316(militant)-316(and)-316(civil)-316(conditions)-316(are)-316(essentially)-316(parallel.)-449(It)-316(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(possible)-322(to)-321(project)-322(these)-322(lines)-321(some)-322(distance)-321(backward)-322(into)-322(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(unknown,)-430(of)-393(the)-394(exceedingly)-393(primitive,)-430(when)-393(they,)-430(are)-394(found)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-396(define)-395(sma)-1(ll)-395(discrete)-396(bodies)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 139.068 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(just)-396(such)-395(as)-396(are)-396(indicated)-396(by)]TJ -149.977 -13.549 Td[(the)-422(institutional)-421(and)-422(linguistic)-421(lines)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 160.836 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(probably)-422(family)-421(groups,)]TJ -171.745 -13.55 Td[(which)-439(must)-440(have)-439(been)-440(essentially,)-486(and)-440(were)-439(perhaps)-440(strictly,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(monogamous.)-433(It)-311(would)-311(appear)-311(that)-311(in)-311(these)-311(grou)-1(ps)-311(mating)-311(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(either)-396(between)-396(distant)-396(members)-396(\050under)-396(a)-396(law)-396(of)-396(attraction)-396(to-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ward)-367(the)-368(remote)-367(and)-367(repulsion)-368(from)-367(the)-367(near,)-397(which)-367(is)-368(shared)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-378(mankind)-378(and)-378(the)-378(higher)-378(animals\051,)-410(or)-378(the)-378(result)-379(of)-378(acciden-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tal)-395(meeting)-394(between)-395(nubile)-394(members)-395(of)-394(different)-395(groups;)-467(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-395(the)-395(second)-395(case)-395(and)-395(sometimes)-395(in)-395(the)-395(first)-395(the)-395(conjugation)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([203])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(produced)-335(a)-336(new)-335(monogamic)-335(family;)-378(and)-336(that)-335(sometimes)-335(in)-336(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(first)-373(case)-373(\050and)-373(possibly)-373(in)-373(the)-373(second\051)-373(the)-373(new)-373(group)-373(retained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-353(more)-352(or)-353(less)-352(definite)-353(connection)-352(with)-353(the)-352(parent)-353(group)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 253.957 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.91 0 Td[(this)]TJ -264.867 -13.549 Td[(connection)-470(constituting)-470(the)-470(germ)-471(of)-470(the)-470(clan.)-910(In)-470(passing,)-526(it)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(may)-349(be)-349(noted)-349(merely)-349(that)-349(this)-349(inferential)-349(origin)-349(of)-349(the)-349(lines)-349(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(institutional)-303(development)-303(is)-303(in)-303(accord)-303(with)-303(the)-303(habits)-303(of)-303(certain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(higher)-312(and)-312(incipiently)-313(organized)-312(animals.)-436(From)-312(this)-313(hypothetic)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(beginning,)-236(primitive)-233(marriage)-234(may)-233(be)-233(traced)-233(through)-233(the)-233(various)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +407 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 408 0 R +/Resources 406 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +409 0 obj << +/D [407 0 R /XYZ 327.401 179.445 null] +>> endobj +406 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +412 0 obj << +/Length 4824 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(72)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(observed)-342(stages)-342(of)-343(monogamy)-342(and)-342(polygamy)-342(and)-343(concubinage)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-186(wife-subordination,)-198(through)-186(savagery)-186(and)-185(barbarism)-186(and)-186(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(civilization,)-251(with)-250(its)-251(curious)-250(combination)-251(of)-250(exoteric)-251(monogamy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-271(esoteric)-271(promiscuity.)-312(Fortunately)-271(the)-270(burden)-271(of)-271(the)-271(proof)-271(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(this)-223(evolution)-222(does)-223(not)-223(now)-222(rest)-223(wholly)-223(on)-222(the)-223(evidence)-223(obtained)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-329(the)-329(American)-329(aborigines;)-369(for)-329(Westermarck)-329(has)-329(recently)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reviewed)-216(the)-216(records)-217(of)-216(observation)-216(among)-216(the)-216(primitive)-217(peoples)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-389(many)-389(lands,)-424(and)-389(has)-389(found)-389(traces)-389(of)-389(the)-389(same)-389(sequence)-389(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(all.)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 13.637 3.958 Td[(58)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.736 -3.958 Td[(Thus)-328(the)-327(evolution)-328(of)-328(marriage,)-347(like)-327(that)-328(of)-328(other)-327(human)]TJ -27.373 -13.55 Td[(institutions,)-328(is)-313(from)-312(the)-313(simple)-313(and)-312(definite)-313(to)-312(the)-313(complex)-313(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(variable;)-245(i.e.,)-244(from)-242(approximate)-243(or)-242(complete)-242(monogamy)-243(through)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(polygamy)-401(to)-401(a)-400(mixed)-401(status)-401(of)-401(undetermined)-400(signification;)-477(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-241(the)-241(mechanical)-241(to)-241(the)-241(spontaneous;)-244(or)-241(from)-242(the)-241(involuntary)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-250(the)-250(voluntary;)-250(or)-250(from)-250(the)-250(provincial)-250(to)-250(the)-250(cosmopolitan.)]TJ 11.956 -13.732 Td[(As)-246(implied)-247(in)-246(several)-246(foregoing)-247(paragraphs,)-247(and)-246(as)-246(clearly)-247(set)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(forth)-322(in)-323(various)-322(publications)-323(by)-322(Powell,)-340(tribal)-323(society)-322(falls)-323(into)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(two)-316(classes)-315(or)-316(stages)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 92.74 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.909 0 Td[(\0501\051)-316(clan)-315(organization)-316(and)-316(\0502\051)-316(gentile)-315(or-)]TJ -103.649 -13.549 Td[(ganization,)-335(these)-318(stages)-318(corresponding)-318(respectively)-318(to)-318(savagery)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(barbarism,)-250(strictly)-250(defined.)]TJ 11.956 -13.732 Td[(At)-282(the)-282(time)-282(of)-282(discovery,)-290(most)-282(of)-282(the)-282(American)-282(Indians)-282(were)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(in)-195(the)-195(upper)-196(stages)-195(of)-195(savagery)-195(and)-196(the)-195(lower)-195(stages)-195(of)-196(barbarism,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(as)-216(defined)-215(by)-216(organization;)-227(among)-216(some)-216(tribes)-215(descent)-216(was)-216(reck-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(oned)-371(in)-371(the)-370(female)-371(line,)-401(though)-371(definite)-371(matriarchies)-371(have)-371(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(been)-359(discovered;)-413(among)-359(several)-359(tribes)-359(descent)-359(was)-359(and)-359(still)-359(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(reckoned)-344(in)-343(the)-344(male)-343(line,)-367(and)-344(among)-343(all)-344(of)-343(the)-344(tribes)-343(thus)-344(far)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(investigated)-250(the)-250(patriarchal)-250(system)-250(is)-250(found.)]TJ 11.956 -13.732 Td[(In)-263(tribal)-262(society,)-266(both)-263(clan)-262(and)-263(gentile,)-266(the)-262(entire)-263(social)-263(struc-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(ture)-412(is)-411(based)-412(on)-411(real)-412(or)-412(assumed)-411(kinship,)-452(and)-412(a)-411(large)-412(part)-412(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-382(demotic)-381(devices)-382(are)-381(designed)-382(to)-382(establish,)-414(perpetuate,)-415(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(advertise)-183(kinship)-183(relations.)-228(As)-183(already)-183(indicated,)-196(th)-1(e)-183(conspicuous)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(devices)-295(in)-295(order)-295(of)-296(development)-295(are)-295(the)-295(taboo)-295(with)-295(the)-296(prohibi-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tions)-372(growing)-371(out)-372(of)-372(it,)-402(kinship)-371(nomenclature)-372(and)-372(regulations,)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 85.017 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 2.59 cm +q +[]0 d +0 J +0.398 w +0 0.199 m +112.25 0.199 l +S +Q +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -87.607 cm +BT +/F16 5.978 Tf 96.781 80.91 Td[(58)]TJ/F16 8.966 Tf 8.718 -3.809 Td[(The)-247(History)-246(of)-247(Human)-247(Marriage)-246(\050Lon)-1(don,)-247(1891\051,)-247(especially)-247(chapters)-247(iv-vi,)]TJ -11.956 -10.959 Td[(xiii-xv,)-250(xx-xxii.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 62.854 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -24.072 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +411 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 412 0 R +/Resources 410 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 394 0 R +>> endobj +410 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +415 0 obj << +/Length 4497 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(SOME)-250(FEATURES)-250(OF)-250(INDIAN)-250(SOCIOLOGY)-5282(73)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(and)-451(a)-451(system)-452(of)-451(ordination)-451(by)-451(which)-451(incongruous)-451(things)-452(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(brought)-250(into)-250(association.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(Among)-274(the)-273(American)-274(Indians)-273(the)-274(taboo)-273(and)-274(derivative)-274(prohi-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(bitions)-273(are)-273(used)-273(chiefly)-273(in)-273(connection)-273(with)-273(marriage)-273(and)-273(clan)-273(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(gentile)-291(organization.)-373(Marriage)-291(in)-291(the)-291(clan)-291(or)-291(gens)-291(is)-291(prohibited;)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(among)-186(many)-186(tribes)-185(a)-186(vestige)-186(of)-185(the)-186(inferential)-186(primitive)-186(condition)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(is)-320(found)-320(in)-320(the)-320(curious)-320(prohibition)-320(of)-320(communications)-320(between)]TJ/F16 7.97 Tf 291.024 0 Td[([204])]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -291.024 -13.549 Td[(children-in-law)-214(and)-214(parents-in-law;)-225(the)-214(clan)-214(taboos)-214(are)-214(common-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ly)-226(connected)-226(with)-225(the)-226(tutelar)-226(beast-god,)-230(perhaps)-226(represented)-226(by)-226(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(totem.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(The)-336(essential)-335(feature)-336(of)-336(the)-336(kinship)-335(terminology)-336(is)-336(the)-336(reck-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(oning)-389(from)-389(ego,)-423(whereby)-389(each)-389(individual)-389(remembers)-389(his)-389(own)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(relation)-175(to)-175(every)-175(other)-176(member)-175(of)-175(the)-175(clan)-175(or)-175(tribe;)-200(and)-176(commonly)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-264(kinship)-265(terms)-264(are)-264(classific)-265(rather)-264(than)-264(descriptive)-264(\050i.e.,)-268(a)-265(sin-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(gle)-267(term)-268(expresses)-267(the)-267(relation)-267(which)-268(in)-267(English)-267(is)-267(expressed)-268(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-300(phrase)-301("My)-300(elder)-300(brother's)-301(second)-300(son's)-300(wife"\051.)-401(The)-301(system)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-253(curiously)-253(complex)-253(and)-253(elaborate.)-258(It)-253(was)-253(not)-253(discovered)-253(by)-253(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(earlier)-371(and)-371(more)-371(superficial)-372(observers)-371(of)-371(the)-371(Indians,)-401(and)-372(was)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(brought)-261(out)-261(chiefly)-260(by)-261(Morgan,)-263(who)-261(detected)-261(numerous)-261(striking)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(examples)-388(among)-388(different)-388(tribes;)-457(but)-388(it)-388(would)-388(appear)-389(that)-388(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(system)-259(is)-258(not)-259(equally)-258(complete)-259(among)-258(all)-259(of)-258(the)-259(tribes,)-261(probably)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(because)-254(of)-254(immature)-254(development)-254(in)-254(some)-254(cases)-254(and)-255(because)-254(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(decadence)-250(in)-250(others.)]TJ 11.956 -15.186 Td[(The)-230(system)-230(of)-229(ordin)-1(ation,)-233(like)-230(that)-230(of)-230(kinship,)-234(is)-230(characterized)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(by)-326(reckoning)-327(from)-326(the)-326(ego)-326(and)-326(by)-327(adventitious)-326(associations.)-479(It)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(may)-322(have)-321(been)-322(developed)-322(from)-321(the)-322(kinship)-321(system)-322(through)-322(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(need)-240(for)-241(recognition)-240(and)-240(assignment)-241(of)-240(adopted)-240(captives,)-243(collec-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(tive)-187(property,)-199(and)-187(other)-187(things)-187(pertaining)-187(to)-186(the)-187(group;)-208(yet)-187(it)-187(bears)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(traces)-397(of)-397(influence)-397(by)-398(the)-397(taboo)-397(system.)-691(Its)-397(ramifications)-398(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(wide:)-229(In)-208(some)-208(cases)-208(it)-208(emphasizes)-208(kinship)-208(by)-209(assigning)-208(members)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-304(the)-303(family)-304(group)-303(to)-304(fixed)-303(positions)-304(about)-303(the)-304(camp-fire)-303(or)-304(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-353(house;)-404(this)-353(function)-353(develops)-352(into)-353(the)-353(placement)-353(of)-353(family)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(groups)-207(in)-206(fixed)-207(order,)-215(as)-206(exemplified)-207(in)-206(the)-207(Iroquoian)-207(long-house)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-362(the)-361(Siouan)-362(camping)-361(circle;)-418(or)-361(it)-362(develops)-361(into)-362(a)-362(curiously)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +414 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 415 0 R +/Resources 413 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +416 0 obj << +/D [414 0 R /XYZ 147.394 435.243 null] +>> endobj +413 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +420 0 obj << +/Length 3064 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(74)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(exaggerated)-209(direction-concept)-209(culminating)-210(in)-209(the)-209(cult)-209(of)-209(the)-210(Four)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Quarters)-303(and)-303(the)-302(Here,)-316(and)-303(this)-303(prepares)-303(the)-302(way)-303(for)-303(a)-303(quinary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(decimal,)-421(and)-387(vigesim)-1(al)-387(numeration;)-455(this)-387(last)-387(branch)-387(se)-1(nds)-387(off)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(another)-255(in)-256(which)-255(the)-255(cult)-256(of)-255(the)-255(Six)-255(Quarters)-256(and)-255(the)-255(Here)-256(arises)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-415(prepare)-415(the)-415(way)-414(for)-415(the)-415(mystical)-415(numbers)-415(7,)-456(13,)-456(and)-415(7x7,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(whose)-270(vestiges)-271(come)-270(down)-270(to)-271(civilization;)-280(both)-270(the)-271(four-quarter)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-390(the)-389(six-quarter)-390(associations)-389(are)-390(sometimes)-389(bound)-390(up)-390(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(colors;)-251(and)-251(there)-250(are)-251(numberless)-251(other)-251(ramifications.)-252(Sometimes)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-315(function)-315(and)-314(development)-315(of)-315(these)-315(curious)-315(concepts,)-331(which)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(constitute)-199(perhaps)-200(the)-199(most)-199(striking)-200(characteristic)-199(of)-200(prescriptori-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(al)-217(culture,)-223(are)-217(obscure)-217(at)-217(first)-217(glance,)-223(and)-217(hardly)-217(to)-217(be)-217(discovered)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(even)-321(through)-320(prolonged)-321(research;)-356(yet,)-338(so)-321(far)-321(as)-320(they)-321(have)-321(been)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(detected)-389(and)-389(interpreted,)-424(they)-389(are)-389(especially)-389(adapted)-389(to)-390(fixing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(demotic)-381(relations;)-447(and)-381(through)-382(them)-381(the)-381(manifold)-381(relations)-382(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(individuals)-250(and)-250(groups)-250(are)-250(crystallized)-250(and)-250(kept)-250(in)-250(mind.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(Thus)-357(the)-357(American)-357(Indians,)-384(including)-357(the)-357(Siouan)-357(stock,)-384(are)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(made)-191(up)-191(of)-192(families)-191(organized)-191(into)-191(clans)-191(or)-191(gentes,)-203(and)-192(combined)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-383(tribes,)-416(sometimes)-383(united)-383(in)-382(confederacies,)-416(all)-383(on)-383(a)-383(basis)-383(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(kinship,)-464(real)-422(or)-422(assumed;)-507(and)-421(the)-422(organization)-422(is)-421(shaped)-422(and)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(perpetuated)-445(by)-446(a)-445(series)-445(of)-445(devices)-446(pertaining)-445(to)-445(the)-445(plane)-446(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(prescriptorial)-251(culture,)-252(whereby)-251(each)-252(member)-251(of)-251(the)-252(organization)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(is)-250(constantly)-250(reminded)-250(of)-250(his)-250(position)-250(in)-250(the)-250(group.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +419 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 420 0 R +/Resources 418 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +418 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +423 0 obj << +/Length 341 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -19.8 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -529.134 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(***END)-500(OF)-500(THE)-500(PROJECT)-500(GUTENBERG)-500(EBOOK)-500(THE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(SIOUAN)-500(INDIANS***)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +422 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 423 0 R +/Resources 421 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +424 0 obj << +/D [422 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +421 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +427 0 obj << +/Length 126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -510.152 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +426 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 427 0 R +/Resources 425 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +425 0 obj << +/ProcSet [ /PDF ] +>> endobj +428 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index25) >> +endobj +431 0 obj +(Credits) +endobj +434 0 obj << +/Length 823 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 18.959 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td[(Credits)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -37.877 Td[(October)-250(23,)-250(2006)]TJ 43.637 -19.003 Td[(Posted)-250(to)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(PM)-250(for)-250(Bureau)-250(of)-250(American)-250(Ethnology,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Joshua)-250(Hutchinson)-250(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(The)-250(Online)-250(Distributed)-250(Proofreading)-250(Team)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050This)-239(file)-239(was)-239(produced)-239(from)-239(images)-239(generously)-240(made)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(available)-566(by)-565(the)-566(Biblioth\350que)-566(nationale)-566(de)-566(France)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(\050BnF/Gallica\051)-250(at)-250(http://gallica.bnf.fr\051)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +433 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 434 0 R +/Resources 432 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +429 0 obj << +/D [433 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +432 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +437 0 obj << +/Length 126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -280.63 -510.152 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +436 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 437 0 R +/Resources 435 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 417 0 R +>> endobj +435 0 obj << +/ProcSet [ /PDF ] +>> endobj +438 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index26) >> +endobj +441 0 obj +(A Word from Project Gutenberg) +endobj +444 0 obj << +/Length 3142 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 18.959 Tf 46.771 479.321 Td[(A)-250(Word)-250(from)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -32.422 Td[(This)-250(file)-250(should)-250(be)-250(named)-250(19628-pdf.pdf)-250(or)-250(19628-pdf.zip.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(This)-291(and)-291(all)-291(associated)-291(files)-291(of)-291(various)-291(formats)-291(will)-291(be)-291(found)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(in:)]TJ/F16 9.863 Tf 19.637 -22.64 Td[(http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -7.681 -23.368 Td[(Updated)-447(editions)-446(will)-447(replace)-447(the)-447(previous)-446(one)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 220.746 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.782 0 Td[(the)-447(old)]TJ -248.484 -13.549 Td[(editions)-250(will)-250(be)-250(renamed.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(Creating)-308(the)-308(works)-308(from)-308(public)-308(domain)-308(print)-308(editions)-308(means)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(that)-220(no)-220(one)-219(owns)-220(a)-220(United)-220(States)-220(copyright)-219(in)-220(these)-220(works,)-226(so)-220(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Foundation)-325(\050and)-324(you!\051)-473(can)-325(copy)-324(and)-325(distribute)-324(it)-325(in)-324(the)-325(United)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(States)-163(without)-163(permission)-163(and)-163(without)-163(paying)-164(copyright)-163(royalties.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Special)-298(rules,)-311(set)-298(forth)-298(in)-298(the)-298(General)-299(Terms)-298(of)-298(Use)-298(part)-298(of)-299(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(license,)-360(apply)-337(to)-338(copying)-338(and)-337(distributing)-338(Project)-338(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(electronic)-247(works)-246(to)-247(protect)-246(the)-247(Project)-246(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 214.88 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.381 0 Td[(concept)-247(and)]TJ -228.261 -13.549 Td[(trademark.)-243(Project)-228(Gutenberg)-228(is)-227(a)-228(registered)-228(trademark,)-233(and)-228(may)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(not)-394(be)-394(used)-394(if)-394(you)-393(charge)-394(for)-394(the)-394(eBooks,)-430(unless)-394(you)-394(receive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(specific)-377(permission.)-631(If)-376(you)-377(do)-377(not)-377(charge)-377(anything)-377(for)-377(copies)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-303(this)-302(eBook,)-316(complying)-303(with)-303(the)-303(rules)-302(is)-303(very)-303(easy.)-408(You)-303(may)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(use)-228(this)-228(eBook)-228(for)-228(nearly)-228(any)-228(purpose)-228(such)-228(as)-228(creatio)-1(n)-228(of)-228(deriva-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tive)-375(works,)-407(reports,)-407(performances)-375(and)-375(research.)-626(They)-375(may)-376(be)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(modified)-262(and)-262(printed)-261(and)-262(given)-262(away)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 166.194 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.765 0 Td[(you)-262(may)-261(do)-262(practically)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf -179.959 -13.549 Td[(anything)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 41.786 0 Td[(with)-330(public)-331(domain)-330(eBooks.)-491(Redistribution)-331(is)-330(subject)]TJ -41.786 -13.549 Td[(to)-250(the)-250(trademark)-250(license,)-250(especially)-250(commercial)-250(redistribution.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +443 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 444 0 R +/Resources 442 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 445 0 R ] +>> endobj +445 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [66.408 395.011 247.235 403.798] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/) >> +>> endobj +439 0 obj << +/D [443 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +11 0 obj << +/D [443 0 R /XYZ 46.771 124.715 null] +>> endobj +442 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +449 0 obj +<< /S /GoTo /D (index27) >> +endobj +452 0 obj +(The Full Project Gutenberg License) +endobj +455 0 obj << +/Length 3331 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 18.959 Tf 93.543 479.321 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 0 -31.684 Td[(Please)-250(read)-250(this)-250(before)-250(you)-250(distribute)-250(or)-250(use)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 11.956 -13.55 Td[(To)-269(protect)-269(the)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 144.428 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.623 0 Td[(mission)-269(of)-269(promoting)-269(the)]TJ -170.007 -13.549 Td[(free)-225(distribution)-225(of)-226(electronic)-225(works,)-230(by)-225(using)-225(or)-225(distributing)-226(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(work)-304(\050or)-304(any)-303(other)-304(work)-304(associated)-304(in)-303(any)-304(way)-304(with)-304(the)-304(phrase)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 0 -13.549 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.844 0 Td[(Project)-270(Gutenberg)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 79.894 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.844 0 Td[(\051,)-275(you)-269(agree)-270(to)-270(comply)-269(with)-270(all)-270(the)-269(terms)-270(of)]TJ -89.582 -13.549 Td[(the)-268(Full)-269(Project)-268(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 116.649 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.617 0 Td[(License)-268(\050available)-269(with)-268(this)-268(file)-268(or)]TJ -130.266 -13.55 Td[(online)-250(at)-250(http://www.gutenberg.org/license\051.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -35.486 Td[(Section)-250(1.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 15.58 -44.421 Td[(General)-255(Terms)-254(of)-255(Use)-255(&)-254(Redistributing)-255(Project)]TJ 45.013 -17.095 Td[(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 13.151 Tf 55.509 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 16.415 0 Td[(electronic)-268(works)]TJ -132.517 -41.803 Td[(1.A.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -25.902 Td[(By)-330(reading)-331(or)-330(using)-331(any)-330(part)-331(of)-330(this)-331(Project)-330(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 245.138 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.296 0 Td[(elec-)]TJ -259.434 -13.549 Td[(tronic)-302(work,)-315(you)-303(indicate)-302(that)-302(you)-302(have)-302(read,)-315(understand,)-316(agree)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-198(and)-197(accept)-198(all)-197(the)-198(terms)-198(of)-197(this)-198(license)-197(and)-198(intellectual)-198(property)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(\050trademark/copyright\051)-211(agreement.)-237(If)-211(you)-211(do)-211(not)-211(agree)-211(to)-212(abide)-211(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(all)-270(the)-271(terms)-270(of)-270(this)-271(agreement,)-275(you)-270(must)-271(cease)-270(using)-270(and)-271(return)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(or)-262(destroy)-263(all)-262(copies)-262(of)-262(Project)-263(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 183.192 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.552 0 Td[(electronic)-262(works)-263(in)]TJ -196.744 -13.549 Td[(your)-380(possession.)-638(If)-379(you)-380(paid)-379(a)-380(fee)-379(for)-380(obtaining)-379(a)-380(copy)-379(of)-380(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(access)-269(to)-270(a)-269(Project)-270(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 129.903 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.63 0 Td[(electronic)-269(wo)-1(rk)-269(and)-269(you)-270(do)-269(not)]TJ -143.533 -13.549 Td[(agree)-206(to)-206(be)-205(bound)-206(by)-206(the)-206(terms)-206(of)-205(this)-206(agreement,)-215(you)-206(may)-206(obtain)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-304(refund)-304(from)-304(the)-304(person)-304(or)-304(entity)-304(to)-304(whom)-304(you)-304(paid)-304(the)-304(fee)-304(as)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +454 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 455 0 R +/Resources 453 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 456 0 R 457 0 R 460 0 R ] +>> endobj +456 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [264.296 377.512 362.159 387.232] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense) >> +>> endobj +457 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [134.147 363.963 280.798 373.683] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/license) >> +>> endobj +460 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [189.881 63.764 215.638 73.484] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> +>> endobj +450 0 obj << +/D [454 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] +>> endobj +458 0 obj << +/D [454 0 R /XYZ 93.543 363.963 null] +>> endobj +459 0 obj << +/D [454 0 R /XYZ 93.543 254.119 null] +>> endobj +453 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F36 55 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +464 0 obj << +/Length 4487 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(81)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 13.151 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(1.B.)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 0 -27.866 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.844 0 Td[(Project)-352(Gutenberg)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 80.79 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.681 0 Td[(is)-352(a)-352(registered)-351(trademark.)-556(It)-351(may)-352(only)-352(be)]TJ -94.315 -13.549 Td[(used)-395(on)-394(or)-395(associated)-394(in)-395(any)-395(way)-394(with)-395(an)-394(electronic)-395(work)-395(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(people)-347(who)-346(agree)-347(to)-346(be)-347(bound)-347(by)-346(the)-347(terms)-346(of)-347(this)-347(agreement.)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(There)-255(are)-255(a)-256(few)-255(things)-255(that)-255(you)-256(can)-255(do)-255(with)-255(most)-255(Project)-256(Guten-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(berg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 19.386 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.74 0 Td[(electronic)-371(works)-371(even)-372(without)-371(complying)-371(with)-371(the)-371(full)]TJ -34.126 -13.549 Td[(terms)-362(of)-362(this)-361(a)-1(greement.)-585(See)-362(paragraph)-362(1.C)-361(below.)-586(There)-362(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(a)-330(lot)-331(of)-330(things)-330(you)-331(can)-330(do)-331(with)-330(Project)-330(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 223.321 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.295 0 Td[(electronic)]TJ -237.616 -13.549 Td[(works)-193(if)-192(you)-193(follow)-192(the)-193(terms)-193(of)-192(this)-193(agreement)-192(and)-193(help)-193(preserve)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(free)-284(future)-283(access)-284(to)-283(Project)-284(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 171.772 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.784 0 Td[(electronic)-284(works.)-350(See)]TJ -185.556 -13.549 Td[(paragraph)-250(1.E)-250(below.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -43.303 Td[(1.C.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -27.866 Td[(The)-247(Project)-247(Gutenberg)-247(Literary)-247(Archive)-247(Foundation)-248(\050)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 233.699 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(the)-247(Foun-)]TJ -238.542 -13.549 Td[(dation)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 27.273 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.058 0 Td[(or)-386(PGLAF\051,)-387(owns)-386(a)-386(compilation)-386(copyright)-387(in)-386(the)-386(col-)]TJ -36.331 -13.549 Td[(lection)-306(of)-305(Project)-306(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 125.734 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.024 0 Td[(electronic)-306(works.)-416(Nearly)-306(all)-305(the)]TJ -139.758 -13.549 Td[(individual)-233(works)-232(in)-233(the)-233(collection)-232(are)-233(in)-233(the)-233(public)-232(domain)-233(in)-233(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(United)-323(States.)-469(If)-322(an)-323(individual)-323(work)-323(is)-323(in)-323(the)-323(public)-323(domain)-323(in)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-344(United)-345(States)-344(and)-344(you)-345(are)-344(located)-345(in)-344(the)-344(United)-345(States,)-368(we)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(do)-332(not)-331(claim)-332(a)-331(right)-332(to)-332(prevent)-331(you)-332(from)-332(copying,)-352(distributing,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(performing,)-231(displaying)-226(or)-226(creating)-226(derivative)-226(works)-226(based)-226(on)-226(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(work)-232(as)-231(long)-232(as)-231(all)-232(references)-231(to)-232(Project)-231(Gutenberg)-232(are)-232(removed.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Of)-188(course,)-200(we)-187(hope)-188(that)-187(you)-188(will)-187(support)-188(the)-187(Project)-188(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td[(mission)-334(of)-334(promoting)-335(free)-334(access)-334(to)-334(electronic)-334(works)-334(by)-335(freely)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(sharing)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 113.685 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 12.999 0 Td[(works)-212(in)-211(compliance)-212(with)-211(the)-212(terms)]TJ -126.684 -13.549 Td[(of)-441(this)-441(agreement)-441(for)-441(keeping)-441(the)-441(Project)-441(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 241.5 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.501 0 Td[(name)]TJ -257.001 -13.549 Td[(associated)-262(with)-262(the)-262(work.)-286(You)-262(can)-262(easily)-262(comply)-262(with)-263(the)-262(terms)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-283(this)-284(agreement)-283(by)-283(keeping)-284(this)-283(work)-283(in)-284(the)-283(same)-283(format)-284(with)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(its)-287(attached)-287(full)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 151.285 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.821 0 Td[(License)-287(when)-287(you)-287(share)-287(it)]TJ -165.106 -13.549 Td[(without)-250(charge)-250(with)-250(others.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +463 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 464 0 R +/Resources 462 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 466 0 R 467 0 R ] +>> endobj +466 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [229.515 420.185 244.973 429.905] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1C) >> +>> endobj +467 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [93.113 365.988 107.96 375.708] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E) >> +>> endobj +465 0 obj << +/D [463 0 R /XYZ 46.771 529.134 null] +>> endobj +468 0 obj << +/D [463 0 R /XYZ 46.771 354.098 null] +>> endobj +469 0 obj << +/D [463 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null] +>> endobj +462 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F48 447 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +473 0 obj << +/Length 3434 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(82)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 13.151 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(1.D.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -29.35 Td[(The)-468(copyright)-467(laws)-468(of)-467(the)-468(place)-467(where)-468(you)-467(are)-468(located)-468(also)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(govern)-267(what)-268(you)-267(can)-267(do)-268(with)-267(this)-267(wo)-1(rk.)-302(Copyright)-267(laws)-267(in)-268(most)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(countries)-366(are)-366(in)-366(a)-366(constant)-366(state)-366(of)-366(change.)-598(If)-366(you)-367(are)-366(outside)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-394(United)-394(States,)-431(check)-394(the)-394(laws)-394(of)-394(your)-394(country)-394(in)-395(addition)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-439(the)-440(terms)-439(of)-439(this)-439(agreement)-440(before)-439(downloading,)-487(copying,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(displaying,)-243(performing,)-243(distributing)-241(or)-241(creating)-241(derivative)-241(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(based)-269(on)-268(this)-268(work)-269(or)-268(any)-269(other)-268(Project)-269(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 221.57 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.62 0 Td[(work.)-305(The)]TJ -235.19 -13.549 Td[(Foundation)-344(makes)-343(no)-344(representations)-343(concerning)-344(the)-344(copyright)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(status)-250(of)-250(any)-250(work)-250(in)-250(any)-250(country)-250(outside)-250(the)-250(United)-250(States.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -45.973 Td[(1.E.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 0 -29.351 Td[(Unless)-250(you)-250(have)-250(removed)-250(all)-250(references)-250(to)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg:)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td[(1.E.1.)]TJ 0 -27.168 Td[(The)-259(following)-260(sentence,)-261(with)-260(active)-259(links)-259(to,)-262(or)-259(other)-260(immediate)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(access)-465(to)-1(,)-519(the)-465(full)-466(Project)-465(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 170.488 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.769 0 Td[(License)-465(must)-466(appear)]TJ -186.257 -13.55 Td[(prominently)-274(whenever)-275(any)-274(copy)-274(of)-275(a)-274(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 244.529 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.683 0 Td[(work)]TJ -258.212 -13.549 Td[(\050any)-421(work)-422(on)-421(which)-421(the)-422(phrase)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 148.755 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Project)-421(Gutenberg)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 81.549 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.44 0 Td[(appears,)]TJ -244.587 -13.549 Td[(or)-347(with)-346(which)-347(the)-346(phrase)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 115.849 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.844 0 Td[(Project)-346(Gutenberg)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 80.732 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.624 0 Td[(is)-346(associated\051)-347(is)]TJ -210.049 -13.549 Td[(accessed,)-250(displayed,)-250(performed,)-250(viewed,)-250(copied)-250(or)-250(distributed:)]TJ/F16 9.863 Tf 19.637 -25.35 Td[(This)-432(eBook)-432(is)-432(for)-432(the)-432(use)-433(of)-432(anyone)-432(anywhere)-432(at)-432(no)-432(cost)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td[(and)-345(with)-344(almost)-345(no)-344(restrictions)-345(whatsoever.)-534(You)-344(may)-345(copy)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td[(it,)-437(give)-400(it)-400(away)-400(or)-400(re-use)-400(it)-400(under)-399(the)-400(terms)-400(of)-400(the)-400(Project)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td[(Gutenberg)-476(License)-476(included)-476(with)-475(this)-476(eBook)-476(or)-476(online)-476(at)]TJ 0 -12.821 Td[(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -19.637 -40.246 Td[(1.E.2.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +472 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 473 0 R +/Resources 471 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 475 0 R ] +>> endobj +475 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [113.18 104.237 215.636 113.025] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >> +>> endobj +470 0 obj << +/D [472 0 R /XYZ 93.543 364.976 null] +>> endobj +474 0 obj << +/D [472 0 R /XYZ 93.543 302.729 null] +>> endobj +476 0 obj << +/D [472 0 R /XYZ 93.543 91.16 null] +>> endobj +471 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +479 0 obj << +/Length 3795 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(83)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(If)-295(an)-295(individual)-295(Project)-295(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 151.639 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.91 0 Td[(electronic)-295(work)-295(is)-295(derived)]TJ -165.549 -13.549 Td[(from)-228(the)-229(public)-228(domain)-228(\050does)-228(not)-229(contain)-228(a)-228(notice)-228(indicating)-229(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(it)-184(is)-183(posted)-184(with)-183(permission)-184(of)-183(the)-184(copyright)-184(holder\051,)-196(the)-184(work)-184(can)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(be)-256(copied)-256(and)-256(distributed)-256(to)-256(anyone)-256(in)-256(the)-256(United)-256(States)-256(without)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(paying)-230(any)-230(fees)-230(or)-230(charges.)-243(If)-230(you)-231(are)-230(redistributing)-230(or)-230(providing)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(access)-248(to)-248(a)-248(work)-248(with)-248(the)-248(phrase)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 143.745 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Project)-248(Gutenberg)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 79.658 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 7.548 0 Td[(associated)]TJ -235.794 -13.549 Td[(with)-410(or)-411(appearing)-410(on)-410(the)-411(work,)-450(you)-411(must)-410(comply)-410(either)-411(with)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-424(requireme)-1(nts)-424(of)-424(paragraphs)-425(1.E.1)-424(through)-425(1.E.7)-424(or)-425(obtain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(permission)-281(for)-280(the)-280(use)-281(of)-280(the)-281(work)-280(and)-281(the)-280(Project)-281(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.55 Td[(trademark)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(paragraphs)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -38.607 Td[(1.E.3.)]TJ 0 -26.259 Td[(If)-344(an)-343(individual)-344(Project)-343(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 153.755 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.439 0 Td[(electronic)-344(work)-343(is)-344(posted)]TJ -168.194 -13.549 Td[(with)-351(the)-351(permission)-350(of)-351(the)-351(copyright)-350(holder,)-376(your)-351(use)-351(and)-351(dis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tribution)-257(must)-258(comply)-257(with)-257(both)-258(paragraphs)-257(1.E.1)-257(through)-258(1.E.7)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-301(any)-301(additional)-301(terms)-301(imposed)-301(by)-301(the)-301(copyright)-301(holder.)-403(Ad-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ditional)-256(terms)-256(will)-256(be)-255(linked)-256(to)-256(the)-256(Project)-256(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 233.221 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.482 0 Td[(License)]TJ -246.703 -13.55 Td[(for)-267(all)-267(works)-267(po)-1(sted)-267(with)-267(the)-267(permission)-267(of)-267(the)-267(copyright)-268(holder)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(found)-250(at)-250(the)-250(beginning)-250(of)-250(this)-250(work.)]TJ 0 -38.608 Td[(1.E.4.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td[(Do)-275(not)-275(unlink)-275(or)-274(detach)-275(or)-275(remove)-275(the)-275(full)-275(Project)-275(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(License)-330(terms)-329(from)-330(this)-329(work,)-350(or)-330(any)-329(files)-330(containing)-329(a)-330(part)-330(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(this)-185(work)-185(or)-185(any)-185(other)-185(work)-185(associated)-185(with)-186(Project)-185(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 267.212 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.691 0 Td[(.)]TJ -277.903 -38.608 Td[(1.E.5.)]TJ 0 -26.258 Td[(Do)-457(not)-457(copy,)-508(display,)-509(perform,)-508(distribute)-457(or)-457(redistribute)-457(this)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(electronic)-441(work,)-488(or)-441(any)-441(part)-441(of)-441(this)-440(electronic)-441(work,)-489(without)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(prominently)-258(displaying)-257(the)-258(sentence)-258(set)-258(forth)-257(in)-258(paragraph)-258(1.E.1)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +478 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 479 0 R +/Resources 477 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 480 0 R 481 0 R 483 0 R 486 0 R ] +>> endobj +480 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [192.525 420.953 215.554 430.673] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> +>> endobj +481 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [206.12 393.854 229.149 403.574] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> +>> endobj +483 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [241.791 301.89 264.82 311.61] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> +>> endobj +486 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [304.372 63.764 327.401 73.484] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> +>> endobj +482 0 obj << +/D [478 0 R /XYZ 46.771 381.505 null] +>> endobj +484 0 obj << +/D [478 0 R /XYZ 46.771 235.344 null] +>> endobj +485 0 obj << +/D [478 0 R /XYZ 46.771 143.379 null] +>> endobj +477 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +489 0 obj << +/Length 3978 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(84)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(with)-394(active)-395(links)-394(or)-395(immediate)-394(access)-395(to)-394(the)-394(full)-395(terms)-394(of)-395(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 79.68 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.418 0 Td[(License.)]TJ -93.098 -34.591 Td[(1.E.6.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td[(You)-475(may)-476(convert)-475(to)-476(and)-475(distribute)-476(this)-475(work)-476(in)-475(any)-476(binary,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(compressed,)-287(marked)-280(up,)-287(nonproprietary)-280(or)-280(proprietary)-279(form,)-288(in-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cluding)-234(any)-234(word)-234(processing)-233(or)-234(hypertext)-234(form.)-245(However,)-237(if)-234(you)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(provide)-318(access)-318(to)-318(or)-317(distribute)-318(copies)-318(of)-318(a)-318(Project)-318(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(work)-462(in)-462(a)-461(format)-462(other)-462(than)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 136.26 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Plain)-462(Vanilla)-462(ASCII)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 93.104 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.88 0 Td[(or)-462(other)]TJ -244.087 -13.549 Td[(format)-284(used)-284(in)-284(the)-284(official)-284(version)-284(posted)-284(on)-284(the)-284(official)-284(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 46.048 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.833 0 Td[(web)-288(site)-288(\050http://www.gutenberg.org\051,)-298(you)-288(must,)-297(at)]TJ -59.881 -13.549 Td[(no)-357(additional)-357(cost,)-384(fee)-356(or)-357(expense)-357(to)-357(the)-357(user,)-384(provide)-357(a)-357(copy,)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(a)-380(means)-380(of)-380(exporting)-379(a)-380(copy,)-413(or)-379(a)-380(means)-380(of)-380(obtaining)-380(a)-380(copy)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(upon)-313(request,)-328(of)-313(the)-313(work)-313(in)-312(its)-313(original)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 181.09 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Plain)-313(Vanilla)-313(ASCII)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 89.853 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -275.786 -13.549 Td[(or)-248(other)-247(form.)-250(Any)-247(alternate)-248(format)-248(must)-247(include)-248(the)-248(full)-248(Project)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 46.048 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.418 0 Td[(License)-250(as)-250(specified)-250(in)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.1.)]TJ -59.466 -34.591 Td[(1.E.7.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td[(Do)-450(not)-450(charge)-449(a)-450(fee)-450(for)-450(access)-449(to,)-500(viewing,)-500(displaying,)-500(per-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(forming,)-240(copying)-237(or)-237(distributing)-238(any)-237(Project)-237(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 240.689 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.279 0 Td[(works)]TJ -253.968 -13.549 Td[(unless)-250(you)-250(comply)-250(with)-250(paragraph)-250(1.E.8)-250(or)-250(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -34.591 Td[(1.E.8.)]TJ 0 -24.07 Td[(You)-440(may)-440(charge)-440(a)-439(reasonable)-440(fee)-440(for)-440(copies)-440(of)-440(or)-440(providing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(access)-361(to)-361(or)-361(distributing)-361(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 192.388 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.628 0 Td[(electronic)-361(works)]TJ -207.016 -13.549 Td[(provided)-250(that)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 12.546 -18.615 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.272 0 Td[(You)-218(pay)-218(a)-219(royalty)-218(fee)-218(of)-218(20%)-219(of)-218(the)-218(gross)-218(profits)-218(you)-219(derive)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(from)-212(the)-211(use)-212(of)-212(Project)-211(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 146.666 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13 0 Td[(works)-212(calculated)-211(using)]TJ -159.666 -13.55 Td[(the)-211(method)-210(yo)-1(u)-210(already)-211(use)-211(to)-210(calculate)-211(your)-211(applicable)-211(tax-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(es.)-240(The)-221(fee)-220(is)-220(owe)-1(d)-220(to)-220(the)-221(owner)-220(of)-221(the)-220(Project)-221(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 248.121 0 Td[(")]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +488 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 489 0 R +/Resources 487 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 448 0 R +/Annots [ 491 0 R 493 0 R ] +>> endobj +491 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [301.143 294.546 326.899 304.266] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E1) >> +>> endobj +493 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [246.554 208.786 269.583 218.506] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1E8) >> +>> endobj +490 0 obj << +/D [488 0 R /XYZ 93.543 491.727 null] +>> endobj +492 0 obj << +/D [488 0 R /XYZ 93.543 284.025 null] +>> endobj +461 0 obj << +/D [488 0 R /XYZ 93.543 198.265 null] +>> endobj +487 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +496 0 obj << +/Length 4295 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(85)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 68.59 518.175 Td[(trademark,)-296(but)-287(he)-287(has)-286(agreed)-287(to)-287(donate)-287(royalties)-287(under)-287(this)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(paragraph)-263(to)-263(the)-263(Project)-263(Gutenberg)-263(Literary)-263(Archive)-263(Fou)-1(n-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dation.)-842(Royalty)-448(payments)-447(must)-448(be)-447(paid)-448(within)-447(60)-448(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(following)-365(each)-365(date)-365(on)-366(which)-365(you)-365(prepare)-365(\050or)-365(are)-365(leg)-1(ally)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(required)-473(to)-473(prepare\051)-473(your)-473(periodic)-473(tax)-473(returns.)-920(Royalty)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(payments)-284(should)-284(be)-284(clearly)-284(marked)-284(as)-284(such)-284(and)-284(sent)-284(to)-284(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Project)-350(Gutenberg)-350(Literary)-351(Archive)-350(Foundation)-350(at)-350(the)-351(ad-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(dress)-312(specified)-312(in)-312(Section)-312(4,)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 128.383 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Information)-312(about)-312(donations)]TJ -133.226 -13.549 Td[(to)-250(the)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(Literary)-250(Archive)-250(Foundation.)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 237.839 0 Td[(\035)]TJ -247.112 -13.55 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.273 0 Td[(You)-425(provide)-425(a)-425(full)-424(refund)-425(of)-425(any)-425(money)-425(paid)-425(by)-425(a)-425(user)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(who)-339(notifies)-339(you)-340(in)-339(writing)-339(\050or)-339(by)-340(e-mail\051)-339(within)-339(30)-340(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-343(receipt)-343(that)-343(s/he)-343(does)-344(not)-343(agree)-343(to)-343(the)-343(terms)-343(of)-343(the)-344(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Project)-235(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 79.514 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.252 0 Td[(License.)-245(You)-235(must)-235(require)-234(such)-235(a)-235(user)]TJ -92.766 -13.549 Td[(to)-324(return)-324(or)-323(destroy)-324(all)-324(copies)-324(of)-323(the)-324(works)-324(possessed)-324(in)-324(a)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(physical)-322(medium)-321(and)-322(discontinue)-321(all)-322(use)-322(of)-321(and)-322(all)-322(access)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-250(other)-250(copies)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 158.454 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.418 0 Td[(works.)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf -181.145 -13.549 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.273 0 Td[(You)-427(provide,)-472(in)-427(accordance)-428(with)-427(paragraph)-427(1.F.3,)-472(a)-428(full)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(refund)-215(of)-216(any)-215(money)-216(paid)-215(for)-216(a)-215(wor)-1(k)-215(or)-215(a)-216(replacement)-216(copy,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(if)-245(a)-246(defect)-245(in)-245(the)-246(electronic)-245(work)-245(is)-246(discovered)-245(and)-245(repo)-1(rted)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-250(you)-250(within)-250(90)-250(days)-250(of)-250(receipt)-250(of)-250(the)-250(work.)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf -9.273 -13.549 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 9.273 0 Td[(You)-278(comply)-279(with)-278(all)-279(other)-278(terms)-279(of)-278(this)-279(agreement)-278(for)-279(free)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(distribution)-250(of)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 144.534 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.418 0 Td[(works.)]TJ -179.77 -34.9 Td[(1.E.9.)]TJ 0 -24.225 Td[(If)-316(you)-315(wish)-316(to)-316(charge)-315(a)-316(fee)-316(or)-315(distribute)-316(a)-316(Project)-315(Guten)-1(berg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.938 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.938 -13.549 Td[(electronic)-233(work)-233(or)-233(group)-234(of)-233(works)-233(on)-233(different)-233(terms)-233(than)-233(are)-234(set)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(forth)-346(in)-347(this)-346(agreement,)-371(you)-346(must)-346(obtain)-347(permission)-346(in)-347(writing)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(from)-161(both)-160(the)-161(Project)-160(Gutenberg)-161(Literary)-160(Archive)-161(Foundation)-161(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Michael)-287(Hart,)-297(the)-287(owner)-287(of)-287(the)-287(Project)-287(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 219.853 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.824 0 Td[(trademark.)]TJ -233.677 -13.549 Td[(Contact)-250(the)-250(Foundation)-250(as)-250(set)-250(forth)-250(in)-250(Section)-250(3)-250(below.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 0 -40.629 Td[(1.F.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +495 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 496 0 R +/Resources 494 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +/Annots [ 497 0 R 498 0 R 499 0 R 501 0 R ] +>> endobj +497 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [149.087 420.963 327.401 430.705] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> +>> endobj +498 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [46.771 407.403 311.273 417.156] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> +>> endobj +499 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [272.441 299.01 294.87 308.73] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> +>> endobj +501 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [213.735 106.629 254.644 114.113] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >> +>> endobj +500 0 obj << +/D [495 0 R /XYZ 46.771 220.588 null] +>> endobj +502 0 obj << +/D [495 0 R /XYZ 46.771 95.953 null] +>> endobj +494 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F48 447 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +509 0 obj << +/Length 3737 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(86)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(1.F.1.)]TJ 0 -25.744 Td[(Project)-362(Gutenberg)-363(volunteers)-362(and)-363(employees)-362(expend)-363(consider-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(able)-318(effort)-318(to)-319(identify,)-335(do)-318(copyright)-318(research)-318(on,)-335(transcribe)-319(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(proofread)-383(public)-383(domain)-383(works)-382(in)-383(creating)-383(the)-383(Project)-383(Guten-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(berg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 19.386 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.097 0 Td[(collection.)-712(Despite)-403(these)-404(efforts,)-443(Project)-404(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 235.456 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(electronic)-262(works,)-264(and)-261(the)-262(medium)-261(on)-262(which)-261(they)-262(may)-261(be)-262(stored,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(may)-312(contain)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 57.708 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.844 0 Td[(Defects,)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 36.043 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.247 0 Td[(such)-312(as,)-327(but)-312(not)-312(limited)-312(to,)-328(incomplete,)]TJ -106.842 -13.549 Td[(inaccurate)-395(or)-395(corrupt)-395(data,)-431(transcription)-395(errors,)-431(a)-395(copyright)-395(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(other)-267(intellectual)-266(property)-267(infringement,)-270(a)-267(defective)-266(or)-267(damaged)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(disk)-277(or)-277(other)-277(medium,)-284(a)-277(computer)-277(virus,)-284(or)-277(computer)-277(codes)-277(that)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(damage)-250(or)-250(cannot)-250(be)-250(read)-250(by)-250(your)-250(equipment.)]TJ 0 -37.682 Td[(1.F.2.)]TJ 0 -25.744 Td[(LIMITED)-451(WARRANTY,)-451(DISCLAIMER)-451(OF)-451(DAMAGES)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 269.721 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.721 -13.549 Td[(Except)-334(for)-334(the)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 67.282 0 Td[(\034)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 4.843 0 Td[(Right)-334(of)-334(Replacement)-335(or)-334(Refund)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 146.08 0 Td[(\035)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 8.489 0 Td[(described)-334(in)]TJ -226.694 -13.549 Td[(paragraph)-328(1.F.3,)-347(the)-328(Project)-327(Gutenberg)-328(Literary)-328(Archive)-328(Foun-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(dation,)-224(the)-218(owner)-218(of)-217(the)-218(Project)-218(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 184.285 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.066 0 Td[(trademark,)-224(and)-218(any)]TJ -197.351 -13.549 Td[(other)-361(party)-361(distributing)-361(a)-361(Project)-361(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 196.632 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.628 0 Td[(electronic)-361(work)]TJ -211.26 -13.549 Td[(under)-320(this)-319(agreement,)-337(disclaim)-320(all)-319(liability)-320(to)-319(you)-320(for)-320(damages,)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(costs)-316(and)-315(expenses,)-333(including)-315(legal)-316(fees.)-447(YOU)-316(AGREE)-316(THAT)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(YOU)-394(HAVE)-394(NO)-395(REMEDIES)-394(FOR)-394(NEGLIGENCE,)-395(STRICT)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(LIABILITY,)-450(BREACH)-449(OF)-450(WARRANTY)-449(OR)-450(BREACH)-450(OF)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(CONTRACT)-234(EXCEPT)-234(THOSE)-234(PROVIDED)-234(IN)-234(PARAGRAPH)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(F3.)-299(YOU)-266(AGREE)-266(THAT)-266(THE)-266(FOUNDATION,)-266(THE)-267(TRADE-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(MARK)-367(OWNER,)-366(AND)-367(ANY)-366(DISTRIBUTOR)-367(UNDER)-367(THIS)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(AGREEMENT)-376(WILL)-375(NOT)-376(BE)-376(LIABLE)-376(TO)-375(YOU)-376(FOR)-376(AC-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(TUAL,)-210(DIRECT,)-210(INDIRECT,)-210(CONSEQUENTIAL,)-210(PUNITIVE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(OR)-223(INCIDENTAL)-223(DAMAGES)-224(EVEN)-223(IF)-223(YOU)-223(GIVE)-224(NOTICE)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(OF)-250(THE)-250(POSSIBILITY)-250(OF)-250(SUCH)-250(DAMAGE.)]TJ 0 -37.682 Td[(1.F.3.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +508 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 509 0 R +/Resources 507 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +/Annots [ 512 0 R ] +>> endobj +512 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [93.543 277.585 163.162 287.305] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> +>> endobj +510 0 obj << +/D [508 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] +>> endobj +511 0 obj << +/D [508 0 R /XYZ 93.543 356.172 null] +>> endobj +505 0 obj << +/D [508 0 R /XYZ 93.543 91.744 null] +>> endobj +507 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +515 0 obj << +/Length 3646 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(87)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(LIMITED)-421(RIGHT)-421(OF)-422(REPLACEMENT)-421(OR)-421(REFUND)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 257.859 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.506 0 Td[(If)]TJ -273.365 -13.549 Td[(you)-434(discover)-434(a)-434(defect)-434(in)-434(this)-434(electronic)-434(work)-434(within)-434(90)-434(days)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-335(receiving)-334(it,)-356(you)-335(can)-335(receive)-334(a)-335(refund)-335(of)-334(the)-335(money)-335(\050if)-335(any\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(you)-369(paid)-369(for)-369(it)-370(by)-369(sending)-369(a)-369(written)-369(explanation)-369(to)-369(the)-370(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(you)-430(received)-430(the)-431(work)-430(from.)-790(If)-431(you)-430(received)-430(the)-430(work)-430(on)-431(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(physical)-231(medium,)-236(you)-231(must)-231(return)-232(the)-231(medium)-232(with)-231(your)-232(written)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(explanation.)-706(The)-402(person)-402(or)-402(entity)-402(that)-402(provided)-402(you)-402(with)-402(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(defective)-301(work)-301(may)-301(elect)-300(to)-301(provide)-301(a)-301(replacement)-301(copy)-301(in)-301(lieu)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-305(a)-305(refund)-1(.)-415(If)-305(you)-306(received)-305(the)-305(work)-305(electronically,)-319(the)-306(person)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(or)-348(entity)-347(providing)-348(it)-347(to)-348(you)-347(may)-348(choose)-347(to)-348(give)-348(you)-347(a)-348(second)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(opportunity)-226(to)-226(receive)-225(the)-226(work)-226(electronically)-226(in)-225(lieu)-226(of)-226(a)-226(refund.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(If)-315(the)-315(second)-315(copy)-315(is)-315(also)-315(defective,)-331(you)-315(may)-315(demand)-315(a)-315(refund)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(in)-250(writing)-250(without)-250(further)-250(opportunities)-250(to)-250(fix)-250(the)-250(problem.)]TJ 0 -37.467 Td[(1.F.4.)]TJ 0 -25.624 Td[(Except)-258(for)-259(the)-258(limited)-258(right)-258(of)-258(replacement)-259(or)-258(refund)-258(set)-258(forth)-259(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(paragraph)-225(1.F.3,)-230(this)-225(wo)-1(rk)-225(is)-225(provided)-225(to)-225(you)-225('AS-IS,')-225(WITH)-226(NO)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(OTHER)-346(WARRANTIES)-346(OF)-345(ANY)-346(KIND,)-346(EXPRESS)-346(OR)-346(IM-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(PLIED,)-173(INCLUDING)-172(BUT)-172(NOT)-173(LIMITED)-172(TO)-173(WARRANTIES)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(OF)-190(MERCHANTIBILITY)-190(OR)-190(FITNESS)-190(FOR)-190(ANY)-191(PURPOSE.)]TJ 0 -37.466 Td[(1.F.5.)]TJ 0 -25.624 Td[(Some)-414(states)-414(do)-415(not)-414(allow)-414(disclaimers)-414(of)-414(certain)-414(implied)-415(war-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(ranties)-220(or)-220(the)-220(exclusion)-220(or)-220(limitation)-220(of)-220(certain)-220(types)-221(of)-220(damages.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(If)-217(any)-217(disclaimer)-218(or)-217(limitation)-217(set)-217(forth)-217(in)-217(this)-217(agreement)-218(violates)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-302(law)-303(of)-302(the)-302(state)-302(applicable)-303(to)-302(this)-302(agreement,)-315(the)-303(agreement)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(shall)-377(be)-377(interpreted)-377(to)-377(make)-377(the)-377(maximum)-377(disclaimer)-378(or)-377(limi-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tation)-367(permitted)-366(by)-367(the)-366(applicable)-367(state)-367(law.)-599(The)-367(invalidity)-367(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(unenforceability)-192(of)-192(any)-192(provision)-192(of)-192(this)-192(agreement)-192(shall)-192(not)-192(void)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-250(remaining)-250(provisions.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +514 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 515 0 R +/Resources 513 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +/Annots [ 517 0 R ] +>> endobj +517 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [46.771 276.567 115.271 286.287] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense1F3) >> +>> endobj +516 0 obj << +/D [514 0 R /XYZ 46.771 341.365 null] +>> endobj +518 0 obj << +/D [514 0 R /XYZ 46.771 226.313 null] +>> endobj +519 0 obj << +/D [514 0 R /XYZ 46.771 66.142 null] +>> endobj +513 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +522 0 obj << +/Length 3791 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(88)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(1.F.6.)]TJ 0 -27.876 Td[(INDEMNITY)]TJ/F37 10.909 Tf 65.981 0 Td[(\024)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.092 0 Td[(You)-383(agree)-384(to)-383(indemnify)-384(and)-383(hold)-383(the)-384(Foun-)]TJ -81.073 -13.55 Td[(dation,)-554(the)-494(trademark)-494(owner,)-554(any)-493(agent)-494(or)-494(employee)-493(of)-494(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Foundation,)-494(anyone)-445(providing)-445(copies)-445(of)-445(Project)-446(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(electronic)-436(works)-437(in)-436(accordance)-436(with)-436(this)-437(agreement,)-482(and)-437(any)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(volunteers)-266(associated)-266(with)-266(the)-266(production,)-270(promotion)-266(and)-266(distri-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(bution)-307(of)-308(Project)-307(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 123.981 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.043 0 Td[(electronic)-307(works,)-322(harmless)-307(from)]TJ -138.024 -13.55 Td[(all)-336(liability,)-358(costs)-336(and)-336(expenses,)-357(including)-336(legal)-336(fees,)-358(that)-336(arise)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(directly)-263(or)-263(indirectly)-263(from)-264(any)-263(of)-263(the)-263(following)-263(which)-263(you)-263(do)-264(or)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(cause)-189(to)-188(occur:)-219(\050a\051)-189(distribution)-188(of)-189(this)-188(or)-189(any)-188(Project)-189(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -269.939 -13.549 Td[(work,)-413(\050b\051)-381(alteration,)-413(modification,)-414(or)-381(additions)-380(or)-381(deletions)-381(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(any)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 98.16 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.418 0 Td[(work,)-250(and)-250(\050c\051)-250(any)-250(Defect)-250(you)-250(cause.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf -111.578 -53.287 Td[(Section)-250(2.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 32.422 -52.048 Td[(Information)-260(about)-259(the)-260(Mission)-260(of)-259(Project)]TJ 73.695 -17.096 Td[(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 13.151 Tf 55.509 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -161.626 -30.058 Td[(Project)-400(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 81.319 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.057 0 Td[(is)-400(synonymous)-400(with)-401(the)-400(free)-400(distribution)]TJ -96.376 -13.55 Td[(of)-284(electronic)-284(works)-284(in)-285(formats)-284(readable)-284(by)-284(the)-284(widest)-284(variety)-285(of)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(computers)-351(including)-351(obsolete,)-375(old,)-376(middle-aged)-351(and)-351(new)-351(com-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(puters.)-328(It)-277(exists)-276(because)-276(of)-276(the)-276(efforts)-276(of)-276(hundreds)-276(of)-277(volunteers)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(donations)-250(from)-250(people)-250(in)-250(all)-250(walks)-250(of)-250(life.)]TJ 11.956 -14.233 Td[(Volunteers)-162(and)-163(financial)-162(support)-162(to)-163(provide)-162(volunteers)-162(with)-163(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(assistance)-198(they)-199(need,)-209(is)-198(critical)-198(to)-199(reaching)-198(Project)-199(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 263.732 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.691 0 Td[('s)]TJ -274.423 -13.549 Td[(goals)-309(and)-308(ensuring)-309(that)-309(the)-308(Project)-309(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 203.204 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.059 0 Td[(collection)-309(will)]TJ -217.263 -13.55 Td[(remain)-382(freely)-381(available)-382(for)-381(generations)-382(to)-382(come.)-644(In)-382(2001,)-415(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Project)-350(Gutenberg)-351(Literary)-350(Archive)-350(Fou)-1(ndation)-350(was)-350(created)-351(to)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(provide)-302(a)-303(secure)-302(and)-302(permanent)-303(future)-302(for)-302(Project)-303(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 269.939 0 Td[(")]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +521 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 522 0 R +/Resources 520 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +>> endobj +523 0 obj << +/D [521 0 R /XYZ 93.543 338.785 null] +>> endobj +520 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F37 60 0 R /F48 447 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +526 0 obj << +/Length 3126 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(89)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(and)-301(future)-302(generations.)-403(To)-301(learn)-302(more)-301(about)-301(the)-301(Project)-302(Guten-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(berg)-487(Literary)-487(Archive)-487(Foundation)-487(and)-487(how)-487(your)-488(efforts)-487(and)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(donations)-225(can)-225(help,)-229(see)-225(Sections)-225(3)-225(and)-225(4)-224(and)-225(the)-225(Foundation)-225(web)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org.)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -46.043 Td[(Section)-250(3.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 10.376 -44.805 Td[(Information)-253(about)-253(the)-253(Project)-253(Gutenberg)-253(Literary)]TJ 76.986 -17.096 Td[(Archive)-276(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -87.362 -26.095 Td[(The)-438(Project)-439(Gutenberg)-438(Literary)-438(Archive)-439(Foundation)-438(is)-438(a)-439(non)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(profit)-511(501\050c\051\0503\051)-511(educational)-510(corporation)-511(organized)-511(under)-511(the)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(laws)-248(of)-248(the)-248(state)-248(of)-247(Mississippi)-248(and)-248(granted)-248(tax)-248(exempt)-248(status)-248(by)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-319(Internal)-319(Revenue)-319(Service.)-457(The)-319(Foundation's)-319(EIN)-319(or)-319(federal)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tax)-337(identification)-336(number)-337(is)-337(64-6221541.)-510(Its)-336(501\050c\051\0503\051)-337(letter)-337(is)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(posted)-228(at)-228(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf.)-243(Contribu-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tions)-313(to)-314(the)-313(Project)-313(Gutenberg)-314(Literary)-313(Archive)-313(Foundation)-314(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tax)-328(deductible)-329(to)-328(the)-328(full)-329(extent)-328(permitted)-329(by)-328(U.S.)-328(federal)-329(laws)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-250(your)-250(state's)-250(laws.)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(The)-214(Foundation's)-214(principal)-214(office)-213(is)-214(located)-214(at)-214(4557)-214(Melan)-214(Dr.)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(S.)-297(Fairbanks,)-310(AK,)-297(99712.,)-309(but)-297(its)-298(volunteers)-297(and)-297(employees)-298(are)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(scattered)-343(throughout)-343(numerous)-344(locations.)-529(Its)-343(business)-343(office)-344(is)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(located)-197(at)-197(809)-197(North)-197(1500)-197(West,)-208(Salt)-197(Lake)-197(City,)-208(UT)-197(84116,)-208(\050801\051)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(596-1887,)-225(email)-218(business@pglaf.org.)-239(Email)-219(contact)-218(links)-218(and)-219(up)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(to)-227(date)-227(contact)-227(information)-227(can)-227(be)-227(found)-227(at)-227(the)-228(Foundation's)-227(web)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(site)-250(and)-250(official)-250(page)-250(at)-250(http://www.pglaf.org)]TJ 11.956 -13.549 Td[(For)-250(additional)-250(contact)-250(information:)]TJ/F16 9.863 Tf 7.681 -22.094 Td[(Dr.)-250(Gregory)-250(B.)-250(Newby)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td[(Chief)-250(Executive)-250(and)-250(Director)]TJ 0 -12.822 Td[(gbnewby@pglaf.org)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +525 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 526 0 R +/Resources 524 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +/Annots [ 527 0 R 528 0 R 529 0 R 530 0 R 531 0 R ] +>> endobj +527 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [189.068 488.709 194.522 498.419] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense3) >> +>> endobj +528 0 obj << +/Type /Annot +/BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [0 1 1] +/Rect [215.179 488.709 220.634 498.419] +/Subtype /Link +/A << /S /GoTo /D (pglicense4) >> +>> endobj +529 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [80.699 475.149 172.815 484.869] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >> +>> endobj +530 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [88.104 273.365 279.602 283.085] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf) >> +>> endobj +531 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [151.291 137.873 243.407 147.593] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.pglaf.org) >> +>> endobj +506 0 obj << +/D [525 0 R /XYZ 46.771 464.786 null] +>> endobj +524 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +534 0 obj << +/Length 3773 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(90)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 15.781 Tf 93.543 518.175 Td[(Section)-250(4.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 26.999 -50.957 Td[(Information)-258(about)-258(Donations)-258(to)-258(the)-258(Project)]TJ 8.106 -17.096 Td[(Gutenberg)-260(Literary)-261(Archive)-260(Foundation)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -35.105 -29.451 Td[(Project)-329(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 80.543 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.28 0 Td[(depends)-329(upon)-329(and)-329(cannot)-329(survive)-329(without)]TJ -94.823 -13.55 Td[(wide)-217(spread)-217(public)-217(support)-217(and)-217(donations)-217(to)-217(carry)-217(out)-218(its)-217(mission)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(of)-334(increasing)-334(the)-334(number)-334(of)-334(public)-334(domain)-334(and)-335(licensed)-334(works)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(that)-192(can)-193(be)-192(freely)-193(distributed)-192(in)-192(machine)-193(readable)-192(form)-193(accessible)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(by)-261(the)-261(widest)-261(array)-261(of)-261(equipment)-261(including)-261(o)-1(utdated)-261(equipment.)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(Many)-303(small)-302(donations)-303(\050$1)-303(to)-302($5,0)-1(00\051)-302(are)-303(particularly)-303(important)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(to)-250(maintaining)-250(tax)-250(exempt)-250(status)-250(with)-250(the)-250(IRS.)]TJ 11.956 -14.111 Td[(The)-460(Foundation)-461(is)-460(committed)-461(to)-460(complying)-461(with)-460(the)-461(laws)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(regulating)-353(charities)-352(and)-353(charitable)-352(donations)-353(in)-352(all)-353(50)-352(states)-353(of)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(the)-430(United)-429(States.)-789(Compliance)-430(requirements)-429(are)-430(not)-430(uniform)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(and)-389(it)-389(takes)-389(a)-389(considerable)-389(effort,)-424(much)-389(paperwork)-389(an)-1(d)-389(many)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(fees)-353(to)-353(meet)-353(and)-354(keep)-353(up)-353(with)-353(these)-353(requirements.)-559(We)-353(do)-354(not)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(solicit)-322(donations)-321(in)-322(locations)-322(where)-322(we)-321(have)-322(not)-322(received)-322(writ-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ten)-417(confirmation)-418(of)-417(compliance.)-753(To)-417(SEND)-417(DONATIONS)-418(or)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(determine)-309(the)-310(status)-309(of)-310(compliance)-309(for)-309(any)-310(particular)-309(state)-310(visit)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ 11.956 -14.111 Td[(While)-305(we)-304(cannot)-305(and)-304(do)-305(not)-305(solicit)-304(contributions)-305(from)-305(states)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(where)-323(we)-323(have)-322(not)-323(met)-323(the)-323(solicitation)-323(requirements,)-341(we)-323(know)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(of)-366(no)-365(prohibition)-366(against)-366(accepting)-365(unsolicited)-366(donations)-366(from)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(donors)-250(in)-250(such)-250(states)-250(who)-250(approach)-250(us)-250(with)-250(offers)-250(to)-250(donate.)]TJ 11.956 -14.111 Td[(International)-237(donations)-237(are)-237(gratefully)-238(accepted,)-239(but)-237(we)-238(cannot)]TJ -11.956 -13.55 Td[(make)-327(any)-328(statements)-327(concerning)-327(tax)-328(treatment)-327(of)-327(donations)-328(re-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(ceived)-326(from)-327(outside)-326(the)-326(United)-326(States.)-479(U.S.)-326(laws)-326(alone)-327(swamp)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(our)-250(small)-250(staff.)]TJ 11.956 -14.112 Td[(Please)-413(check)-413(the)-412(Project)-413(Gutenberg)-413(Web)-413(pages)-413(for)-413(current)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(donation)-376(methods)-376(and)-375(addresses.)-628(Donations)-375(are)-376(accepted)-376(in)-376(a)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(number)-396(of)-395(other)-396(ways)-395(including)-396(checks,)-432(online)-395(payments)-396(and)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +533 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 534 0 R +/Resources 532 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 503 0 R +/Annots [ 535 0 R ] +>> endobj +535 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [93.543 214.492 291.707 224.212] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >> +>> endobj +504 0 obj << +/D [533 0 R /XYZ 93.543 529.134 null] +>> endobj +532 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +538 0 obj << +/Length 3275 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 46.771 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -46.771 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 548.934 Td[(The)-250(Full)-250(Project)-250(Gutenberg)-250(License)-10394(91)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 327.401 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -327.401 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 46.771 518.175 Td[(credit)-241(card)-241(donations.)-247(To)-241(donate,)-243(please)-241(visit:)-246(http://www.guten-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(berg.org/fundraising/donate)]TJ/F16 15.781 Tf 0 -57.032 Td[(Section)-250(5.)]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf 12.158 -55.793 Td[(General)-254(Informat)1(ion)-254(About)-254(Project)-253(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 13.151 Tf 243.427 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 13.151 Tf -160.742 -17.096 Td[(electronic)-278(works.)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf -94.843 -32.139 Td[(Professor)-259(Michael)-259(S.)-259(Hart)-259(is)-259(the)-259(originator)-259(of)-259(the)-259(Project)-259(Guten-)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(berg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 19.386 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 15.085 0 Td[(concept)-403(of)-403(a)-403(library)-402(of)-403(electronic)-403(works)-403(that)-403(could)-403(be)]TJ -34.471 -13.549 Td[(freely)-233(shared)-232(with)-233(anyone.)-244(For)-233(thirty)-233(years,)-236(he)-232(produced)-233(and)-233(dis-)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(tributed)-274(Project)-274(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 116.868 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 13.679 0 Td[(eBooks)-274(with)-274(only)-274(a)-274(loose)-274(network)]TJ -130.547 -13.549 Td[(of)-250(volunteer)-250(support.)]TJ 11.956 -14.649 Td[(Project)-379(Gutenberg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 81.091 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 14.829 0 Td[(eBooks)-379(are)-380(often)-379(created)-380(from)-379(several)]TJ -107.876 -13.549 Td[(printed)-248(editions,)-248(all)-248(of)-247(which)-248(are)-248(confirmed)-247(as)-248(Public)-248(Domain)-248(in)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(the)-303(U.S.)-302(unless)-303(a)-303(copyright)-303(notice)-302(is)-303(included.)-408(Thus,)-316(we)-303(do)-303(not)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(necessarily)-216(keep)-217(eBooks)-216(in)-216(compliance)-217(with)-216(any)-216(particular)-217(paper)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(edition.)]TJ 11.956 -14.649 Td[(Each)-355(eBook)-356(is)-356(in)-355(a)-356(subdirectory)-355(of)-356(the)-355(same)-356(number)-355(as)-356(the)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(eBook's)-266(eBook)-266(number,)-269(often)-266(in)-266(several)-266(formats)-266(including)-266(plain)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(vanilla)-250(ASCII,)-250(compressed)-250(\050zipped\051,)-250(HTML)-250(and)-250(others.)]TJ 11.956 -14.649 Td[(Corrected)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 45.766 0 Td[(editions)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 37.301 0 Td[(of)-252(our)-253(eBooks)-252(replace)-252(the)-252(old)-253(file)-252(and)-252(take)]TJ -95.023 -13.549 Td[(over)-286(the)-285(old)-285(filename)-286(and)-285(etext)-286(number.)-356(The)-286(replaced)-285(older)-286(file)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(is)-367(renamed.)]TJ/F36 10.909 Tf 58.126 0 Td[(Versions)]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 42.186 0 Td[(based)-367(on)-367(separate)-367(sources)-367(are)-367(treated)-367(as)]TJ -100.311 -13.549 Td[(new)-250(eBooks)-250(receiving)-250(new)-250(filenames)-250(and)-250(etext)-250(numbers.)]TJ 11.955 -14.649 Td[(Most)-416(people)-416(start)-416(at)-416(our)-416(Web)-416(site)-416(which)-416(has)-416(the)-416(main)-416(PG)]TJ -11.955 -13.549 Td[(search)-250(facility:)]TJ/F16 9.863 Tf 19.636 -28.139 Td[(http://www.gutenberg.org)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 46.771 38.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +537 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 538 0 R +/Resources 536 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 543 0 R +/Annots [ 539 0 R 540 0 R 542 0 R ] +>> endobj +539 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [247.1 515.797 327.401 525.517] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >> +>> endobj +540 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [46.771 502.248 168.266 511.968] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate) >> +>> endobj +542 0 obj << +/Type /Annot + /BS << /Type /Border /S /U >> /H /I /C [1 0.5 0.5] +/Rect [66.408 63.992 168.864 72.78] + /Subtype /Link /A << /Type /Action /S /URI /URI (http://www.gutenberg.org) >> +>> endobj +541 0 obj << +/D [537 0 R /XYZ 46.771 486.939 null] +>> endobj +536 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R /F36 55 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +546 0 obj << +/Length 956 +>> +stream +1 0 0 1 93.543 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -93.543 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 93.543 548.934 Td[(92)-16948(The)-250(Siouan)-250(Indians)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 374.173 548.934 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 -374.173 -548.934 cm +BT +/F16 10.909 Tf 105.499 518.175 Td[(This)-527(Web)-526(site)-527(includes)-527(information)-526(about)-527(Project)-527(Guten-)]TJ -11.956 -13.549 Td[(berg)]TJ/F48 10.909 Tf 19.386 0 Td[(")]TJ/F16 10.909 Tf 10.691 0 Td[(,)-321(including)-307(how)-306(to)-307(make)-307(donations)-306(to)-307(the)-307(Project)-307(Guten-)]TJ -30.077 -13.549 Td[(berg)-251(Literary)-251(Archive)-250(Foun)-1(dation,)-251(how)-250(to)-251(help)-251(produce)-251(our)-251(new)]TJ 0 -13.549 Td[(eBooks,)-410(and)-378(how)-378(to)-378(subscribe)-378(to)-378(our)-378(email)-378(newsletter)-378(to)-378(hear)]TJ 0 -13.55 Td[(about)-250(new)-250(eBooks.)]TJ +ET +1 0 0 1 93.543 436.564 cm +0 g 0 G +0 g 0 G +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 0 -397.782 cm +0 g 0 G +1 0 0 1 280.63 0 cm +0 g 0 G +endstream +endobj +545 0 obj << +/Type /Page +/Contents 546 0 R +/Resources 544 0 R +/MediaBox [0 0 419.528 595.276] +/Parent 543 0 R +>> endobj +544 0 obj << +/Font << /F16 6 0 R /F48 447 0 R >> +/ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] +>> endobj +547 0 obj << +/Type /Encoding +/Differences [ 0 /uni2100/uni2101/uni2102/centigrade/uni2104/careof/uni2106/uni2107/uni2108/fahrenheit/uni210a/uni210b/uni210c/uni210d/uni210e/uni210f/uni2110/Ifraktur/uni2112/lsquare/uni2114/uni2115/numero/uni2117/weierstrass/uni2119/uni211a/uni211b/Rfraktur/uni211d/prescription/uni211f/uni2120/telephone/trademark/uni2123/uni2124/uni2125/Omega/uni2127/uni2128/uni2129/uni212a/angstrom/uni212c/uni212d/estimated/uni212f/uni2130/uni2131/uni2132/uni2133/uni2134/aleph/uni2136/uni2137/uni2138/uni2139/uni213a/uni213b/uni213c/uni213d/uni213e/uni213f/uni2140/uni2141/uni2142/uni2143/uni2144/uni2145/uni2146/uni2147/uni2148/uni2149/uni214a/uni214b/uni214c/uni214d/uni214e/uni214f/uni2150/uni2151/uni2152/onethird/twothirds/uni2155/uni2156/uni2157/uni2158/uni2159/uni215a/oneeighth/threeeighths/fiveeighths/seveneighths/uni215f/Oneroman/Tworoman/Threeroman/Fourroman/Fiveroman/Sixroman/Sevenroman/Eightroman/Nineroman/Tenroman/Elevenroman/Twelveroman/uni216c/uni216d/uni216e/uni216f/oneroman/tworoman/threeroman/fourroman/fiveroman/sixroman/sevenroman/eightroman/nineroman/tenroman/elevenroman/twelveroman/uni217c/uni217d/uni217e/uni217f/uni2180/uni2181/uni2182/uni2183/uni2184/uni2185/uni2186/uni2187/uni2188/uni2189/uni218a/uni218b/uni218c/uni218d/uni218e/uni218f/arrowleft/arrowup/arrowright/arrowdown/arrowboth/arrowupdn/arrowupleft/arrowupright/arrowdownright/arrowdownleft/uni219a/uni219b/uni219c/uni219d/uni219e/uni219f/uni21a0/uni21a1/uni21a2/uni21a3/uni21a4/uni21a5/uni21a6/uni21a7/arrowupdownbase/uni21a9/uni21aa/uni21ab/uni21ac/uni21ad/uni21ae/uni21af/uni21b0/uni21b1/uni21b2/uni21b3/uni21b4/carriagereturn/uni21b6/uni21b7/uni21b8/uni21b9/uni21ba/uni21bb/harpoonleftbarbup/uni21bd/uni21be/uni21bf/harpoonrightbarbup/uni21c1/uni21c2/uni21c3/arrowrightoverleft/arrowupleftofdown/arrowleftoverright/uni21c7/uni21c8/uni21c9/uni21ca/uni21cb/uni21cc/arrowleftdblstroke/uni21ce/arrowrightdblstroke/arrowleftdbl/arrowdblup/dblarrowright/arrowdbldown/dblarrowleft/uni21d5/uni21d6/uni21d7/uni21d8/uni21d9/uni21da/uni21db/uni21dc/uni21dd/pageup/pagedown/arrowdashleft/arrowdashup/arrowdashright/arrowdashdown/arrowtableft/arrowtabright/arrowleftwhite/arrowupwhite/arrowrightwhite/arrowdownwhite/capslock/uni21eb/uni21ec/uni21ed/uni21ee/uni21ef/uni21f0/uni21f1/uni21f2/uni21f3/uni21f4/uni21f5/uni21f6/uni21f7/uni21f8/uni21f9/uni21fa/uni21fb/uni21fc/uni21fd/uni21fe/uni21ff] +>> endobj +447 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type1 +/Encoding 547 0 R +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +>> endobj +548 0 obj << +/Type /Encoding +/Differences [ 0 /Amacron/amacron/Abreve/abreve/Aogonek/aogonek/Cacute/cacute/Ccircumflex/ccircumflex/Cdotaccent/cdotaccent/Ccaron/ccaron/Dcaron/dcaron/Dslash/dmacron/Emacron/emacron/Ebreve/ebreve/Edotaccent/edotaccent/Eogonek/eogonek/Ecaron/ecaron/Gcircumflex/gcircumflex/Gbreve/gbreve/Gdotaccent/gdotaccent/Gcommaaccent/gcommaaccent/Hcircumflex/hcircumflex/Hbar/hbar/Itilde/itilde/Imacron/imacron/Ibreve/ibreve/Iogonek/iogonek/Idotaccent/dotlessi/IJ/ij/Jcircumflex/jcircumflex/Kcommaaccent/kcommaaccent/kgreenlandic/Lacute/lacute/Lcommaaccent/lcommaaccent/Lcaron/lcaron/Ldotaccent/ldotaccent/Lslash/lslash/Nacute/nacute/Ncommaaccent/ncommaaccent/Ncaron/ncaron/quoterightn/Eng/eng/Omacron/omacron/Obreve/obreve/Ohungarumlaut/ohungarumlaut/OE/oe/Racute/racute/Rcommaaccent/rcommaaccent/Rcaron/rcaron/Sacute/sacute/Scircumflex/scircumflex/Scedilla/scedilla/Scaron/scaron/Tcommaaccent/tcommaaccent/Tcaron/tcaron/Tbar/tbar/Utilde/utilde/Umacron/umacron/Ubreve/ubreve/Uring/uring/Uhungarumlaut/uhungarumlaut/Uogonek/uogonek/Wcircumflex/wcircumflex/Ycircumflex/ycircumflex/Ydieresis/Zacute/zacute/Zdotaccent/zdotaccent/Zcaron/zcaron/slong/bstroke/Bhook/Btopbar/btopbar/Tonesix/tonesix/Oopen/Chook/chook/Dafrican/Dhook/Dtopbar/dtopbar/deltaturned/Ereversed/Schwa/Eopen/Fhook/florin/Ghook/Gammaafrican/hv/Iotaafrican/Istroke/Khook/khook/lbar/lambdastroke/Mturned/Nhookleft/nlegrightlong/Ocenteredtilde/Ohorn/ohorn/Oi/oi/Phook/phook/yr/Tonetwo/tonetwo/Esh/eshreversedloop/tpalatalhook/Thook/thook/Tretroflexhook/Uhorn/uhorn/Upsilonafrican/Vhook/Yhook/yhook/Zstroke/zstroke/Ezh/Ezhreversed/ezhreversed/ezhtail/twostroke/Tonefive/tonefive/glottalinvertedstroke/wynn/clickdental/clicklateral/clickalveolar/clickretroflex/DZcaron/Dzcaron/dzcaron/LJ/Lj/lj/NJ/Nj/nj/Acaron/acaron/Icaron/icaron/Ocaron/ocaron/Ucaron/ucaron/Udieresismacron/udieresismacron/Udieresisacute/udieresisacute/Udieresiscaron/udieresiscaron/Udieresisgrave/udieresisgrave/eturned/Adieresismacron/adieresismacron/Adotmacron/adotmacron/AEmacron/aemacron/Gstroke/gstroke/Gcaron/gcaron/Kcaron/kcaron/Oogonek/oogonek/Oogonekmacron/oogonekmacron/Ezhcaron/ezhcaron/jcaron/DZ/Dz/dz/Gacute/gacute/uni01f6/uni01f7/uni01f8/uni01f9/Aringacute/aringacute/AEacute/aeacute/Ostrokeacute/ostrokeacute] +>> endobj +339 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type1 +/Encoding 548 0 R +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +>> endobj +85 0 obj << +/Length1 6172 +/Length 6172 +>> +stream + + + +
# + +A + +#&# $4&E- #eK +&;( 5J,&O7' ;U)6$ +H (J>l ! ++'" +>; "% + + + +endobj +86 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 84 +/LastChar 135 +/Widths 549 0 R +/BaseFont /GenI101U02 +/FontDescriptor 84 0 R +>> endobj +84 0 obj << +/Ascent 844 +/CapHeight 0 +/Descent -262 +/FontName /GenI101U02 +/ItalicAngle 7 +/StemV 0 +/XHeight 457 +/FontBBox [-520 -286 1135 1039] +/Flags 4 +/FontFile2 85 0 R +>> endobj +549 0 obj +[403 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 319 ] +endobj +550 0 obj << +/Type /Encoding +/Differences [ 0 /uni2000/uni2001/enspace/uni2003/uni2004/uni2005/uni2006/uni2007/uni2008/uni2009/uni200a/zerowidthspace/zerowidthnonjoiner/afii301/afii299/afii300/hyphentwo/uni2011/figuredash/endash/emdash/horizontalbar/dblverticalbar/underscoredbl/quoteleft/quoteright/quotesinglbase/quotereversed/quotedblleft/quotedblright/quotedblbase/uni201f/dagger/daggerdbl/bullet/uni2023/onedotenleader/twodotleader/ellipsis/uni2027/uni2028/uni2029/uni202a/uni202b/afii61573/afii61574/afii61575/uni202f/perthousand/uni2031/minute/second/uni2034/primereversed/uni2036/uni2037/uni2038/guilsinglleft/guilsinglright/referencemark/exclamdbl/uni203d/overline/uni203f/uni2040/uni2041/asterism/uni2043/fraction/uni2045/uni2046/uni2047/uni2048/uni2049/uni204a/uni204b/uni204c/uni204d/uni204e/uni204f/uni2050/uni2051/uni2052/uni2053/uni2054/uni2055/uni2056/uni2057/uni2058/uni2059/uni205a/uni205b/uni205c/uni205d/uni205e/uni205f/uni2060/uni2061/uni2062/uni2063/uni2064/uni2065/uni2066/uni2067/uni2068/uni2069/uni206a/uni206b/uni206c/uni206d/uni206e/uni206f/zerosuperior/uni2071/uni2072/uni2073/foursuperior/fivesuperior/sixsuperior/sevensuperior/eightsuperior/ninesuperior/plussuperior/uni207b/equalsuperior/parenleftsuperior/parenrightsuperior/nsuperior/zeroinferior/oneinferior/twoinferior/threeinferior/fourinferior/fiveinferior/sixinferior/seveninferior/eightinferior/nineinferior/uni208a/uni208b/uni208c/parenleftinferior/parenrightinferior/uni208f/uni2090/uni2091/uni2092/uni2093/uni2094/uni2095/uni2096/uni2097/uni2098/uni2099/uni209a/uni209b/uni209c/uni209d/uni209e/uni209f/uni20a0/colonsign/cruzeiro/franc/lira/uni20a5/uni20a6/peseta/uni20a8/won/sheqelhebrew/dong/euro/uni20ad/uni20ae/uni20af/uni20b0/uni20b1/uni20b2/uni20b3/uni20b4/uni20b5/uni20b6/uni20b7/uni20b8/uni20b9/uni20ba/uni20bb/uni20bc/uni20bd/uni20be/uni20bf/uni20c0/uni20c1/uni20c2/uni20c3/uni20c4/uni20c5/uni20c6/uni20c7/uni20c8/uni20c9/uni20ca/uni20cb/uni20cc/uni20cd/uni20ce/uni20cf/uni20d0/uni20d1/uni20d2/uni20d3/uni20d4/uni20d5/uni20d6/uni20d7/uni20d8/uni20d9/uni20da/uni20db/uni20dc/uni20dd/uni20de/uni20df/uni20e0/uni20e1/uni20e2/uni20e3/uni20e4/uni20e5/uni20e6/uni20e7/uni20e8/uni20e9/uni20ea/uni20eb/uni20ec/uni20ed/uni20ee/uni20ef/uni20f0/uni20f1/uni20f2/uni20f3/uni20f4/uni20f5/uni20f6/uni20f7/uni20f8/uni20f9/uni20fa/uni20fb/uni20fc/uni20fd/uni20fe/uni20ff] +>> endobj +60 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type1 +/Encoding 550 0 R +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +>> endobj +551 0 obj << +/Type /Encoding +/Differences [ 0 /uni0000/controlSTX/controlSOT/controlETX/controlEOT/controlENQ/controlACK/controlBEL/controlBS/controlHT/controlLF/controlVT/controlFF/controlCR/controlSO/controlSI/controlDLE/controlDC1/controlDC2/controlDC3/controlDC4/controlNAK/controlSYN/controlETB/controlCAN/controlEM/controlSUB/controlESC/controlFS/controlGS/controlRS/controlUS/spacehackarabic/exclam/quotedbl/numbersign/dollar/percent/ampersand/quotesingle/parenleft/parenright/asterisk/plus/comma/hyphen/period/slash/zero/one/two/three/four/five/six/seven/eight/nine/colon/semicolon/less/equal/greater/question/at/A/B/C/D/E/F/G/H/I/J/K/L/M/N/O/P/Q/R/S/T/U/V/W/X/Y/Z/bracketleft/backslash/bracketright/asciicircum/underscore/grave/a/b/c/d/e/f/g/h/i/j/k/l/m/n/o/p/q/r/s/t/u/v/w/x/y/z/braceleft/verticalbar/braceright/asciitilde/controlDEL/uni0080/uni0081/uni0082/uni0083/uni0084/uni0085/uni0086/uni0087/uni0088/uni0089/uni008a/uni008b/uni008c/uni008d/uni008e/uni008f/uni0090/uni0091/uni0092/uni0093/uni0094/uni0095/uni0096/uni0097/uni0098/uni0099/uni009a/uni009b/uni009c/uni009d/uni009e/uni009f/nonbreakingspace/exclamdown/cent/sterling/currency/yen/brokenbar/section/dieresis/copyright/ordfeminine/guillemotleft/logicalnot/softhyphen/registered/overscore/degree/plusminus/twosuperior/threesuperior/acute/mu1/paragraph/periodcentered/cedilla/onesuperior/ordmasculine/guillemotright/onequarter/onehalf/threequarters/questiondown/Agrave/Aacute/Acircumflex/Atilde/Adieresis/Aring/AE/Ccedilla/Egrave/Eacute/Ecircumflex/Edieresis/Igrave/Iacute/Icircumflex/Idieresis/Eth/Ntilde/Ograve/Oacute/Ocircumflex/Otilde/Odieresis/multiply/Oslash/Ugrave/Uacute/Ucircumflex/Udieresis/Yacute/Thorn/germandbls/agrave/aacute/acircumflex/atilde/adieresis/aring/ae/ccedilla/egrave/eacute/ecircumflex/edieresis/igrave/iacute/icircumflex/idieresis/eth/ntilde/ograve/oacute/ocircumflex/otilde/odieresis/divide/oslash/ugrave/uacute/ucircumflex/udieresis/yacute/thorn/ydieresis] +>> endobj +55 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type1 +/Encoding 551 0 R +/BaseFont /Times-Italic +>> endobj +28 0 obj << +/Length1 7748 +/Length 7748 +>> +stream + +headژo{ + + + +и +/ + +Cvld3^Wg8Yl3*N& 1!%+ $L?(9՜džC 6*
CR-R + + + + + + + + + + + + +;5\Q-B*4R:;kXA)";+$1 +'2\F*sg*$ +- + .AG< )LnE ;DS8
CeYW3Mj? 9R47<;BeL4!X(Hf>254)"
Kk@6.IY0ByjCtb$
$=QZ] +и +/ + + /e + + +by +{ +b + + + + +endobj +29 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 3 +/LastChar 134 +/Widths 552 0 R +/BaseFont /GenR101U01 +/FontDescriptor 27 0 R +>> endobj +27 0 obj << +/Ascent 858 +/CapHeight 715 +/Descent -275 +/FontName /GenR101U01 +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 0 +/XHeight 454 +/FontBBox [-519 -297 1297 1059] +/Flags 4 +/FontFile2 28 0 R +>> endobj +552 0 obj +[458 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 461 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 386 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 536 ] +endobj +25 0 obj << +/Length1 7724 +/Length 7724 +>> +stream + +headژo{ +и +/ + + +1Pgi`!@vZ6"02$F?61ZC&,MKM,8vc? ;Si|E025! dNT;A<l]P}V->!9N-rX4 )/ + *3 -g{{8L/:ph9{pU2$ + +/ + +(
'F[4sk-6 ( &'~+4 ( + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ++kmf'+P=%=O+ =L, BkN3uoK " + " X|'. ( ) #CiI'6S8+ +и +bQ4 ) #jN -$7%;`F BhE <O/(3 +by +{ +b + + + + + +endobj +26 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /TrueType +/FirstChar 84 +/LastChar 158 +/Widths 553 0 R +/BaseFont /GenR101U02 +/FontDescriptor 24 0 R +>> endobj +24 0 obj << +/Ascent 858 +/CapHeight 0 +/Descent -275 +/FontName /GenR101U02 +/ItalicAngle 0 +/StemV 0 +/XHeight 454 +/FontBBox [-519 -297 1297 1059] +/Flags 4 +/FontFile2 25 0 R +>> endobj +553 0 obj +[451 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 529 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 546 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 344 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 500 ] +endobj +6 0 obj << +/Type /Font +/Subtype /Type1 +/Encoding 551 0 R +/BaseFont /Times-Roman +>> endobj +10 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [2 0 R 13 0 R 16 0 R 19 0 R 22 0 R 31 0 R] +>> endobj +49 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [46 0 R 51 0 R 57 0 R 62 0 R 66 0 R 70 0 R] +>> endobj +76 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [73 0 R 78 0 R 82 0 R 88 0 R 92 0 R 96 0 R] +>> endobj +102 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [99 0 R 108 0 R 112 0 R 116 0 R 127 0 R 131 0 R] +>> endobj +137 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [134 0 R 139 0 R 147 0 R 150 0 R 154 0 R 157 0 R] +>> endobj +164 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 554 0 R +/Kids [161 0 R 166 0 R 169 0 R 173 0 R 177 0 R 184 0 R] +>> endobj +191 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [188 0 R 193 0 R 196 0 R 208 0 R 211 0 R 215 0 R] +>> endobj +221 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [219 0 R 223 0 R 231 0 R 235 0 R 239 0 R 242 0 R] +>> endobj +249 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [246 0 R 255 0 R 262 0 R 266 0 R 274 0 R 277 0 R] +>> endobj +284 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [281 0 R 286 0 R 297 0 R 301 0 R 308 0 R 312 0 R] +>> endobj +318 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [316 0 R 320 0 R 328 0 R 332 0 R 335 0 R 345 0 R] +>> endobj +355 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 555 0 R +/Kids [353 0 R 361 0 R 365 0 R 377 0 R 380 0 R 388 0 R] +>> endobj +394 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 556 0 R +/Kids [392 0 R 396 0 R 400 0 R 403 0 R 407 0 R 411 0 R] +>> endobj +417 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 556 0 R +/Kids [414 0 R 419 0 R 422 0 R 426 0 R 433 0 R 436 0 R] +>> endobj +448 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 556 0 R +/Kids [443 0 R 454 0 R 463 0 R 472 0 R 478 0 R 488 0 R] +>> endobj +503 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 6 +/Parent 556 0 R +/Kids [495 0 R 508 0 R 514 0 R 521 0 R 525 0 R 533 0 R] +>> endobj +543 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 2 +/Parent 556 0 R +/Kids [537 0 R 545 0 R] +>> endobj +554 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 36 +/Parent 557 0 R +/Kids [10 0 R 49 0 R 76 0 R 102 0 R 137 0 R 164 0 R] +>> endobj +555 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 36 +/Parent 557 0 R +/Kids [191 0 R 221 0 R 249 0 R 284 0 R 318 0 R 355 0 R] +>> endobj +556 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 26 +/Parent 557 0 R +/Kids [394 0 R 417 0 R 448 0 R 503 0 R 543 0 R] +>> endobj +557 0 obj << +/Type /Pages +/Count 98 +/Kids [554 0 R 555 0 R 556 0 R] +>> endobj +558 0 obj << +/Type /Outlines +/First 35 0 R +/Last 451 0 R +/Count 5 +>> endobj +451 0 obj << +/Title 452 0 R +/A 449 0 R +/Parent 558 0 R +/Prev 440 0 R +>> endobj +440 0 obj << +/Title 441 0 R +/A 438 0 R +/Parent 558 0 R +/Prev 430 0 R +/Next 451 0 R +>> endobj +430 0 obj << +/Title 431 0 R +/A 428 0 R +/Parent 558 0 R +/Prev 385 0 R +/Next 440 0 R +>> endobj +385 0 obj << +/Title 386 0 R +/A 383 0 R +/Parent 558 0 R +/Prev 35 0 R +/Next 430 0 R +>> endobj +374 0 obj << +/Title 375 0 R +/A 372 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 370 0 R +>> endobj +370 0 obj << +/Title 371 0 R +/A 368 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 358 0 R +/Next 374 0 R +>> endobj +358 0 obj << +/Title 359 0 R +/A 356 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 350 0 R +/Next 370 0 R +>> endobj +350 0 obj << +/Title 351 0 R +/A 348 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 342 0 R +/Next 358 0 R +>> endobj +342 0 obj << +/Title 343 0 R +/A 340 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 325 0 R +/Next 350 0 R +>> endobj +325 0 obj << +/Title 326 0 R +/A 323 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 305 0 R +/Next 342 0 R +>> endobj +305 0 obj << +/Title 306 0 R +/A 303 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Prev 294 0 R +/Next 325 0 R +>> endobj +294 0 obj << +/Title 295 0 R +/A 292 0 R +/Parent 290 0 R +/Next 305 0 R +>> endobj +290 0 obj << +/Title 291 0 R +/A 288 0 R +/Parent 35 0 R +/Prev 271 0 R +/First 294 0 R +/Last 374 0 R +/Count -8 +>> endobj +271 0 obj << +/Title 272 0 R +/A 269 0 R +/Parent 35 0 R +/Prev 259 0 R +/Next 290 0 R +>> endobj +259 0 obj << +/Title 260 0 R +/A 257 0 R +/Parent 35 0 R +/Prev 39 0 R +/Next 271 0 R +>> endobj +252 0 obj << +/Title 253 0 R +/A 250 0 R +/Parent 120 0 R +/Prev 201 0 R +>> endobj +228 0 obj << +/Title 229 0 R +/A 226 0 R +/Parent 201 0 R +/Prev 205 0 R +>> endobj +205 0 obj << +/Title 206 0 R +/A 203 0 R +/Parent 201 0 R +/Next 228 0 R +>> endobj +201 0 obj << +/Title 202 0 R +/A 199 0 R +/Parent 120 0 R +/Prev 181 0 R +/Next 252 0 R +/First 205 0 R +/Last 228 0 R +/Count -2 +>> endobj +181 0 obj << +/Title 182 0 R +/A 179 0 R +/Parent 120 0 R +/Prev 144 0 R +/Next 201 0 R +>> endobj +144 0 obj << +/Title 145 0 R +/A 142 0 R +/Parent 120 0 R +/Prev 124 0 R +/Next 181 0 R +>> endobj +124 0 obj << +/Title 125 0 R +/A 122 0 R +/Parent 120 0 R +/Next 144 0 R +>> endobj +120 0 obj << +/Title 121 0 R +/A 118 0 R +/Parent 39 0 R +/Prev 105 0 R +/First 124 0 R +/Last 252 0 R +/Count -5 +>> endobj +105 0 obj << +/Title 106 0 R +/A 103 0 R +/Parent 39 0 R +/Prev 43 0 R +/Next 120 0 R +>> endobj +43 0 obj << +/Title 44 0 R +/A 41 0 R +/Parent 39 0 R +/Next 105 0 R +>> endobj +39 0 obj << +/Title 40 0 R +/A 37 0 R +/Parent 35 0 R +/Next 259 0 R +/First 43 0 R +/Last 120 0 R +/Count -3 +>> endobj +35 0 obj << +/Title 36 0 R +/A 33 0 R +/Parent 558 0 R +/Next 385 0 R +/First 39 0 R +/Last 290 0 R +/Count -4 +>> endobj +559 0 obj << +/Names [(Pg157) 48 0 R (Pg158) 53 0 R (Pg159) 64 0 R (Pg160) 68 0 R (Pg161) 75 0 R (Pg162) 80 0 R (Pg163) 90 0 R (Pg164) 94 0 R (Pg165) 101 0 R (Pg166) 110 0 R (Pg167) 114 0 R (Pg168) 129 0 R (Pg169) 136 0 R (Pg170) 141 0 R (Pg171) 152 0 R (Pg172) 159 0 R (Pg173) 163 0 R (Pg174) 171 0 R (Pg175) 175 0 R (Pg176) 186 0 R (Pg177) 190 0 R (Pg178) 198 0 R (Pg179) 213 0 R (Pg180) 217 0 R (Pg181) 225 0 R (Pg182) 233 0 R (Pg183) 237 0 R (Pg184) 244 0 R (Pg185) 248 0 R (Pg186) 264 0 R (Pg187) 268 0 R (Pg188) 279 0 R (Pg189) 283 0 R (Pg190) 299 0 R (Pg191) 310 0 R (Pg192) 314 0 R (Pg193) 322 0 R (Pg194) 330 0 R (Pg195) 337 0 R (Pg196) 347 0 R (Pg197) 363 0 R (Pg198) 367 0 R (Pg199) 382 0 R (Pg200) 390 0 R (Pg201) 398 0 R (Pg202) 405 0 R (Pg203) 409 0 R (Pg204) 416 0 R (index1) 34 0 R (index10) 204 0 R (index11) 227 0 R (index12) 251 0 R (index13) 258 0 R (index14) 270 0 R (index15) 289 0 R (index16) 293 0 R (index17) 304 0 R (index18) 324 0 R (index19) 341 0 R (index2) 38 0 R (index20) 349 0 R (index21) 357 0 R (index22) 369 0 R (index23) 373 0 R (index24) 384 0 R (index25) 429 0 R (index26) 439 0 R (index27) 450 0 R (index3) 42 0 R (index4) 104 0 R (index5) 119 0 R (index6) 123 0 R (index7) 143 0 R (index8) 180 0 R (index9) 200 0 R (pgfooter) 424 0 R (pgheader) 4 0 R (pglicense) 11 0 R (pglicense1) 458 0 R (pglicense1A) 459 0 R (pglicense1B) 465 0 R (pglicense1C) 468 0 R (pglicense1D) 469 0 R (pglicense1E) 470 0 R (pglicense1E1) 474 0 R (pglicense1E2) 476 0 R (pglicense1E3) 482 0 R (pglicense1E4) 484 0 R (pglicense1E5) 485 0 R (pglicense1E6) 490 0 R (pglicense1E7) 492 0 R (pglicense1E8) 461 0 R (pglicense1E9) 500 0 R (pglicense1F) 502 0 R (pglicense1F1) 510 0 R (pglicense1F2) 511 0 R (pglicense1F3) 505 0 R (pglicense1F4) 516 0 R (pglicense1F5) 518 0 R (pglicense1F6) 519 0 R (pglicense2) 523 0 R (pglicense3) 506 0 R (pglicense4) 504 0 R (pglicense5) 541 0 R] +/Limits [(Pg157) (pglicense5)] +>> endobj +560 0 obj << +/Kids [559 0 R] +>> endobj +561 0 obj << +/Dests 560 0 R +>> endobj +562 0 obj << +/Type /Catalog +/Pages 557 0 R +/Outlines 558 0 R +/Names 561 0 R +/PTEX.Fullbanner (This is pdfTeX, Version 3.14159-1.10b) +>> endobj +563 0 obj << +/Producer (pdfTeX-1.10b) + /Author (W. J. McGee) /Title (The Siouan Indians) +/Creator (TeX) +/CreationDate (D:20061024113700) +>> endobj +xref +0 564 +0000000005 65535 f +0000002163 00000 n +0000001368 00000 n +0000000009 00000 n +0000002106 00000 n +0000000054 00000 f +0000469180 00000 n +0000001511 00000 n +0000001679 00000 n +0000001892 00000 n +0000469270 00000 n +0000379932 00000 n +0000002531 00000 n +0000002415 00000 n +0000002231 00000 n +0000003527 00000 n +0000003411 00000 n +0000002571 00000 n +0000003896 00000 n +0000003780 00000 n +0000003596 00000 n +0000010337 00000 n +0000010221 00000 n +0000003936 00000 n +0000468821 00000 n +0000460883 00000 n +0000468679 00000 n +0000460410 00000 n +0000452449 00000 n +0000460269 00000 n +0000010730 00000 n +0000010614 00000 n +0000010430 00000 n +0000010770 00000 n +0000012864 00000 n +0000474104 00000 n +0000010813 00000 n +0000010848 00000 n +0000012923 00000 n +0000473991 00000 n +0000010891 00000 n +0000010920 00000 n +0000012982 00000 n +0000473916 00000 n +0000010963 00000 n +0000013041 00000 n +0000012689 00000 n +0000011001 00000 n +0000012805 00000 n +0000469379 00000 n +0000018390 00000 n +0000018214 00000 n +0000013110 00000 n +0000018330 00000 n +0000000059 00000 f +0000452357 00000 n +0000023691 00000 n +0000023575 00000 n +0000018471 00000 n +0000000338 00000 f +0000450299 00000 n +0000028761 00000 n +0000028585 00000 n +0000023772 00000 n +0000028701 00000 n +0000034210 00000 n +0000034034 00000 n +0000028842 00000 n +0000034150 00000 n +0000039093 00000 n +0000038977 00000 n +0000034279 00000 n +0000043579 00000 n +0000043404 00000 n +0000039186 00000 n +0000043520 00000 n +0000469489 00000 n +0000048246 00000 n +0000048071 00000 n +0000043660 00000 n +0000048187 00000 n +0000052906 00000 n +0000052790 00000 n +0000048339 00000 n +0000447628 00000 n +0000441242 00000 n +0000447486 00000 n +0000056616 00000 n +0000056440 00000 n +0000053035 00000 n +0000056556 00000 n +0000061751 00000 n +0000061576 00000 n +0000056697 00000 n +0000061692 00000 n +0000065748 00000 n +0000065632 00000 n +0000061844 00000 n +0000069301 00000 n +0000069123 00000 n +0000065829 00000 n +0000069241 00000 n +0000469599 00000 n +0000069394 00000 n +0000079214 00000 n +0000473825 00000 n +0000069438 00000 n +0000074249 00000 n +0000074067 00000 n +0000069477 00000 n +0000074187 00000 n +0000079336 00000 n +0000079094 00000 n +0000074319 00000 n +0000079275 00000 n +0000084859 00000 n +0000084739 00000 n +0000079418 00000 n +0000084953 00000 n +0000089295 00000 n +0000473708 00000 n +0000084997 00000 n +0000085037 00000 n +0000089356 00000 n +0000473629 00000 n +0000085081 00000 n +0000089417 00000 n +0000089115 00000 n +0000085126 00000 n +0000089235 00000 n +0000094168 00000 n +0000094048 00000 n +0000089499 00000 n +0000099531 00000 n +0000099350 00000 n +0000094238 00000 n +0000099470 00000 n +0000469715 00000 n +0000104418 00000 n +0000104236 00000 n +0000099613 00000 n +0000104356 00000 n +0000104488 00000 n +0000109642 00000 n +0000473536 00000 n +0000104532 00000 n +0000109702 00000 n +0000109522 00000 n +0000104580 00000 n +0000115164 00000 n +0000114982 00000 n +0000109784 00000 n +0000115102 00000 n +0000120713 00000 n +0000120593 00000 n +0000115234 00000 n +0000125945 00000 n +0000125764 00000 n +0000120795 00000 n +0000125884 00000 n +0000131112 00000 n +0000130930 00000 n +0000126015 00000 n +0000131050 00000 n +0000469832 00000 n +0000136429 00000 n +0000136309 00000 n +0000131194 00000 n +0000143322 00000 n +0000143140 00000 n +0000136499 00000 n +0000143260 00000 n +0000148598 00000 n +0000148416 00000 n +0000143416 00000 n +0000148536 00000 n +0000153582 00000 n +0000153462 00000 n +0000148668 00000 n +0000153664 00000 n +0000163898 00000 n +0000473443 00000 n +0000153708 00000 n +0000158834 00000 n +0000158652 00000 n +0000153740 00000 n +0000158772 00000 n +0000164021 00000 n +0000163778 00000 n +0000158904 00000 n +0000163959 00000 n +0000469949 00000 n +0000168924 00000 n +0000168804 00000 n +0000164103 00000 n +0000174131 00000 n +0000173949 00000 n +0000168994 00000 n +0000174069 00000 n +0000174213 00000 n +0000178145 00000 n +0000473311 00000 n +0000174257 00000 n +0000174284 00000 n +0000178206 00000 n +0000473232 00000 n +0000174329 00000 n +0000178266 00000 n +0000178025 00000 n +0000174377 00000 n +0000183227 00000 n +0000183047 00000 n +0000178336 00000 n +0000183167 00000 n +0000188339 00000 n +0000188158 00000 n +0000183297 00000 n +0000188278 00000 n +0000193257 00000 n +0000193137 00000 n +0000188421 00000 n +0000470066 00000 n +0000198326 00000 n +0000198144 00000 n +0000193327 00000 n +0000198264 00000 n +0000198408 00000 n +0000203096 00000 n +0000473153 00000 n +0000198453 00000 n +0000203156 00000 n +0000202915 00000 n +0000198493 00000 n +0000203035 00000 n +0000209641 00000 n +0000209460 00000 n +0000203226 00000 n +0000209580 00000 n +0000215114 00000 n +0000214994 00000 n +0000209735 00000 n +0000220434 00000 n +0000220253 00000 n +0000215196 00000 n +0000220373 00000 n +0000225533 00000 n +0000225352 00000 n +0000220516 00000 n +0000225472 00000 n +0000470183 00000 n +0000225615 00000 n +0000230024 00000 n +0000473074 00000 n +0000225660 00000 n +0000230085 00000 n +0000229904 00000 n +0000225690 00000 n +0000230155 00000 n +0000234400 00000 n +0000472983 00000 n +0000230200 00000 n +0000234461 00000 n +0000234219 00000 n +0000230227 00000 n +0000234339 00000 n +0000239632 00000 n +0000239452 00000 n +0000234531 00000 n +0000239572 00000 n +0000239702 00000 n +0000243940 00000 n +0000472891 00000 n +0000239747 00000 n +0000244001 00000 n +0000243820 00000 n +0000239779 00000 n +0000249444 00000 n +0000249263 00000 n +0000244083 00000 n +0000249383 00000 n +0000254561 00000 n +0000254381 00000 n +0000249526 00000 n +0000254501 00000 n +0000470300 00000 n +0000259397 00000 n +0000259277 00000 n +0000254643 00000 n +0000259467 00000 n +0000263519 00000 n +0000472774 00000 n +0000259512 00000 n +0000259539 00000 n +0000263579 00000 n +0000472695 00000 n +0000259584 00000 n +0000263701 00000 n +0000263399 00000 n +0000259620 00000 n +0000263640 00000 n +0000268466 00000 n +0000268346 00000 n +0000263771 00000 n +0000268536 00000 n +0000272928 00000 n +0000472602 00000 n +0000268581 00000 n +0000272989 00000 n +0000272746 00000 n +0000268607 00000 n +0000272866 00000 n +0000277887 00000 n +0000277705 00000 n +0000273059 00000 n +0000277825 00000 n +0000282774 00000 n +0000282654 00000 n +0000277957 00000 n +0000470417 00000 n +0000287789 00000 n +0000287608 00000 n +0000282844 00000 n +0000287728 00000 n +0000287859 00000 n +0000292787 00000 n +0000472509 00000 n +0000287904 00000 n +0000292847 00000 n +0000292605 00000 n +0000287932 00000 n +0000292725 00000 n +0000297705 00000 n +0000297585 00000 n +0000292941 00000 n +0000302918 00000 n +0000302736 00000 n +0000297775 00000 n +0000302856 00000 n +0000000446 00000 f +0000441150 00000 n +0000303025 00000 n +0000307639 00000 n +0000472416 00000 n +0000303070 00000 n +0000307762 00000 n +0000307519 00000 n +0000303099 00000 n +0000307700 00000 n +0000307844 00000 n +0000312240 00000 n +0000472323 00000 n +0000307889 00000 n +0000312301 00000 n +0000312120 00000 n +0000307915 00000 n +0000470534 00000 n +0000312371 00000 n +0000316938 00000 n +0000472230 00000 n +0000312416 00000 n +0000316999 00000 n +0000316756 00000 n +0000312443 00000 n +0000316876 00000 n +0000322037 00000 n +0000321855 00000 n +0000317069 00000 n +0000321975 00000 n +0000322119 00000 n +0000326280 00000 n +0000472137 00000 n +0000322164 00000 n +0000322215 00000 n +0000326340 00000 n +0000472058 00000 n +0000322260 00000 n +0000326401 00000 n +0000326160 00000 n +0000322297 00000 n +0000331363 00000 n +0000331182 00000 n +0000326495 00000 n +0000331302 00000 n +0000331433 00000 n +0000335161 00000 n +0000471966 00000 n +0000331478 00000 n +0000335283 00000 n +0000335041 00000 n +0000331531 00000 n +0000335222 00000 n +0000339672 00000 n +0000339552 00000 n +0000335365 00000 n +0000470651 00000 n +0000344827 00000 n +0000344645 00000 n +0000339742 00000 n +0000344765 00000 n +0000350064 00000 n +0000349944 00000 n +0000344897 00000 n +0000355136 00000 n +0000354954 00000 n +0000350146 00000 n +0000355074 00000 n +0000360372 00000 n +0000360190 00000 n +0000355218 00000 n +0000360310 00000 n +0000365457 00000 n +0000365337 00000 n +0000360454 00000 n +0000370277 00000 n +0000370095 00000 n +0000365539 00000 n +0000370215 00000 n +0000470768 00000 n +0000373590 00000 n +0000373470 00000 n +0000370347 00000 n +0000374241 00000 n +0000374060 00000 n +0000373660 00000 n +0000374180 00000 n +0000374616 00000 n +0000374496 00000 n +0000374311 00000 n +0000374657 00000 n +0000375731 00000 n +0000471873 00000 n +0000374702 00000 n +0000375792 00000 n +0000375611 00000 n +0000374729 00000 n +0000376167 00000 n +0000376047 00000 n +0000375862 00000 n +0000376208 00000 n +0000379871 00000 n +0000471780 00000 n +0000376253 00000 n +0000379992 00000 n +0000379503 00000 n +0000376302 00000 n +0000379643 00000 n +0000000000 00000 f +0000438776 00000 n +0000470885 00000 n +0000380099 00000 n +0000384304 00000 n +0000471701 00000 n +0000380144 00000 n +0000384487 00000 n +0000383588 00000 n +0000380198 00000 n +0000383744 00000 n +0000383915 00000 n +0000384365 00000 n +0000384426 00000 n +0000384132 00000 n +0000403667 00000 n +0000389814 00000 n +0000389140 00000 n +0000384594 00000 n +0000389632 00000 n +0000389288 00000 n +0000389461 00000 n +0000389693 00000 n +0000389754 00000 n +0000393750 00000 n +0000393931 00000 n +0000393402 00000 n +0000389909 00000 n +0000393811 00000 n +0000393542 00000 n +0000393872 00000 n +0000398917 00000 n +0000397880 00000 n +0000394026 00000 n +0000398044 00000 n +0000398218 00000 n +0000398734 00000 n +0000398391 00000 n +0000398795 00000 n +0000398856 00000 n +0000398562 00000 n +0000403728 00000 n +0000403049 00000 n +0000399012 00000 n +0000403545 00000 n +0000403197 00000 n +0000403606 00000 n +0000403371 00000 n +0000409148 00000 n +0000408177 00000 n +0000403823 00000 n +0000408341 00000 n +0000408513 00000 n +0000408684 00000 n +0000409027 00000 n +0000408855 00000 n +0000409088 00000 n +0000471002 00000 n +0000430703 00000 n +0000413474 00000 n +0000426373 00000 n +0000413534 00000 n +0000413039 00000 n +0000409243 00000 n +0000413352 00000 n +0000413413 00000 n +0000413179 00000 n +0000417829 00000 n +0000417334 00000 n +0000413629 00000 n +0000417647 00000 n +0000417474 00000 n +0000417708 00000 n +0000417769 00000 n +0000421942 00000 n +0000421761 00000 n +0000417911 00000 n +0000421881 00000 n +0000426434 00000 n +0000425222 00000 n +0000422037 00000 n +0000425394 00000 n +0000425566 00000 n +0000425738 00000 n +0000425942 00000 n +0000426168 00000 n +0000430764 00000 n +0000430336 00000 n +0000426504 00000 n +0000430476 00000 n +0000435056 00000 n +0000434181 00000 n +0000430847 00000 n +0000434337 00000 n +0000434563 00000 n +0000434995 00000 n +0000434790 00000 n +0000471119 00000 n +0000436286 00000 n +0000436166 00000 n +0000435151 00000 n +0000436369 00000 n +0000438868 00000 n +0000447807 00000 n +0000447935 00000 n +0000450390 00000 n +0000460591 00000 n +0000469000 00000 n +0000471204 00000 n +0000471319 00000 n +0000471437 00000 n +0000471547 00000 n +0000471625 00000 n +0000474218 00000 n +0000476152 00000 n +0000476191 00000 n +0000476229 00000 n +0000476372 00000 n +trailer +<< +/Size 564 +/Root 562 0 R +/Info 563 0 R +>> +startxref +476520 +%%EOF diff --git a/19628-pdf.zip b/19628-pdf.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..89f14fa --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-pdf.zip diff --git a/19628-tei.zip b/19628-tei.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a71d6c2 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-tei.zip diff --git a/19628-tei/19628-tei.tei b/19628-tei/19628-tei.tei new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df276b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628-tei/19628-tei.tei @@ -0,0 +1,3176 @@ +<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" ?> + +<!-- +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + +Title: The Siouan Indians + +Author: W. J. McGee + +Release Date: October, 2006 [Ebook #19628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: UTF-8 +--> + +<!DOCTYPE TEI.2 SYSTEM "http://www.gutenberg.org/tei/marcello/0.4/dtd/pgtei.dtd"> + +<TEI.2 lang="en"> +<teiHeader> + <fileDesc> + <titleStmt> + <title>The Siouan Indians</title> + <title type="sub">A Preliminary Sketch - Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 153-204</title> + <author>W. J. McGee</author> + </titleStmt> + <editionStmt> + <edition n="1">Edition 1</edition> + </editionStmt> + <publicationStmt> + <publisher>Project Gutenberg</publisher> + <date value="2006-10-23">October 23, 2006</date> + <idno type="etext-no">19628</idno> + <availability> + <p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and + with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it + away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg + License online at www.gutenberg.org/license</p> + </availability> + </publicationStmt> + <sourceDesc> + <bibl> + </bibl> + </sourceDesc> + </fileDesc> + <encodingDesc> + <classDecl> + <taxonomy id="lc"> + <bibl> + <title>Library of Congress Classification</title> + </bibl> + </taxonomy> + </classDecl> + </encodingDesc> + <profileDesc> + <langUsage> + <language id="en"></language> + </langUsage> + <textClass> + </textClass> + </profileDesc> + <revisionDesc> + <change> + <date value="2006-10-23">October 23, 2006</date> + <respStmt> + <name>PM for Bureau of American Ethnology,<lb /></name> + <name>Joshua Hutchinson and<lb /></name> + <name>The Online Distributed Proofreading Team<lb /></name> + <name>(This file was produced from images generously made available by the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at http://gallica.bnf.fr)</name> + </respStmt> + <item>Posted to Project Gutenberg</item> + </change> + </revisionDesc> +</teiHeader> + +<pgExtensions> + <pgStyleSheet> + figure { text-align: center; page-float: 'htbp' } + .floatleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em } + .floatright { float: right; margin-left: 2em } + .w90 { } + .w50 { } + .w20 { } + .w05 { } + @media pdf { + .w90 { width: 90% } + .w50 { width: 50% } + .w20 { width: 20% } + .w05 { width: 5% } + } + </pgStyleSheet> +</pgExtensions> + +<text lang="en"> + <front> + <div> + <divGen type="pgheader" /> + </div> + + <div> + <divGen type="encodingDesc" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <divGen type="titlepage" /> + </div> + + <div rend="page-break-before: right"> + <head>Contents</head> + <divGen type="toc" /> + </div> + +</front> + +<body> +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> +<pb n="157" /><anchor id="Pg157" /> +<head>THE SIOUAN INDIANS</head> + +<p>A PRELIMINARY SKETCH<note place="foot"><p>Prepared as a complement and introduction to the following paper oil "Siouan Sociology," by the +late James Owen Dorsey.</p></note></p> + +<p>BY W.J. McGEE</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>THE SIOUAN STOCK</head> +<p></p> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>DEFINITION</head> +<p></p> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>EXTENT OF THE STOCK</head> + +<p>Out of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America +above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the +tenth of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths +of the land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, +Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more +limited extent.</p> + +<p>The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the +continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake +Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the Saskatchewan, +while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the +Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters +and warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven +by battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, +though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in +one spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan +group, and none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in +wealth of literary and historical records; for since the advent of white +men the Siouan Indians have played striking rôles on the stage of +human development, and have caught the eye of every thoughtful +observer.</p> + +<p>The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and +cognate tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely +used. Originally it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or +contempt, applied to a part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling +Algonquian Indians. According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation +of those tribes which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota<pb n="158" /><anchor id="Pg158" /> +("Friendly," implying confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation +of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nadowessioux</hi>, a Canadian-French corruption of <hi rend="font-style: italic">Nadowe-ssi-wag</hi> +("the snake-like ones" or "enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian +<hi rend="font-style: italic">nadowe</hi> ("a snake"); and some writers have applied the designation to +different portions of the stock, while others have rejected it because of +the offensive implication or for other reasons. So long ago as 1836, +however, Gallatin employed the term "Sioux" to designate collectively +"the nations which speak the Sioux language,"<note place="foot"><p>"A synopsis of the Indian tribes ... in North America," Trans, and Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., +vol. II, p. 120.</p></note> and used an alternative +term to designate the subordinate confederacy—i.e., he used the +term in a systematic way for the first time to denote an ethnic unit +which experience has shown to be well defined. Gallatin's terminology +was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and has been followed +by most careful writers on the American Indians. Accordingly the +name must be regarded as established through priority and prescription, +and has been used in the original sense in various standard +publications.<note place="foot"><p>"Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico," Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of +Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. 111-118. Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1893-95 edition, vol. VII, p. 546, etc.</p></note></p> + +<p>In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the +term "Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of +the allied tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which +the stock is composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves +Dakota. Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, +but as explorers and pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of +the group, it was often compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," +"Yanktonnai-Sioux," "Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance +between white men and red increased, the stock name was gradually +displaced by tribe names until the colloquial appellation "Sioux" +became but a memory or tradition throughout much of the territory +formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of the reasons +for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its inappropriateness +as a designation for the confederacy occupying the plains of the upper +Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious designation for a people +bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. Moreover, colloquial +usage was gradually influenced by the usage of scholars, who accepted +the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by Gallatin) confederacy, +as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, Prichard, and +others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of use in +the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, to +designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either intern +or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied.</p> + +<p>The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains +tribes alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been +shown that certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered +by English colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the<pb n="159" /><anchor id="Pg159" /> +plains Indians in language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale +noted a resemblance between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this +resemblance was discussed orally and in correspondence with several +students of Indian languages, but the probability of direct connection +seemed so remote that the affinity was not generally accepted. Even +in 1880, after extended comparison with Dakota material (including +that collected by the newly instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this +distinguished investigator was able to detect only certain general similarities +between the Tutelo tongue and the dialects of the Dakota +tribes.<note place="foot"><p>Correspondence with the Bureau of Ethnology.</p></note> In 1881 Gatschet made a collection of linguistic material +among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and was struck with +the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of like meaning, +and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota +vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe´re, and Hotcañgara +(Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination +of all Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota +dialects, with which he was specially conversant. These examinations +and comparisons demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and +Catawba tongues and showed them to be of common descent; and the +establishment of this relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity +suggested by Hale between the Dakota and Tutelo.</p> + +<p>Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely +offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the +language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western +Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"<note place="foot"><p>"The Tutelo tribe and language," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. xxi, 3883, p. 1.</p></note> and consequently +that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward +from a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the +Atlantic. Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians +of the Gulf coast used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and +in 1891 Dorsey visited these Indians and procured a rich collection of +words, phrases, and myths, whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians +was established. Meantime Mooney began researches among the Cherokee +and cognate tribes of the southern Atlantic slope and found fresh +evidence that their ancient neighbors were related in tongue and belief +with the buffalo hunters of the plains; and he has recently set forth +the relations of the several Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full +detail.<note place="foot"><p>Siouan Tribes of the East; Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, 1894.</p></note> Through the addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan +stock is augmented in extent and range and enhanced in interest; for +the records of a group of cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully +as to afford historical perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, +the course of tribal differentiation.</p> + +<p>According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians +was especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying +the continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including<pb n="160" /><anchor id="Pg160" /> +the Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of +one or more tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, +social, and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize +several additional groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence +of intimate relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far +as made out through the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, +and tribes of the stock,<note place="foot"><p>The subdivisions are set forth, in the following treatise on "Siouan Sociology."</p></note> with their present condition, are as +follows:</p> + +<p rend="text-align: center">1. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Dakota-Asiniboin</hi></p> + +<p>Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot´-ce-ti ca-ko-wi<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("Seven council-fires") confederacy, +comprising—</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Santee, including Mde-wa-ka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´-ton-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("Spirit Lake village") +and Wa-qpe´-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), +mostly located in Knox county, Nebraska, on the former +Santee reservation, with some oa Fort Peck reservation, +Montana.</item> + +<item>Sisseton or Si-si´-to<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´ ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on +Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake +reservation, North Dakota.</item> + +<item>Wahpetou or Wa´-qpe´-to<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("Dwellers among deciduous +trees"), mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota.</item> + +<item>Yankton or I-hank´-to<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("End village"), in Yankton +village, South Dakota.</item> + +<item>Yanktonai or I-hank´-to<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-na ("Little End village"), +comprising— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> + <item>Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, + North Dakota, with the Pa´-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens + on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota.</item> + + <item>Lower Yanktonai, or Huñkpatina ("Campers at the + horn [or end of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow + Creek reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing + Bock reservation, North Dakota, and others on + Fort Peck reservation, Montana.</item></list> +</item> + +<item>Teton or Ti´-to<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> + <item>Brulé or Si-tca<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper + Brulé, mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, + and Lower Brulé, on Lower Brulé reservation, in the + same state, with some of both on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota, and others on Fort Peck + reservation, Montana.</item> + + <item>Sans Arcs or I-ta´-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on + Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota.</item> + + <item>Blackfeet or Si-ha´-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with some on + Standing Eock reservation, North Dakota.</item> + + <pb n="161" /><anchor id="Pg161" /> + + <item>Minneconjou or Mi´-ni-ko´-o-ju ("Plant beside the + stream"), mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South + Dakota, partly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, + with some on Standing Rock reservation, North + Dakota.</item> + + <item>Two Kettles or O-o´-he no<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´-pa ("Two boilings"), on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota.</item> + + <item>Ogalala or O-gla´-la ("She poured out her own"), + mostly on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with + some on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, + including the Wa-ja´-ja ("Fringed") gens on Pine + Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and Loafers or + Wa-glu´-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge + reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South + Dakota.</item> + + <item>Huñkpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota.</item></list> +</item> +</list> + +<p>Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called +Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the +Dakota; an offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during +recent years; partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly +in Canada; comprising in 1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)<note place="foot"><p>Travels in the Interior of North America; Translated by H. Evans Lloyd; London, 1843, p. 194. +In this and other lists of names taken from early writers the original orthography and interpretation +are preserved.</p></note>—</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Itscheabiné ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?).</item> + +<item>Jatonabinè ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently +the leading band.</item> + +<item>Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?).</item> + +<item>Otaopabinè ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?).</item> + +<item>Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people).</item> + +<item>Watópachnato ("Les gens de l'age"=Ancient people?).</item> + +<item>Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people).</item> + +<item>Chábin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people).</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">2. <hi rend="font-style: italic">¢egiha</hi> ("<hi rend="font-style: italic">People Dwelling here</hi>")<note place="foot"><p>"Defined in" The ¢egiha Language," by J. Owen Dorsey, Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VI, 1890, p. xv. Miss +Fletcher, who is intimately acquainted with the Omaha, questions whether the relations between the +tribes are so close as to warrant the maintenance of this division; yet as an expression of linguistic +affinity, at least, the division seems to be useful and desirable.</p></note></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Omaha or U-ma<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-ha<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> ("Upstream people"), located on +Omaha reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according +to James)<note place="foot"><p>Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819-1820. +... under the Command of Major S.H. Long, by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. ii, p. 47 et seq.</p></note>— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> + <item>Honga-sha-no tribe, including— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: decimal"> + <item>Wase-ish-ta band.</item> + + <item>Enk-ka-sa-ba band.</item> + + <pb n="162" /><anchor id="Pg162" /> + + <item>Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch + bears") band.</item> + + <item>Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") + band.</item> + + <item>Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band.</item> + + <item>Hun-guh band.</item> + + <item>Kon-za band.</item> + + <item>Ta-pa-taj-je band.</item></list> + </item> + + <item>Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: decimal"> + <item>Ta-pa-eta-je band.</item> + + <item>Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band.</item> + + <item>Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band.</item> + + <item>Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band.</item> + + <item>Wash-a-tung band.</item></list> + </item></list> +</item> + +<item>Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian +Territory, partly at Santee agency, Nebraska.</item> + +<item>Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-ʞa´-qpa ("Downstream people," a +correlative of U-ma<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´-ha<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>), the "Arkansa" of early writers, +mostly on Osage reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw +reservation, Indian Territory.</item> + +<item>(D) Osage or Wa-ca´-ce ("People"), comprising— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> + <item>Big Osage or Pa-he´-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), + on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.</item> + + <item>Little Osage or U-ʇsĕɥ´-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") + on Osage reservation, Indian Territory.</item> + + <item>San-ʇsu´-ʞ¢i<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi><note place="foot"><p>Corrupted to "Chancers" in early days; cf. James ibid., vol. III, p. 108.</p></note> ("Campers in the highland grove") or + "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian + Territory.</item></list> +</item> + +<item>Kansa or Ka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance +is unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, +Indian Territory.</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">3. <hi rend="font-style: italic">ʇɔiwe´re</hi> ("<hi rend="font-style: italic">People of this place</hi>")</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Iowa or Pá-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha +reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox +reservation, Indian Territory.</item> + +<item>Oto or Wa-to´-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, +Indian Territory.</item> + +<item>Missouri or Ni-u´-t'a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to +refer to drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption +of Ni-shu´-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri +river); on Otoe reservation, Indian Territory.</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">4. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Winnebago</hi></p> + +<p>Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water +people"?) or Ho-tcañ-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"),<pb n="163" /><anchor id="Pg163" /> +mostly on Winnebago reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, +and a few in Michigan; composition never definitely +ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to Schoolcraft<note place="foot"><p>Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United +States, part I, Philadelphia, 1853, p. 498.</p></note>) +twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.:</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> +<item>Little Mills' band.</item> +<item>Little Dekonie's band.</item> +<item>Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Ho-pee-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Waw-kon-haw-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Baptiste's band.</item> +<item>Wee-noo-shik's band.</item> +<item>Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Paw-sed-ech-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Taw-nu-nuk's band.</item> +<item>Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Watch-ha-ta-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Good Thunder's band.</item> +<item>Koog-ay-ray-kaw's band.</item> +<item>Black Hawk's band.</item> +<item>Little Thunder's band.</item> +<item>Naw-key-ku-kaw's band.</item> +<item>O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's band.</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">5. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Mandan</hi></p> + +<p>Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they +called themselves See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People +of the pheasants;"<note place="foot"><p>Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the North American Indians, 4th +edition; London, 1844, vol. I, p. 80.</p></note> Prince Maximilian says they called +themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually the name +of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, +"The Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from +the rest of their nation;<note place="foot"><p>Travels, op. cit., p. 335.</p></note> of the latter name their common +appellation seems to be a corruption); on Fort Berthold +reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1804 (according +to Lewis and Clark<note place="foot"><p>History of the Expedition, under the Command of Lewis and Clark, by Elliott Coues, 1893, vol. I, +pp. 182-4. The other two villages enumerated appear to belong rather to the Hidatsa. Prince Maximilian +found but two villages in 1833, Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush and Ruhptare, evidently corresponding +to the first two mentioned by the earlier explorers (op. cit., p. 335).</p></note>) three villages—</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> +<item>Matootonha.</item> +<item>Rooptahee.</item> +<item>__________(Eapanopa's village).</item> +</list> + +<pb n="164" /><anchor id="Pg164" /> + +<p rend="text-align: center">6. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Hidatsa</hi></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, +but appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected +with the division of the group, though supposed by +some to refer to "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross +the water," or, objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold +reservation, North Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according +to information gained by Matthews<note place="foot"><p>Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indiana; Miscel. Publ. No. 7, U.S. Geol. and Geog. +Survey, 1877, p. 38.</p></note>) three villages— + + <list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: lower-latin"> + <item>Hidatsa.</item> + + <item>Amatìlia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?).</item> + + <item>Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?).</item></list> +</item> + +<item>Crow or Ab-sa´-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana.</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">7. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Biloxi</hi></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks´ +Ha<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-ya-di´ ("Original people" in their own language); partly +in Rapides parish, Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with +the Choctaw and Caddo.</item> + +<item>Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct.</item> + +<item>?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">8. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Monakan</hi></p> + +<p>Monakan confederacy.</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct.</item> + +<item>Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct.</item> +</list> + +<p>Tutelo.</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Tutelo or Ye-sa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>´ (meaning unknown), probably extinct.</item> + +<item>Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According +to Mooney, the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected +or identical, and the names were used interchangeably, +the former becoming more prominent after the removal +of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas to New York.<note place="foot"><p>Siouan Tribes of the East, p. 37. Local names derived from the Saponi dialect were recognized and +interpreted by a Kwapa when pronounced by Dorsey.</p></note>)</item> + +<item>Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct.</item> +</list> + +<p>?Manahoac confederacy, extinct.</p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item> Manahoac (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Stegarake (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Shackakoni (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Tauxitania (meaning unknown).</item> + +<pb n="165" /><anchor id="Pg165" /> + +<item>Ontponi (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Tegniati (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Whonkenti (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Hasinninga (meaning unknown).</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">9. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")</hi></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, +"Men" in the comprehensive sense), nearly extinct.</item> + +<item>Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct.</item> + +<item>Santee (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Wateree (derived from the Catawba word watĕrăn, "to +float in the water").</item> + +<item>Sewee (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Congaree (meaning unknown).</item> +</list> + +<p rend="text-align: center">10. <hi rend="font-style: italic">Sara (extinct)</hi></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Sara ("Tall grass").</item> + +<item>Keyauwi (meaning unknown).</item> +</list> + + +<p rend="text-align: center">11. <hi rend="font-style: italic">? Pedee (extinct)</hi></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-latin"> +<item>Pedee (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Waccamaw (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>Winyaw (meaning unknown).</item> + +<item>"Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?).</item> +</list> + +<p>The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended +researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the +work of earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some +cases, notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions +is also satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, +Mandan, and Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than +superficial enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers +possessing little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far +as the survivors of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; +but there is doubt concerning the former limits of the +division, and also concerning the relations of the extinct tribes referred +to on slender, yet the best available, evidence. The classification of<pb n="166" /><anchor id="Pg166" /> +the extinct and nearly extinct Siouan Indians of the east is much less +satisfactory. In several cases languages are utterly lost, and in others +a few doubtful terms alone remain. In these cases affinity is inferred +in part from geographic relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation +of tribes and union of remnants as the aboriginal population +faded under the light of brighter intelligence; and in all such instances +it has been assumed that federation and union grew out of that conformity +in mode of thought which is characteristic of peoples speaking +identical or closely related tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping +of eastern tribes rests in part on meager testimony and is open to +question at many points, it is perhaps the best that can be devised, +and suffices for convenience of statement if not as a final classification. +So far as practicable the names adopted for the tribes, confederacies, +and other groups are those in common use, the aboriginal designations, +when distinct, being added in those cases in which they are known.</p> + +<p>The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between +40,000 and 45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in +Canada.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE</head> + +<p>In the Siouan stock, as among the American Indians generally, the +accepted appellations for tribes and other groups are variously derived. +Many of the Siouan tribal names were, like the name of the stock, +given by alien peoples, including white men, though most are founded +on the descriptive or other designations used in the groups to which +they pertain. At first glance, the names seem to be loosely applied +and perhaps vaguely defined, and this laxity in application and definition +does not disappear, but rather increases, with closer examination.</p> + +<p>There are special reasons for the indefiniteness of Indian nomenclature: +The aborigines were at the time of discovery, and indeed +most of them remain today, in the prescriptorial stage of culture, i.e., +the stage in which ideas are crystallized, not by means of arbitrary +symbols, but by means of arbitrary associations,<note place="foot"><p>The leading culture stages are defined in the Thirteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, +for 1891-92 (1896), p. xxiii et seq.</p></note> and in this stage +names are connotive or descriptive, rather than denotive as in the +scriptorial stage. Moreover, among the Indians, as among all other +prescriptorial peoples, the ego is paramount, and all things are +described, much more largely than among cultured peoples, with +reference to the describer and the position which he occupies—Self +and Here, and, if need be, Now and Thus, are the fundamental elements +of primitive conception and description, and these elements +are implied and exemplified, rather than expressed, in thought and +utterance. Accordingly there is a notable paucity in names, especially +for themselves, among the Indian tribes, while the descriptive +designations applied to a given group by neighboring tribes are +often diverse.</p> + +<pb n="167" /><anchor id="Pg167" /> + +<p>The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are +illustrated among the Siouan peoples. So far as their own tongues were +concerned, the stock was nameless, and could not be designated save +through integral parts. Even the great Dakota confederacy, one of the +most extensive and powerful aboriginal organizations, bore no better +designation than a term probably applied originally to associated tribes +in a descriptive way and perhaps used as a greeting or countersign, +although there was an alternative proper descriptive term.—"Seven +Council-fires"—apparently of considerable antiquity, since it seems to +have been originally applied before the separation of the Asiniboin.<note place="foot"><p>Cf. Schoolcraft, "Information," etc, op. cit., pt. II, 1852, p. 169. Dorsey was inclined to consider +the number as made up without the Asiniboin.</p></note> +In like manner the ¢egiha, ʇɔiwe're, and Hotcañgara groups, and perhaps +the Niya, were without denotive designations for themselves, merely +styling themselves "Local People," "Men," "Inhabitants," or, still more +ambitiously, "People of the Parent Speech," in terms which are variously +rendered by different interpreters; they were lords in their own domain, +and felt no need for special title. Different Dakota tribes went so far +as to claim that their respective habitats marked the middle of the +world, so that each insisted on precedence as the leading tribe,<note place="foot"><p>Riggs-Dorsey: "Dakota Grammar,Texts, and Ethnography," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. IX, 1893, p. 164.</p></note> and +it was the boast of the Mandan that they were the original people of +the earth.<note place="foot"><p>Catlin: "Letters and Notes," op. cit., p. 80.</p></note> In the more carefully studied confederacies the constituent +groups generally bore designations apparently used for convenient distinction +in the confederation; sometimes they were purely descriptive, +as in the case of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Oto, and +several others; again they referred to the federate organization (probably, +possibly to relative position of habitat), as in the Yankton, Yanktonai, +and Huñkpapa; more frequently they referred to geographic or +topographic position, e.g., Teton, Omaha, Pahe'tsi, Kwapa, etc; while +some appear to have had a figurative or symbolic connotation, as Brulé, +Ogalala, and Ponka. Usually the designations employed by alien peoples +were more definite than those used in the group designated, as +illustrated by the stock name, Asiniboin, and Iowa. Commonly the +alien appellations were terms of reproach; thus Sioux, Biloxi, and +Hohe (the Dakota designation for the Asiniboin) are clearly opprobrious, +while Paskagula might easily be opprobrious among hunters and +warriors, and Iowa and Oto appear to be derogatory or contemptuous +expressions. The names applied by the whites were sometimes taken +from geographic positions, as in the case of Upper Yanktonai and +Cape Fear—the geographic names themselves being frequently of +Indian origin. Some of the current names represent translations of +the aboriginal terms either into English ("Blackfeet," "Two Kettles," +"Crow,") or into French ("Sans Arcs," "Brulé"," "Gros Ventres"); +yet most of the names, at least of the prairie tribes, are simply corruptions +of the aboriginal terms, though frequently the modification is +so complete as to render identification and interpretation difficult—it<pb n="168" /><anchor id="Pg168" /> +is not easy to find Waca'ce in "Osage" (so spelled by the French, whose +orthography was adopted and mispronounced by English-speaking +pioneers), or Pa'qotce in "Iowa."</p> + +<p>The meanings of most of the eastern names are lost; yet so far as +they are preserved they are of a kind with those of the interior. So, +too, are the subtribal names enumerated by Dorsey.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS</head> +<p></p> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS</head> + +<p>The Siouan stock is defined by linguistic characters. The several +tribes and larger and smaller groups speak dialects so closely related +as to imply occasional or habitual association, and hence to indicate +community in interests and affinity in development; and while the arts +(reflecting as they did the varying environment of a wide territorial +range) were diversified, the similarity in language was, as is usual, +accompanied by similarity in institutions and beliefs. Nearly all of +the known dialects are eminently vocalic, and the tongues of the plains, +which have been most extensively studied, are notably melodious; thus +the leading languages of the group display moderately high phonetic +development. In grammatic structure the better-known dialects are +not so well developed; the structure is complex, chiefly through the large +use of inflection, though agglutination sometimes occurs. In some cases +the germ of organization is found in fairly definite juxtaposition or +placement. The vocabulary is moderately rich, and of course represents +the daily needs of a primitive people, their surroundings, their avocations, +and their thoughts, while expressing little of the richer ideation +of cultured cosmopolites. On the whole, the speech of the Siouan stock +may be said to have been fairly developed, and may, with the Algonquian, +Iroquoian, and Shoshonean, be regarded as typical for the portion +of North America lying north of Mexico. Fortunately it has been +extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, Dorsey, and several others, including +distinguished representatives of some of the tribes, and is thus +accessible to students. The high phonetic development of the Siouan +tongues reflects the needs and records the history of the hunter and +warrior tribes, whose phonetic symbols were necessarily so differentiated +as to be intelligible in whisper, oratory, and war cry, as well as +in ordinary converse, while the complex structure is in harmony with +the elaborate social organization and ritual of the Siouan people.</p> + +<p>Many of the Siouan Indians were adepts in the sign language; +indeed, this mode of conveying intelligence attained perhaps its highest +development among some of the tribes of this stock, who, with +other plains Indians, developed pantomime and gesture into a surprisingly +perfect art of expression adapted to the needs of huntsmen and +warriors.</p> + +<p>Most of the tribes were fairly proficient in pictography; totemic and +other designs were inscribed on bark and wood, painted on skins,<pb n="169" /><anchor id="Pg169" /> +wrought into domestic wares, and sometimes carved on rocks. Jonathan +Carver gives an example of picture-writing on a tree, in charcoal +mixed with bear's grease, designed to convey information from the +"Chipe'ways" (Algonquian) to the "Naudowessies,"<note place="foot"><p>Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years 1766, 1767, and 1768; London, +1778, p. 418.</p></note> and other instances +of intertribal communication by means of pictography are on record. +Personal decoration was common, and was largely symbolic; the face +and body were painted in distinctive ways when going on the warpath, +in organizing the hunt, in mourning the dead, in celebrating the victory, +and in performing various ceremonials. Scarification and maiming +were practiced by some of the tribes, always in a symbolic way. +Among the Mandan and Hidatsa scars were produced in cruel ceremonials +originally connected with war and hunting, and served as enduring +witnesses of courage and fortitude. Symbolic tattooing was fairly +common among the westernmost tribes. Eagle and other feathers were +worn as insignia of rank and for other symbolic purposes, while bear +claws and the scalps of enemies were worn as symbols of the chase +and battle. Some of the tribes recorded current history by means of +"winter counts" or calendaric inscriptions, though their arithmetic +was meager and crude, and their calendar proper was limited to recognition +of the year, lunation, and day—or, as among so many primitive +people, the "snow," "dead moon," and "night,"—with no definite system +of fitting lunations to the annual seasons. Most of the graphic +records were perishable, and have long ago disappeared; but during +recent decades several untutored tribesmen have executed vigorous +drawings representing hunting scenes and conflicts with white soldiery, +which have been preserved or reproduced. These crude essays in +graphic art were the germ of writing, and indicate that, at the time of +discovery, several Siouan tribes were near the gateway opening into +the broader field of scriptorial culture. So far as it extends, the crude +graphic symbolism betokens warlike habit and militant organization, +which were doubtless measurably inimical to further progress.</p> + +<p>It would appear that, in connection with their proficiency in gesture +speech and their meager graphic art, the Siouan Indians had become +masters in a vaguely understood system of dramaturgy or symbolized +conduct. Among them the use of the peace-pipe was general; among +several and perhaps all of the tribes the definite use of insignia was common; +among them the customary hierarchic organization of the aborigines +was remarkably developed and was maintained by an elaborate +and strict code of etiquette whose observance was exacted and yielded +by every tribesman. Thus the warriors, habituated to expressing and +recognizing tribal affiliation and status in address and deportment, were +notably observant of social minutiæ, and this habit extended into every +activity of their lives. They were ceremonious among themselves and<pb n="170" /><anchor id="Pg170" /> +crafty toward enemies, tactful diplomatists as well as brave soldiers, +shrewd strategists as well as fierce fighters; ever they were skillful +readers of human nature, even when ruthless takers of human life. +Among some of the tribes every movement and gesture and expression +of the male adult seems to have been affected or controlled with +the view of impressing spectators and auditors, and through constant +schooling the warriors became most consummate actors. To the casual +observer, they were stoics or stupids according to the conditions of +observation; to many observers, they were cheats or charlatans; to +scientific students, their eccentrically developed volition and the thaumaturgy +by which it was normally accompanied suggests early stages +in that curious development which, in the Orient, culminates in necromancy +and occultism. Unfortunately this phase of the Indian character +(which was shared by various tribes) was little appreciated by +the early travelers, and little record of it remains; yet there is enough +to indicate the importance of constantly studied ceremony, or symbolic +conduct, among them. The development of affectation and self-control +among the Siouan tribesmen was undoubtedly shaped by warlike disposition, +and their stoicism was displayed largely in war—as when the +captured warrior went exultingly to the torture, taunting and tempting +his captors to multiply their atrocities even until his tongue was torn +from its roots, in order that his fortitude might be proved; but the +habit was firmly fixed and found constant expression in commonplace +as well as in more dramatic actions.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS</head> + +<p>Since the arts of primitive people reflect environmental conditions +with close fidelity, and since the Siouan Indians were distributed over +a vast territory varying in climate, hydrography, geology, fauna, and +flora, their industrial and esthetic arts can hardly be regarded as distinctive, +and were indeed shared by other tribes of all neighboring +stocks.</p> + +<p>The best developed industries were hunting and warfare, though all +of the tribes subsisted in part on fruits, nuts, berries, tubers, grains, +and other vegetal products, largely wild, though sometimes planted +and even cultivated in rude fashion. The southwestern tribes, and to +some extent all of the prairie denizens and probably the eastern remnant, +grew maize, beans, pumpkins, melons, squashes, sunflowers, and +tobacco, though their agriculture seems always to have been subordinated +to the chase. Aboriginally, they appear to have had no domestic +animals except dogs, which, according to Carver—one of the first +white men seen by the prairie tribes,—were kept for their flesh, which +was eaten ceremonially,<note place="foot"><p>Op.cit., p.278.</p></note> and for use in the chase.<note place="foot"><p>Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in hunting appear to be all of the +same species; they carry their ears erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are +exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will attack the fiercest of the game they +are in pursuit of. They are also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill fed by +them are very troublesome in their huts or tents."</p></note> According to<pb n="171" /><anchor id="Pg171" /> +Lewis and Clark (1804-1806), they were used for burden and draft;<note place="foot"><p>"Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A note adds, "The dogs are not large, +much resemble a wolf, and will haul about 70 pounds each."</p></note> +according to the naturalists accompanying Long's expedition (1819-20), +for flesh (eaten ceremonially and on ordinary occasions), draft, burden, +and the chase,<note place="foot"><p>Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River ... under the Command of Stephen +H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H. Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al. Account +of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ... under the Command of Major S.H. +Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al.</p> + +<p>Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This animal ... is probably the original +of the domestic dog, so common in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs +and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the habit and manners of this +species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, +between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears are universally erect. The +Indians of this nation seek every opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common +with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have preserved their original +form."</p></note> and according to Prince Maximilian, for food and +draft,<note place="foot"><p>Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince adds, "In shape they differ +very little from the wolf, and are equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others +are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing only by the tail being rather more +turned up. Their voice is not a proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly +descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the daytime, and mix with the dogs" +(cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by +any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. They are rarely of true wolf +color, but generally black or white, or else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie +wolf (<hi rend="font-style: italic">Canis latrans</hi>). We likewise found among these animals a brown race, descended from European +pointers; hence the genuine bark of the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western +nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have hard blows and hard fare; in +fact, they are treated just as this fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345).</p></note> all these functions indicating long familiarity with the canines. +Catlin, too, found "dog's meat ... the most honorable food that +can be presented to a stranger;" it was eaten ceremonially and on +important occasions.<note place="foot"><p>"Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks (p. 201) of the Minitari canines +as "semiloup dogs and whelps."</p></note> Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his +harness are ancient and even archaic, and some of the most important +ceremonials were connected with this animal,<note place="foot"><p>Keating's "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James' +"Account," op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al.</p></note> implying long-continued +association. Casual references indicate that some of the tribes lived +in mutual tolerance with several birds<note place="foot"><p>According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept owls in their lodges and +regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated +for the sake of his feathers.</p></note> and mammals not yet domesticated +(indeed the buffalo may be said to have been in this condition), +so that the people were at the threshold of zooculture.</p> + +<p>The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, +and antler. According to Carver, the "Nadowessie" were skillful bowmen, +using also the "casse-tête"<note place="foot"><p>"Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. +4, p. 298).</p></note> or warclub, and a flint scalping-knife. +Catlin was impressed with the shortness of the bows used +by the prairie tribes, though among the southwestern tribes they were +longer. Many of the Siouan Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. +The domestic utensils were scant and simple, as became wanderers +and fighters, wood being the common material, though crude pottery<pb n="172" /><anchor id="Pg172" /> +and basketry were manufactured, together with bags and bottles of +skins or animal intestines. Ceremonial objects were common, the +most conspicuous being the calumet, carved out of the sacred pipestone +or catlinite quarried for many generations in the midst of the +Siouan territory. Frequently the pipes were fashioned in the form of +tomahawks, when they carried a double symbolic significance, standing +alike for peace and war, and thus expressing well the dominant +idea of the Siouan mind. Tobacco and kinnikinic (a mixture of tobacco +with shredded bark, leaves, etc<note place="foot"><p>Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," 1893, +vol. I, p. 139, note.</p></note>) were smoked.</p> + +<p>Aboriginally the Siouan apparel was scanty, commonly comprising +breechclout, moccasins, leggings, and robe, and consisted chiefly of +dressed skins, though several of the tribes made simple fabrics of bast, +rushes, and other vegetal substances. Fur robes and rush mats commonly +served for bedding, some of the tribes using rude bedsteads. +The buffalo-hunting prairie tribes depended largely for apparel, bedding, +and habitations, as well as for food, on the great beast to whose +comings and goings their movements were adjusted. Like other +Indians, the Siouan hunters and their consorts quickly availed themselves +of the white man's stuffs, as well as his metal implements, and +the primitive dress was soon modified.</p> + +<p>The woodland habitations were chiefly tent-shape structures of saplings +covered with bark, rush mats, skins, or bushes; the prairie habitations +were mainly earth lodges for winter and buffalo-skin tipis for +summer. Among many of the tribes these domiciles, simple as they +were, were constructed in accordance with an elaborate plan controlled +by ritual. According to Morgan, the framework of the aboriginal +Dakota house consisted of 13 poles;<note place="foot"><p>"Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. IV. 1881, p. 114.</p></note> and Dorsey describes the systematic +grouping of the tipis belonging to different gentes and tribes. +Sudatories were characteristic in most of the tribes, menstrual lodges +were common, and most of the more sedentary tribes had council +houses or other communal structures. The Siouan domiciles were thus +adapted with remarkable closeness to the daily habits and environment +of the tribesmen, while at the same time they reflected the complex +social organization growing out of their prescriptorial status and +militant disposition.</p> + +<p>Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were fine swimmers, +though they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers +and managers of water craft. The Dakota women made coracles of +buffalo hides, in which they transported themselves and their householdry, +but the use of these and other craft seems to have been regarded +as little better than a feminine weakness. Other tribes were better +boatmen; for the Siouan Indian generally preferred land travel to +journeying by water, and avoided the burden of vehicles by which his<pb n="173" /><anchor id="Pg173" /> +ever-varying movements in pursuit of game or in waylaying and evading +enemies would have been limited and handicapped.</p> + +<p>There are many indications and some suggestive evidences that the +chief arts and certain institutions and beliefs, as well as the geographic +distribution, of the principal Siouan tribes were determined by a single +conspicuous feature in their environment—the buffalo. As Riggs, +Hale, and Dorsey have demonstrated, the original home of the Siouan +stock lay on the eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, stretching +down over the Piedmont and Coastplain provinces to the shores of +the Atlantic between the Potomac and the Savannah. As shown by +Allen, the buffalo, "prior to the year 1800," spread eastward across the +Appalachians<note place="foot"><p>"The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, +vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp. 55, 72-101, et al.</p></note> and into the priscan territory of the Siouan tribes. As +suggested by Shaler, the presence of this ponderous and peaceful +animal materially affected the vocations of the Indians, tending to discourage +agriculture and encourage the chase; and it can hardly be +doubted that the bison was the bridge that carried the ancestors of the +western tribes from the crest of the Alleghenies to the Côteau des +Prairies and enabled them to disperse so widely over the plains beyond. +Certainly the toothsome flesh and useful skins must have attracted +the valiant huntsmen among the Appalachians; certainly the feral +herds must have become constantly larger and more numerous westward, +thus tempting the pursuers down the waterways toward the +great river; certainly the vast herds beyond the Mississippi gave +stronger incentives and richer rewards than the hunters of big game +found elsewhere; and certainly when the prairie tribes were discovered, +the men and animals lived in constant interaction, and many of the +hunters acted and thought only as they were moved by their easy prey. +As the Spanish horse spread northward over the Llano Estacado and +overflowed across the mountains from the plains of the Cayuse, the +Dakota and other tribes found a new means of conquest over the +herds, and entered on a career so facile that they increased and multiplied +despite strife and imported disease.</p> + +<p>The horse was acquired by the prairie tribes toward the end of the +last century. Carver (1766-1768) describes the methods of hunting +among the "Naudowessie" without referring to the horse,<note place="foot"><p>Op. cit., p. 283 et seq.</p></note> though he +gives their name for the animal in his vocabulary,<note place="foot"><p>Ibid., p. 435.</p></note> and describes their +mode of warfare with "Indians that inhabit still farther to the westward +a country which extends to the South Sea," having "great plenty +of horses."<note place="foot"><p>Ibid., p. 294.</p></note> Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) mention that the "Sioux of +the Teton tribe ... frequently make excursions to steal horses" +from the Mandan,<note place="foot"><p>"History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 +vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, +fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al.</p></note> and make other references indicating that the horse<pb n="174" /><anchor id="Pg174" /> +was in fairly common use among some of the Siouan tribes, though the +animal was "confined principally to the nations inhabiting the great +plains of the Columbia,"<note place="foot"><p>Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839.</p></note> and dogs were still used for burden and +draft.<note place="foot"><p>Ibid., vol. I, p. 140.</p></note> Grinnell learned from an aged Indian that horses came into +the hands of the neighboring Piegan (Algonquian) about 1804-1806.<note place="foot"><p>"The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237.</p></note> +Long's naturalists found the horse, ass, and mule in use among the +Kansa and other tribes,<note place="foot"><p>James' "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et al.</p></note> and described the mode of capture of wild +horses by the Osage;<note place="foot"><p>Ibid., vol. III, p. 107.</p></note> yet when, two-thirds of a century after Carver, +Catlin (1832-1839) and Prince Maximilian (1833-34) visited the Siouan +territory, they found the horse established and in common use in the +chase and in war.<note place="foot"><p>"Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of lassoing wild horses is mentioned), +p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op. cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and +10,000 head, p. 174.)</p></note> It is significant that the Dakota word for horse +(śuk-taɲ'-ka or śuɲ-ka'-wa-kaɲ) is composed of the word for dog +(śuɲ'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness, or mystery, +so that the horse is literally "great mysterious dog," or "ancient sacred +dog," and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances correspond +with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft +animal.<note place="foot"><p>Keating in Long's Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152. Riggs' "Dakota-English Dictionary," +Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890.</p></note> This terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the +dog was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the advent +of the horse.</p> + +<p>Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements +absorbed a considerable part of the time and energy of the old and +young of both sexes. Among the young, the gambols, races, and +other sports were chiefly or wholly diversional, and commonly mimicked +the avocations of the adults. The girls played at the building +and care of houses and were absorbed in dolls, while the boys played +at archery, foot racing, and mimic hunting, which soon grew into +the actual chase of small birds and animals. Some of the sports of the +elders were unorganized diversions, leaping, racing, wrestling, and +other spontaneous expressions of exuberance. Certain diversions were +controlled by more persistent motive, as when the idle warrior occupied +his leisure in meaningless ornamentation of his garment or tipi, or +spent hours of leisure in esthetic modification of his weapon or ceremonial +badge, and to this purposeless activity, which engendered +design with its own progress, the incipient graphic art of the tribes +was largely due. The more important and characteristic sports were +organized and interwoven with social organization and belief so as +commonly to take the form of elaborate ceremonial, in which dancing, +feasting, fasting, symbolic painting, song, and sacrifice played important +parts, and these organized sports were largely fiducial. To many<pb n="175" /><anchor id="Pg175" /> +of the early observers the observances were nothing more than meaningless +mummeries; to some they were sacrilegious, to others sortilegious; +to the more careful students, like Carver, whose notes are of +especial value by reason of the author's clear insight into the Indian +character, they were invocations, expiations, propitiations, expressing +profound and overpowering devotion. Carver says of the "Naudowessie," +"They usually dance either before or after every meal; and +by this cheerfulness, probably, render the Great Spirit, to whom they +consider themselves as indebted for every good, a more acceptable +sacrifice than a formal and unanimated thanksgiving;"<note place="foot"><p>Op. cit., p. 265.</p></note> and he proceeds +to describe the informal dances as well as the more formal ceremonials +preparatory to joining in the chase or setting out on the +warpath. The ceremonial observances of the Siouan tribes were not +different in kind from those of neighboring contemporaries, yet some +of them were developed in remarkable degree—for example, the bloody +rites by which youths were raised to the rank of warriors in some of +the prairie tribes were without parallel in severity among the aborigines +of America, or even among the known primitive peoples of the +world. So the sports of the Siouan Indians were both diversional and +divinatory, and the latter were highly organized in a manner reflecting +the environment of the tribes, their culture-status, their belief, and +especially their disposition toward bloodshed; for their most characteristic +ceremonials were connected, genetically if not immediately, +with warfare and the chase.</p> + +<p>Among many of the Siouan tribes, games of chance were played +habitually and with great avidity, both men and women becoming so +absorbed as to forget avocations and food, mothers even neglecting +their children; for, as among other primitive peoples, the charm of +hazard was greater than among the enlightened. The games were not +specially distinctive, and were less widely differentiated than in certain +other Indian stocks. The sport or game of chungke stood high in favor +among the young men in many of the tribes, and was played as a game +partly of chance, partly of skill; but dice games (played with plum +stones among the southwestern prairie tribes) were generally preferred, +especially by the women, children, and older men. The games were +partly, sometimes wholly, diversional, but generally they were in large +part divinatory, and thus reflected the hazardous occupations and low +culture-status of the people. One of the evils resulting from the advent +of the whites was the introduction of new games of chance which tended +further to pervert the simple Siouan mind; but in time the evil brought +its own remedy, for association with white gamblers taught the ingenuous +sortilegers that there is nothing divine or sacred about the gaming +table or the conduct of its votaries.</p> + +<p>The primitive Siouan music was limited to the chant and rather +simple vocal melody, accompanied by rattle, drum, and flute, the drum +among the northwestern tribes being a skin bottle or bag of water.<pb n="176" /><anchor id="Pg176" /> +The music of the Omaha and some other tribes has been most appreciatively +studied by Miss Fletcher, and her memoir ranks among the +Indian classics.<note place="foot"><p>"A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by Francis La Flesche, +with a report on the structural peculiarities of the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. +and Eth. papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 (=231-382).</p></note> In general the Siouan music was typical for the +aboriginal stocks of the northern interior. Its dominant feature was +rhythm, by which the dance was controlled, though melody was inchoate, +while harmony was not yet developed.</p> + +<p>The germ of painting was revealed in the calendars and the seed of +sculpture in the carvings of the Sionan Indians. The pictographic +paintings comprised not only recognizable but even vigorous representations +of men and animals, depicted in form and color though without +perspective, while the calumet of catlinite was sometimes chiseled into +striking verisimilitude of human and animal forms in miniature. To +the collector these representations suggest fairly developed art, though +to the Indian they were mainly, if not wholly, symbolic; for everything +indicates that the primitive artisan had not yet broken the shackles of +fetichistic symbolism, and had little conception of artistic portrayal for +its own sake.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>INSTITUTIONS</head> + +<p>Among civilized peoples, institutions are crystallized in statutes +about nuclei of common law or custom; among peoples in the prescriptorial +culture-stage statutes are unborn, and various mnemonic devices +are employed for fixing and perpetuating institutions; and, as is usual +in this stage, the devices involve associations which appear to be +essentially arbitrary at the outset, though they tend to become natural +through the survival of the fittest. A favorite device for perpetuating +institutions among the primitive peoples of many districts on different +continents is the taboo, or prohibition, which is commonly fiducial but +is often of general application. This device finds its best development +in the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected +with totemism. Another device, which is remarkably widespread, +as shown by Morgan, is kinship nomenclature. This device rests +on a natural and easily ascertained basis, though its applications are +arbitrary and vary widely from tribe to tribe and from culture-status +to culture-status. A third device, which found much favor among the +American aborigines and among some other primitive peoples, may be +called <hi rend="font-style: italic">ordination</hi>, or the arrangement of individuals and groups classified +from the prescriptorial point of view of Self, Here, and Now, with +respect to each other or to some dominant personage or group. This +device seems to have grown out of the kin-name system, in which the +Ego is the basis from which relation is reckoned. It tends to develop +into federate organization on the one hand or into caste on the other +hand, according to the attendant conditions.<note place="foot"><p>Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as defined by Powell, yet relates +especially to the method of reckoning from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of +prescriptorial culture.</p></note> There are various other<pb n="177" /><anchor id="Pg177" /> +devices for fixing and perpetuating institutions or for expressing the +laws embodied therein. Some of these are connected with thaumaturgy +and shamanism, some are connected with the powers of nature, and +the several devices overlap and interlace in puzzling fashion.</p> + +<p>Among the Siouan Indians the devices of taboo, kin-names, and ordination +are found in such relation as to throw some light on the growth +of primitive institutions. While they blend and are measurably +involved with thaumaturgic devices, there are indications that in a +general way the three devices stand for stages in the development of +law. Among the best-known tribes the taboo pertained to the clan, +and was used (in a much more limited way than among some other +peoples) to commemorate and perpetuate the clan organization; kin-names, +which were partly natural and thus normal to the clan organization, +and at the same time partly artificial and thus characteristic of +gentile organization, served to commemorate and perpetuate not only +the family relations but the relations of the constituent elements of +the tribe; while the ordination, expressed in the camping circle, in the +phratries, in the ceremonials, and in many other ways, served to commemorate +intertribal as well as intergentile relations, and thus to promote +peace and harmonious action. It is significant that the taboo +was less potent among the Siouan Indians than among some other +stocks, and that among some tribes it has not been found; and it is +especially significant that in some instances the taboo was apparently +inversely related to kin-naming and ordination, as among the Biloxi, +where the taboo is exceptionally weak and kin-naming exceptionally +strong, and among the Dakota, where the system of ordination attained +perhaps its highest American development in domiciliary arrangement, +while the taboo was limited in function; for the relations indicate that +the taboo was archaic or even vestigial. It is noteworthy also that +among most of the Siouan tribes the kin-name system was less elaborate +than in many other stocks, while the system of ordination is so elaborate +as to constitute one of the leading characteristics of the stock.</p> + +<p>At the time of the discovery, most of the Siouan tribes had apparently +passed into gentile organization, though vestiges of clan organization +were found—e.g., among the best-known tribes the man was the head +of the family, though the tipi usually belonged to the woman. Thus, as +defined by institutions, the stock was just above savagery and just +within the lower stages of barbarism. Accordingly the governmental +functions were hereditary in the male line, yet the law of heredity was +subject to modification or suspension at the will of the group, commonly +at the instance of rebels or usurpers of marked prowess or shrewdness. +The property regulations were definite and strictly observed; as among +other barbarous peoples, the land was common to the tribe or other group +occupying it, yet was defended against alien invasion; the ownership +of movable property was a combination of communalism and individualism +delicately adjusted to the needs and habits of the several tribes—<pb n="178" /><anchor id="Pg178" /> +in general, evanescent property, such as food and fuel, was shared in +common (subject to carefully regulated individual claims), while permanent +property, such as tipis, dogs, apparel, weapons, etc, was held by +individuals. As among other tribes, the more strictly personal property +was usually destroyed on the death of the owner, though the real reason +for the custom—the prevention of dispute—was shrouded in a mantle +of mysticism.</p> + +<p>Although of primary importance in shaping the career of the Siouan +tribes, the marital institutions of the stock were not specially distinctive. +Marriage was usually effected by negotiation through parents or elders; +among some of the tribes the bride was purchased, while among others +there was an interchange of presents. Polygyny was common; in several +of the tribes the bride's sisters became subordinate wives of the +husband. The regulations concerning divorce and the punishment of +infidelity were somewhat variable among the different tribes, some of +whom furnished temporary wives to distinguished visitors. Generally +there were sanctions for marriage by elopement or individual choice. In +every tribe, so far as known, gentile exogamy prevailed—i.e., marriage +in the gens was forbidden, under pain of ostracism or still heavier penalty, +while the gentes intermarried among one another; in some cases +intermarriage between certain tribes was regarded with special favor. +There seems to have been no system of marriage by capture, though +captive women were usually espoused by the successful tribesmen, and +girls were sometimes abducted. In general it would appear that intergentile +and intertribal marriage was practiced and sanctioned by the +sages, and that it tended toward harmony and federation, and thus +contributed much toward the increase and diffusion of the great Siouan +stock.</p> + +<p>As set forth in some detail by Dorsey, the ordination of the Siouan +tribes extended beyond the hierarchic organization into families, subgentes, +gentes, tribes, and confederacies; there were also phratries, +sometimes (perhaps typically) arranged in pairs; there were societies +or associations established on social or fiducial bases; there was a general +arrangement or classification of each group on a military basis, +as into soldiers and two or more classes of noncombatants, etc. +Among the Siouan peoples, too, the individual brotherhood of the +David-Jonathan or Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed. +Thus the corporate institutions were interwoven and superimposed +in a manner nearly as complex as that found in the national, +state, municipal, and minor institutions of civilization; yet the ordination +preserved by means of the camping circle, the kinship system, +the simple series of taboos, and the elaborate symbolism was apparently +so complete as to meet every social and governmental demand.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>BELIEFS</head> +<p></p> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY</head> + +<p>As explained by Powell, philosophies and beliefs may be seriated in +four stages: The first stage is hecastotheism; in this stage extranatural +or mysterious potencies are imputed to objects both animate<pb n="179" /><anchor id="Pg179" /> +and inanimate. The second stage is zootheism; within it the powers +of animate forms are exaggerated and amplified into the realm of the +supernal, and certain animals are deified. The third stage is that of +physitheism, in which the agencies of nature are personified and +exalted unto omnipotence. The fourth stage is that of psychotheism, +which includes the domain of spiritual concept. In general the development +of belief coincides with the growth of abstraction; yet it is to +be remembered that this growth represents increase in definiteness of +the abstract concepts rather than augmentation in numbers and kinds +of subjective impressions, i.e., the advance is in quality rather than +in quantity; indeed, it would almost appear that the vague and indefinite +abstraction of hecastotheism is more pervasive and prevalent than +the clearer abstraction of higher stages. Appreciation of the fundamental +characteristics of belief is essential to even the most general +understanding of the Indian mythology and philosophy, and even after +careful study it is difficult for thinkers trained in the higher methods +of thought to understand the crude and confused ideation of the +primitive thinker.</p> + +<p>In hecastotheism the believer finds mysterious properties and potencies +everywhere. To his mind every object is endued with occult +power, moved by a vague volition, actuated by shadowy motive ranging +capriciously from malevolence to benevolence; in his lax estimation +some objects are more potent or more mysterious than others, the +strong, the sharp, the hard, and the swift-moving rising superior to +the feeble, the dull, the soft, and the slow. Commonly he singles out +some special object as his personal, family, or tribal mystery-symbol +or fetich, the object usually representing that which is most feared or +worst hated among his surroundings. Vaguely realizing from the +memory of accidents or unforeseen events that he is dependent on his +surroundings, he invests every feature of his environment with a +capricious humor reflecting his own disposition, and gives to each and +all a subtlety and inscrutability corresponding to his exalted estimation +of his own craft in the chase and war; and, conceiving himself to +live and move only at the mercy of his multitudinous associates, he +becomes a fatalist—kismet is his watchword, and he meets defeat and +death with resignation, just as he goes to victory with complacence; +for so it was ordained.</p> + +<p>Zootheism is the offspring of hecastotheism. As the primitive +believer assigns special potency or mystery to the strong and the swift, +he gradually comes to give exceptional rank to self-moving animals; +as his experience of the strength, alertness, swiftness, and courage of +his animate enemy or prey increases, these animals are invested with +successively higher and higher attributes, each reflecting the mental +operations of the mystical huntsman, and in time the animals with +which the primitive believers are most intimately associated come to be +regarded as tutelary daimons of supernatural power and intelligence. +At first the animals, like the undifferentiated things of hecastotheism,<pb n="180" /><anchor id="Pg180" /> +are regarded in fear or awe by reason of their strength and ferocity, +and this regard grows into an incipient worship in the form of sacrifice +or other ceremonial; meanwhile, inanimate things, and in due season +rare and unimportant animals, are neglected, and a half dozen, a dozen, +or a score of the well-known animals are exalted into a hierarchy of +petty gods, headed by the strongest like the bear, the swiftest like the +deer, the most majestic like the eagle, the most cunning like the fox +or coyote, or the most deadly like the rattlesnake. Commonly the +arts and the skill of the mystical huntsman improve from youth to +adolescence and from generation to generation, so that the later animals +appear to be easier snared or slain than the earlier; moreover, the +accounts of conflicts between men and animals grow by repetition +and are gilded by imagination as memory grows dim; and for these +and other reasons the notion grows up that the ancient animals were +stronger, swifter, slier, statelier, deadlier than their modern representatives, +and the hierarchy of petty gods is exalted into an omnipotent +thearchy. Eventually, in the most highly developed zootheistic systems, +the leading beast-god is regarded as the creator of the lesser +deities of the earth, sun, and sky, of the mythic under-world and its +real counterpart the ground or mid-world, as well as the visionary +upper-world, of men, and of the ignoble animals; sometimes the most exalted +beast-god is worshiped especially by the great man or leading class +and incidentally by all, while other men and groups choose the lesser +beast-gods, according to their rank, for special worship. In hecastotheism +the potencies revered or worshiped are polymorphic, while their +attributes reflect the mental operations of the believers; in zootheism +the deities worshiped are zoomorphic, and their attributes continue to +reflect the human mind.</p> + +<p>Physitheism, in its turn, springs from zootheism. Through contemplation +of the strong the idea of strength arises, and a means is found +for bringing the bear into analogy with thunder, with the sun, or with +the avalanche-bearing mountain; through contemplation of the swift the +concept of swiftness is engendered, and comparison of the deer with +the wind or rushing river is made easy; through contemplation of the +deadly stroke of the rattlesnake the notion of death-dealing power +assumes shape, and comparison of the snake bite and the lightning +stroke is made possible; and in every case it is inevitably perceived +that the agency is stronger, swifter, deadlier than the animal. At +first the agency is not abstracted or dissociated from the parent +zootheistic concept, and the sun is the mightiest animal as among many +peoples, the thunder is the voice of the bear as among different woodland +tribes or the flapping of the wings of the great ancient eagle as +among the Dakota and ¢egiha, while lightning is the great serpent of +the sky as among the Zuñi. Subsequently the zoic concept fades, and +the constant association of human intellectual qualities engenders an +anthropic concept, when the sun becomes an anthropomorphic deity +(perhaps bearing a dazzling mask, as among the Zuñi), and thunder is<pb n="181" /><anchor id="Pg181" /> +the rumbling of quoits pitched by the shades of old-time giants, as +among different American tribes. Eventually all the leading agencies +of nature are personified in anthropic form, and retain the human attributes +of caprice, love, and hate which are found in the minds of the +believers.</p> + +<p>Psychotheism is born of physitheism as the anthropomorphic element +in the concept of natural agency gradually fades; but since none of +the aborigines of the United States had passed into the higher stage, +the mode of transition does not require consideration.</p> + +<p>It is to be borne in mind that throughout the course of development +of belief, from the beginning of hecastotheism into the borderland of +psychotheism, the dominant characteristic is the vague notion of mystery. +At first the mystery pervades all things and extends in all directions, +representing an indefinite ideal world, which is the counterpart +of the real world with the addition of human qualities. Gradually the +mystery segregates, deepening with respect to animals and disappearing +with respect to inanimate things; and at length the slowly changing +mysteries shape themselves into semiabstractions having a strong +anthropic cast, while the remainder of the earth and the things thereof +gradually become real, though they remain under the spell and dominion +of the mysterious. Thus at every stage the primitive believer is a +mystic—a fatalist in one stage, a beast worshiper in another, a thaumaturgist +in a third, yet ever and first of all a mystic. It is also to be +borne in mind (and the more firmly because of a widespread misapprehension) +that the primitive believer, up to the highest stage attained +by the North American Indian, is not a psychotheist, much less a monotheist. +His "Great Spirit" is simply a great mystery, perhaps vaguely +anthropomorphic, oftener zoomorphic, yet not a spirit, which he is +unable to conceive save by reflection of the white man's concept and +inquiry; and his departed spirit is but a shade, much like that of the +ancient Greeks, the associate and often the inferior of animal shades.</p> + +<p>While the four stages in development of belief are fundamentally +distinct, they nevertheless overlap in such manner as apparently, and +in a measure really, to coexist and blend. Culture progress is slow. +In biotic development the effect of beneficial modification is felt immediately, +and the modified organs or organisms are stimulated and +strengthened cumulatively, while the unmodified are enfeebled and +paralyzed cumulatively through inactivity and quickly pass toward +atrophy and extinction. Conversely in demotic development, which +is characterized by the persistence of the organisms and by the elimination +of the bad and the preservation of the good among qualities +only, there is a constant tendency toward retardation of progress; for +in savagery and barbarism as in civilization, age commonly produces +conservatism, and at the same time brings responsibility for the conduct +of old and young, so that modification, howsoever beneficial, is<pb n="182" /><anchor id="Pg182" /> +measurably held in check, and so that the progress of each generation +buds in the springtime of youth yet is not permitted to fruit until the +winter of old age approaches. Accordingly the mean of demotic progress +tends to lag far behind its foremost advances, and modes of +action and especially of thought change slowly. This is especially true +of beliefs, which, during each generation, are largely vestigial. So the +stages in the evolution of mythologic philosophy overlap widely; there +is probably no tribe now living among whom zootheism has not yet +taken root, though hecastotheism has been found dominant among +different tribes; there is probably no people in the zootheistic stage +who are completely divested of hecastotheistic vestiges; and one of the +curious features of even the most advanced psychotheism is the occasional +outcropping of features inherited from all of the earlier stages. +Yet it is none the less important to discriminate the stages.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY</head> + +<p>It was partly through pioneer study of the Siouan Indians that the +popular fallacy concerning the aboriginal "Great Spirit" gained currency; +and it was partly through the work of Dorsey among the ¢egiha +and Dakota tribes, first as a missionary and afterward as a linguist, +that the early error was corrected. Among these tribes the creation +and control of the world and the things thereof are ascribed to +"wa-ka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-da" (the term varying somewhat from tribe to tribe), just as +among the Algonquian tribes omnipotence was assigned to "ma-ni-do" +("Manito the Mighty" of "Hiawatha"); yet inquiry shows that +waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da assumes various forms, and is rather a quality than a definite +entity. Thus, among many of the tribes the sun is waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da—not <hi rend="font-style: italic">the</hi> +waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da or <hi rend="font-style: italic">a</hi> waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da, but simply waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da; and among the same +tribes the moon is waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da, and so is thunder, lightning, the stars, the +winds, the cedar, and various other things; even a man, especially a +shaman, might be waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da or a waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da. In addition the term was +applied to mythic monsters of the earth, air, and waters; according to +some of the sages the ground or earth, the mythic under-world, the +ideal upper-world, darkness, etc, were waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da or waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>das. So, too, +the fetiches and the ceremonial objects and decorations were waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da +among different tribes. Among some of the groups various animals +and other trees besides the specially waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da cedar were regarded as +waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>das; as already noted, the horse, among the prairie tribes, was +the waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da dog. In like manner many natural objects and places of +striking character were considered waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da. Thus the term was +applied to all sorts of entities and ideas, and was used (with or without +inflectional variations) indiscriminately as substantive and adjective, +and with slight modification as verb and adverb. Manifestly a +term so protean is not susceptible of translation into the more highly +differentiated language of civilization. Manifestly, too, the idea +expressed by the term is indefinite, and can not justly be rendered into +"spirit," much less into "Great Spirit;" though it is easy to understand<pb n="183" /><anchor id="Pg183" /> +stand how the superficial inquirer, dominated by definite spiritual +concept, handicapped by unfamiliarity with the Indian tongue, misled by +ignorance of the vague prescriptorial ideation, and perhaps deceived +by crafty native informants or mischievous interpreters, came to adopt +and perpetuate the erroneous interpretation. The term may be translated +into "mystery" perhaps more satisfactorily than into any other +single English word, yet this rendering is at the same time much too +limited and much too definite. As used by the Siouan Indian, waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da +vaguely connotes also "power," "sacred," "ancient," "grandeur," +"animate," "immortal," and other words, yet does not express with +any degree of fullness and clearness the ideas conveyed by these terms +singly or collectively—indeed, no English sentence of reasonable length +can do justice to the aboriginal idea expressed by the term waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da.</p> + +<p>While the beliefs of many of the Siouan tribes are lost through the +extinction of the tribesmen or transformed through acculturation, it is +fortunate that a large body of information concerning the myths and +ceremonials of several prairie tribes has been collected. The records +of Carver, Lewis and Clark, Say, Catlin, and Prince Maximilian are of +great value when interpreted in the light of modern knowledge. More +recent researches by Miss Fletcher<note place="foot"><p>Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree in the Dakota group," +Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487.</p></note> and by Dorsey<note place="foot"><p>Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for +1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544.</p></note> are of especial +value, not only as direct sources of information but as a means of +interpreting the earlier writings. From these records it appears that, +in so far as they grasped the theistic concept, the Siouan Indians were +polytheists; that their mysteries or deities varied in rank and power; +that some were good but more were bad, while others combined bad +and good attributes; that they assumed various forms, actual and +imaginary; and that their dispositions and motives resembled those +found among mankind.</p> + +<p>The organization of the vague Siouan thearchy appears to have +varied from group to group. Among all of the tribes whose beliefs +are known, the sun was an important waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da, perhaps the leading one +potentially, though usually of less immediate consideration than certain +others, such as thunder, lightning, and the cedar tree; among +the Osage the sun was invoked as "grandfather," and among various +tribes there were sun ceremonials, some of which are still maintained; +among the Omaha and Ponka, according to Miss Fletcher, the mythic +thunder-bird plays a prominent, perhaps dominant rôle, and the cedar +tree or pole is deified as its tangible representative. The moon was +waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da among the Osage and the stars among the Omaha and Ponka, +yet they seem to have occupied subordinate positions; the winds and +the four quarters were apparently given higher rank; and, in individual +cases, the mythic water-monsters or earth-deities seem to have occupied +leading positions. On the whole, it may be safe to consider the<pb n="184" /><anchor id="Pg184" /> +sun as the Siouan arch-mystery, with the mythic thunder-bird or +family of thunder-birds as a sort of mediate link between the mysteries +and men, possessing less power but displaying more activity in human +affairs than the remoter waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da of the heavens. Under these controlling +waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>das, other members of the series were vaguely and variably +arranged. Somewhere in the lower ranks, sacred animals—especially +sports, such as the white buffalo cow—were placed, and still lower +came totems and shamans, which, according to Dorsey, were reverenced +rather than worshiped. It is noteworthy that this thearchic arrangement +corresponded in many respects with the hierarchic social organization +of the stock.</p> + +<p>The Siouan thearchy was invoked and adored by means of forms +and ceremonies, as well as through orisons. The set observances were +highly elaborate; they comprised dancing and chanting, feasting and +fasting, and in some cases sacrifice and torture, the shocking atrocities +of the Mandan and Minitari rites being especially impressive. From +these great collective devotions the ceremonials graded down through +war-dance and hunting-feast to the terpsichorean grace extolled by +Carver, and to individual fetich worship. In general the adoration +expressed fear of the evil rather than love of the good—but this can +hardly be regarded as a distinctive feature, much less a peculiar one.</p> + +<p>Some of the mystery places were especially distinctive and noteworthy. +Foremost among them was the sacred pipestone quarry near +Big Sioux river, whence the material for the waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>da calumet was +obtained; another was the far-famed Minne-waka<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi> of North Dakota, +not inaptly translated "Devil's lake;" a third was the mystery-rock or +medicine-rock of the Mandan and Hidatsa near Yellowstone river; and +there were many others of less importance. About all of these places +picturesque legends and myths clustered.</p> + +<p>The Siouan mythology is especially instructive, partly because so +well recorded, partly because it so clearly reflects the habits and +customs of the tribesmen and thus gives an indirect reflection of a +well-marked environment. As among so many peoples, the sun is a +prominent element; the ice-monsters of the north and the rain-myths +of the arid region are lacking, and are replaced by the frequent thunder +and the trees shaken by the storm-winds; the mythic creatures are +shaped in the image of the indigenous animals and birds; the myths +center in the local rocks and waters; the mysterious thearchy corresponds +with the tribal hierarchy, and the attributes ascribed to the +deities are those characteristic of warriors and hunters.</p> + +<p>Considering the mythology in relation to the stages in development +of mythologic philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as +those pertaining to the sun and the winds, represent a crude physitheism, +while vestiges of hecastotheism crop out in the object-worship +and place-worship of the leading tribes and in other features. At the<pb n="185" /><anchor id="Pg185" /> +same time well-marked zootheistic features are found in the mythic +thunder-birds and in the more or less complete deification of various +animals, in the exaltation of the horse into the rank of the mythic dog +father, and in the animal forms of the water-monsters and earth-beings; +and the living application of zootheism is found in the animal fetiches +and totems. On the whole, it seems just to assign the Siouan mythology +to the upper strata of zootheism, just verging on physitheism, with +vestigial traces of hecastotheism.</p> +</div> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>SOMATOLOGY</head> + +<p>The vigorous avocations of the chase and war were reflected in fine +stature, broad and deep chests, strong and clean limbs, and sound constitution +among the Siouan tribesmen and their consorts. The skin +was of the usual coppery cast characteristic of the native American; +the teeth were strong, indicating and befitting a largely carnivorous +diet, little worn by sandy foods, and seldom mutilated; the hands and +feet were commonly large and sinewy. The Siouan Indians were +among those who impressed white pioneers by the parallel placing of +the feet; for, as among other walkers and runners, who rest sitting and +lying, the feet assumed the pedestrian attitude of approximate parallelism +rather than the standing attitude of divergence forward. The +hair was luxuriant, stiff, straight, and more uniformly jet black than +that of the southerly stocks; it was worn long by the women and most +of the men, though partly clipped or shaved in some tribes by the warriors +as well as the worthless dandies, who, according to Catlin, spent +more time over their toilets than ever did the grande dame of Paris. +The women were beardless and the men more or less nearly so; commonly +the men plucked out by the roots the scanty hair springing on +their faces, as did both sexes that on other parts of the body. The +crania were seldom deformed artificially save through cradle accident, +and while varying considerably in capacity and in the ratio of length to +width were usually mesocephalic. The facial features were strong, yet +in no way distinctly unlike those found among neighboring peoples.</p> + +<p>Since the advent of white men the characteristics of the Siouan +Indians, like those of other tribes, have been somewhat modified, partly +through infusion of Caucasian blood but chiefly through acculturation. +With the abandonment of hunting and war and the tardy adoption of +a slothful, semidependent agriculture, the frame has lost something +of its stalwart vigor; with the adaptation of the white man's costume +and the incomplete assimilation of his hygiene, various weaknesses and +disorders have been developed; and through imitation the erstwhile +luxuriant hair is cropped, and the beard, made scanty through generations +of extirpation, is commonly cultivated. Although the accultural +condition of the Siouan survivors ranges from the essentially +primitive status of the Asiniboin to the practical civilization of the +representatives of several tribes, it is fair to consider the stock in a<pb n="186" /><anchor id="Pg186" /> +state of transition from barbarism to civilization; and many of the +tribesmen are losing the characteristics of activity and somatic development +normal to primitive life, while they have not yet assimilated +the activities and acquired the somatic characteristics normal to peaceful +sedentary life.</p> + +<p>Briefly, certain somatic features of the Siouan Indians, past and +present, may be traced to their causes in custom and exercise of function; +yet by far the greater number of the features are common to the +American people or to all mankind, and are of ill-understood significance. +The few features of known cause indicate that special somatic +characteristics are determined largely or wholly by industrial and other +arts, which are primarily shaped by environment.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>HABITAT</head> + +<p>Excepting the Asiniboin, who are chiefly in Canada, nearly all of +the Siouan Indians are now gathered on the reservations indicated on +earlier pages, most of these reservations lying within the aboriginal +territory of the stock.</p> + +<p>At the advent of white men, the Siouan territory was vaguely defined, +and its limits were found to vary somewhat from exploration to exploration. +This vagueness and variability of habitat grew out of the characteristics +of the tribesmen. Of all the great stocks south of the +Arctic, the Siouan was perhaps least given to agriculture, most influenced +by hunting, and most addicted to warfare; thus most of the +tribes were but feebly attached to the soil, and freely followed the movements +of the feral fauna as it shifted with climatic vicissitudes or was +driven from place to place by excessive hunting or by fires set to +destroy the undergrowth in the interests of the chase; at the same +time, the borderward tribes were alternately driven and led back and +forth through strife against the tribes of neighboring stocks. Accordingly +the Siouan habitat can be outlined only in approximate and +somewhat arbitrary fashion.</p> + +<p>The difficulty in defining the priscan home of the Siouan tribes is +increased by its vast extent and scant peopling, by the length of the +period intervening between discovery in the east and complete exploration +in the west, and by the internal changes and migrations which +occurred during this period. The task of collating the records of +exploration and pioneer observation concerning the Siouan and other +stocks was undertaken by Powell a few years ago, and was found to be +of great magnitude. It was at length successfully accomplished, and +the respective areas occupied by the several stocks were approximately +mapped.<note place="foot"><p>Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. 1-142, and map.</p></note></p> + +<p>As shown on Powell's map, the chief part of the Siouan area comprised +a single body covering most of the region of the Great plains,<pb n="187" /><anchor id="Pg187" /> +stretching from the Rocky mountains to the Mississippi and from the +Arkansas-Red river divide nearly to the Saskatchewan, with an arm +crossing the Mississippi and extending to Lake Michigan. In addition +there were a few outlying bodies, the largest and easternmost bordering +the Atlantic from Santee river nearly to Capes Lookout and Hatteras, +and skirting the Appalachian range northward to the Potomac; the +next considerable area lay on the Gulf coast about Pascagoula river +and bay, stretching nearly from the Pearl to the Mobile; and there were +one or two unimportant areas on Ohio river, which were temporarily +occupied by small groups of Siouan Indians during recent times.</p> + +<p>There is little probability that the Siouan habitat, as thus outlined, +ran far into the prehistoric age. As already noted, the Siouan Indians +of the plains were undoubtedly descended from the Siouan tribes of the +east (indeed the Mandan had a tradition to that effect); and reason has +been given for supposing that the ancestors of the prairie hunters followed +the straggling buffalo through the cis-Mississippi forests into +his normal trans-Mississippi habitat and spread over his domain save +as they were held in check by alien huntsmen, chiefly of the warlike +Caddoan and Kiowan tribes; and the buffalo itself was a geologically +recent—indeed essentially post-glacial—animal. Little if any definite +trace of Siouan occupancy has been found in the more ancient prehistoric +works of the Mississippi valley. On the whole it appears probable +that the prehistoric development of the Siouan stock and habitat was +exceptionally rapid, that the Siouan Indians were a vigorous and virile +people that arose quickly under the stimulus of strong vitality (the +acquisition of which need not here be considered), coupled with exceptionally +favorable opportunity, to a power and glory culminating about +the time of discovery.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>ORGANIZATION</head> + +<p>The demotic organization of the Siouan peoples, so far as known, is +set forth in considerable detail in Mr Dorsey's treatises<note place="foot"><p>Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of +Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the +following pages.</p></note> and in the +foregoing enumeration of tribes, confederacies, and other linguistic +groups.</p> + +<p>Like the other aborigines north of Mexico, the Siouan Indians were +organized on the basis of kinship, and were thus in the stage of tribal +society. All of the best-known tribes had reached that plane in organization +characterized by descent in the male line, though many vestiges +and some relatively unimportant examples of descent in the female line +have been discovered. Thus the clan system was obsolescent and the +gentile system fairly developed; i. e., the people were practically out +of the stage of savagery and well advanced in the stage of barbarism.</p> + +<pb n="188" /><anchor id="Pg188" /> + +<p>Confederation for defense and offense was fairly defined and was +strengthened by intermarriage between tribes and gentes and the prohibition +of marriage within the gens; yet the organization was such as to +maintain tribal autonomy in considerable degree; i.e., the social structure +was such as to facilitate union in time of war and division into +small groups adapted to hunting in times of peace. No indication of +feudalism has been found in the stock.</p> + +<p>The government was autocratic, largely by military leaders sometimes +(particularly in peace) advised by the elders and priests; the leadership +was determined primarily by ability—prowess in war and the chase and +wisdom in the council,—and was thus hereditary only a little further +than characteristics were inherited; indeed, excepting slight recognition +of the divinity that doth hedge about a king, the leaders were +practically self-chosen, arising gradually to the level determined by +their abilities. The germ of theocracy was fairly developed, and apparently +burgeoned vigorously during each period of peace, only to be +checked and withered during the ensuing war when the shamans and +their craft were forced into the background.</p> + +<p>During recent years, since the tribes began to yield to the domination +of the peace-loving whites, the government and election are determined +chiefly by kinship, as appears from Dorsey's researches; yet +definite traces of the militant organization appear, and any man can +win name and rank in his gens, tribe, or confederacy by bravery or +generosity.</p> + +<p>The institutional connection between the Siouan tribes of the plains +and those of the Atlantic slope and the Gulf coast is completely lost, +and it is doubtful whether the several branches have ever been united +in a single confederation (or "nation," in the language of the pioneers), +at least since the division in the Appalachian region perhaps five or +ten centuries ago. Since this division the tribes have separated widely, +and some of the bloodiest wars of the region in the historic period have +been between Siouan tribes; the most extensive union possessing the +slightest claim to federal organization was the great Dakota confederacy, +which was grown into instability and partial disruption; and +most of the tribal unions and coalitions were of temporary character.</p> + +<p>Although highly elaborate (perhaps because of this character), the +Siouan organization was highly unstable; with every shock of conflict, +whether intestine or external, some autocrats were displaced or slain; +and after each important event—great battle, epidemic, emigration, or +destructive flood—new combinations were formed. The undoubtedly +rapid development of the stock, especially after the passage of the +Mississippi, indicates growth by conquest and assimilation as well as +by direct propagation (it is known that the Dakota and perhaps other +groups adopted aliens regularly); and, doubtless for this reason in +part, there was a strong tendency toward differentiation and dichotomy +in the demotic growth. In some groups the history is too vague to +indicate this tendency with certainty; in others the tendency is clear.<pb n="189" /><anchor id="Pg189" /> +Perhaps the best example is found in the Cegiha, which divided into two +great branches, the stronger of which threw off minor branches in the +Osage and Kansa, and afterward separated into the Omaha and Ponka, +while the feebler branch also ramified widely; and only less notable is +the example of the Winnebago trunk, with its three great branches in +the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. This strong divergent tendency in itself +suggests rapid, perhaps abnormally rapid, growth in the stock; for it +outran and partially concealed the tendency toward convergence and +ultimate coalescence which characterizes demotic phenomena.</p> + +<p>The half-dozen eastern stocks occupying by far the greater part of +North America contrast strongly with the half-hundred local stocks +covering the Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks is +more characteristic, more sharply contrasted with the limited groups of +the western coast, or better understood as regards organization and +development, than the great Siouan stock of the northern interior. +There is promise that, as the demology of aboriginal America is pushed +forward, the records relating to the Siouan Indians and especially to +their structure and institutions will aid in explaining why some stocks +are limited and others extensive, why large stocks in general characterize +the interior and small stocks the coasts, and why the dominant +peoples of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were successful in displacing +the preexistent and probably more primitive peoples of the +Mississippi valley. While the time is not yet ripe for making final +answer to these inquiries, it is not premature to suggest a relation +between a peculiar development of the aboriginal stocks and a peculiar +geographic conformation: In general the coastward stocks are small, +indicating a provincial shoreland habit, yet their population and area +commonly increase toward those shores indented by deep bays, along +which maritime and inland industries naturally blend; so (confining +attention to eastern United States) the extensive Muskhogean stock +stretches inland from the deep-bayed eastern Gulf coast; and so, too, +three of the largest stocks on the continent (Algonquian, Iroquoian, +Siouan) stretch far into the interior from the still more deeply indented +Atlantic coast. In two of these cases (Iroquoian and Siouan) history +and tradition indicate expansion and migration from the land of bays +between Cape Lookout and Cape May, while in the third there are +similar (though perhaps less definite) indications of an inland drift +from the northern Atlantic bays and along the Laurentian river and +lakes.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>HISTORY<note place="foot"><p>Taken chiefly from notes and manuscripts prepared by Mr Dorsey.</p></note></head> +<p></p> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN</head> + +<p>The Dakota are mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1639-40; +the tradition is noted that the Ojibwa, on arriving at the Great Lakes in +an early migration from the Atlantic coast, encountered representatives<pb n="190" /><anchor id="Pg190" /> +of the great confederacy of the plains. In 1641 the French voyageurs +met the Potawatomi Indians flying from a nation called Nadawessi +(enemies); and the Frenchmen adopted the alien name for the warlike +prairie tribes. By 1658 the Jesuits had learned of the existence of +thirty Dakota villages west-northwest from the Potawatomi mission St +Michel; and in 1689 they recorded the presence of tribes apparently +representing the Dakota confederacy on the upper Mississippi, near +the mouth of the St Croix. According to Croghan's History of Western +Pennsylvania, the "Sue" Indians occupied the country southwest of +Lake Superior about 1759; and Dr T.S. Williamson, "the father of the +Dakota mission," states that the Dakota must have resided about the +confluence of the Mississippi and the Minnesota or St Peters for at +least two hundred years prior to 1860.</p> + +<p>According to traditions collected by Dorsey, the Teton took possession +of the Black Hills region, which had previously been occupied by +the Crow Indians, long before white men came; and the Yankton +and Yanktonnai, which were found on the Missouri by Lewis and Clark, +were not long removed from the region about Minnesota river. In 1862 +the Santee and other Dakota tribes united in a formidable outbreak +in which more than 1,000 whites were massacred or slain in battle. +Through this outbreak and the consequent governmental action toward +the control and settlement of the tribes, much was learned concerning +the characteristics of the people, and various Indian leaders became +known; Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, Sitting Bull, American +Horse, and Even-his-horse-is-feared (commonly miscalled Man-afraid-of-his-horses) +were among the famous Dakota chiefs and warriors, notable +representatives of a passing race, whose names are prominent in +the history of the country. Other outbreaks occurred, the last of note +resulting from the ghost-dance fantasy in 1890-91, which fortunately +was quickly suppressed. Yet, with slight interruptions, the Dakota +tribes in the United States were steadily gathered on reservations. +Some 800 or more still roam the prairies north of the international +boundary, but the great body of the confederacy, numbering nearly +28,000, are domiciled on reservations (already noted) in Minnesota, +Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota.</p> + +<p>The separation of the Asiniboin from the Wazi-kute gens of the +Yanktonai apparently occurred before the middle of the seventeenth +century, since the Jesuit relation of 1658 distinguishes between the +Poualak or Guerriers (undoubtedly the Dakota proper) and the Assiuipoualak +or Guerriers de pierre. The Asiniboin are undoubtedly the +Essanape (Essanapi or Assinapi) who were next to the Makatapi +(Dakota) in the Walam-Olum record of the Lenni-Lenape or Delaware. +In 1680 Hennepin located the Asiniboin northeast of the Issati (Isanyati +or Santee) who were on Knife lake (Minnesota); and the Jesuit +map of 1681 placed them on Lake-of-the-Woods, then called "L. Assinepoualacs." +La Hontan claimed to have visited the Eokoro (Arikara)<pb n="191" /><anchor id="Pg191" /> +in 1689-90, when the Essanape were sixty leagues above; and Perrot's +Mémoire refers to the Asiniboin as a Sioux tribe which, in the seventeenth +century, seceded from their nation and took refuge among the +rocks of Lake-of-the-Woods. Chauvignerie located some of the tribe +south of Ounipigan (Winnipeg) lake in 1736, and they were near Lake-of-the-Woods +as late as 1766, when they were said to have 1,500 warriors. +It is well known that in 1829 they occupied a considerable +territory west of the Dakota and north of Missouri river, with a population +estimated at 8,000; and Drake estimated their number at 10,000 +before the smallpox epidemic of 1838, which is said to have carried off +4,000. From this blow the tribe seems never to have fully recovered, +and now numbers probably no more than 3,000, mostly in Canada, +where they continue to roam the plains they have occupied for half a +century.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" level1="CEGIHA" /> +<head>¢EGIHA</head> + +<p>According to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of +the Omaha, Ponka, Elwapa, Osage, and Kansa were originally one +people dwelling on Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working +westward. The first separation took place at the mouth of the Ohio, +when those who went down the Mississippi became the Kwapa or Downstream +People, while those who ascended the great river became the +Omaha or Up-stream People. This separation must have occurred at +least as early as 1500, since it preceded De Soto's discovery of the +Mississippi.</p> + +<p>The Omaha group (from whom the Osage, Kansa, and Ponka were +not yet separated) ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, +where they remained for some time, though war and hunting +parties explored the country northwestward, and the body of the tribe +gradually followed these pioneers, though the Osage and Kansa were +successively left behind. Some of the pioneer parties discovered the +pipestone quarry, and many traditions cling about this landmark. Subsequently +they were driven across the Big Sioux by the Yankton Indians, +who then lived toward the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi. +The group gradually differentiated and finally divided through the separation +of the Ponka, probably about the middle of the seventeenth +century. The Omaha gathered south of the Missouri, between the +mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while the Ponka pushed into the +Black Hills country.</p> + +<p>The Omaha tribe remained within the great bend of the Missouri, +opposite the mouth of the Big Sioux, until white men came. Their +hunting ground extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north +of the Platte and along the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and +the Pawnee (Caddoan); and in 1766 Carver met their hunting parties +on Minnesota river. Toward the end of the eighteenth century they +were nearly destroyed by smallpox, their number having been reduced +from about 3,500 to but little over 300 when they were visited by Lewis<pb n="192" /><anchor id="Pg192" /> +and Clark, their famous chief Blackbird being one of those carried off +by the epidemic. Subsequently they increased in numbers; in 1890 +their population was about 1,200. They are now on reservations, mostly +owning land in severalty, and are citizens of the United States and of +the state of Nebraska.</p> + +<p>Although the name Ponka did not appear in history before 1700 it +must have been used for many generations earlier, since it is an archaic +designation connected with the social organization of several tribes and +the secret societies of the Osage and Kansa, as well as the Ponka. In +1700 the Ponka were indicated on De l'Isle's map, though they were +not then segregated territorially from the Omaha. They, too, suffered +terribly from the smallpox epidemic, and when met by Lewis and Clark +in 1804 numbered only about 200. They increased rapidly, reaching +about 600 in 1829 and some 800 in 1842; in 1871, when they were first +visited by Dorsey, they numbered 747. Up to this time the Ponka and +Dakota were amicable; but a dispute grew out of the cession of lands, +and the Teton made annual raids on the Ponka until the enforced +removal of the tribe to Indian Territory took place in 1877. Through +this warfare, more than a quarter of the Ponka lost their lives. The +displacement of this tribe from lands owned by them in fee simple +attracted attention, and a commission was appointed by President +Hayes in 1880 to inquire into the matter; the commission, consisting +of Generals Crook and Miles and Messrs William Stickney and Walter +Allen, visited the Ponka settlements in Indian Territory and on the +Niobrara and effected a satisfactory arrangement of the affairs of the +tribe, through which the greater portion (some 600) remained in Indian +Territory, while some 225 kept their reservation in Nebraska.</p> + +<p>When the ¢egiha divided at the mouth of the Ohio, the ancestors +of the Osage and Kansa accompanied the main Omaha body up the +Mississippi to the mouth of Osage river. There the Osage separated +from the group, ascending the river which bears their name. They +were distinguished by Marquette in 1673 as the "Ouchage" and +"Autrechaha," and by Penicaut in 1719 as the "Huzzau," "Ous," and +"Wawha." According to Croghan, they were, in 1759, on "White +creek, a branch of the Mississippi," with the "Grand Tuc;" but"White +creek" (or White water) was an old designation for Osage river, and +"Grand Tuc" is, according to Mooney, a corruption of "Grandes Eaux," +or Great Osage; and there is accordingly no sufficient reason for supposing +that they returned to the Mississippi. Toward the close of the +eighteenth century the Osage and Kansa encountered the Comanche +and perhaps other Shoshonean peoples, and their course was turned +southward; and in 1817, according to Brown, the Great Osage and +Little Osage were chiefly on Osage and Arkansas rivers, in four villages. +In 1829 Porter described their country as beginning 25 miles +west of the Missouri line and running to the Mexican line of that date, +being 50 miles wide; and he gave their number as 5,000. According to<pb n="193" /><anchor id="Pg193" /> +Schoolcraft, they numbered 3,758 in April, 1853, but this was after the +removal of an important branch known as Black Dog's band to a new +locality farther down Verdigris river. In 1850 the Osage occupied at +least seven large villages, besides numerous small ones, on Neosho and +Verdigris rivers. In 1873, when visited by Dorsey, they were gathered +on their reservations in what is now Oklahoma. In 1890 they numbered +158.</p> + +<p>The Kansa remained with the Up-stream People in their gradual +ascent of the Missouri to the mouth of the Kaw or Kansas, when they +diverged westward; but they soon came in contact with inimical +peoples, and, like the Osage, were driven southward. The date of this +divergence is not fixed, but it must have been after 1723, when Bourgmont +mentioned a large village of "Quans" located on a small river +flowing northward thirty leagues above Kaw river, near the Missouri. +After the cession of Louisiana to the United States, a treaty was made +with the Kansa Indians, who were then on Kaw river, at the mouth of +the Saline, having been forced back from the Missouri by the Dakota; +they then numbered about 1,500 and occupied about thirty earth lodges. +In 1825 they ceded their lands on the Missouri to the Government, +retaining a reservation on the Kaw, where they were constantly subjected +to attacks from the Pawnee and other tribes, through which large +numbers of their warriors were slain. In 1846 they again ceded their +lands and received a new reservation on Neosho river in Kansas. This +was soon overrun by settlers, when another reservation was assigned +to them in Indian Territory, near the Osage country. By 1890 their +population was reduced to 214.</p> + +<p>The Kwapa were found by De Soto in 1541 on the Mississippi above +the mouth of the St Francis, and, according to Marquette's map, they +were partly east of the Mississippi in 1673. In 1681 La Salle found +them in three villages distributed along the Mississippi, and soon afterward +Tonty mentioned four villages, one (Kappa = Uʞaqpaqti, "Real +Kwapa") on the Mississippi and three (Toyengan = Ta<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>wa<hi rend="vertical-align: super">n</hi>-jiʞa, "Small +Village"; Toriman = Ti-uad¢iman, and Osotonoy = Uzutiuwe) inland; +this observation was verified by Dorsey in 1883 by the discovery that +these names are still in use. In early days the Kwapa were known as +"Akansa," or Arkansa, first noted by La Metairie in 1682. It is probable +that this name was an Algonquian designation given because of +confusion with, or recognition of affinity to, the Kansa or Kanze, the +prefix "a" being a common one in Algouquian appellations. In 1687 +Joutel located two of the villages of the tribe on the Arkansas and +two on the Mississippi, one of the latter being on the eastern side. +According to St Cosme, the greater part of the tribe died of smallpox +in October, 1699. In 1700 De l'Isle placed the principal "Acansa" +village on the southern side of Arkansas river; and, according to +Gravier, there were in 1701 five villages, the largest, Imaha (Omaha), +being highest on the Arkansas. In 1805 Sibley placed the "Arkensa"<pb n="194" /><anchor id="Pg194" /> +in three villages on the southern side of Arkansas river, about 12 miles +above Arkansas post. They claimed to be the original proprietors of +the country bordering the Arkansas for 300 miles, or up to the confluence +of the Cadwa, above which lay the territory of the Osage. Subsequently +the Kwapa affiliated with the Caddo Indians, though of +another stock; according to Porter they were in the Caddo country in +1829. As reservations were established, the Kwapa were re-segregated, +and in 1877 were on their reservation in northwestern Indian Territory; +but most of them afterward scattered, chiefly to the Osage +country, where in 1890 they were found to number 232.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" level1="TCIWE'RE" /> +<head>ʇƆIWE'RE</head> + +<p>The ancestry and prehistoric movements of the tribes constituting +this group are involved in considerable obscurity, though it is known +from tradition as well as linguistic affinity that they sprung from the +Winnebago.</p> + +<p>Since the days of Marquette (1673) the Iowa have ranged over the +country between the Mississippi and Missouri, up to the latitude of +Oneota (formerly upper Iowa) river,- and even across the Missouri +about the mouth of the Platte. Chauvignerie located them, in 1736 +west of the Mississippi and (probably through error in identification of +the waterway) south of the Missouri; and in 1761 Jefferys placed them +between Missouri river and the headwaters of Des Moines river, above +the Oto and below the Maha (Omaha). In 1805, according to Drake, +they dwelt on Des Moines river, forty leagues above its mouth, and +numbered 800. In 1811 Pike found them in two villages on Des Moines +and Iowa rivers. In 1815 they were decimated by smallpox, and +also lost heavily through war against the tribes of the Dakota confederacy. +In 1829 Porter placed them on the Little Platte, some 15 miles +from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them on +Nemaha river, their principal village being near the mouth of the +Great Nemaha. In 1848 they suffered another epidemic of smallpox, +by which 100 warriors, besides women and children, were carried off. +As the country settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the stock, +were collected on reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and +Oklahoma. According to the last census their population was 273.</p> + +<p>The Missouri were first seen by Tonty about 1670; they were located +near the Mississippi on Marquette's map (1673) under the name of +Ouemessourit, probably a corruption of their name by the Illinois +tribe, with the characteristic Algonquian prefix. The name Missouri +was first used by Joutel in 1687. In 1723 Bourgmont located their +principal village 30 leagues below Kaw river and 60 leagues below +the chief settlement of the Kansa; according to Groghan, they were +located on Mississippi river opposite the Illinois country in 1759. +Although the early locations are somewhat indefinite, it seems certain +that the tribe formerly dwelt on the Mississippi about the mouth of<pb n="195" /><anchor id="Pg195" /> +the Missouri, and that they gradually ascended the latter stream, +remaining for a time between Grand and Chariton rivers and establishing +a town on the left bank of the Missouri near the mouth of the +Grand. There they were found by French traders, who built a fort on +an island quite near their village about the beginning of the eighteenth +century. Soon afterward they were conquered and dispersed by a +combination of Sac, Fox, and other Indians; they also suffered from +smallpox. On the division, five or six lodges joined the Osage, two or +three took refuge with the Kansa, and most of the remainder amalgamated +with the Oto. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found a part of the +tribe, numbering about 300, south of Platte river. The only known +survivors in 1829 were with the Oto, when they numbered no more +than 80. In 1842 their village stood on the southern bank of Platte +river near the Oto settlement, and they followed the latter tribe to +Indian Territory in 1882.</p> + +<p>According to Winnebago tradition, the ʇɔiwe're tribes separated from +that "People of the parent speech" long ago, the Iowa being the first +and the Oto the last to leave. In 1673 the Oto were located by Marquette +west of Missouri river, between the fortieth and fortyfirst +parallels; in 1680 they were 130 leagues from the Illinois, almost opposite +the mouth of the Miskoncing (Wisconsin), and in 1687 they were +on Osage river. According to La Hontan they were, in 1690, on Otontas +(Osage) river; and in 1698 Hennepin placed them ten days' journey +from Fort Crève Cœur. Iberville, in 1700, located the Iowa and Oto +with the Omaha, between Wisconsin and Missouri rivers, about 100 +leagues from the Illinois tribe; and Charlevoix, in 1721, fixed the Oto +habitat as below that of the Iowa and above that of the Kansa on the +western side of the Missouri. Dupratz mentions the Oto as a small +nation on Missouri river in 1758, and Jefferys (1761) described them +as occupying the southern bank of the Panis (Platte) between its mouth +and the Pawnee territory; according to Porter, they occupied the same +position in 1829. The Oto claimed the land bordering the Platte from +their village to the mouth of the river, and also that on both sides of the +Missouri as far as the Big Nemaha. In 1833 Catlin found the Oto and +Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they were gathered +in four villages on the southern side of the Platte, from 5 to 18 +miles above its mouth. In 1880 a part of the tribe removed to the Sac +and Fox reservation in Indian Territory, where they still remain; in +1882 the rest of the tribe, with the remnant of the Missouri, emigrated +to the Pouka, Pawnee, and Oto reservation in the present Oklahoma, +where, in 1890 they were found to number 400.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>WINNEBAGO</head> + +<p>Linguistically the Winnebago Indians are closely related to the +ʇɔiwe're on the one side and to the Mandan on the other. They were +first mentioned in the Jesuit Relation of 1636, though the earliest<pb n="196" /><anchor id="Pg196" /> +known use of the name Winnebago occurs in the Relation of 1640; +Nicollet found them on Green bay in 1639. According to Shea, the +Winnebago were almost annihilated by the Illinois (Algonquian) tribe in +early days, and the historical group was made up of the survivors of +the early battles. Cbauvignerie placed the Winnebago on Lake Superior +in 1736, and Jefferys referred to them and the Sac as living near +the head of Green bay in 1761; Carver mentions a Winnebago village +on a small island near the eastern end of Winnebago lake in 1778. +Pike enumerated seven Winnebago villages existing in 1811; and in +1822 the population of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 +warriors) in the country about Winnebago lake and extending thence +southwestward to the Mississippi. By treaties in 1825 and 1832 they +ceded their lands south of Wisconsin and Fox rivers for a reservation +on the Mississippi above the Oneota; one of their villages in 1832 was +at Prairie la Grosse. They suffered several visitations of smallpox; +the third, which occurred in 1836, carried off more than a quarter of +the tribe. A part of the people long remained widely distributed over +their old country east of the Mississippi and along that river in Iowa +and Minnesota; in 1840 most of the tribe removed to the neutral ground +in the then territory of Iowa; in 1846 they surrendered their reservation +for another above the Minnesota, and in 1856 they were removed +to Blue Earth, Minnesota. Here they were mastering agriculture, when +the Sioux war broke out and the settlers demanded their removal. +Those who had taken up farms, thereby abandoning tribal rights, were +allowed to remain, but the others were transferred to Crow creek, on +Missouri river, whence they soon escaped. Their privations and sufferings +were terrible; out of 2,000 taken to Crow creek only 1,200 reached +the Omaha reservation, whither most of them fled. They were assigned +a new reservation on the Omaha lands, where they now remain, occupying +lands allotted in severalty. In 1890 there were 1,215 Winnebago +on the reservation, but nearly an equal number were scattered over +Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they now live chiefly +by agriculture, with a strong predilection for hunting.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>MANDAN</head> + +<p>The Mandan had a vague tradition of emigration from the eastern +part of the country, and Lewis and Clark, Prince Maximilian, and +others found traces of Mandan house-structures at various points +along the Missouri; thus they appear to have ascended that stream +before the advent of the ¢egiha. During the historical period their +movements were limited; they were first visited in the upper Missouri +country by Sieur de la Verendrye in 1738. About 1750 they established +two villages on the eastern side and seven on the western side of +the Missouri, near the mouth of Heart river. Here they were assailed +by the Asiniboin and Dakota and attacked by smallpox, and were +greatly reduced; the two eastern villages consolidated, and the people<pb n="197" /><anchor id="Pg197" /> +migrated up the Missouri to a point 1,430 miles above its mouth (as +subsequently determined by Lewis and Clark); the seven villages were +soon reduced to five, and these people also ascended the river and +formed two villages in the Arikara country, near the Mandan of the +eastern side, where they remained until about 1766, when they also +consolidated. Thus the once powerful and populous tribe was reduced +to two villages which, in 1804, were found by Lewis and Clark on +opposite banks of the Missouri, about 4 miles below Knife river. Here +for a time the tribe waxed and promised to regain the early prestige, +reaching a population of 1,600 in 1837; but in that year they were again +attacked by smallpox and almost annihilated, the survivors numbering +only 31 according to one account, or 125 to 145 according to others. +After this visitation they united in one village. When the Hidatsa +removed from Knife river in 1845, some of the Mandan accompanied +them, and others followed at intervals as late as 1858, when only a few +still remained at their old home. In 1872 a reservation was set apart +for the Hidatsa and Arikara and the survivors of the Mandan on Missouri +and Yellowstone rivers in Dakota and Montana, but in 1886 the +reservation was reduced. According to the census returns, the Mandan +numbered 252 in 1890.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>HIDATSA</head> + +<p>There has been much confusion concerning the definition and designation +of the Hidatsa Indians. They were formerly known as Minitari +or Gros Ventres of the Missouri, in distinction from the Gros Ventres +of the plains, who belong to another stock. The origin of the term +Gros Ventres is somewhat obscure, and various observers have pointed +out its inapplicability, especially to the well-formed Hidatsa tribesmen. +According to Dorsey, the French pioneers probably translated a native +term referring to a traditional buffalo paunch, which occupies a prominent +place in the Hidatsa mythology and which, in early times, led to +a dispute and the separation of the Crow from the main group some +time in the eighteenth century.</p> + +<p>The earlier legends of the Hidatsa are vague, but there is a definite +tradition of a migration northward, about 1765, from the neighborhood +of Heart river, where they were associated with the Mandan, to Knife +river. At least as early as 1796, according to Matthews, there were +three villages belonging to this tribe on Knife river—one at the mouth, +another half a mile above, and the third and largest 3 miles from the +mouth. Here the people were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and +here they remained until 1837, when the scourge of smallpox fell and +many of the people perished, the survivors uniting in a single village. +About 1845 the Hidatsa and a part of the Mandan again migrated up +the Missouri, and established a village 30 miles by land and 60 miles +by water above their old home, within what is now Fort Berthold reservation. +Their population has apparently varied greatly, partly by<pb n="198" /><anchor id="Pg198" /> +reason of the ill definition of the tribe by different enumerators, partly +by reason of the inroads of smallpox. In 1890 they numbered 522.</p> + +<p>The Crow people are known by the Hidatsa as Kihatsa (They-refused-the-paunch), +according to Matthews; and Dorsey points out that their +own name, Absaruke, does not mean " crow," but refers to a variety of +hawk. Lewis and Clark found the tribe in four bands. In 1817 Brown +located them on Yellowstone river. In 1829 they were described by +Porter as ranging along Yellowstone river on the eastern side of the +Bocky mountains, and numbered at 4,000; while in 1834, according to +Drake, they occupied the southern branch of the Yellowstone, about +the fortysixth parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, with a +population of 4,500. In 1842 their number was estimated at 4,000, and +they were described as inhabiting the headwaters of the Yellowstone. +They have since been duly gathered on the Crow reservation in Montana, +and are slowly adopting civilization. In 1890 they numbered +2,287.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES</head> + +<p>The history of the Monakan, Oatawba, Sara, Pedee, and Santee, and +incidentally that of the Biloxi, has been carefully reviewed in a recent +publication by Mooney<note place="foot"><p>Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894.</p></note> , and does not require repetition.</p> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>GENERAL MOVEMENTS</head> + +<p>On reviewing the records of explorers and pioneers and the few traditions +which have been preserved, the course of Siouan migration and +development becomes clear. In general the movements were westward +and northwestward. The Dakota tribes have not been traced far, +though several of them, like the Yanktonnai, migrated hundreds of +miles from the period of first observation to the end of the eighteenth +century; then came the Mandan, according to their tradition, and as +they ascended the Missouri left traces of their occupancy scattered +over 1,000 miles of migration; next the ¢egiha descended the Ohio +and passed from the cis-Mississippi forests over the trans-Mississippi +plains—the stronger branch following the Mandan, while the lesser at +first descended the great river and then worked up the Arkansas into +the buffalo country until checked and diverted by antagonistic tribes. +So also the ʇɔiwe're, first recorded near the Mississippi, pushed 300 +miles westward; while the Winnebago gradually emigrated from the +region of the Great Lakes into the trans-Mississippi country even +before their movements were affected by contact with white men. In +like manner the Hidatsa are known to have flowed northwestward +many scores of miles; and the Asiniboin swept more rapidly across the +plains from the place of their rebellion against the Yanktonnai, on the +Mississippi, before they found final resting place on the Saskatchewan<pb n="199" /><anchor id="Pg199" /> +plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of the movements were consistent +and, despite intertribal friction and strife, measurably harmonious. The +lines of movement, so far as they can be restored, are in full accord +with the lines of linguistic evolution traced by Hale and Dorsey and +Gatschet, and indicate that some five hundred or possibly one thousand +years ago the tribesmen pushed over the Appalachians to the Ohio and +followed that stream and its tributaries to the Mississippi (though there +are faint indications that some of the early emigrants ascended the +northern tributaries to the region of the Great Lakes); and that the +human flood gained volume as it advanced and expanded to cover +the entire region of the plains. The records concerning the movement +of this great human stream find support in the manifest reason for the +movement; the reason was the food quest by which all primitive men +are led, and its end was the abundant fauna of the prairieland, with the +buffalo at its head.</p> + +<p>While the early population of the Siouan stock, when first the huntsmen +crossed the Appalachians, may not be known, the lines of migration +indicate that the people increased and multiplied amain during +their long journey, and that their numbers culminated, despite external +conflict and internal strife, about the beginning of written history, +when the Siouan population may have been 100,000 or more. Then +came war against the whites and the still more deadly smallpox, +whereby the vigorous stock was checked and crippled and the population +gradually reduced; but since the first shock, which occurred at +different dates in different parts of the great region, the Siouan people +have fairly held their own, and some branches are perhaps gaining in +strength.</p> +</div> +</div> +</div> + +<div> +<index index="toc" /> +<index index="pdf" /> +<head>SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY</head> + +<p>As shown by Powell, there are two fundamentally distinct classes or +stages in human society—(1) tribal society and (2) national society. +National society characterizes civilization; primarily it is organized on +a territorial basis, but as enlightenment grows the bases are multiplied. +Tribal society is characteristic of savagery and barbarism; so +far as known, all tribal societies are organized on the basis of kinship. +The transfer from tribal society to national society is often, perhaps +always, through feudalism, in which the territorial motive takes root +and in which the kinship motive withers.</p> + +<p>All of the American aborigines north of Mexico and most of those +farther southward were in the stage of tribal society when the continents +were discovered, though feudalism was apparently budding in +South America, Central America, and parts of Mexico. The partly +developed transitional stage may, for the present, be neglected, and +American Indian sociology may be considered as representing tribal +society or kinship organization.</p> + +<pb n="200" /><anchor id="Pg200" /> + +<p>The fundamental principles of tribal organization through kinship +have been formulated by Powell; they are as follows:<note place="foot"><p>Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), pp. xliv-xlv.</p></note></p> + +<list type="ordered" rend="list-style-type: upper-roman"> +<item>A body of kindred constituting a distinct body politic is divided into groups, +the males into groups of brothers and the females into groups of sisters, on distinctions +of generations, regardless of degrees of consanguinity; and the kinship terms +used express relative age. In civilized society kinships are classified on distinctions +of sex, distinctions of generations, and distinctions arising from degrees of consanguinity.</item> + +<item>When descent is in the female line, the brother-group consists of natal brothers, +together with all the materterate male cousins of whatever degree. Thus mother's +sisters' sons and mother's mother's sisters' daughters' sons, etc, are included in a +group with natal brothers. In like manner the sister-group is composed of natal +sisters, together with all materterate female cousins of whatever degree.</item> + +<item>When descent is in the male line, the brother-group is composed of natal +brothers, together with all patruate male cousins of whatever degree, and the sister-group +is composed of natal sisters, together with all patruate female cousins of +whatever degree.</item> + +<item>The son of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, father; +the father of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, son. Thus a +father-group is coextensive with the brother-group to which the father belongs. A +brother-group may also constitute a father-group and grandfather-group, a son-group +and a grandson-group. It may also be a patruate-group and an avunculate group. +It may also be a patruate cousin-group and an avunculate cousin-group; +and in general, every member of a brother-group has the same consanguineal relation +to persons outside of the group as that of every other member.</item> +</list> + +<p>Two postulates concerning primitive society, adopted by various ethnologic +students of other countries, have been erroneously applied to +the American aborigines; at the same time they have been so widely +accepted as to demand consideration.</p> + +<p>The first postulate is that primitive men were originally assembled +in chaotic hordes, and that organized society was developed out of the +chaotic mass by the segregation of groups and the differentiation of +functions within each group. Now the American aborigines collectively +represent a wide range in development, extending from a condition +about as primitive as ever observed well toward the verge of +feudalism, and thus offer opportunities for testing the postulate; and +it has been found that when higher and lower stages representing any +portion of the developmental succession are compared, the social organizations +of the lower grade are no less definite, perhaps more definite, +than those pertaining to the higher grade; so that when the history of +demotic growth among the American Indians is traced backward, the +organizations are found on the whole to grow more definite, albeit more +simple. When the lines of development revealed through research are +projected still farther toward their origin, they indicate an initial condition, +directly antithetic to the postulated horde, in which the scant +population was segregated in small discrete bodies, probably family +groups; and that in each of these bodies there was a definite organization, +while each group was practically independent of, and probably<pb n="201" /><anchor id="Pg201" /> +inimical to, all other groups. The testimony of the observed institutions +is corroborated by the testimony of language, which, as clearly +shown by Powell,<note place="foot"><p>Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, illustrated by American examples," +Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. 625-638, especially p. 635.</p></note> represents progressive combination rather than continued +differentiation, a process of involution rather than evolution. +It would appear that the original definitely organized groups occasionally +met and coalesced, whereby changes in organization were required; +that these compound groups occasionally coalesced with other groups, +both simple and compound, whereby they were elaborated in structure, +always with some loss in definiteness and permanence; and that gradually +the groups enlarged by incorporation, while the composite organization +grew complex and variable to meet the ever-changing conditions. +It would also appear that in some cases the corporeal growth +outran the structural or institutional growth, when the bodies—clans, +gentes, tribes, or confederacies—split into two or more fragments which +continued to grow independently; yet that in general the progress of +institutional developmentwent forward through incorporation of peoples +and differentiation of institutions. The same process was followed as +tribal society passed into national society; and it is the same process +which is today exalting national society into world society, and transforming +simple civilization into enlightenment. Thus the evoluffon of +social organization is from the simple and definite toward the complex +and variable; or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the +environment-shaped to the environment-shaping; or from the biotic to +the demotic.</p> + +<p>The second postulate, which may be regarded as a corollary of the +first, is that the primary conjugal condition was one of promiscuity, +out of which different forms ot marriage were successively segregated. +Now the wide range in institutional development exemplified by the +American Indians affords unprecedented opportunities for testing this +postulate also. The simplest demotic unit found among the aborigines +is the clan or mother-descent group, in which the normal conjugal relation +is essentially monogamous,<note place="foot"><p>Neither space nor present occasion warrants discussion of the curious aphrodisian cults found +among many peoples, usually in the barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this +is an aberrant branch from the main stem of institutional growth. The subject is touched briefly in +"The beginning of marriage," American Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896.</p></note> in which marriage is more or less +strictly regulated by a system of prohibitions, and in which the chief +conjugal regulation is commonly that of exogamy with respect to the +clan; in higher groups, more deeply affected by contact with neighboring +peoples, the simple clan organization is sometimes found to be +modified, (1) by the adoption and subsequent conjugation of captive +men and boys, and, doubtless more profoundly, (2) by the adoption +and polygamous marriage of female captives; and in still more highly +organized groups the mother-descent is lost and polygamy is regular +and limited only by the capacity of the husband as a provider. The +second and third stages are commonly characterized, like the first,<pb n="202" /><anchor id="Pg202" /> +by established prohibitions and by clan exogamy; though with the +advance in organization amicable relations with certain other groups +are usually established, whereby the germ of tribal organization is +implanted and a system of interclan marriage, or tribal endogamy, is +developed. With further advance the mother-descent group is transformed +into a father-descent group, when the clan is replaced by the +gens; and polygamy is a common feature of the gentile organization. +In all of these stages the conjugal and consanguineal regulations are +affected by the militant habits characteristic of primitive groups; more +warriors than women are slain in battle, and there are more female +captives than male; and thus the polygamy is mainly or wholly +polygyny. In many cases civil conditions combine with or partially +replace the militant conditions, yet the tendency of conjugal development +is not changed. Among the Seri Indians, probably the most +primitive tribe in North America, in which the demotic unit is the +clan, there is a rigorous marriage custom under which the would-be +groom is required to enter the family of the girl and demonstrate (1) +his capacity as a provider and (2) his strength of character as a man, +by a year's probation, before he is finally accepted—the conjugal theory +ofr the tribe being monogamy, though the practice, at least during +recent years, has, by reason of conditions, passed into polygyny. +Among several other tribes of more provident and less exclusive habit, +the first of the two conditions recognized by the Seri is met by rich +presents (representing accumulated property) from the groom to the +girl's family, the second condition being usually ignored, the clan +organization remaining in force; among still other tribes the first condition +is more or less vaguely recognized, though the voluntary present +is commuted into, or replaced by, a negotiated value exacted by the +girl's family, when the mother-descent is commonly vestigial; and in +the next stage, which is abundantly exemplified, wife-purchase prevails, +and the clan is replaced by the gens. In this succession the +development of wife-purchase and the decadence of mother-descent +maybe traced, and it is significant that there is a tendency first toward +partial enslavement of the wife and later toward the multiplication of +wives to the limit of the husband's means, and toward transforming +all, or all but one, of the wives into menials. Thus the lines of development +under militant and civil conditions are essentially parallel. It +is possible to project these lines some distance backward into the +unknown, of the exceedingly primitive, when they, are found to define +small discrete bodies—just such as are indicated by the institutional +and linguistic lines—probably family groups, which must have been +essentially, and were perhaps strictly, monogamous. It would appear +that in these groups mating was either between distant members +(under a law of attraction toward the remote and repulsion from the +near, which is shared by mankind and the higher animals), or the result +of accidental meeting between nubile members of different groups; +that in the second case and sometimes in the first the conjugation<pb n="203" /><anchor id="Pg203" /> +produced a new monogamic family; and that sometimes in the first case +(and possibly in the second) the new group retained a more or less +definite connection with the parent group—this connection constituting +the germ of the clan. In passing, it may be noted merely that this +inferential origin of the lines of institutional development is in accord +with the habits of certain higher and incipiently organized animals. +From this hypothetic beginning, primitive marriage may be traced +through the various observed stages of monogamy and polygamy and +concubinage and wife-subordination, through savagery and barbarism +and into civilization, with its curious combination of exoteric monogamy +and esoteric promiscuity. Fortunately the burden of the proof +of this evolution does not now rest wholly on the evidence obtained +among the American aborigines; for Westermarck has recently reviewed +the records of observation among the primitive peoples of many +lands, and has found traces of the same sequence in all.<note place="foot"><p>The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii.</p></note> Thus the +evolution of marriage, like that of other human institutions, is from +the simple and definite to the complex and variable; i.e., from approximate +or complete monogamy through polygamy to a mixed status of +undetermined signification; or from the mechanical to the spontaneous; +or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the provincial to the +cosmopolitan.</p> + +<p>As implied in several foregoing paragraphs, and as clearly set forth +in various publications by Powell, tribal society falls into two classes +or stages—(1) clan organization and (2) gentile organization, these +stages corresponding respectively to savagery and barbarism, strictly +defined.</p> + +<p>At the time of discovery, most of the American Indians were in the +upper stages of savagery and the lower stages of barbarism, as defined +by organization; among some tribes descent was reckoned in the female +line, though definite matriarchies have not been discovered; among +several tribes descent was and still is reckoned in the male line, and +among all of the tribes thus far investigated the patriarchal system is +found.</p> + +<p>In tribal society, both clan and gentile, the entire social structure is +based on real or assumed kinship, and a large part of the demotic +devices are designed to establish, perpetuate, and advertise kinship +relations. As already indicated, the conspicuous devices in order of +development are the taboo with the prohibitions growing out of it, +kinship nomenclature and regulations, and a system of ordination by +which incongruous things are brought into association.</p> + +<p>Among the American Indians the taboo and derivative prohibitions +are used chiefly in connection with marriage and clan or gentile organization. +Marriage in the clan or gens is prohibited; among many tribes +a vestige of the inferential primitive condition is found in the curious<pb n="204" /><anchor id="Pg204" /> +prohibition of communications between children-in-law and parents-in-law; +the clan taboos are commonly connected with the tutelar beast-god, +perhaps represented by a totem.</p> + +<p>The essential feature of the kinship terminology is the reckoning +from ego, whereby each individual remembers his own relation to every +other member of the clan or tribe; and commonly the kinship terms +are classific rather than descriptive (i.e., a single term expresses the +relation which in English is expressed by the phrase "My elder +brother's second son's wife"). The system is curiously complex and +elaborate. It was not discovered by the earlier and more superficial +observers of the Indians, and was brought out chiefly by Morgan, who +detected numerous striking examples among different tribes; but it +would appear that the system is not equally complete among all of the +tribes, probably because of immature development in some cases and +because of decadence in others.</p> + +<p>The system of ordination, like that of kinship, is characterized by +reckoning from the ego and by adventitious associations. It may have +been developed from the kinship system through the need for recognition +and assignment of adopted captives, collective property, and other +things pertaining to the group; yet it bears traces of influence by the +taboo system. Its ramifications are wide: In some cases it emphasizes +kinship by assigning members of the family group to fixed positions +about the camp-fire or in the house; this function develops into the +placement of family groups in fixed order, as exemplified in the Iroquoian +long-house and the Siouan camping circle; or it develops into a +curiously exaggerated direction-concept culminating in the cult of the +Four Quarters and the Here, and this prepares the way for a quinary, +decimal, and vigesimal numeration; this last branch sends off another +in which the cult of the Six Quarters and the Here arises to prepare +the way for the mystical numbers 7, 13, and 7x7, whose vestiges come +down to civilization; both the four-quarter and the six-quarter associations +are sometimes bound up with colors; and there are numberless +other ramifications. Sometimes the function and development of these +curious concepts, which constitute perhaps the most striking characteristic +of prescriptorial culture, are obscure at first glance, and hardly +to be discovered even through prolonged research; yet, so far as they +have been detected and interpreted, they are especially adapted to fixing +demotic relations; and through them the manifold relations of individuals +and groups are crystallized and kept in mind.</p> + +<p>Thus the American Indians, including the Siouan stock, are made up +of families organized into clans or gentes, and combined in tribes, +sometimes united in confederacies, all on a basis of kinship, real or +assumed; and the organization is shaped and perpetuated by a series +of devices pertaining to the plane of prescriptorial culture, whereby +each member of the organization is constantly reminded of his position +in the group.</p> +</div> + +</body> + +<back rend="page-break-before: right"> +<div> +<pgIf output="pdf"> + <then> + <div> + <divGen type="footnotes" /> + </div> + </then> + <else> + <div> + <head>Footnotes</head> + <divGen type="footnotes" /> + </div> + </else> +</pgIf> +</div> + +<div rend="page-break-before: right"> +<divGen type="pgfooter" /> +</div> + +</back> + + </text> +</TEI.2> + +<!-- +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 19628-tei.txt or 19628-tei.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one — the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the +General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and +distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works to protect the Project +Gutenberg™ concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered +trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you +receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of +this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away +— you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks. +Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE + + +_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._ + +To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or +any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project Gutenberg”), +you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg™ +License (available with this file or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. + + +General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works + + +1.A. + + +By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™ electronic work, +you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the +terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) +agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this +agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee +for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work +and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may +obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set +forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + + +1.B. + + +“Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or +associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be +bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can +do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic works even without complying +with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are +a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you +follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + + +1.C. + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the Foundation” or +PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual +work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in +the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, +distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on +the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of +course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™ mission of +promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project +Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for +keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated with the work. You can +easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you +share it without charge with others. + +This particular work is one of the few copyrighted individual works +included with the permission of the copyright holder. Information on the +copyright owner for this particular work and the terms of use imposed by +the copyright holder on this work are set forth at the beginning of this +work. + + +1.D. + + +The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you +can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant +state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of +your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before +downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating +derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. +The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of +any work in any country outside the United States. + + +1.E. + + +Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + + +1.E.1. + + +The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access +to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must appear prominently whenever +any copy of a Project Gutenberg™ work (any work on which the phrase +“Project Gutenberg” appears, or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” +is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or +distributed: + + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with + almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away + or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License + included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org + + +1.E.2. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived from the +public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with +permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and +distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or +charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the +phrase “Project Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you +must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 +or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg™ +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.3. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted with the +permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply +with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed +by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project +Gutenberg™ License for all works posted with the permission of the +copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + + +1.E.4. + + +Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg™ License +terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any +other work associated with Project Gutenberg™. + + +1.E.5. + + +Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic +work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying +the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate +access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg™ License. + + +1.E.6. + + +You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, +marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word +processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work in a format other than +“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in the official version posted +on the official Project Gutenberg™ web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. +Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as +specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + + +1.E.7. + + +Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, +copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works unless you comply +with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.8. + + +You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or +distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works provided that + + - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, but he has agreed to + donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally + required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments + should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, + “Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation.” + + - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™ License. + You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the + works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and + all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg™ works. + + - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + + - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works. + + +1.E.9. + + +If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic +work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this +agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the +Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in +Section 3 below. + + +1.F. + + +1.F.1. + + +Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to +identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain +works in creating the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these +efforts, Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they +may be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to, +incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright +or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk +or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot +be read by your equipment. + + +1.F.2. + + +LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES — Except for the “Right of +Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ +trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg™ +electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for +damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE +NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH +OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE +FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT +WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, +PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY +OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + +1.F.3. + + +LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND — If you discover a defect in this +electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund +of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to +the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a +physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. +The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect +to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the +work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose +to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in +lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a +refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. + + +1.F.4. + + +Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in +paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ’AS-IS,’ WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + + +1.F.5. + + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the +exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or +limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state +applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make +the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state +law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement +shall not void the remaining provisions. + + +1.F.6. + + +INDEMNITY — You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark +owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of +Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and +any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution +of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs +and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from +any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of +this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect +you cause. + + +Section 2. + + + Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg™ + + +Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic +works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including +obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the +efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks +of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance +they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s goals and ensuring +that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will remain freely available for +generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for +Project Gutenberg™ and future generations. To learn more about the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations +can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at +http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. + + + Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of +Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. +The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. +Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full +extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws. + +The Foundation’s principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. +S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North +1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information +can be found at the Foundation’s web site and official page at +http://www.pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. + + + Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation + + +Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the +number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment +including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are +particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. +Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable +effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these +requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not +received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or +determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have +not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against +accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us +with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any +statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the +United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods +and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including +checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please +visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. + + + General Information About Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. + + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg™ +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with +anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg™ +eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed editions, +all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright +notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance +with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook’s eBook +number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed +(zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the +old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org + + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg™, including how +to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, +how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email +newsletter to hear about new eBooks. +--> diff --git a/19628.txt b/19628.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..81c7eee --- /dev/null +++ b/19628.txt @@ -0,0 +1,3055 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Siouan Indians by W. J. McGee + + + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no +restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under +the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or +online at http://www.gutenberg.org/license + + + +Title: The Siouan Indians + +Author: W. J. McGee + +Release Date: October 23, 2006 [Ebook #19628] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: US-ASCII + + +***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + + + +The Siouan Indians + + +A Preliminary Sketch - Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology +to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1893-1894, Government +Printing Office, Washington, 1897, pages 153-204 + + +by W. J. McGee + + + + +Edition 1, (October 23, 2006) + + + + + +CONTENTS + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + DEFINITION + EXTENT OF THE STOCK + TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + INSTITUTIONS + BELIEFS + THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + SOMATOLOGY + HABITAT + ORGANIZATION + HISTORY + DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + cEGIHA + {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}OIWE'RE + WINNEBAGO + MANDAN + HIDATSA + THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + GENERAL MOVEMENTS +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + + + + + +THE SIOUAN INDIANS + + +A PRELIMINARY SKETCH(1) + +BY W.J. McGEE + + + + + +THE SIOUAN STOCK + + + + +DEFINITION + + + +EXTENT OF THE STOCK + + +Out of some sixty aboriginal stocks or families found in North America +above the Tropic of Cancer, about five-sixths were confined to the tenth +of the territory bordering Pacific ocean; the remaining nine-tenths of the +land was occupied by a few strong stocks, comprising the Algonquian, +Athapascan, Iroquoian, Shoshonean, Siouan, and others of more limited +extent. + +The Indians of the Siouan stock occupied the central portion of the +continent. They were preeminently plains Indians, ranging from Lake +Michigan to the Rocky mountains, and from the Arkansas to the +Saskatchewan, while an outlying body stretched to the shores of the +Atlantic. They were typical American barbarians, headed by hunters and +warriors and grouped in shifting tribes led by the chase or driven by +battle from place to place over their vast and naturally rich domain, +though a crude agriculture sprang up whenever a tribe tarried long in one +spot. No native stock is more interesting than the great Siouan group, and +none save the Algonquian and Iroquoian approach it in wealth of literary +and historical records; for since the advent of white men the Siouan +Indians have played striking roles on the stage of human development, and +have caught the eye of every thoughtful observer. + +The term Siouan is the adjective denoting the "Sioux" Indians and cognate +tribes. The word "Sioux" has been variously and vaguely used. Originally +it was a corruption of a term expressing enmity or contempt, applied to a +part of the plains tribes by the forest-dwelling Algonquian Indians. +According to Trumbull, it was the popular appellation of those tribes +which call themselves Dakota, Lakota, or Nakota ("Friendly," implying +confederated or allied), and was an abbreviation of _Nadowessioux_, a +Canadian-French corruption of _Nadowe-ssi-wag_ ("the snake-like ones" or +"enemies"), a term rooted in the Algonquian _nadowe_ ("a snake"); and some +writers have applied the designation to different portions of the stock, +while others have rejected it because of the offensive implication or for +other reasons. So long ago as 1836, however, Gallatin employed the term +"Sioux" to designate collectively "the nations which speak the Sioux +language,"(2) and used an alternative term to designate the subordinate +confederacy--i.e., he used the term in a systematic way for the first time +to denote an ethnic unit which experience has shown to be well defined. +Gallatin's terminology was soon after adopted by Prichard and others, and +has been followed by most careful writers on the American Indians. +Accordingly the name must be regarded as established through priority and +prescription, and has been used in the original sense in various standard +publications.(3) + +In colloquial usage and in the usage of the ephemeral press, the term +"Sioux" was applied sometimes to one but oftener to several of the allied +tribes embraced in the first of the principal groups of which the stock is +composed, i.e., the group or confederacy styling themselves Dakota. +Sometimes the term was employed in its simple form, but as explorers and +pioneers gained an inkling of the organization of the group, it was often +compounded with the tribal name as "Santee-Sioux," "Yanktonnai-Sioux," +"Sisseton-Sioux," etc. As acquaintance between white men and red +increased, the stock name was gradually displaced by tribe names until the +colloquial appellation "Sioux" became but a memory or tradition throughout +much of the territory formerly dominated by the great Siouan stock. One of +the reasons for the abandonment of the name was undoubtedly its +inappropriateness as a designation for the confederacy occupying the +plains of the upper Missouri, since it was an alien and opprobrious +designation for a people bearing a euphonious appellation of their own. +Moreover, colloquial usage was gradually influenced by the usage of +scholars, who accepted the native name for the Dakota (spelled Dahcota by +Gallatin) confederacy, as well as the tribal names adopted by Gallatin, +Prichard, and others. Thus the ill-defined term "Sioux" has dropped out of +use in the substantive form, and is retained, in the adjective form only, +to designate a great stock to which no other collective name, either +intern or alien, has ever been definitely and justly applied. + +The earlier students of the Siouan Indians recognized the plains tribes +alone as belonging to that stock, and it has only recently been shown that +certain of the native forest-dwellers long ago encountered by English +colonists on the Atlantic coast were closely akin to the plains Indians in +language, institutions, and beliefs. In 1872 Hale noted a resemblance +between the Tutelo and Dakota languages, and this resemblance was +discussed orally and in correspondence with several students of Indian +languages, but the probability of direct connection seemed so remote that +the affinity was not generally accepted. Even in 1880, after extended +comparison with Dakota material (including that collected by the newly +instituted Bureau of Ethnology), this distinguished investigator was able +to detect only certain general similarities between the Tutelo tongue and +the dialects of the Dakota tribes.(4) In 1881 Gatschet made a collection +of linguistic material among the Catawba Indians of South Carolina, and +was struck with the resemblance of many of the vocables to Siouan terms of +like meaning, and began the preparation of a comparative Catawba-Dakota +vocabulary. To this the Tutelo, cegiha, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwere, and Hotcangara +(Winnebago) were added by Dorsey, who made a critical examination of all +Catawba material extant and compared it with several Dakota dialects, with +which he was specially conversant. These examinations and comparisons +demonstrated the affinity between the Dakota and Catawba tongues and +showed them to be of common descent; and the establishment of this +relation made easy the acceptance of the affinity suggested by Hale +between the Dakota and Tutelo. + +Up to this time it was supposed that the eastern tribes "were merely +offshoots of the Dakota;" but in 1883 Hale observed that "while the +language of these eastern tribes is closely allied to that of the western +Dakota, it bears evidence of being older in form,"(5) and consequently +that the Siouan tribes of the interior seem to have migrated westward from +a common fatherland with their eastern brethren bordering the Atlantic. +Subsequently Gatschet discovered that the Biloxi Indians of the Gulf coast +used many terms common to the Siouan tongues; and in 1891 Dorsey visited +these Indians and procured a rich collection of words, phrases, and myths, +whereby the Siouan affinity of these Indians was established. Meantime +Mooney began researches among the Cherokee and cognate tribes of the +southern Atlantic slope and found fresh evidence that their ancient +neighbors were related in tongue and belief with the buffalo hunters of +the plains; and he has recently set forth the relations of the several +Atlantic slope tribes of Siouan affinity in full detail.(6) Through the +addition of these eastern tribes the great Siouan stock is augmented in +extent and range and enhanced in interest; for the records of a group of +cognate tribes are thereby increased so fully as to afford historical +perspective and to indicate, if not clearly to display, the course of +tribal differentiation. + +According to Dorsey, whose acquaintance with the Siouan Indians was +especially close, the main portion of the Siouan stock, occupying the +continental interior, comprised seven principal divisions (including the +Biloxi and not distinguishing the Asiniboin), each composed of one or more +tribes or confederacies, all defined and classified by linguistic, social, +and mythologic relations; and he and Mooney recognize several additional +groups, denned by linguistic affinity or historical evidence of intimate +relations, in the eastern part of the country. So far as made out through +the latest researches, the grand divisions, confederacies, and tribes of +the stock,(7) with their present condition, are as follows: + + 1. _Dakota-Asiniboin_ + +Dakota ("Friendly") or Ot-ce-ti ca-ko-win ("Seven council-fires") +confederacy, comprising-- + + A. Santee, including Mde-wa-kan-ton-wan ("Spirit Lake village") and + Wa-qpe-ku-te ("Shoot among deciduous trees"), mostly located in + Knox county, Nebraska, on the former Santee reservation, with some + oa Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + B. Sisseton or Si-si-ton-wan ("Fish-scale village"), mostly on + Sisseton reservation, South Dakota, partly on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + C. Wahpetou or Wa-qpe-ton-wan ("Dwellers among deciduous trees"), + mostly on Devils Lake reservation, North Dakota. + D. Yankton or I-hank-ton-wan ("End village"), in Yankton village, + South Dakota. + E. Yanktonai or I-hank-ton-wan-na ("Little End village"), comprising-- + + a. Upper Yanktonai, on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, + with the Pa-ba-kse ("Cut head") gens on Devils Lake + reservation, North Dakota. + b. Lower Yanktonai, or Hunkpatina ("Campers at the horn [or end + of the camping circle]"), mostly on Crow Creek reservation, + South Dakota, with some on Standing Bock reservation, North + Dakota, and others on Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + + F. Teton or Ti-ton-wan ("Prairie dwellers"), comprising-- + + a. Brule or Si-tcan-xu ("Burnt thighs "), including Upper Brule, + mostly on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, and Lower Brule, + on Lower Brule reservation, in the same state, with some of + both on Standing Rock reservation, North Dakota, and others on + Fort Peck reservation, Montana. + b. Sans Arcs or I-ta-zip-tco ("Without bows"), largely on + Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, with others on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota. + c. Blackfeet or Si-ha-sa-pa ("Black-feet"), mostly on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Eock + reservation, North Dakota. + d. Minneconjou or Mi-ni-ko-o-ju ("Plant beside the stream"), + mostly on Cheyenne reservation, South Dakota, partly on + Rosebud reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing Rock + reservation, North Dakota. + e. Two Kettles or O-o-he non-pa ("Two boilings"), on Cheyenne + reservation, South Dakota. + f. Ogalala or O-gla-la ("She poured out her own"), mostly on + Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, with some on Standing + Rock reservation, North Dakota, including the Wa-ja-ja + ("Fringed") gens on Pine Ridge reservation, South Dakota, and + Loafers or Wa-glu-xe ("Inbreeders"), mostly on Pine Ridge + reservation, with some on Rosebud reservation, South Dakota. + g. Hunkpapa ("At the entrance"), on Standing Rock reservation, + North Dakota. + +Asiuiboin ("Cook-with-stones people" in Algonquian), commonly called +Nakota among themselves, and called Hohe ("Rebels") by the Dakota; an +offshoot from the Yanktonnai; not studied in detail during recent years; +partly on Fort Peck reservation, Montana, mostly in Canada; comprising in +1833 (according to Prince Maximilian)(8)-- + + A. Itscheabine ("Les gens des filles"=Girl people?). + B. Jatonabine ("Les gens des roches"=Stone people); apparently the + leading band. + C. Otopachguato ("Les gens du large"=Roamers?). + D. Otaopabine ("Les gens des canots"=Canoe people?). + E. Tschantoga ("Les gens des bois"=Forest people). + F. Watopachnato ("Les gens de l'age"=Ancient people?). + G. Tanintauei ("Les gens des osayes"=Bone people). + H. Chabin ("Les gens des montagnes"=Mountain people). + + 2. _cegiha_ ("_People Dwelling here_")(9) + + A. Omaha or U-man-han ("Upstream people"), located on Omaha + reservation, Nebraska, comprising in 1819 (according to James)(10)-- + + a. Honga-sha-no tribe, including-- + + 1. Wase-ish-ta band. + 2. Enk-ka-sa-ba band. + 3. Wa-sa-ba-eta-je ("Those who do not touch bears") band. + 4. Ka-e-ta-je ("Those who do not touch turtles") band. + 5. Wa-jinga-e-ta-je band. + 6. Hun-guh band. + 7. Kon-za band. + 8. Ta-pa-taj-je band. + + b. Ish-ta-sun-da ("Gray eyes") tribe, including-- + + 1. Ta-pa-eta-je band. + 2. Mon-eka-goh-ha ("Earth makers") band. + 3. Ta-sin-da ("Bison tail") band. + 4. Ing-gera-je-da ("Red dung") band. + 5. Wash-a-tung band. + + B. Ponka ("Medicine"?), mostly on Ponca reservation, Indian Territory, + partly at Santee agency, Nebraska. + C. Kwapa, Quapaw, or U-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a-qpa ("Downstream people," a correlative of + U-man-han), the "Arkansa" of early writers, mostly on Osage + reservation, Oklahoma, partly on Quapaw reservation, Indian + Territory. + D. (D) Osage or Wa-ca-ce ("People"), comprising-- + + a. Big Osage or Pa-he-tsi ("Campers on the mountain"), on Osage + reservation, Indian Territory. + b. Little Osage or U-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}se{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}-ta ("Campers on the lowland,") on + Osage reservation, Indian Territory. + c. San-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}su-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}cin(11) ("Campers in the highland grove") or + "Arkansa band," chiefly on Osage reservation, Indian + Territory. + + E. Kansa or Kan-ze (refers to winds, though precise significance is + unknown; frequently called Kaw), on Kansas reservation, Indian + Territory. + + 3. _{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwere_ ("_People of this place_") + + A. Iowa or Pa-qo-tce ("Dusty-heads"), chiefly on Great Nemaha + reservation, Kansas and Nebraska, partly on Sac and Fox reservation, + Indian Territory. + B. Oto or Wa-to-ta ("Aphrodisian"), on Otoe reservation, Indian + Territory. + C. Missouri or Ni-u-t'a-tci (exact meaning uncertain; said to refer to + drowning of people in a stream; possibly a corruption of + Ni-shu-dje, "Smoky water," the name of Missouri river); on Otoe + reservation, Indian Territory. + + 4. _Winnebago_ + +Winnebago (Algonquian designation, meaning "Turbid water people"?) or +Ho-tcan-ga-ra ("People of the parent speech"), mostly on Winnebago +reservation in Nebraska, some in Wisconsin, and a few in Michigan; +composition never definitely ascertained; comprised in 1850 (according to +Schoolcraft(12)) twenty-one bands, all west of the Mississippi, viz.: + + a. Little Mills' band. + b. Little Dekonie's band. + c. Maw-kuh-soonch-kaw's band. + d. Ho-pee-kaw's band. + e. Waw-kon-haw-kaw's band. + f. Baptiste's band. + g. Wee-noo-shik's band. + h. Con-a-ha-ta-kaw's band. + i. Paw-sed-ech-kaw's band. + j. Taw-nu-nuk's band. + k. Ah-hoo-zeeb-kaw's band. + l. Is-chaw-go-baw-kaw's band. + m. Watch-ha-ta-kaw's band. + n. Waw-maw-noo-kaw-kaw's band. + o. Waw-kon-chaw-zu-kaw's band. + p. Good Thunder's band. + q. Koog-ay-ray-kaw's band. + r. Black Hawk's band. + s. Little Thunder's band. + t. Naw-key-ku-kaw's band. + u. O-chin-chin-nu-kaw's band. + + 5. _Mandan_ + +Mandan (their own name is questionable; Catlin says they called themselves +See-pohs-kah-nu-mah-kah-kee, "People of the pheasants;"(13) Prince +Maximilian says they called themselves Numangkake, "Men," adding usually +the name of their village, and that another name is Mahna-Narra, "The +Sulky [Ones]," applied because they separated from the rest of their +nation;(14) of the latter name their common appellation seems to be a +corruption); on Fort Berthold reservation, North Dakota, comprising in +1804 (according to Lewis and Clark(15)) three villages-- + + a. Matootonha. + b. Rooptahee. + c. __________(Eapanopa's village). + + 6. _Hidatsa_ + + A. Hidatsa (their own name, the meaning of which is uncertain, but + appears to refer to a traditional buffalo pannch connected with the + division of the group, though supposed by some to refer to + "willows"); formerly called Minitari ("Cross the water," or, + objectionally, Gros Ventres); on Fort Berthold reservation, North + Dakota, comprising in 1796 (according to information gained by + Matthews(16)) three villages-- + + a. Hidatsa. + b. Amatilia ("Earth-lodge [village]"?). + c. Amaliami ("Mountain-country [people]"?). + + B. Crow or Ab-sa-ru-ke, on the Crow reservation, Montana. + + 7. _Biloxi_ + + A. Biloxi ("Trifling" or "Worthless" in Choctaw) or Ta-neks Han-ya-di + ("Original people" in their own language); partly in Rapides parish, + Louisiana; partly in Indian Territory, with the Choctaw and Caddo. + B. Paskagula ("Bread people" in Choctaw), probably extinct. + C. ?Moctobi (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ?Chozetta (meaning unknown), extinct. + + 8. _Monakan_ + +Monakan confederacy. + + A. Monakan ("Country [people of?]"), ? extinct. + B. Meipontsky (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ?Mahoc (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. Nuntaneuck or Nuntaly (meaning unknown), extinct. + E. Mohetan ("People of the earth"?), extinct. + +Tutelo. + + A. Tutelo or Ye-san (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + B. Saponi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. (According to Mooney, + the Tutelo and Saponi tribes were intimately connected or identical, + and the names were used interchangeably, the former becoming more + prominent after the removal of the tribal remnant from the Carolinas + to New York.(17)) + C. Occanichi (meaning unknown), probably extinct. + +?Manahoac confederacy, extinct. + + A. Manahoac (meaning unknown). + B. Stegarake (meaning unknown). + C. Shackakoni (meaning unknown). + D. Tauxitania (meaning unknown). + E. Ontponi (meaning unknown). + F. Tegniati (meaning unknown). + G. Whonkenti (meaning unknown). + H. Hasinninga (meaning unknown). + + 9. _Catawba or Ni-ya ("People")_ + + A. Catawba (meaning unknown; they called themselves Ni-ya, "Men" in the + comprehensive sense), nearly extinct. + B. Woccon (meaning unknown), extinct. + C. ? Sissipahaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + D. ? Cape Fear (proper name unknown), extinct. + E. ? Warrennuncock (meaning unknown), extinct. + F. ? Adshusheer (meaning unknown), extinct. + G. ? Eno (meaning unknown), extinct. + H. ? Shocco (meaning unknown), extinct. + I. ? Waxhaw (meaning unknown), extinct. + J. ? Sugeri (meaning unknown), extinct. + K. Santee (meaning unknown). + L. Wateree (derived from the Catawba word wateran, "to float in the + water"). + M. Sewee (meaning unknown). + N. Congaree (meaning unknown). + + 10. _Sara (extinct)_ + + A. Sara ("Tall grass"). + B. Keyauwi (meaning unknown). + + 11. _? Pedee (extinct)_ + + A. Pedee (meaning unknown). + B. Waccamaw (meaning unknown). + C. Winyaw (meaning unknown). + D. "Hooks" and "Backhooks"(?). + +The definition of the first six of these divisions is based on extended +researches among the tribes and in the literature representing the work of +earlier observers, and may be regarded as satisfactory. In some cases, +notably the Dakota confederacy, the constitution of the divisions is also +satisfactory, though in others, including the Asiniboin, Mandan, and +Winnebago, the tabulation represents little more than superficial +enumeration of villages and bands, generally by observers possessing +little knowledge of Indian sociology or language. So far as the survivors +of the Biloxi are concerned the classification is satisfactory; but there +is doubt concerning the former limits of the division, and also concerning +the relations of the extinct tribes referred to on slender, yet the best +available, evidence. The classification of the extinct and nearly extinct +Siouan Indians of the east is much less satisfactory. In several cases +languages are utterly lost, and in others a few doubtful terms alone +remain. In these cases affinity is inferred in part from geographic +relation, but chiefly from the recorded federation of tribes and union of +remnants as the aboriginal population faded under the light of brighter +intelligence; and in all such instances it has been assumed that +federation and union grew out of that conformity in mode of thought which +is characteristic of peoples speaking identical or closely related +tongues. Accordingly, while the grouping of eastern tribes rests in part +on meager testimony and is open to question at many points, it is perhaps +the best that can be devised, and suffices for convenience of statement if +not as a final classification. So far as practicable the names adopted for +the tribes, confederacies, and other groups are those in common use, the +aboriginal designations, when distinct, being added in those cases in +which they are known. + +The present population of the Siouan stock is probably between 40,000 and +45,000, including 2,000 or more (mainly Asiniboin) in Canada. + + + +TRIBAL NOMENCLATURE + + +In the Siouan stock, as among the American Indians generally, the accepted +appellations for tribes and other groups are variously derived. Many of +the Siouan tribal names were, like the name of the stock, given by alien +peoples, including white men, though most are founded on the descriptive +or other designations used in the groups to which they pertain. At first +glance, the names seem to be loosely applied and perhaps vaguely defined, +and this laxity in application and definition does not disappear, but +rather increases, with closer examination. + +There are special reasons for the indefiniteness of Indian nomenclature: +The aborigines were at the time of discovery, and indeed most of them +remain today, in the prescriptorial stage of culture, i.e., the stage in +which ideas are crystallized, not by means of arbitrary symbols, but by +means of arbitrary associations,(18) and in this stage names are connotive +or descriptive, rather than denotive as in the scriptorial stage. +Moreover, among the Indians, as among all other prescriptorial peoples, +the ego is paramount, and all things are described, much more largely than +among cultured peoples, with reference to the describer and the position +which he occupies--Self and Here, and, if need be, Now and Thus, are the +fundamental elements of primitive conception and description, and these +elements are implied and exemplified, rather than expressed, in thought +and utterance. Accordingly there is a notable paucity in names, especially +for themselves, among the Indian tribes, while the descriptive +designations applied to a given group by neighboring tribes are often +diverse. + +The principles controlling nomenclature in its inchoate stages are +illustrated among the Siouan peoples. So far as their own tongues were +concerned, the stock was nameless, and could not be designated save +through integral parts. Even the great Dakota confederacy, one of the most +extensive and powerful aboriginal organizations, bore no better +designation than a term probably applied originally to associated tribes +in a descriptive way and perhaps used as a greeting or countersign, +although there was an alternative proper descriptive term.--"Seven +Council-fires"--apparently of considerable antiquity, since it seems to +have been originally applied before the separation of the Asiniboin.(19) +In like manner the cegiha, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're, and Hotcangara groups, and perhaps +the Niya, were without denotive designations for themselves, merely +styling themselves "Local People," "Men," "Inhabitants," or, still more +ambitiously, "People of the Parent Speech," in terms which are variously +rendered by different interpreters; they were lords in their own domain, +and felt no need for special title. Different Dakota tribes went so far as +to claim that their respective habitats marked the middle of the world, so +that each insisted on precedence as the leading tribe,(20) and it was the +boast of the Mandan that they were the original people of the earth.(21) +In the more carefully studied confederacies the constituent groups +generally bore designations apparently used for convenient distinction in +the confederation; sometimes they were purely descriptive, as in the case +of the Sisseton, Wahpeton, Sans Arcs, Blackfeet, Oto, and several others; +again they referred to the federate organization (probably, possibly to +relative position of habitat), as in the Yankton, Yanktonai, and Hunkpapa; +more frequently they referred to geographic or topographic position, e.g., +Teton, Omaha, Pahe'tsi, Kwapa, etc; while some appear to have had a +figurative or symbolic connotation, as Brule, Ogalala, and Ponka. Usually +the designations employed by alien peoples were more definite than those +used in the group designated, as illustrated by the stock name, Asiniboin, +and Iowa. Commonly the alien appellations were terms of reproach; thus +Sioux, Biloxi, and Hohe (the Dakota designation for the Asiniboin) are +clearly opprobrious, while Paskagula might easily be opprobrious among +hunters and warriors, and Iowa and Oto appear to be derogatory or +contemptuous expressions. The names applied by the whites were sometimes +taken from geographic positions, as in the case of Upper Yanktonai and +Cape Fear--the geographic names themselves being frequently of Indian +origin. Some of the current names represent translations of the aboriginal +terms either into English ("Blackfeet," "Two Kettles," "Crow,") or into +French ("Sans Arcs," "Brule"," "Gros Ventres"); yet most of the names, at +least of the prairie tribes, are simply corruptions of the aboriginal +terms, though frequently the modification is so complete as to render +identification and interpretation difficult--it is not easy to find Waca'ce +in "Osage" (so spelled by the French, whose orthography was adopted and +mispronounced by English-speaking pioneers), or Pa'qotce in "Iowa." + +The meanings of most of the eastern names are lost; yet so far as they are +preserved they are of a kind with those of the interior. So, too, are the +subtribal names enumerated by Dorsey. + + + +PRINCIPAL CHARACTERS + + +PHONETIC AND GRAPHIC ARTS + + +The Siouan stock is defined by linguistic characters. The several tribes +and larger and smaller groups speak dialects so closely related as to +imply occasional or habitual association, and hence to indicate community +in interests and affinity in development; and while the arts (reflecting +as they did the varying environment of a wide territorial range) were +diversified, the similarity in language was, as is usual, accompanied by +similarity in institutions and beliefs. Nearly all of the known dialects +are eminently vocalic, and the tongues of the plains, which have been most +extensively studied, are notably melodious; thus the leading languages of +the group display moderately high phonetic development. In grammatic +structure the better-known dialects are not so well developed; the +structure is complex, chiefly through the large use of inflection, though +agglutination sometimes occurs. In some cases the germ of organization is +found in fairly definite juxtaposition or placement. The vocabulary is +moderately rich, and of course represents the daily needs of a primitive +people, their surroundings, their avocations, and their thoughts, while +expressing little of the richer ideation of cultured cosmopolites. On the +whole, the speech of the Siouan stock may be said to have been fairly +developed, and may, with the Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Shoshonean, be +regarded as typical for the portion of North America lying north of +Mexico. Fortunately it has been extensively studied by Riggs, Hale, +Dorsey, and several others, including distinguished representatives of +some of the tribes, and is thus accessible to students. The high phonetic +development of the Siouan tongues reflects the needs and records the +history of the hunter and warrior tribes, whose phonetic symbols were +necessarily so differentiated as to be intelligible in whisper, oratory, +and war cry, as well as in ordinary converse, while the complex structure +is in harmony with the elaborate social organization and ritual of the +Siouan people. + +Many of the Siouan Indians were adepts in the sign language; indeed, this +mode of conveying intelligence attained perhaps its highest development +among some of the tribes of this stock, who, with other plains Indians, +developed pantomime and gesture into a surprisingly perfect art of +expression adapted to the needs of huntsmen and warriors. + +Most of the tribes were fairly proficient in pictography; totemic and +other designs were inscribed on bark and wood, painted on skins, wrought +into domestic wares, and sometimes carved on rocks. Jonathan Carver gives +an example of picture-writing on a tree, in charcoal mixed with bear's +grease, designed to convey information from the "Chipe'ways" (Algonquian) +to the "Naudowessies,"(22) and other instances of intertribal +communication by means of pictography are on record. Personal decoration +was common, and was largely symbolic; the face and body were painted in +distinctive ways when going on the warpath, in organizing the hunt, in +mourning the dead, in celebrating the victory, and in performing various +ceremonials. Scarification and maiming were practiced by some of the +tribes, always in a symbolic way. Among the Mandan and Hidatsa scars were +produced in cruel ceremonials originally connected with war and hunting, +and served as enduring witnesses of courage and fortitude. Symbolic +tattooing was fairly common among the westernmost tribes. Eagle and other +feathers were worn as insignia of rank and for other symbolic purposes, +while bear claws and the scalps of enemies were worn as symbols of the +chase and battle. Some of the tribes recorded current history by means of +"winter counts" or calendaric inscriptions, though their arithmetic was +meager and crude, and their calendar proper was limited to recognition of +the year, lunation, and day--or, as among so many primitive people, the +"snow," "dead moon," and "night,"--with no definite system of fitting +lunations to the annual seasons. Most of the graphic records were +perishable, and have long ago disappeared; but during recent decades +several untutored tribesmen have executed vigorous drawings representing +hunting scenes and conflicts with white soldiery, which have been +preserved or reproduced. These crude essays in graphic art were the germ +of writing, and indicate that, at the time of discovery, several Siouan +tribes were near the gateway opening into the broader field of scriptorial +culture. So far as it extends, the crude graphic symbolism betokens +warlike habit and militant organization, which were doubtless measurably +inimical to further progress. + +It would appear that, in connection with their proficiency in gesture +speech and their meager graphic art, the Siouan Indians had become masters +in a vaguely understood system of dramaturgy or symbolized conduct. Among +them the use of the peace-pipe was general; among several and perhaps all +of the tribes the definite use of insignia was common; among them the +customary hierarchic organization of the aborigines was remarkably +developed and was maintained by an elaborate and strict code of etiquette +whose observance was exacted and yielded by every tribesman. Thus the +warriors, habituated to expressing and recognizing tribal affiliation and +status in address and deportment, were notably observant of social +minutiae, and this habit extended into every activity of their lives. They +were ceremonious among themselves and crafty toward enemies, tactful +diplomatists as well as brave soldiers, shrewd strategists as well as +fierce fighters; ever they were skillful readers of human nature, even +when ruthless takers of human life. Among some of the tribes every +movement and gesture and expression of the male adult seems to have been +affected or controlled with the view of impressing spectators and +auditors, and through constant schooling the warriors became most +consummate actors. To the casual observer, they were stoics or stupids +according to the conditions of observation; to many observers, they were +cheats or charlatans; to scientific students, their eccentrically +developed volition and the thaumaturgy by which it was normally +accompanied suggests early stages in that curious development which, in +the Orient, culminates in necromancy and occultism. Unfortunately this +phase of the Indian character (which was shared by various tribes) was +little appreciated by the early travelers, and little record of it +remains; yet there is enough to indicate the importance of constantly +studied ceremony, or symbolic conduct, among them. The development of +affectation and self-control among the Siouan tribesmen was undoubtedly +shaped by warlike disposition, and their stoicism was displayed largely in +war--as when the captured warrior went exultingly to the torture, taunting +and tempting his captors to multiply their atrocities even until his +tongue was torn from its roots, in order that his fortitude might be +proved; but the habit was firmly fixed and found constant expression in +commonplace as well as in more dramatic actions. + + +INDUSTRIAL AND ESTHETIC ARTS + + +Since the arts of primitive people reflect environmental conditions with +close fidelity, and since the Siouan Indians were distributed over a vast +territory varying in climate, hydrography, geology, fauna, and flora, +their industrial and esthetic arts can hardly be regarded as distinctive, +and were indeed shared by other tribes of all neighboring stocks. + +The best developed industries were hunting and warfare, though all of the +tribes subsisted in part on fruits, nuts, berries, tubers, grains, and +other vegetal products, largely wild, though sometimes planted and even +cultivated in rude fashion. The southwestern tribes, and to some extent +all of the prairie denizens and probably the eastern remnant, grew maize, +beans, pumpkins, melons, squashes, sunflowers, and tobacco, though their +agriculture seems always to have been subordinated to the chase. +Aboriginally, they appear to have had no domestic animals except dogs, +which, according to Carver--one of the first white men seen by the prairie +tribes,--were kept for their flesh, which was eaten ceremonially,(23) and +for use in the chase.(24) According to Lewis and Clark (1804-1806), they +were used for burden and draft;(25) according to the naturalists +accompanying Long's expedition (1819-20), for flesh (eaten ceremonially +and on ordinary occasions), draft, burden, and the chase,(26) and +according to Prince Maximilian, for food and draft,(27) all these +functions indicating long familiarity with the canines. Catlin, too, found +"dog's meat ... the most honorable food that can be presented to a +stranger;" it was eaten ceremonially and on important occasions.(28) +Moreover, the terms used for the dog and his harness are ancient and even +archaic, and some of the most important ceremonials were connected with +this animal,(29) implying long-continued association. Casual references +indicate that some of the tribes lived in mutual tolerance with several +birds(30) and mammals not yet domesticated (indeed the buffalo may be said +to have been in this condition), so that the people were at the threshold +of zooculture. + +The chief implements and weapons were of stone, wood, bone, horn, and +antler. According to Carver, the "Nadowessie" were skillful bowmen, using +also the "casse-tete"(31) or warclub, and a flint scalping-knife. Catlin +was impressed with the shortness of the bows used by the prairie tribes, +though among the southwestern tribes they were longer. Many of the Siouan +Indians used the lance, javelin, or spear. The domestic utensils were +scant and simple, as became wanderers and fighters, wood being the common +material, though crude pottery and basketry were manufactured, together +with bags and bottles of skins or animal intestines. Ceremonial objects +were common, the most conspicuous being the calumet, carved out of the +sacred pipestone or catlinite quarried for many generations in the midst +of the Siouan territory. Frequently the pipes were fashioned in the form +of tomahawks, when they carried a double symbolic significance, standing +alike for peace and war, and thus expressing well the dominant idea of the +Siouan mind. Tobacco and kinnikinic (a mixture of tobacco with shredded +bark, leaves, etc(32)) were smoked. + +Aboriginally the Siouan apparel was scanty, commonly comprising +breechclout, moccasins, leggings, and robe, and consisted chiefly of +dressed skins, though several of the tribes made simple fabrics of bast, +rushes, and other vegetal substances. Fur robes and rush mats commonly +served for bedding, some of the tribes using rude bedsteads. The +buffalo-hunting prairie tribes depended largely for apparel, bedding, and +habitations, as well as for food, on the great beast to whose comings and +goings their movements were adjusted. Like other Indians, the Siouan +hunters and their consorts quickly availed themselves of the white man's +stuffs, as well as his metal implements, and the primitive dress was soon +modified. + +The woodland habitations were chiefly tent-shape structures of saplings +covered with bark, rush mats, skins, or bushes; the prairie habitations +were mainly earth lodges for winter and buffalo-skin tipis for summer. +Among many of the tribes these domiciles, simple as they were, were +constructed in accordance with an elaborate plan controlled by ritual. +According to Morgan, the framework of the aboriginal Dakota house +consisted of 13 poles;(33) and Dorsey describes the systematic grouping of +the tipis belonging to different gentes and tribes. Sudatories were +characteristic in most of the tribes, menstrual lodges were common, and +most of the more sedentary tribes had council houses or other communal +structures. The Siouan domiciles were thus adapted with remarkable +closeness to the daily habits and environment of the tribesmen, while at +the same time they reflected the complex social organization growing out +of their prescriptorial status and militant disposition. + +Most of the Siouan men, women, and children were fine swimmers, though +they did not compare well with neighboring tribes as makers and managers +of water craft. The Dakota women made coracles of buffalo hides, in which +they transported themselves and their householdry, but the use of these +and other craft seems to have been regarded as little better than a +feminine weakness. Other tribes were better boatmen; for the Siouan Indian +generally preferred land travel to journeying by water, and avoided the +burden of vehicles by which his ever-varying movements in pursuit of game +or in waylaying and evading enemies would have been limited and +handicapped. + +There are many indications and some suggestive evidences that the chief +arts and certain institutions and beliefs, as well as the geographic +distribution, of the principal Siouan tribes were determined by a single +conspicuous feature in their environment--the buffalo. As Riggs, Hale, and +Dorsey have demonstrated, the original home of the Siouan stock lay on the +eastern slope of the Appalachian mountains, stretching down over the +Piedmont and Coastplain provinces to the shores of the Atlantic between +the Potomac and the Savannah. As shown by Allen, the buffalo, "prior to +the year 1800," spread eastward across the Appalachians(34) and into the +priscan territory of the Siouan tribes. As suggested by Shaler, the +presence of this ponderous and peaceful animal materially affected the +vocations of the Indians, tending to discourage agriculture and encourage +the chase; and it can hardly be doubted that the bison was the bridge that +carried the ancestors of the western tribes from the crest of the +Alleghenies to the Coteau des Prairies and enabled them to disperse so +widely over the plains beyond. Certainly the toothsome flesh and useful +skins must have attracted the valiant huntsmen among the Appalachians; +certainly the feral herds must have become constantly larger and more +numerous westward, thus tempting the pursuers down the waterways toward +the great river; certainly the vast herds beyond the Mississippi gave +stronger incentives and richer rewards than the hunters of big game found +elsewhere; and certainly when the prairie tribes were discovered, the men +and animals lived in constant interaction, and many of the hunters acted +and thought only as they were moved by their easy prey. As the Spanish +horse spread northward over the Llano Estacado and overflowed across the +mountains from the plains of the Cayuse, the Dakota and other tribes found +a new means of conquest over the herds, and entered on a career so facile +that they increased and multiplied despite strife and imported disease. + +The horse was acquired by the prairie tribes toward the end of the last +century. Carver (1766-1768) describes the methods of hunting among the +"Naudowessie" without referring to the horse,(35) though he gives their +name for the animal in his vocabulary,(36) and describes their mode of +warfare with "Indians that inhabit still farther to the westward a country +which extends to the South Sea," having "great plenty of horses."(37) +Lewis and Clark (1804-1806) mention that the "Sioux of the Teton tribe ... +frequently make excursions to steal horses" from the Mandan,(38) and make +other references indicating that the horse was in fairly common use among +some of the Siouan tribes, though the animal was "confined principally to +the nations inhabiting the great plains of the Columbia,"(39) and dogs +were still used for burden and draft.(40) Grinnell learned from an aged +Indian that horses came into the hands of the neighboring Piegan +(Algonquian) about 1804-1806.(41) Long's naturalists found the horse, ass, +and mule in use among the Kansa and other tribes,(42) and described the +mode of capture of wild horses by the Osage;(43) yet when, two-thirds of a +century after Carver, Catlin (1832-1839) and Prince Maximilian (1833-34) +visited the Siouan territory, they found the horse established and in +common use in the chase and in war.(44) It is significant that the Dakota +word for horse (suk-tan'-ka or sun-ka'-wa-kan) is composed of the word for +dog (sun'-ka), with an affix indicating greatness, sacredness, or mystery, +so that the horse is literally "great mysterious dog," or "ancient sacred +dog," and that several terms for harness and other appurtenances +correspond with those used for the gear of the dog when used as a draft +animal.(45) This terminology corroborates the direct evidence that the dog +was domesticated by the Siouan aborigines long before the advent of the +horse. + +Among the Siouan tribes, as among other Indians, amusements absorbed a +considerable part of the time and energy of the old and young of both +sexes. Among the young, the gambols, races, and other sports were chiefly +or wholly diversional, and commonly mimicked the avocations of the adults. +The girls played at the building and care of houses and were absorbed in +dolls, while the boys played at archery, foot racing, and mimic hunting, +which soon grew into the actual chase of small birds and animals. Some of +the sports of the elders were unorganized diversions, leaping, racing, +wrestling, and other spontaneous expressions of exuberance. Certain +diversions were controlled by more persistent motive, as when the idle +warrior occupied his leisure in meaningless ornamentation of his garment +or tipi, or spent hours of leisure in esthetic modification of his weapon +or ceremonial badge, and to this purposeless activity, which engendered +design with its own progress, the incipient graphic art of the tribes was +largely due. The more important and characteristic sports were organized +and interwoven with social organization and belief so as commonly to take +the form of elaborate ceremonial, in which dancing, feasting, fasting, +symbolic painting, song, and sacrifice played important parts, and these +organized sports were largely fiducial. To many of the early observers the +observances were nothing more than meaningless mummeries; to some they +were sacrilegious, to others sortilegious; to the more careful students, +like Carver, whose notes are of especial value by reason of the author's +clear insight into the Indian character, they were invocations, +expiations, propitiations, expressing profound and overpowering devotion. +Carver says of the "Naudowessie," "They usually dance either before or +after every meal; and by this cheerfulness, probably, render the Great +Spirit, to whom they consider themselves as indebted for every good, a +more acceptable sacrifice than a formal and unanimated thanksgiving;"(46) +and he proceeds to describe the informal dances as well as the more formal +ceremonials preparatory to joining in the chase or setting out on the +warpath. The ceremonial observances of the Siouan tribes were not +different in kind from those of neighboring contemporaries, yet some of +them were developed in remarkable degree--for example, the bloody rites by +which youths were raised to the rank of warriors in some of the prairie +tribes were without parallel in severity among the aborigines of America, +or even among the known primitive peoples of the world. So the sports of +the Siouan Indians were both diversional and divinatory, and the latter +were highly organized in a manner reflecting the environment of the +tribes, their culture-status, their belief, and especially their +disposition toward bloodshed; for their most characteristic ceremonials +were connected, genetically if not immediately, with warfare and the +chase. + +Among many of the Siouan tribes, games of chance were played habitually +and with great avidity, both men and women becoming so absorbed as to +forget avocations and food, mothers even neglecting their children; for, +as among other primitive peoples, the charm of hazard was greater than +among the enlightened. The games were not specially distinctive, and were +less widely differentiated than in certain other Indian stocks. The sport +or game of chungke stood high in favor among the young men in many of the +tribes, and was played as a game partly of chance, partly of skill; but +dice games (played with plum stones among the southwestern prairie tribes) +were generally preferred, especially by the women, children, and older +men. The games were partly, sometimes wholly, diversional, but generally +they were in large part divinatory, and thus reflected the hazardous +occupations and low culture-status of the people. One of the evils +resulting from the advent of the whites was the introduction of new games +of chance which tended further to pervert the simple Siouan mind; but in +time the evil brought its own remedy, for association with white gamblers +taught the ingenuous sortilegers that there is nothing divine or sacred +about the gaming table or the conduct of its votaries. + +The primitive Siouan music was limited to the chant and rather simple +vocal melody, accompanied by rattle, drum, and flute, the drum among the +northwestern tribes being a skin bottle or bag of water. The music of the +Omaha and some other tribes has been most appreciatively studied by Miss +Fletcher, and her memoir ranks among the Indian classics.(47) In general +the Siouan music was typical for the aboriginal stocks of the northern +interior. Its dominant feature was rhythm, by which the dance was +controlled, though melody was inchoate, while harmony was not yet +developed. + +The germ of painting was revealed in the calendars and the seed of +sculpture in the carvings of the Sionan Indians. The pictographic +paintings comprised not only recognizable but even vigorous +representations of men and animals, depicted in form and color though +without perspective, while the calumet of catlinite was sometimes chiseled +into striking verisimilitude of human and animal forms in miniature. To +the collector these representations suggest fairly developed art, though +to the Indian they were mainly, if not wholly, symbolic; for everything +indicates that the primitive artisan had not yet broken the shackles of +fetichistic symbolism, and had little conception of artistic portrayal for +its own sake. + + +INSTITUTIONS + + +Among civilized peoples, institutions are crystallized in statutes about +nuclei of common law or custom; among peoples in the prescriptorial +culture-stage statutes are unborn, and various mnemonic devices are +employed for fixing and perpetuating institutions; and, as is usual in +this stage, the devices involve associations which appear to be +essentially arbitrary at the outset, though they tend to become natural +through the survival of the fittest. A favorite device for perpetuating +institutions among the primitive peoples of many districts on different +continents is the taboo, or prohibition, which is commonly fiducial but is +often of general application. This device finds its best development in +the earlier stages in the development of belief, and is normally connected +with totemism. Another device, which is remarkably widespread, as shown by +Morgan, is kinship nomenclature. This device rests on a natural and easily +ascertained basis, though its applications are arbitrary and vary widely +from tribe to tribe and from culture-status to culture-status. A third +device, which found much favor among the American aborigines and among +some other primitive peoples, may be called _ordination_, or the +arrangement of individuals and groups classified from the prescriptorial +point of view of Self, Here, and Now, with respect to each other or to +some dominant personage or group. This device seems to have grown out of +the kin-name system, in which the Ego is the basis from which relation is +reckoned. It tends to develop into federate organization on the one hand +or into caste on the other hand, according to the attendant +conditions.(48) There are various other devices for fixing and +perpetuating institutions or for expressing the laws embodied therein. +Some of these are connected with thaumaturgy and shamanism, some are +connected with the powers of nature, and the several devices overlap and +interlace in puzzling fashion. + +Among the Siouan Indians the devices of taboo, kin-names, and ordination +are found in such relation as to throw some light on the growth of +primitive institutions. While they blend and are measurably involved with +thaumaturgic devices, there are indications that in a general way the +three devices stand for stages in the development of law. Among the +best-known tribes the taboo pertained to the clan, and was used (in a much +more limited way than among some other peoples) to commemorate and +perpetuate the clan organization; kin-names, which were partly natural and +thus normal to the clan organization, and at the same time partly +artificial and thus characteristic of gentile organization, served to +commemorate and perpetuate not only the family relations but the relations +of the constituent elements of the tribe; while the ordination, expressed +in the camping circle, in the phratries, in the ceremonials, and in many +other ways, served to commemorate intertribal as well as intergentile +relations, and thus to promote peace and harmonious action. It is +significant that the taboo was less potent among the Siouan Indians than +among some other stocks, and that among some tribes it has not been found; +and it is especially significant that in some instances the taboo was +apparently inversely related to kin-naming and ordination, as among the +Biloxi, where the taboo is exceptionally weak and kin-naming exceptionally +strong, and among the Dakota, where the system of ordination attained +perhaps its highest American development in domiciliary arrangement, while +the taboo was limited in function; for the relations indicate that the +taboo was archaic or even vestigial. It is noteworthy also that among most +of the Siouan tribes the kin-name system was less elaborate than in many +other stocks, while the system of ordination is so elaborate as to +constitute one of the leading characteristics of the stock. + +At the time of the discovery, most of the Siouan tribes had apparently +passed into gentile organization, though vestiges of clan organization +were found--e.g., among the best-known tribes the man was the head of the +family, though the tipi usually belonged to the woman. Thus, as defined by +institutions, the stock was just above savagery and just within the lower +stages of barbarism. Accordingly the governmental functions were +hereditary in the male line, yet the law of heredity was subject to +modification or suspension at the will of the group, commonly at the +instance of rebels or usurpers of marked prowess or shrewdness. The +property regulations were definite and strictly observed; as among other +barbarous peoples, the land was common to the tribe or other group +occupying it, yet was defended against alien invasion; the ownership of +movable property was a combination of communalism and individualism +delicately adjusted to the needs and habits of the several tribes-- in +general, evanescent property, such as food and fuel, was shared in common +(subject to carefully regulated individual claims), while permanent +property, such as tipis, dogs, apparel, weapons, etc, was held by +individuals. As among other tribes, the more strictly personal property +was usually destroyed on the death of the owner, though the real reason +for the custom--the prevention of dispute--was shrouded in a mantle of +mysticism. + +Although of primary importance in shaping the career of the Siouan tribes, +the marital institutions of the stock were not specially distinctive. +Marriage was usually effected by negotiation through parents or elders; +among some of the tribes the bride was purchased, while among others there +was an interchange of presents. Polygyny was common; in several of the +tribes the bride's sisters became subordinate wives of the husband. The +regulations concerning divorce and the punishment of infidelity were +somewhat variable among the different tribes, some of whom furnished +temporary wives to distinguished visitors. Generally there were sanctions +for marriage by elopement or individual choice. In every tribe, so far as +known, gentile exogamy prevailed--i.e., marriage in the gens was forbidden, +under pain of ostracism or still heavier penalty, while the gentes +intermarried among one another; in some cases intermarriage between +certain tribes was regarded with special favor. There seems to have been +no system of marriage by capture, though captive women were usually +espoused by the successful tribesmen, and girls were sometimes abducted. +In general it would appear that intergentile and intertribal marriage was +practiced and sanctioned by the sages, and that it tended toward harmony +and federation, and thus contributed much toward the increase and +diffusion of the great Siouan stock. + +As set forth in some detail by Dorsey, the ordination of the Siouan tribes +extended beyond the hierarchic organization into families, subgentes, +gentes, tribes, and confederacies; there were also phratries, sometimes +(perhaps typically) arranged in pairs; there were societies or +associations established on social or fiducial bases; there was a general +arrangement or classification of each group on a military basis, as into +soldiers and two or more classes of noncombatants, etc. Among the Siouan +peoples, too, the individual brotherhood of the David-Jonathan or +Damon-Pythias type was characteristically developed. Thus the corporate +institutions were interwoven and superimposed in a manner nearly as +complex as that found in the national, state, municipal, and minor +institutions of civilization; yet the ordination preserved by means of the +camping circle, the kinship system, the simple series of taboos, and the +elaborate symbolism was apparently so complete as to meet every social and +governmental demand. + + +BELIEFS + + +THE DEVELOPMENT OF MYTHOLOGY + + +As explained by Powell, philosophies and beliefs may be seriated in four +stages: The first stage is hecastotheism; in this stage extranatural or +mysterious potencies are imputed to objects both animate and inanimate. +The second stage is zootheism; within it the powers of animate forms are +exaggerated and amplified into the realm of the supernal, and certain +animals are deified. The third stage is that of physitheism, in which the +agencies of nature are personified and exalted unto omnipotence. The +fourth stage is that of psychotheism, which includes the domain of +spiritual concept. In general the development of belief coincides with the +growth of abstraction; yet it is to be remembered that this growth +represents increase in definiteness of the abstract concepts rather than +augmentation in numbers and kinds of subjective impressions, i.e., the +advance is in quality rather than in quantity; indeed, it would almost +appear that the vague and indefinite abstraction of hecastotheism is more +pervasive and prevalent than the clearer abstraction of higher stages. +Appreciation of the fundamental characteristics of belief is essential to +even the most general understanding of the Indian mythology and +philosophy, and even after careful study it is difficult for thinkers +trained in the higher methods of thought to understand the crude and +confused ideation of the primitive thinker. + +In hecastotheism the believer finds mysterious properties and potencies +everywhere. To his mind every object is endued with occult power, moved by +a vague volition, actuated by shadowy motive ranging capriciously from +malevolence to benevolence; in his lax estimation some objects are more +potent or more mysterious than others, the strong, the sharp, the hard, +and the swift-moving rising superior to the feeble, the dull, the soft, +and the slow. Commonly he singles out some special object as his personal, +family, or tribal mystery-symbol or fetich, the object usually +representing that which is most feared or worst hated among his +surroundings. Vaguely realizing from the memory of accidents or unforeseen +events that he is dependent on his surroundings, he invests every feature +of his environment with a capricious humor reflecting his own disposition, +and gives to each and all a subtlety and inscrutability corresponding to +his exalted estimation of his own craft in the chase and war; and, +conceiving himself to live and move only at the mercy of his multitudinous +associates, he becomes a fatalist--kismet is his watchword, and he meets +defeat and death with resignation, just as he goes to victory with +complacence; for so it was ordained. + +Zootheism is the offspring of hecastotheism. As the primitive believer +assigns special potency or mystery to the strong and the swift, he +gradually comes to give exceptional rank to self-moving animals; as his +experience of the strength, alertness, swiftness, and courage of his +animate enemy or prey increases, these animals are invested with +successively higher and higher attributes, each reflecting the mental +operations of the mystical huntsman, and in time the animals with which +the primitive believers are most intimately associated come to be regarded +as tutelary daimons of supernatural power and intelligence. At first the +animals, like the undifferentiated things of hecastotheism, are regarded +in fear or awe by reason of their strength and ferocity, and this regard +grows into an incipient worship in the form of sacrifice or other +ceremonial; meanwhile, inanimate things, and in due season rare and +unimportant animals, are neglected, and a half dozen, a dozen, or a score +of the well-known animals are exalted into a hierarchy of petty gods, +headed by the strongest like the bear, the swiftest like the deer, the +most majestic like the eagle, the most cunning like the fox or coyote, or +the most deadly like the rattlesnake. Commonly the arts and the skill of +the mystical huntsman improve from youth to adolescence and from +generation to generation, so that the later animals appear to be easier +snared or slain than the earlier; moreover, the accounts of conflicts +between men and animals grow by repetition and are gilded by imagination +as memory grows dim; and for these and other reasons the notion grows up +that the ancient animals were stronger, swifter, slier, statelier, +deadlier than their modern representatives, and the hierarchy of petty +gods is exalted into an omnipotent thearchy. Eventually, in the most +highly developed zootheistic systems, the leading beast-god is regarded as +the creator of the lesser deities of the earth, sun, and sky, of the +mythic under-world and its real counterpart the ground or mid-world, as +well as the visionary upper-world, of men, and of the ignoble animals; +sometimes the most exalted beast-god is worshiped especially by the great +man or leading class and incidentally by all, while other men and groups +choose the lesser beast-gods, according to their rank, for special +worship. In hecastotheism the potencies revered or worshiped are +polymorphic, while their attributes reflect the mental operations of the +believers; in zootheism the deities worshiped are zoomorphic, and their +attributes continue to reflect the human mind. + +Physitheism, in its turn, springs from zootheism. Through contemplation of +the strong the idea of strength arises, and a means is found for bringing +the bear into analogy with thunder, with the sun, or with the +avalanche-bearing mountain; through contemplation of the swift the concept +of swiftness is engendered, and comparison of the deer with the wind or +rushing river is made easy; through contemplation of the deadly stroke of +the rattlesnake the notion of death-dealing power assumes shape, and +comparison of the snake bite and the lightning stroke is made possible; +and in every case it is inevitably perceived that the agency is stronger, +swifter, deadlier than the animal. At first the agency is not abstracted +or dissociated from the parent zootheistic concept, and the sun is the +mightiest animal as among many peoples, the thunder is the voice of the +bear as among different woodland tribes or the flapping of the wings of +the great ancient eagle as among the Dakota and cegiha, while lightning is +the great serpent of the sky as among the Zuni. Subsequently the zoic +concept fades, and the constant association of human intellectual +qualities engenders an anthropic concept, when the sun becomes an +anthropomorphic deity (perhaps bearing a dazzling mask, as among the +Zuni), and thunder is the rumbling of quoits pitched by the shades of +old-time giants, as among different American tribes. Eventually all the +leading agencies of nature are personified in anthropic form, and retain +the human attributes of caprice, love, and hate which are found in the +minds of the believers. + +Psychotheism is born of physitheism as the anthropomorphic element in the +concept of natural agency gradually fades; but since none of the +aborigines of the United States had passed into the higher stage, the mode +of transition does not require consideration. + +It is to be borne in mind that throughout the course of development of +belief, from the beginning of hecastotheism into the borderland of +psychotheism, the dominant characteristic is the vague notion of mystery. +At first the mystery pervades all things and extends in all directions, +representing an indefinite ideal world, which is the counterpart of the +real world with the addition of human qualities. Gradually the mystery +segregates, deepening with respect to animals and disappearing with +respect to inanimate things; and at length the slowly changing mysteries +shape themselves into semiabstractions having a strong anthropic cast, +while the remainder of the earth and the things thereof gradually become +real, though they remain under the spell and dominion of the mysterious. +Thus at every stage the primitive believer is a mystic--a fatalist in one +stage, a beast worshiper in another, a thaumaturgist in a third, yet ever +and first of all a mystic. It is also to be borne in mind (and the more +firmly because of a widespread misapprehension) that the primitive +believer, up to the highest stage attained by the North American Indian, +is not a psychotheist, much less a monotheist. His "Great Spirit" is +simply a great mystery, perhaps vaguely anthropomorphic, oftener +zoomorphic, yet not a spirit, which he is unable to conceive save by +reflection of the white man's concept and inquiry; and his departed spirit +is but a shade, much like that of the ancient Greeks, the associate and +often the inferior of animal shades. + +While the four stages in development of belief are fundamentally distinct, +they nevertheless overlap in such manner as apparently, and in a measure +really, to coexist and blend. Culture progress is slow. In biotic +development the effect of beneficial modification is felt immediately, and +the modified organs or organisms are stimulated and strengthened +cumulatively, while the unmodified are enfeebled and paralyzed +cumulatively through inactivity and quickly pass toward atrophy and +extinction. Conversely in demotic development, which is characterized by +the persistence of the organisms and by the elimination of the bad and the +preservation of the good among qualities only, there is a constant +tendency toward retardation of progress; for in savagery and barbarism as +in civilization, age commonly produces conservatism, and at the same time +brings responsibility for the conduct of old and young, so that +modification, howsoever beneficial, is measurably held in check, and so +that the progress of each generation buds in the springtime of youth yet +is not permitted to fruit until the winter of old age approaches. +Accordingly the mean of demotic progress tends to lag far behind its +foremost advances, and modes of action and especially of thought change +slowly. This is especially true of beliefs, which, during each generation, +are largely vestigial. So the stages in the evolution of mythologic +philosophy overlap widely; there is probably no tribe now living among +whom zootheism has not yet taken root, though hecastotheism has been found +dominant among different tribes; there is probably no people in the +zootheistic stage who are completely divested of hecastotheistic vestiges; +and one of the curious features of even the most advanced psychotheism is +the occasional outcropping of features inherited from all of the earlier +stages. Yet it is none the less important to discriminate the stages. + + +THE SIOUAN MYTHOLOGY + + +It was partly through pioneer study of the Siouan Indians that the popular +fallacy concerning the aboriginal "Great Spirit" gained currency; and it +was partly through the work of Dorsey among the cegiha and Dakota tribes, +first as a missionary and afterward as a linguist, that the early error +was corrected. Among these tribes the creation and control of the world +and the things thereof are ascribed to "wa-kan-da" (the term varying +somewhat from tribe to tribe), just as among the Algonquian tribes +omnipotence was assigned to "ma-ni-do" ("Manito the Mighty" of +"Hiawatha"); yet inquiry shows that wakanda assumes various forms, and is +rather a quality than a definite entity. Thus, among many of the tribes +the sun is wakanda--not _the_ wakanda or _a_ wakanda, but simply wakanda; +and among the same tribes the moon is wakanda, and so is thunder, +lightning, the stars, the winds, the cedar, and various other things; even +a man, especially a shaman, might be wakanda or a wakanda. In addition the +term was applied to mythic monsters of the earth, air, and waters; +according to some of the sages the ground or earth, the mythic +under-world, the ideal upper-world, darkness, etc, were wakanda or +wakandas. So, too, the fetiches and the ceremonial objects and decorations +were wakanda among different tribes. Among some of the groups various +animals and other trees besides the specially wakanda cedar were regarded +as wakandas; as already noted, the horse, among the prairie tribes, was +the wakanda dog. In like manner many natural objects and places of +striking character were considered wakanda. Thus the term was applied to +all sorts of entities and ideas, and was used (with or without +inflectional variations) indiscriminately as substantive and adjective, +and with slight modification as verb and adverb. Manifestly a term so +protean is not susceptible of translation into the more highly +differentiated language of civilization. Manifestly, too, the idea +expressed by the term is indefinite, and can not justly be rendered into +"spirit," much less into "Great Spirit;" though it is easy to understand +stand how the superficial inquirer, dominated by definite spiritual +concept, handicapped by unfamiliarity with the Indian tongue, misled by +ignorance of the vague prescriptorial ideation, and perhaps deceived by +crafty native informants or mischievous interpreters, came to adopt and +perpetuate the erroneous interpretation. The term may be translated into +"mystery" perhaps more satisfactorily than into any other single English +word, yet this rendering is at the same time much too limited and much too +definite. As used by the Siouan Indian, wakanda vaguely connotes also +"power," "sacred," "ancient," "grandeur," "animate," "immortal," and other +words, yet does not express with any degree of fullness and clearness the +ideas conveyed by these terms singly or collectively--indeed, no English +sentence of reasonable length can do justice to the aboriginal idea +expressed by the term wakanda. + +While the beliefs of many of the Siouan tribes are lost through the +extinction of the tribesmen or transformed through acculturation, it is +fortunate that a large body of information concerning the myths and +ceremonials of several prairie tribes has been collected. The records of +Carver, Lewis and Clark, Say, Catlin, and Prince Maximilian are of great +value when interpreted in the light of modern knowledge. More recent +researches by Miss Fletcher(49) and by Dorsey(50) are of especial value, +not only as direct sources of information but as a means of interpreting +the earlier writings. From these records it appears that, in so far as +they grasped the theistic concept, the Siouan Indians were polytheists; +that their mysteries or deities varied in rank and power; that some were +good but more were bad, while others combined bad and good attributes; +that they assumed various forms, actual and imaginary; and that their +dispositions and motives resembled those found among mankind. + +The organization of the vague Siouan thearchy appears to have varied from +group to group. Among all of the tribes whose beliefs are known, the sun +was an important wakanda, perhaps the leading one potentially, though +usually of less immediate consideration than certain others, such as +thunder, lightning, and the cedar tree; among the Osage the sun was +invoked as "grandfather," and among various tribes there were sun +ceremonials, some of which are still maintained; among the Omaha and +Ponka, according to Miss Fletcher, the mythic thunder-bird plays a +prominent, perhaps dominant role, and the cedar tree or pole is deified as +its tangible representative. The moon was wakanda among the Osage and the +stars among the Omaha and Ponka, yet they seem to have occupied +subordinate positions; the winds and the four quarters were apparently +given higher rank; and, in individual cases, the mythic water-monsters or +earth-deities seem to have occupied leading positions. On the whole, it +may be safe to consider the sun as the Siouan arch-mystery, with the +mythic thunder-bird or family of thunder-birds as a sort of mediate link +between the mysteries and men, possessing less power but displaying more +activity in human affairs than the remoter wakanda of the heavens. Under +these controlling wakandas, other members of the series were vaguely and +variably arranged. Somewhere in the lower ranks, sacred animals--especially +sports, such as the white buffalo cow--were placed, and still lower came +totems and shamans, which, according to Dorsey, were reverenced rather +than worshiped. It is noteworthy that this thearchic arrangement +corresponded in many respects with the hierarchic social organization of +the stock. + +The Siouan thearchy was invoked and adored by means of forms and +ceremonies, as well as through orisons. The set observances were highly +elaborate; they comprised dancing and chanting, feasting and fasting, and +in some cases sacrifice and torture, the shocking atrocities of the Mandan +and Minitari rites being especially impressive. From these great +collective devotions the ceremonials graded down through war-dance and +hunting-feast to the terpsichorean grace extolled by Carver, and to +individual fetich worship. In general the adoration expressed fear of the +evil rather than love of the good--but this can hardly be regarded as a +distinctive feature, much less a peculiar one. + +Some of the mystery places were especially distinctive and noteworthy. +Foremost among them was the sacred pipestone quarry near Big Sioux river, +whence the material for the wakanda calumet was obtained; another was the +far-famed Minne-wakan of North Dakota, not inaptly translated "Devil's +lake;" a third was the mystery-rock or medicine-rock of the Mandan and +Hidatsa near Yellowstone river; and there were many others of less +importance. About all of these places picturesque legends and myths +clustered. + +The Siouan mythology is especially instructive, partly because so well +recorded, partly because it so clearly reflects the habits and customs of +the tribesmen and thus gives an indirect reflection of a well-marked +environment. As among so many peoples, the sun is a prominent element; the +ice-monsters of the north and the rain-myths of the arid region are +lacking, and are replaced by the frequent thunder and the trees shaken by +the storm-winds; the mythic creatures are shaped in the image of the +indigenous animals and birds; the myths center in the local rocks and +waters; the mysterious thearchy corresponds with the tribal hierarchy, and +the attributes ascribed to the deities are those characteristic of +warriors and hunters. + +Considering the mythology in relation to the stages in development of +mythologic philosophy, it appears that the dominant beliefs, such as those +pertaining to the sun and the winds, represent a crude physitheism, while +vestiges of hecastotheism crop out in the object-worship and place-worship +of the leading tribes and in other features. At the same time well-marked +zootheistic features are found in the mythic thunder-birds and in the more +or less complete deification of various animals, in the exaltation of the +horse into the rank of the mythic dog father, and in the animal forms of +the water-monsters and earth-beings; and the living application of +zootheism is found in the animal fetiches and totems. On the whole, it +seems just to assign the Siouan mythology to the upper strata of +zootheism, just verging on physitheism, with vestigial traces of +hecastotheism. + + +SOMATOLOGY + + +The vigorous avocations of the chase and war were reflected in fine +stature, broad and deep chests, strong and clean limbs, and sound +constitution among the Siouan tribesmen and their consorts. The skin was +of the usual coppery cast characteristic of the native American; the teeth +were strong, indicating and befitting a largely carnivorous diet, little +worn by sandy foods, and seldom mutilated; the hands and feet were +commonly large and sinewy. The Siouan Indians were among those who +impressed white pioneers by the parallel placing of the feet; for, as +among other walkers and runners, who rest sitting and lying, the feet +assumed the pedestrian attitude of approximate parallelism rather than the +standing attitude of divergence forward. The hair was luxuriant, stiff, +straight, and more uniformly jet black than that of the southerly stocks; +it was worn long by the women and most of the men, though partly clipped +or shaved in some tribes by the warriors as well as the worthless dandies, +who, according to Catlin, spent more time over their toilets than ever did +the grande dame of Paris. The women were beardless and the men more or +less nearly so; commonly the men plucked out by the roots the scanty hair +springing on their faces, as did both sexes that on other parts of the +body. The crania were seldom deformed artificially save through cradle +accident, and while varying considerably in capacity and in the ratio of +length to width were usually mesocephalic. The facial features were +strong, yet in no way distinctly unlike those found among neighboring +peoples. + +Since the advent of white men the characteristics of the Siouan Indians, +like those of other tribes, have been somewhat modified, partly through +infusion of Caucasian blood but chiefly through acculturation. With the +abandonment of hunting and war and the tardy adoption of a slothful, +semidependent agriculture, the frame has lost something of its stalwart +vigor; with the adaptation of the white man's costume and the incomplete +assimilation of his hygiene, various weaknesses and disorders have been +developed; and through imitation the erstwhile luxuriant hair is cropped, +and the beard, made scanty through generations of extirpation, is commonly +cultivated. Although the accultural condition of the Siouan survivors +ranges from the essentially primitive status of the Asiniboin to the +practical civilization of the representatives of several tribes, it is +fair to consider the stock in a state of transition from barbarism to +civilization; and many of the tribesmen are losing the characteristics of +activity and somatic development normal to primitive life, while they have +not yet assimilated the activities and acquired the somatic +characteristics normal to peaceful sedentary life. + +Briefly, certain somatic features of the Siouan Indians, past and present, +may be traced to their causes in custom and exercise of function; yet by +far the greater number of the features are common to the American people +or to all mankind, and are of ill-understood significance. The few +features of known cause indicate that special somatic characteristics are +determined largely or wholly by industrial and other arts, which are +primarily shaped by environment. + + + + +HABITAT + + +Excepting the Asiniboin, who are chiefly in Canada, nearly all of the +Siouan Indians are now gathered on the reservations indicated on earlier +pages, most of these reservations lying within the aboriginal territory of +the stock. + +At the advent of white men, the Siouan territory was vaguely defined, and +its limits were found to vary somewhat from exploration to exploration. +This vagueness and variability of habitat grew out of the characteristics +of the tribesmen. Of all the great stocks south of the Arctic, the Siouan +was perhaps least given to agriculture, most influenced by hunting, and +most addicted to warfare; thus most of the tribes were but feebly attached +to the soil, and freely followed the movements of the feral fauna as it +shifted with climatic vicissitudes or was driven from place to place by +excessive hunting or by fires set to destroy the undergrowth in the +interests of the chase; at the same time, the borderward tribes were +alternately driven and led back and forth through strife against the +tribes of neighboring stocks. Accordingly the Siouan habitat can be +outlined only in approximate and somewhat arbitrary fashion. + +The difficulty in defining the priscan home of the Siouan tribes is +increased by its vast extent and scant peopling, by the length of the +period intervening between discovery in the east and complete exploration +in the west, and by the internal changes and migrations which occurred +during this period. The task of collating the records of exploration and +pioneer observation concerning the Siouan and other stocks was undertaken +by Powell a few years ago, and was found to be of great magnitude. It was +at length successfully accomplished, and the respective areas occupied by +the several stocks were approximately mapped.(51) + +As shown on Powell's map, the chief part of the Siouan area comprised a +single body covering most of the region of the Great plains, stretching +from the Rocky mountains to the Mississippi and from the Arkansas-Red +river divide nearly to the Saskatchewan, with an arm crossing the +Mississippi and extending to Lake Michigan. In addition there were a few +outlying bodies, the largest and easternmost bordering the Atlantic from +Santee river nearly to Capes Lookout and Hatteras, and skirting the +Appalachian range northward to the Potomac; the next considerable area lay +on the Gulf coast about Pascagoula river and bay, stretching nearly from +the Pearl to the Mobile; and there were one or two unimportant areas on +Ohio river, which were temporarily occupied by small groups of Siouan +Indians during recent times. + +There is little probability that the Siouan habitat, as thus outlined, ran +far into the prehistoric age. As already noted, the Siouan Indians of the +plains were undoubtedly descended from the Siouan tribes of the east +(indeed the Mandan had a tradition to that effect); and reason has been +given for supposing that the ancestors of the prairie hunters followed the +straggling buffalo through the cis-Mississippi forests into his normal +trans-Mississippi habitat and spread over his domain save as they were +held in check by alien huntsmen, chiefly of the warlike Caddoan and Kiowan +tribes; and the buffalo itself was a geologically recent--indeed +essentially post-glacial--animal. Little if any definite trace of Siouan +occupancy has been found in the more ancient prehistoric works of the +Mississippi valley. On the whole it appears probable that the prehistoric +development of the Siouan stock and habitat was exceptionally rapid, that +the Siouan Indians were a vigorous and virile people that arose quickly +under the stimulus of strong vitality (the acquisition of which need not +here be considered), coupled with exceptionally favorable opportunity, to +a power and glory culminating about the time of discovery. + + + + +ORGANIZATION + + +The demotic organization of the Siouan peoples, so far as known, is set +forth in considerable detail in Mr Dorsey's treatises(52) and in the +foregoing enumeration of tribes, confederacies, and other linguistic +groups. + +Like the other aborigines north of Mexico, the Siouan Indians were +organized on the basis of kinship, and were thus in the stage of tribal +society. All of the best-known tribes had reached that plane in +organization characterized by descent in the male line, though many +vestiges and some relatively unimportant examples of descent in the female +line have been discovered. Thus the clan system was obsolescent and the +gentile system fairly developed; i. e., the people were practically out of +the stage of savagery and well advanced in the stage of barbarism. + +Confederation for defense and offense was fairly defined and was +strengthened by intermarriage between tribes and gentes and the +prohibition of marriage within the gens; yet the organization was such as +to maintain tribal autonomy in considerable degree; i.e., the social +structure was such as to facilitate union in time of war and division into +small groups adapted to hunting in times of peace. No indication of +feudalism has been found in the stock. + +The government was autocratic, largely by military leaders sometimes +(particularly in peace) advised by the elders and priests; the leadership +was determined primarily by ability--prowess in war and the chase and +wisdom in the council,--and was thus hereditary only a little further than +characteristics were inherited; indeed, excepting slight recognition of +the divinity that doth hedge about a king, the leaders were practically +self-chosen, arising gradually to the level determined by their abilities. +The germ of theocracy was fairly developed, and apparently burgeoned +vigorously during each period of peace, only to be checked and withered +during the ensuing war when the shamans and their craft were forced into +the background. + +During recent years, since the tribes began to yield to the domination of +the peace-loving whites, the government and election are determined +chiefly by kinship, as appears from Dorsey's researches; yet definite +traces of the militant organization appear, and any man can win name and +rank in his gens, tribe, or confederacy by bravery or generosity. + +The institutional connection between the Siouan tribes of the plains and +those of the Atlantic slope and the Gulf coast is completely lost, and it +is doubtful whether the several branches have ever been united in a single +confederation (or "nation," in the language of the pioneers), at least +since the division in the Appalachian region perhaps five or ten centuries +ago. Since this division the tribes have separated widely, and some of the +bloodiest wars of the region in the historic period have been between +Siouan tribes; the most extensive union possessing the slightest claim to +federal organization was the great Dakota confederacy, which was grown +into instability and partial disruption; and most of the tribal unions and +coalitions were of temporary character. + +Although highly elaborate (perhaps because of this character), the Siouan +organization was highly unstable; with every shock of conflict, whether +intestine or external, some autocrats were displaced or slain; and after +each important event--great battle, epidemic, emigration, or destructive +flood--new combinations were formed. The undoubtedly rapid development of +the stock, especially after the passage of the Mississippi, indicates +growth by conquest and assimilation as well as by direct propagation (it +is known that the Dakota and perhaps other groups adopted aliens +regularly); and, doubtless for this reason in part, there was a strong +tendency toward differentiation and dichotomy in the demotic growth. In +some groups the history is too vague to indicate this tendency with +certainty; in others the tendency is clear. Perhaps the best example is +found in the Cegiha, which divided into two great branches, the stronger +of which threw off minor branches in the Osage and Kansa, and afterward +separated into the Omaha and Ponka, while the feebler branch also ramified +widely; and only less notable is the example of the Winnebago trunk, with +its three great branches in the Iowa, Oto, and Missouri. This strong +divergent tendency in itself suggests rapid, perhaps abnormally rapid, +growth in the stock; for it outran and partially concealed the tendency +toward convergence and ultimate coalescence which characterizes demotic +phenomena. + +The half-dozen eastern stocks occupying by far the greater part of North +America contrast strongly with the half-hundred local stocks covering the +Pacific coast; and none of the strong Atlantic stocks is more +characteristic, more sharply contrasted with the limited groups of the +western coast, or better understood as regards organization and +development, than the great Siouan stock of the northern interior. There +is promise that, as the demology of aboriginal America is pushed forward, +the records relating to the Siouan Indians and especially to their +structure and institutions will aid in explaining why some stocks are +limited and others extensive, why large stocks in general characterize the +interior and small stocks the coasts, and why the dominant peoples of the +fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were successful in displacing the +preexistent and probably more primitive peoples of the Mississippi valley. +While the time is not yet ripe for making final answer to these inquiries, +it is not premature to suggest a relation between a peculiar development +of the aboriginal stocks and a peculiar geographic conformation: In +general the coastward stocks are small, indicating a provincial shoreland +habit, yet their population and area commonly increase toward those shores +indented by deep bays, along which maritime and inland industries +naturally blend; so (confining attention to eastern United States) the +extensive Muskhogean stock stretches inland from the deep-bayed eastern +Gulf coast; and so, too, three of the largest stocks on the continent +(Algonquian, Iroquoian, Siouan) stretch far into the interior from the +still more deeply indented Atlantic coast. In two of these cases +(Iroquoian and Siouan) history and tradition indicate expansion and +migration from the land of bays between Cape Lookout and Cape May, while +in the third there are similar (though perhaps less definite) indications +of an inland drift from the northern Atlantic bays and along the +Laurentian river and lakes. + + + + +HISTORY(53) + + + +DAKOTA-ASINIBOIN + + +The Dakota are mentioned in the Jesuit Relations as early as 1639-40; the +tradition is noted that the Ojibwa, on arriving at the Great Lakes in an +early migration from the Atlantic coast, encountered representatives of +the great confederacy of the plains. In 1641 the French voyageurs met the +Potawatomi Indians flying from a nation called Nadawessi (enemies); and +the Frenchmen adopted the alien name for the warlike prairie tribes. By +1658 the Jesuits had learned of the existence of thirty Dakota villages +west-northwest from the Potawatomi mission St Michel; and in 1689 they +recorded the presence of tribes apparently representing the Dakota +confederacy on the upper Mississippi, near the mouth of the St Croix. +According to Croghan's History of Western Pennsylvania, the "Sue" Indians +occupied the country southwest of Lake Superior about 1759; and Dr T.S. +Williamson, "the father of the Dakota mission," states that the Dakota +must have resided about the confluence of the Mississippi and the +Minnesota or St Peters for at least two hundred years prior to 1860. + +According to traditions collected by Dorsey, the Teton took possession of +the Black Hills region, which had previously been occupied by the Crow +Indians, long before white men came; and the Yankton and Yanktonnai, which +were found on the Missouri by Lewis and Clark, were not long removed from +the region about Minnesota river. In 1862 the Santee and other Dakota +tribes united in a formidable outbreak in which more than 1,000 whites +were massacred or slain in battle. Through this outbreak and the +consequent governmental action toward the control and settlement of the +tribes, much was learned concerning the characteristics of the people, and +various Indian leaders became known; Spotted Tail, Red Cloud, Crazy Horse, +Sitting Bull, American Horse, and Even-his-horse-is-feared (commonly +miscalled Man-afraid-of-his-horses) were among the famous Dakota chiefs +and warriors, notable representatives of a passing race, whose names are +prominent in the history of the country. Other outbreaks occurred, the +last of note resulting from the ghost-dance fantasy in 1890-91, which +fortunately was quickly suppressed. Yet, with slight interruptions, the +Dakota tribes in the United States were steadily gathered on reservations. +Some 800 or more still roam the prairies north of the international +boundary, but the great body of the confederacy, numbering nearly 28,000, +are domiciled on reservations (already noted) in Minnesota, Montana, +Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota. + +The separation of the Asiniboin from the Wazi-kute gens of the Yanktonai +apparently occurred before the middle of the seventeenth century, since +the Jesuit relation of 1658 distinguishes between the Poualak or Guerriers +(undoubtedly the Dakota proper) and the Assiuipoualak or Guerriers de +pierre. The Asiniboin are undoubtedly the Essanape (Essanapi or Assinapi) +who were next to the Makatapi (Dakota) in the Walam-Olum record of the +Lenni-Lenape or Delaware. In 1680 Hennepin located the Asiniboin northeast +of the Issati (Isanyati or Santee) who were on Knife lake (Minnesota); and +the Jesuit map of 1681 placed them on Lake-of-the-Woods, then called "L. +Assinepoualacs." La Hontan claimed to have visited the Eokoro (Arikara) in +1689-90, when the Essanape were sixty leagues above; and Perrot's Memoire +refers to the Asiniboin as a Sioux tribe which, in the seventeenth +century, seceded from their nation and took refuge among the rocks of +Lake-of-the-Woods. Chauvignerie located some of the tribe south of +Ounipigan (Winnipeg) lake in 1736, and they were near Lake-of-the-Woods as +late as 1766, when they were said to have 1,500 warriors. It is well known +that in 1829 they occupied a considerable territory west of the Dakota and +north of Missouri river, with a population estimated at 8,000; and Drake +estimated their number at 10,000 before the smallpox epidemic of 1838, +which is said to have carried off 4,000. From this blow the tribe seems +never to have fully recovered, and now numbers probably no more than +3,000, mostly in Canada, where they continue to roam the plains they have +occupied for half a century. + + + +cEGIHA + + +According to tribal traditions collected by Dorsey, the ancestors of the +Omaha, Ponka, Elwapa, Osage, and Kansa were originally one people dwelling +on Ohio and Wabash rivers, but gradually working westward. The first +separation took place at the mouth of the Ohio, when those who went down +the Mississippi became the Kwapa or Downstream People, while those who +ascended the great river became the Omaha or Up-stream People. This +separation must have occurred at least as early as 1500, since it preceded +De Soto's discovery of the Mississippi. + +The Omaha group (from whom the Osage, Kansa, and Ponka were not yet +separated) ascended the Mississippi to the mouth of the Missouri, where +they remained for some time, though war and hunting parties explored the +country northwestward, and the body of the tribe gradually followed these +pioneers, though the Osage and Kansa were successively left behind. Some +of the pioneer parties discovered the pipestone quarry, and many +traditions cling about this landmark. Subsequently they were driven across +the Big Sioux by the Yankton Indians, who then lived toward the confluence +of the Minnesota and Mississippi. The group gradually differentiated and +finally divided through the separation of the Ponka, probably about the +middle of the seventeenth century. The Omaha gathered south of the +Missouri, between the mouths of the Platte and Niobrara, while the Ponka +pushed into the Black Hills country. + +The Omaha tribe remained within the great bend of the Missouri, opposite +the mouth of the Big Sioux, until white men came. Their hunting ground +extended westward and southwestward, chiefly north of the Platte and along +the Elkhorn, to the territory of the Ponka and the Pawnee (Caddoan); and +in 1766 Carver met their hunting parties on Minnesota river. Toward the +end of the eighteenth century they were nearly destroyed by smallpox, +their number having been reduced from about 3,500 to but little over 300 +when they were visited by Lewis and Clark, their famous chief Blackbird +being one of those carried off by the epidemic. Subsequently they +increased in numbers; in 1890 their population was about 1,200. They are +now on reservations, mostly owning land in severalty, and are citizens of +the United States and of the state of Nebraska. + +Although the name Ponka did not appear in history before 1700 it must have +been used for many generations earlier, since it is an archaic designation +connected with the social organization of several tribes and the secret +societies of the Osage and Kansa, as well as the Ponka. In 1700 the Ponka +were indicated on De l'Isle's map, though they were not then segregated +territorially from the Omaha. They, too, suffered terribly from the +smallpox epidemic, and when met by Lewis and Clark in 1804 numbered only +about 200. They increased rapidly, reaching about 600 in 1829 and some 800 +in 1842; in 1871, when they were first visited by Dorsey, they numbered +747. Up to this time the Ponka and Dakota were amicable; but a dispute +grew out of the cession of lands, and the Teton made annual raids on the +Ponka until the enforced removal of the tribe to Indian Territory took +place in 1877. Through this warfare, more than a quarter of the Ponka lost +their lives. The displacement of this tribe from lands owned by them in +fee simple attracted attention, and a commission was appointed by +President Hayes in 1880 to inquire into the matter; the commission, +consisting of Generals Crook and Miles and Messrs William Stickney and +Walter Allen, visited the Ponka settlements in Indian Territory and on the +Niobrara and effected a satisfactory arrangement of the affairs of the +tribe, through which the greater portion (some 600) remained in Indian +Territory, while some 225 kept their reservation in Nebraska. + +When the cegiha divided at the mouth of the Ohio, the ancestors of the +Osage and Kansa accompanied the main Omaha body up the Mississippi to the +mouth of Osage river. There the Osage separated from the group, ascending +the river which bears their name. They were distinguished by Marquette in +1673 as the "Ouchage" and "Autrechaha," and by Penicaut in 1719 as the +"Huzzau," "Ous," and "Wawha." According to Croghan, they were, in 1759, on +"White creek, a branch of the Mississippi," with the "Grand Tuc;" +but"White creek" (or White water) was an old designation for Osage river, +and "Grand Tuc" is, according to Mooney, a corruption of "Grandes Eaux," +or Great Osage; and there is accordingly no sufficient reason for +supposing that they returned to the Mississippi. Toward the close of the +eighteenth century the Osage and Kansa encountered the Comanche and +perhaps other Shoshonean peoples, and their course was turned southward; +and in 1817, according to Brown, the Great Osage and Little Osage were +chiefly on Osage and Arkansas rivers, in four villages. In 1829 Porter +described their country as beginning 25 miles west of the Missouri line +and running to the Mexican line of that date, being 50 miles wide; and he +gave their number as 5,000. According to Schoolcraft, they numbered 3,758 +in April, 1853, but this was after the removal of an important branch +known as Black Dog's band to a new locality farther down Verdigris river. +In 1850 the Osage occupied at least seven large villages, besides numerous +small ones, on Neosho and Verdigris rivers. In 1873, when visited by +Dorsey, they were gathered on their reservations in what is now Oklahoma. +In 1890 they numbered 158. + +The Kansa remained with the Up-stream People in their gradual ascent of +the Missouri to the mouth of the Kaw or Kansas, when they diverged +westward; but they soon came in contact with inimical peoples, and, like +the Osage, were driven southward. The date of this divergence is not +fixed, but it must have been after 1723, when Bourgmont mentioned a large +village of "Quans" located on a small river flowing northward thirty +leagues above Kaw river, near the Missouri. After the cession of Louisiana +to the United States, a treaty was made with the Kansa Indians, who were +then on Kaw river, at the mouth of the Saline, having been forced back +from the Missouri by the Dakota; they then numbered about 1,500 and +occupied about thirty earth lodges. In 1825 they ceded their lands on the +Missouri to the Government, retaining a reservation on the Kaw, where they +were constantly subjected to attacks from the Pawnee and other tribes, +through which large numbers of their warriors were slain. In 1846 they +again ceded their lands and received a new reservation on Neosho river in +Kansas. This was soon overrun by settlers, when another reservation was +assigned to them in Indian Territory, near the Osage country. By 1890 +their population was reduced to 214. + +The Kwapa were found by De Soto in 1541 on the Mississippi above the mouth +of the St Francis, and, according to Marquette's map, they were partly +east of the Mississippi in 1673. In 1681 La Salle found them in three +villages distributed along the Mississippi, and soon afterward Tonty +mentioned four villages, one (Kappa = U{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}aqpaqti, "Real Kwapa") on the +Mississippi and three (Toyengan = Tanwan-ji{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, "Small Village"; Toriman = +Ti-uadciman, and Osotonoy = Uzutiuwe) inland; this observation was +verified by Dorsey in 1883 by the discovery that these names are still in +use. In early days the Kwapa were known as "Akansa," or Arkansa, first +noted by La Metairie in 1682. It is probable that this name was an +Algonquian designation given because of confusion with, or recognition of +affinity to, the Kansa or Kanze, the prefix "a" being a common one in +Algouquian appellations. In 1687 Joutel located two of the villages of the +tribe on the Arkansas and two on the Mississippi, one of the latter being +on the eastern side. According to St Cosme, the greater part of the tribe +died of smallpox in October, 1699. In 1700 De l'Isle placed the principal +"Acansa" village on the southern side of Arkansas river; and, according to +Gravier, there were in 1701 five villages, the largest, Imaha (Omaha), +being highest on the Arkansas. In 1805 Sibley placed the "Arkensa" in +three villages on the southern side of Arkansas river, about 12 miles +above Arkansas post. They claimed to be the original proprietors of the +country bordering the Arkansas for 300 miles, or up to the confluence of +the Cadwa, above which lay the territory of the Osage. Subsequently the +Kwapa affiliated with the Caddo Indians, though of another stock; +according to Porter they were in the Caddo country in 1829. As +reservations were established, the Kwapa were re-segregated, and in 1877 +were on their reservation in northwestern Indian Territory; but most of +them afterward scattered, chiefly to the Osage country, where in 1890 they +were found to number 232. + + + +{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}OIWE'RE + + +The ancestry and prehistoric movements of the tribes constituting this +group are involved in considerable obscurity, though it is known from +tradition as well as linguistic affinity that they sprung from the +Winnebago. + +Since the days of Marquette (1673) the Iowa have ranged over the country +between the Mississippi and Missouri, up to the latitude of Oneota +(formerly upper Iowa) river,- and even across the Missouri about the mouth +of the Platte. Chauvignerie located them, in 1736 west of the Mississippi +and (probably through error in identification of the waterway) south of +the Missouri; and in 1761 Jefferys placed them between Missouri river and +the headwaters of Des Moines river, above the Oto and below the Maha +(Omaha). In 1805, according to Drake, they dwelt on Des Moines river, +forty leagues above its mouth, and numbered 800. In 1811 Pike found them +in two villages on Des Moines and Iowa rivers. In 1815 they were decimated +by smallpox, and also lost heavily through war against the tribes of the +Dakota confederacy. In 1829 Porter placed them on the Little Platte, some +15 miles from the Missouri line, and about 1853 Schoolcraft located them +on Nemaha river, their principal village being near the mouth of the Great +Nemaha. In 1848 they suffered another epidemic of smallpox, by which 100 +warriors, besides women and children, were carried off. As the country +settled, the Iowa, like the other Indians of the stock, were collected on +reservations which they still occupy in Kansas and Oklahoma. According to +the last census their population was 273. + +The Missouri were first seen by Tonty about 1670; they were located near +the Mississippi on Marquette's map (1673) under the name of Ouemessourit, +probably a corruption of their name by the Illinois tribe, with the +characteristic Algonquian prefix. The name Missouri was first used by +Joutel in 1687. In 1723 Bourgmont located their principal village 30 +leagues below Kaw river and 60 leagues below the chief settlement of the +Kansa; according to Groghan, they were located on Mississippi river +opposite the Illinois country in 1759. Although the early locations are +somewhat indefinite, it seems certain that the tribe formerly dwelt on the +Mississippi about the mouth of the Missouri, and that they gradually +ascended the latter stream, remaining for a time between Grand and +Chariton rivers and establishing a town on the left bank of the Missouri +near the mouth of the Grand. There they were found by French traders, who +built a fort on an island quite near their village about the beginning of +the eighteenth century. Soon afterward they were conquered and dispersed +by a combination of Sac, Fox, and other Indians; they also suffered from +smallpox. On the division, five or six lodges joined the Osage, two or +three took refuge with the Kansa, and most of the remainder amalgamated +with the Oto. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found a part of the tribe, numbering +about 300, south of Platte river. The only known survivors in 1829 were +with the Oto, when they numbered no more than 80. In 1842 their village +stood on the southern bank of Platte river near the Oto settlement, and +they followed the latter tribe to Indian Territory in 1882. + +According to Winnebago tradition, the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're tribes separated from that +"People of the parent speech" long ago, the Iowa being the first and the +Oto the last to leave. In 1673 the Oto were located by Marquette west of +Missouri river, between the fortieth and fortyfirst parallels; in 1680 +they were 130 leagues from the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the +Miskoncing (Wisconsin), and in 1687 they were on Osage river. According to +La Hontan they were, in 1690, on Otontas (Osage) river; and in 1698 +Hennepin placed them ten days' journey from Fort Creve Coeur. Iberville, in +1700, located the Iowa and Oto with the Omaha, between Wisconsin and +Missouri rivers, about 100 leagues from the Illinois tribe; and +Charlevoix, in 1721, fixed the Oto habitat as below that of the Iowa and +above that of the Kansa on the western side of the Missouri. Dupratz +mentions the Oto as a small nation on Missouri river in 1758, and Jefferys +(1761) described them as occupying the southern bank of the Panis (Platte) +between its mouth and the Pawnee territory; according to Porter, they +occupied the same position in 1829. The Oto claimed the land bordering the +Platte from their village to the mouth of the river, and also that on both +sides of the Missouri as far as the Big Nemaha. In 1833 Catlin found the +Oto and Missouri together in the Pawnee country; about 1841 they were +gathered in four villages on the southern side of the Platte, from 5 to 18 +miles above its mouth. In 1880 a part of the tribe removed to the Sac and +Fox reservation in Indian Territory, where they still remain; in 1882 the +rest of the tribe, with the remnant of the Missouri, emigrated to the +Pouka, Pawnee, and Oto reservation in the present Oklahoma, where, in 1890 +they were found to number 400. + + + +WINNEBAGO + + +Linguistically the Winnebago Indians are closely related to the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're +on the one side and to the Mandan on the other. They were first mentioned +in the Jesuit Relation of 1636, though the earliest known use of the name +Winnebago occurs in the Relation of 1640; Nicollet found them on Green bay +in 1639. According to Shea, the Winnebago were almost annihilated by the +Illinois (Algonquian) tribe in early days, and the historical group was +made up of the survivors of the early battles. Cbauvignerie placed the +Winnebago on Lake Superior in 1736, and Jefferys referred to them and the +Sac as living near the head of Green bay in 1761; Carver mentions a +Winnebago village on a small island near the eastern end of Winnebago lake +in 1778. Pike enumerated seven Winnebago villages existing in 1811; and in +1822 the population of the tribe was estimated at 5,800 (including 900 +warriors) in the country about Winnebago lake and extending thence +southwestward to the Mississippi. By treaties in 1825 and 1832 they ceded +their lands south of Wisconsin and Fox rivers for a reservation on the +Mississippi above the Oneota; one of their villages in 1832 was at Prairie +la Grosse. They suffered several visitations of smallpox; the third, which +occurred in 1836, carried off more than a quarter of the tribe. A part of +the people long remained widely distributed over their old country east of +the Mississippi and along that river in Iowa and Minnesota; in 1840 most +of the tribe removed to the neutral ground in the then territory of Iowa; +in 1846 they surrendered their reservation for another above the +Minnesota, and in 1856 they were removed to Blue Earth, Minnesota. Here +they were mastering agriculture, when the Sioux war broke out and the +settlers demanded their removal. Those who had taken up farms, thereby +abandoning tribal rights, were allowed to remain, but the others were +transferred to Crow creek, on Missouri river, whence they soon escaped. +Their privations and sufferings were terrible; out of 2,000 taken to Crow +creek only 1,200 reached the Omaha reservation, whither most of them fled. +They were assigned a new reservation on the Omaha lands, where they now +remain, occupying lands allotted in severalty. In 1890 there were 1,215 +Winnebago on the reservation, but nearly an equal number were scattered +over Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Michigan, where they now live chiefly +by agriculture, with a strong predilection for hunting. + + + +MANDAN + + +The Mandan had a vague tradition of emigration from the eastern part of +the country, and Lewis and Clark, Prince Maximilian, and others found +traces of Mandan house-structures at various points along the Missouri; +thus they appear to have ascended that stream before the advent of the +cegiha. During the historical period their movements were limited; they +were first visited in the upper Missouri country by Sieur de la Verendrye +in 1738. About 1750 they established two villages on the eastern side and +seven on the western side of the Missouri, near the mouth of Heart river. +Here they were assailed by the Asiniboin and Dakota and attacked by +smallpox, and were greatly reduced; the two eastern villages consolidated, +and the people migrated up the Missouri to a point 1,430 miles above its +mouth (as subsequently determined by Lewis and Clark); the seven villages +were soon reduced to five, and these people also ascended the river and +formed two villages in the Arikara country, near the Mandan of the eastern +side, where they remained until about 1766, when they also consolidated. +Thus the once powerful and populous tribe was reduced to two villages +which, in 1804, were found by Lewis and Clark on opposite banks of the +Missouri, about 4 miles below Knife river. Here for a time the tribe waxed +and promised to regain the early prestige, reaching a population of 1,600 +in 1837; but in that year they were again attacked by smallpox and almost +annihilated, the survivors numbering only 31 according to one account, or +125 to 145 according to others. After this visitation they united in one +village. When the Hidatsa removed from Knife river in 1845, some of the +Mandan accompanied them, and others followed at intervals as late as 1858, +when only a few still remained at their old home. In 1872 a reservation +was set apart for the Hidatsa and Arikara and the survivors of the Mandan +on Missouri and Yellowstone rivers in Dakota and Montana, but in 1886 the +reservation was reduced. According to the census returns, the Mandan +numbered 252 in 1890. + + + +HIDATSA + + +There has been much confusion concerning the definition and designation of +the Hidatsa Indians. They were formerly known as Minitari or Gros Ventres +of the Missouri, in distinction from the Gros Ventres of the plains, who +belong to another stock. The origin of the term Gros Ventres is somewhat +obscure, and various observers have pointed out its inapplicability, +especially to the well-formed Hidatsa tribesmen. According to Dorsey, the +French pioneers probably translated a native term referring to a +traditional buffalo paunch, which occupies a prominent place in the +Hidatsa mythology and which, in early times, led to a dispute and the +separation of the Crow from the main group some time in the eighteenth +century. + +The earlier legends of the Hidatsa are vague, but there is a definite +tradition of a migration northward, about 1765, from the neighborhood of +Heart river, where they were associated with the Mandan, to Knife river. +At least as early as 1796, according to Matthews, there were three +villages belonging to this tribe on Knife river--one at the mouth, another +half a mile above, and the third and largest 3 miles from the mouth. Here +the people were found by Lewis and Clark in 1804, and here they remained +until 1837, when the scourge of smallpox fell and many of the people +perished, the survivors uniting in a single village. About 1845 the +Hidatsa and a part of the Mandan again migrated up the Missouri, and +established a village 30 miles by land and 60 miles by water above their +old home, within what is now Fort Berthold reservation. Their population +has apparently varied greatly, partly by reason of the ill definition of +the tribe by different enumerators, partly by reason of the inroads of +smallpox. In 1890 they numbered 522. + +The Crow people are known by the Hidatsa as Kihatsa +(They-refused-the-paunch), according to Matthews; and Dorsey points out +that their own name, Absaruke, does not mean " crow," but refers to a +variety of hawk. Lewis and Clark found the tribe in four bands. In 1817 +Brown located them on Yellowstone river. In 1829 they were described by +Porter as ranging along Yellowstone river on the eastern side of the Bocky +mountains, and numbered at 4,000; while in 1834, according to Drake, they +occupied the southern branch of the Yellowstone, about the fortysixth +parallel and one hundred and fifth meridian, with a population of 4,500. +In 1842 their number was estimated at 4,000, and they were described as +inhabiting the headwaters of the Yellowstone. They have since been duly +gathered on the Crow reservation in Montana, and are slowly adopting +civilization. In 1890 they numbered 2,287. + + + +THE EASTERN AND SOUTHERN TRIBES + + +The history of the Monakan, Oatawba, Sara, Pedee, and Santee, and +incidentally that of the Biloxi, has been carefully reviewed in a recent +publication by Mooney(54) , and does not require repetition. + + + +GENERAL MOVEMENTS + + +On reviewing the records of explorers and pioneers and the few traditions +which have been preserved, the course of Siouan migration and development +becomes clear. In general the movements were westward and northwestward. +The Dakota tribes have not been traced far, though several of them, like +the Yanktonnai, migrated hundreds of miles from the period of first +observation to the end of the eighteenth century; then came the Mandan, +according to their tradition, and as they ascended the Missouri left +traces of their occupancy scattered over 1,000 miles of migration; next +the cegiha descended the Ohio and passed from the cis-Mississippi forests +over the trans-Mississippi plains--the stronger branch following the +Mandan, while the lesser at first descended the great river and then +worked up the Arkansas into the buffalo country until checked and diverted +by antagonistic tribes. So also the {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}iwe're, first recorded near the +Mississippi, pushed 300 miles westward; while the Winnebago gradually +emigrated from the region of the Great Lakes into the trans-Mississippi +country even before their movements were affected by contact with white +men. In like manner the Hidatsa are known to have flowed northwestward +many scores of miles; and the Asiniboin swept more rapidly across the +plains from the place of their rebellion against the Yanktonnai, on the +Mississippi, before they found final resting place on the Saskatchewan +plains 500 or 800 miles away. All of the movements were consistent and, +despite intertribal friction and strife, measurably harmonious. The lines +of movement, so far as they can be restored, are in full accord with the +lines of linguistic evolution traced by Hale and Dorsey and Gatschet, and +indicate that some five hundred or possibly one thousand years ago the +tribesmen pushed over the Appalachians to the Ohio and followed that +stream and its tributaries to the Mississippi (though there are faint +indications that some of the early emigrants ascended the northern +tributaries to the region of the Great Lakes); and that the human flood +gained volume as it advanced and expanded to cover the entire region of +the plains. The records concerning the movement of this great human stream +find support in the manifest reason for the movement; the reason was the +food quest by which all primitive men are led, and its end was the +abundant fauna of the prairieland, with the buffalo at its head. + +While the early population of the Siouan stock, when first the huntsmen +crossed the Appalachians, may not be known, the lines of migration +indicate that the people increased and multiplied amain during their long +journey, and that their numbers culminated, despite external conflict and +internal strife, about the beginning of written history, when the Siouan +population may have been 100,000 or more. Then came war against the whites +and the still more deadly smallpox, whereby the vigorous stock was checked +and crippled and the population gradually reduced; but since the first +shock, which occurred at different dates in different parts of the great +region, the Siouan people have fairly held their own, and some branches +are perhaps gaining in strength. + + + + + +SOME FEATURES OF INDIAN SOCIOLOGY + + +As shown by Powell, there are two fundamentally distinct classes or stages +in human society--(1) tribal society and (2) national society. National +society characterizes civilization; primarily it is organized on a +territorial basis, but as enlightenment grows the bases are multiplied. +Tribal society is characteristic of savagery and barbarism; so far as +known, all tribal societies are organized on the basis of kinship. The +transfer from tribal society to national society is often, perhaps always, +through feudalism, in which the territorial motive takes root and in which +the kinship motive withers. + +All of the American aborigines north of Mexico and most of those farther +southward were in the stage of tribal society when the continents were +discovered, though feudalism was apparently budding in South America, +Central America, and parts of Mexico. The partly developed transitional +stage may, for the present, be neglected, and American Indian sociology +may be considered as representing tribal society or kinship organization. + +The fundamental principles of tribal organization through kinship have +been formulated by Powell; they are as follows:(55) + + I. A body of kindred constituting a distinct body politic is divided + into groups, the males into groups of brothers and the females into + groups of sisters, on distinctions of generations, regardless of + degrees of consanguinity; and the kinship terms used express + relative age. In civilized society kinships are classified on + distinctions of sex, distinctions of generations, and distinctions + arising from degrees of consanguinity. + II. When descent is in the female line, the brother-group consists of + natal brothers, together with all the materterate male cousins of + whatever degree. Thus mother's sisters' sons and mother's mother's + sisters' daughters' sons, etc, are included in a group with natal + brothers. In like manner the sister-group is composed of natal + sisters, together with all materterate female cousins of whatever + degree. + III. When descent is in the male line, the brother-group is composed of + natal brothers, together with all patruate male cousins of whatever + degree, and the sister-group is composed of natal sisters, together + with all patruate female cousins of whatever degree. + IV. The son of a member of a brother-group calls each one of the group, + father; the father of a member of a brother-group calls each one of + the group, son. Thus a father-group is coextensive with the + brother-group to which the father belongs. A brother-group may also + constitute a father-group and grandfather-group, a son-group and a + grandson-group. It may also be a patruate-group and an avunculate + group. It may also be a patruate cousin-group and an avunculate + cousin-group; and in general, every member of a brother-group has + the same consanguineal relation to persons outside of the group as + that of every other member. + +Two postulates concerning primitive society, adopted by various ethnologic +students of other countries, have been erroneously applied to the American +aborigines; at the same time they have been so widely accepted as to +demand consideration. + +The first postulate is that primitive men were originally assembled in +chaotic hordes, and that organized society was developed out of the +chaotic mass by the segregation of groups and the differentiation of +functions within each group. Now the American aborigines collectively +represent a wide range in development, extending from a condition about as +primitive as ever observed well toward the verge of feudalism, and thus +offer opportunities for testing the postulate; and it has been found that +when higher and lower stages representing any portion of the developmental +succession are compared, the social organizations of the lower grade are +no less definite, perhaps more definite, than those pertaining to the +higher grade; so that when the history of demotic growth among the +American Indians is traced backward, the organizations are found on the +whole to grow more definite, albeit more simple. When the lines of +development revealed through research are projected still farther toward +their origin, they indicate an initial condition, directly antithetic to +the postulated horde, in which the scant population was segregated in +small discrete bodies, probably family groups; and that in each of these +bodies there was a definite organization, while each group was practically +independent of, and probably inimical to, all other groups. The testimony +of the observed institutions is corroborated by the testimony of language, +which, as clearly shown by Powell,(56) represents progressive combination +rather than continued differentiation, a process of involution rather than +evolution. It would appear that the original definitely organized groups +occasionally met and coalesced, whereby changes in organization were +required; that these compound groups occasionally coalesced with other +groups, both simple and compound, whereby they were elaborated in +structure, always with some loss in definiteness and permanence; and that +gradually the groups enlarged by incorporation, while the composite +organization grew complex and variable to meet the ever-changing +conditions. It would also appear that in some cases the corporeal growth +outran the structural or institutional growth, when the bodies--clans, +gentes, tribes, or confederacies--split into two or more fragments which +continued to grow independently; yet that in general the progress of +institutional developmentwent forward through incorporation of peoples and +differentiation of institutions. The same process was followed as tribal +society passed into national society; and it is the same process which is +today exalting national society into world society, and transforming +simple civilization into enlightenment. Thus the evoluffon of social +organization is from the simple and definite toward the complex and +variable; or from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the +environment-shaped to the environment-shaping; or from the biotic to the +demotic. + +The second postulate, which may be regarded as a corollary of the first, +is that the primary conjugal condition was one of promiscuity, out of +which different forms ot marriage were successively segregated. Now the +wide range in institutional development exemplified by the American +Indians affords unprecedented opportunities for testing this postulate +also. The simplest demotic unit found among the aborigines is the clan or +mother-descent group, in which the normal conjugal relation is essentially +monogamous,(57) in which marriage is more or less strictly regulated by a +system of prohibitions, and in which the chief conjugal regulation is +commonly that of exogamy with respect to the clan; in higher groups, more +deeply affected by contact with neighboring peoples, the simple clan +organization is sometimes found to be modified, (1) by the adoption and +subsequent conjugation of captive men and boys, and, doubtless more +profoundly, (2) by the adoption and polygamous marriage of female +captives; and in still more highly organized groups the mother-descent is +lost and polygamy is regular and limited only by the capacity of the +husband as a provider. The second and third stages are commonly +characterized, like the first, by established prohibitions and by clan +exogamy; though with the advance in organization amicable relations with +certain other groups are usually established, whereby the germ of tribal +organization is implanted and a system of interclan marriage, or tribal +endogamy, is developed. With further advance the mother-descent group is +transformed into a father-descent group, when the clan is replaced by the +gens; and polygamy is a common feature of the gentile organization. In all +of these stages the conjugal and consanguineal regulations are affected by +the militant habits characteristic of primitive groups; more warriors than +women are slain in battle, and there are more female captives than male; +and thus the polygamy is mainly or wholly polygyny. In many cases civil +conditions combine with or partially replace the militant conditions, yet +the tendency of conjugal development is not changed. Among the Seri +Indians, probably the most primitive tribe in North America, in which the +demotic unit is the clan, there is a rigorous marriage custom under which +the would-be groom is required to enter the family of the girl and +demonstrate (1) his capacity as a provider and (2) his strength of +character as a man, by a year's probation, before he is finally +accepted--the conjugal theory ofr the tribe being monogamy, though the +practice, at least during recent years, has, by reason of conditions, +passed into polygyny. Among several other tribes of more provident and +less exclusive habit, the first of the two conditions recognized by the +Seri is met by rich presents (representing accumulated property) from the +groom to the girl's family, the second condition being usually ignored, +the clan organization remaining in force; among still other tribes the +first condition is more or less vaguely recognized, though the voluntary +present is commuted into, or replaced by, a negotiated value exacted by +the girl's family, when the mother-descent is commonly vestigial; and in +the next stage, which is abundantly exemplified, wife-purchase prevails, +and the clan is replaced by the gens. In this succession the development +of wife-purchase and the decadence of mother-descent maybe traced, and it +is significant that there is a tendency first toward partial enslavement +of the wife and later toward the multiplication of wives to the limit of +the husband's means, and toward transforming all, or all but one, of the +wives into menials. Thus the lines of development under militant and civil +conditions are essentially parallel. It is possible to project these lines +some distance backward into the unknown, of the exceedingly primitive, +when they, are found to define small discrete bodies--just such as are +indicated by the institutional and linguistic lines--probably family +groups, which must have been essentially, and were perhaps strictly, +monogamous. It would appear that in these groups mating was either between +distant members (under a law of attraction toward the remote and repulsion +from the near, which is shared by mankind and the higher animals), or the +result of accidental meeting between nubile members of different groups; +that in the second case and sometimes in the first the conjugation +produced a new monogamic family; and that sometimes in the first case (and +possibly in the second) the new group retained a more or less definite +connection with the parent group--this connection constituting the germ of +the clan. In passing, it may be noted merely that this inferential origin +of the lines of institutional development is in accord with the habits of +certain higher and incipiently organized animals. From this hypothetic +beginning, primitive marriage may be traced through the various observed +stages of monogamy and polygamy and concubinage and wife-subordination, +through savagery and barbarism and into civilization, with its curious +combination of exoteric monogamy and esoteric promiscuity. Fortunately the +burden of the proof of this evolution does not now rest wholly on the +evidence obtained among the American aborigines; for Westermarck has +recently reviewed the records of observation among the primitive peoples +of many lands, and has found traces of the same sequence in all.(58) Thus +the evolution of marriage, like that of other human institutions, is from +the simple and definite to the complex and variable; i.e., from +approximate or complete monogamy through polygamy to a mixed status of +undetermined signification; or from the mechanical to the spontaneous; or +from the involuntary to the voluntary; or from the provincial to the +cosmopolitan. + +As implied in several foregoing paragraphs, and as clearly set forth in +various publications by Powell, tribal society falls into two classes or +stages--(1) clan organization and (2) gentile organization, these stages +corresponding respectively to savagery and barbarism, strictly defined. + +At the time of discovery, most of the American Indians were in the upper +stages of savagery and the lower stages of barbarism, as defined by +organization; among some tribes descent was reckoned in the female line, +though definite matriarchies have not been discovered; among several +tribes descent was and still is reckoned in the male line, and among all +of the tribes thus far investigated the patriarchal system is found. + +In tribal society, both clan and gentile, the entire social structure is +based on real or assumed kinship, and a large part of the demotic devices +are designed to establish, perpetuate, and advertise kinship relations. As +already indicated, the conspicuous devices in order of development are the +taboo with the prohibitions growing out of it, kinship nomenclature and +regulations, and a system of ordination by which incongruous things are +brought into association. + +Among the American Indians the taboo and derivative prohibitions are used +chiefly in connection with marriage and clan or gentile organization. +Marriage in the clan or gens is prohibited; among many tribes a vestige of +the inferential primitive condition is found in the curious prohibition of +communications between children-in-law and parents-in-law; the clan taboos +are commonly connected with the tutelar beast-god, perhaps represented by +a totem. + +The essential feature of the kinship terminology is the reckoning from +ego, whereby each individual remembers his own relation to every other +member of the clan or tribe; and commonly the kinship terms are classific +rather than descriptive (i.e., a single term expresses the relation which +in English is expressed by the phrase "My elder brother's second son's +wife"). The system is curiously complex and elaborate. It was not +discovered by the earlier and more superficial observers of the Indians, +and was brought out chiefly by Morgan, who detected numerous striking +examples among different tribes; but it would appear that the system is +not equally complete among all of the tribes, probably because of immature +development in some cases and because of decadence in others. + +The system of ordination, like that of kinship, is characterized by +reckoning from the ego and by adventitious associations. It may have been +developed from the kinship system through the need for recognition and +assignment of adopted captives, collective property, and other things +pertaining to the group; yet it bears traces of influence by the taboo +system. Its ramifications are wide: In some cases it emphasizes kinship by +assigning members of the family group to fixed positions about the +camp-fire or in the house; this function develops into the placement of +family groups in fixed order, as exemplified in the Iroquoian long-house +and the Siouan camping circle; or it develops into a curiously exaggerated +direction-concept culminating in the cult of the Four Quarters and the +Here, and this prepares the way for a quinary, decimal, and vigesimal +numeration; this last branch sends off another in which the cult of the +Six Quarters and the Here arises to prepare the way for the mystical +numbers 7, 13, and 7x7, whose vestiges come down to civilization; both the +four-quarter and the six-quarter associations are sometimes bound up with +colors; and there are numberless other ramifications. Sometimes the +function and development of these curious concepts, which constitute +perhaps the most striking characteristic of prescriptorial culture, are +obscure at first glance, and hardly to be discovered even through +prolonged research; yet, so far as they have been detected and +interpreted, they are especially adapted to fixing demotic relations; and +through them the manifold relations of individuals and groups are +crystallized and kept in mind. + +Thus the American Indians, including the Siouan stock, are made up of +families organized into clans or gentes, and combined in tribes, sometimes +united in confederacies, all on a basis of kinship, real or assumed; and +the organization is shaped and perpetuated by a series of devices +pertaining to the plane of prescriptorial culture, whereby each member of +the organization is constantly reminded of his position in the group. + + + + + + +FOOTNOTES + + + 1 Prepared as a complement and introduction to the following paper oil + "Siouan Sociology," by the late James Owen Dorsey. + + 2 "A synopsis of the Indian tribes ... in North America," Trans, and + Coll. Am. Antiq. Soc., vol. II, p. 120. + + 3 "Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico," Seventh + Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. + 111-118. Johnson's Cyclopedia, 1893-95 edition, vol. VII, p. 546, + etc. + + 4 Correspondence with the Bureau of Ethnology. + + 5 "The Tutelo tribe and language," Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., vol. xxi, + 3883, p. 1. + + 6 Siouan Tribes of the East; Bulletin of the Bureau of Ethnology, + 1894. + + 7 The subdivisions are set forth, in the following treatise on "Siouan + Sociology." + + 8 Travels in the Interior of North America; Translated by H. Evans + Lloyd; London, 1843, p. 194. In this and other lists of names taken + from early writers the original orthography and interpretation are + preserved. + + 9 "Defined in" The cegiha Language," by J. Owen Dorsey, Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. VI, 1890, p. xv. Miss Fletcher, who is intimately + acquainted with the Omaha, questions whether the relations between + the tribes are so close as to warrant the maintenance of this + division; yet as an expression of linguistic affinity, at least, the + division seems to be useful and desirable. + + 10 Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, + performed in the years 1819-1820. ... under the Command of Major + S.H. Long, by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. ii, p. 47 et seq. + + 11 Corrupted to "Chancers" in early days; cf. James ibid., vol. III, p. + 108. + + 12 Information Respecting the History, Condition, and Prospects of the + Indian Tribes of the United States, part I, Philadelphia, 1853, p. + 498. + + 13 Letters and Notes on the Manners, Customs, and Condition of the + North American Indians, 4th edition; London, 1844, vol. I, p. 80. + + 14 Travels, op. cit., p. 335. + + 15 History of the Expedition, under the Command of Lewis and Clark, by + Elliott Coues, 1893, vol. I, pp. 182-4. The other two villages + enumerated appear to belong rather to the Hidatsa. Prince Maximilian + found but two villages in 1833, Mih-Tutta-Hang-Kush and Ruhptare, + evidently corresponding to the first two mentioned by the earlier + explorers (op. cit., p. 335). + + 16 Ethnography and Philology of the Hidatsa Indiana; Miscel. Publ. No. + 7, U.S. Geol. and Geog. Survey, 1877, p. 38. + + 17 Siouan Tribes of the East, p. 37. Local names derived from the + Saponi dialect were recognized and interpreted by a Kwapa when + pronounced by Dorsey. + + 18 The leading culture stages are defined in the Thirteenth Annual + Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1891-92 (1896), p. xxiii et + seq. + + 19 Cf. Schoolcraft, "Information," etc, op. cit., pt. II, 1852, p. 169. + Dorsey was inclined to consider the number as made up without the + Asiniboin. + + 20 Riggs-Dorsey: "Dakota Grammar,Texts, and Ethnography," Cont. N.A. + Eth., vol. IX, 1893, p. 164. + + 21 Catlin: "Letters and Notes," op. cit., p. 80. + + 22 Travels Through the Interior Parts of North America in the Years + 1766, 1767, and 1768; London, 1778, p. 418. + + 23 Op.cit., p.278. + + 24 Op. cit., p. 445. Carver says, "The dogs employed by the Indians in + hunting appear to be all of the same species; they carry their ears + erect, and greatly resemble a wolf about the head. They are + exceedingly useful to them in their hunting excursions and will + attack the fiercest of the game they are in pursuit of. They are + also remarkable for their fidelity to their masters, but being ill + fed by them are very troublesome in their huts or tents." + + 25 "Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A + note adds, "The dogs are not large, much resemble a wolf, and will + haul about 70 pounds each." + + 26 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River ... + under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H. + Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al. + Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ... + under the Command of Major S.H. Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; + London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al. + + Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This + animal ... is probably the original of the domestic dog, so common + in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs + and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the + habit and manners of this species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, + p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, + between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears + are universally erect. The Indians of this nation seek every + opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common + with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the Pawnees generally have + preserved their original form." + + 27 Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince + adds, "In shape they differ very little from the wolf, and are + equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others + are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing + only by the tail being rather more turned up. Their voice is not a + proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly + descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the + daytime, and mix with the dogs" (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the + Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by + any means, so many dogs as the Assiniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet. + They are rarely of true wolf color, but generally black or white, or + else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie wolf + (_Canis latrans_). We likewise found among these animals a brown + race, descended from European pointers; hence the genuine bark of + the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western + nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have + hard blows and hard fare; in fact, they are treated just as this + fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345). + + 28 "Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks + (p. 201) of the Minitari canines as "semiloup dogs and whelps." + + 29 Keating's "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James' "Account," + op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al. + + 30 According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept + owls in their lodges and regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels," + op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated for + the sake of his feathers. + + 31 "Cassa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate illustrating the + objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. 4, p. 298). + + 32 Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of + Lewis and Clark," 1893, vol. I, p. 139, note. + + 33 "Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., + vol. IV. 1881, p. 114. + + 34 "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of + the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp. + 55, 72-101, et al. + + 35 Op. cit., p. 283 et seq. + + 36 Ibid., p. 435. + + 37 Ibid., p. 294. + + 38 "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," + etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in + winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, + fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al. + + 39 Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839. + + 40 Ibid., vol. I, p. 140. + + 41 "The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237. + + 42 James' "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et + al. + + 43 Ibid., vol. III, p. 107. + + 44 "Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of + lassoing wild horses is mentioned), p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op. + cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and + 10,000 head, p. 174.) + + 45 Keating in Long's Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152. + Riggs' "Dakota-English Dictionary," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890. + + 46 Op. cit., p. 265. + + 47 "A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by + Francis La Flesche, with a report on the structural peculiarities of + the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. and Eth. papers of + the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 + (=231-382). + + 48 Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as + defined by Powell, yet relates especially to the method of reckoning + from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of + prescriptorial culture. + + 49 Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree + in the Dakota group," Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487. + + 50 Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the + Bureau of Ethnology for 1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544. + + 51 Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 + (1891), pp. 1-142, and map. + + 52 Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 + (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep. + Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the + following pages. + + 53 Taken chiefly from notes and manuscripts prepared by Mr Dorsey. + + 54 Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894. + + 55 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), + pp. xliv-xlv. + + 56 Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, + illustrated by American examples," Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp. + 625-638, especially p. 635. + + 57 Neither space nor present occasion warrants discussion of the + curious aphrodisian cults found among many peoples, usually in the + barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this is + an aberrant branch from the main stem of institutional growth. The + subject is touched briefly in "The beginning of marriage," American + Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896. + + 58 The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters + iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii. + + + + + +***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE SIOUAN INDIANS*** + + + +CREDITS + + +October 23, 2006 + + Posted to Project Gutenberg + PM for Bureau of American Ethnology, + Joshua Hutchinson and + The Online Distributed Proofreading Team + (This file was produced from images generously made available + by the Bibliotheque nationale de France (BnF/Gallica) at + http://gallica.bnf.fr) + + + +A WORD FROM PROJECT GUTENBERG + + +This file should be named 19628.txt or 19628.zip. + +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/1/9/6/2/19628/ + + +Updated editions will replace the previous one -- the old editions will be +renamed. + +Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no one +owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation (and +you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without permission +and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, set forth in the +General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to copying and +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works to protect the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered +trademark, and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you +receive specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of +this eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook +for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, +performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given away +-- you may do practically _anything_ with public domain eBooks. +Redistribution is subject to the trademark license, especially commercial +redistribution. + + + +THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE + + +_Please read this before you distribute or use this work._ + +To protect the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of promoting the free +distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or +any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project Gutenberg"), +you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +License (available with this file or online at +http://www.gutenberg.org/license). + + +Section 1. + + +General Terms of Use & Redistributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works + + +1.A. + + +By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work, +you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to and accept all the +terms of this license and intellectual property (trademark/copyright) +agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all the terms of this +agreement, you must cease using and return or destroy all copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in your possession. If you paid a fee +for obtaining a copy of or access to a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work +and you do not agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement, you may +obtain a refund from the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set +forth in paragraph 1.E.8. + + +1.B. + + +"Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be used on or +associated in any way with an electronic work by people who agree to be +bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few things that you can +do with most Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works even without complying +with the full terms of this agreement. See paragraph 1.C below. There are +a lot of things you can do with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works if you +follow the terms of this agreement and help preserve free future access to +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. + + +1.C. + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the Foundation" or +PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection of Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. Nearly all the individual works in the +collection are in the public domain in the United States. If an individual +work is in the public domain in the United States and you are located in +the United States, we do not claim a right to prevent you from copying, +distributing, performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on +the work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of +course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} mission of +promoting free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for +keeping the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} name associated with the work. You can +easily comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the +same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License when you +share it without charge with others. + + +1.D. + + +The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern what you +can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are in a constant +state of change. If you are outside the United States, check the laws of +your country in addition to the terms of this agreement before +downloading, copying, displaying, performing, distributing or creating +derivative works based on this work or any other Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work. +The Foundation makes no representations concerning the copyright status of +any work in any country outside the United States. + + +1.E. + + +Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: + + +1.E.1. + + +The following sentence, with active links to, or other immediate access +to, the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License must appear prominently whenever +any copy of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work (any work on which the phrase +"Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" +is associated) is accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or +distributed: + + + This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with + almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away + or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License + included with this eBook or online at http://www.gutenberg.org + + +1.E.2. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is derived from the +public domain (does not contain a notice indicating that it is posted with +permission of the copyright holder), the work can be copied and +distributed to anyone in the United States without paying any fees or +charges. If you are redistributing or providing access to a work with the +phrase "Project Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you +must comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 +or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.3. + + +If an individual Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic work is posted with the +permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution must comply +with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any additional terms imposed +by the copyright holder. Additional terms will be linked to the Project +Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License for all works posted with the permission of the +copyright holder found at the beginning of this work. + + +1.E.4. + + +Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License +terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this work or any +other work associated with Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}. + + +1.E.5. + + +Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this electronic +work, or any part of this electronic work, without prominently displaying +the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with active links or immediate +access to the full terms of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + + +1.E.6. + + +You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, compressed, +marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including any word +processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access to or +distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work in a format other than +"Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official version posted +on the official Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} web site (http://www.gutenberg.org), +you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense to the user, provide a +copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means of obtaining a copy upon +request, of the work in its original "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other form. +Any alternate format must include the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License as +specified in paragraph 1.E.1. + + +1.E.7. + + +Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, performing, +copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works unless you comply +with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. + + +1.E.8. + + +You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing access to or +distributing Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works provided that + + - You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from + the use of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works calculated using the method you + already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed to + the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark, but he has agreed to + donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid within 60 + days following each date on which you prepare (or are legally + required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty payments + should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg + Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, + "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary + Archive Foundation." + + - You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies + you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he + does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} License. + You must require such a user to return or destroy all copies of the + works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue all use of and + all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + - You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of + any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the + electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of + receipt of the work. + + - You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free + distribution of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} works. + + +1.E.9. + + +If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic +work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this +agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from both the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and Michael Hart, the owner of the +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in +Section 3 below. + + +1.F. + + +1.F.1. + + +Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable effort to +identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread public domain +works in creating the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection. Despite these +efforts, Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, and the medium on which they +may be stored, may contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, +incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright +or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk +or other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or cannot +be read by your equipment. + + +1.F.2. + + +LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES -- Except for the "Right of +Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg +Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +trademark, and any other party distributing a Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all liability to you for +damages, costs and expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE +NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH +OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH F3. YOU AGREE THAT THE +FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT +WILL NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, +PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY +OF SUCH DAMAGE. + + +1.F.3. + + +LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND -- If you discover a defect in this +electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can receive a refund +of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a written explanation to +the person you received the work from. If you received the work on a +physical medium, you must return the medium with your written explanation. +The person or entity that provided you with the defective work may elect +to provide a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the +work electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose +to give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in +lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may demand a +refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the problem. + + +1.F.4. + + +Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in +paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS,' WITH NO OTHER +WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO +WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. + + +1.F.5. + + +Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied warranties or the +exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages. If any disclaimer or +limitation set forth in this agreement violates the law of the state +applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be interpreted to make +the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted by the applicable state +law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any provision of this agreement +shall not void the remaining provisions. + + +1.F.6. + + +INDEMNITY -- You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the trademark +owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone providing copies of +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and +any volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution +of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs +and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from +any of the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of +this or any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, (b) alteration, modification, or +additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} work, and (c) any Defect +you cause. + + +Section 2. + + + Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} is synonymous with the free distribution of electronic +works in formats readable by the widest variety of computers including +obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It exists because of the +efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations from people in all walks +of life. + +Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the assistance +they need, is critical to reaching Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}'s goals and ensuring +that the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} collection will remain freely available for +generations to come. In 2001, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive +Foundation was created to provide a secure and permanent future for +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} and future generations. To learn more about the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations +can help, see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation web page at +http://www.pglaf.org. + + +Section 3. + + + Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation + + +The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit +501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the state of +Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal Revenue Service. +The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification number is 64-6221541. +Its 501(c)(3) letter is posted at +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/pglaf. Contributions to the Project +Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full +extent permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. + +The Foundation's principal office is located at 4557 Melan Dr. +S. Fairbanks, AK, 99712., but its volunteers and employees are scattered +throughout numerous locations. Its business office is located at 809 North +1500 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887, email +business@pglaf.org. Email contact links and up to date contact information +can be found at the Foundation's web site and official page at +http://www.pglaf.org + +For additional contact information: + + + Dr. Gregory B. Newby + Chief Executive and Director + gbnewby@pglaf.org + + +Section 4. + + + Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive + Foundation + + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} depends upon and cannot survive without wide spread +public support and donations to carry out its mission of increasing the +number of public domain and licensed works that can be freely distributed +in machine readable form accessible by the widest array of equipment +including outdated equipment. Many small donations ($1 to $5,000) are +particularly important to maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS. + +The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating +charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United States. +Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a considerable +effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up with these +requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations where we have not +received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or +determine the status of compliance for any particular state visit +http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + +While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we have +not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition against +accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who approach us +with offers to donate. + +International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make any +statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from outside the +United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. + +Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation methods +and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other ways including +checks, online payments and credit card donations. To donate, please +visit: http://www.gutenberg.org/fundraising/donate + + +Section 5. + + + General Information About Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} electronic works. + + +Professor Michael S. Hart is the originator of the Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +concept of a library of electronic works that could be freely shared with +anyone. For thirty years, he produced and distributed Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} +eBooks with only a loose network of volunteer support. + +Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~} eBooks are often created from several printed editions, +all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the U.S. unless a copyright +notice is included. Thus, we do not necessarily keep eBooks in compliance +with any particular paper edition. + +Each eBook is in a subdirectory of the same number as the eBook's eBook +number, often in several formats including plain vanilla ASCII, compressed +(zipped), HTML and others. + +Corrected _editions_ of our eBooks replace the old file and take over the +old filename and etext number. The replaced older file is renamed. +_Versions_ based on separate sources are treated as new eBooks receiving +new filenames and etext numbers. + +Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: + + + http://www.gutenberg.org + + +This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg{~TRADE MARK SIGN~}, including how +to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, +how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to subscribe to our email +newsletter to hear about new eBooks. + + + + + + +***FINIS*** +
\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/19628.zip b/19628.zip Binary files differnew file mode 100644 index 0000000..a71f9d9 --- /dev/null +++ b/19628.zip diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8769a46 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #19628 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/19628) |